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I Did n't Do it ( tv series ) - wikipedia <H1> I Did n't Do it ( tv series ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> I Did n't Do It </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Comedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tod Himmel </Li> <Li> Josh Silverstein </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Olivia Holt </Li> <Li> Austin North </Li> <Li> Piper Curda </Li> <Li> Peyton Clark </Li> <Li> Sarah Gilman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Time of Our Lives '' by Olivia Holt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 39 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tod Himmel </Li> <Li> Judd Pillot </Li> <Li> Phil Baker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 22 -- 24 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> It 's a Laugh Productions </Li> <Li> That 's Not So Funny Productions ( Season 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Disney Channel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) -- October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> I Did n't Do It is an American teen sitcom that premiered on Disney Channel on January 17 , 2014 , and ended on October 16 , 2015 . The series was created by Tod Himmel and Josh Silverstein and stars Olivia Holt , Austin North , Piper Curda , Peyton Clark , and Sarah Gilman . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes </Li> <Li> 5 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6 Broadcast </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series follows brother - sister twins , Lindy and Logan Watson , and their three best friends , Jasmine , Garrett , and Delia , as they begin their freshman year of high school at Ditka High . Each episode in the first season began with a comedic `` what just happened '' situation followed by the story being told in flashbacks . This concept was abandoned in the second season . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> The main characters , from left : Delia Delfano , Logan Watson , Lindy Watson , Garrett Spenger , and Jasmine Kang . <Ul> <Li> Lindy Watson ( Olivia Holt ) grew up geeky , nerdy , an outcast , and athletic . She walks into high school with a brand new look with her best friend who shows her how to be fashionable , branching out and becoming a new girl . In `` Dance Fever '' , her nemesis is shown to be a girl named Sherri ( Peyton List ) and it also shows that she has had perfect attendance for eight years without missing school . In `` Snow Problem '' , it is revealed that Lindy is a good snowboarder . Lindy can be a goody two - shoes and is sometimes used as a stamp of approval by her friends when they ask their parents if they can go places . In the episode `` Fireman Freddy 's Spaghetti Station '' , it is shown she likes to one - up people , though at first she denies it . </Li> <Li> Logan Watson ( Austin North ) is very laid back , cool , chill , and confident and has big plans on making his mark in high school . However , those plans sometimes collide with his twin sister , Lindy . Logan often tries to take the easy way out of things and is also not the most intelligent or dedicated student . Jasmine has feelings for Logan , which he found out about in `` Logan Finds Out ! '' . It was also revealed in `` Falling for ... Who ? '' that Logan returns Jasmine 's feelings and instantly falls in love with her . Logan also tried to ask Jasmine out , but was too late because she had started dating Owen . It was also shown that , despite Logan 's behavior , he is really sensitive at heart , considering he cried a little over Jasmine when she started dating Owen . Eventually , Logan and Jasmine admit their feelings for each other , finally share their first kiss , finally become a couple , and admit they love each other in `` The Rescuers '' . Jasmine and Logan end up together after she chooses him over Owen . </Li> <Li> Jasmine Kang ( Piper Curda ) is a smart , daring , and fashion - forward teenager . She is also always supportive of her four best friends . A fashionista since third grade , Jasmine thrives on good grades , pulling off daring pranks and having the perfect outfit for every occasion . In `` Lindy Nose Best '' , Jasmine developed feelings for Logan and almost admitted her feelings to Logan before he told her that he was going to the movies with Jenna . In `` Slumber Partay ! '' , she continued to focus on her crush on Logan when it was her turn to talk about boys . Jasmine is shown to be very sensitive at heart , considering she almost cried over Logan when he got back together with Erin in `` Logan Finds Out ! '' It was also revealed that Jasmine has liked Logan for about a year . Eventually , Logan and Jasmine admit their feelings for each other , finally share their first kiss , finally become a couple , and admit they love each other in `` The Rescuers '' . Jasmine and Logan end up together after she chooses him over Owen . </Li> <Li> Garrett Spenger ( Peyton Clark ) can be obsessive about the most obscure details . His affinity for cleanliness and order constantly gets pushed to its limits by his four friends . In `` Dear High School Self '' , it was shown that Garrett is bad at puzzles . In `` If It Tastes Like a Brussels Sprout '' , he does n't use public toilets . In `` Now Museum , Now You Do n't '' , it was revealed that he has a habit of biting his nails . While Garrett tends to take things a bit too far to get to the bottom of hoaxes , he 's usually right . </Li> <Li> Delia Delfano ( Sarah Gilman ) is a quirky , eccentric person . She does not consider herself to be in the cool crowd at school and makes fun of people like the cheerleaders , who are always so bright and spirited . She is very outspoken , and if there is something that should n't be said out loud , Delia has probably already blurted it out , much to her secret delight . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Betty LeBow ( Karen Malina White ) is the owner of Rumble Juice , where the group hangs out . Garrett also works for her . </Li> <Li> Kevin LeBow ( Theodore Barnes ) is Betty 's nephew . </Li> <Li> Owen ( Reed Alvarado ) is Jasmine 's ex-boyfriend . In `` The Rescuers '' Jasmine breaks up with him to be with Logan . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> A pilot for the series was announced November 2012 with production of the pilot scheduled for January 2013 . The series was picked up on June 18 , 2013 . The series started airing on January 17 , 2014 . On July 3 , 2014 , Disney ordered a second season of the series . The second season premiered on February 15 , 2015 . The series ended on October 16 , 2015 . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of I Did n't Do It episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 19 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> First aired </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Last aired </Th> <Th> Avg . viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 3.89 </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 2.05 </Td> <Td> 2.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2.46 </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2.26 </Td> <Td> 1.91 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Broadcast ( edit ) </H2> <P> The series premiered on Disney Channel in Australia and New Zealand on April 7 , 2014 . The series premiered on Disney Channel and Disney La Chaîne in French in Canada on September 1 , 2015 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Amanda Kondolojy ( July 3 , 2014 ) . `` I Did n't Do It Renewed for Second Season by Disney Channel '' . Screener . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney Channel October 2015 Programming Highlights '' . Corus Entertainment . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friday Cable Ratings '' . Screener . January 21 , 2014 . Retrieved November 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Salem ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 12.7. 2014 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Archived from the original on December 11 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` Top 25 Sunday Cable Originals : 2.15. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf ( October 19 , 2015 ) . `` Top 100 Friday Cable Originals : 10.16. 2015 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D Higgins ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` New This Week on Foxtel '' . Foxtel . Retrieved November 4 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> I Did n't Do It on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney Channel original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1990s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) </Li> <Li> The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Totally Circus ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) </Li> <Li> In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) </Li> <Li> Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) </Li> <Li> The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) </Li> <Li> Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Take Two with Phineas and Ferb ( 2010 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> PrankStars ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Code : 9 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> K.C. Undercover ( 2015 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) </Li> <Li> Descendants : Wicked World ( 2015 -- 17 , short - form ) </Li> <Li> Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) </Li> <Li> Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Amphibia ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> The Owl House ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> It 's a Laugh Productions </Li> <Li> Disney Television Animation </Li> <Li> Brookwell McNamara Entertainment </Li> <Li> Crossovers </Li> <Li> Disney Channel Storytellers </Li> <Li> 25 Days of Christmas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> It 's a Laugh Productions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) </Li> <Li> Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) </Li> <Li> The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) </Li> <Li> I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> A.N.T. 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( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crossovers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` That 's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana '' ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> `` Take This Job and Love It '' ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> `` Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana '' ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> `` Weasels on Deck '' ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> `` Charlie Shakes it Up '' ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> `` Austin & Jessie & Ally All Star New Year '' ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` Good Luck Jessie : NYC Christmas '' ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> `` Jessie 's Aloha - holidays with Parker and Joey '' ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> `` Karate Kid - tastrophe '' ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> `` Lab Rats vs. Mighty Med '' ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Wizards Return : Alex vs. Alex ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ABC Kids </Li> <Li> Disney Channel </Li> <Li> Disney XD </Li> <Li> Disney Channel Original Series </Li> <Li> Disney Channel Original Movies </Li> <Li> Toon Disney ( 1998 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Disney Channel Storytellers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Didn%27t_Do_It_(TV_series)&oldid=822538662 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2010s American teen sitcoms </Li> <Li> 2014 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 2015 American television series endings </Li> <Li> Disney Channel shows </Li> <Li> English - language television programs </Li> <Li> Television series about twins </Li> <Li> Television shows set in Chicago </Li> <Li> Television series by It 's a Laugh Productions </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 7 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 23 : 27 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Angel of the North - wikipedia <H1> Angel of the North </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Angel of the North </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Angel of the North , October 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location within Tyne and Wear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Wikimedia © OpenStreetMap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Artwork </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Low Eighton , Gateshead , NE9 United Kingdom NE9 7TY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 54 ° 54 ′ 54 '' N 1 ° 35 ′ 24 '' W / 54.915 ° N 1.59 ° W / 54.915 ; - 1.59 Coordinates : 54 ° 54 ′ 54 '' N 1 ° 35 ′ 24 '' W / 54.915 ° N 1.59 ° W / 54.915 ; - 1.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 75 metres ( 246.1 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction started </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Completed </Th> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Height </Th> <Td> 20 metres ( 65.6 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> Antony Gormley ( artist ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Structural engineer </Th> <Td> Ove Arup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main contractor </Th> <Td> Hartlepool Steel Fabrications </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Angel of the North is a contemporary sculpture , designed by Antony Gormley , located in Gateshead , Tyne and Wear , England . </P> <P> Completed in 1998 , it is a steel sculpture of an angel , 20 metres ( 66 ft ) tall , with wings measuring 54 metres ( 177 ft ) across . The wings do not stand straight sideways , but are angled 3.5 degrees forward ; Gormley did this to create `` a sense of embrace '' . The angel like much of Gormley 's other work is based on a cast of his body . </P> <P> It stands on the hill of Birtley , at Low Eighton in Lamesley , overlooking the A1 and A167 roads into Tyneside , and the East Coast Main Line rail route , south of the site of Team Colliery . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Concept </Li> <Li> 2 Construction </Li> <Li> 3 Maquettes </Li> <Li> 4 Other projects </Li> <Li> 5 Photo gallery </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Concept ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to Gormley , the significance of an angel was three-fold : first , to signify that beneath the site of its construction , coal miners worked for two centuries ; second , to grasp the transition from an industrial to an information age , and third , to serve as a focus for our evolving hopes and fears . </P> <H2> Construction ( edit ) </H2> <P> Work began on the project in 1994 , and cost £ 800,000 . Most of the project funding was provided by the National Lottery . The Angel was installed on 15 February 1998 . </P> <P> Due to its exposed location , the sculpture was built to withstand winds of over 100 mph ( 160 km / h ) . Thus , foundations containing 600 tonnes ( 590 long tons ; 660 short tons ) of concrete anchor the sculpture to rock 70 feet ( 21 m ) below . The sculpture was built at Hartlepool Steel Fabrications Ltd using COR - TEN weather - resistant steel . It was made in three parts -- with the body weighing 100 tonnes ( 98 long tons ; 110 short tons ) and two wings weighing 50 tonnes ( 49 long tons ; 55 short tons ) each -- then brought to its site by road . The components were transported in convoy -- the body on a 48 - wheel trailer -- from their construction site in Hartlepool , up the A19 road to the installation site 28 miles ( 45 km ) away ; the nighttime journey took five hours and attracted large crowds . </P> <P> The Angel aroused some controversy in British newspapers , at first , including a `` Gateshead stop the statue '' campaign , while local councillor Martin Callanan was especially strong in his opposition . However , it has since been considered to be a landmark for North East England and has been listed by one organisation as an `` Icon of England '' . It has often been used in film and television to represent Tyneside , as are other local landmarks such as the Tyne Bridge and the Gateshead Millennium Bridge . </P> <P> The sculpture is also humorously known by some local people as the `` Gateshead Flasher '' , because of its location and appearance . </P> <H2> Maquettes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several maquettes were produced during the development stage of the project . A life - size model from which the sculpture was created was sold at auction for £ 2.28 million in July 2008 . An additional bronze maquette used in fundraising in the 1990s , owned by Gateshead Council , was valued at £ 1 million on the BBC show Antiques Roadshow on 16 November 2008 -- the most valuable item ever appraised on the programme . In 2011 German fashion designer Wolfgang Joop sold his life - size maquette ( previously kept in the garden of his mansion in Potsdam , Germany ) at an auction at Christie 's in London for £ 3.4 million to an anonymous bidder . Another maquette was donated to the National Gallery of Australia in 2009 , and stands in its Sculpture Garden . </P> <H2> Other projects ( edit ) </H2> <P> Inspired by the Angel of the North , several similar projects have been proposed . The Angel of the South title has been given by some to the Willow Man , which sits to the side of the M5 in Somerset , while a project , informally named the Angel of the South , has been proposed in Ebbsfleet , Kent . The sculpture Brick Man ( also by Gormley ) was proposed for the Holbeck area of Leeds . </P> <H2> Photo gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> <P> Detail of the Angel 's body </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Rear view of Angel of the North ( man - size maquette ) at the National Gallery of Australia </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A Lego model of Angel of the North in Miniland </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Angel of the West ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Angel of the South </Li> <Li> Angel of the North statue ( 2009 ) statue by Banksy </Li> <Li> List of statues by height </Li> <Li> Wicker man </Li> <Li> Star of Caledonia </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Facts '' . Gateshead.gov.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Angel of the North > Background '' . Gateshead Council . Archived from the original on 29 March 2007 . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . Gormley said of the Angel : ' ... The effect of the piece is in the alertness , the awareness of space and the gesture of the wings -- they are not flat , they 're about 3.5 degrees forward and give a sense of embrace . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.britannica.com/biography/Antony-Gormley </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Durham Mining Museum . `` Durham Mining Museum -- 1951 Durham Map 23 '' . Dmm-gallery.org.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Angel facts '' . Gateshead council . 16 February 1998 . Retrieved 16 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The angel has landed '' . BBC News . 16 February 1998 . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Francesca ( 11 February 2018 ) . `` Angel of the North : The icon that was nearly never built '' . BBC . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Angel of the North '' . AboutBritain.com . Archived from the original on 4 April 2007 . Retrieved 9 March 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icons of England '' . Icons.org.uk . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higgins , Charlotte ( 27 September 2010 ) . `` Antony Gormley '' . The Guardian . London . Archived from the original on 30 August 2010 . Retrieved 28 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Angel of the north is one in a million '' . Gateshead Council . 17 November 2008 . Retrieved 19 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buyer pays £ 2.3 m for Angel model '' . BBC News . 2 July 2008 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Antiques Roadshow finds £ 1m Angel '' . BBC News . 16 November 2008 . Retrieved 1 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joop lets his angel fly '' . Bild. 23 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Antony Gormley 's ' Angel of North ' sold at auction '' . BBC . 15 October 2011 . Retrieved 25 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Angel of the North ( life - size maquette ) 1996 '' . Collection search . National Gallery of Australia . Retrieved 6 January 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angel of the North . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Gateshead Council 's Angel of the North website </Li> <Li> Angel of the North -- Antony Gormley 's official website </Li> <Li> The Angel of the North at icons.org , featuring pictures of the sculpture under construction </Li> <Li> `` In praise of ... the Angel of the North '' . The Guardian . London . 30 January 2008 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2008 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . </Li> <Li> Photo showing a maquette in the garden of German fashion designer Wolfgang Joop 's mansion ' Villa Wunderkind ' in Potsdam , Germany </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Antony Gormley </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sculptures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angel of the North </Li> <Li> Another Place </Li> <Li> Brick Man </Li> <Li> Event Horizon </Li> <Li> Field </Li> <Li> Havmannen </Li> <Li> Horizon Field </Li> <Li> Horizon Field Hamburg </Li> <Li> Iron : Man </Li> <Li> One & Other </Li> <Li> Quantum Cloud </Li> <Li> Stay </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Places in Tyne and Wear </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gateshead </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bensham </Li> <Li> Birtley </Li> <Li> Blaydon </Li> <Li> Carr Hill </Li> <Li> Chopwell </Li> <Li> Deckham </Li> <Li> Dunston </Li> <Li> Felling </Li> <Li> Kibblesworth </Li> <Li> Lamesley </Li> <Li> Low Fell </Li> <Li> Pelaw </Li> <Li> Rowlands Gill </Li> <Li> Ryton </Li> <Li> Sheriff Hill </Li> <Li> Team Valley </Li> <Li> Whickham </Li> <Li> Windy Nook </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City of Newcastle upon Tyne </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gosforth </Li> <Li> Newcastle upon Tyne </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Arthurs Hill </Li> <Li> Battlefield </Li> <Li> Benwell </Li> <Li> Black Callerton </Li> <Li> Blakelaw </Li> <Li> Blucher </Li> <Li> Brunswick </Li> <Li> Byker </Li> <Li> Chapel House </Li> <Li> City Centre </Li> <Li> Cochrane Park </Li> <Li> Cowgate </Li> <Li> Coxlodge </Li> <Li> Dene </Li> <Li> Denton </Li> <Li> Denton Burn </Li> <Li> Dinnington </Li> <Li> East Denton </Li> <Li> Elswick </Li> <Li> Fairways </Li> <Li> Fawdon </Li> <Li> Fenham </Li> <Li> Great Park </Li> <Li> Haymarket </Li> <Li> Hazlerigg </Li> <Li> Heaton </Li> <Li> High Heaton </Li> <Li> Jesmond </Li> <Li> Kenton </Li> <Li> Kingston Park </Li> <Li> Lemington </Li> <Li> Manors </Li> <Li> Newburn </Li> <Li> North Kenton </Li> <Li> Ouseburn </Li> <Li> Parklands </Li> <Li> Sandyford </Li> <Li> Scotswood </Li> <Li> Shieldfield </Li> <Li> Slatyford </Li> <Li> South Gosforth </Li> <Li> Spital Tongues </Li> <Li> Throckley </Li> <Li> Walbottle </Li> <Li> Walker </Li> <Li> Walkergate </Li> <Li> Walkerville </Li> <Li> West Denton </Li> <Li> West Jesmond </Li> <Li> Westerhope </Li> <Li> Westgate </Li> <Li> Wingrove </Li> <Li> Woolsington </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metropolitan Borough of North Tyneside </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North Shields </Li> <Li> Wallsend </Li> <Li> Whitley Bay </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Backworth </Li> <Li> Beaumont Park </Li> <Li> Benton </Li> <Li> Burradon </Li> <Li> Cullercoats </Li> <Li> Earsdon </Li> <Li> Forest Hall </Li> <Li> Howdon </Li> <Li> Killingworth </Li> <Li> Longbenton </Li> <Li> Monkseaton </Li> <Li> Murton </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> Preston </Li> <Li> Seaton Burn </Li> <Li> Shiremoor </Li> <Li> St Mary 's Island </Li> <Li> Tynemouth </Li> <Li> Wellfield </Li> <Li> Whitley Lodge </Li> <Li> Wideopen </Li> <Li> Willington Quay </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metropolitan Borough of South Tyneside </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hebburn </Li> <Li> Jarrow </Li> <Li> South Shields </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Boldons </Li> <Li> Cleadon </Li> <Li> Harton </Li> <Li> Marsden </Li> <Li> Monkton </Li> <Li> Whitburn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City of Sunderland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hetton - 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Denver Broncos - wikipedia <H1> Denver Broncos </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Broncos '' redirects here . For other uses , see Bronco ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Denver Broncos </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Current season </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Established August 14 , 1959 ; 58 years ago ( August 14 , 1959 ) First season : 1960 Play in Sports Authority Field at Mile High Denver , Colorado Headquartered at UCHealth Training Center in Dove Valley , Colorado </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Logo </Td> <Td> Wordmark </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Western Division ( 1960 -- 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> National Football League ( 1970 -- present ) </P> <Ul> <Li> American Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> AFC West ( 1970 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Current uniform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team colors </Th> <Td> <P> Orange , Navy Blue , White </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Thunder II ( live horse ) Miles ( costume suit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Personnel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner ( s ) </Th> <Td> Pat Bowlen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Td> Joe Ellis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General manager </Th> <Td> John Elway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Vance Joseph </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Team history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Denver Broncos ( 1960 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Team nicknames </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Orange Crush ( 1977 -- 1979 ; 2015 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> No Fly Zone ( 2015 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> League championships ( 3 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl championships ( 3 ) 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Conference championships ( 8 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> AFC : 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Division championships ( 15 ) </P> <Ul> <Li> AFC West : 1977 , 1978 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1996 , 1998 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 22 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NFL : 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1983 , 1984 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 , 1996 , 1997 , 1998 , 2000 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2014 , 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Home fields </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> DU Stadium ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Mile High Stadium ( 1960 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Invesco Field at Mile High ( 2001 - 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Denver Broncos are a professional American football club based in Denver , Colorado . The Broncos compete as a member club of the National Football League ( NFL ) 's American Football Conference ( AFC ) West division . They began play in 1960 as a charter member of the American Football League ( AFL ) and joined the NFL as part of the merger in 1970 . The Broncos are owned by the Pat Bowlen trust and currently play home games at Sports Authority Field at Mile High ( formerly known as `` Invesco Field at Mile High '' from 2001 -- 2011 ) . Prior to that , they played at Mile High Stadium from 1960 to 2000 . </P> <P> The Broncos were barely competitive during their 10 - year run in the AFL and their first seven years in the NFL . They did not complete a winning season until 1973 . In 1977 , four years later , they qualified for the playoffs for the first time in franchise history and advanced to Super Bowl XII . Since 1975 , the Broncos have become one of the NFL 's more successful teams , having suffered only seven losing seasons . They have won eight AFC Championships ( 1977 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 , 1997 , 1998 , 2013 , 2015 , and three Super Bowl championships ( 1997 ( XXXII ) , 1998 ( XXXIII ) , 2015 ( 50 ) . However , the Broncos share the NFL record for most Super Bowl losses ( 5 ) with the New England Patriots . They have five players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame : John Elway , Floyd Little , Gary Zimmerman , Shannon Sharpe and Terrell Davis . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Franchise history <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era </Li> <Li> 1.2 1970 -- 1982 </Li> <Li> 1.3 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 1997 -- 1998 : Back - to - Back Super Bowl Champions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 1999 -- 2011 : Post-Elway era </Li> <Li> 1.5 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era <Ul> <Li> 1.5. 1 2015 : Super Bowl 50 Champions and Manning 's Final Season </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.6 2016 -- present : Defensive era </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Championships <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Super Bowls </Li> <Li> 2.2 AFC Championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Rivalries <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Divisional <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Kansas City Chiefs </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Oakland Raiders </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers </Li> <Li> 3.1. 4 Seattle Seahawks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Historical <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Cleveland Browns </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Pittsburgh Steelers </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 New England Patriots </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Logos and uniforms <Ul> <Li> 4.1 1960 -- 1996 </Li> <Li> 4.2 1997 -- 2011 </Li> <Li> 4.3 2012 -- present </Li> <Li> 4.4 Super Bowl uniform colors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Home field </Li> <Li> 6 Statistics <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Season - by - season records </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Players of note <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Current roster </Li> <Li> 7.2 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 7.3 Retired numbers </Li> <Li> 7.4 Pro Football Hall of Famers </Li> <Li> 7.5 Ring of Fame </Li> <Li> 7.6 Super Bowl MVPs </Li> <Li> 7.7 Colorado Sports Hall of Fame </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Staff <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Head coaches </Li> <Li> 8.2 Current staff </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Radio and television </Li> <Li> 10 Notable fans and in the media </Li> <Li> 11 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Franchise history ( edit ) </H2> Further information : History of the Denver Broncos Further information : List of Denver Broncos seasons <H3> 1960 -- 1969 : AFL era ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Denver Broncos were founded on August 14 , 1959 , when Minor League Baseball owner Bob Howsam was awarded an American Football League ( AFL ) charter franchise . The Broncos won the first - ever AFL game over the Boston Patriots 13 -- 10 , on September 9 , 1960 . On August 5 , 1967 , they became the first - ever AFL team to defeat an NFL team , with a 13 -- 7 win over the Detroit Lions in a preseason game . However , the Broncos were not successful in the 1960s , compiling a record of 39 -- 97 -- 4 in the league . </P> <P> Denver came close to losing its franchise in 1965 , until a local ownership group took control and rebuilt the team . The team 's first superstar , `` Franchise '' Floyd Little , was instrumental in keeping the team in Denver , due to his signing in 1967 as well as his Pro Bowl efforts on and off the field . The Broncos were the only original AFL team that never played in the title game , as well as the only original AFL team never to have a winning season while a member of the AFL during the upstart league 's 10 - year history . </P> <H3> 1970 -- 1982 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1972 , the Broncos hired former Stanford University coach John Ralston as their head coach . In 1973 , he was the UPI 's AFC Coach of the Year , after Denver achieved its first winning season at 7 -- 5 -- 2 . In five seasons with the Broncos , Ralston guided the team to winning seasons three times . Though Ralston finished the 1976 season with a 9 -- 5 record , the team , as was the case in Ralston 's previous winning seasons , still missed the playoffs . Following the season , several prominent players publicly voiced their discontent with Ralston , which soon led to his resignation . </P> The Broncos defeated the Raiders in the 1977 -- 78 AFC Championship Game to earn their first trip to the Super Bowl . <P> Red Miller , a long - time assistant coach was hired and along with the Orange Crush Defense ( a nickname originating in the early 1970s , also the brand of the popular orange - flavored soft drink ) and aging quarterback Craig Morton , took the Broncos to what was then a record - setting 12 -- 2 regular season record and their first playoff appearance in 1977 , and ultimately first Super Bowl , in which they were defeated by the Dallas Cowboys ( Morton 's former team ) , 27 -- 10 . </P> <P> In 1981 , Broncos ' owner Gerald Phipps , who had purchased the team in May 1961 from the original owner Bob Howsam , sold the team to Canadian financier Edgar Kaiser Jr. , grandson of shipbuilding industrialist Henry J. Kaiser . In 1984 , the team was purchased by Pat Bowlen , who placed team ownership into a family trust sometime before 2004 and remained in day - to - day control until his battle with Alzheimer 's disease forced him to cede the team to Joe Ellis in 2014 . </P> <H3> 1983 -- 1998 : John Elway era ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dan Reeves became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he joined the Broncos in 1981 as vice president and head coach . Quarterback John Elway , who played college football at Stanford , arrived in 1983 via a trade . Originally drafted by the Baltimore Colts as the first pick of the draft , Elway proclaimed that he would shun football in favor of baseball ( he was drafted by the New York Yankees to play center field and was also a pitching prospect ) , unless he was traded to a selected list of other teams , which included the Broncos . Prior to Elway , the Broncos had over 24 different starting quarterbacks in its 23 seasons to that point . </P> A ticket for the 1987 - 88 AFC Championship Game between the Browns and the Broncos . Elway ( center ) getting tackled by the Atlanta Falcons in 1985 . <P> Reeves and Elway guided the Broncos to six post-season appearances , five AFC West divisional titles , three AFC championships and three Super Bowl appearances ( Super Bowl XXI , XXII and XXIV ) during their 12 - year span together . The Broncos lost Super Bowl XXI to the New York Giants , 39 -- 20 ; Super Bowl XXII to the Washington Redskins , 42 -- 10 ; and Super Bowl XXIV to the San Francisco 49ers , 55 -- 10 ; the latter score remains the most lopsided scoring differential in Super Bowl history . The last year of the Reeves - Elway era were marked by feuding , due to Reeves taking on play - calling duties after ousting Elway 's favorite offensive coordinator Mike Shanahan after the 1991 season , as well as Reeves drafting quarterback Tommy Maddox out of UCLA instead of going with a wide receiver to help Elway . Reeves was fired after the 1992 season and replaced by his protégé and friend Wade Phillips , who had been serving as the Broncos ' defensive coordinator . Phillips was fired after a mediocre 1994 season , in which management felt he lost control of the team . </P> <P> In 1995 , Mike Shanahan , who had formerly served under Reeves as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator , returned as head coach . Shanahan drafted rookie running back Terrell Davis . In 1996 , the Broncos were the top seed in the AFC with a 13 -- 3 record , dominating most of the teams that year . The fifth - seeded Jacksonville Jaguars , however , upset the Broncos 30 -- 27 in the divisional round of the playoffs , ending the Broncos ' 1996 run . </P> 1997 -- 1998 : back - to - back Super Bowl champions ( edit ) <P> During the 1997 season , Elway and Davis helped guide the Broncos to their first Super Bowl victory , a 31 -- 24 win over the defending champion Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXII . Though Elway completed only 13 of 22 passes , throwing one interception and no touchdowns ( he did , however , have a rushing touchdown ) , Davis rushed for 157 yards and a Super Bowl -- record three touchdowns to earn the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award -- this while overcoming a severe migraine headache that caused him blurred vision . The Broncos repeated as Super Bowl champions the following season , defeating the Atlanta Falcons ( led by Elway 's longtime head coach Dan Reeves ) in Super Bowl XXXIII , 34 -- 19 . Elway was named Super Bowl MVP , completing 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards , with an 80 - yard touchdown to wide receiver Rod Smith and one interception . </P> <H3> 1999 -- 2011 : post-elway era ( edit ) </H3> Broncos ' quarterback Jay Cutler in 2007 . <P> John Elway retired following the 1998 season , and Brian Griese started at quarterback for the next four seasons . After a 6 -- 10 record in 1999 , the Broncos recovered in 2000 , earning a Wild Card playoff berth , but losing to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens . After missing the playoffs the following two seasons , former Arizona Cardinals ' quarterback Jake Plummer replaced Griese in 2003 , and led the Broncos to two straight 10 -- 6 seasons , earning Wild Card playoff berths both years . However , the Broncos went on the road to face the Indianapolis Colts in back - to - back seasons and were blown out by more than 20 points in each game , allowing a combined 90 points . </P> <P> Plummer led the Broncos to a 13 -- 3 record in 2005 and their first AFC West division title since 1998 . After a first - round bye , the Broncos defeated the defending Super Bowl champion New England Patriots , 27 -- 13 , denying New England from becoming the first NFL team ever to win three consecutive Super Bowl championships . The Broncos ' playoff run came to an end next week , after losing at home to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship game , 34 -- 17 . The Steelers went on to win Super Bowl XL . </P> <P> The Broncos ' defense began the first five games of the 2006 season allowing only one touchdown -- an NFL record , but struggled down the season stretch . Plummer led the team to a 7 -- 2 record , only to struggle and be replaced by rookie quarterback Jay Cutler . Cutler went 2 -- 3 as a starter , and the Broncos finished with a 9 -- 7 record , losing the tiebreaker to the Kansas City Chiefs for the final playoff spot . Cutler 's first full season as a starter in 2007 became the Broncos ' first losing season since 1999 , with a 7 -- 9 record . </P> <P> The 2008 season ended in a 52 -- 21 loss at the San Diego Chargers , giving the Broncos an 8 -- 8 record and their third straight season out of the playoffs . Mike Shanahan , the longest - tenured and most successful head coach in Broncos ' franchise history , was fired after 14 seasons . </P> <P> On January 11 , 2009 , two weeks after Shanahan was fired , the Broncos hired former New England Patriots ' offensive coordinator Josh McDaniels as the team 's new head coach . Three months later , the team acquired quarterback Kyle Orton as part of a trade that sent Jay Cutler to the Chicago Bears . </P> Tim Tebow playing against the Kansas City Chiefs in January 2012 . <P> Under McDaniels and Orton , the Broncos jumped out to a surprising 6 -- 0 start in 2009 . However , the team lost eight of their next ten games , finishing 8 -- 8 for a second consecutive season and missing the playoffs . The next season ( 2010 ) , the Broncos set a new franchise record for losses in a single season , with a 4 -- 12 record . McDaniels was fired before the end of the 2010 season following a combination of the team 's poor record and the fallout from a highly publicized videotaping scandal . Running backs coach Eric Studesville was named interim coach for the final four games of the 2010 season . He chose to start rookie first - round draft choice Tim Tebow at quarterback for the final three games . </P> <P> Following the 2010 season , Joe Ellis was promoted from Chief Operating Officer to team president , while John Elway returned to the organization as the team 's Executive Vice President of Football Operations . In addition , the Broncos hired John Fox as the team 's 14th head coach . Fox previously served as the Carolina Panthers ' head coach from 2002 to 2010 . </P> <P> Following a 1 -- 4 start to the 2011 season , Tim Tebow replaced Kyle Orton as the Broncos ' starting quarterback , and led the Broncos to an 8 -- 8 record and the team 's first playoff berth and division title since 2005 . The Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers in the Wild Card round on a memorable 80 - yard touchdown pass from Tebow to wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on the first play of overtime , setting a record for the fastest overtime in NFL history . However , the Broncos were blown out by the New England Patriots in the Divisional round . </P> <H3> 2012 -- 2015 : Peyton Manning era ( edit ) </H3> <P> In March 2012 , the Broncos reached an agreement on a five - year , $ 96 million contract with former longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning , who had recently missed the entire 2011 season following multiple neck surgeries . This resulted in the Broncos subsequently trading incumbent quarterback Tim Tebow to the New York Jets . The Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in the 2012 playoffs , but were defeated by the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional round . </P> <P> Like 2012 , the Broncos finished with a 13 -- 3 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed in 2013 . In the 2013 playoffs , the Broncos defeated the San Diego Chargers in the Divisional round and the New England Patriots in the AFC Championship . However , the Broncos were soundly defeated by the Seattle Seahawks in Super Bowl XLVIII by a score of 43 -- 8 , the Broncos ' first Super Bowl berth since winning back - to - back Super Bowls in 1997 and 1998 . </P> <P> Prior to the start of the 2014 season , the Broncos announced that Pat Bowlen , the team 's owner since 1984 , relinquished control of the team due to his battle with Alzheimer 's disease , resulting in team president Joe Ellis and general manager John Elway assuming control of the team . The Broncos finished the 2014 season with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 2 seed . However , the Broncos were defeated by the Indianapolis Colts in the Divisional round of the 2014 playoffs , marking the third time in four seasons that the Broncos lost in the Divisional round of the playoffs . Quarterback Peyton Manning had been playing with strained quadriceps for the final month of the 2014 season . </P> 2015 : Super Bowl 50 champions and Manning 's final season ( edit ) Gary Kubiak won Super Bowl 50 in his first season as the Broncos Head coach . <P> On January 12 , 2015 , one day after the aforementioned Divisional playoff loss to the Colts , the Broncos and head coach John Fox mutually agreed to part ways . Fox left the Broncos with a . 719 winning percentage in his four seasons as the Broncos ' head coach -- the highest in franchise history . One week later , the Broncos hired Gary Kubiak as the team 's 15th head coach . Kubiak served as a backup quarterback to executive vice president / general manager John Elway from 1983 to 1991 , as well as the Broncos ' offensive coordinator from 1995 to 2005 . Shortly after Kubiak became head coach , the Broncos underwent numerous changes to their coaching staff , including the hiring of defensive coordinator Wade Phillips , under whom the Broncos ' defense ranked No. 1 in the NFL during the 2015 season . The Broncos finished with a 12 -- 4 record and the AFC 's No. 1 seed , despite Peyton Manning having his worst statistical season since his rookie year with the Indianapolis Colts in 1998 and backup quarterback Brock Osweiler filling in for Manning during the second half of the regular season due to Manning suffering from a foot injury . In the playoffs , the Broncos defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 23 -- 16 in the Divisional Round , the New England Patriots 20 -- 18 in the AFC Championship , and defeated the Carolina Panthers 24 -- 10 in Super Bowl 50 -- the Broncos ' third Super Bowl title . </P> <H3> 2016 -- present : defensive era ( edit ) </H3> Further information : 2016 Denver Broncos season <P> On March 7 , 2016 , quarterback Peyton Manning retired after 18 NFL seasons during a press conference at the team 's Dove Valley headquarters . Following Manning 's retirement , the Broncos have undergone changes at the quarterback position , including the free agent departure of backup quarterback Brock Osweiler to the Houston Texans , the trade acquisition of Mark Sanchez from the Philadelphia Eagles and the selection of Paxton Lynch during the 2016 draft . Sanchez , Lynch and second - year quarterback Trevor Siemian competed for the starting quarterback spot during the off - season and preseason ; however , Sanchez was released and Siemian was named the starter prior to the start of the season . The Broncos finished the season 9 -- 7 and missed the playoffs for the first time since 2010 . On January 2 , 2017 , coach Gary Kubiak announced his retirement , citing health as the main reason for retiring . The Broncos would later hire Vance Joseph to be their new head coach on January 11 , 2017 . The Broncos have since entered the era of their dominant defense consisting of the Ground Control , and the No Fly Zone . The Broncos finished 5 - 11 in 2017 due to a poor offense , and signed Case Keenum in 2018 . </P> <H2> Championships ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Super Bowls ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Coach </Th> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Mike Shanahan </Td> <Td> XXXII </Td> <Td> San Diego , CA </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> 31 -- 24 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Mike Shanahan </Td> <Td> XXXIII </Td> <Td> Miami , FL </Td> <Td> Atlanta Falcons </Td> <Td> 34 -- 19 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Gary Kubiak </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Santa Clara , CA </Td> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> 24 -- 10 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Total Super Bowl championships won : </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> AFC Championships ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Coach </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Score </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Red Miller </Td> <Td> Denver , CO </Td> <Td> Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 20 -- 17 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Dan Reeves </Td> <Td> Cleveland , OH </Td> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> 23 -- 20 ( OT ) </Td> <Td> 11 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dan Reeves </Td> <Td> Denver , CO </Td> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> 38 -- 33 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 4 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Dan Reeves </Td> <Td> Denver , CO </Td> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> 37 -- 21 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Mike Shanahan </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh , PA </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> 24 -- 21 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Mike Shanahan </Td> <Td> Denver , CO </Td> <Td> New York Jets </Td> <Td> 23 -- 10 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> John Fox </Td> <Td> Denver , CO </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> 26 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Gary Kubiak </Td> <Td> Denver , CO </Td> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> 20 -- 18 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Total AFC Championships won : </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Rivalries ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Divisional ( edit ) </H3> See also : American Football League <P> The Denver Broncos have three AFC West rivals -- the Kansas City Chiefs , Los Angeles Chargers and Oakland Raiders . All teams , along with the Broncos , were charter members of the American Football League ( AFL ) , with each team placed in the AFL Western Division . The Broncos were barely competitive during the AFL years ( 1960 -- 69 ) , going a combined 10 -- 49 -- 1 against the Chiefs , Chargers and Raiders . </P> Kansas City Chiefs ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chiefs rivalry <P> The Broncos have had several memorable matchups with the Chiefs , particularly during the years in which John Elway was the Broncos ' starting quarterback ( 1983 -- 98 ) . The Broncos defeated the Chiefs at Arrowhead Stadium in the divisional round of the 1997 NFL playoffs , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . The Chiefs currently hold a 61 -- 55 series lead over the Broncos , including the aforementioned 1997 divisional playoff game . </P> Oakland Raiders ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Raiders rivalry <P> The rivalry with the Raiders was ignited in 1977 , when the Broncos advanced to their first Super Bowl by defeating the defending champion Raiders in the 1977 AFC Championship . The rivalry intensified in the mid-1990s , when Mike Shanahan was hired as the Broncos ' head coach in 1995 . Shanahan coached the Raiders in 1988 before being fired four games into the 1989 season . The Raiders currently hold a 63 -- 52 -- 2 series lead over the Broncos , including 1 -- 1 in the playoffs . </P> San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers ( edit ) Further information : Broncos -- Chargers rivalry <P> Unlike their records against the Chiefs and Raiders , the Broncos currently have a winning record against the Chargers , with a 65 -- 51 -- 1 series lead , including 1 -- 0 in the playoffs . The Broncos pulled off one of the largest comebacks in Monday Night Football history , when Peyton Manning led the Broncos from a 24 -- 0 halftime deficit to a 35 -- 24 win at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium during the 2012 season . The two teams met in the playoffs for the first time on January 12 , 2014 , at Denver 's Sports Authority Field at Mile High , with the Broncos winning 24 -- 17 . </P> Seattle Seahawks ( edit ) <P> The Broncos had an old rivalry with the Seattle Seahawks , who were members of the AFC West from 1977 to 2001 , prior to the Seahawks ' move to the NFC West as part of the NFL 's 2002 re-alignment . During the 25 years in which the Seahawks resided in the AFC West , the Broncos went 32 -- 18 against the Seahawks , including a loss at Seattle in the 1983 NFL playoffs . Since 2002 , the two teams have split four interconference meetings , and the two teams met in Super Bowl XLVIII on February 2 , 2014 , with the Seahawks winning by a score of 43 -- 8 . </P> <H3> Historical ( edit ) </H3> <P> Aside from the aforementioned AFC West teams , the Broncos have had intra-conference rivalries over the years with the Cleveland Browns , Pittsburgh Steelers and New England Patriots . </P> Cleveland Browns ( edit ) See also : The Drive and The Fumble <P> The Broncos had a brief rivalry with the Browns that arose from three AFC championship matches from 1986 to 1989 . In the 1986 AFC Championship , quarterback John Elway led The Drive to secure a tie in the waning moments at Cleveland Municipal Stadium ; the Broncos went on to win in 23 -- 20 in overtime . One year later , the two teams met again in the 1987 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium . Denver took a 21 -- 3 lead , but Browns ' quarterback Bernie Kosar threw four touchdown passes to tie the game at 31 -- 31 halfway through the 4th quarter . After a long drive , John Elway threw a 20 - yard touchdown pass to running back Sammy Winder to give Denver a 38 -- 31 lead . Cleveland advanced to Denver 's 8 - yard line with 1 : 12 left , but Broncos ' safety Jeremiah Castille stripped Browns ' running back Earnest Byner of the football at the 2 - yard line -- a play that has been called The Fumble by Browns ' fans . The Broncos recovered it , gave Cleveland an intentional safety , and went on to win 38 -- 33 . The two teams met yet again in the 1989 AFC Championship at Mile High Stadium , which the Broncos easily won by a score of 37 -- 21 . Interestingly , the Broncos would not win the Super Bowl after any of the championship games where they beat the Browns . </P> Pittsburgh Steelers ( edit ) <P> As of the end of the 2015 season , the Broncos and Steelers have met in postseason play eight times , tied with five other pairings for the most frequent playoff matchups in NFL playoff history . The Broncos currently own a 5 -- 3 playoff record vs. the Steelers . Perhaps the most memorable postseason matchup occurred in the 1997 AFC Championship , in which the Broncos defeated the Steelers 24 -- 21 at Three Rivers Stadium , en route to their first Super Bowl victory . Eight years later , the Steelers returned the favor at INVESCO Field at Mile High , defeating the Broncos 34 -- 17 in the 2005 AFC Championship , and subsequently won Super Bowl XL . In the Wild Card round of the 2011 playoffs , in a game dubbed The 3 : 16 game , the Broncos stunned the Steelers 29 -- 23 on the first play of overtime , when quarterback Tim Tebow connected with wide receiver Demaryius Thomas on an 80 - yard game - winning touchdown pass . The teams met again in the Divisional round of the 2015 playoffs at Denver , where the Broncos defeated the Steelers 23 -- 16 on their way to a victory in Super Bowl 50 . </P> New England Patriots ( edit ) See also : Broncos -- Patriots rivalry and Tom Brady -- Peyton Manning rivalry <P> The Broncos and Patriots met twice annually during the American Football League ( AFL ) years from 1960 to 1969 , and played in the first - ever AFL game on September 9 , 1960 . Since 1995 , the two teams have met frequently during the regular season , including nine consecutive seasons from 1995 to 2003 . As of the end of the 2015 season , the two teams have met in the playoffs five times , with the Broncos owning a 4 -- 1 record . The teams ' first playoff match on January 4 , 1987 was John Elway 's first career playoff win , while the teams ' second playoff match on January 14 , 2006 game was the Broncos ' first playoff win since Elway 's retirement after the 1998 season . The game was also notable for Champ Bailey 's 100 - yard interception that resulted in a touchdown - saving tackle by Benjamin Watson at the 1 - yard line . On October 11 , 2009 , the two teams met with former Patriots ' offensive coordinator , Josh McDaniels as the Broncos ' head coach . Both teams wore their AFL 50th anniversary jerseys . The game featured a 98 - yard drive in the fourth quarter , with a game - tying touchdown pass from Kyle Orton to Brandon Marshall , followed by an overtime drive led by Orton that resulted in a 41 - yard game - winning field goal by Matt Prater . The two teams met in the Divisional round of the 2011 playoffs , with the Patriots blowing out Tim Tebow and the Broncos by a score of 45 -- 10 . The Broncos ' rivalry with the Patriots later intensified when longtime Indianapolis Colts ' quarterback Peyton Manning became the Broncos ' starting quarterback from 2012 to 2015 . Manning and Patriots ' quarterback Tom Brady maintained a legendary rivalry from 2001 until Manning 's retirement after the 2015 season . Though Brady dominated Manning in regular season play , winning nine of twelve meetings , Manning won three of five playoff meetings , the last of which was a Broncos ' 20 -- 18 win in the 2015 AFC Championship . </P> <H2> Logos and uniforms ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1960 -- 1996 ( edit ) </H3> Denver Broncos uniform set from 1968 to 1996 . The logo was designed by Edwin Guy Taylor of Denver . A contest was held through Public Service of Denver to come up with a new logo for the team . Mr. Taylor 's submission was selected late in 1967 and adopted soon after . The team briefly wore orange pants with the away jerseys between 1969 -- 1971 and 1978 -- 1979 . <P> When the Broncos debuted in 1960 , their original uniforms drew as much attention as their play on the field . They featured white and mustard yellow jerseys , with contrasting brown helmets , brown pants and vertically striped socks . Two years later , the team unveiled a new logo featuring a bucking horse , and changed their team colors to orange , royal blue and white . The 1962 uniform consisted of white pants , orange helmets , and either orange or white jerseys . </P> <P> In 1968 , the Broncos debuted a design that became known as the `` Orange Crush . '' Their logo was redesigned so that the horse was coming out of a `` D . '' Additionally , the helmets were changed to royal blue , with thin stripes placed onto the sleeves , and other minor modifications were added . From 1969 to 1971 , and again from 1978 to 1979 , the team wore orange pants with their white jerseys . </P> <P> The Broncos wore their white jerseys at home throughout the 1971 season , as well as for 1980 home games vs. the San Diego Chargers and Dallas Cowboys , the latter in hopes to bring out the `` blue jersey jinx '' which has followed the Cowboys for decades ( it worked , the Broncos won 41 -- 20 ) . The Broncos wore their white jerseys for 1983 home games vs. the Philadelphia Eagles , Los Angeles Raiders and Cincinnati Bengals , but would not wear white at home again for two decades -- see next section . </P> <P> In 1994 , in honor of the 75th anniversary season of the NFL , the Broncos wore their 1965 throwback uniforms for two games -- a Week 3 home game against the Raiders , as well a road game at the Buffalo Bills the following week . </P> <H3> 1997 -- 2011 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Broncos radically changed their logo and uniforms in 1997 , a design that the team continues to use to this day . The new logos and uniforms were unveiled on February 4 , 1997 . Navy blue replaced royal blue on the team 's color scheme . The current logo is a profile of a horse 's head , with an orange mane and navy blue outlines . The Broncos ' popular live animal mascot Thunder was the inspiration to incorporate a horse - head profile as part of the logo on the team 's helmets . During a February 4 , 1997 press conference introducing the new logo , the team president and the art director for Nike , who were the creators of the new design , described it as `` a powerful horse with a fiery eye and mane . '' </P> <P> The Broncos began wearing navy blue jerseys , replacing their longtime orange jerseys that had been the team 's predominant home jersey color since 1962 . This new uniform design features a new word mark , numbering font and a streak that runs up and down the sides of both the jerseys and the pants . On the navy blue jerseys , the streak is orange , with an orange collar and white numerals trimmed in orange , while on the road white jerseys , the streak is navy blue , with a thin orange accent strip on both sides , a navy collar and navy numerals trimmed in orange . When they debuted , these uniforms were vilified by the press and fans , until the Broncos won their first ever Super Bowl in the new design that same season . The navy blue jerseys served as the team 's primary home jersey until the end of the 2011 season -- see next section . </P> <P> In 2002 , the Broncos introduced an alternate orange jersey that is a mirror image of the aforementioned navy blue jerseys , but with orange and navy trading places . Like the road white jerseys , the white pants with the navy blue streaks running down the sides are worn with this uniform . This jersey was used only once in the 2002 and 2004 seasons , and were used twice per season from 2008 to 2011 . Mike Shanahan , the team 's head coach from 1995 to 2008 , was not a big fan of the alternate orange jerseys . The Broncos previously wore orange jerseys as a throwback uniform in a Thanksgiving Day game at the Dallas Cowboys in 2001 . </P> <P> The team also introduced navy blue pants in 2003 , with orange side streaks to match with the navy blue jerseys . Though they were part of the uniform change in 1997 ( in fact , they were worn for a couple of 1997 preseason games ) and most players wanted to wear them , the only player who vetoed wearing them was John Elway , thereby delaying their eventual introduction . From 2003 to 2011 , these pants were primarily used for select prime - time and late - season home games ( excluding the 2008 season ) , and since 2012 , are used exclusively with the now - alternate navy blue jerseys -- see next section . </P> <P> On November 16 , 2003 , the Broncos wore their white jerseys at home for the first time since 1983 , in a game vs. the San Diego Chargers . This was compensation for a uniform mix - up , after the teams ' first meeting at San Diego 's Qualcomm Stadium in Week 2 earlier that season , when the Chargers were the team that was supposed to declare their uniform color . The Chargers were planning to wear their white jerseys , but the visiting Broncos came to the stadium in white , and were fined $ 25,000 by the NFL as a result . When the two teams met at INVESCO Field at Mile High later that season ( Week 11 ) , the NFL allowed the visiting Chargers to choose their uniform color in advance , and they chose navy blue , forcing the Broncos to wear their white jerseys at home . </P> <P> In 2009 , in honor of their 50th anniversary season as one of the eight original American Football League teams , the Broncos wore their 1960 throwback uniforms ( brown helmets , mustard yellow and brown jerseys ) for games against two fellow AFL rivals -- a Week 5 home game vs. the New England Patriots , as well as the following week at the San Diego Chargers . </P> <H3> 2012 -- present ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beginning in 2012 , the orange jerseys that served as the alternate colored jerseys from 2002 to 2011 became the primary home jersey , while the navy blue jerseys that served as the primary home jersey from 1997 to 2011 switched to alternate designation . The change was made due to overwhelming popularity with the fans , who pressured the Broncos to return to orange as the team 's primary home jersey color . Since the 2012 uniform change , the team has worn the alternate navy blue jerseys for at least one home game per season , with the exception of 2013 , in which the Broncos wore their alternate navy blue uniforms for an October 6 , 2013 road game at the Dallas Cowboys . The team will either wear the navy blue or the white pants -- with the orange side stripes -- to match with the alternate navy blue jerseys . The team initially did not wear the white pants with the orange side stripes , until a November 1 , 2015 game vs. the Green Bay Packers , in which the Broncos wore said design in order to match the uniform ensemble that was used during the team 's Super Bowl XXXII win over the Packers . </P> <P> As the designated home team in Super Bowl 50 , the Broncos -- who have an 0 -- 4 Super Bowl record when using their standard orange jerseys -- chose to wear their white jerseys as the designated `` home '' team . </P> <P> In 2016 , the Broncos ' unveiled a new Color Rush uniform , which the team wore for a Thursday Night game at the San Diego Chargers on October 13 , 2016 . The uniform kit contained the following features : orange pants , which the team wore for the first time since 1979 , orange socks and shoes , along with block - style numerals trimmed in navy blue that mirrored the team 's 1968 -- 1996 uniform style . Due to the NFL 's one - helmet rule implemented in 2013 , the helmets remained the same , with the team temporarily replacing the modern primary logo with the throwback `` D - horse '' logo . The same uniform was used for a Thursday Night game against the Indianapolis Colts during the 2017 season . </P> <H3> Super Bowl uniform colors ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Favorite </Th> <Th> Jersey Color </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XII ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> January 15 , 1978 </Td> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> Cowboys by 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L 10 -- 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXI ( 21 ) </Td> <Td> January 25 , 1987 </Td> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> Giants by 9.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L 20 -- 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXII ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> Broncos by 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L 10 -- 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXIV ( 24 ) </Td> <Td> January 28 , 1990 </Td> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> 49ers by 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L 10 -- 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXII ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> January 25 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> Packers by 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W 31 -- 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXIII ( 33 ) </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Atlanta Falcons </Td> <Td> Broncos by 7.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W 34 -- 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLVIII ( 48 ) </Td> <Td> February 2 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> Broncos by 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> L 8 -- 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> Panthers by 5.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W 24 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Home Field ( edit ) </H2> Denver Mile High Stadium was the home of the Broncos from 1960 to 2000 <P> For most of their history , the Denver Broncos played in Mile High Stadium . The AFL Broncos played at the University of Denver 's Hilltop Stadium from time to time , including the first - ever victory of an AFL team over an NFL team : The Broncos beat the Detroit Lions on August 5 , 1967 , in a preseason game . The team has sold out every home game ( including post-season games ) since the AFL -- NFL merger in 1970 , with the exception of two replacement games during the 1987 strike ( but both were sold out before the strike ) . </P> <P> During home games , the attendance is announced to the crowd , along with the number of no - shows ( the fans subsequently boo the no - shows ) . The fans are also known to chant `` IN - COM - PLETE ! '' every time the visiting team throws an incomplete pass . The stadium 's legendary home - field advantage is regarded as one of the best in the NFL , especially during the playoffs . The Broncos had the best home record in pro football over a 32 - year span from 1974 to 2006 ( 191 -- 65 -- 1 ) . Mile High Stadium was one of the NFL 's loudest stadiums , with steel flooring instead of concrete , which may have given the Broncos an advantage over opponents , plus the advantage of altitude conditioning for the Broncos . In 2001 , the team moved into Invesco Field at Mile High , built next to the former site of the since - demolished Mile High Stadium . Sportswriter Woody Paige , along with many of Denver 's fans , however , often refuse to call the new stadium by its full name , preferring to use `` Mile High Stadium '' because of its storied history and sentimental import . Additionally , The Denver Post had an official policy of referring to the stadium as simply `` Mile High Stadium '' in protest , but dropped this policy in 2004 . </P> Sports Authority Field has been the Bronco 's home since 2001 <P> Prior to the 2011 season , Englewood , Colorado - based sporting goods retailer Sports Authority claimed the naming rights of Invesco Field , which became known as Sports Authority Field at Mile High . However , in the summer of 2016 , Sports Authority went bankrupt , and the Broncos have been seeking a new corporate sponsor for their stadium ever since . </P> <P> The altitude has also been attributed as part of the team 's home success . The stadium displays multiple references to the stadium 's location of 5,280 feet ( 1.000 mi ) above sea level , including a prominent mural just outside the visiting team 's locker room . The team training facility , the UCHealth Training Center ( formerly known as the Paul D. Bowlen Memorial Broncos Centre ) , is a state - of - the - art facility located in Dove Valley , Colorado . With 13.5 acres of property , the facility hosts three full - size fields , a complete weight and training facility , and a cafeteria . </P> <P> In their more than half - century of existence , the Broncos have never been shut out at home , a streak of over 400 games as of the 2016 season . </P> <P> In late 2012 , the Broncos announced that the stadium will receive $30 million upgrades including a new video board in the south end zone that is planned to be three times larger than the previous display . The renovations were finished before kickoff of the 2013 season . </P> <H2> Statistics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season - by - season records ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Denver Broncos seasons <H2> Players of note ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Current roster ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="10"> Denver Broncos roster <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarterbacks <Ul> <Li> 4 Case Keenum </Li> <Li> 6 Chad Kelly </Li> <Li> 12 Paxton Lynch </Li> <Li> 5 Nick Stevens </Li> </Ul> <P> Running backs </P> <Ul> <Li> 23 Devontae Booker </Li> <Li> 37 Royce Freeman </Li> <Li> 33 De'Angelo Henderson </Li> <Li> 32 Andy Janovich FB </Li> <Li> 2 Phillip Lindsay </Li> <Li> 36 David Williams </Li> </Ul> <P> Wide receivers </P> <Ul> <Li> 13 Kenny Bell </Li> <Li> 15 River Cracraft </Li> <Li> 9 John Diarse </Li> <Li> 17 DaeSean Hamilton </Li> <Li> 11 Carlos Henderson </Li> <Li> 19 Jordan Leslie </Li> <Li> 16 Isaiah McKenzie </Li> <Li> 81 Tim Patrick </Li> <Li> 10 Emmanuel Sanders </Li> <Li> 14 Courtland Sutton </Li> <Li> 87 Jordan Taylor </Li> <Li> 88 Demaryius Thomas </Li> <Li> 85 Jimmy Williams </Li> </Ul> <P> Tight ends </P> <Ul> <Li> 80 Jake Butt </Li> <Li> 84 Troy Fumagalli </Li> <Li> 82 Jeff Heuerman </Li> <Li> 83 Matt LaCosse </Li> <Li> 89 Brian Parker </Li> <Li> 86 Austin Traylor </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Offensive linemen <Ul> <Li> 72 Garett Bolles T </Li> <Li> 64 J.J. Dielman C </Li> <Li> 76 Max Garcia G </Li> <Li> 63 Leon Johnson T </Li> <Li> 70 Sam Jones G </Li> <Li> 73 Andreas Knappe T </Li> <Li> 79 Cyrus Kouandjio T </Li> <Li> 65 Ronald Leary G </Li> <Li> 60 Connor McGovern G </Li> <Li> 61 Matt Paradis C </Li> <Li> 74 Jeremiah Poutasi G </Li> <Li> 71 Austin Schlottmann C </Li> <Li> 77 Billy Turner G </Li> <Li> 66 Jared Veldheer T </Li> <Li> 75 Menelik Watson T </Li> <Li> 68 Elijah Wilkinson T </Li> </Ul> <P> Defensive linemen </P> <Ul> <Li> 91 Paul Boyette NT </Li> <Li> 99 Adam Gotsis DE </Li> <Li> 96 Shelby Harris DE </Li> <Li> 92 Zach Kerr DE </Li> <Li> 98 Clinton McDonald DE </Li> <Li> 94 Domata Peko NT </Li> <Li> 90 Kyle Peko NT </Li> <Li> 57 DeMarcus Walker DE </Li> <Li> 93 DeShawn Williams DE </Li> <Li> 95 Derek Wolfe DE </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Linebackers <Ul> <Li> 50 Zaire Anderson ILB </Li> <Li> 48 Shaquil Barrett OLB </Li> <Li> 40 Keishawn Bierria ILB </Li> <Li> 55 Bradley Chubb OLB </Li> <Li> 51 Todd Davis ILB </Li> <Li> 52 Jerrol Garcia - Williams ILB </Li> <Li> 46 Jeff Holland OLB </Li> <Li> 47 Josey Jewell ILB </Li> <Li> 43 Joseph Jones ILB </Li> <Li> 59 Stansly Maponga OLB </Li> <Li> 54 Brandon Marshall ILB </Li> <Li> 58 Von Miller OLB </Li> <Li> 53 Deiontrez Mount OLB </Li> <Li> 56 Shane Ray OLB </Li> <Li> 49 Marcus Rush OLB </Li> </Ul> <P> Defensive backs </P> <Ul> <Li> 22 Tramaine Brock CB </Li> <Li> 20 Jamal Carter SS </Li> <Li> 21 Su'a Cravens SS </Li> <Li> 25 Chris Harris Jr . CB </Li> <Li> 39 Michael Hunter CB </Li> <Li> 27 Brendan Langley CB </Li> <Li> 3 Trey Marshall SS </Li> <Li> 30 Jordan Moore SS </Li> <Li> 34 Will Parks FS </Li> <Li> 38 Marcus Rios CB </Li> <Li> 29 Bradley Roby CB </Li> <Li> 31 Justin Simmons SS </Li> <Li> 28 C.J. Smith CB </Li> <Li> 26 Darian Stewart FS </Li> <Li> 35 Dymonte Thomas FS </Li> <Li> 41 Isaac Yiadom CB </Li> </Ul> <P> Special teams </P> <Ul> <Li> 1 Marquette King P </Li> <Li> 42 Casey Kreiter LS </Li> <Li> 45 Christian Kuntz LS </Li> <Li> 8 Brandon McManus K </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Reserve lists <Ul> <Li> Currently empty </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> Rookies in italics <P> Roster updated May 25 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 88 Active , 0 Inactive , 2 Unsigned </P> → AFC rosters → NFC rosters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> <Dl> <Dt> AFC East </Dt> <Dd> BUF </Dd> <Dd> MIA </Dd> <Dd> NE </Dd> <Dd> NYJ </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> BAL </Dd> <Dd> CIN </Dd> <Dd> CLE </Dd> <Dd> PIT </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> HOU </Dd> <Dd> IND </Dd> <Dd> JAX </Dd> <Dd> TEN </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> DEN </Dd> <Dd> KC </Dd> <Dd> LAC </Dd> <Dd> OAK </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> NFC East </Dt> <Dd> DAL </Dd> <Dd> NYG </Dd> <Dd> PHI </Dd> <Dd> WAS </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> CHI </Dd> <Dd> DET </Dd> <Dd> GB </Dd> <Dd> MIN </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> ATL </Dd> <Dd> CAR </Dd> <Dd> NO </Dd> <Dd> TB </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> ARI </Dd> <Dd> LAR </Dd> <Dd> SF </Dd> <Dd> SEA </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 50th anniversary team ( 2009 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Denver Broncos announced the club 's 50th anniversary team on September 15 , 2009 . The anniversary team was voted on by users at DenverBroncos.com from June 6 -- September 4 , 2009 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Denver Broncos 50th Anniversary Team ( 2009 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Offense </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> QB </Dt> <Dd> Elway </Dd> <Dt> RB </Dt> <Dd> Davis </Dd> <Dd> Little </Dd> <Dt> WR </Dt> <Dd> McCaffrey </Dd> <Dd> Smith </Dd> <Dt> TE </Dt> <Dd> Sharpe </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Lepsis </Dd> <Dd> Zimmerman </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Bishop </Dd> <Dd> Schlereth </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Nalen </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defense </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> DE </Dt> <Dd> Fletcher </Dd> <Dd> R. Jackson </Dd> <Dt> DT </Dt> <Dd> Pryce </Dd> <Dd> Carter </Dd> <Dt> LB </Dt> <Dd> Mecklenburg </Dd> <Dd> Gradishar </Dd> <Dd> T. Jackson </Dd> <Dt> CB </Dt> <Dd> Bailey </Dd> <Dd> Wright </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Atwater </Dd> <Dd> Smith </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special teams </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Elam </Dd> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Rouen </Dd> <Dt> RS </Dt> <Dd> Upchurch </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Retired numbers ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Denver Broncos retired numbers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> John Elway </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Frank Tripucka Peyton Manning </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 63 2012 -- 15 † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Floyd Little </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 75 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † Note : No. 18 was re-issued for Peyton Manning after Tripucka gave his approval ; it was used by Manning from the 2012 season until his retirement after the 2015 season . Manning 's name was added to the retired number 's banner as an honorable mention . </P> <H3> Pro Football Hall of Famers ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Denver Broncos Hall of Famers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position ( s ) </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Inducted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Brown , Willie Willie Brown </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 66 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Davis , Terrell Terrell Davis </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Dorsett , Tony Tony Dorsett </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Elway , John John Elway </Td> <Td> QB General Manager </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Zimmerman , Gary Gary Zimmerman </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 97 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Little , Floyd Floyd Little </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 75 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Sharpe , Shannon Shannon Sharpe </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ring of Fame ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Broncos have a Ring of Fame on the Level 5 façade of Sports Authority Field at Mile High , which honors the following : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Denver Broncos Ring of Fame </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position ( s ) </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Inducted </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Goose Gonsoulin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 66 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Rich Jackson </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 72 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Floyd Little </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 75 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Lionel Taylor </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 66 </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Gerald Phipps </Td> <Td> Owner </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 81 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Charley Johnson </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 75 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Paul Smith </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 78 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Frank Tripucka </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 63 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Billy Thompson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 81 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Craig Morton </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 82 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Haven Moses </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 81 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Jim Turner </Td> <Td> PK </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 79 </Td> <Td> 1988 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Randy Gradishar </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 83 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Tom Jackson </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 86 </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Louis Wright </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 86 </Td> <Td> 1993 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> John Elway </Td> <Td> QB General manager </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 98 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Karl Mecklenburg </Td> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> 1983 -- 95 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Dennis Smith </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 94 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Gary Zimmerman </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 97 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Steve Atwater </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 98 </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Terrell Davis </Td> <Td> RB </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Shannon Sharpe </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 99 , 2002 -- 03 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Rod Smith </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Tom Nalen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Gene Mingo </Td> <Td> RB , K , RS </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 64 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Dan Reeves </Td> <Td> Head coach </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 92 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Rick Upchurch </Td> <Td> WR , RS </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 83 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Pat Bowlen </Td> <Td> Owner </Td> <Td> 1984 -- present </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jason Elam </Td> <Td> PK </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Simon Fletcher </Td> <Td> LB / DE </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 95 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> John Lynch </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 07 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Red Miller </Td> <Td> Head coach </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 80 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Super Bowl MVPs ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Super Bowl MVP Winners </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXII </Td> <Td> Terrell Davis </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXIII </Td> <Td> John Elway </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Von Miller </Td> <Td> LB </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Colorado Sports Hall of Fame ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Colorado Sports Hall of Fame <H2> Staff ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Head coaches ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Denver Broncos head coaches <H3> Current staff ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> Denver Broncos staff <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Front Office </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Owner -- Pat Bowlen </Li> <Li> President / CEO -- Joe Ellis </Li> <Li> President of Football Operations / General Manager -- John Elway </Li> <Li> Director of Player Personnel -- Matt Russell </Li> <Li> Senior Personnel Advisor -- Tom Heckert Jr . </Li> <Li> Senior Personnel Advisor -- Gary Kubiak </Li> <Li> Director of Pro Personnel -- A.J. Durso </Li> <Li> Director of Football Administration -- Mike Sullivan </Li> <Li> Director of Team Administration -- Mark Thewes </Li> <Li> Director of Player Development -- Ray Jackson </Li> <Li> Director of Football Analytics -- Mitch Tanney </Li> <Li> Director of College Scouting -- Brian Stark </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Head Coaches </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Head Coach -- Vance Joseph </Li> <Li> Assistant to Head Coach -- Rob Grosso </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Offensive Coaches </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Offensive Coordinator -- Bill Musgrave </Li> <Li> Quarterbacks -- Mike Sullivan </Li> <Li> Running Backs -- Curtis Modkins </Li> <Li> Wide Receivers -- Zach Azzanni </Li> <Li> Tight Ends -- Geep Chryst </Li> <Li> Offensive Line ( Guards / Centers ) -- Sean Kugler </Li> <Li> Offensive Line ( Tackles ) -- Chris Strausser </Li> <Li> Offensive Assistant / Quarterbacks -- Klint Kubiak </Li> <Li> Offensive Quality Control -- Christopher Kragthorpe </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Defensive Coaches </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Defensive Coordinator -- Joe Woods </Li> <Li> Defensive Line -- Bill Kollar </Li> <Li> Linebackers -- Reggie Herring </Li> <Li> Defensive Backs ( Safeties ) -- Marcus Robertson </Li> <Li> Defensive Backs ( Cornerbacks ) -- Greg Williams </Li> <Li> Assistant Defensive Line -- Chris Beake </Li> <Li> Defensive Quality Control -- Charles Gordon </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Special Teams Coaches </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Special Teams Coordinator -- Tom McMahon </Li> <Li> Assistant Special Teams -- Chris Gould </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Strength and Conditioning </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Strength and Conditioning -- Loren Landow </Li> <Li> Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Tyler Hill </Li> <Li> Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Anthony Lomando </Li> <Li> Assistant Strength and Conditioning -- Cedric Smith </Li> </Ul> <P> → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Dl> <Dt> AFC East </Dt> <Dd> BUF </Dd> <Dd> MIA </Dd> <Dd> NE </Dd> <Dd> NYJ </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> BAL </Dd> <Dd> CIN </Dd> <Dd> CLE </Dd> <Dd> PIT </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> HOU </Dd> <Dd> IND </Dd> <Dd> JAX </Dd> <Dd> TEN </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> DEN </Dd> <Dd> KC </Dd> <Dd> LAC </Dd> <Dd> OAK </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> NFC East </Dt> <Dd> DAL </Dd> <Dd> NYG </Dd> <Dd> PHI </Dd> <Dd> WAS </Dd> <Dt> North </Dt> <Dd> CHI </Dd> <Dd> DET </Dd> <Dd> GB </Dd> <Dd> MIN </Dd> <Dt> South </Dt> <Dd> ATL </Dd> <Dd> CAR </Dd> <Dd> NO </Dd> <Dd> TB </Dd> <Dt> West </Dt> <Dd> ARI </Dd> <Dd> LAR </Dd> <Dd> SF </Dd> <Dd> SEA </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Radio and television ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Denver Broncos broadcasters <P> The Broncos ' flagship radio station is currently KOA , 850AM , a 50,000 - watt station owned by Clear Channel Communications . Dave Logan is the play - by - play announcer , with former Broncos ' wide receiver Ed McCaffrey serving as the color commentator beginning in 2012 , replacing Brian Griese . Until 2010 , preseason games not selected for airing on national television were shown on KCNC , channel 4 , which is a CBS owned - and - operated station , as well as other CBS affiliates around the Rocky Mountain region . On May 26 , 2011 , the Broncos announced that KUSA channel 9 , an NBC affiliate also known as 9NEWS in the Rocky Mountain region , will be the team 's new television partner for preseason games . </P> <P> In 2011 , the Broncos began a partnership with KJMN , 92.1 FM , a leading Spanish language radio station owned by Entravision Communications ( EVC ) . The partnership also includes broadcasting rights for a half - hour weekly TV show on KCEC , the local Univision affiliate operated by Entravision Communications . </P> <H2> Notable fans and in the media ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tim McKernan , a.k.a. Barrel Man , began wearing a barrel in 1977 after making a $10 bet with his brother , Scott , that by wearing one he could get on television . McKernan won the bet , and the barrel he had painted to look like an Orange Crush soda can became his signature costume , and resulted in him becoming one of the Broncos ' most recognized fans and a popular mascot . McKernan died on December 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> The animated television show South Park , set in Park County , Colorado , often mentions the Denver Broncos ; show creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone both grew up in Colorado as devout Broncos fans . </Li> <Li> In The Simpsons episode `` You Only Move Twice '' , Hank Scorpio gives Homer Simpson the Denver Broncos as a thank - you gift for helping him . Homer complains that he wanted to own the Dallas Cowboys , as the Broncos team that just arrived are playing very sloppy football on his front lawn ( a reference to the team losing four Super Bowl appearances , three by significant margins including Super Bowl XII against Dallas ) . Incidentally , the Broncos were 13 -- 3 in the 1996 season , and won the Super Bowl the next 2 seasons . In the episode , `` The Bonfire of the Manatees '' , Homer picks the Broncos to win the Super Bowl over the Seattle Seahawks . The two teams later did play against each other in Super Bowl XLVIII which aired on Fox , the U.S. home of The Simpsons . </Li> <Li> In the Mork & Mindy episode `` Hold That Mork '' , Mork 's character , played by Robin Williams , became the first male cheerleader in Broncos ' history . As a member of the `` Pony Express '' , he trotted out on the field at Mile High Stadium during an actual Broncos ' game vs. the New England Patriots on November 11 , 1979 . The episode aired exactly two weeks later . </Li> <Li> Many former Broncos are now in broadcasting , including Shannon Sharpe , Mark Schlereth , Alfred Williams , Tom Jackson , Ed McCaffrey , Brian Griese , David Diaz - Infante , Terrell Davis and John Lynch . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Broncos Are Born '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The postal designation of Englewood , a city eight ( 8 ) miles west , is used in the headquarters mailing address . `` Contact Us '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broncos Directory '' ( PDF ) . 2014 Denver Broncos Media Guide . Denver Broncos . July 8 , 2014 . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wesseling , Chris ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owner Pat Bowlen stepping back '' . National Football League . Retrieved July 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Statements on Owner Pat Bowlen '' . DenverBroncos.com . Denver Broncos . July 23 , 2014 . Retrieved January 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Team -- Pro Football Hall of Fame '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos : American Football League Charter Members '' . Conigliofamily.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team History '' . NFLteamhistory.com . Archived from the original on 3 October 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Team Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sports E-Cyclopedia -- Denver Broncos '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1977 Denver Broncos Statistics '' . Pro Football Reference . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paton , James . `` Clock runs out for ex-Broncos owner '' . Rocky Mountain News . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2008 . Retrieved October 2 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` Pat Bowlen resigns control of Denver Broncos , acknowledges he is dealing with Alzheimer 's disease '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Elway Timeline '' . The Sporting News . Archived from the original on 20 September 2008 . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos '' . Football.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 05 . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RealClearSports -- Top 10 Coach Killers -- John Elway '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reid Brooks . `` Mile High Feud : John Elway and Mike Shanahan Still Have a Beef , but Why ? '' . Bleacher Report . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Reeves ' comments rekindle feud with Elway , Shanahan '' . CNN / SI . January 24 , 1999 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXII box score '' . NFL.com . Retrieved November 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shanahan , Broncos Part Ways '' . Denver Broncos . December 30 , 2008 . Retrieved December 30 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broncos Introduce McDaniels '' . Denver Broncos . January 11 , 2009 . Retrieved January 11 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stapleton , Arnie ( January 3 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos lose franchise - record 12th game as Chargers win 33 -- 28 '' . Fox 31 Denver . Archived from the original on 6 October 2011 . Retrieved January 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` McDaniels fired as Broncos coach after controversy , losses pile up '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( January 5 , 2011 ) . `` Broncos officially announce Elway hire , promote Ellis to president '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 13 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Takes the Reins '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 13 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Legan , Kenny ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Thomas Shines in Overtime Victory '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Klis , Mike ( January 14 , 2012 ) . `` Tom Brady leads Patriots ' 45 -- 10 rout of Broncos , Tim Tebow in NFL playoffs '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning , Broncos OK deal '' . ESPN . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How will Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos fare next season ? '' . Los Angeles Times . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved March 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jets acquire Tim Tebow for draft pick '' . ESPN . March 22 , 2012 . Retrieved March 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ; Zaas , Stuart ( January 12 , 2013 ) . `` Double - OT Heartbreaker Ends Denver 's Season '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Broncos , Peyton Manning struggle in Super Bowl blowout by Seahawks '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schefter , Adam ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` Peyton was injured for past month '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 12 , 2015 ) . `` John Fox , Denver Broncos part ways after four seasons '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holden , Will ( January 16 , 2015 ) . `` Chicago Bears officially name John Fox new head coach '' . Fox 31 Denver . Retrieved January 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Gary Kubiak : Denver Broncos job was `` a game - changer '' `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL.com Statistics '' . NFL.com . January 4 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . NOTE : Search for the 2015 regular season . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peyton Manning Career Statistics '' . pro-football-reference.com . January 26 , 2016 . Retrieved January 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( February 7 , 2016 ) . `` Von Miller , defense carry Broncos to Super Bowl 50 victory '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved February 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin . `` Broncos coach Gary Kubiak retires from coaching '' . NFL.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Broncos appoint Vance Joseph , ' a leader of men , ' as new head coach '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( January 11 , 2017 ) . `` Vance Joseph hired as Broncos ' new head coach '' . USA TODAY . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Banks , Don ( May 22 , 2001 ) . `` Seattle moved to NFC in approved realignment plan '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs Seattle Seahawks -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Gregg ( February 2 , 2014 ) . `` Seattle Seahawks stomp Broncos for Super Bowl win '' . National Football League . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carter , Bob ( July 5 , 2005 ) . `` Elway led Broncos on `` The Drive '' `` . ESPN . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reilly , Rick ( September 21 , 2011 ) . `` Byner 's fumble spoils Browns shot at 1987 AFC Championship glory '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heisler , Mark ( January 15 , 1990 ) . `` This Time , Just Call It Elway : AFC championship : Bronco quarterback is at his best in 37 -- 21 victory over Browns as Denver earns its third trip to the Super Bowl in four seasons '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Playoff History -- Pro Football Reference '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Recalling the 2005 AFC Title Game '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( January 8 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Advance with Postseason Thriller '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning , Broncos beat Steelers , punch ticket to AFC championship game '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Team '' Denver Broncos `` . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 20 July 2009 . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( November 2 , 2003 ) . `` Broncology : So We Meet Again '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boxscore finder : Denver Broncos vs New England Patriots -- Pro-Football - Reference '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch , Tim ( October 16 , 2008 ) . `` Denver Broncos @ New England Patriots ; Through The Years '' . Mile High Report . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broncos take advantage of turnovers , eliminate Patriots '' . ESPN . January 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ sevenand7kc ( 2011 - 09 - 16 ) , Benjamin Watson tackle saving touchdown , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver doldrums continue for the Patriots -- The Boston Globe '' . archive.boston.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Patriots vs. Broncos - Game Recap - October 11 , 2009 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gasper , Christopher ( October 7 , 2012 ) . `` Lucky to see Tom Brady vs. Peyton Manning again '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved August 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Peyton Manning retires from football : `` I love the game ... I will miss it . '' `` . The Denver Post . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2016 . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renck , Troy ( January 24 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos hold off Tom Brady and Patriots , head to Super Bowl '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Saccomano , Jim ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Legend and Legacy : Orange 's origin '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` White at Home in the NFL -- Uni Watch '' . Archived from the original on 2010 - 04 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Endzone 's Denver Broncos Game - Used News & Price Guide Page '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New uniforms for a new era '' . Denver Broncos . February 4 , 1997 . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Legan , Kenny ( October 3 , 2011 ) . `` Orange Crush '' . Denver Broncos . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 3 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pomeroy , L.A. ( 2012 ) . `` Thunder : Denver 's Favorite Bronco '' ( PDF ) . Modern Arabian Horse . Arabian Horse Association . pp. 62 -- 67 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on November 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broncos unveil new uniform and logo '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . February 4 , 1997 . Archived from the original on April 19 , 1997 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broncos ' RBs turn in uneven performances '' . The Denver Post . August 4 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESC 's Denver Broncos Uniform History '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` End Zone Sports Charities '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2009 AFL ' Legacy Games ' '' . NFL.com . July 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 19 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 10 , 2009 ) . `` Even if they win , the Broncos figure to look bad in their throwback uniforms Sunday '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klis , Mike ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Broncos to wear alternate blue uniforms vs. Cowboys in Dallas '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Blue thunder : Broncos to break out blue jerseys against Packers , Raiders '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved August 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( January 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos to wear white uniforms in Super Bowl 50 '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mason , Andrew ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` NFL reveals Color Rush jersey for the Broncos '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boniface , Daniel ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` What do you think about the Denver Broncos `` color rush '' uniforms ? `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FAQ '' . Denver Broncos . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guide To Sports Authority Field At Mile High '' . CBS Denver . October 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` A New Home '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broncos stadium renamed Sports Authority Field at Mile High '' . The Denver Post . August 16 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Worthington , Danika ; Wolfe , Cameron ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mile High Stadium will get a new naming sponsor after Sports Authority , Broncos chief says '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Training Facility '' . Denver Broncos . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos and UCHealth announce major health partnership '' . Denver Broncos . July 30 , 2015 . Retrieved July 30 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos Franchise Encyclopedia -- Pro Football Reference '' . November 12 , 2012 . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caldwell , Gray ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Broncos Announce Stadium Upgrades '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BRONCOS ANNOUNCE 50th ANNIVERSARY TEAM '' . Denver Broncos . September 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ex-Bronco Tripucka says Manning can wear familiar No. 18 '' . National Football League . March 20 , 2012 . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broncos to unveil retired number signage Sunday '' . KUSA - TV . September 13 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Broncos to unveil retired number signage on Sunday '' . Mile High Report . September 18 , 2016 . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swanson , Ben ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Broncos unveil retired numbers tribute in pregame ceremony '' . Denver Broncos . Retrieved September 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Lindsay ( July 31 , 2012 ) . `` Ed McCaffrey joins KOA Broncos broadcast team '' . The Denver Post . Retrieved July 31 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Broadcast Partners '' . Denver Broncos . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espinoza , Annette ( December 5 , 2009 ) . `` Tim McKernan , `` Barrel Man '' to Broncos fans , dies at 69 `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved December 6 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parker , Ryan ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Denver Broncos owe success to `` South Park '' hilariously claim creators Parker and Stone `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jhabvala , Nicki ( August 11 , 2014 ) . `` Robin Williams , aka `` Mork '' , made Broncos history as first male cheerleader `` . The Denver Post . Retrieved August 11 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Denver Broncos : The Complete Illustrated History ( 2009 ) , by Jim Saccomano & John Elway , MBI Publishing Company , ISBN 0 - 7603 - 3476 - 5 </Li> <Li> Then Morton Said to Elway ... : The Best Denver Broncos Stories Ever Told ( 2008 ) , by Craig Morton & Adrian Dater , Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 60078 - 121 - 7 </Li> <Li> Game of My Life : Denver Broncos : Memorable Stories of Broncos Football ( 2007 ) , by Jim Saccomano , Sports Publishing LLC , ISBN 1 - 59670 - 091 - 2 </Li> <Li> The Good , the Bad , and the Ugly Denver Broncos : Heart - Pounding , Jaw - Dropping , and Gut - Wrenching Moments from Denver Broncos History ( 2007 ) , By Adrian Dater -- Triumph Books , ISBN 1 - 57243 - 975 - 0 </Li> <Li> John Elway and the Denver Broncos : Super Bowl XXXIII ( 2007 ) , by Michael Sandler , Bearport Pub Company , ISBN 1 - 59716 - 536 - 0 </Li> <Li> The Denver Broncos ( 2006 ) , by Mark Stewart -- Norwood House Press , ISBN 1 - 59953 - 066 - X </Li> <Li> Denver Broncos : Colorful Tales of the Orange and Blue ( 2004 ) , by Larry Zimmer , Globe Pequot Press , ISBN 0 - 7627 - 2766 - 7 </Li> <Li> Broncos Power Rankings Around the Web : ( 2017 ) , by Taylor Kothe , SB Nation : Mile High Report Bye Week https://www.milehighreport.com/2017/10/4/16409056/broncos-nfl-power-rankings </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Denver Broncos . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Denver Broncos </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Founded in 1960 </Li> <Li> Based in Denver , Colorado </Li> <Li> Headquartered in Englewood , Colorado </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Players </Li> <Li> Starting quarterbacks </Li> <Li> Coaches </Li> <Li> Seasons </Li> <Li> First - round draft 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Herb Brooks - wikipedia <H1> Herb Brooks </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Herb Brooks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Brooks in 1983 coaching the New York Rangers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Herbert Paul Brooks Jr . ( 1937 - 08 - 05 ) August 5 , 1937 Saint Paul , Minnesota , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> August 11 , 2003 ( 2003 - 08 - 11 ) ( aged 66 ) near Forest Lake , Minnesota , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Ice hockey coach , player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Patti Brooks ( 1965 -- 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Danny ( son ) Kelly ( daughter ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> David Brooks ( brother ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Sport ( s ) </Th> <Td> Ice hockey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Biographical details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> University of Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Playing career </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1955 -- 1959 </Th> <Td> Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Coaching career ( HC unless noted ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970 -- 1971 </Th> <Td> Minnesota ( assistant ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1971 -- 1972 </Th> <Td> Minnesota Junior Stars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1972 -- 1979 </Th> <Td> Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980 </Th> <Td> US Olympic Team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980 -- 1981 </Th> <Td> HC Davos </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1981 -- 1985 </Th> <Td> New York Rangers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1986 -- 1987 </Th> <Td> St. Cloud State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1987 -- 1988 </Th> <Td> Minnesota North Stars </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1991 -- 1992 </Th> <Td> Utica Devils </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1992 -- 1993 </Th> <Td> New Jersey Devils </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 -- 2002 </Th> <Td> Pittsburgh Penguins ( scout ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1998 </Th> <Td> France Olympic Team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1999 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> Pittsburgh Penguins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2002 </Th> <Td> US Olympic Team </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2002 -- 2003 </Th> <Td> Pittsburgh Penguins ( Dir. of Player Development ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Head coaching record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overall </Th> <Td> 192 -- 108 -- 19 (. 632 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tournaments </Th> <Td> 8 -- 1 (. 889 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Accomplishments and honors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1974 Big Ten Champion 1974 WCHA Tournament Champion 1974 NCAA National Champion 1975 Big Ten Champion 1975 WCHA Regular Season Champion 1975 WCHA Tournament Champion 1976 WCHA Tournament Champion 1976 NCAA National Champion 1979 Big Ten Champion 1979 WCHA Tournament Champion 1979 NCAA National Champion 1987 NCHA Regular Season Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1974 WCHA Coach of the Year </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Medal record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Men 's ice hockey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Representing the USA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> World Championships </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1962 United States </Td> <Td> ( Player ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Winter Olympics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1980 United States </Td> <Td> ( Coach ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2002 United States </Td> <Td> ( Coach ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The 1958 -- 59 Gopher Hockey Team , including Lou Nanne , Larry Smith , and Herb Brooks ( # 9 ) who is seated bottom row left . <P> Herbert Paul Brooks Jr . ( August 5 , 1937 -- August 11 , 2003 ) was an American ice hockey player and coach . His most notable achievement came in 1980 as head coach of the gold medal - winning U.S. Olympic hockey team at Lake Placid . At the games , Brooks ' US team upset the heavily favored Soviet team in a match that came to be known as the ' Miracle on Ice ' . Brooks would go on to coach multiple NHL teams , as well as the French hockey team at the 1998 Winter Olympics , and ultimately returned to coach the US men 's team to a silver medal at the 2002 games in Salt Lake City . Brooks was killed in a 2003 car accident . At the time of his death , Brooks was the Pittsburgh Penguins ' director of player personnel . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Biography <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early years </Li> <Li> 1.2 Coaching career </Li> <Li> 1.3 Death and legacy </Li> <Li> 1.4 Personal life </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Brooksisms </Li> <Li> 3 Head coaching record <Ul> <Li> 3.1 College </Li> <Li> 3.2 NHL </Li> <Li> 3.3 Other leagues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Biography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early years ( edit ) </H3> <P> Herb Brooks was born in Saint Paul , Minnesota , to Pauline and Herbert Brooks Sr. He attended Johnson High School , where his team won the 1955 state hockey championship . </P> <P> Brooks continued his hockey career with the University of Minnesota Gophers from 1955 to 1959 . He was a member of the 1960 Olympic team , only to become the last cut the week before the Games started . Three weeks later , Brooks sat at home with his father and watched the team he almost made win gold . Afterwards , Brooks `` went up to the coach Jack Riley and said , ' Well , you must have made the right decision -- you won . ' '' ; this humbling moment served as motivation for an already self - driven person . </P> <P> From 1960 to 1970 , Brooks set a record by playing on a total of eight US National and Olympic teams , including the 1964 and 1968 Olympic squads . </P> <H3> Coaching career ( edit ) </H3> <P> After retiring as a player , he became a coach , notably leading his alma mater , the Minnesota Golden Gophers , to three NCAA championship titles in 1974 , 1976 , and 1979 . Brooks finished his collegiate coaching with a record of 175 wins , 101 losses and 20 ties . </P> <P> Soon after Minnesota won their third college championship , he was hired to coach the Olympic team . Hand - picking his team , he named several of his Minnesota players to the team as well as several from their rival , Boston University . To compete with the Soviet Union team specifically , Herb Brooks developed a hybrid of American and Canadian style and the faster European style , which emphasized creativity and teamwork , a difficult thing to do with a tough rivalry between the University of Minnesota and Boston University . He also stressed peak conditioning , believing that one of the reasons the Soviet team had dominated international competition was that many of their opponents were exhausted by the third period . </P> <P> After his Olympic gold medal win , Brooks moved to Switzerland for a year to coach HC Davos in the National League A. From 1981 to 1985 , he coached in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers , where he became the first American - born coach in Rangers ' team history to win 100 games . After a brief stop at then - NCAA Division III St. Cloud State University , he returned to the NHL to coach the Minnesota North Stars ( from 1987 to 1988 ) , New Jersey Devils ( 1992 -- 93 ) , and Pittsburgh Penguins ( 1999 -- 2000 ) . He was a long - time scout for the Penguins from the mid-1990s , and held the role of Director of Player Personnel from 2002 to the day of his death . His hiring by the North Stars in 1987 would be the last time a college coach was selected to coach an NHL team until North Dakota coach Dave Hakstol was tapped to coach the Philadelphia Flyers in May 2015 . </P> <P> Brooks also coached two more Olympic team squads : Team France at the 1998 in Nagano , and the U.S. hockey team again at the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City . The 2002 team defeated the Russians in the semi-finals en route to a silver , losing in the gold medal game to Canada . The U.S. win over Russia came exactly 22 years to the day after the famous ' Miracle on Ice ' game . </P> <P> Brooks was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1990 , and the International Hockey Hall of Fame in 1999 . He was honored posthumously with the Wayne Gretzky International Award in 2004 , and inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . </P> <H3> Death and legacy ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the age of 66 , Brooks died in a single - car accident on the afternoon of August 11 , 2003 , near Forest Lake , Minnesota , on Interstate 35 . It is believed that he fell asleep behind the wheel before the accident after driving all night , and neither drugs nor alcohol was responsible . Brooks was not wearing his seatbelt at the time of the crash , and according to the Minnesota State Patrol it is likely he would have survived the crash if he had been . </P> <P> Disney released a film about the 1980 Olympic team in 2004 called Miracle featuring Kurt Russell playing the part of Brooks . ( Karl Malden had previously played Brooks in a 1981 television film called Miracle on Ice ) . Brooks served as a consultant during principal photography , which was completed shortly before his death . At the end of the movie there is a dedication to Brooks . It states , `` He never saw it . He lived it . '' </P> <P> Upon the 25th anniversary of the Miracle on Ice , the Olympic ice arena in Lake Placid , New York , where the United States won the gold medal , was renamed Herb Brooks Arena . A statue of Brooks depicting his reaction to the victory in the ' Miracle ' game was erected at the entrance to the RiverCentre in Saint Paul , Minnesota , in 2003 . </P> <P> The Herb Brooks Award is awarded at the conclusion of the Minnesota State High School League 's state hockey tournament to `` the most qualified hockey player in the state tournament who strongly represents the values , characteristics , and traits that defined Herb Brooks . '' </P> <P> The Herb Brooks Training Center is located at Blaine , Minnesota . </P> <P> The National Hockey Center at St. Cloud State University in Minnesota was renamed for Brooks in April 2013 . </P> <P> In 2006 , Brooks was posthumously inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in the Builders ' category . The inscription reads : `` A man of passion and dedication , Herb Brooks inspired a generation of Americans to pursue any and all dreams . '' </P> <H3> Personal life ( edit ) </H3> <P> Brooks was married to his wife Patti since 1965 , and they had two children , Danny and Kelly . </P> <H2> Brooksisms ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brooks ' original expressions were known by his players as `` Brooksisms . '' According to Olympians John Harrington , Dave Silk , and Mike Eruzione , these are a few . </P> <Ul> <Li> `` You 're playing worse and worse every day and right now you 're playing like it 's next month . '' </Li> <Li> `` You ca n't be common , the common man goes nowhere ; you have to be uncommon . '' </Li> <Li> `` Boys , I 'm asking you to go to the well again . '' </Li> <Li> `` You look like you have a five pound fart on your head . '' </Li> <Li> `` You guys are getting bent over and they 're not using Vaseline . '' </Li> <Li> `` You look like a monkey tryin ' to hump a football ! '' </Li> <Li> `` You 're looking for players whose name on the front of the sweater is more important than the one on the back . I look for these players to play hard , to play smart , and to represent their country . '' </Li> <Li> `` Great moments are born from great opportunity . '' </Li> <Li> `` You know , Willy Wonka said it best : we are the music makers , and we are the dreamers of dreams . '' </Li> <Li> `` This team is n't talented enough to win on talent alone . '' </Li> <Li> `` If you lose this game you 'll take it to your grave ... your fucking grave . '' </Li> <Li> `` You were born to be a player . You were meant to be here . This moment is yours . '' </Li> <Li> `` Write your own book instead of reading someone else 's book about success . '' </Li> <Li> `` Boys , in the front of the net it 's a bloody nose alley . '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't dump the puck in . That went out with short pants . '' </Li> <Li> `` Throw the puck back and weave , weave , weave . But do n't just weave for the sake of weaving . '' </Li> <Li> `` Let 's be idealistic , but let 's also be practical . '' </Li> <Li> `` You guys do n't want to work during the game ? '' </Li> <Li> `` The legs feed the wolf . '' </Li> <Li> `` We walked up to the tiger , looked him straight in his eye , and spat in it . '' </Li> <Li> `` Tonight . '' </Li> <Li> `` Again . '' </Li> </Ul> <H2> Head coaching record ( edit ) </H2> <H3> College ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Overall </Th> <Th> Conference </Th> <Th> Standing </Th> <Th> Postseason </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> Minnesota Golden Gophers ( WCHA / Big Ten ) ( 1972 -- 1979 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 73 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 15 -- 16 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 13 -- 3 / 5 -- 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 6th / 3rd </Td> <Td> WCHA First Round </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 -- 74 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 22 -- 11 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 9 -- 5 / 5 -- 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 2nd / t - 1st </Td> <Td> NCAA National Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1974 -- 75 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 31 -- 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 24 -- 8 -- 0 / 8 -- 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1st / 1st </Td> <Td> NCAA Runner - Up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 -- 76 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 28 -- 14 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 13 -- 1 / 4 -- 8 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3rd / 3rd </Td> <Td> NCAA National Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 -- 77 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 17 -- 22 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 16 -- 3 / 5 -- 7 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 7th / 3rd </Td> <Td> WCHA Semifinals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 -- 78 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 22 -- 14 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 13 -- 1 / 6 -- 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4th / 3rd </Td> <Td> WCHA First Round </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 -- 79 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 32 -- 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 11 -- 1 / 10 -- 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2nd / 1st </Td> <Td> NCAA National Champion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Minnesota : </Td> <Td> 167 -- 98 -- 18 </Td> <Td> 119 -- 83 -- 14 / 43 -- 35 -- 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> St. Cloud State Huskies ( NCHA ) ( 1986 -- 1987 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 -- 87 </Td> <Td> St. Cloud State </Td> <Td> 25 -- 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> t - 1st </Td> <Td> NCAA Third Place Game ( Win ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> St. Cloud State : </Td> <Td> 25 -- 10 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Total : </Td> <Td> 192 -- 108 -- 19 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> <P> National champion Postseason invitational champion Conference regular season champion Conference regular season and conference tournament champion Division regular season champion Division regular season and conference tournament champion Conference tournament champion </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † Minnesota played jointly in the Big Ten and WCHA from 1959 to 1981 </P> <H3> NHL ( edit ) </H3> <P> Note : GC = Games coached , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , Pts = Points , Pct = Winning percentage </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> League </Th> <Th> GC </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Standings </Th> <Th> Pct </Th> <Th> Results </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 -- 82 </Td> <Td> New York Rangers </Td> <Td> NHL </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 2nd in Patrick </Td> <Td> 0.575 </Td> <Td> Lost Second Round </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 -- 83 </Td> <Td> New York Rangers </Td> <Td> NHL </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 4th in Patrick </Td> <Td> 0.500 </Td> <Td> Lost Second Round </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1983 -- 84 </Td> <Td> New York Rangers </Td> <Td> NHL </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 4th in Patrick </Td> <Td> 0.581 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 85 </Td> <Td> New York Rangers </Td> <Td> NHL </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 5th in Patrick </Td> <Td> 0.422 </Td> <Td> ( fired ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1987 -- 88 </Td> <Td> Minnesota North Stars </Td> <Td> NHL </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 5th in Norris </Td> <Td> 0.319 </Td> <Td> ( missed playoffs ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Td> New Jersey Devils </Td> <Td> NHL </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 4th in Patrick </Td> <Td> 0.518 </Td> <Td> Lost First Round </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Penguins </Td> <Td> NHL </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 3rd in Atlantic </Td> <Td> 0.543 </Td> <Td> Lost Second Round </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> NHL career totals </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 507 </Th> <Th> 219 </Th> <Th> 222 </Th> <Th> 66 </Th> <Th> 504 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 0.497 </Th> <Th> 5 playoff appearances </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Other leagues ( edit ) </H3> <P> Note : GC = Games coached , W = Wins , L = Losses , T = Ties , OL = Overtime loss , Pts = Points , Pct = Winning percentage </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> League </Th> <Th> GC </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> OL </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Pct </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> USA Olympic Men 's Team </Td> <Td> IIHF </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Gold Medal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 81 </Td> <Td> HC Davos </Td> <Td> Swiss - A </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 0.411 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 92 </Td> <Td> Utica Devils </Td> <Td> AHL </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 0.463 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> France Olympic Men 's Team </Td> <Td> IIHF </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> 11th - place finish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> USA Olympic Men 's Team </Td> <Td> IIHF </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Silver Medal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of members of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame </Li> <Li> Inspirational / motivational instructors / mentors portrayed in films </Li> <Li> Miracle on Ice </Li> <Li> Miracle </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Dohrmann , George ( March 22 , 2004 ) . `` High School Heaven : Never mind the Twins , Vikings , T - Wolves and Wild -- there 's nothing in Minnesota to match the state hockey tournament '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 24 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ America 's Coach , Ross Bernstein 28 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calio , Jim ( 3 October 1980 ) . `` A Solitary Soul on Ice , Coach Herb Brooks Drove His Young Olympians to Glory : People.com '' . People . People Magazine . Retrieved May 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ America 's Coach , Ross Bernstein 33 - 34 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` USA holds off Russia 3 - 2 to advance to gold medal game '' . CNN . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roenick foils Russia 's bid to tie game '' . CNN . Retrieved May 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hockey Hall of Fame : Herb Brooks '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wayne Gretzky International Award '' . U.S. Hockey Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ America 's coach , Ross Bernstein 159 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.startribune.com/cars/11355856.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2006 -- 2007 MSHSL Athletic Rules and Policies Manual '' . Minnesota State High School League . December 6 , 2006 . Retrieved March 11 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2013 . Retrieved August 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Herb Brooks Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 11 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ America 's Coach , Ross Bernstein 77 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 45 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biographical information and career statistics from Eliteprospects.com , or Legends of Hockey , or The Internet Hockey Database </Li> <Li> The Herb Brooks Foundation </Li> <Li> Herb Brooks at Find a Grave </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Sporting positions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Fred Shero </Td> <Td> Head coach of the New York Rangers 1981 -- 85 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Craig Patrick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Glen Sonmor </Td> <Td> Head coach of the Minnesota North Stars 1987 -- 88 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Pierre Page </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Tom McVie </Td> <Td> Head coach of the New Jersey Devils 1992 -- 93 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Jacques Lemaire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Kevin Constantine </Td> <Td> Head coach of the Pittsburgh Penguins 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Ivan Hlinka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Awards and achievements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Lefty Smith </Td> <Td> WCHA Coach of the Year 1973 -- 74 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Jeff Sauer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Minnesota Golden Gophers men 's ice hockey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playing venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Williams Arena ( 1950 -- 93 ) </Li> <Li> 3M Arena at Mariucci ( 1993 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coaches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I.D. MacDonald ( 1921 -- 22 ) </Li> <Li> Emil Iverson ( 1922 -- 30 ) </Li> <Li> Frank Pond ( 1930 -- 35 ) </Li> <Li> Larry Armstrong ( 1935 -- 47 ) </Li> <Li> Doc Romnes ( 1947 -- 52 ) </Li> <Li> John Mariucci ( 1952 -- 55 , 1956 -- 66 ) </Li> <Li> Marsh Ryman ( 1955 -- 56 ) </Li> <Li> Glen Sonmor ( 1966 -- 71 ) </Li> <Li> Ken Yackel ( 1971 -- 72 ) </Li> <Li> Herb Brooks ( 1972 -- 79 ) </Li> <Li> Brad Buetow ( 1979 -- 85 ) </Li> <Li> Doug Woog ( 1985 -- 99 ) </Li> <Li> Mike Guentzel ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Don Lucia ( 1999 -- 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Motzko ( 2018 -- ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1921 -- 22 </Li> <Li> 1922 -- 23 </Li> <Li> 1923 -- 24 </Li> <Li> 1924 -- 25 </Li> <Li> 1925 -- 26 </Li> <Li> 1926 -- 27 </Li> <Li> 1927 -- 28 </Li> <Li> 1928 -- 29 </Li> <Li> 1929 -- 30 </Li> <Li> 1930 -- 31 </Li> <Li> 1931 -- 32 </Li> <Li> 1932 -- 33 </Li> <Li> 1933 -- 34 </Li> <Li> 1934 -- 35 </Li> <Li> 1935 -- 36 </Li> <Li> 1936 -- 37 </Li> <Li> 1937 -- 38 </Li> <Li> 1938 -- 39 </Li> <Li> 1939 -- 40 </Li> <Li> 1940 -- 41 </Li> <Li> 1941 -- 42 </Li> <Li> 1942 -- 43 </Li> <Li> 1943 -- 44 </Li> <Li> 1944 -- 45 </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 46 </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 47 </Li> <Li> 1947 -- 48 </Li> <Li> 1948 -- 49 </Li> <Li> 1949 -- 50 </Li> <Li> 1950 -- 51 </Li> <Li> 1951 -- 52 </Li> <Li> 1952 -- 53 </Li> <Li> 1953 -- 54 </Li> <Li> 1954 -- 55 </Li> <Li> 1955 -- 56 </Li> <Li> 1956 -- 57 </Li> <Li> 1957 -- 58 </Li> <Li> 1958 -- 59 </Li> <Li> 1959 -- 60 </Li> <Li> 1960 -- 61 </Li> <Li> 1961 -- 62 </Li> <Li> 1962 -- 63 </Li> <Li> 1963 -- 64 </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 65 </Li> <Li> 1965 -- 66 </Li> <Li> 1966 -- 67 </Li> <Li> 1967 -- 68 </Li> <Li> 1968 -- 69 </Li> <Li> 1969 -- 70 </Li> <Li> 1970 -- 71 </Li> <Li> 1971 -- 72 </Li> <Li> 1972 -- 73 </Li> <Li> 1973 -- 74 </Li> <Li> 1974 -- 75 </Li> <Li> 1975 -- 76 </Li> <Li> 1976 -- 77 </Li> <Li> 1977 -- 78 </Li> <Li> 1978 -- 79 </Li> <Li> 1979 -- 80 </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 81 </Li> <Li> 1981 -- 82 </Li> <Li> 1982 -- 83 </Li> <Li> 1983 -- 84 </Li> <Li> 1984 -- 85 </Li> <Li> 1985 -- 86 </Li> <Li> 1986 -- 87 </Li> <Li> 1987 -- 88 </Li> <Li> 1988 -- 89 </Li> <Li> 1989 -- 90 </Li> <Li> 1990 -- 91 </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 92 </Li> <Li> 1992 -- 93 </Li> <Li> 1993 -- 94 </Li> <Li> 1994 -- 95 </Li> <Li> 1995 -- 96 </Li> <Li> 1996 -- 97 </Li> <Li> 1997 -- 98 </Li> <Li> 1998 -- 99 </Li> <Li> 1999 -- 00 </Li> <Li> 2000 -- 01 </Li> <Li> 2001 -- 02 </Li> <Li> 2002 -- 03 </Li> <Li> 2003 -- 04 </Li> <Li> 2004 -- 05 </Li> <Li> 2005 -- 06 </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 07 </Li> <Li> 2007 -- 08 </Li> <Li> 2008 -- 09 </Li> <Li> 2009 -- 10 </Li> <Li> 2010 -- 11 </Li> <Li> 2011 -- 12 </Li> <Li> 2012 -- 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 -- 14 </Li> <Li> 2014 -- 15 </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 </Li> <Li> 2016 -- 17 </Li> <Li> 2017 -- 18 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference affiliations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WCHA ( 1951 - 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Big Ten ( 2013 - present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries and trophy games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Minnesota - Duluth </Li> <Li> St. Cloud State </Li> <Li> Mariucci - Bessone Trophy with Michigan State </Li> <Li> Mariucci - Renfrew Coaches Trophy with Michigan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture & lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mariucci Classic </Li> <Li> North Star College Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time leaders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Mayasich ( 298 Points ) </Li> <Li> John Mayasich ( 144 Goals ) </Li> <Li> Kellen Briggs ( 84 Wins ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National championships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runner - Up Finishes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frozen Four appearances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NCAA Tournament appearances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference Championships </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> WCHA </Dt> <Dd> 1961 </Dd> <Dd> 1971 </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> 1976 </Dd> <Dd> 1979 </Dd> <Dd> 1980 </Dd> <Dd> 1981 </Dd> <Dd> 1993 </Dd> <Dd> 1994 </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> 2003 </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> 2007 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable players </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aaron Broten </Li> <Li> Neal Broten </Li> <Li> Kellen Briggs </Li> <Li> Mike Crowley </Li> <Li> Tim Harrer </Li> <Li> Jordan Leopold </Li> <Li> John Mayasich </Li> <Li> Pat Micheletti </Li> <Li> Todd Richards </Li> <Li> Robb Stauber </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hobey Baker Award winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neal Broten ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Robb Stauber ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Brian Bonin ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Jordan Leopold ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> University of Minnesota </Li> <Li> Minneapolis , MN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> St. Cloud State Huskies men 's ice hockey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Playing venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> St. Cloud Municipal Athletic Complex ( 1972 -- 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Herb Brooks National Hockey Center ( 1989 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coaches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ralph Theisen ( 1931 -- 1932 ) </Li> <Li> Ludwig Andolsek ( 1932 -- 1935 ) </Li> <Li> Robert DePaul ( 1935 -- 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Walter Gerzin ( 1936 -- 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Benedict Vandell ( 1937 -- 1938 ) </Li> <Li> George Lynch ( 1938 -- 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Roland Vandell ( 1946 -- 1950 , 1951 -- 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Ray Gasperline ( 1950 -- 1951 ) </Li> <Li> George Martin ( 1952 -- 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Brendan McDonald ( 1953 -- 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Jim Baxter ( 1954 -- 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Jack Wink ( 1956 -- 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Basch ( 1968 -- 1984 ) </Li> <Li> John Perpich ( 1984 -- 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Herb Brooks ( 1986 -- 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Craig Dahl ( 1987 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Motzko ( 2005 -- 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Brett Larson ( 2018 -- ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference affiliations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NCHA ( 1981 -- 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Independent ( 1987 -- 1990 ) </Li> <Li> WCHA ( 1990 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> NCHC ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture & lore </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North Star College Cup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time leaders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ryan Lasch ( 183 Points ) </Li> <Li> Mark Hartigan ( 86 Goals ) </Li> <Li> Brian Leitza ( 66 Wins ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frozen Four appearances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1987 ( DII ) </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NCAA Tournament appearances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1987 ( DII ) </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference Tournament champions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> WCHA : 2001 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hobey Baker winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drew LeBlanc ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> St. Cloud State University </Li> <Li> St. Cloud , MN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 1980 USA Men 's Olympic Hockey Team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1 Steve Janaszak </Li> <Li> 3 Ken Morrow </Li> <Li> 5 Mike Ramsey </Li> <Li> 6 Bill Baker ( A ) </Li> <Li> 8 Dave Silk </Li> <Li> 9 Neal Broten </Li> <Li> 10 Mark Johnson </Li> <Li> 11 Steve Christoff </Li> <Li> 15 Mark Wells </Li> <Li> 16 Mark Pavelich </Li> <Li> 17 Jack O'Callahan </Li> <Li> 19 Eric Strobel </Li> <Li> 20 Bob Suter </Li> <Li> 21 Mike Eruzione ( C ) </Li> <Li> 23 Dave Christian </Li> <Li> 24 Rob McClanahan </Li> <Li> 25 Buzz Schneider </Li> <Li> 27 Phil Verchota </Li> <Li> 28 John Harrington </Li> <Li> 30 Jim Craig </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Head Coach : Herb Brooks </Li> <Li> Assistant Coach : Craig Patrick </Li> <Li> Goalie Coach : Warren Strelow </Li> <Li> Team Physician George Nagobads </Li> <Li> Trainer : Gary Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NHL on SportsChannel America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related programs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NHL on NBC </Li> <Li> Hockey Night in Canada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hawkvision </Li> <Li> History of the NHL on United States television </Li> <Li> Stanley Cup Finals television ratings </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Affiliated networks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Midwest Sports Channel </Li> <Li> Prime Network </Li> <Li> PRISM </Li> <Li> SportsChannel Chicago </Li> <Li> SportsChannel New England </Li> <Li> SportsChannel New York </Li> <Li> SportsChannel Pacific </Li> <Li> SportsChannel Philadelphia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Entry Draft </Li> <Li> All - Star Game </Li> <Li> Stanley Cup Finals ( American television ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Commentators by team </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago Blackhawks </Li> <Li> Hartford Whalers </Li> <Li> New York Islanders </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Flyers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key figures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mike Emrick </Li> <Li> Stan Fischler </Li> <Li> Pat Foley </Li> <Li> Dave Hodge </Li> <Li> Jiggs McDonald </Li> <Li> Bob Papa </Li> <Li> Rick Peckham </Li> <Li> Joe Starkey </Li> <Li> Gary Thorne </Li> <Li> Ken Wilson </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Color commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Herb Brooks </Li> <Li> Gerry Cheevers </Li> <Li> Bill Clement </Li> <Li> John Davidson </Li> <Li> Don Edwards </Li> <Li> John Kelly </Li> <Li> Craig Laughlin </Li> <Li> Dave Maloney </Li> <Li> Peter McNab </Li> <Li> Joe Micheletti </Li> <Li> Denis Potvin </Li> <Li> Jeff Rimer </Li> <Li> Pete Stemkowski </Li> <Li> Dale Tallon </Li> <Li> Ed Westfall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CBC playoff feeds </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steve Armitage </Li> <Li> Bob Cole </Li> <Li> Chris Cuthbert </Li> <Li> John Garrett </Li> <Li> Dick Irvin , Jr . </Li> <Li> Ron MacLean </Li> <Li> Harry Neale </Li> <Li> Jim Peplinski </Li> <Li> Scott Russell </Li> <Li> Don Wittman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stanley Cup Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Herb_Brooks&oldid=831334064 | -1,551,279,718,878,921,700 |
Barbara Billingsley - wikipedia <H1> Barbara Billingsley </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2013 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Barbara Billingsley </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tony Dow , Barbara Billingsley , and Jerry Mathers as Wally , June , and Beaver Cleaver in Leave It to Beaver , 1959 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Barbara Lillian Combes ( 1915 - 12 - 22 ) December 22 , 1915 Los Angeles , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> October 16 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 16 ) ( aged 94 ) Santa Monica , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cause of death </Th> <Td> Polymyalgia rheumatica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resting place </Th> <Td> Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery Santa Monica , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Education </Th> <Td> Washington Preparatory High School </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Los Angeles Junior College </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1945 -- 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Glenn Billingsley ( m . 1941 ; div. 1947 ) Roy Kellino ( m . 1953 ; d . 1956 ) William Mortensen ( m . 1959 ; d . 1981 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Barbara Billingsley ( born Barbara Lillian Combes ; December 22 , 1915 -- October 16 , 2010 ) was an American film , television , voice , and stage actress . </P> <P> She gained prominence in the 1950s movie The Careless Years , acting opposite Natalie Trundy , followed by her best known role , that of June Cleaver , the mother in the television series Leave It to Beaver ( 1957 -- 63 ) and its sequel The New Leave It to Beaver ( 1983 -- 89 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Early years </Li> <Li> 2.2 Leave It to Beaver </Li> <Li> 2.3 After Beaver </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Death </Li> <Li> 5 Filmography </Li> <Li> 6 Television appearances </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Billingsley was born Barbara Lillian Combes on December 22 , 1915 , in Los Angeles , California , the daughter of Lillian Agnes ( née McLaughlin ; 1891 -- 1956 ) and Robert Collyer Combes ( 1891 -- 1950 ) , a police officer . She had one elder sibling , Elizabeth ( 1911 -- 1992 ) . </P> <P> Her parents divorced sometime before her fourth birthday , and her father , who later became an assistant chief of police , remarried . After her divorce , Lillian Combes went to work as a foreman at a knitting mill . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early years ( edit ) </H3> <P> After attending Los Angeles Junior College for one year , Billingsley traveled to Broadway , when Straw Hat , a revue in which she was appearing , attracted enough attention to send it to New York City . When the show closed , after five days , she took an apartment on 57th Street and went to work as a $60 - a-week fashion model . In 1941 , she married Glenn Billingsley , Sr. She landed a contract with MGM Studios in 1945 and moved with her husband to Los Angeles the following year . That same year , Glenn Billingsley opened a restaurant there . </P> <P> She had mostly uncredited roles in major motion pictures in the 1940s . These roles continued into the first half of the 1950s with supporting roles in Three Guys Named Mike ( 1951 ) , opposite Jane Wyman ; The Bad and the Beautiful ( 1952 ) ; and the science - fiction film Invaders from Mars ( 1953 ) . In 1952 , Billingsley had her first role as a guest star , in an episode of The Abbott and Costello Show . </P> <P> In 1955 , she won a co-starring role in the sitcom Professional Father , starring Stephen Dunne and Beverly Washburn . The series lasted one season . The following year , Billingsley had a recurring role on The Brothers ( with Gale Gordon and Bob Sweeney ) , as well as an appearance with David Niven on his anthology series Four Star Playhouse . In 1957 , she co -- starred opposite Dean Stockwell and Natalie Trundy in The Careless Years , her first and only major role in film . </P> <P> Billingsley appeared in guest roles on The Pride of the Family , Schlitz Playhouse of Stars , Letter to Loretta , You Are There , and Cavalcade of America . She appeared on Make Room for Daddy on January 14 , 1957 , in the episode `` Danny 's Date '' , in which she played Mary Rogers . </P> <H3> Leave It to Beaver ( edit ) </H3> Cast of Leave It to Beaver <P> After Billingsley signed a contract with Universal Studios in 1957 , she made her mark on TV as everyday mother June Cleaver on Leave It to Beaver , alongside other 1950s family sitcoms such as Father Knows Best , The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , Make Room For Daddy , and The Donna Reed Show . It debuted on CBS in 1957 , to mediocre ratings . The show was picked up by ABC the following year and became a hit , airing for the next five seasons . The show was broadcast in over 100 countries . Also starring on Beaver were Hugh Beaumont , in the role of Ward Cleaver , June 's husband and the kids ' father , as well as child actors Tony Dow in the role of Wally Cleaver and Jerry Mathers as Theodore `` Beaver '' Cleaver . </P> <P> In the show , Billingsley often could be seen doing household chores wearing pearls and earrings . The pearls , which in real life were Billingsley 's trademark , were , in turn , her idea to have her alter ego wear on television . The actress had what she termed `` a hollow '' on her neck and thought that wearing a strand of white pearls would lighten it up for the cameras . In later seasons , she started wearing high heels to compensate for the fact that the actors playing her sons were getting taller than she was . The pearl necklace was so closely associated with the character that an entire episode of the sequel series dealt with the necklace when it was lost . Billingsley had one regret about the show 's lasting success : residual payments ended after six reruns in standard 1950s actors ' contracts . </P> <P> `` She was the ideal mother '' , Billingsley said of her character in 1997 in TV Guide . `` Some people think she was weakish , but I do n't . She was the love in that family . She set a good example for what a wife could be . I had two boys at home when I did the show . I think the character became kind of like me and vice versa . I 've never known where one started and where one stopped . '' As for the idealized TV family on Leave It to Beaver , which continues in reruns on cable more than half a century after its debut , Billingsley had her own explanation for the Cleavers ' enduring appeal . `` Good grief , '' she told TV Guide , `` I think everybody would like a family like that . Would n't it be nice if you came home from school and there was Mom standing there with her little apron and cookies waiting ? '' </P> <P> Billingsley , however , questioned her character 's reactions to the Cleaver children 's misbehavior , basing her concern on personal experience as the mother of two sons . As the co-producer Joseph Connelly explained , `` In scenes where she 's mad at the boys , she 's always coming over to us with the script and objecting . ' I do n't see why June is so mad over what Beaver 's done . I certainly would n't be . ' As a result , many of Beaver 's crimes have been rewritten into something really heinous like lying about them , in order to give his mother a strong motive for blowing her lady - like stack . '' </P> <P> After six seasons and 234 episodes , the popular series was canceled because of the cast 's desire to move on to other projects , especially Mathers , who retired from acting to enter his freshman year in high school . The younger actor considered Billingsley a mentor , a second mother , and a close professional friend : </P> <P> Barbara was always , though , a true role model for me . She was a great actress . And a lot of people , you know , when they see her talk jive talk , they always say she can do other things besides be a mom on Leave It to Beaver . And I tell them , Airplane ! ( 1980 ) , she 's been a great comedian all her life . And in a lot of ways , just like All in the Family , we kind of stifled her , because her true talent did n't really come out in Leave It to Beaver . She was the straight woman , but she has an awful lot of talent . </P> <H3> After Beaver ( edit ) </H3> <P> When production of the show ended in 1963 , Billingsley had become typecast as saccharine sweet and had trouble obtaining acting jobs for years . She traveled extensively abroad until the late 1970s . After an absence of 17 years from the public eye ( other than appearing in two episodes of The F.B.I. in 1971 ) , Billingsley spoofed her wholesome image with a brief appearance in the comedy Airplane ! ( 1980 ) , as a passenger who could `` speak jive . '' She stated that the role gave her as much publicity as Beaver , and revived her career . </P> <P> Returning to TV work , she appeared on episodes of Mork & Mindy and The Love Boat . In 1983 , she reprised her role as June Cleaver in the Leave It to Beaver reunion television movie entitled Still the Beaver in 1983 . Hugh Beaumont had died the year before of a heart attack , so she played his widow . She also appeared in the subsequent revival of the series , The New Leave It to Beaver , from 1985 - 89 . During the run of The New Leave It to Beaver , Billingsley became the voice of Nanny on Muppet Babies from 1984 - 91 . For her performance as Nanny , she was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in a Children 's Series in 1989 and 1990 . </P> <P> After The New Leave It to Beaver ended its run in 1989 , Billingsley appeared in guest roles on Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose , Empty Nest , and Murphy Brown . She also reprised her role as June Cleaver in various television shows , including Elvira 's Movie Macabre , Amazing Stories , Baby Boom , Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! , and Roseanne . In 1998 , she appeared on Candid Camera , along with June Lockhart and Isabel Sanford , as audience members in a spoof seminar on motherhood . Billingsley 's final film role was as `` Aunt Martha '' in the 1997 film version of Leave It to Beaver . She made her final onscreen appearance in the 2003 television movie Secret Santa . </P> <P> After the show 's cancellation , Mathers remained her close friend . They were reunited on The New Leave It to Beaver . Billingsley , Mathers , Dow , Frank Bank , and Ken Osmond celebrated the show 's 50th anniversary together on ABC 's Good Morning America . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Billingsley was married three times and had two children . She married Glenn Billingsley , Sr. ( 1912 -- 1984 ) in 1941 . Glenn Billingsley was a restaurateur who was a nephew of Sherman Billingsley , the owner of the Stork Club . His businesses included Billingsley 's Golden Bull , Billingsley 's Bocage , and the Outrigger Polynesian restaurants in Los Angeles , and a Stork Club in Key West , Florida , where the couple lived briefly , after they were married . They had two sons , Drew and Glenn , Jr. , and divorced in 1947 . </P> <P> In 1953 , she married British - born movie director Roy Kellino . They were married until Kellino 's death in 1956 . Billingsley 's third and final marriage was to Dr. William S. Mortensen . They married in 1959 and remained together until Mortensen 's death in 1981 . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> <P> Billingsley died of polymyalgia at her home in Santa Monica , California , on October 16 , 2010 , at the age of 94 . She is interred at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery , Santa Monica . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> So You Think You 're Allergic </Td> <Td> Blonde with Hives </Td> <Td> Short subject Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> Adventure </Td> <Td> Dame # 2 </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Up Goes Maisie </Td> <Td> Barb 's Friend at Maisie 's Engagement Party </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Two Sisters from Boston </Td> <Td> Party Guest </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Faithful in My Fashion </Td> <Td> Mary - Department Store Clerk </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Three Wise Fools </Td> <Td> Sister Mary Leonard </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Undercurrent </Td> <Td> Party Guest </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> The Secret Heart </Td> <Td> Saleswoman </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> The Arnelo Affair </Td> <Td> Weil </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> The Sea of Grass </Td> <Td> Bridesmaid </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Living in a Big Way </Td> <Td> G.I. Bill 's Wife </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> The Romance of Rosy Ridge </Td> <Td> Wife </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> The Unfinished Dance </Td> <Td> Miss Morgan </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> The Argyle Secrets </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Court </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Souvenirs of Death </Td> <Td> Johnny 's Mom </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> The Saxon Charm </Td> <Td> Mrs. Maddox </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> The Valiant Hombre </Td> <Td> Linda Mason </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Act of Violence </Td> <Td> Voice role </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> The Sun Comes Up </Td> <Td> Nurse </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Caught </Td> <Td> Store customer in flowered hat </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> I Cheated the Law </Td> <Td> Ruth Campbell </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Any Number Can Play </Td> <Td> Gambler </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Air Hostess </Td> <Td> Madeline Moore </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Prejudice </Td> <Td> Doris Green </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> A Kiss for Corliss </Td> <Td> Miss Hibbs , Harry 's Secretary </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Shadow on the Wall </Td> <Td> Olga </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Trial Without Jury </Td> <Td> Rheta Mulford </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Pretty Baby </Td> <Td> Edna the Receptionist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Dial 1119 </Td> <Td> Dorothy , Editor 's Secretary </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Three Guys Named Mike </Td> <Td> Ann White </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Inside Straight </Td> <Td> Miss Meadson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Oh ! Susanna </Td> <Td> Mrs. Lark </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> The Tall Target </Td> <Td> Young Mother </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Angels in the Outfield </Td> <Td> Hat Check Girl in Restaurant </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Two - Dollar Bettor </Td> <Td> Miss Pierson </Td> <Td> Credited as Barbara Billinsley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Invitation </Td> <Td> Miss Alvy - Simon 's Secretary </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Young Man with Ideas </Td> <Td> Aggie - Party Guest </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Woman in the Dark </Td> <Td> Evelyn Courtney </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> The Bad and the Beautiful </Td> <Td> Evelyn Lucien , Costume Designer </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> The Lady Wants Mink </Td> <Td> Phyllis </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Invaders from Mars </Td> <Td> Kelston 's Secretary </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Day of Triumph </Td> <Td> Claudia - Wife of Pilate </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> The Careless Years </Td> <Td> Helen Meredith </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Airplane ! </Td> <Td> Jive Lady </Td> <Td> Alternative title : Flying High ! </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Back to the Beach </Td> <Td> Announcer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Going to the Chapel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leave It to Beaver </Td> <Td> Aunt Martha </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Television appearances ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Rebound </Td> <Td> Pat </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> The Abbott and Costello Show </Td> <Td> Becky the Cashier </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Television '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Crown Theatre with Gloria Swanson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Half the Action '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> The Pepsi - Cola Playhouse </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Segment : `` When a Lovely Woman '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 -- 1954 </Td> <Td> City Detective </Td> <Td> Lita Barbara Fuller </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> Four Star Playhouse </Td> <Td> Various roles </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> Schlitz Playhouse of Stars </Td> <Td> Various roles </Td> <Td> 6 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 -- 1957 </Td> <Td> Cavalcade of America </Td> <Td> Dorothea Meadows Harriet Kohler </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> The Pride of the Family </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Albie 's Old Flame '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> The Lone Wolf </Td> <Td> Jean Arnold </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Long Beach Story ( a.k.a. The Smuggling Story ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Fireside Theater </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Whole Truth '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Professional Father </Td> <Td> Helen Wilson </Td> <Td> 18 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> You Are There </Td> <Td> Catherine Green </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Eli Whitney Invents the Cotton Gin ( May 27 , 1793 ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Matinee Theater </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Summer Cannot Last '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> The Loretta Young Show </Td> <Td> Connie </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Tightwad Millionaire '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> General Electric Summer Originals </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Jungle Trap '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> The Ford Television Theatre </Td> <Td> Mrs. Sloan </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Catch at Straws '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 -- 1957 </Td> <Td> The Brothers </Td> <Td> Barbara </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Panic ! </Td> <Td> Mrs. Mason </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Subway '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Mr. Adams and Eve </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Episode : `` That Magazine '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Studio 57 </Td> <Td> June Cleaver </Td> <Td> Episode : `` It 's a Small World '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> Leave It to Beaver </Td> <Td> June Cleaver </Td> <Td> 235 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> The F.B.I. </Td> <Td> Joan Connor Mrs. Rankin </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Mork & Mindy </Td> <Td> Louise Bailey </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Cheerleader in Chains '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Still the Beaver </Td> <Td> June Cleaver </Td> <Td> Television movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> High School U.S.A. </Td> <Td> Mrs. McCarthy </Td> <Td> Television movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1983 -- 1987 </Td> <Td> The Love Boat </Td> <Td> Phyllis Cowens June Cleaver </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1983 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> The New Leave It to Beaver </Td> <Td> June Cleaver </Td> <Td> 101 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Elvira 's Movie Macabre </Td> <Td> June Cleaver </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Human Duplicators '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Silver Spoons </Td> <Td> Miss Bugden </Td> <Td> Episode : `` I Wo n't Dance '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> Muppet Babies </Td> <Td> Nanny ( Voice ) </Td> <Td> 107 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Amazing Stories </Td> <Td> June Cleaver </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Remote Control Man '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The New Mike Hammer </Td> <Td> Sister Superior Paula </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Who Killed Sister Lorna ? '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bay Coven </Td> <Td> Beatrice Gower </Td> <Td> Television movie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Baby Boom </Td> <Td> June Cleaver </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Guilt '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles </Td> <Td> Mirahda ( Voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Invasion of the Turtle Snatchers '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Monsters </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Reaper '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Parker Lewis Ca n't Lose </Td> <Td> Ms. Musso 's Mother </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Jerry : Portrait of a Video Junkie '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Hi Honey , I 'm Home ! </Td> <Td> June Cleaver </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Make My Bed '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Empty Nest </Td> <Td> Winifred McConnell </Td> <Td> Episode : `` My Nurse Is Back and There 's Gonna Be Trouble ... '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> The Mommies </Td> <Td> Caryl 's mother Jeanne - Marilyn 's Mom </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Murphy Brown </Td> <Td> Mrs. Stritch </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Crime Story '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Mysterious Ways </Td> <Td> Abby Westmore </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Handshake '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Secret Santa </Td> <Td> Miss Ruthie </Td> <Td> Television movie , ( final film role ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Barbara Billingsley Dies '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLellan , Dennis ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Barbara Billingsley , Mother on ' Leave It to Beaver ' , Dies at 94 '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bernstein , Adam ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Barbara Billingsley , 94 , Dies ; Actress Was Model Mom on ' Leave It To Beaver ' '' . Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Combes 's status as a patrolman with the Los Angeles Police Department is stated on his 1917 draft registration , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . The website indicates that Combes was then married with two children . According to U.S. Federal Census information , Combes , like his first wife , was the child of an American father and an English mother . He was a native of Sea Cliff Village , Oyster Bay , New York ; his father , Henry P. Combes ( 1860 -- 1920 ) , was a carpenter , and his mother , the former Helen Merritt ( 1864 -- 1949 ) , was a reporter . Information cited on 1900 U.S. Federal Census , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Only one sibling , Elizabeth , is cited on 1920 and 1930 U.S. Federal Censuses , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . The birth and death dates for Elizabeth Combes ( later known as Elizabeth `` Betty '' McLaughlin ) are cited on ancestry.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 1920 U.S. Federal Census for Los Angeles , California , gives the entire Combes household as Lillian Combes , head of household and divorced , and two daughters , Elizabeth , aged eight , and Barbara , aged four ; the same census states that Robert Collyer Combes , a 28 - year - old divorced police officer , was living as a lodger elsewhere in the city . The 1930 U.S. Federal Census states that Robert Collyer Combes , by then a captain in the Los Angeles police force , was living with his new wife , Maria S. Combes ( 1903 -- 1999 ) , and that the couple had been married since 1925 . Maria Combes 's birth and death dates are listed on the Social Security Death Index , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mother 's occupation stated in the 1930 U.S. Federal Census , accessed on ancestry.com on October 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barbara Billingsley on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Good Morning America , ABC , October 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mathers , Jerry ( 1998 ) ... And Jerry Mathers as `` The Beaver '' . Berkley Boulevard Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnold , Lawrence ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Barbara Billingsley , Iconic TV Mom June Cleaver , Dead at 94 '' . Bloomberg BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2010 . Retrieved October 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liebman , Nina Clare ( 1995 ) . Living Room Lectures : The Fifties Family in Film and Television . University of Texas Press . p. 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Billingsley , Barbara ( interview ) ( May 27 , 2010 ) . Barbara Billingsley on speaking `` jive '' in `` Airplane '' . YouTube . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ralph Blumenthal , Stork Club : America 's Most Famous Nightspot and the Lost World of Cafe Society ( Back Bay , 2001 ) , p. 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silverman , Stephen M. ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Leave It to Beaver 's Barbara Billingsley Loved Being America 's Mom '' . people.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bygre , Duane ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` ' Leave It to Beaver ' Mom Barbara Billingsley Dies '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pollack , Michael ( October 16 , 2010 ) . `` Barbara Billingsley , TV 's June Cleaver , Dies at 94 '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 27 , 2011 . Retrieved October 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rohit , Parimal M. ( July 17 , 2011 ) . `` Santa Monica Consolidates Cemetery Prices '' . smmirror.com . Retrieved June 7 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Applebaum , Irwyn . The World According to Beaver . TV Books , 1984 , 1998 . </Li> <Li> Mathers , Jerry ... And Jerry Mathers as `` The Beaver '' . Berkley Boulevard Books , 1998 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> <Li> California portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Barbara Billingsley on IMDb </Li> <Li> Barbara Billingsley at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Barbara Billingsley interview video at the Archive of American Television </Li> <Li> Barbara Billingsley at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Barbara Billingsley at Find a Grave </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 26807877 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2005119595 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0000 4859 3109 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb14156062x ( data ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Billingsley&oldid=816744043 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1915 births </Li> <Li> 2010 deaths </Li> <Li> 20th - century American actresses </Li> <Li> 21st - century American actresses </Li> <Li> Actresses from Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Female models from California </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> <Li> American stage actresses </Li> <Li> American television actresses </Li> <Li> American television personalities </Li> <Li> American voice actresses </Li> <Li> Burials at Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery , Santa Monica </Li> <Li> Deaths from musculoskeletal disorders </Li> <Li> Disease - related deaths in California </Li> <Li> Los Angeles City College alumni </Li> <Li> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer contract players </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 </Li> <Li> Turner Classic Movies person ID not in Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles using Template : EmmyTVLegends name </Li> <Li> Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 December 2017 , at 10 : 29 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Edge of Seventeen - wikipedia <H1> Edge of Seventeen </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Stevie Nicks song . For the 1998 film , see Edge of Seventeen ( film ) . For the 2016 film , see The Edge of Seventeen . For the short story , see Alexandra Sokoloff . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Edge of Seventeen '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Stevie Nicks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Bella Donna </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Edge of Seventeen '' ( Previously unreleased live version ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 28 ( LP version ) 4 : 10 ( Single edit ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Modern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Stevie Nicks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Jimmy Iovine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Stevie Nicks singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Leather and Lace '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Edge of Seventeen '' ( 1982 ) </Td> <Td> `` After the Glitter Fades '' ( 1982 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Leather and Lace '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Edge of Seventeen '' ( 1982 ) </Td> <Td> `` After the Glitter Fades '' ( 1982 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Edge of Seventeen '' is a song by American singer - songwriter Stevie Nicks from her solo debut studio album Bella Donna ( 1981 ) , released as the third single from Bella Donna on February 4 , 1982 . The song was written by Nicks to express the grief resulting from the death of her uncle Jonathan and the murder of John Lennon during the same week of December 1980 and features a distinctive , chugging 16th - note guitar riff , and a simple chord structure typical of Nicks ' songs . </P> <P> In the United States , `` Edge of Seventeen '' just missed out on the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number eleven . Despite not reaching the top ten , it became one of Nicks ' most enduring and recognizable songs and has been covered by many artists , notably American actress and singer Lindsay Lohan on her second studio album A Little More Personal ( Raw ) ( 2005 ) . The distinctive riff was sampled by American R&B trio Destiny 's Child in their number - one song `` Bootylicious '' ( 2001 ) , with Nicks making a cameo appearance in the `` Bootylicious '' music video playing a guitar . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background and inspiration </Li> <Li> 2 Composition and lyrics </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance </Li> <Li> 4 Formats and track listings </Li> <Li> 5 Personnel </Li> <Li> 6 Charts </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background and inspiration ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to Stevie Nicks , the title came from a conversation she had with Tom Petty 's first wife Jane , about the couple 's first meeting . Jane said they met `` at the age of seventeen '' , but her strong Southern accent made it sound like `` edge of seventeen '' to Nicks . The singer liked the sound of the phrase so much that she told Jane she would write a song for it and give her credit for the inspiration . </P> <P> Although Nicks had originally planned to use the title for a song about Tom and Jane Petty , the death of her uncle Jonathan and the death of John Lennon during the same week of December 1980 inspired a new song for which Nicks used the title . Nicks ' producer and friend Jimmy Iovine was a close friend of Lennon , and Nicks felt helpless to comfort him . Soon after , Nicks flew home to Phoenix , Arizona to be with her uncle Jonathan , who was dying of cancer . She remained with her uncle and his family until his death . </P> <H2> Composition and lyrics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Throughout the song a distinctive 16th note guitar riff is played by Waddy Wachtel , progressing through C , D , and E-minor chords . During the bridge , the chords alternate twice between E-minor and C. Wachtel claimed that The Police 's `` Bring on the Night '' was the inspiration for the riff . This claim is backed up in Andy Summers memoir One Train Later when he states that Stevie Nicks asked to meet him after a 1981 show in Los Angeles . As is typical of Nicks ' songs , the lyrics are highly symbolic . Nicks has said that the white winged dove shall represent the spirit leaving the body on death , and some of the verses capture her experience of the days leading up to her uncle Jonathan 's death . The part in the song that has Nicks and her back - up singers singing `` ooh baby ooh '' is meant to sound like a dove singing , similar to an owl `` whooing '' . </P> <P> Perhaps appropriately for a song named for a mondegreen , `` Edge of Seventeen '' has been cited frequently as a source of misheard lyrics since its release . The line `` Just like a white winged dove '' is sometimes misheard . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Edge of Seventeen '' peaked at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and the live version on the B - side reached number 26 on Billboard 's Top Mainstream Rock Songs chart . The original LP version had previously made the top five of Billboard 's Top Mainstream Rock Songs chart in 1981 , peaking at number four . `` Edge of Seventeen '' also peaked at number 11 on the Canada Top Singles chart . </P> <P> The song was also covered on Season 9 of The Voice by Amanda Ayala and Shelby Brown . The single version of the song entered the Top 100 of the iTunes Rock Charts . </P> <H2> Formats and track listings ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> US 7 '' vinyl single </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Edge of Seventeen ( Just Like the White Winged Dove ) '' -- 4 : 10 </Li> <Li> `` Edge of Seventeen '' ( Previously unreleased live version ) -- 5 : 57 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Stevie Nicks -- writer , lead vocals </Li> <Li> Jimmy Iovine -- producer </Li> <Li> Waddy Wachtel -- guitar </Li> <Li> Bob Glaub -- bass guitar </Li> <Li> Russ Kunkel -- drums </Li> <Li> Bobbye Hall -- percussion </Li> <Li> Benmont Tench -- piano , organ </Li> <Li> Roy Bittan -- piano </Li> <Li> Lori Perry -- backing vocals </Li> <Li> Sharon Celani -- backing vocals </Li> </Ul> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1981 -- 82 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.45cat.com/record/mr7401 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Video on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Old Trivia Questions '' . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 11 . She was telling me about Tom , about when she met him , and she has an incredible Southern accent ... and she said that she met him at the age of seventeen , but I thought she said ' edge , ' and she said ' no ... age ' and I said , ' Jane , forget it , it 's got to be `` edge . '' The `` Edge of Seventeen '' is perfect . I 'm gon na write a song , ok ? And I 'm gon na give you credit . ' She did n't believe me , you know ? She could n't believe it when it came out on the album . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stevie Nicks on ' Edge of Seventeen ' '' . So it started out about Tom and Jane basically , who I have no idea what they were at 17 , but I made it up . And , uh it went into being written about ( her Uncle Jonathan and John Lennon ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sun '' . Jimmy was absolutely best friends with John Lennon , '' she says . `` So when that happened , a hush came over the house that was so overwhelming that there was nothing that I could do to help . There was nothing I could say , there was no way I could comfort him . '' Unable to help , Nicks flew home to Phoenix . `` I went straight over to my uncle 's house , and my uncle died that day . He died right there with me holding his hand , just me and my cousin , who 's a little younger than me , sitting there on the bed and on the floor next to him . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simons , David ( April 1999 ) . `` Waddy Wachtel '' . Musician . Retrieved 19 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Timothy ( September 3 , 1981 ) . `` With Her New Solo Album , Fleetwood Mac 's Good Fairy Tries to Balance Two Careers -- and Two Personalities '' . Rolling Stone . The line ' And the days go by like a strand in the wind ' that 's how fast those days were going by during my uncle 's illness , and it was so upsetting to me . The part that says ' I went today ... maybe I will go again ... tomorrow ' refers to seeing him the day before he died . He was home and my aunt had some music softly playing , and it was a perfect place for the spirit to go away . The one - winged dove in the song is a spirit that is leaving a body , and I felt a great loss at how both Johns were taken . ' I hear the call of the nightbird singing ... come away ... come away ... ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Just like the one we know misheard lyric by Stevie Nicks '' . Kissthisguy.com. 1 May 2009 . Retrieved 10 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Edge of Seventeen '' . Am I Right -- Misheard Lyrics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stevie Nicks '' . Bathroom On the Right . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards , Gavin ( November 5 , 1997 ) . When a Man Loves a Walnut . Fireside Books . p. 66 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84567 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canadian peak </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Stevie Nicks on `` Edge of Seventeen '' -- Quotes by Nicks about the song , gathered from interviews throughout the years . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Stevie Nicks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bella Donna </Li> <Li> The Wild Heart </Li> <Li> Rock a Little </Li> <Li> The Other Side of the Mirror </Li> <Li> Street Angel </Li> <Li> Trouble in Shangri - La </Li> <Li> In Your Dreams </Li> <Li> 24 Karat Gold : Songs from the Vault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Soundstage Sessions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timespace : The Best of Stevie Nicks </Li> <Li> Enchanted </Li> <Li> The Divine Stevie Nicks </Li> <Li> Crystal Visions -- The Very Best of Stevie Nicks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Stop Draggin ' My Heart Around '' </Li> <Li> `` Leather and Lace '' </Li> <Li> `` Edge of Seventeen '' </Li> <Li> `` After the Glitter Fades '' </Li> <Li> `` Stand Back '' </Li> <Li> `` If Anyone Falls '' </Li> <Li> `` Nightbird '' </Li> <Li> `` I Will Run to You '' </Li> <Li> `` Beauty and the Beast '' </Li> <Li> `` Talk to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` I Ca n't Wait '' </Li> <Li> `` Has Anyone Ever Written Anything for You ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Rooms on Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Long Way to Go '' </Li> <Li> `` Two Kinds of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Whole Lotta Trouble '' </Li> <Li> `` Sometimes It 's a Bitch '' </Li> <Li> `` Maybe Love Will Change Your Mind '' </Li> <Li> `` Blue Denim '' </Li> <Li> `` Reconsider Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Every Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Planets of the Universe '' </Li> <Li> `` Sorcerer '' </Li> <Li> `` Stand Back '' </Li> <Li> `` Crash into Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Secret Love '' </Li> <Li> `` For What It 's Worth '' </Li> <Li> `` You Ca n't Fix This '' </Li> <Li> `` Golden '' </Li> <Li> `` Lady '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Videos releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stevie Nicks : Live in Concert </Li> <Li> Live at Red Rocks </Li> <Li> I Ca n't Wait -- The Video Collection </Li> <Li> Crystal Visions -- The Very Best of Stevie Nicks </Li> <Li> Live in Chicago </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Buckingham Nicks </Li> <Li> Mirror , Mirror </Li> <Li> Fleetwood Mac </Li> <Li> Sandy Stewart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Edge_of_Seventeen&oldid=803679229 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1981 songs </Li> <Li> 1982 singles </Li> <Li> Stevie Nicks songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Stevie Nicks </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Jimmy Iovine </Li> <Li> Modern Records singles </Li> <Li> Songs in memory of John Lennon </Li> <Li> Songs in memory of deceased persons </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 October 2017 , at 23 : 43 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Right to the Edge : Sydney to Tokyo by Any Means - wikipedia <H1> Right to the Edge : Sydney to Tokyo by Any Means </H1> This article is about the 2009 TV series . For the previous TV series from 2008 , see By Any Means . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Right to the Edge : Sydney to Tokyo By Any Means </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Charley Boorman Russ Malkin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Charley Boorman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of series </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Russ Malkin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 60 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> BBC2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> 27 September 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> Long Way Round Race to Dakar Long Way Down By Any Means </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Right to the Edge : Sydney to Tokyo By Any Means , also known by the working title By Any Means 2 is a 2009 adventure series by Charley Boorman and is a sequel to the 2008 BBC travel series and book By Any Means in which Boorman travels one from one place to another by any mode of transport . By Any Means 2 follows Boorman 's journey from Sydney , where the last series finished to Tokyo . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Journey <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Episode 1 </Li> <Li> 2.2 Episode 2 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Episode 3 </Li> <Li> 2.4 Episode 4 </Li> <Li> 2.5 Episode 5 </Li> <Li> 2.6 Episode 6 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 22 March 2009 , Charley announced on his Twitter page that a sequel , tentatively named By Any Means 2 , was in the works . He originally announced that it would take him and the team from Sydney to far eastern Russia via the Pacific Rim . </P> <P> Filming for By Any Means 2 commenced on 18 May 2009 leaving from Manly , Sydney with a bike convoy . Boorman traveled across Australia , Papua New Guinea , Indonesia , the Philippines , Taiwan , and completed his journey in Tokyo , Japan . </P> <P> The journey finished at Rainbow Bridge in Tokyo on 9 August and following this he vacationed in Bali , but with family . Throughout the journey , Boorman kept his Twitter page updated of the latest developments in the trip and released pictures of himself in a 1923 Ford in Japan for example . On 17 September 2009 , Boorman announced on Twitter that the new series would air on Sunday the 27 September at 9.00 pm on BBC2 under the title `` Charley Boorman : Sydney to Tokyo By Any Means '' . </P> <H2> Journey ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Episode 1 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first episode sees Boorman departing from Freshwater Park on a hired Deus bike with a very large biker convoy in tow to Frazer Park up the east coast of Australia . The newspapers reported approximately 1,501 riders took part at the start , including veteran racer Wayne Gardner . He then travelled up to Nymboida by bike where he switched with an EVME lime green electric car which he travelled in to Byron Bay . There he stayed in a camp of backpackers before catching a lift with one of them up to Moggill near Brisbane . At Watts Bridge Airfield Boorman travelled in a custom made 9 / 10 scale Spitfire aircraft up to Maryborough . From Maryborough he caught a Tilt Train to Rockhampton where he caught a plane to visit a cattle station and experience local cattle mustering on horseback . He then hitched a ride in a customized ute up to Cairns . He then joined the Flying Doctors to travel to the Aboriginal settlement of Pormpuraaw and surveyed some of their traditional weapons and art before returning to Cairns and switching to trail bikes to travel up to Helenvale and Cooktown . Later he rode an electric trail bike and caught a plane to Weipa . At Weipa he caught a plane to visit a snake farm in the bush to see some of Australia 's most poisonous snakes and later visited a mining community near Weipa . He then caught another small plane to Bamaga and then a boat to Thursday Island on the coast of northeast Australia and Horn Island . At Horn Island he caught a plane across to Daru Island and landed in Daru Airport in Papua New Guinea . </P> <H3> Episode 2 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the second episode , Boorman travels up to Lae from Port Moresby and then catches a truck to Goroka . In Goroka he views the work done by the VSOS and a Dutchman at Goroka General Hospital , views local customs in which they would coat themselves in clays to appear white to play a ghost which traditionally was used to ward off unwanted visitors and Boorman was taken around a coffee and given an explanation of coffee production in Papua New Guinea . He then travelled up to Betty 's Lodge where they switched to dirt bikes to travel up to Madang past places like Mount Wilhelm , Brahman and Usino . The route had never been ridden on motorbike before and the roads were heavily flooded and treacherous , and at one point some ruthless locals placed a blockade across the road and demanded money . Nevertheless , masses of people viewed their progress up to Madang . From Madang , Boorman rode in a minibus to Boroi and then a speedboat to Gapun . There he met with an anthropologist and discussed local village life with the natives . He then rode in a canoe boat along the broad Sepik River to Angoram where he inquired at the local police station and joined a truck up to Wewak and then to Aitape . </P> <H3> Episode 3 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the third episode Boorman travelled from Aitape to Vanimo by boat but was denied entry into West Papua . Given his UNICEF commitments , this meant he had to return to Port Moresby and fly to Singapore , then to Jakarta and then to Makassar , two days of flying to reach Makassar on time . He then travelled up to Watansoppeng ( where he witnessed the black bats overhanging on tree ) and Masamba , and arrived in Sengkang and was treated to Paniki , a bat dish ( and later on the journey , dog ) . Then Boorman went to Cendana Putih and south to Siguntu where he spent a considerable amount of time surveying local funeral customs in which a grandmother received her funeral one year after passing with a large celebration of pig slaughtering and finally taking the body to a cave . He then rode on a Harley - Davidson to Makale , Parepare , and down to the port of Ujunglero where he experienced boat building customs . From there he drove in a Land Cruiser , professed to be one of his favourites modes of transport , for 150 miles north again to Mamuju . From there he had a 15 - hour cramped bus journey up to Palu and then to Gorontalo by bike , and eventually after camping out for the night on a beach , reached Manado . The plan then was to catch a boat across to Davao City in the Philippines but they found out that the immigration service in Manado was shut down , meaning that they had to enter the Philippines another way . </P> <H3> Episode 4 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the fourth episode , Boorman flew to Davao City via Singapore and Manila . He then travelled up to the barangay , Mintal where he experienced a local organic farm . From there he went to Cagayan de Oro ( where Claudio and crew visited a barbers ) to Camiguin to the port of Balbagan operated by the Philippine Ports Authority and caught a super shuttle ferry across to the island of Bohol . There he visited the Chocolate Hills and went to Tagbilaran . On the island of Leyte he surveyed the local fishing trade and the problems of overfishing and poverty . He was given a boat ride by the Philippine Navy . He later visited Tacloban and a local historian and learned about the Philippines in World War II . He visited the Leyte Landing Memorial where General Douglas MacArthur landed in 1944 after liberating the Philippines from Japanese occupation following the Battle of Leyte . He also given a ride in a bamboo car than ran on coco biodiesel . After visiting Calbayog he went to the Scout Rangers Battalion barracks and was given an escort up to Legazpi , encountering a motorcycle accident along the way . From there Boorman went to Pili to Lopez . At Lopez he visited the Lopez Sports Centre to witness cockfighting in the Philippines . One cock died in the fight and the winner died soon after , leaving Boorman shocked and remarking `` this is not for me . I feel dirty '' . Following this , Boorman went to a livestock farm in Unisan and drank many shots of coconut vodka . He then went to Las Piñas and visited Sarao Motors and was given a ride in one of their colourful military jeeps to the busy city of Manila . </P> <H3> Episode 5 ( edit ) </H3> Fo Guang Shan Monastery <P> In the fifth episode , Boorman went to Subic Bay port to support UNICEF and took a trip in an ultralight . Due to typhoons , Boorman had to return to Manila and fly to Kaohsiung in Taiwan . There he attended the World Games 2009 including experiencing dragon boat racing . From there he visited Fo Guang Shan Monastery , the largest Buddhist monastery in Taiwan at the time celebrating its 40th anniversary . From there he went to Sinshih and visited a cricket farm before catching a bullet train to Chiayi . From there he rode in a post office truck up into the Alishan Mountains and Sheng Le Tea Farm and its Fen chi hu tea . From there he went to Meifeng where he met a group of dirt bikers who travelled across the Taroko gorge into the eastern part of Taiwan . Boorman professed the bike ride through the mountains to be the best he had ever experienced . He then went to Taipei and ascended Taipei 101 the tallest building in the world as of 2009 and the SYM motorbike factory . He visited Hua Xi street and Snake Alley and experienced dishes such as snake blood , snake penis and turtle testicles . Boorman then caught a train to Keelung to catch a Star Cruises cruisership headed to Okinawa , Japan , experiencing a drag queen act along the way . </P> <H3> Episode 6 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the sixth and final episode , Boorman went to Naha , Okinawa where he learned about the Battle of Okinawa . He then went to Kagoshima , Kumamoto and onto Mount Naka , travelling through countryside he described as being `` as beautiful as any I 've ever seen '' . He stopped at the Beppu hot springs and took a mud bath before moving on to Yawatahama where he caught a train to Shikoku before catching a flamboyant deco truck in the middle of the night to Shozui . Then he went to Kobe and learned about the 1995 Kobe earthquake which had affected local bikers and then went to Kyoto and caught a bulletrain to Nagoya . There he surveyed local motorcycle and automobile customs including a tattoo artist who owned a 1923 Model T Ford and took Boorman for a ride . Boorman then took a bike to Hamamatsu before returning west to Hiroshima where he was shocked learning about the bombing of Hiroshima and the devastation it caused to the people . He visited the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum and a peace ceremony . He then went to Yamanashi , visiting the Fuji - Q Highland theme park and experiencing the Eejanaika and later viewed Mount Fuji . He then rode into Tokyo alone on a Harley Davidson , breaking the usual custom of making the final leg with a convoy . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Charley Boorman : Sydney to Tokyo By Any Means '' . BBC . Retrieved 26 September 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Charley Boorman on Twitter </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Boorman and McGregor 's Travel Adventures </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television programmes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Long Way Round ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Race to Dakar ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Long Way Down ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> By Any Means ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Right to the Edge : Sydney to Tokyo by Any Means ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Alexanian </Li> <Li> Charley Boorman </Li> <Li> Russ Malkin </Li> <Li> Ewan McGregor </Li> <Li> Claudio von Planta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_the_Edge:_Sydney_to_Tokyo_by_Any_Means&oldid=807613550 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2009 British television programme debuts </Li> <Li> 2009 British television programme endings </Li> <Li> 2000s British television series </Li> <Li> BBC television documentaries </Li> <Li> British travel television series </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from December 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 01 : 57 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Pentecost - Wikipedia <H1> Pentecost </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Christian holiday . For other uses , see Pentecost ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pentecost </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mosaic representing Pentecost in the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also called </Th> <Td> Whitsunday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observed by </Th> <Td> Roman Catholics , Eastern Catholics , Old Catholics , Protestants , Eastern Orthodox , Oriental Orthodox , Anglicans and other Christians . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Christian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significance </Th> <Td> Celebrates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Celebrations </Th> <Td> Religious ( church ) services , Festive meals , Processions , Baptism , Confirmation , Ordination , Folk customs , Dancing , Spring & woodland rites , Festive clothing . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observances </Th> <Td> Prayer , Vigils , Fasting ( pre-festival ) , Novenas , Retreats , Holy Communion , Litany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> Easter + 49 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2017 date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> June 4 ( Western Churches ) </Li> <Li> June 4 ( Eastern Churches ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2018 date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 20 ( Western Churches ) </Li> <Li> May 27 ( Eastern Churches ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2019 date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> June 9 ( Western Churches ) </Li> <Li> June 16 ( Eastern Churches ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2020 date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 31 ( Western Churches ) </Li> <Li> June 7 ( Eastern Churches ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related to </Th> <Td> Shavuot </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Christian feastday of Pentecost , which is celebrated ten days after Ascension Thursday , commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles and other followers of Jesus Christ while they were in Jerusalem celebrating the Feast of Weeks , as described in the Acts of the Apostles . Some Christians believe this event represents the birth of the Church . Since the Feast of the Ascension occurs forty days after Easter , Pentecost is a moveable feast . </P> <P> In Eastern Christianity , Pentecost can also refer to the entire fifty days of Passover through Pentecost inclusive ; hence the book containing the liturgical texts for Paschaltide is called the `` Pentecostarion '' . </P> <P> The holy day is also called `` White Sunday '' or `` Whitsunday '' , especially in the United Kingdom , where traditionally the next day , Whit Monday , was also a public holiday ( now fixed by statute on the last Monday in May ) . The Monday after Pentecost is a legal holiday in many European nations . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Hebrew Bible </Li> <Li> 3 New Testament <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Location of the first Pentecost </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Apocryphal / Deuterocanonical books </Li> <Li> 5 Liturgical celebration <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Eastern churches </Li> <Li> 5.2 Western churches </Li> <Li> 5.3 Fasting , baptisms , and confirmations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Classical compositions for Pentecost </Li> <Li> 7 Customs and traditions </Li> <Li> 8 Date and public holiday </Li> <Li> 9 Literary allusions </Li> <Li> 10 Images </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term Pentecost comes from the Greek Πεντηκοστή ( Pentēkostē ) meaning `` fiftieth '' ( 50th ) . It refers to the festival celebrated on the fiftieth day after Passover , also known as the `` Feast of Weeks '' and the `` Feast of 50 days '' in rabbinic tradition . </P> <P> The Septuagint uses the term Pentēkostē to refer to the `` Feast of Pentecost '' only twice , in the deuterocanonical Book of Tobit and 2 Maccabees . The Septuagint writers also used the word in two other senses : to signify the year of Jubilee ( Leviticus 25 : 10 ) , an event which occurs every 50th year , and in several passages of chronology as an ordinal number . The term has also been used in the literature of Hellenistic Judaism by Philo of Alexandria and Josephus . </P> <H2> Hebrew Bible ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Shavuot <P> In Judaism the Festival of Weeks ( Hebrew : שבועות Shavuot ) was a harvest festival that was celebrated seven weeks and one day after the first Sabbath of the Feast of Unleavened Bread in Deuteronomy 16 : 9 or seven weeks and one day after the Sabbath in Leviticus 23 : 16 . The Festival of Weeks was also called the feast of Harvest in Exodus 23 : 16 and the day of first fruits in Numbers 28 : 26 . In Exodus 34 : 22 it is called the `` firstfruits of the wheat harvest . '' The date for the `` Feast of Weeks '' originally came the day after seven full weeks following the first harvest of grain . In Jewish tradition the fiftieth day was known as the Festival of Weeks . </P> <P> After the destruction of the temple in 70 AD offerings could no longer be brought to the temple and the festival started to have a different focus the giving of the law on Sinai . This feast eventually received the name Pentecost from the Koine Greek word Pentekoste meaning fiftieth day . The actual mention of fifty days comes from Leviticus 23 : 16 . </P> <H2> New Testament ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Christian tradition , Pentecost sees the descent of the Holy Spirit on the first Christians . The biblical narrative of Pentecost is given in the second chapter of the Acts of the Apostles . Peter 's sermon in Acts 2 : 14 - 36 stresses the resurrection and exaltation . In his sermon , Peter quotes Joel 2 : 28 - 32 and Psalm 16 to indicate that first Pentecost marks the start of the Messianic Age . About one hundred and twenty followers of Christ ( Acts 1 : 15 ) were present , including the Twelve Apostles ( Matthias was Judas ' replacement ) ( Acts 1 : 13 , 26 ) , Jesus ' mother Mary , other female disciples and his brothers ( Acts 1 : 14 ) . While those on whom the Spirit had descended were speaking in many languages , the Apostle Peter stood up with the eleven and proclaimed to the crowd that this event was the fulfillment of the prophecy . In Acts 2 : 17 , it reads : `` ' And in the last days , ' God says , ' I will pour out my spirit upon every sort of flesh , and your sons and your daughters will prophesy and your young men will see visions and your old men will dream dreams . '' He also mentions ( 2 : 15 ) that it was the third hour of the day ( about 9 : 00 am ) . Acts 2 : 41 then reports : `` Then they that gladly received his word were baptized : and the same day there were added unto them about three thousand souls . '' Critical scholars believe some features of the narrative are theological constructions . Scholars believe that even if the Pentecost narrative is not literally true , it does signify an important event in the history of the early Church which enabled the rapid spread of Christianity . Within a few decades important congregations had been established in all major cities of the Roman Empire . </P> <P> Peter stated that this event was the beginning of a continual outpouring that would be available to all believers from that point on , Jews and Gentiles alike . </P> <H3> Location of the first Pentecost ( edit ) </H3> The Cenacle on Mount Zion , claimed to be the location of the Last Supper and Pentecost . <P> Traditional interpretation holds that the Descent of the Holy Spirit took place in the Upper Room , or Cenacle , while celebrating the day of Pentecost . The Upper Room was mentioned in Luke 22 : 11 - 12 where Jesus says : `` ... say to the owner of the house ' The Teacher asks you , `` Where is the guest room , where may I eat the Passover with my disciples ? '' ' He will show you a large room upstairs , already furnished . Make preparations for us there . '' </P> <P> The Upper Room is also mentioned in Acts 1 : 13 - 14 : </P> <P> When they had entered the city , they went to the room upstairs where they were staying , Peter , and John , and James , and Andrew , Philip and Thomas , Bartholomew and Matthew , James son of Alphaeus , and Simon the Zealot , and Judas son of James . All of these were constantly devoting themselves to prayer , together with certain women , including Mary the mother of Jesus , as well as his brothers . </P> <H2> Apocryphal / deuterocanonical books ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Tobit 2 : 1 Pentēkostē is used as an alternate name for the Jewish holiday of Shavuot . The NABRE translation of this passage reads : `` on our festival of Pentecost , the holy feast of Weeks '' . </P> <H2> Liturgical celebration ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Liturgical year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Advent </Li> <Li> Christmastide </Li> <Li> Epiphanytide </Li> <Li> Ordinary Time </Li> <Li> Pre-Lent / Shrovetide </Li> <Li> Lent </Li> <Li> Holy Week </Li> <Li> Paschal Triduum </Li> <Li> Eastertide </Li> <Li> Pentecost </Li> <Li> Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nativity Fast </Li> <Li> Christmastide </Li> <Li> Ordinary Time </Li> <Li> Pre-Great Lent </Li> <Li> Great Lent </Li> <Li> Eastertide </Li> <Li> Apostles ' Fast </Li> <Li> Ordinary Time </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East Syriac Rite </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Weeks of Annunciation </Li> <Li> Weeks of Epiphany </Li> <Li> Weeks of Great Fast </Li> <Li> Weeks of Resurrection </Li> <Li> Slihe or Weeks of Apostles </Li> <Li> Qaita or Weeks of Summer </Li> <Li> Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah , Cross and Muse </Li> <Li> Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Eastern churches ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Eastern Orthodox Church , Pentecost is one of the Orthodox Great Feasts and is considered to be the highest ranking Great Feast of the Lord , second in rank only to Easter . The service is celebrated with an All - night Vigil on the eve of the feast day , and the Divine Liturgy on the day of the feast itself . Orthodox churches are often decorated with greenery and flowers on this feast day , and the celebration is intentionally similar to the Jewish holiday of Shavuot , which celebrates the giving of the Mosaic Law . </P> <P> The feast itself lasts three days . The first day is known as `` Trinity Sunday '' ; the second day is known as `` Spirit Monday '' ( or `` Monday of the Holy Spirit '' ) ; and the third day , Tuesday , is called the `` Third Day of the Trinity . '' The Afterfeast of Pentecost lasts for one week , during which fasting is not permitted , even on Wednesday and Friday . In the Orthodox Tradition , the liturgical color used at Pentecost is green , and the clergy and faithful carry flowers and green branches in their hands during the services . </P> <P> A popular tradition arose in both west and east of decorating the church with roses on Pentecost , leading to a popular designation of Pentecost as Latin : Festa Rosalia or `` Rose Feast '' ; in Greek this became ρουσάλια ( rousália ) . This led to Rusalii becoming the Romanian language term for the feast , as well as the Neapolitan popular designation Pasca rusata ( `` rosey Easter '' ) . In modern times , the term in Greek refers to the eve of Pentecost , not Pentecost itself ; or , in the case of Megara in Attica , to the Monday and Tuesday after Pascha , as roses are often used during the whole liturgical season of the Pentecostarion , not just Pentecost . John Chrysostom warned his flock not to allow this custom to replace spiritually adorning themselves with virtue in reception of the Fruits of the Holy Spirit . </P> <P> An extraordinary service called the Kneeling Prayer , is observed on the night of Pentecost . This is a Vespers service to which are added three sets of long poetical prayers , the composition of Saint Basil the Great , during which everyone makes a full prostration , touching their foreheads to the floor ( prostrations in church having been forbidden from the day of Pascha ( Easter ) up to this point ) . Uniquely , these prayers include a petition for all of those in hell , that they may be granted relief and even ultimate release from their confinement , if God deems this possible . </P> <P> All of the remaining days of the ecclesiastical year , until the preparation for the next Great Lent , are named for the day after Pentecost on which they occur ( for example , the 13th Tuesday After Pentecost ) . </P> <P> The Second Monday after Pentecost is the beginning of the Apostles ' Fast ( which continues until the Feast of Saints Peter and Paul on June 29 ) . Theologically , Orthodox do not consider Pentecost to be the `` birthday '' of the Church ; they see the Church as having existed before the creation of the world ( cf . The Shepherd of Hermas ) </P> <P> The Orthodox icon of the feast depicts the Twelve Apostles seated in a semicircle ( sometimes the Theotokos ( Virgin Mary ) is shown sitting in the center of them ) . At the top of the icon , the Holy Spirit , in the form of tongues of fire , is descending upon them . At the bottom is an allegorical figure , called Kosmos , which symbolizes the world . Although Kosmos is crowned with earthly glory he sits in the darkness caused by the ignorance of God . He is holding a towel on which have been placed 12 scrolls , representing the teaching of the Twelve Apostles . </P> <P> In the ancient Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria , Pentecost is one of the seven Major `` Lord 's Feasts '' . It is celebrated at the time of ninth hour ( 3 : 00pm ) on the Sunday of Pentecost by a special three - segment prayer known as the `` Office of Genuflection ( Kneeling Prayer ) '' . This feast is followed with the `` Apostles Fast '' which has a fixed end date on the fifth of the Coptic month of Epip ( which currently falls on July 12 , which is equivalent to June 29 , due to the current 13 - day Julian - Gregorian calendar offset ) . The fifth of Epip is the commemoration of the Martyrdom of St. Peter and Paul . </P> <H3> Western churches ( edit ) </H3> A Protestant church altar , decorated for Pentecost with red burning candles and red banners and altar cloth depicting the movement of the Holy Spirit <P> The liturgical celebrations of Pentecost in Western churches are as rich and varied as those in the East . The main sign of Pentecost in the West is the color red . It symbolizes joy and the fire of the Holy Spirit . </P> <P> Priests or ministers , and choirs wear red vestments , and in modern times , the custom has extended to the lay people of the congregation wearing red clothing in celebration as well . Red banners are often hung from walls or ceilings to symbolize the blowing of the `` mighty wind '' and the free movement of the Spirit . </P> <P> The celebrations may depict symbols of the Holy Spirit , such as the dove or flames , symbols of the church such as Noah 's Ark and the Pomegranate , or especially within Protestant churches of Reformed and Evangelical traditions , words rather than images naming for example , the gifts and Fruits of the Spirit . Red flowers at the altar / preaching area , and red flowering plants such as geraniums around the church are also typical decorations for Pentecost masses / services . These symbolize the renewal of life , the coming of the warmth of summer , and the growth of the church at and from the first Pentecost . In the southern hemisphere , for example , in southern Australia , Pentecost comes in the mellow autumntide , after the often great heat of summer , and the red leaves of the poinsettia have often been used to decorate churches then . </P> A Protestant church altar and font , decorated for Pentecost with red flowering plants and green birch branches <P> These flowers often play an important role in the ancestral rites , and other rites , of the particular congregation . For example , in both Protestant and Catholic churches , the plants brought in to decorate for the holiday may be each `` sponsored '' by individuals in memory of a particular loved one , or in honor of a living person on a significant occasion , such as their Confirmation day . </P> <P> In the German speaking lands , in Central Europe , and wherever the people of these nations have wandered , green branches are also traditionally used to decorate churches for Pentecost . Birch is the tree most typically associated with this practice in Europe , but other species are employed in different climates . </P> <P> The singing of Pentecost hymns is also central to the celebration in the Western tradition . Hymns such as Martin Luther 's `` Komm , Heiliger Geist , Herre Gott '' ( Come , Holy Spirit , God and Lord ) , Charles Wesley 's `` Spirit of Faith Come Down '' and `` Come Holy Ghost Our Hearts Inspire '' or Hildegard von Bingen 's `` O Holy Spirit Root of Life '' are popular . Some traditional hymns of Pentecost make reference not only to themes relating to the Holy Spirit or the church , but to folk customs connected to the holiday as well , such as the decorating with green branches . Other hymns include `` Oh that I had a Thousand Voices '' ( `` O daß ich tausend Zungen hätte '' ) by German , Johann Mentzer Verse 2 : `` Ye forest leaves so green and tender , that dance for joy in summer air ... '' or `` O Day Full of Grace '' ( `` Den signede Dag '' ) by Dane , N.F.S. Grundtvig verse 3 : `` Yea were every tree endowed with speech and every leaflet singing ... '' . </P> <P> As Pentecost closes the Easter Season in the Roman Catholic Church , the dismissal with the double alleluia is sung at the end of Mass . The Paschal Candle is removed from the sanctuary at the end of the day . In the Roman Catholic Church , Veni Sancte Spiritus is the sequence hymn for the Day of Pentecost . This has been translated into many languages and is sung in many denominations today . As an invocation of the Holy Spirit , Veni Creator Spiritus is sung during liturgical celebrations on the feast of Pentecost . </P> <P> Trumpeters or brass ensembles are often specially contracted to accompany singing and provide special music at Pentecost services , recalling the Sound of the mighty wind . While this practice is common among a wide spectrum of Western denominations ( Eastern Churches do not employ instrumental accompaniment in their worship ) it is particularly typical , and distinctive to the heritage of the Moravian Church . </P> Holy Ghost hole , Saints Peter and Paul Church in Söll <P> Another custom is reading the appointed Scripture lessons in multiple foreign languages recounting the speaking in tongues recorded in Acts 2 : 4 -- 12 . </P> <P> In the Middle Ages , cathedrals and great churches throughout Western Europe were fitted with a peculiar architectural feature known as a Holy Ghost hole : a small circular opening in the roof that symbolized the entrance of the Holy Spirit into the midst of the congregation . At Pentecost , these Holy Ghost holes would be decorated with flowers , and sometimes a dove figure lowered through into the church while the narrative of Pentecost was read . Holy Ghost holes can still be seen today in European churches such as Canterbury Cathedral . </P> <P> Similarly , a large two dimensional dove figure would be , and in some places still is , cut from wood , painted , and decorated with flowers , to be lowered over the congregation , particularly during the singing of the sequence hymn , or Veni Creator Spiritus . In other places , particularly Sicily and the Italian peninsula , rose petals were and are thrown from the galleries over the congregation , recalling the tongues of fire . In modern times , this practice has been revived , and adapted as well , to include the strewing of origami doves from above or suspending them , sometimes by the hundreds , from the ceiling . </P> <P> In some cases , red fans , or red handkerchiefs , are distributed to the congregation to be waved during the procession , etc . Other congregations have incorporated the use of red balloons , signifying the `` Birthday of the Church '' . These may be borne by the congregants , decorate the sanctuary , or released all at once . </P> <H3> Fasting , baptisms , and confirmations ( edit ) </H3> <P> For some Protestants , the nine days between Ascension Day , and Pentecost are set aside as a time of fasting and universal prayer in honor of the disciples ' time of prayer and unity awaiting the Holy Spirit . Similarly among Roman Catholics , special Pentecost novenas are prayed . The Pentecost Novena is considered the first novena , all other novenas prayed in preparation of various feasts deriving their practice from those original nine days of prayer observed by the disciples of Christ . </P> <P> While the Eve of Pentecost was traditionally a day of fasting for Catholics , contemporary canon law no longer requires it . Both Catholics and Protestants may hold spiritual retreats , prayer vigils , and litanies in the days leading up to Pentecost . In some cases vigils on the Eve of Pentecost may last all night . Pentecost is also one of the occasions specially appointed for the Lutheran Litany to be sung . </P> <P> From the early days of Western Christianity , Pentecost became one of the days set aside to celebrate Baptism . In Northern Europe Pentecost was preferred even over Easter for this rite , as the temperatures in late spring might be supposed to be more conducive to outdoor immersion as was then the practice . It is proposed that the term Whit Sunday derives from the custom of the newly baptized wearing white clothing , and from the white vestments worn by the clergy in English liturgical uses . The holiday was also one of the three days each year ( along with Christmas and Easter ) Roman Catholics were required to confess and receive Holy Communion in order to remain in good ecclesiastical standing . </P> <P> Holy Communion is likewise often a feature of the Protestant observance of Pentecost as well . It is one of the relatively few Sundays some Reformed denominations may offer the communion meal , and is one of the days of the year specially appointed among Moravians for the celebration of their Love Feasts . Ordinations are celebrated across a wide array of Western denominations at Pentecost , or near to it . In some denominations , for example the Lutheran Church , even if an ordination or consecration of a deaconess is not celebrated on Pentecost , the liturgical color will invariably be red , and the theme of the service will be the Holy Spirit . </P> <P> Above all , Pentecost is a day for the Confirmation celebrations of youths . Flowers , the wearing of white robes , or white dresses recalling Baptism , rites such as the laying on of hands , and vibrant singing play prominent roles on these joyous occasions , the blossoming of Spring forming an equal analogy with the blossoming of youth . </P> <P> The typical image of Pentecost in the West is that of the Virgin Mary seated centrally and prominently among the disciples with flames resting on the crowns of their heads . Occasionally , parting clouds suggesting the action of the `` mighty wind '' , rays of light and the Dove are also depicted . Of course , the Western iconographic style is less static and stylized than that of the East , and other very different representations have been produced , and , in some cases , have achieved great fame such as the Pentecosts by Titian , Giotto , and el Greco . </P> <P> St. Paul already in the 1st century notes the importance of this festival to the early Christian communities . ( See : Acts 20 : 16 & 1 Corinthians 16 : 8 ) Since the lifetime of some who may have been eyewitnesses , annual celebrations of the descent of the Holy Spirit have been observed . Before the Second Vatican Council Pentecost Monday as well was a Holy Day of Obligation during which the Catholic Church addressed the newly baptized and confirmed . After the Council , Pentecost Monday is no longer solemnized . </P> <P> Nevertheless , Pentecost Monday remains an official festival in many Protestant churches , such as the ( Lutheran ) Church of Sweden , the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland , and others . In the Byzantine Catholic Rite Pentecost Monday is no longer a Holy Day of Obligation , but rather a simple holiday . In the Extraordinary Form of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church , as at Easter , the liturgical rank of Monday and Tuesday of Pentecost week is a Double of the First Class and across many Western denominations , Pentecost is celebrated with an octave culminating on Trinity Sunday . However , in the modern Roman Rite ( Ordinary Form ) , Pentecost ends after Evening Prayer on the feast day itself , with Ordinary Time resuming the next day . </P> A typical Western image of the Pentecost . Duccio di Buoninsegna ( 1308 ) . The Pentecost depicted in a 14th - century Missal <P> Marking the festival 's importance , in several denominations , such as the Lutheran , Episcopal , and United Methodist churches , and formerly in the Roman Catholic Church , all the Sundays from the holiday itself until Advent in late November or December are designated the 2nd , 3rd , Nth , Sunday after Pentecost , etc . Throughout the year , in Roman Catholic piety , Pentecost is the third of the Glorious Mysteries of the Holy Rosary , as well as being one of the Stations of the Resurrection or Via Lucis . </P> <P> In some Evangelical and Pentecostal churches , where there is less emphasis on the liturgical year , Pentecost may still be one of the greatest celebrations in the year , such as in Germany or Romania . In other cases , Pentecost may be ignored as a holy day in these churches . In many evangelical churches in the United States , the secular holiday , Mother 's Day , may be more celebrated than the ancient and biblical feast of Pentecost . Some evangelicals and Pentecostals are observing the liturgical calendar and observe Pentecost as a day to teach the Gifts of the Holy Spirit . </P> <P> Across denominational lines Pentecost has been an opportunity for Christians to honor the role of the Holy Spirit in their lives , and celebrate the birth of the Church in an ecumenical context . </P> <H2> Classical compositions for Pentecost ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Lutheran church of the Baroque observed three days of Pentecost . Some composers wrote sacred cantatas to be performed in the church services of these days . Johann Sebastian Bach composed several cantatas for Pentecost , including Erschallet , ihr Lieder , erklinget , ihr Saiten ! BWV 172 , in 1714 and Also hat Gott die Welt geliebt , BWV 68 , in 1725 . Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel wrote cantatas such as Werdet voll Geistes ( Get full of spirit ) in 1737 . Mozart composed an antiphon Veni Sancte Spiritus in 1768 . </P> <P> Olivier Messiaen composed an organ mass Messe de la Pentecôte in 1949 / 50 . In 1964 Fritz Werner wrote an oratorio for Pentecost Veni , sancte spiritus ( Come , Holy Spirit ) on the sequence Veni sancte spiritus , and Jani Christou wrote Tongues of Fire , a Pentecost oratorio . Richard Hillert wrote a Motet for the Day of Pentecost for choir , vibraphone , and prepared electronic tape in 1969 . Violeta Dinescu composed Pfingstoratorium , an oratorio for Pentecost for five soloists , mixed chorus and small orchestra in 1993 . Daniel Elder 's 21st century piece , `` Factus est Repente '' , for a cappella choir , was premiered in 2013 . </P> <H2> Customs and traditions ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Italy it was customary to scatter rose petals from the ceiling of the churches to recall the miracle of the fiery tongues ; hence in Sicily and elsewhere in Italy Whitsunday is called Pasqua rosatum . The Italian name Pasqua rossa comes from the red colours of the vestments used on Whitsunday . </P> <P> In France it was customary to blow trumpets during Divine service , to recall the sound of the mighty wind which accompanied the Descent of the Holy Spirit . </P> <P> In the north west of England , church and chapel parades called Whit Walks take place at Whitsun ( sometimes on Whit Friday , the Friday after Whitsun ) . Typically , the parades contain brass bands and choirs ; girls attending are dressed in white . Traditionally , Whit Fairs ( sometimes called Whitsun Ales ) took place . Other customs such as morris dancing and cheese rolling are also associated with Whitsun . `` Whitsunday '' has been the name of the day in the Church of England . ( The Book of Common Prayer only once uses the word `` Pentecost '' for the festival . Though some think that name derives from white clothes worn by newly baptised in Eastertide , it may well be seen as derived from `` wit '' , hence `` wisdom '' , the reference being to Holy Wisdom ( Sancta Sophia , Hagia Sophia ) , referred to in Proverbs and the Book of Wisdom , with which the Holy Spirit has often been identified . </P> <P> In Finland there is a saying known virtually by everyone which translates as `` if one has no sweetheart until Pentecost , he / she will not have it during the whole summer . '' </P> <P> In Port Vila , the capital of Vanuatu , people originating from Pentecost Island usually celebrate their island 's name - day with a special church service followed by cultural events such as dancing . </P> <H2> Date and public holiday ( edit ) </H2> <P> The earliest possible date is 10 May ( as in 1818 and 2285 ) . The latest possible date is 13 June ( as in 1943 and 2038 ) . The day of Pentecost is seven weeks after Easter Sunday : that is to say , the fiftieth day after Easter inclusive of Easter Sunday . Pentecost may also refer to the 50 days from Easter to Pentecost Sunday inclusive of both . Because Easter itself has no fixed date , this makes Pentecost a moveable feast . </P> <P> While Eastern Christianity treats Pentecost as the last day of Easter in its liturgies , in the Roman liturgy it is usually a separate feast . The fifty days from Easter Sunday to Pentecost Sunday may also be called Eastertide . </P> <P> Since Pentecost itself is on a Sunday , it is automatically considered to be a public holiday in countries with large Christian denominations . </P> <P> Pentecost Monday is a public holiday in many European countries including Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Denmark , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Iceland , Luxembourg , the Netherlands , Norway , Romania ( since 2008 ) , ( most parts of ) Switzerland , Ukraine and also in the African nations Senegal , Benin and Togo . </P> <P> In Sweden it was also a public holiday , but Pentecost Monday ( Annandag Pingst ) was replaced by Swedish National Day on June 6 , by a government decision on December 15 , 2004 . In Italy and Malta , it is no longer a public holiday . It was a public holiday in Ireland until 1973 , when it was replaced by Early Summer Holiday on the first Monday in June . In the United Kingdom the day is known as Whit Monday , and was a bank holiday until 1967 when it was replaced by the Spring Bank Holiday on the last Monday in May . In France , following reactions to the implementation of the Journée de solidarité envers les personnes âgées , Pentecost Monday has been reestablished as a regular ( not as a working ) holiday on May 3 , 2005 . </P> <H2> Literary allusions ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to legend , King Arthur always gathered all his knights at the round table for a feast and a quest on Pentecost : </P> <P> So ever the king had a custom that at the feast of Pentecost in especial , afore other feasts in the year , he would not go that day to meat until he had heard or seen of a great marvel . </P> <P> German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe declared Pentecost `` das liebliche Fest '' -- the lovely Feast , in a selection by the same name in his Reineke Fuchs . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Pfingsten , das liebliche Fest , war gekommen ; </Dd> <Dd> es grünten und blühten Feld und Wald ; </Dd> <Dd> auf Hügeln und Höhn , in Büschen und Hecken </Dd> <Dd> Übten ein fröhliches Lied die neuermunterten Vögel ; </Dd> <Dd> Jede Wiese sprosste von Blumen in duftenden Gründen , </Dd> <Dd> Festlich heiter glänzte der Himmel und farbig die Erde . </Dd> </Dl> <P> `` Pfingsten , das liebliche Fest '' , speaks of Pentecost as a time of greening and blooming in fields , woods , hills , mountains , bushes and hedges , of birds singing new songs , meadows sprouting fragrant flowers , and of festive sunshine gleaming from the skies and coloring the earth -- iconic lines idealizing the Pentecost holidays in the German - speaking lands . </P> <P> Further , Goethe records an old peasant proverb relating to Pentecost in his `` Sankt - Rochus-Fest zu Bingen '' -- Ripe strawberries at Pentecost mean a good wine crop . </P> <P> Alexandre Dumas , père mentions of Pentecost in Twenty Years After ( French : Vingt ans après ) , the sequel to The Three Musketeers . A meal is planned for the holiday , to which La Ramée , second in command of the prison , is invited , and by which contrivance , the Duke is able to escape . He speaks sarcastically of the festival to his jailor , foreshadowing his escape : `` Now , what has Pentecost to do with me ? Do you fear , say , that the Holy Ghost may come down in the form of fiery tongues and open the gates of my prison ? '' </P> <P> William Shakespeare mentions Pentecost in a line from Romeo and Juliet Act 1 , Scene V . At the ball at his home , Capulet speaks in refuting an overestimate of the time elapsed since he last danced : `` What , man ? ' Tis not so much , ' tis not so much ! ' Tis since the nuptial of Lucentio , Come Pentecost as quickly as it will , Some five - and - twenty years , and then we mask 'd . '' Note here the allusion to the tradition of mumming , Morris dancing and wedding celebrations at Pentecost . </P> <H2> Images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> A Western depiction of the Pentecost , painted by Jean II Restout , 1732 . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Medieval western illustration of the Pentecost from the Hortus deliciarum of Herrad of Landsberg ( 12th century ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> An Eastern Orthodox icon of the Pentecost </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christianity portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Acts 2 </Li> <Li> Pentecontad calendar </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Greek term used for Shavuot in the Septuagint translation of Deuteronomy 16 : 10 and Exodus 34 : 22 is ἑορτὴν ἑβδομάδων ( heortēn hebdomdádōn ) , often translated into English as `` Festival of Weeks . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As part of the phrase ἐπ _̓ αὐτὴν ἔτους πεντηκοστοῦ καὶ ἑκατοστοῦ ( ep autēn etous pentēkastou kai hekatostou , `` in the hundred and fiftieth year '' , or some variation of the phrase in combination with other numbers to define a precise number of years , and sometimes months . See : `` ... in the hundred and fiftieth year ... '' 1 Maccabees 6 : 20 , `` In the hundred and one and fiftieth year ... '' 1 Maccabees 7 : 1 , `` Also the first month of the hundred fifty and second year ... '' 1 Maccabees 9 : 3 , with other examples at 1 Maccabees 9 : 54 , and 2 Maccabees 14 : 4 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bratcher , Robert G ; Hatton , Howard ( 2000 ) . A handbook on Deuteronomy . New York : United Bible Societies . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8267 - 0104 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deuteronomy 16 : 10 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Danker , Frederick W ; Arndt , William ; Bauer , Walter ( 2000 ) . A Greek - English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 03933 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gerhard , Kittel ; Friedrich , Gerhard ; Bromiley , Geoffrey William , eds. ( 2006 ) . `` Pentecost '' . Theological dictionary of the New Testament . Translated by Geoffrey William Bromiley . Grand Rapids , Michigan : Eerdmans . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2243 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bromiley , Geoffrey William , ed. ( 2009 ) . `` Pentecost '' . The International standard Bible encyclopedia ( 2 ed . ) . Grand Rapids , Michigan : W.B. Eerdmans . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobit 2 : 1 2 Maccabees 12 : 32 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Septuagint ( LXX ) , 1 Maccabees 6 : 20 '' . academic-bible.com : The Scholarly Portal of the German Bible Society . German Bible Society . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Balz , Horst Robert ; Schneider , Gerhard ( 1994 ) . Exegetical dictionary of the New Testament . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8028 - 2803 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keil , Carl Friedrich ; Delitzsch , Franz ( 2011 ) . Commentary on the Old Testament . Peabody , Massachusetts : Hendrickson Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 913573 - 88 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gaebelein , Frank E ( 1984 ) . The expositors Bible commentary with the New International Version of the Holy Bible in twelve volum . Grand Rapids , MI : Zondervan . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 36500 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leviticus 23 : 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Numbers 28 : 28 -- 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NIV archaeological study Bible an illustrated walk through biblical history and culture : New International Version . Grand Rapids , Mich. : Zondervan. 2005 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 310 - 92605 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bible Gateway passage : Acts 1 : 13 -- 15 , Acts 1 : 26 -- King James Version '' . Bible Gateway . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joel 2 : 28 -- 29 '' . Biblegateway.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Acts 2 : 41 '' . Biblegateway.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acts 2 : 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maʻoz , Moshe ; Nusseibeh , Sari ( 2000 - 01 - 01 ) . Jerusalem : Points Beyond Friction , and Beyond . BRILL . ISBN 978 - 90 - 411 - 8843 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Luke 22 : 11 - 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acts 1 : 13 - 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bullard , Roger Aubrey ; Hatton , Howard ( 2001 ) . A handbook on Tobit and Judith . New York : United Bible Societies . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8267 - 0200 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobit 2 : 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ All troparia and kontakia All lives of saints . `` Trinity Week -- 3rd Day of the Trinity '' . Ocafs.oca.org . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Byzantine Catholics and the Feast Of Pentecost : `` Your good Spirit shall lead me into the land of righteousness . Alleluia , Alleluia , Alleluia ! '' `` . archpitt.org . Byzantine Catholic Archdiocese of Pittsburgh . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wikipedia Contributors . `` Rusalii '' . Wikipedia , the Free Encyclopedia ( in Romanian ) . Retrieved 9 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ρουσάλια '' ( rousalia ) . Enacademic.com - Greek Dictionary ( in Greek ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pentecost -- Prayers of Kneeling Archived 2013 - 11 - 02 at the Wayback Machine ... See the third prayer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrologia Graecae , 35 : 1108 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Acts 2 : 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John 3 : 8 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` St. Catherine of Sweden Roman Catholic Church -- Bulletin '' . StCatherineofSweden.org . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 200 -- 299 TLH Hymns '' . Lutheran-hymnal.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Come , Holy Ghost , God and Lord '' . Lutheran-hymnal.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HymnSite. com 's Suggested Hymns for the Day of Pentecost ( Year C ) '' . Hymnsite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spirit of Faith , Come Down '' . Hymntime.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Come , Holy Ghost , Our Hearts Inspire '' . Hymntime.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` O Holy Spirit , Root of Life '' . Hymnsite.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Texts > O Holy Spirit , root of life '' . Hymnary.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hymns and Hymnwriters of Denmark Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . Hymnary.com. 2009 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` O That I Had a Thousand Voices '' . Hymntime.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` O daß ich tausend Zungen hätte gospel christian songs free mp3 midi download '' . Ingeb.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lutheran Worship Online Hymnal -- section MO '' . Lutheranhymnal.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` O day full of grace '' . Danishchurch.vancouver.bc.ca . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.ewtn.com/library/Liturgy/zlitur216.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rhabanus Maurus '' . Hymntime.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Veni Creator Spiritus '' . Newadvent.org. 1912 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moravian Music Foundation '' . MoravianMusic.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson , Gertrud Muller ( 1986 ) . To Dance With God : Family Ritual and Community Celebration . Paulist Press . p. 193 . ISBN 0809128128 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Episcopal Church and Visual Arts '' . Ecva.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( P. Drews . ) . `` Litany '' . Ccel.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Frequent Communion '' . Newadvent.org . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catholic Encyclopedia : Pentecost '' . Newadvent.org. 1912 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pentecost : All About Pentecost ( Whitsunday ) ! '' . ChurchYear.net . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pentecost Picnic 2009 '' . Themint.org.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catholics at Monash : Photos of Ecumenical Pentecost Celebrations '' . MonashCatholics.blogspot.com. 2007 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cantatas for Pentecost review of the 2002 recording by Johan van Veen , 2005 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kellner , Karl Adam Heinrich . Heortology : A History of the Christian Festivals from Their Origin to the Present Day , K. Paul , 1908 , p. 115 This article incorporates text from this source , which is in the public domain . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Whit Friday : Whit Walks '' . Whitfriday.brassbands.saddleworth.org. 2011 - 06 - 18 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Feasts and Festivals ' : 23 May : Whitsun Ales '' . Feastsandfestivals.blogspot.com. 2010 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived September 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official & Only Authoritative Site Of Cheese Rolling At Coopers Hill In Gloucestershire '' . Cheese-rolling.co.uk . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pentecost '' . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 03 . Pentecost ... major festival in the Christian church , celebrated on the Sunday that falls on the 50th day after Easter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taft , Robert ( 2005 ) . `` Pentecost '' . In Kazhdan Alexander P ( ed . ) . Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 504652 - 6 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 07 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grassie , William ( 2013 - 03 - 28 ) . `` Easter : A Moveable Feast '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( U.S.A. ) , Presbyterian Church ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) . Liturgical Year : The Worship of God . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 664 - 25350 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2009 - 11 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Le Morte d'Arthur , Thomas Malory . Book 7 , chapter 1 Archived 2010 - 01 - 19 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Das Gedicht Pfingsten , das liebliche Fest ... von Johann Wolfgang von Goethe '' . www.gedichte-fuer-alle-faelle.de . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nachrichten -- Kultur '' . Projekt Gutenberg.spiegel.de. 2009 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nachrichten -- Kultur '' . Projekt Gutenberg.spiegel.de. 2009 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Romeo and Juliet Text and Translation -- Act I , Scene V '' . Enotes.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 17 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pentecost . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Pentecost on RE : Quest </Li> <Li> A collection of 22 prayers for Pentecost </Li> <Li> `` Pentecost '' article from the Catholic Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> `` Pentecost '' article from the Jewish Encyclopedia </Li> <Li> Feast of Pentecost Greek Orthodox Archdiocese </Li> <Li> Explanation of the Feast from the Handbook for Church Servers ( Nastolnaya Kniga ) by Sergei V. 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Internal transcribed spacer - wikipedia <H1> Internal transcribed spacer </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Internal transcribed spacer ( ITS ) refers to the spacer DNA situated between the small - subunit ribosomal RNA ( rRNA ) and large - subunit rRNA genes in the chromosome or the corresponding transcribed region in the polycistronic rRNA precursor transcript . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 ITS across life domains </Li> <Li> 2 Organization </Li> <Li> 3 Use in phylogeny </Li> <Li> 4 Fungal barcoding </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> ITS across life domains ( edit ) </H2> <P> In bacteria and archaea , ITS is located between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes . On the other hand , there are two ITS 's in eukaryotes ; ITS1 is located between 18S and 5.8 S rRNA genes , while ITS2 is between 5.8 S and 26S ( in plants , or 28S in animals ) rRNA genes . ITS1 corresponds to the ITS in bacteria and archaea , while ITS2 originated as an insertion that interrupted the ancestral 23S rRNA gene . </P> <H2> Organization ( edit ) </H2> Organization of the eukaryotic nuclear ribosomal DNA tandem repeats . <P> Genes encoding ribosomal RNA and spacers occur in tandem repeats that are thousands of copies long , each separated by regions of non-transcribed DNA termed intergenic spacer ( IGS ) or non-transcribed spacer ( NTS ) . </P> <P> Each eukaryotic ribosomal cluster contains the 5 ' external transcribed sequence ( 5 ' ETS ) , the 18S rRNA gene , the ITS1 , the 5.8 S rRNA gene , the ITS2 , the 28S rRNA gene , and finally the 3 ' ETS . </P> <P> During rRNA maturation , ETS and ITS pieces are excised . As non-functional by - products of this maturation , they are rapidly degraded . </P> <H2> Use in phylogeny ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sequence comparison of the ITS region is widely used in taxonomy and molecular phylogeny because of several favorable properties : </P> <Ul> <Li> it is routinely amplified thanks to its small size associated to the availability of highly conserved flanking sequences ; </Li> <Li> it is easy to detect even from small quantities of DNA due to the high copy number of the rRNA clusters ; </Li> <Li> it undergoes rapid concerted evolution via unequal crossing - over and gene conversion . This promotes intra-genomic homogeneity of the repeat units , although high - throughput sequencing showed the occurrence of frequent variations within plant species . </Li> <Li> it has a high degree of variation even between closely related species . This can be explained by the relatively low evolutionary pressure acting on such non-coding spacer sequences . </Li> </Ul> <P> For example , ITS markers have proven especially useful for elucidating phylogenetic relationships among the following taxa . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Taxonomic group </Th> <Th> Taxonomic level </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Authors with references </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Asteraceae : Compositae </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Baldwin et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Viscaceae : Arceuthobium </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nickrent et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poaceae : Zea </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Buckler & Holtsford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leguminosae : Medicago </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Bena et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orchidaceae : Diseae </Td> <Td> Genera ( within tribes ) </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Douzery et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Odonota : Calopteryx </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Weekers et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yeasts of clinical importance </Td> <Td> Genera </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Chen et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poaceae : Saccharinae </Td> <Td> Genera ( within tribes ) </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Hodkinson et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plantaginaceae : Plantago </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Rønsted et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jungermanniopsida : Herbertus </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Feldberg et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pinaceae : Tsuga </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Havill et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Symbiodinium </Td> <Td> Clade </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Stat et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brassicaceae </Td> <Td> Tribes ( within a family ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Warwick et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ericaceae : Erica </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Pirie et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diptera : Bactrocera </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Boykin et al . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scrophulariaceae : Scrophularia </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Scheunert & Heubl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potamogetonaceae : Potamogeton </Td> <Td> Species ( congeneric ) </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Yang et al . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Fungal Barcoding ( edit ) </H2> <P> The ITS region is the most widely sequenced DNA region in molecular ecology of fungi and has been recommended as the universal fungal barcode sequence . It has typically been most useful for molecular systematics at the species level , and even within species ( e.g. , to identify geographic races ) . Because of its higher degree of variation than other genic regions of rDNA ( for small - and large - subunit rRNA ) , variation among individual rDNA repeats can sometimes be observed within both the ITS and IGS regions . In addition to the standard ITS1 + ITS4 primers used by most labs , several taxon - specific primers have been described that allow selective amplification of fungal sequences ( e.g. , see Gardes & Bruns 1993 paper describing amplification of basidiomycete ITS sequences from mycorrhiza samples ) . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Lafontaine , D.L.J. ; Tollervey , D. ( 2001 ) . `` The function and synthesis of ribosomes '' . Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology . 2 ( 7 ) : 514 -- 520 . doi : 10.1038 / 35080045 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott Orland Rogers ( 27 July 2011 ) . Integrated Molecular Evolution . CRC Press . pp. 65 -- 66 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4398 - 1995 - 1 . Retrieved 9 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bena , Gilles ; Jubier , Marie - France ; Olivieri , Isabelle ; Lejeune , Bernard ( 1998 ) . `` Ribosomal External and Internal Transcribed Spacers : Combined Use in the Phylogenetic Analysis of Medicago ( Leguminosae ) '' . Journal of Molecular Evolution. 46 ( 3 ) : 299 -- 306 . ISSN 0022 - 2844 . doi : 10.1007 / PL00006306 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michot , Bernard ; Bachellerie , Jean - Pierre ; Raynal , Francoise ( 1983 - 05 - 25 ) . `` Structure of mouse rRNA precursors . Complete sequence and potential folding of the spacer regions between 18S and 28S rRNA '' . Nucleic Acids Research . 11 ( 10 ) : 3375 -- 3391 . ISSN 0305 - 1048 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 11.10. 3375 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baldwin , Bruce G. ; Sanderson , Michael J. ; Porter , J. Mark ; Wojciechowski , Martin F. ; Campbell , Christopher S. ; Donoghue , Michael J. ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . `` The ITS Region of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA : A Valuable Source of Evidence on Angiosperm Phylogeny '' . Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden . 82 ( 2 ) : 247 -- 277 . JSTOR 2399880 . doi : 10.2307 / 2399880 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Song , Jingyuan ; Shi , Linchun ; Li , Dezhu ; Sun , Yongzhen ; Niu , Yunyun ; Chen , Zhiduan ; Luo , Hongmei ; Pang , Xiaohui ; Sun , Zhiying ( 2012 - 08 - 30 ) . `` Extensive Pyrosequencing Reveals Frequent Intra-Genomic Variations of Internal Transcribed Spacer Regions of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 8 ) : e43971 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 3431384 . PMID 22952830 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0043971 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baldwin , B.G. ( 1992 ) . `` Phylogenetic utility of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA in plants : An example from the Compositae '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 16 . PMID 1342921 . doi : 10.1016 / 1055 - 7903 ( 92 ) 90030 - K . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nickrent , Daniel L. ; Schuette , Kevin P. ; Starr , Ellen M. ( 1994 - 01 - 01 ) . `` A Molecular Phylogeny of Arceuthobium ( Viscaceae ) Based on Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences '' . American Journal of Botany. 81 ( 9 ) : 1149 -- 1160 . JSTOR 2445477 . doi : 10.2307 / 2445477 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buckler , E.S. ; Holtsford , T.P. ( 1996 - 04 - 01 ) . `` Zea systematics : ribosomal ITS evidence . '' . Molecular Biology and Evolution. 13 ( 4 ) : 612 -- 622 . ISSN 0737 - 4038 . PMID 8882504 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. molbev. a025621 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Douzery , Emmanuel J.P. ; Pridgeon , Alec M. ; Kores , Paul ; Linder , H.P. ; Kurzweil , Hubert ; Chase , Mark W. ( 1999 - 06 - 01 ) . `` Molecular phylogenetics of Diseae ( Orchidaceae ) : a contribution from nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences '' . American Journal of Botany. 86 ( 6 ) : 887 -- 899 . ISSN 0002 - 9122 . PMID 10371730 . doi : 10.2307 / 2656709 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weekers , Peter H.H. ; De Jonckheere , Johan F. ; Dumont , Henri J. ( 2001 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Phylogenetic Relationships Inferred from Ribosomal ITS Sequences and Biogeographic Patterns in Representatives of the Genus Calopteryx ( Insecta : Odonata ) of the West Mediterranean and Adjacent West European Zone '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 20 ( 1 ) : 89 -- 99 . doi : 10.1006 / mpev. 2001.0947 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chen , Y-C , J.D. Eisner , M.M. Kattar , S.L. Rassoulian - Barrett , K. Lafe , A.P. Limaye , and B.T. Cookson ( 2001 ) . `` Polymorphic Internal Transcribed Spacer Region 1 DNA Sequences Identify Medically Important Yeasts '' . J. Clin. Microbiol. 39 ( 11 ) : 4042 -- 4051 . PMC 88485 . PMID 11682528 . doi : 10.1128 / JCM. 39.11. 4042 - 4051.2001 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hodkinson , Trevor R. ; Chase , Mark W. ; Lledó , Dolores M. ; Salamin , Nicolas ; Renvoize , Stephen A. `` Phylogenetics of Miscanthus , Saccharum and related genera ( Saccharinae , Andropogoneae , Poaceae ) based on DNA sequences from ITS nuclear ribosomal DNA and plastid trnL intron and trnL - F intergenic spacers '' . Journal of Plant Research . 115 ( 5 ) : 381 -- 392 . ISSN 0918 - 9440 . doi : 10.1007 / s10265 - 002 - 0049 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rønsted , Nina ; Chase , Mark W. ; Albach , Dirk C. ; Bello , Maria Angelica ( 2002 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Phylogenetic relationships within Plantago ( Plantaginaceae ) : evidence from nuclear ribosomal ITS and plastid trnL - F sequence data '' . Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society . 139 ( 4 ) : 323 -- 338 . ISSN 1095 - 8339 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1095 - 8339.2002. 00070. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feldberg , K. ; Groth , H. ; Wilson , R. ; Schäfer - Verwimp , A. ; Heinrichs , J. ( 2004 - 11 - 04 ) . `` Cryptic speciation in Herbertus ( Herbertaceae , Jungermanniopsida ) : Range and morphology of Herbertus sendtneri inferred from nrITS sequences '' . Plant Systematics and Evolution. 249 ( 3 - 4 ) : 247 -- 261 . ISSN 0378 - 2697 . doi : 10.1007 / s00606 - 004 - 0221 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Havill , Nathan P. ; Campbell , Christopher S. ; Vining , Thomas F. ; LePage , Ben ; Bayer , Randall J. ; Donoghue , Michael J. ( 2008 - 07 - 01 ) . `` Phylogeny and Biogeography of Tsuga ( Pinaceae ) Inferred from Nuclear Ribosomal ITS and Chloroplast DNA Sequence Data '' . Systematic Botany. 33 ( 3 ) : 478 -- 489 . doi : 10.1600 / 036364408785679770 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stat , Michael ; Pochon , Xavier ( 2008 - 07 - 02 ) . `` Specificity in communities of Symbiodinium in corals from Johnston Atoll '' ( PDF ) . Marine Ecology Progress Series . 386 : 83 -- 96 . doi : 10.3354 / meps08080 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warwick , Suzanne I. ; Mummenhoff , Klaus ; Sauder , Connie A. ; Koch , Marcus A. ; Al - Shehbaz , Ihsan A. ( 2010 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Closing the gaps : phylogenetic relationships in the Brassicaceae based on DNA sequence data of nuclear ribosomal ITS region '' . Plant Systematics and Evolution. 285 ( 3 - 4 ) : 209 -- 232 . ISSN 0378 - 2697 . doi : 10.1007 / s00606 - 010 - 0271 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pirie , Michael D. ; Oliver , E.G.H. ; Bellstedt , Dirk U. ( 2011 - 11 - 01 ) . `` A densely sampled ITS phylogeny of the Cape flagship genus Erica L. suggests numerous shifts in floral macro-morphology '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 61 ( 2 ) : 593 -- 601 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2011.06. 007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boykin , L.M. ; Schutze , M.K. ; Krosch , M.N. ; Chomič , A. ; Chapman , T.A. ; Englezou , A. ; Armstrong , K.F. ; Clarke , A.R. ; Hailstones , D. ( 2014 - 05 - 01 ) . `` Multi-gene phylogenetic analysis of south - east Asian pest members of the Bactrocera dorsalis species complex ( Diptera : Tephritidae ) does not support current taxonomy '' . Journal of Applied Entomology. 138 ( 4 ) : 235 -- 253 . ISSN 1439 - 0418 . doi : 10.1111 / jen. 12047 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scheunert , Agnes ; Heubl , Günther ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Diversification of Scrophularia ( Scrophulariaceae ) in the Western Mediterranean and Macaronesia -- Phylogenetic relationships , reticulate evolution and biogeographic patterns '' . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 70 : 296 -- 313 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ympev. 2013.09. 023 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yang , Tao ; Zhang , Tian - lei ; Guo , You - hao ; Liu , Xing ( 2016 - 11 - 17 ) . `` Identification of Hybrids in Potamogeton : Incongruence between Plastid and ITS Regions Solved by a Novel Barcoding Marker PHYB '' . PLOS ONE . 11 ( 11 ) : e0166177 . ISSN 1932 - 6203 . PMC 5113904 . PMID 27855191 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0166177 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peay K.G. ; Kennedy P.G. ; Bruns T.D. ( 2008 ) . `` Fungal community ecology : a hybrid beast with a molecular master '' . BioScience. 58 : 799 -- 810 . doi : 10.1641 / b580907 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schoch , C.L. , Seifert , K.A. , Huhndorf , S. , Robert , V. , Spouge , J.L. , Levesque , C.A. , Chen , W. , Bolchacova , E. , Voigt , K. , Crous , P.W. ; et al. ( 2012 ) . `` Nuclear Ribosomal Internal Transcribed Spacer ( ITS ) Region as a Universal DNA Barcode Marker for Fungi '' . PNAS. 109 ( 16 ) : 6241 -- 6246 . PMC 3341068 . PMID 22454494 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1117018109 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , T.J. , Bruns , T. , Lee , S. , and Taylor , J. ( 1990 ) . Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics . PCR Protocols : a Guide to Methods and Applications 18 , 315 -- 322 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardes , M. ; Bruns , T.D. ( 1993 ) . `` ITS primers with enhanced specificity for basidiomycetes : application to the identification of mycorrhiza and rusts '' . Molecular Ecology. 2 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 118 . PMID 8180733 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 294X. 1993. tb00005. x . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> University of Washington Laboratory Medicine : Molecular Diagnosis Yeast Sequencing </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internal_transcribed_spacer&oldid=806991014 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> DNA </Li> <Li> Phylogenetics </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Português </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 October 2017 , at 08 : 04 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Halestorm - wikipedia <H1> Halestorm </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Alestorm or Hailstorm ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Halestorm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Halestorm performing an acoustic set in 2009 . Left to right : Josh Smith , Arejay Hale ( back ) , Lzzy Hale , Joe Hottinger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Red Lion , Pennsylvania , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hard rock </Li> <Li> heavy metal </Li> <Li> alternative metal </Li> <Li> post-grunge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1997 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> Atlantic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> halestormrocks.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lzzy Hale </Li> <Li> Arejay Hale </Li> <Li> Joe Hottinger </Li> <Li> Josh Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leo Nessinger </Li> <Li> Roger Hale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Halestorm is an American hard rock band from Red Lion , Pennsylvania , consisting of lead vocalist and guitarist Lzzy Hale , her brother drummer and percussionist Arejay Hale , guitarist Joe Hottinger , and bassist Josh Smith . The group 's self - titled debut album was released on April 28 , 2009 , through Atlantic Records . Their second album The Strange Case Of ... was released on April 10 , 2012 . Its lead single `` Love Bites ( So Do I ) '' from that album won their first Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock / Metal Performance on February 10 , 2013 . </P> <P> Halestorm is well known for their near non-stop touring , often performing as many as 250 shows a year . Since 2006 they have toured with many hard rock and heavy metal acts including Alter Bridge , Chevelle , Seether , Staind , Papa Roach , Trapt , Three Days Grace , Theory of a Deadman , Buckcherry , Disturbed , Shinedown , Avenged Sevenfold , Stone Sour , Hellyeah , Heaven & Hell , Evanescence , The Pretty Reckless , Starset , Sevendust , Dorothy , Lita Ford and Bullet For My Valentine . Halestorm appeared on the first annual Rockstar Energy Drink Uproar Festival , and in October 2010 the band traveled to Japan to participate in the Loud Park Festival . Halestorm also appeared on the 2010 Taste of Chaos tour . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Formation ( 1997 -- 2004 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Halestorm ( 2005 -- 11 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 The Strange Case Of ... ( 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Into the Wild Life ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Appearances </Li> <Li> 3 Band members </Li> <Li> 4 Timeline </Li> <Li> 5 Discography </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Formation ( 1997 -- 2004 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Siblings Arejay and Elizabeth `` Lzzy '' Hale have been actively writing and performing original music since 1997 when they were 10 and 13 years old , respectively . Lizzy started learning piano at the age of 5 ; She later progressed to a keytar , and Arejay the drums . She took guitar lessons at 16 . The teen siblings released an EP titled Do n't Mess With the Time Man in 1999 . In 2003 , Joe Hottinger joined the band . In Halestorm 's earlier days , Lzzy and Arejay 's father , Roger Hale , played bass before Josh Smith joined the group in 2004 . </P> <H3> Halestorm ( 2005 -- 11 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The group signed a recording contract with Atlantic Records on June 28 , 2005 , and released a live EP titled One and Done on April 28 , 2006 . The EP , now out of print , featured an early live version of `` It 's Not You . '' Their self - titled debut album was released on April 28 , 2009 . The song `` I Get Off '' served as the album 's lead single . Both the song and video for their second single , `` It 's Not You '' , were released in late November 2009 . Singles and videos for `` Love / Hate Heartbreak '' and `` Familiar Taste of Poison '' were released in 2010 . </P> <P> On November 16 , 2010 Halestorm released a live CD / DVD entitled Live in Philly 2010 , which was recorded at The TLA in Philadelphia in early 2010 . On March 22 , 2011 , Halestorm released an EP called ReAnimate containing covers of songs of different genres , including `` Ride the Lightning '' by Metallica . </P> <H3> The Strange Case of ... ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> On January 24 , 2012 , Halestorm released the EP Hello , It 's Mz . Hyde . Their second full - length album , The Strange Case Of ... was released on April 10 , 2012 , in the US , April 9 in the UK , and April 17 in Italy . On October 29 , 2012 they were announced as the support for Bullet For My Valentine on their UK tour in March 2013 . </P> <P> On December 5 , 2012 during a show at the Majestic Theater in Madison , Wisconsin , before Lzzy could start her piano ballad `` Break In '' , guitarist Joe Hottinger ran up to her from off stage and told her that the song `` Love Bites ... ( So Do I ) '' was nominated for a Grammy in the Best Hard Rock / Metal Performance Category . Drummer Arejay Hale asked on his mic what happened and after Lzzy replied to the audience that they had just been nominated for a Grammy , the crowd erupted in celebration . The entire event was recorded by a fan and posted on YouTube . On February 10 , 2013 Halestorm won the award , becoming the first female - fronted band to both be nominated and win in that category . In April 2013 , Halestorm reached the top of the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for the first time with their single `` Freak Like Me '' . On August 6 , 2013 , the band premiered their video for `` Here 's To Us '' . On October 15 , Halestorm released their second covers album entitled Reanimate 2.0 . </P> <H3> Into the Wild Life ( 2014 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> Halestorm performing in 2014 <P> Halestorm covered the Dio song `` Straight Through the Heart '' on the tribute album Ronnie James Dio - This Is Your Life , which was released on March 25 , 2014 . On March 28 , 2014 Halestorm performed a brand new song called The Heartbreaker at the Cannery Ballroom in Nashville , Tennessee . In April , the band released a video on YouTube called A Day In The Life Of Halestorm 2014 ( Backstage , Interview & New Song Mayhem ) . The title of the new album was originally set to be released January 13 , 2015 , but was actually moved a day earlier to January 12 . The band has posted letters of the album name allowing for fans to try and unscramble them , and on January 12 , 2015 , their third full studio album entitled Into the Wild Life was announced with release dates for the UK and US , April 13 and 14 respectively . In May , 2015 will be released the photo book To Hale And Back in collaboration with photographer Rob Fenn , which documents the career of Halestorm so far . On January 6 , 2017 , Halestorm released their third covers album Reanimate 3.0. On 17 May 2017 , they released the official music video for the song `` Dear Daughter '' . </P> <H2> Appearances ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Halestorm on a concert at Carnival of Madness in Laredo , Texas on August 14 , 2012 . <P> Halestorm was the featured artist on the cover of Origivation magazine in October 2006 and appeared on the cover of Pennsylvania Musician magazine three times ( August 1999 , March 2000 , and February 2003 ) . Lzzy Hale appeared on the cover of Revolver magazine along with Grace Perry from Landmine Marathon in their December 2009 edition of the `` Hottest Chicks in Metal . '' Lzzy Hale has also been noted for her use of Gibson Guitars . Arejay Hale was featured in the June 2010 issue of Modern Drummer magazine . </P> <P> In mid 2012 , Halestorm made a special requested appearance in an episode of Bar Rescue , titled `` Owner Ousted '' , where they performed at the grand opening of the Fairfield , Ohio bar America Live ( formerly Win , Place or Show ) . </P> <P> On January 29 , 2013 Halestorm performed on Jimmy Kimmel Live ! . On February 22 Lzzy Hale sang the Guns N ' Roses song `` Out Ta Get Me '' at Bandit Rock Awards in Stockholm Sweden , where Slash and his band were headlining . Lzzy 's vocals are featured in a cover of `` Close My Eyes Forever '' and on the album of David Draiman 's new project , Device . </P> <H2> Band members ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Current members </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Lzzy Hale -- lead vocals , rhythm guitar , acoustic guitar , keyboards , piano ( 1997 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Arejay Hale -- drums , percussion , backing vocals ( 1997 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Joe Hottinger -- lead guitar , acoustic guitar , backing vocals ( 2003 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Josh Smith -- bass guitar , keyboards , piano , backing vocals ( 2004 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Past members </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Leo Nessinger -- lead guitar ( 2000 -- 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Roger Hale -- bass guitar ( 1998 -- 2004 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Timeline ( edit ) </H2> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Halestorm discography <Dl> <Dt> Studio albums </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Halestorm ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Strange Case Of ... ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Wild Life ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Tim Grierson . `` Halestorm '' . About.com Entertainment . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Discs : Halestorm , 1032K , Willie Nelson , Joshua Bell and Friends '' . The Buffalo News . October 24 , 2013 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lindsey Stirling '' . Billboard . November 4 , 2014 . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marisa Brown . `` Halestorm -- Biography -- AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halestorm Biography '' . HalestormRocks.com. 2009 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2010 - 09 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` And The GRAMMY Went To ... Halestorm - GRAMMY.com '' . The GRAMMYs . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halestorm conquers big boys of hard rock to win first Grammy Award '' . PennLive.com . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darling , Gary ( May 17 , 2010 ) . `` 20 questions with Joe Hottinger of Halestorm '' . Taft Midway Driller . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 02 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halestorm Hits Everywhere This Week '' . Marketwire. April 2009 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rockstar Energy Drink UPROAR Festival -- Bands '' . Rockstaruproar.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 05 - 24 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halestorm Releasing Live CD And DVD In November '' . The RockStar Group . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LOUD PARK 10 : : OFFICIAL SITE -- NEWS '' ( in Japanese ) . July 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 16 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nu Rock Traxx volume 135 -- ERG Music 's DJ CD Compilations '' . Ergmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IT 'S COMING ! Halestorm to release `` Live in Philly 2010 '' CD / DVD in 2011 `` . HalestormRocks.com. 2010 - 10 - 19 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 03 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halestorm Announce New Album , ' The Strange Case Of ... ' and Premiere Music '' . Revolver Magazine . 2012 - 01 - 24 . Retrieved February 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Loudwire , May 11 , 2012 '' . Loudwire . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lzzy Hale 's reaction to her Grammy nomination '' . December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In 2013 they were announced as the opening act for the Daughtry and 3 Doors Down tour . https://www.billboard.com/artist/276346/halestorm/chart?f=376 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halestorm Premiere Here 's To Us Video '' . UpVenue . Retrieved 18 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halestorm Covers Judas Priest , AC / DC , Marilyn Manson On ' Reanimate 2.0 : The Covers EP ' '' . Blabbermouth.net . Roadrunner Records . September 10 , 2013 . Retrieved May 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HALESTORM -- A day in the life of Halestorm 2014 ( backstage , interview & new song `` Mayhem '' ) on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halestorm will release the photo book ' To Hale And Back ' '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Listen To HALESTORM Cover METALLICA , SOUNDGARDEN Classics On ' ReAniMate 3.0 ' EP '' . blabbermouth.net. 6 January 2017 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://loudwire.com/halestorm-dear-daughter-video/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lzzy Hale Plays up a Storm with Gibson '' . Gibson.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Device -- Device '' . AllMusic . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Halestorm . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Halestorm at Atlantic Records </Li> <Li> 2015 Lzzy Hale Interview on Guitar.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Halestorm </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Lzzy Hale </Li> <Li> Arejay Hale </Li> <Li> Joe Hottinger </Li> <Li> Josh Smith </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Roger Hale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Halestorm ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Strange Case Of ... ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Into the Wild Life ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> One and Done ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> ReAniMate : The CoVeRs eP ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> ReAniMate 2.0 : The CoVeRs eP ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Reanimate 3.0 : The Covers EP ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live in Philly 2010 ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Get Off '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Not You '' </Li> <Li> `` Familiar Taste of Poison '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Bites ( So Do I ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Mz . Hyde '' </Li> <Li> `` Apocalyptic '' </Li> <Li> `` Amen '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 137941530 </Li> <Li> GND : 16060362 - 6 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 165119543 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb16627626g ( data ) </Li> <Li> MusicBrainz : eaed2193 - e026 - 493b - ac57 - 113360407b06 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Halestorm&oldid=819393698 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1997 establishments in Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> American alternative metal musical groups </Li> <Li> American post-grunge musical groups </Li> <Li> Atlantic Records artists </Li> <Li> Musical quartets </Li> <Li> Grammy Award winners </Li> <Li> Hard rock musical groups from Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Heavy metal musical groups from Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Musical groups established in 1997 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 03 : 33 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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American Horror Story : Roanoke - wikipedia <H1> American Horror Story : Roanoke </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> American Horror Story : Roanoke </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster and home media cover art </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kathy Bates </Li> <Li> Sarah Paulson </Li> <Li> Cuba Gooding Jr . </Li> <Li> Lily Rabe </Li> <Li> André Holland </Li> <Li> Denis O'Hare </Li> <Li> Wes Bentley </Li> <Li> Evan Peters </Li> <Li> Cheyenne Jackson </Li> <Li> Angela Bassett </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> FX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 14 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) -- November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Hotel Next → Cult </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of American Horror Story episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> American Horror Story : Roanoke is the sixth season of the FX horror anthology television series American Horror Story . It premiered on September 14 , 2016 , marking the first time the series has debuted outside of October , and concluded on November 16 , 2016 . </P> <P> Returning cast members from previous seasons include : Lily Rabe , Sarah Paulson , Angela Bassett , Adina Porter , Kathy Bates , Denis O'Hare , Wes Bentley , Cheyenne Jackson , Lady Gaga , Evan Peters , Frances Conroy , Leslie Jordan , Finn Wittrock , Robin Weigert , and Taissa Farmiga , along with new cast members Cuba Gooding Jr. and André Holland . Paulson also reprised her role as the Asylum character , Lana Winters , for the season finale . </P> <P> Prior to the premiere , series co-creator Ryan Murphy stated this season of the series would be `` more rogue '' and `` dark '' in contrast to its previous cycle , Hotel . Details about its plot and cast were kept secret until the first episode aired , an unusual approach to publicity for the series . As such , it became the first iteration of the series to not release a subtitle prior to the season premiere since its debut . Several potential themes were theorized based on various promotional material produced by FX . After the release of pictures taken from the set in Santa Clarita , it was widely speculated that the season would incorporate the infamous 1580s Roanoke Colony disappearance . The premiere episode revealed the season to be depicted as a paranormal documentary entitled My Roanoke Nightmare which reenacts the experiences of a married couple who relocate to North Carolina . Roanoke has received positive reviews , with critics noting its subdued aesthetic and pacing in comparison to earlier seasons of the series . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Main </Li> <Li> 2.2 Special guest stars </Li> <Li> 2.3 Recurring </Li> <Li> 2.4 Guest stars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Set design </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 4.3 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Marketing <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Campaign </Li> <Li> 5.2 Plot theories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.2 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 6.3 Ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Presented as a paranormal documentary series titled My Roanoke Nightmare in the first half of the season , the story follows a married couple whose experiences are reenacted by actors . Shelby ( Lily Rabe ) and Matt Miller ( André Holland ) move from Los Angeles , California , to a house in North Carolina following a brutal assault which left Matt temporarily hospitalized and caused Shelby to have a miscarriage . As soon as the couple settles into their new home , located on a farmstead in rural North Carolina where the Roanoke Colony settled after their infamous disappearance , strange and paranormal occurrences begin to haunt them and Matt 's sister , Lee Harris ( Adina Porter ) . In the five - episode documentary , Shelby is portrayed by the extravagant English actress Audrey Tindall ( Sarah Paulson ) , Matt by the conceited Dominic Banks ( Cuba Gooding Jr . ) and Lee by the alcoholic Monet Tumusiime ( Angela Bassett ) . </P> <P> The leader of Roanoke 's colonists , Thomasin White , known as The Butcher , is portrayed by the unstable actress Agnes Mary Winstead ( Kathy Bates ) , while her son , Ambrose , is portrayed by Dylan ( Wes Bentley ) . The builder and first owner of the house , Edward Philippe Mott , is played by Rory Monahan ( Evan Peters ) and the previous owner , before the arrival of the Millers , by William van Henderson ( Denis O'Hare ) . </P> <P> The second half of the season is presented as found footage and depicts the production and aftermath of the follow - up series entitled Return to Roanoke : Three Days in Hell . Designed by My Roanoke Nightmare 's producer Sidney Aaron James ( Cheyenne Jackson ) , Return to Roanoke places the reenactors and their real life counterparts in the Roanoke house for three days during the Blood Moon , putting the lives of the cast and crew in danger as they face the true horrors within the Roanoke house . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : List of American Horror Story cast members and List of American Horror Story : Roanoke characters <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> Sarah Paulson , Cuba Gooding Jr. , and Angela Bassett ( left to right ) . Paulson portrays Shelby Miller , Audrey Tindall and Lana Winters , Gooding Jr. portrays Matt Miller and Dominic Banks and Bassett portrays Lee Harris and Monet Tumusiime Lily Rabe , Kathy Bates , and Leslie Jordan ( left to right ) portray Shelby Miller , Thomasin White and Agnes Mary Winstead , and Cricket Marlowe and Ashley Gilbert , respectively . <Ul> <Li> Kathy Bates as Agnes Mary Winstead <Ul> <Li> Thomasin White / The Butcher in My Roanoke Nightmare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sarah Paulson as Audrey Tindall and Lana Winters <Ul> <Li> Shelby Miller in My Roanoke Nightmare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cuba Gooding Jr. as Dominic Banks <Ul> <Li> Matt Miller in My Roanoke Nightmare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lily Rabe as Shelby Miller </Li> <Li> André Holland as Matt Miller </Li> <Li> Denis O'Hare as William van Henderson <Ul> <Li> Dr. Elias Cunningham in My Roanoke Nightmare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wes Bentley as Dylan <Ul> <Li> Ambrose White in My Roanoke Nightmare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Evan Peters as Rory Monahan <Ul> <Li> Edward Philippe Mott in My Roanoke Nightmare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cheyenne Jackson as Sidney Aaron James </Li> <Li> Angela Bassett as Monet Tumusiime <Ul> <Li> Lee Harris in My Roanoke Nightmare </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Special guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Lady Gaga as Scáthach </Li> <Li> Frances Conroy as Mama Polk </Li> <Li> Finn Wittrock as Jether Polk </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Adina Porter as Lee Harris </Li> <Li> Leslie Jordan as Ashley Gilbert <Ul> <Li> Cricket Marlowe in My Roanoke Nightmare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Saniyya Sidney as Flora Harris <Ul> <Li> Simone Baker portrays Flora in reality . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Charles Malik Whitfield as Mason Harris </Li> <Li> Colby French as Police Officer </Li> <Li> Maya Rose Berko as Nurse Miranda Jane </Li> <Li> Kristen Rakes as Nurse Bridget Jane </Li> <Li> Grady Lee Richmond as Ishmael Polk </Li> <Li> Chaz Bono as Brian Wells <Ul> <Li> Lot Polk in My Roanoke Nightmare </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Orson Chaplin as Cain Polk </Li> <Li> Estelle Hermansen as Priscilla </Li> <Li> Billy Snow as Rhett Snow </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Taissa Farmiga as Sophie Green </Li> <Li> Doris Kearns Goodwin as herself </Li> <Li> Henderson Wade as Guinness </Li> <Li> Shannon Lucio as Diana Cross </Li> <Li> Robin Weigert as Mama Polk </Li> <Li> Jacob Artist as Todd Connors </Li> <Li> Jon Bass as Milo </Li> <Li> Emma Bell as Tracy Logan </Li> <Li> James Morosini as Bob Kinnaman </Li> <Li> Frederick Koehler as Lot Polk </Li> <Li> Trixie Mattel as herself </Li> </Ul> <P> ^ 1 These actors portray their characters solely in the My Roanoke Nightmare re-enactment . </P> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of American Horror Story episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> US viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 1 '' </Td> <Td> Bradley Buecker </Td> <Td> Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk </Td> <Td> September 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS01 </Td> <Td> 5.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Shelby and Matt Miller are a married couple being interviewed for a documentary called My Roanoke Nightmare . Through a combination of dramatic re-enactment and testimonials , the couple reveal that they fled to North Carolina from Los Angeles , after they were assaulted as part of a gang initiation that caused Shelby to miscarry their baby . While in North Carolina , the couple find an abandoned colonial farmhouse that they purchase in an attempt to start over again . After moving into the house , strange and violent events begin to unfold that threaten the couple . When Matt leaves on a business trip , he asks his sister Lee to stay and guard Shelby . Lee and Shelby do not get along which puts them in jeopardy , as the house is invaded by a group of people wielding knives and carrying torches . The mob leaves behind creepy totems and a video of a man encountering a creature who has the head of a pig and the body of a man . When Matt wants to stay in the house , rather than flee , Shelby escapes in Matt 's car . After hitting a woman on the road , Shelby witnesses a ritualistic murder in the woods . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 2 '' </Td> <Td> Michael Goi </Td> <Td> Tim Minear </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS02 </Td> <Td> 3.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Shelby assumes the ritual she witnessed was staged ; she and Matt resolve to stay in the house . After discovering a burning totem in the woods near the house , Matt and Shelby finally secure the help of the local police . Unnerving and mysterious events continue to affect the residents of the house , this time including Matt , Lee , and her daughter Flora . Shelby and Matt discover a storm cellar under the back yard ; there , they view a recording created by the man from the first video . He was a previous resident who came to the house to research it ; he details the house 's previous use as a nursing home where two sisters committed multiple murders . Shelby and Matt realize that they are trapped because all their money is tied up in the house and they have no way out . Meanwhile , Lee violates her custody agreement with her ex-husband , and brings Flora to the house in an attempt to spend time with her . Flora encounters an entity , `` Priscilla '' , who tells her that everyone in the house will be murdered . Flora then disappears , and the adults find her hoodie atop a massive pine tree . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 3 '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Lynch </Td> <Td> James Wong </Td> <Td> September 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS03 </Td> <Td> 3.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> While searching for Flora , Lee 's ex-husband is found dead . Shelby suspects Lee and the security cameras show that she followed him out of the house during the night . Meanwhile , the hillbilly family vanishes , leaving behind their two feral sons . Cricket , a psychic , claims to be able to locate Flora , and Lee pays him $25,000 . In the documentary interview , Lee reluctantly discusses the disappearance of her first daughter , many years earlier . Cricket reveals that Priscilla is a dead 16th - century child , and the area is haunted by spirits led by `` The Butcher '' , formerly Thomasin White , the first lady of the Roanoke Colony . The colonists rebelled against Thomasin in her husband 's absence and left her for dead . In desperation , she gave her soul to a mysterious woman and violently retook control of the colony , forcing them to relocate to what is now Shelby and Matt 's property . During a confrontation with the spirits , Matt disappears and Shelby finds him copulating with the same mysterious woman . Matt does not recall these events and as they argue the police arrive to arrest Lee , tipped off by Shelby . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 4 '' </Td> <Td> Marita Grabiak </Td> <Td> John J. Gray </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS04 </Td> <Td> 2.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Following Matt 's tryst with the mysterious woman , Shelby thinks that Matt and Lee are conspiring against her . Later that night , Shelby is attacked by the Piggy Man and is saved by Dr. Cunningham . Dr. Cunningham reveals the history of the paranormal activity of the house to the Millers . He reveals that Thomasin is responsible for all the disappearances in the house and all of them occur on the same six - day lunar cycle in October . Dr. Cunningham leads the Millers to Flora but is killed by Thomasin 's men . As the Millers rush home , they encounter Cricket . Cricket heads back into the woods and comes face to face with the mysterious woman who is revealed to be the true leader of the Roanoke Colony . She shows Cricket what really happened to the lost colony of Roanoke . Through his own experience with the mysterious woman , Matt learns some of her backstory . Before Matt can finish learning her backstory , he is interrupted by Shelby 's screams . Thomasin 's mob surround the house with Flora in their possession but Priscilla helps to free her . All the Millers flee into the house and Shelby and Matt witness the mob disembowel Cricket . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 5 '' </Td> <Td> Nelson Cragg </Td> <Td> Akela Cooper </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS05 </Td> <Td> 2.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Doris Kearns Goodwin reveals the backstory of one of the owners of the Roanoke House , Edward Philippe Mott , and his subsequent ownership of the property . Mott used the property as a storage house for his art collection and to conduct clandestine homosexual affairs with a member of his staff . During the blood moon , he was sacrificed by Thomasin and her men . In the present , Thomasin 's mob surrounds the house ready to kill the Millers . The mob attacks the house and just when all seems lost , Edward Philippe Mott arrives and leads the Millers to safety . However , he abandons the Millers out in the woods leading to them being kidnapped by the Polk family . Meanwhile , Lee is released from prison due to lack of evidence . The Millers attempt to escape , which leads to Mama Polk breaking Shelby 's leg . The Polks return the Millers to Thomasin as revenge for the loss of their two children . Just as Thomasin is about to sacrifice the Miller family , Ambrose stops her from completing the ritual and pushes her into the fire in penance for the colonies sins . Then , Lee arrives back to the house and the Millers flee the property in her car . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 6 '' </Td> <Td> Angela Bassett </Td> <Td> Ned Martel </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS06 </Td> <Td> 2.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> My Roanoke Nightmare was a massive success during its run , attracting 23 million viewers . Spurred by its success , Sidney , the network executive who produced it , pitches a new idea entitled Return to Roanoke : Three Days in Hell where the reenactors and the real - world counterparts are brought together under the roof of the Roanoke house for three days during the blood moon . Sidney reveals that his motive for producing the follow - up is to expose Lee for the murder of Mason . The real Shelby Miller is reluctant to participate in the new series but is convinced to do it by a chance to reconnect with her estranged husband . As part of the new series , the lives of the reenactors who portrayed these events are explored . As the crew prepares the house for filming , strange events begin to unfold . As the series commences , the reenactors begin to get a taste of the true horrors within the house . It is revealed that over the course of the new series , all but one of the participants died in the house and that the series never made it to air . The first victim was Rory , the reenactor who played Edward Philippe Mott , who was murdered by the two nurses . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 7 '' </Td> <Td> Elodie Keene </Td> <Td> Crystal Liu </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS07 </Td> <Td> 2.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Following Rory 's murder , Agnes , who is completely consumed by her role as Thomasin , murders Sidney and his entire production team . Meanwhile , tensions in the house continue to rise as Matt , Shelby and Dominic argue about Shelby 's infidelity , and Lee and Monet go back and forth about her alcoholism . The fighting is interrupted when Agnes appears and attacks Shelby , forcing Lee , Audrey , and Monet to go into the woods to find help . On the way to find help , Audrey and Monet begin to encounter various supernatural occurrences that frighten them . Eventually , the three women are kidnapped by the Polk family , and are taken back to their farm , where the Polks proceed to cut Lee 's leg off and feed it to Audrey and Monet . Meanwhile , inside the house , Dominic and Shelby come across Matt having sex with Scathach . Matt admits he came back to the house for Scathach , causing Shelby to murder him in a violent rage . Then , Agnes lights a fire outside the house , demanding satisfaction from the occupants of it . Just then , the real Thomasin and her mob surround Agnes and Thomasin kills Agnes by thrusting her cleaver into Agnes ' face . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 8 '' </Td> <Td> Gwyneth Horder - Payton </Td> <Td> Todd Kubrak </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS08 </Td> <Td> 2.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> After Agnes ' murder , Dominic and Shelby begin to devise a plan to escape the house . They first decide to flee out of the secret passage but are foiled by the ghosts of the Chen family attacking them . This forces the pair to flee upstairs and lock themselves in a bathroom , but not before being attacked by the Piggy Man , the skittering creature , and Thomasin 's mob . Once the pair are safely inside , Shelby slits her throat out of guilt for murdering Matt . Meanwhile , the three women continue to be tortured by the Polk family , with Lee losing more of her flesh , and Audrey having one of her teeth ripped out of her mouth . Eventually , the women manage to escape , killing two Polks in the process . However , only Audrey and Lee make it back to the house , as Monet is being hunted down by the two remaining Polks . Back at the house , the two women come across the dead body of Matt . Then , the two find Shelby 's body and Dominic in the bathroom . The two blame Dominic for the death of Shelby and Matt , forcing him out into the hall where he is murdered by the Piggy Man . The next morning , Dylan arrives at the house to the two women 's surprise . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 9 '' </Td> <Td> Alexis O. Korycinski </Td> <Td> Tim Minear </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS09 </Td> <Td> 2.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Sophie , Milo , and Todd , three fanatics of My Roanoke Nightmare , head out into the woods in search of the Roanoke house . The three stop to take pictures of the tree that Flora 's hoodie was found on but are interrupted by a bloodied women who begs for help . The three bloggers chase after the woman , only to come across her dead body in an over turned car . When the three report what they found to the police , the police tell them that they found no dead body and that the three of them need to stop making things up . Meanwhile , Audrey , Lee , and Dylan return to the Polk compound to recover Lee 's taped confession and Monet , as well as to escape . Dylan is murdered by Ishmael and the three women succeed in escaping the incoming mob , only to be separated in the woods . The three bloggers return to the woods under the cover of night to expose the real truth , only to be murdered by Lee ( possessed by Scathach ) , Thomasin , and her mob . Lee also murders Monet and attempts to murder Audrey . The next morning , the police arrive to find the carnage . Audrey , having survived her wounds , grabs an officers gun to shoot Lee in vengeance , but is gunned down by the police . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 10 '' </Td> <Td> Bradley Buecker </Td> <Td> Ryan Murphy & Brad Falchuk </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 6ATS10 </Td> <Td> 2.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Following Lee 's murders , three series , Crack 'd , The Lana Winters Special , and Spirit Chasers , attempt to understand what could have driven her to kill . On Crack 'd , Lee 's trial and subsequent acquittals for her murders are covered . On The Lana Winters Special , famed reporter Lana Winters interviews Lee about the disappearance of her daughter , believing that Lee took her once again . The interview is interrupted by the arrival of Lot Polk , who threatens violence against Lee until he is shot . On Spirit Chasers , a group paranormal investigators , including Ashley Gilbert ( Cricket 's reenactor ) , trespass into the Roanoke house during the blood moon in order to capture the spirits on film . They are interrupted by Lee , who bursts in looking for Flora . All of the Spirit Chasers crew and Ashley are murdered by the ghosts . Lee is able to reunite with Flora , and , following an emotional reunion , decides to sacrifice herself so she can protect Priscilla and give Flora a chance at life . Flora leaves the house and watches as her mother walks off into the woods with Priscilla . From a hilltop , Thomasin watches over her mob as they begin to surround the house once again . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> `` We just thought it would really be fun to keep it a mystery , so we are ; we just thought that would be a nice change after doing things one way for five years . '' <P> -- FX president and CEO John Landgraf on the marketing strategy for the sixth season </P> <P> On November 10 , 2015 , the network renewed the series for a sixth cycle ; which premiered on September 14 , 2016 . In August 2015 , co-creator Ryan Murphy commented on the sixth year , stating , `` The next thing we 're crafting up is very very different than ( Hotel ) , not smaller . But just not opulent . More rogue and more dark . '' In October 2015 , when questioned about clues and hints alluding to the sixth season ( as has been the status quo since the first season of the series ) in Hotel , Murphy revealed he had yet to definitively decide on a theme , `` This is an interesting year in that the idea that we 're dealing with I 've mentioned in several seasons . It 's been there before . We 've actually talked about it a lot on the show . I might do that for season 7 but I 'm leaning towards that for season 6 . '' In January 2016 , FX president John Landgraf revealed that the season will be `` principally set in the present '' , with a dual timeline in `` echoes of the past '' . He also confirmed a fall 2016 premiere . At the 2016 PaleyFest , Murphy divulged that the two previous ideas ( the writers ) had been considering had been merged into season six , saying it will involve children and operatic themes . The season will consist of 10 episodes , the least in a given cycle , in the show 's history ; with the finale scheduled to air November 16 , 2016 . On September 1 , 2016 , it was reported by Entertainment Weekly that the season was possibly subtitled The Mist , as a Rotten Tomatoes page and TV Guide magazine had printed ; which was later proven untrue . There is a direct connection to Freak Show with an exploration of the Mott family origin . </P> <P> In a late September issue of Entertainment Weekly , Falchuk and Murphy revealed there would be a major twist coming to the series in `` Chapter 6 '' . Murphy said of the matter , `` You 'll see starting in episode 6 , the show has a huge turn and the thing that you think you 're watching is not what you 're watching , It 's a hat on a hat on a hat on a hat that we 've had to protect . '' Falchuk added , `` No matter what you think it is , it 's not that . Then , episode 6 comes and you 're like , ' Wait ! What happened ? ' It 's like ( episodes ) 1 -- 5 , 6 -- 9 , and 10 is its own thing . '' Murphy went on to confirm the turn in the season being a behind - the - camera look at the production of the faux documentary My Roanoke Nightmare . He also stated that the final episode will feature characters , and their mythologies , that will continue on in the overall series . </P> Set design ( edit ) <P> Colonial ware and design are incorporated into the season , which is theorized to be , at least partially , set in 1590 Roanoke , North Carolina . A pioneer cottage is incorporated in Santa Clarita , California . The set is fully dressed in time - period appropriate dressings , including an etched tree . The production designers constructed an entire colonial house , that serves as the season 's chief setting . The house was constructed in an undisclosed California forest , over the course of four months . The abode is completely functional , furnished , and finished inside and out . This is the first time in American Horror Story history that a complete home has been built , and is quite unprecedented for film and television productions in general . A three - story set built in Malibu Canyon was not permitted properly , and after being torn down in October 2016 , FX `` will be required to do extensive restoration . '' </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> In October 2015 , Murphy tweeted that he had asked Hotel star Lady Gaga to join the untitled season , but did not expect an answer anytime soon . She later confirmed her involvement in March 2016 . Coven star Emma Roberts has stated that she and Murphy have talked about a `` devilish '' role for her in the season . Murder House and Coven star Taissa Farmiga was heavily rumored to be involved with the season in some form . Murphy later confirmed Farmiga would appear late in the season . In February 2016 , Angela Bassett confirmed her return to the series during an interview on Larry King Now , being the first cast member added to the season 6 roster . She portrays Monet Tumusiime , a re-enactor of the documentary 's horrific events . At PaleyFest , Murphy invited Kathy Bates , Denis O'Hare , Sarah Paulson , Finn Wittrock , Cheyenne Jackson , Wes Bentley , and Matt Bomer to return to the show for its sixth season . In May 2016 , Jessica Lange stated , in an interview with Charlie Rose , that she would not be returning for the sixth or any other future season of the series ; saying , `` No , I had four years with that , four seasons , and each year was a marvelous character , everything changed from one year to another which made it very interesting to me . But no , I think sometimes you come to the end of something ... '' However , Variety published an article in September 2016 , reporting Lange would appear . </P> <P> In June 2016 , Coven alum Leslie Jordan announced his return to the series , stating he had been approached to appear in Freak Show , but declined . He was surprised to get a call from Murphy again . Later in the month , Bomer , Jackson , and Evan Peters confirmed their involvement with the sixth season . O'Hare stated he would return in some capacity in a May 2016 interview . Us Weekly has reported the returns of Bentley , Bates , and Wittrock . In an early August 2016 interview with Glamour , series veteran Sarah Paulson announced her return for the sixth year . She said of the show , `` I just think I have the greatest job on the planet because my TV show ( American Horror Story ) is going into its sixth season and I 'm playing an entirely different character , like nothing I 've ever played . '' She plays the featured re-enactor in the horrific documentary . On Halloween 2016 , Murphy announced the return of Paulson 's Asylum character , Lana Winters . TMZ reported the casting of The People v. O.J. Simpson : American Crime Story star Cuba Gooding Jr . Gooding Jr. himself later went on to confirm his presence in the season , also announcing that he will share most screen - time with former co-star Paulson , stating , `` It 's really been a treat to finally engage with her on camera , because when we did The People v. O.J. it was more about my scenes and then her scenes and us being in the courtroom but separate , but we 're not separate no more ! '' He plays the co-lead of the My Roanoke Nightmare documentary . In September 2016 , Glee alum Jacob Artist announced his involvement with the sixth season . On the same month , the main casting was announced after the first episode with the addition of André Holland and series veteran Lily Rabe portraying the real - life couple , Matt Miller ( Lee 's brother ) and his wife Shelby from the documentary 's interviews . Adina Porter , after a small guest appearance on an episode of the first series , portrayed the real Lee Harris . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> In March 2016 , the series received a major tax credit for filming of the season in Los Angeles , California . Cast alum Angela Bassett , along with Jennifer Lynch , Marita Grabiak , Gwyneth Horder - Payton , Elodie Keene , and Alexis Korycinski were set as directors during the season , marking the first time women have served in the capacity on the show . In June 2016 , cast member Jackson stated that the season had already clandestinely begun principal photography earlier that month . On August 1 , 2016 , TMZ published photographs of the American Horror Story set in Santa Clarita , California ; that consists of a small Pioneer home , and a tree with the word `` Croatoan '' carved into its center . Both of these things are attributed to the 1590 colony of 117 people , in Roanoke , North Carolina , that disappeared without a trace , and the only clue left was the carving -- the name being a nearby island and tribe of Native Americans . Later , TMZ unveiled more set photos from an unknown California forest . </P> <H2> Marketing ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Campaign ( edit ) </H3> `` After all the breadcrumbs , you are definitely going to get the sandwich . There 's no bait and switch here . It was about celebrating the building and worshiping the anticipation . '' <P> -- FX Head of Marketing Stephanie Gibbons on the fear that the publicity would n't materialize a quality season </P> <P> The marketing campaign for the season was one of mystery . On June 6 , 2016 , all of the series ' social media pages displayed a teaser image of a red number six , with a question mark superimposed . Little was known about plot details or casting before the premiere , which seems to be a deliberate ploy of publicity . The following months saw a virtual reality experience at the 2016 San Diego Comic - Con International , a multitude of motley teaser trailers and posters , a Mercedes - Benz sweepstakes ; and no casting or plot announcements . At the Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour , on August 9 , 2016 , FX chief John Landgraf announced that all , but one , of the teaser trailers released thus far have been deliberate misdirects by the network . Explaining , `` ( Murphy and Stephanie Gibbons , FX head of marketing and on - air promotions ) went out and made many more trailers than you 've actually seen for hypothetical seasons of American Horror Story , meaning different genres and different places '' . Landgraf also reiterated what had been previously reported , that the official theme of the cycle will not be revealed until the airing of the first episode . </P> <P> A week before the premiere FX released a trailer featuring Lady Gaga 's new single `` Perfect Illusion '' , speaking to the anonymity of the season . In a September 13 , 2016 interview with The Hollywood Reporter , marketing chief Stephanie Gibbons spoke at length about the risks and idea behind the seasons complete anonymity . Explaining the origin of her campaign , `` I felt we would play on two aspects of the human helix : Desire to know , the curiosity to find out what you do n't know ; and perhaps more importantly , the notion of how powerful withholding is to the human psyche . Often wanting is more fulfilling than having . '' </P> <H3> Plot theories ( edit ) </H3> <P> One of the earliest season hypotheses was that of Slender Man , the 2009 phenomenon , a man with a blank face , tractable arms , and killer of children . However , sources working on the show confirmed to Entertainment Weekly , in January 2016 , that the myth would not be appearing , and that a theme had already been established for the season , and would be revealed in March . Though , this did not come to pass . Based on the teaser trailers and several interviews given by Murphy , media reported the plot of the season as dealing with cult , farm , orphanage , colony , or the storyline of the Antichrist , which has already been touched on by the series in season one ( Vivien and Tate 's child , Michael , that Constance took as her own , was considered to be the titular figure ) . Deadline 's Ross A. Lincoln posited the theory that the cycle will revolve around the Bloody Benders family . They owned an inn and general store in rural 1800s Kansas and were responsible for the deaths of 11 passersby , later disappearing . Photos from the set released by TMZ confirmed the season to incorporate colonial aspects . Vulture 's Jordan Crucchiola theorized it to be about the Roanoke Colony , with Murphy likely to adapt the historical explanation of the settlers disappearance . The Huffington Post added that another story avenue Murphy might venture on is the colloquial belief that the colonist vanished under supernatural circumstances . Screener 's Aaron Pruner noted that the colony was mentioned by Billie Dean Howard in Murder House , thus alluding to the possible Antichrist or supernatural presence in the sixth season . Pruner also mentioned that the history of the word `` Croatoan '' is vast and unnerving . Days before the death of author Edgar Allan Poe , he is said to have muttered the cryptic word as his final . Furthermore , in 1937 , the word was found scribbled in fated pilot Amelia Earhart 's journal . Kate Feldman from New York Daily News has speculated that the season will revolve around the Manson family ; she cited iconography in a teaser , Charles Manson 's fascination with spiders ( i.e. official poster for season ) , Evan Peters ' appearance resembling Manson , and Murphy 's previous comments stating that the series had considered the theme for the third year , which ultimately shifted to Coven . However , Sarah Paulson has rejected the Manson theme , saying , `` Wrong ! You can look me dead in the eyes . You are wrong , dead wrong . And you will see that I am not lying to you . I 'm not pulling a little Jedi mind trick . '' After the release of the revealing `` Anthology '' trailer , The Huffington Post 's Bill Bradley suggested , after taking into account several factors , that the season would feature a discarded Murder House menace that slays his victims with hedge trimmers . TV Guide suggested a major connection to Asylum concerning the spider shown travelling under the skin of a person in one of the teasers for the season . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> American Horror Story : Roanoke has received positive reviews from critics . The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the season a 78 % approval rating , with an average rating of 6.7 / 10 , based on 13 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` American Horror Story : My Roanoke Nightmare takes a surprising turn away from prior AHS formats , revisiting the deliberate pace of earlier seasons on a spookier , smaller scale , even if the true - crime format feels overdone . '' On Metacritic , the season was given a score of 72 out of 100 based on 9 reviews , indicating `` generally positive reviews '' . </P> <P> Dan Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter gave a positive review , writing , `` When you 're the type of show prone to kicking off a season with the introduction of a hairless mole man with a killer dildo , it 's possible that the most provocative thing you can do to start a chapter is eschewing mole men , dildos and , in fact , killing altogether for a full week . The American Horror Story franchise has been and done many things , but it 's never offered such a false sense of security , so this subdued start may be the scariest promise of all . It 's the most curious I 've been about future installments in a long time . '' Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly also gave a positive review , writing , `` The use of mystery to market the season may have been contrived , but at this point , mystery might also be the best thing going for it , too . '' Ben Travers of IndieWire called the premiere `` a promising start with a central mystery as tantalizing as the ads teasing it . '' </P> <Table> American Horror Story ( season 6 ) : Critical reception by episode <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 6 ( 2016 ) : Percentage of positive reviews tracked by the website Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Awards and nominations ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of awards and nominations received by American Horror Story <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Nominated artist / work </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Art Directors Guild Awards </Td> <Td> Television Movie or Limited Series </Td> <Td> Andrew Murdock ( for `` Chapter 4 '' ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costume Designers Guild Awards </Td> <Td> Contemporary TV Series </Td> <Td> Lou Eyrich and Helen Huang </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Cable TV Sci - Fi / Fantasy Show </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Black Reel Awards </Td> <Td> Best Supporting Actress in a TV Movie or Limited Series </Td> <Td> Angela Bassett </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Director in a Television Miniseries or Movie </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fangoria Chainsaw Awards </Td> <Td> Best TV Supporting Actress </Td> <Td> Sarah Paulson </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best TV SFX </Td> <Td> Eryn Krueger Mekash and David LeRoy Anderson </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saturn Awards </Td> <Td> Best Horror Television Series </Td> <Td> American Horror Story : Roanoke </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress on Television </Td> <Td> Sarah Paulson </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Supporting Actress on Television </Td> <Td> Kathy Bates </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adina Porter </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Guest Starring Role on Television </Td> <Td> Leslie Jordan </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> MTV Movie & TV Awards </Td> <Td> Best Villain </Td> <Td> Wes Bentley </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Hairstyling for a Limited Series or Movie </Td> <Td> Michelle Ceglia , Valerie Jackson , Jose Zamora </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Makeup for a Limited Series or Movie ( Non-Prosthetic ) </Td> <Td> Kim Ayers , Mike Mekash , Eryn Krueger Mekash , Silvina Knight , Carleigh Herbert , Luis Garcia </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Prosthetic Makeup for a Series , Limited Series , Movie , or Special </Td> <Td> Eryn Krueger Mekash , Michael Mekash , David Leroy Anderson , James Mackinnon , Jason Hamer , Melanie Eichner , Cristina Himiob , Maiko Chiba </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Sound Editing for a Limited Series , Movie , or Special </Td> <Td> Gary Megregian , Steve M. Stuhr , Jason Krane , Timothy A. Cleveland , Paul Diller , David Klotz and Noel Vought ( for `` Chapter 1 '' ) </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ratings ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 1 '' </Td> <Td> September 14 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 5.14 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 2 '' </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 3.27 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 3 '' </Td> <Td> September 28 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 3.08 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 2.95 </Td> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 6.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 4 '' </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 2.83 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 3.30 </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 6.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 5 '' </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 2.82 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 3.31 </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 6.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 6 '' </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 2.48 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 3.50 </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 5.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 7 '' </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 2.62 </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 3.23 </Td> <Td> 3.2 </Td> <Td> 5.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 8 '' </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2.20 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 3.37 </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> 5.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 9 '' </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 2.43 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 2.30 </Td> <Td> 2.6 </Td> <Td> 4.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Chapter 10 '' </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 2.45 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 2.99 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> 5.44 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ^ 1 Live + 7 ratings were not available , so Live + 3 ratings have been used instead . </P> American Horror Story : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Ep. 1 </Th> <Th> Ep. 2 </Th> <Th> Ep. 3 </Th> <Th> Ep. 4 </Th> <Th> Ep. 5 </Th> <Th> Ep. 6 </Th> <Th> Ep. 7 </Th> <Th> Ep. 8 </Th> <Th> Ep. 9 </Th> <Th> Ep. 10 </Th> <Th> Ep. 11 </Th> <Th> Ep. 12 </Th> <Th> Ep. 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Murder House </Th> <Td> 3.18 </Td> <Td> 2.46 </Td> <Td> 2.59 </Td> <Td> 2.96 </Td> <Td> 2.74 </Td> <Td> 2.83 </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> <Td> 2.81 </Td> <Td> 2.85 </Td> <Td> 2.54 </Td> <Td> 2.59 </Td> <Td> 3.22 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Asylum </Th> <Td> 3.85 </Td> <Td> 3.06 </Td> <Td> 2.47 </Td> <Td> 2.65 </Td> <Td> 2.78 </Td> <Td> 1.89 </Td> <Td> 2.27 </Td> <Td> 2.36 </Td> <Td> 2.22 </Td> <Td> 2.21 </Td> <Td> 2.51 </Td> <Td> 2.30 </Td> <Td> 2.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Coven </Th> <Td> 5.54 </Td> <Td> 4.51 </Td> <Td> 3.78 </Td> <Td> 3.71 </Td> <Td> 3.80 </Td> <Td> 4.16 </Td> <Td> 4.00 </Td> <Td> 4.07 </Td> <Td> 3.94 </Td> <Td> 3.49 </Td> <Td> 3.46 </Td> <Td> 3.35 </Td> <Td> 4.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Freak Show </Th> <Td> 6.13 </Td> <Td> 4.53 </Td> <Td> 4.44 </Td> <Td> 4.51 </Td> <Td> 4.22 </Td> <Td> 3.65 </Td> <Td> 3.91 </Td> <Td> 3.30 </Td> <Td> 3.07 </Td> <Td> 2.99 </Td> <Td> 3.11 </Td> <Td> 2.94 </Td> <Td> 3.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Hotel </Th> <Td> 5.81 </Td> <Td> 4.06 </Td> <Td> 3.20 </Td> <Td> 3.04 </Td> <Td> 2.87 </Td> <Td> 2.64 </Td> <Td> 2.64 </Td> <Td> 2.31 </Td> <Td> 2.14 </Td> <Td> 1.85 </Td> <Td> 1.84 </Td> <Td> 2.24 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Roanoke </Th> <Td> 5.14 </Td> <Td> 3.27 </Td> <Td> 3.08 </Td> <Td> 2.83 </Td> <Td> 2.82 </Td> <Td> 2.48 </Td> <Td> 2.62 </Td> <Td> 2.20 </Td> <Td> 2.43 </Td> <Td> 2.45 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Cult </Th> <Td> 3.93 </Td> <Td> 2.38 </Td> <Td> 2.25 </Td> <Td> 2.13 </Td> <Td> 2.20 </Td> <Td> 2.15 </Td> <Td> 2.07 </Td> <Td> 2.06 </Td> <Td> 1.48 </Td> <Td> 1.82 </Td> <Td> 1.97 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> N / A </Td> </Tr> </Table> Source : Nielsen Media Research <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Dan Avery , NewNowNext , Trixie Mattel Pops Up In The `` American Horror Story '' Season Finale , 2016 - 11 - 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tyler Maas , Milwaukee Record , Milwaukee drag superstar Trixie Mattel was on the ' American Horror Story ' season finale , 2016 - 11 - 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tom Chapman How The ' American Horror Story ' Finale Brought Drag Queens To The Mainstream , 2016 - 11 - 17 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' premiere wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' experiences major drop '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( September 29 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' dips once again '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : MLB Wild Card games stay on top '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Roanoke ' bumps up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 20 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : Third Presidential Debate wins the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' falls , ' Queen Sugar ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story ' ticks back up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` Wednesday cable ratings : ' American Horror Story : Roanoke ' season finale holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nakamura , Reid ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : FX Boss Explains Mysterious Season 6 Promos '' . TheWrap . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' renewed for Season 6 on FX '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( July 5 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story season 6 premiere date announced '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( August 27 , 2015 ) . `` There could be TWO seasons of American Horror Story in 2016 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 6 ( Dual ) Time Frame Revealed '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' season 6 theme still undecided , but ... '' Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Joanna ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` Ryan Murphy Reveals the Real Reason Behind American Horror Story 's Radical Re-invention '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z -- American Horror Story on FX '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kickham , Dylan ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : The Mist : Do we finally have a season 6 theme ? '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` How American Horror Story : Roanoke connects to Freak Show '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( September 22 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Roanoke exclusive : There 's a huge twist coming soon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy Reveals Roanoke Twist , Hints at Next Season 's Freak Show Tie - In '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : Ryan Murphy on Wednesday 's huge twist and a return to Coven '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Horror Story ' New Set Photos Hint At Lost Colony '' . TMZ . August 1 , 2016 . Retrieved August 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ' American Horror Story ' Brand New Haunted House Unveiled '' . TMZ . August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Scars Scenic Santa Monica Mountains LCP Viewshed '' . Las Virgenes Homeowner 's Federation . July 8 , 2016 . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( October 6 , 2015 ) . `` Ryan Murphy has already asked Lady Gaga to join American Horror Story season 6 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , Crystal ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Lady Gaga confirms she 'll be back for American Horror Story Season 6 '' . MTV News . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kessler , Robert ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Emma Roberts on the Downside of a GIF - Worthy Performance : ' If I 'm Annoying ( My Friends ) , They 'll Send Me a Meme of Me ' '' . Yahoo !. Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Joanna ( July 19 , 2016 ) . `` Something Really Crazy Is Going on with American Horror Story Season 6 Why the FX show is succeeding where Game of Thrones and The Walking Dead failed '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verhoeven , Beatrice ( October 18 , 2016 ) . `` Taissa Farmiga , Finn Wittrock to Return to ' American Horror Story : Roanoke ' '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Angela Bassett Confirms She 'll Be In ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 '' . Ora TV . Retrieved February 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story Season 6 Just Added Its First Star '' . CinemaBlend . February 9 , 2016 . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Delbyck , Cole ( May 28 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Lange And ' American Horror Story ' Are Never Getting Back Together '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roshanian , Arya ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Teaser Features Lady Gaga 's ' Perfect Illusion ' '' . Variety . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Chris ( June 2 , 2016 ) . `` Leslie Jordan on his D.C. show and the one topic he wo n't discuss '' . Washington Blade . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 : Matt Bomer Officially Confirms Return , Does He Know Concept ? VIDEO '' . Enstarz.com . June 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dixon , Marcus James ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 : Evan Peters to return , but what about Finn Wittrock , Denis O'Hare ? '' . Gold Derby . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : Cheyenne Jackson Confirms Season 6 Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Here Is Your Confirmed Cast For Season 6 Of ' AHS ' '' . MoviePilot.com . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gajewski , Ryan ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Emma Roberts Teases ' American Horror Story ' Return : See Her Mysterious Comments ! '' . Us Weekly . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Branch , Kate ( August 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Paulson on Playing American Horror Story and American Crime Story Characters at the Same Time '' . Glamour . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Ryan ( @ MrRPMurphy ) ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Sarah Paulson 's ASYLUM ultimate survivor LANA WINTERS returns this season on `` AHS : ROANOKE . '' Happy Halloween ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Ricki ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Cuba Gooding Jr. on His Small Screen Resurgence '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( September 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' Adds ' Glee ' Alum Jacob Artist To Season 6 Cast '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piester , Lauren ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` The American Horror Story Season 6 Premiere Still Did n't Tell Us the Theme ! Or Did It ? '' . E ! # E ! Online . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story 's Season 6 Cast Is Finally Revealed '' . E ! # E ! Online . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patton , Dominic ( March 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' Scream Queens ' ' Good Girls Revolt ' & ' American Horror Story ' Among 9 TV Projects Awarded California Tax Credits '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved March 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nilles , Billy ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` Finally , An American Horror Story Season 6 Update '' . E !. Retrieved July 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Strause , Jackie ( September 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' : FX Marketing Boss Talks Misdirecting Promos and `` Twisty - Turny '' Season 6 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Is This American Horror Story 's First Real Season 6 Clue ? '' . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McHenry , Jackson ; Ivie , Devon ; Kiefer , Halle ( September 1 , 2016 ) . `` Here 's Every Single American Horror Story Season 6 Teaser So Far '' . Vulture . Retrieved September 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AHS6 Sweepstakes '' . FX . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brickner , Tierney ( September 9 , 2016 ) . `` Is Lady Gaga 's New Song `` Perfect Illusion '' Really About American Horror Story Season 6 ? `` . E !. Retrieved September 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stack , Tim ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story season 6 focusing on Slender Man ? ' Not true , ' says source '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pruner , Aaron ( July 26 , 2016 ) . `` Is ' American Horror Story ' going back to the ' Asylum ' ? '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rochke , Ryan ( July 27 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : These Quotes From Ryan Murphy Have Taken On a Whole New Meaning '' . Popsugar . Retrieved July 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lincoln , Ross A. ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` The Hillbillies Have Eyes In New ' American Horror Story ' Season 6 Teasers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crucchiola , Jordan ( August 1 , 2016 ) . `` Strap on Your Bonnets and Buckled Shoes , Because American Horror Story Is Moving to the Precolonial South '' . Vulture . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Delbyck , Cole ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` New ' American Horror Story ' Set Photos Reveal Possible Colonial Theme For Season 6 '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pruner , Aaron ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story Season 6 will most certainly revisit ' Murder House ' '' . Screener . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feldman , Kate ( August 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' season 6 might be about serial killer Charles Manson '' . Daily News . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McRady , Rachel ( August 23 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Sarah Paulson Dishes on ' AHS ' Season 6 and Reveals Girlfriend Holland Taylor Wo n't Be Her Emmy Date ! '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradley , Bill ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` New ' American Horror Story ' Promo Supports A Crazy , Elaborate Fan Theory On Season 6 Theme '' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gennis , Saddie ( August 31 , 2016 ) . `` Will American Horror Story Answer This Major Asylum Mystery ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Roanoke Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season 6 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fienberg , Dan . `` ' American Horror Story : Season 6 ' : TV Review '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jensen , Jeff ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story season 6 premiere : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Travers , Ben ( September 14 , 2016 ) . `` American Horror Story : My Roanoke Nightmare ' Review : Season 6 Gets Off To a Spooky Good Start : TV Review '' . IndieWire . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Roanoke '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2016 ) . `` ' AHS : Roanoke ' episode 3 nearly doubles : Cable Live + 3 ratings for Sept. 26 - Oct. 2 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` ' American Horror Story ' puts up big gains in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 3 - 9 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 27 , 2016 ) . `` ' AHS : Roanoke ' is the runaway leader in cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 10 - 16 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead ' premiere , ' AHS : Roanoke ' dominate cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 17 - 23 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' Atlanta , ' ' AHS ' cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 24 - 30 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Walking Dead , ' ' American Horror Story ' again rule the cable Live + 7 ratings for Oct. 31 - Nov. 6 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' vaults past election coverage in cable Live + 3 ratings for Nov. 7 - 13 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead 's ' DVR numbers are down too : Cable Live + 7 ratings for Nov. 14 - 20 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 24 , 2013 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Coven : ( Season Three ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 30 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Freak Show Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 22 , 2015 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Hotel ( Season Five ) Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . January 14 , 2016 . Retrieved July 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Horror Story : Season Six Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . November 17 , 2016 . 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BYU Cougars football - wikipedia <H1> BYU Cougars football </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> BYU Cougars football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 BYU Cougars football team </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First season </Th> <Td> 1922 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athletic director </Th> <Td> Tom Holmoe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Kalani Sitake 2nd season , 10 -- 8 (. 556 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other staff </Th> <Td> Ty Detmer ( OC ) Ilaisa Tuiaki ( DC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium ( Capacity : 63,470 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Field surface </Th> <Td> Natural grass </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Provo , Utah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NCAA division </Th> <Td> Division I FBS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> Independent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past conferences </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mountain West ( 1999 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> WAC ( 1962 -- 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Skyline ( 1938 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> RMAC ( 1922 -- 1937 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time record </Th> <Td> 553 -- 399 -- 26 (. 579 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bowl record </Th> <Td> 14 -- 20 -- 1 (. 414 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Claimed nat'l titles </Th> <Td> 1 ( 1984 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference titles </Th> <Td> 23 ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 1965 , 1974 , 1976 , 1977 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1982 , 1983 , 1984 , 1985 , 1989 , 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 , 2001 , 2006 , 2007 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> Utah Utes ( Holy War ) Utah State Aggies ( Old Wagon Wheel ) BYU vs. Boise State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heisman winners </Th> <Td> Ty Detmer ( 1990 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consensus All - Americans </Th> <Td> 14 ( show ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Marc Wilson ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Nick Eyre ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Jim McMahon ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Gordon Hudson ( 1982 & 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Steve Young ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Jason Buck ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Mo Elewonibi ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Chris Smith ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Ty Detmer ( 1990 & 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Luke Staley ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dennis Pitta ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Blue and White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fight song </Th> <Td> The Cougar Song </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Cosmo the Cougar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marching band </Th> <Td> The Power of the Wasatch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.byucougars.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The BYU Cougars football team is the college football program representing Brigham Young University ( BYU ) , a private university owned by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) and located in Provo , Utah . The Cougars began collegiate football competition in 1922 , and have won 23 conference championships and one national championship in 1984 . The team has competed in several different athletic conferences during its history , but since July 1 , 2011 , it has competed as an Independent . The team plays home games at the 63,470 - seat LaVell Edwards Stadium , which is named after legendary head coach LaVell Edwards . Edwards won 20 conference championships , seven bowl games , and one national championship ( 1984 ) while coaching at BYU , and is regarded as the most successful coach in BYU program history . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 The early years </Li> <Li> 1.2 LaVell Edwards era ( 1972 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 2001 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Current coaching staff </Li> <Li> 3 Record book <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Bowl games </Li> <Li> 3.2 Top 25 finishes </Li> <Li> 3.3 Record by coach </Li> <Li> 3.4 Season - by - season record </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Awards </Li> <Li> 5 Uniforms </Li> <Li> 6 Alumni </Li> <Li> 7 Rivalries </Li> <Li> 8 Future schedules <Ul> <Li> 8.1 2017 </Li> <Li> 8.2 2018 </Li> <Li> 8.3 2019 </Li> <Li> 8.4 2020 </Li> <Li> 8.5 2021 </Li> <Li> 8.6 2022 </Li> <Li> 8.7 2023 </Li> <Li> 8.8 2025 </Li> <Li> 8.9 2026 </Li> <Li> 8.10 2027 </Li> <Li> 8.11 Additional Information </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The early years ( edit ) </H3> The school 's first football team won the regional championship in 1896 . <P> BYU traces its football roots back to the late 19th century . Benjamin Cluff became the third principal of Brigham Young Academy ( the precursor to BYU ) in 1892 ( the school was converted into a university in 1903 ) and was influenced by his collegiate studies at the University of Michigan to bring athletic competition to Brigham Young . The first BYU football team in 1896 played the University of Utah ( winning 12 -- 4 ) , the Elks , the Crescents , the YMCA of Salt Lake City , the Wheel Club of Denver , and Westminster College ; and it ultimately won the championship . In its second year of competition , the BYA football team won the championship too , but as a result of an accidental football - related death in Utah in 1900 , football was banned from all LDS Church schools until 1919 . </P> <P> After a twenty - year ban on football , the sport was brought back to BYU on an intramural basis in 1919 , and intercollegiate games were resumed in 1920 under coach Alvin Twitchell . BYU was admitted to the Rocky Mountain Conference in 1921 and had its first winning year in 1929 under the helm of coach G. Ott Romney , who BYU recruited from Montana State University the year before . Romney and his successor Eddie Kimball ushered in a new era in Cougar football in which the team went 65 -- 51 -- 12 between 1928 -- 1942 . In 1932 , the Cougars posted an 8 -- 1 record and outscored their opponents 188 -- 50 , which remains one of the school 's finest seasons on record . The university did not field a team from 1943 -- 1945 due to World War II , and in 1949 suffered its only winless season , going 0 -- 11 . </P> <P> The team began to rebuild in the mid-1950s , recruiting University of Rhode Island head coach Hal Kopp to lead the Cougars , whom achieved back - to - back winning seasons in 1957 and 1958 , led by southpaw quarterback Jared Stephens and nose tackle Gavin Anae . In 1961 , Eldon `` The Phantom '' Fortie became the school 's first All - American , and in 1962 , BYU moved to the Western Athletic Conference . In 1964 , Cougar Stadium was built , which included a capacity of 30,000 , and in 1965 , head coach Tommy Hudspeth led the Cougars to their first conference championship with a record of 6 -- 4 . </P> <H3> LaVell Edwards era ( 1972 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1972 , assistant coach LaVell Edwards was promoted to head coach replacing Kopp . Edwards and his staff installed a drop - back passing game considered to be an early implementation of the West Coast offense , resulting in Cougar Pete Van Valkenburg as the nation 's leading rusher for that year . The following year , the Cougars struggled to a 5 -- 6 finish , but this would be Edwards ' only losing season during his run as BYU coach over the next three decades . In fact , the Cougars won the conference championship every year except one from 1974 -- 1985 , including the national championship in 1984 . However , the Cougars lost their first four bowl games . Their first post-season win came in the 1980 Holiday Bowl , which has become known as the `` Miracle Bowl '' since BYU was trailing SMU 45 -- 25 with four minutes left in the game and then came back to win . BYU would win its 1981 , 1983 and 1984 bowl games as well ; and it earned the nickname `` Quarterback U '' for consistently producing All - American quarterbacks , which included Gifford Nielsen , Marc Wilson , Jim McMahon and Steve Young . During this period , Young finished second for the Heisman Trophy in 1983 and McMahon finished third for the trophy in 1981 . </P> <P> In 1984 , BYU reached the pinnacle of college football when it won the national championship . The undefeated Cougars ( 12 -- 0 -- 0 ) opened the season with a 20 -- 14 victory over Pitt , ranked No. 3 in the nation at the time and finished with a victory over the Michigan Wolverines ( 6 -- 5 -- 0 ) . BYU defeated Michigan 24 -- 17 in the Holiday Bowl , marking the only time a national champion played in a bowl game before New Year 's Day , and the last time the national championship was won by a team from a non-power 5 conference . Coupled with the 11 consecutive wins to close out the 1983 season , BYU concluded the 1984 championship on a 24 - game winning streak . At the end of the season , BYU was crowned as National Champion after being a unanimous number one in all four NCAA sanctioned polls AP , Coaches , NFF and FWAA . </P> <P> In 1985 , quarterback Robbie Bosco finished third in the Heisman balloting ; in 1986 , defensive lineman Jason Buck became the first BYU player ever to win the Outland Trophy ; and in 1989 , offensive lineman Mo Elewonibi also won the Outland Trophy . In 1990 , the Cougars achieved their first victory over a top - ranked team when they defeated the # 1 Miami Hurricanes early in the season , and the season culminated with quarterback Ty Detmer becoming BYU 's first and only Heisman Trophy winner . In 1996 , BYU won the first ever WAC Championship Game in Las Vegas and earned a bid to play in the Cotton Bowl against Kansas State of the newly formed Big 12 Conference , making it BYU 's first ever New Year 's Day bowl game , which they won 19 -- 15 . BYU finished ranked No. 5 in both the Coaches and AP polls , and became the first team in NCAA history to win 14 games in a season . </P> <P> In 1999 , BYU left the WAC along with seven other teams to form the Mountain West Conference , with the Cougars winning a share of the inaugural MWC championship . Just prior to the 2000 season , Edwards announced that it would be his final year as the program 's head coach , and prior to Edwards ' final home game , LDS Church President Gordon B. Hinckley announced that Cougar Stadium would be renamed `` LaVell Edwards Stadium '' . Edwards was carried off the field following the season closer against the Utes . </P> <H3> 2001 -- present ( edit ) </H3> Fans storming the field at LaVell Edwards Stadium in 2009 after # 19 BYU beat # 21 Utah 26 -- 23 in overtime BYU wide receiver Cody Hoffman making a catch at Reser Stadium in Corvallis , Oregon in a 2011 game against Oregon State , which the Cougars won 38 -- 28 . <P> Former Chicago Bears offensive coordinator Gary Crowton was hired to replace Edwards . His first season was successful , earning a 12 -- 2 record and running back Luke Staley earning the Doak Walker Award , but the Cougars posted losing records the following three seasons ( including only nine conference wins ) and received negative publicity for infractions of the university 's honor code . He was forced to resign on December 1 , 2004 . </P> <P> On September 1 , 2010 , BYU announced it would begin competition as a football independent starting in the 2011 season , primarily due to years of frustration with the lack of TV coverage in the Mountain West Conference and the University of Utah 's departure for the Pac - 12 Conference . BYU later entered into an 8 - year contract with ESPN in which 11 games would be broadcast on one of the ESPN networks and BYU would retain the rights to utilize its on - campus broadcasting facilities and nationally syndicated station . The Cougars were reportedly considered for invitations by the Big XII Conference and former Big East Conference for all sports during this period , but neither opted to add BYU . In February 2011 , CFL 's Most Outstanding Canadian Award Ben Cahoon joined the coaching staff as the wide receivers coach . </P> <P> In 2011 , BYU changed quarterbacks mid-season from sophomore Jake Heaps to junior Riley Nelson , and in 2012 three different quarterbacks were utilized at different points in the season . During the 2012 offseason , graduated defensive end Ziggy Ansah was drafted as the # 5 overall pick of the 2013 NFL Draft , tied for the highest draft BYU alumnus with Jim McMahon ' 82 . For the 2013 BYU football season , the Cougars were slated to compete against four pre-season - ranked teams . </P> <P> In January 2015 , the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) , which had previously announced that from 2017 forward all members had to play at least one non-conference game each season against a `` Power 5 '' team ( i.e. , a school in the ACC , Big Ten , Big 12 , Pac - 12 , or SEC , plus Notre Dame , an FBS independent but otherwise an ACC member ) , announced that games against BYU would not count toward the `` Power 5 '' requirement , a stipulation also held by the SEC . Weeks later , both leagues reversed course and opted to count games against BYU and the other remaining FBS independent at that time , Army , toward meeting the P5 provision . In the case of the SEC , this change in policy was driven more by the trend of `` Power 5 '' leagues requiring nine conference games . At the time of the report , the Big Ten , Big 12 , and Pac - 12 either had nine - game conference schedules or were introducing them in the near future . The ACC has an eight - game schedule , but also has a scheduling alliance with Notre Dame that has five ACC members playing the Fighting Irish each season . Additionally , three SEC teams had a total of five games scheduled with BYU from 2015 to 2020 . In July 2015 , the Big Ten announced that games against BYU would count toward the conference 's `` Power 5 '' scheduling requirement that takes effect in 2016 . In late 2015 , the Big XII Conference added a Power Five non-conference scheduling requirement and stated that BYU would not count toward filling that mandate . </P> <P> On December 4 , 2015 , Bronco Mendenhall accepted the head coach position with Virginia in the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) . BYU spent more than a week courting Navy Midshipmen football head coach Ken Niumatalolo to take over the Cougars program . After several days , which included a visit to Provo and public remarks about considering the job , Niumatalolo ultimately declined BYU 's offer in order to remain with Navy . With his top choice no longer available , athletics director Tom Holmoe moved on to several other potential candidates and on Dec. 19 introduced Oregon State defensive coordinator and former Cougars fullback Kalani Sitake as BYU 's next head coach . </P> <H2> Current coaching staff ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalani Sitake </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ed Lamb </Td> <Td> Assistant Head Coach / Special Teams / Safeties Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ty Detmer </Td> <Td> Offensive Coordinator / Quarterback Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Empey </Td> <Td> Offensive Line Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ben Cahoon </Td> <Td> Wide Receivers Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Clark </Td> <Td> Tight End Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reno Mahe </Td> <Td> Running Backs Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ilaisa Tuiaki </Td> <Td> Defensive Coordinator / Linebacker Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Kaufusi </Td> <Td> Defensive Line Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jernaro Gilford </Td> <Td> Cornerbacks Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nu'u Tafisi </Td> <Td> Strength & Conditioning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russell Tialavea </Td> <Td> Football Operations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tevita Ofahengaue </Td> <Td> Recruiting Operations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Damuni </Td> <Td> Player Personnel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jasen Ah You </Td> <Td> Athletic Relations </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sione Kinikini </Td> <Td> Player Development </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Record book ( edit ) </H2> See also : BYU Cougars football statistical leaders <P> BYU has had 18 final season rankings in the Top 25 . The team has made 35 Bowl appearances with a record of 14 -- 20 -- 1 . They have played in the Holiday Bowl ( 4 -- 6 -- 1 ) , the Cotton Bowl Classic ( 1 -- 0 ) , the Las Vegas Bowl ( 3 -- 3 ) , the Copper Bowl ( 1 -- 0 ) , the Tangerine / Citrus Bowl ( 0 -- 2 ) , the Freedom Bowl ( 1 -- 1 ) , the Liberty Bowl ( 0 -- 2 ) , the Aloha Bowl ( 0 -- 1 ) , the Fiesta Bowl ( 0 -- 1 ) , the Motor City Bowl ( 0 -- 1 ) , the All - American Bowl ( 0 -- 1 ) , the New Mexico Bowl ( 1 -- 0 ) , the Armed Forces Bowl ( 1 -- 0 ) , the Poinsettia Bowl ( 2 -- 0 ) , Fight Hunger Bowl ( 0 -- 1 ) , and the Miami Beach Bowl ( 0 -- 1 ) . </P> <H3> Bowl games ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Bowl </Th> <Th> W / L </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 28 , 1974 </Td> <Td> Fiesta Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma State </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 18 , 1976 </Td> <Td> Tangerine Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 17 BYU </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> # 14 Oklahoma State </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 , 1978 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Navy </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 21 , 1979 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 9 BYU </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 19 , 1980 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 14 BYU </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> # 19 SMU </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 18 , 1981 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 12 BYU </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> # 18 Washington State </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 17 , 1982 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> # 16 Ohio State </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 23 , 1983 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 9 BYU </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 21 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 1 BYU </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 28 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Florida Citrus Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 9 BYU </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> # 17 Ohio State </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Freedom Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> # 15 UCLA </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 , 1987 </Td> <Td> All - American Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Freedom Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> # 20 Colorado </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1989 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 16 BYU </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> # 18 Penn State </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1990 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 9 BYU </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> # 19 Texas A&M </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> # 7 Iowa </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 25 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Aloha Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 23 BYU </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 , 1993 </Td> <Td> Holiday Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> # 10 Ohio State </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Copper Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 19 BYU </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 1 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 5 BYU </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> # 14 Kansas State </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Liberty Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> # 10 Tulane </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Motor City Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 25 BYU </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 11 Marshall </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Liberty Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 17 BYU </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> # 22 Louisville </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 21 , 2006 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 19 BYU </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 17 BYU </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> UCLA </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 21 , 2008 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 16 BYU </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Maaco Bowl Las Vegas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> # 14 BYU </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> # 16 Oregon State </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 18 , 2010 </Td> <Td> New Mexico Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> UTEP </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Armed Forces Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Tulsa </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 20 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Poinsettia Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> San Diego State </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Fight Hunger Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Miami Beach Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 48 ( 2 OT ) </Td> <Td> Memphis </Td> <Td> 55 ( 2 OT ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 19 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Las Vegas Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> # 22 Utah </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 21 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Poinsettia Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 35 bowl games </Td> <Td> 14 -- 20 -- 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 839 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 961 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Top 25 finishes ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Overall Record </Th> <Th> AP Ranking </Th> <Th> Coaches Ranking </Th> <Th> BCS Ranking </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> did not exist </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> unranked </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> unranked </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> unranked </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Record by coach ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Th> Record </Th> <Th> PCT </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alvin Twitchell </Td> <Td> 1922 -- 24 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 13 -- 1 </Td> <Td> . 289 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> C.J. Hart </Td> <Td> 1925 -- 27 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 12 -- 2 </Td> <Td> . 350 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 1928 -- 36 </Td> <Td> 42 -- 31 -- 5 </Td> <Td> . 571 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Floyd Millet </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> . 286 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eddie Kimball </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 41 , 46 -- 48 </Td> <Td> 34 -- 32 -- 8 </Td> <Td> . 514 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chick Atkinson </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 55 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 49 -- 3 </Td> <Td> . 279 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hal Kopp </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 58 </Td> <Td> 13 -- 14 -- 3 </Td> <Td> . 483 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tally Stevens </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 60 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 15 -- 0 </Td> <Td> . 286 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hal Mitchell </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 63 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 22 -- 0 </Td> <Td> . 267 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tommy Hudspeth </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 71 </Td> <Td> 39 -- 42 -- 1 </Td> <Td> . 482 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> 257 -- 101 -- 3 </Td> <Td> . 716 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gary Crowton </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 04 </Td> <Td> 26 -- 23 </Td> <Td> . 531 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> 99 -- 43 </Td> <Td> . 697 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalani Sitake </Td> <Td> 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> 10 -- 7 </Td> <Td> . 588 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season - by - season record ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Coach </Th> <Th> Overall </Th> <Th> Conference </Th> <Th> Standing </Th> <Th> Bowl / playoffs </Th> <Th> Coaches </Th> <Th> AP </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> Rocky Mountain Conference ( 1922 -- 1938 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1922 </Td> <Td> Alvin Twitchell </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 </Td> <Td> Alvin Twitchell </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 </Td> <Td> T -- 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 </Td> <Td> Alvin Twitchell </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 </Td> <Td> C.J. Hart </Td> <Td> 3 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 3 </Td> <Td> T -- 6th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 </Td> <Td> C.J. Hart </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 9th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 </Td> <Td> C.J. Hart </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 </Td> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 3 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 10th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 </Td> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 </Td> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 5 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 4 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 </Td> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 </Td> <Td> T -- 6th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> G. Ott Romney </Td> <Td> 4 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> Eddie Kimball </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> T -- 2nd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> Eddie Kimball </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> RMC Totals : </Td> <Td> 63 -- 62 -- 9 (. 504 ) </Td> <Td> 48 -- 54 -- 5 (. 472 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> Mountain States / Skyline Conference ( 1939 -- 1961 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> Eddie Kimball </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 </Td> <Td> Eddie Kimball </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 </Td> <Td> Eddie Kimball </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> Floyd Millet </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 4 </Td> <Td> T -- 6th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 </Td> <Td> Eddie Kimball </Td> <Td> 5 -- 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Eddie Kimball </Td> <Td> 3 -- 7 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> Eddie Kimball </Td> <Td> 5 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Chick Atkinson </Td> <Td> 0 -- 11 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 6th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Chick Atkinson </Td> <Td> 4 -- 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Chick Atkinson </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Chick Atkinson </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Chick Atkinson </Td> <Td> 2 -- 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> T -- 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> Chick Atkinson </Td> <Td> 1 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Chick Atkinson </Td> <Td> 1 -- 9 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 7 </Td> <Td> 8th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Hal Kopp </Td> <Td> 2 -- 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Hal Kopp </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Hal Kopp </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Tally Stevens </Td> <Td> 3 -- 7 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> T -- 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Tally Stevens </Td> <Td> 3 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Hal Mitchel </Td> <Td> 2 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> T -- 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> MSC / SC Totals : </Td> <Td> 65 -- 117 -- 13 (. 367 ) </Td> <Td> 38 -- 75 -- 11 (. 351 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> Western Athletic Conference ( 1962 -- 1998 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Hal Mitchel </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> T -- 2nd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Hal Mitchel </Td> <Td> 2 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Tommy Hudspeth </Td> <Td> 3 -- 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Tommy Hudspeth </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Tommy Hudspeth </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> T -- 2nd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Tommy Hudspeth </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Tommy Hudspeth </Td> <Td> 2 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Tommy Hudspeth </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Tommy Hudspeth </Td> <Td> 3 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 6 </Td> <Td> T -- 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Tommy Hudspeth </Td> <Td> 5 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 7 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> T -- 2nd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 5 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 4th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 7 -- 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> L Fiesta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 6 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> T -- 4th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> L Tangerine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 9 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> T -- 1st </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 9 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> L Holiday </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> L Holiday </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 12 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> W Holiday </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> W Holiday </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 8 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> L Holiday </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> W Holiday </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 13 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> W Holiday </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 11 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> L Citrus </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 8 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> L Freedom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 9 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> L All - American </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 9 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 </Td> <Td> T -- 3rd </Td> <Td> W Freedom </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> L Holiday </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> L Holiday </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 8 -- 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> T Holiday </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 8 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> T - 1st </Td> <Td> L Aloha </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 6 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> T -- 1st </Td> <Td> L Holiday </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> T -- 2nd </Td> <Td> W Copper </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 7 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> T -- 1st </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 14 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 0 </Td> <Td> T -- 1st </Td> <Td> W Cotton </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 6 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 9 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> L Liberty </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> WAC Totals : </Td> <Td> 288 -- 147 -- 4 (. 661 ) </Td> <Td> 189 -- 71 -- 2 (. 725 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> Mountain West Conference ( 1999 -- 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 8 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> T -- 1st </Td> <Td> L Motor City </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards </Td> <Td> 6 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> T -- 3rd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Gary Crowton </Td> <Td> 12 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> L Liberty </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Gary Crowton </Td> <Td> 5 -- 7 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 7th </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Gary Crowton </Td> <Td> 4 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gary Crowton </Td> <Td> 5 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 6 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 </Td> <Td> T -- 2nd </Td> <Td> L Las Vegas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> W Las Vegas </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1st </Td> <Td> W Las Vegas </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3rd </Td> <Td> L Las Vegas </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 11 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2nd </Td> <Td> W Las Vegas </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 </Td> <Td> T -- 3rd </Td> <Td> W New Mexico </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> MWC Totals : </Td> <Td> 96 -- 54 (. 640 ) </Td> <Td> 64 -- 26 (. 711 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> Independent ( 2011 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 10 -- 3 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> W Armed Forces </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 8 -- 5 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> W Poinsettia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 8 -- 5 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> L Fight Hunger Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 8 -- 5 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> L Miami Beach Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Bronco Mendenhall </Td> <Td> 9 -- 4 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> L Las Vegas Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Kalani Sitake </Td> <Td> 9 -- 4 </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td> W Poinsettia Bowl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Independent Totals : </Td> <Td> 49 -- 25 (. 638 ) </Td> <Td> n / a </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Total : </Td> <Td> 553 -- 399 -- 26 (. 577 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> National championship Conference title Conference division title </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="9"> <Ul> <Li> Rankings from final Coaches Poll . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Team awards for the BYU Cougars include 23 conference titles and one national championship in 1984 . For player awards , BYU has produced 51 All - Americans ( 13 Consensus All - Americans ) , and one Heisman Trophy winner ( Ty Detmer in 1990 ) . Other BYU players finishing in the top ten in Heisman voting include Gary Sheide ( 8th in 1974 ) , Gifford Nielsen ( 6th in 1976 ) , Marc Wilson ( 3rd in 1979 ) , Jim McMahon ( 5th in 1980 , 3rd in 1981 ) , Steve Young ( 2nd in 1983 ) , Robbie Bosco ( 3rd in 1984 and 1985 ) , and Ty Detmer ( 9th in 1989 , Winner in 1990 , 3rd in 1991 ) . Detmer also won the Maxwell Award ( best football player ) in 1990 . </P> <P> Four BYU players have won the Davey O'Brien Award ( best quarterback ) -- Jim McMahon , Steve Young , and Ty Detmer twice -- more than any other school ; and seven players have won the Sammy Baugh Trophy ( best passer ) : Steve Sarkisian ( 1996 ) , Gary Sheide ( 1974 ) , Marc Wilson ( 1979 ) , Jim McMahon ( 1981 ) , Steve Young ( 1983 ) , Robbie Bosco ( 1984 ) , and Ty Detmer ( 1991 ) . Luke Staley won the Doak Walker Award ( best running back ) and Jim Brown Trophy ( best running back ) in 2001 . Two players earned the Outland Trophy ( best interior lineman ) : Jason Buck ( 1986 ) and Moe Elewonibi ( 1989 ) . One player Ty Detmer won the Maxwell Award 1990 . </P> <P> For coaching , LaVell Edwards received the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award in 1979 , the AFCA ( Kodak ) Coach of the Year Award in 1984 , and the Amos Alonzo Stagg Award ( career achievement ) in 2003 . </P> <P> Six players have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame ( Gifford Nielsen in 1994 , Marc Wilson in 1996 , Jim McMahon in 1999 , Steve Young in 2001 , Gordon Hudson in 2009 , and Ty Detmer in 2011 ) and LaVell Edwards was inducted as a coach in 2004 . </P> <H2> Uniforms ( edit ) </H2> <P> From the 1970s to 1999 -- a period coinciding with some of the school 's best and most prominent football seasons -- BYU school colors were royal blue and white . The football team generally wore royal blue jerseys and white pants at home , and white jerseys and royal blue pants on the road . </P> <P> In 1999 , Coach Edwards ' penultimate year , the school colors switched to dark blue , white , and tan , and the football helmets switched from white to dark blue . The block ' Y ' remained on the sides of the helmet but received a new , more current treatment . The home uniforms consisted of dark blue jerseys with white `` bib '' and dark blue pants , and the away uniforms consisted of white jerseys with white pants . These new uniforms were disliked by both the conservative fans in Provo and the NCAA , who required the team to remove the white bib on the front of the blue home jersey in 2000 ( NCAA rules require that a team 's jersey have a single dominant color ) . The home jersey thereafter was modified with blue replacing the white on the bib area . </P> <P> These uniforms lasted until 2004 , when a uniform new style incorporating New York Jets - style shoulder stripes was introduced ( the helmets remained the same ) . The new uniforms were worn in a `` mix - and - match '' strategy -- e.g. , the home blue jerseys were worn with either blue or white pants and the white away jerseys were worn with either blue or white pants . This uniform incarnation lasted for only one season . </P> <P> Ultimately , the traditional design with the white helmet and former logo was re-introduced for the 2005 season . While the uniforms were also changed to be similar to the 1980s uniforms , the darker blue remained instead of the former royal blue , but all tan highlights were eliminated . This change was done at the insistence of new head coach Bronco Mendenhall , who wanted to return the team to the successful traditions of the 1980s . Normally , it takes a minimum of 1 -- 2 years to create , design and approve a uniform change . When Nike , the team 's uniform supplier , said that they could not possibly make the change in just five months , former head coach and BYU legend LaVell Edwards made a call to Nike and asked them to help the new Cougar coach . Edwards had worked with Nike on several occasions since his retirement , and with the legendary coach 's weight behind the request , BYU was able to take the field in 2005 in new , traditional uniforms . One slight change in the uniform came in the 2007 season , when a small traditional ' Y ' logo was added to the bottom of the collar . </P> <P> In 2009 BYU used a `` throwback '' jersey paying tribute to the 25 - year anniversary of the 1984 National Championship . They were the same design as the current jerseys but royal blue instead of navy blue . They were introduced against rival University of Utah and again in the Las Vegas Bowl against Oregon State . BYU also introduced new `` black - out '' jerseys in the 2012 season , debuting at home , also against Oregon State . </P> <H2> Alumni ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Brigham Young University alumni § Football <P> As of 2008 , 146 BYU Cougars football players have gone on to play professional football . Team alumni have competed in 48 NFL Super Bowls , including Super Bowl MVP Steve Young and two - time Super Bowl winner Jim McMahon . </P> <H2> Rivalries ( edit ) </H2> <P> BYU 's football program has two historic rivalries : one with the Utah Utes in a game referred to as `` The Holy War '' , and another with the Utah State Aggies in `` The Battle for the Old Wagon Wheel '' . BYU also competes with Utah , Utah State and Weber State for the Beehive Boot . An emerging rivalry resulting from recent and anticipated future consecutive competition is Boise State , who BYU plays every year from now until 2023 . </P> <H2> Future schedules ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 2017 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 26 </Td> <Td> Portland State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 2 </Td> <Td> vs. LSU </Td> <Td> Mercedes - Benz Superdome New Orleans , Louisiana </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 9 </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 16 </Td> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 29 </Td> <Td> at Utah State </Td> <Td> Maverik Stadium Logan , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 7 </Td> <Td> Boise State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 14 </Td> <Td> at Mississippi State </Td> <Td> Davis Wade Stadium Starkville , Mississippi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 21 </Td> <Td> at East Carolina </Td> <Td> Dowdy -- Ficklen Stadium Greenville , North Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 28 </Td> <Td> San Jose State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 4 </Td> <Td> at Fresno State </Td> <Td> Bulldog Stadium Fresno , California </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 11 </Td> <Td> at UNLV </Td> <Td> Sam Boyd Stadium Paradise , Nevada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 18 </Td> <Td> UMass </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 25 </Td> <Td> at Hawaii </Td> <Td> Aloha Stadium Honolulu , Hawaii </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2018 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 1 </Td> <Td> at Arizona </Td> <Td> Arizona Stadium Tucson , Arizona </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 8 </Td> <Td> Cal </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 15 </Td> <Td> at Wisconsin </Td> <Td> Camp Randall Stadium Madison , Wisconsin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 22 </Td> <Td> McNeese State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 29 </Td> <Td> at Washington </Td> <Td> Husky Stadium Seattle , Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 5 </Td> <Td> Utah State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 13 </Td> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 27 </Td> <Td> Northern Illinois </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 3 </Td> <Td> at Boise State </Td> <Td> Albertsons Stadium Boise , Idaho </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 10 </Td> <Td> at UMass </Td> <Td> Gillette Stadium Foxborough , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 17 </Td> <Td> New Mexico State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 24 </Td> <Td> at Utah </Td> <Td> Rice - Eccles Stadium Salt Lake City , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2019 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August 29 </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 7 </Td> <Td> at Tennessee </Td> <Td> Neyland Stadium Knoxville , Tennessee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 14 </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 21 </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 28 </Td> <Td> at Toledo </Td> <Td> Glass Bowl Toledo , Ohio </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 4 </Td> <Td> at Utah State </Td> <Td> Romney Stadium Logan , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 12 </Td> <Td> Boise State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 9 </Td> <Td> Liberty </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 16 </Td> <Td> Idaho State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 23 </Td> <Td> at UMass </Td> <Td> Gillette Stadium Foxborough , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 30 </Td> <Td> at San Diego State </Td> <Td> Qualcomm Stadium San Diego , California </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> at Washington State </Td> <Td> Martin Stadium Pullman , Washington </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2020 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 12 </Td> <Td> Michigan State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 19 </Td> <Td> at Arizona State </Td> <Td> Sun Devil Stadium Tempe , Arizona </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 2 </Td> <Td> Utah State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 17 </Td> <Td> at Boise State </Td> <Td> Albertsons Stadium Boise , Idaho </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 27 </Td> <Td> at Northern Illinois </Td> <Td> Huskie Stadium Dekalb , Illinois </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 7 </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 14 </Td> <Td> San Diego State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 28 </Td> <Td> at Stanford </Td> <Td> Stanford Stadium Stanford , California </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> at Minnesota </Td> <Td> TCF Bank Stadium Minneapolis , Minnesota </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2021 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 4 </Td> <Td> vs. Arizona </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 11 </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 18 </Td> <Td> Arizona State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 25 </Td> <Td> at USF </Td> <Td> Raymond James Stadium Tampa , Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 9 </Td> <Td> Boise State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 27 </Td> <Td> at USC </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> at Baylor </Td> <Td> McLane Stadium Waco , Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2022 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 3 </Td> <Td> at Utah </Td> <Td> Rice - Eccles Stadium Salt Lake City , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 23 </Td> <Td> USF </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 8 </Td> <Td> at Boise State </Td> <Td> Albertsons Stadium Boise , Idaho </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 22 </Td> <Td> at Liberty </Td> <Td> Williams Stadium Lynchburg , Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 26 </Td> <Td> at Stanford </Td> <Td> Stanford Stadium Stanford , California </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2023 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 2 </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 14 </Td> <Td> Boise State </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 25 </Td> <Td> at USC </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum Los Angeles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 7 </Td> <Td> at Virginia </Td> <Td> Scott Stadium Charlottesville , Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2025 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 13 </Td> <Td> UCLA </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2026 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 12 </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> LaVell Edwards Stadium Provo , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2027 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 11 </Td> <Td> at Arizona </Td> <Td> Arizona Stadium Tucson , Arizona </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Additional information ( edit ) </H3> <P> BYU and Notre Dame announced an additional four games to be played between 2014 -- 2020 in both Provo and South Bend . Notre Dame later announced , though , that due to its scheduling alliance with the ACC it no longer planned to honor the remainder of the agreement with BYU . The Irish played two games of the deal ( both at home ) but exercised the escape clause in the contract for the other four , including two scheduled for Provo . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Haka performed by non-New Zealand sports teams § Brigham Young University </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Colors -- Identity Guidelines -- Athletics '' . Brigham Young University . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First Brigham Young Academy football team , 1896 '' . BYU. 2005 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Second Brigham Young Academy football team , 1897 '' . BYU. 2005 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BY High School football team , 1920 '' . BYU. 2005 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Football game with Montana University , 1925 '' . BYU. 2005 . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lloyd , Jared ( July 29 , 2013 ) . `` BYU Classic Football Face - off Semifinals : BYU / SMU ( 1980 ) vs. BYU / Pitt 1984 '' . The Daily Herald . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Minium , Harry . `` Minium : Do n't count on a ' Group of 5 ' national football championship '' . Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jorgensen , Loren ( January 2 , 1997 ) . `` 1996 Cotton Bowl : BYU 19 , Kansas State 15 '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beck , Stephenson ( November 19 , 2000 ) . `` Cougar Stadium renamed LaVell Edwards Stadium '' . The Daily Universe . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Doug ( December 20 , 2000 ) . `` Crowton learning Y. rules quickly '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , Jeff ( December 1 , 2004 ) . `` Crowton Resigns as Football Coach '' . BYU Cougars . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aiken , Kathy ; Penrod , Sam ( December 1 , 2004 ) . `` BYU Football Coach Gary Crowton Steps Down '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Call , Jeff ( February 1 , 2011 ) . `` BYU football : Ben Cahoon hired as wide receivers coach '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hemsley , Landon ( May 2 , 2013 ) . `` Jim McMahon , the brash quarterback and Ziggy Ansah , the humble defensive end '' . Deseret News . Retrieved August 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McMurphy , Brett ( March 19 , 2015 ) . `` SEC OKs independents for quota '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved March 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGuire , Kevin ( July 31 , 2015 ) . `` New Big Ten scheduling mandates Power 5 opponents , no FCS foes '' . NBCSports.com . College Football Talk . Retrieved July 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monson , Gordon ( December 13 , 2015 ) . `` Monson : Big 12 is doing BYU wrong '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Sean ( December 4 , 2015 ) . `` Bronco Mendenhall named head coach at Virginia '' . KSL - TV . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cox , Kenny ( December 19 , 2015 ) . `` Kalani Sitake named head football coach at BYU '' . BYU Cougars . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BYU Football All Americans '' . BYU . Retrieved August 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Foundation Archived 2007 - 09 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , Jeff ( August 5 , 2008 ) . `` Traditional Uniforms Unveiled '' . BYU Cougars . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BYU Football -- In the Pros '' . BYU Athletics . Archived from the original on March 29 , 2008 . Retrieved May 10 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Boise State , BYU will play annually through 2023 '' . The Sporting News . September 28 , 2011 . Retrieved September 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judd , Brandon ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` BYU officially announces series with Mississippi State ; Holmoe responds to SEC scheduling news '' . Deseret News . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BYU , East Carolina Announce a Two - Game Football Series '' . BYU Athletics . January 26 , 2012 . Retrieved January 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Judd , Brandon ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` BYU football : Cougars announce 4 - game series with UMass '' . Deseret News . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wisconsin , BYU Announce Home - And - Home Series '' . Rant Sports . October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` BYU Football announces games with San Diego State and McNeese State '' . SB Nation . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Washington announces home - and - homes with Michigan , BYU '' . Sports Illustrated . August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BYU Football Scheduling : New Mexico State announces game as 2018 schedule appears to be set '' . Vanquish the Foe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Toledo and BYU Schedule 2016 , 2019 Home - and - Home Series '' . FBSchedules . June 24 , 2015 . Retrieved June 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Drew , Jay ( November 8 , 2012 ) . `` Update : Washington State will host BYU football in 2019 , replaces BYU with SUU in 2013 '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Retrieved November 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cougars announce football series with Michigan State '' . Deseret News . January 21 , 2015 . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BYU football : Cougars add Stanford , Hawaii and Savannah State to future schedules '' . deseretnews.com . October 8 , 2013 . Retrieved October 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BYU leaving MWC for 2011 -- 12 season '' . ESPN . September 1 , 2010 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2010 . 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Miller Field </Li> <Li> Smith Fieldhouse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Off - campus </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jerusalem Center </Li> <Li> Salt Lake Center </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Housing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Residence halls </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of BYU </Li> <Li> Brigham Young </Li> <Li> The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Presidents </Li> <Li> Alumni </Li> <Li> Faculty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Student life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Academic freedom issues </Li> <Li> Ballroom Dance Company </Li> <Li> BYU Magazine </Li> <Li> BYUSA </Li> <Li> BYUtv </Li> <Li> CES Honor Code </Li> <Li> Choirs </Li> <Li> Divine Comedy </Li> <Li> LDS mission </Li> <Li> ORCA Grant </Li> <Li> The Ryde </Li> <Li> Studio C </Li> <Li> Tantara Records </Li> <Li> The Universe </Li> <Li> Vocal Point </Li> <Li> Young Ambassadors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NCAA Division I FBS independents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Army Black Knights </Li> <Li> BYU Cougars </Li> <Li> Massachusetts Minutemen </Li> <Li> Notre Dame Fighting Irish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Future teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Liberty Flames ( starting in 2018 ) </Li> <Li> New Mexico State Aggies ( starting in 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former teams </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of former NCAA Division I-A / FBS Independent teams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BYU_Cougars_football&oldid=803832824 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> BYU Cougars football </Li> <Li> Sports clubs established in 1922 </Li> <Li> 1922 establishments in Utah </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 22 : 42 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Bimetallic strip - wikipedia <H1> Bimetallic strip </H1> This article is about the temperature - sensitive mechanical device . For metals composed of a mixture of two or more chemical elements , see alloy . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Diagram of a bimetallic strip showing how the difference in thermal expansion in the two metals leads to a much larger sideways displacement of the strip A bimetallic coil from a thermometer reacts to the heat from a lighter , by uncoiling and then coiling back up when the lighter is removed . <P> A bimetallic strip is used to convert a temperature change into mechanical displacement . The strip consists of two strips of different metals which expand at different rates as they are heated , usually steel and copper , or in some cases steel and brass . The strips are joined together throughout their length by riveting , brazing or welding . The different expansions force the flat strip to bend one way if heated , and in the opposite direction if cooled below its initial temperature . The metal with the higher coefficient of thermal expansion is on the outer side of the curve when the strip is heated and on the inner side when cooled . </P> <P> The sideways displacement of the strip is much larger than the small lengthways expansion in either of the two metals . This effect is used in a range of mechanical and electrical devices . In some applications the bimetal strip is used in the flat form . In others , it is wrapped into a coil for compactness . The greater length of the coiled version gives improved sensitivity . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Applications <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Clocks </Li> <Li> 2.2 Thermostats </Li> <Li> 2.3 Thermometers </Li> <Li> 2.4 Heat engine </Li> <Li> 2.5 Electrical devices </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Calculations </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> John Harrison 's Memorial in Westminster Abbey , London <P> The earliest surviving bimetallic strip was made by the eighteenth - century clockmaker John Harrison who is generally credited with its invention . He made it for his third marine chronometer ( H3 ) of 1759 to compensate for temperature - induced changes in the balance spring . It should not be confused with the bimetallic mechanism for correcting for thermal expansion in his gridiron pendulum . His earliest examples had two individual metal strips joined by rivets but he also invented the later technique of directly fusing molten brass onto a steel substrate . A strip of this type was fitted to his last timekeeper , H5 . Harrison 's invention is recognized in the memorial to him in Westminster Abbey , England . </P> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Clocks ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mechanical clock mechanisms are sensitive to temperature changes which lead to errors in time keeping . A bimetallic strip is used to compensate for this in some mechanisms . The most common method is to use a bimetallic construction for the circular rim of the balance wheel . As the spring controlling the balance becomes weaker with increasing temperature , so the balance becomes smaller in diameter to keep the period of oscillation ( and hence timekeeping ) constant . </P> <H3> Thermostats ( edit ) </H3> Thermostat with bimetal coil at ( 2 ) See also : Tipping points and ' popping disc ' bimetal thermostats <P> In the regulation of heating and cooling , thermostats that operate over a wide range of temperatures are used . In these , one end of the bimetallic strip is mechanically fixed and attached to an electrical power source , while the other ( moving ) end carries an electrical contact . In adjustable thermostats another contact is positioned with a regulating knob or lever . The position so set controls the regulated temperature , called the set point . </P> <P> Some thermostats use a mercury switch connected to both electrical leads . The angle of the entire mechanism is adjustable to control the set point of the thermostat . </P> <P> Depending upon the application , a higher temperature may open a contact ( as in a heater control ) or it may close a contact ( as in a refrigerator or air conditioner ) . </P> <P> The electrical contacts may control the power directly ( as in a household iron ) or indirectly , switching electrical power through a relay or the supply of natural gas or fuel oil through an electrically operated valve . In some natural gas heaters the power may be provided with a thermocouple that is heated by a pilot light ( a small , continuously burning , flame ) . In devices without pilot lights for ignition ( as in most modern gas clothes dryers and some natural gas heaters and decorative fireplaces ) the power for the contacts is provided by reduced household electrical power that operates a relay controlling an electronic ignitor , either a resistance heater or an electrically powered spark generating device . </P> <H3> Thermometers ( edit ) </H3> <P> A direct indicating dial thermometer ( such as a patio thermometer or a meat thermometer ) uses a bimetallic strip wrapped into a coil . One end of the coil is fixed to the housing of the device and the other drives an indicating needle . A bimetallic strip is also used in a recording thermometer . Breguet 's thermometer consists of a tri-metallic helix . </P> <H3> Heat engine ( edit ) </H3> <P> Simple toys have been built which demonstrate how the principle can be used to drive a heat engine . </P> <H3> Electrical devices ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bimetal strips are used in miniature circuit breakers to protect circuits from excess current . A coil of wire is used to heat a bimetal strip , which bends and operates a linkage that unlatches a spring - operated contact . This interrupts the circuit and can be reset when the bimetal strip has cooled down . </P> <P> Bimetal strips are also used in time - delay relays , lamp flashers , and fluorescent lamp starters . In some devices the current running directly through the bimetal strip is sufficient to heat it and operate contacts directly . </P> <H2> Calculations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Curvature of a bimetallic beam : </P> <Dl> <Dd> κ = 6 E 1 E 2 ( h 1 + h 2 ) h 1 h 2 ε E 1 2 h 1 4 + 4 E 1 E 2 h 1 3 h 2 + 6 E 1 E 2 h 1 2 h 2 2 + 4 E 1 E 2 h 2 3 h 1 + E 2 2 h 2 4 ( \ displaystyle \ kappa = ( \ frac ( 6E_ ( 1 ) E_ ( 2 ) ( h_ ( 1 ) + h_ ( 2 ) ) h_ ( 1 ) h_ ( 2 ) \ epsilon ) ( E_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) h_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 4 ) + 4E_ ( 1 ) E_ ( 2 ) h_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 3 ) h_ ( 2 ) + 6E_ ( 1 ) E_ ( 2 ) h_ ( 1 ) ^ ( 2 ) h_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 4E_ ( 1 ) E_ ( 2 ) h_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 3 ) h_ ( 1 ) + E_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) h_ ( 2 ) ^ ( 4 ) ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> where E 1 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( 1 ) ) and h 1 ( \ displaystyle h_ ( 1 ) ) are the Young 's modulus and height ( thickness ) of material one and E 2 ( \ displaystyle E_ ( 2 ) ) and h 2 ( \ displaystyle h_ ( 2 ) ) are the Young 's modulus and height ( thickness ) of material two . ε ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon ) is the misfit strain , calculated by : </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> ε = ( α 1 − α 2 ) Δ T ( \ displaystyle \ epsilon = ( \ alpha _ ( 1 ) - \ alpha _ ( 2 ) ) \ Delta T \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion of material one and α is the coefficient of thermal expansion of material two . ΔT is the current temperature minus the reference temperature ( the temperature where the beam has no flexure ) . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Thermotime switch - application in automobile engines </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobel , Dava ( 1995 ) . Longitude . London : Fourth Estate . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 721446 - 4 . One of the inventions Harrison introduced in H - 3 ... is called ... a bi-metallic strip . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clyne , TW . `` Residual stresses in surface coatings and their effects on interfacial debonding . '' Key Engineering Materials ( Switzerland ) . Vol. 116 - 117 , pp. 307 - 330 . 1996 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Timoshenko , J. Opt . Soc . Am. 11 , 233 ( 1925 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Video of a circular bimetallic wire powering a small motor with iced water . Accessed February 2011 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sensors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Acoustic , sound , vibration </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geophone </Li> <Li> Hydrophone </Li> <Li> Microphone </Li> <Li> Seismometer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Automotive , transportation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Air -- fuel ratio meter </Li> <Li> Blind spot monitor </Li> <Li> Crankshaft position sensor </Li> <Li> Curb feeler </Li> <Li> Defect detector </Li> <Li> Engine coolant temperature sensor </Li> <Li> Hall effect sensor </Li> <Li> MAP sensor </Li> <Li> Mass flow sensor </Li> <Li> Omniview technology </Li> <Li> Oxygen sensor </Li> <Li> Parking sensors </Li> <Li> Radar gun </Li> <Li> Speed sensor </Li> <Li> Speedometer </Li> <Li> Throttle position sensor </Li> <Li> Tire - pressure monitoring system </Li> <Li> Torque sensor </Li> <Li> Transmission fluid temperature sensor </Li> <Li> Turbine speed sensor </Li> <Li> Variable reluctance sensor </Li> <Li> Vehicle speed sensor </Li> <Li> Water sensor </Li> <Li> Wheel speed sensor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chemical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Breathalyzer </Li> <Li> Carbon dioxide sensor </Li> <Li> Carbon monoxide detector </Li> <Li> Catalytic bead sensor </Li> <Li> Chemical field - 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Interstate 69 in Indiana - wikipedia <H1> Interstate 69 in Indiana </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the section of Interstate 69 in Indiana . For the entire route , see Interstate 69 . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <P> </P> Interstate 69 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Map of I - 69 within Indiana Completed sections of I - 69 Planned and under construction sections </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Route information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Maintained by INDOT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 272.722 mi ( 438.904 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Existed : </Th> <Td> 1956 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Southern segment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 114.898 mi ( 184.910 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South end : </Th> <Td> US 41 in Evansville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major junctions : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I - 64 near Elberfeld </Li> <Li> US 50 / US 150 in Washington </Li> <Li> US 231 near Crane </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North end : </Th> <Td> SR 37 in Bloomington </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Original segment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length : </Th> <Td> 157.824 mi ( 253.993 km ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South end : </Th> <Td> I - 465 / US 31 / US 52 / US 421 / SR 37 in Indianapolis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major junctions : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> SR 37 in Fishers </Li> <Li> I - 469 / US 33 in Fort Wayne </Li> <Li> US 24 / US 30 / US 33 / US 27 in Fort Wayne </Li> <Li> I - 469 / US 24 / US 30 in Fort Wayne </Li> <Li> I - 80 / I - 90 / Indiana Toll Road near Angola </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North end : </Th> <Td> I - 69 at Michigan state line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Location </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties : </Th> <Td> Vanderburgh , Warrick , Gibson , Pike , Daviess , Greene , Monroe , Morgan , Marion , Hamilton , Madison , Delaware , Grant , Huntington , Allen , DeKalb , Steuben </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Highway system </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Interstate Highway System </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Main </Li> <Li> Auxiliary </Li> <Li> Suffixed </Li> <Li> Business </Li> <Li> Future </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Indiana Highways </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Interstate </Li> <Li> US </Li> <Li> State </Li> <Li> Scenic </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← SR 68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> SR 69 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Interstate 69 ( I - 69 ) presently has two discontinuous segments of freeway in the U.S. state of Indiana . The original 157.30 - mile - long ( 253.15 km ) highway , completed in November 1971 , runs northeasterly from the state capital of Indianapolis , to the city of Fort Wayne , and then proceeds north to the state of Michigan ( reaching its capital city , Lansing and beyond ) . This original section is also known as Segment of Independent Utility ( SIU ) 1 in the national plan for expansion of I - 69 . </P> <P> The new 114 - mile ( 183 km ) segment in Southwest Indiana presently temporarily begins at the interchange with U.S. Highway 41 ( US 41 ) and Veterans Memorial Parkway in Evansville and as of 9 December 2015 temporarily ends at State Road 37 ( SR 37 ) near Bloomington . Opened in phases in 2009 , 2012 , and 2015 , this is the first major Indiana section completed of the planned national extension of I - 69 southwest from Indianapolis via Paducah , Memphis , Shreveport , and Houston to the international border with Mexico in Texas . The portion of I - 69 between US 41 and I - 64 is also known as the Robert D. Orr Highway and originally existed as I - 164 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Route description <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Configuration </Li> <Li> 1.2 Services </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Pre-construction ( 1940s -- 1950s ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Construction ( 1960s -- 1970s ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Expansion on a national scale ( 1990s and beyond ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 SIU 1 <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Post-construction improvements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 SIU 3 <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Tier 1 studies </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2 Tier 2 studies and lawsuits <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 2.1 Studies </Li> <Li> 2.5. 2.2 Lawsuits </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5. 3 Construction begins </Li> <Li> 2.5. 4 The first open segment </Li> <Li> 2.5. 5 Sixty - four additional miles opened </Li> <Li> 2.5. 6 Current construction status </Li> <Li> 2.5. 7 Section 6 </Li> <Li> 2.5. 8 Financing construction </Li> <Li> 2.5. 9 Designation extension </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.6 SIU 4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Future <Ul> <Li> 3.1 SIU 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Controversy <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Protests </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Exit list </Li> <Li> 6 Related routes <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Auxiliary route </Li> <Li> 6.2 Indiana Commerce Connector </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Route description ( edit ) </H2> <P> The original stretch of I - 69 in Indiana begins with an interchange at the northeast corner of I - 465 , the Indianapolis outer beltway , where Binford Boulevard , a four - lane divided surface arterial that formerly carried SR 37 transitions into the I - 69 freeway . Southbound at this junction , most I - 69 motorists take exit 200 , which was formerly known as exit 0 , to remain on a freeway and reach either I - 465 south ( with SR 37 south and the likely routing of future extended I - 69 ) or I - 465 west . Running in a northeasterly direction and concurrent with SR 37 , I - 69 turns east - northeast at the end of that overlap just past mile marker 205 ( formerly marker 5 ) in Fishers . From there , the freeway turns more easterly through the Campus Parkway / Southeastern Parkway ( former Greenfield Avenue and SR 238 ) interchange and remains on that general heading until it reaches the Pendleton area . </P> <P> After bypassing Pendleton to the west and north , SR 9 and SR 67 join I - 69 , which continues to the east - northeast into the Anderson area . There , SR 9 departs , and shortly thereafter I - 69 begins two long curves to the northeast , and then the north . Between Daleville and Chesterfield , SR 67 departs I - 69 , bound for Muncie . From the Anderson -- Muncie region , I - 69 continues north , running concurrently with US 35 between SR 28 east of Alexandria and SR 22 near Gas City . After passing SR 18 east of Marion , I - 69 then heads more northeast , straight toward the Fort Wayne metro area . </P> <P> At the south junction of I - 469 , located at Lafayette Center Road near the General Motors truck assembly plant , US 33 joins I - 69 . US 24 used to be cosigned with I - 69 from this point to the interchange at Jefferson Boulevard ( originally known as Upper Huntington Road ) , even though it took travelers on that route several miles out of their way . However , in the mid-2010s , INDOT rerouted & resigned US 24 from its junction with I - 469 in New Haven to use the northern leg of that beltway ( concurrent with westbound US 30 ) to I - 69 , then south on the parent Interstate route to the aforementioned Jefferson Boulevard interchange . Now , eastbound US 24 joins northbound I - 69 and US 33 there . US 33 continues on north to the Goshen Road interchange near Coliseum Boulevard on the northwest side of Fort Wayne , where it departs I - 69 , eastbound US 30 joins , and the freeway curves more to the east once again . The next junction is the US 27 / SR 3 interchange at Lima Road on the north side of Fort Wayne . From the mid-1960s to 2001 , US 27 was rerouted onto a concurrency with I - 69 from here north to the Michigan border , but the route was thereafter truncated to this point as its national northern terminus . Past the next interchange at Coldwater Road , which was the original routing of US 27 north of town , the I - 69 freeway curves back to a northerly heading . At the north junction of I - 469 , both US 30 and the present routing of US 24 now depart to the east along that beltway and shortly thereafter I - 69 leaves the Fort Wayne metro area . </P> <P> I - 69 then continues north , passing just to the west of Auburn , Waterloo , and Angola , before reaching the I - 80 / 90 Indiana East -- West Toll Road near Fremont . Very shortly thereafter , the route crosses into the state of Michigan at a point just northwest of Fremont . </P> <P> The portion of I - 69 between Indianapolis and the Toll Road was first proposed in the seminal report Interregional Highways , released in January 1944 . By March 1946 , it was formally made part of the new National System of Interstate Highways by the U.S. Public Roads Administration . In 1958 , its first extension was approved . This took the route into Michigan in order to connect with I - 94 near Marshall . It was extended yet again , north to Lansing in the 1960s , and then east -- first to Flint and finally to the border with Canada at Port Huron , Michigan -- in the 1980s . The extreme southern portion of I - 69 from I - 465 to central Indianapolis was never built , though unpaved ghost ramps and overpasses for its connection to I - 65 and I - 70 can still be seen at the North Split / Spaghetti Bowl interchange just northeast of downtown Indy . </P> <H3> Configuration ( edit ) </H3> <P> Until recent years , all of I - 69 in Indiana north of the Indianapolis metro area was four lanes , but INDOT has reconstructed and widened I - 69 to six lanes through most of the Fort Wayne metro area by adding a travel lane in the median for each direction . </P> <P> Likewise , INDOT has widened I - 69 from I - 465 on the northeast side of Indianapolis to 116th Street / SR 37 in Fishers from the original six to eight through lanes , with additional auxiliary lanes between interchanges . A project to add a third travel lane in the median for each direction between 116th Street / SR 37 and SR 38 near Pendleton , as well as to totally rebuild the Campus Parkway / Southeastern Parkway junction ( Exit 210 ) as a Divergent Diamond Interchange ( DDI ) without necessitating its closure to traffic , began in 2016 and is scheduled for completion in late fall of 2017 . </P> <H3> Services ( edit ) </H3> <P> Originally , there were seven rest areas and two weigh stations located along the original length of I - 69 in Indiana . Of those , only four rest areas and one weigh station remain open at present . The Pipe Creek Rest Areas serve northbound and southbound travelers in Delaware County near mile marker 250 ( formerly marker 50 ) . Totally rebuilt in 2008 , these areas also serve motorists on US 35 , which is concurrent with I - 69 along this stretch of freeway . Near mile marker 280 ( formerly marker 80 ) in Huntington County , there were originally twin weigh stations for commercial vehicles ; however , only the southbound facility is still used . Also in Huntington County , the northbound Flat Creek Rest Area once served those heading north near original mile marker 89 ( now marker 289 ) , but joined its southbound companion ( which had closed in January 2009 and was located a couple miles to the north in Wells County , just south of the Wells -- Allen county line near original mile marker 92 ) on the list of permanently closed rest stops by late 2012 . These areas were closed due to their age , cost of maintenance and operation , as well as their relative proximity to the Fort Wayne metro area . Two other rest areas just north of that city in DeKalb County were also closed by 2001 for similar reasons . There the twin Cedar Creek Rest Areas once served northbound and southbound traffic near original mile marker 123 ( now marker 323 ) . In July 2011 it was reported that INDOT had begun building a new northbound facility at that location . In November 2012 , it replaced the aforementioned Flat Creek northbound rest area further to the south , which closed upon completion of this new facility at the Cedar Creek site . Finally , between Fort Wayne and the Michigan state line the Pigeon Creek Welcome Center serves southbound motorists in Steuben County near mile marker 345 ( formerly marker 145 ) . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pre-construction ( 1940s -- 1950s ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the 1944 study titled Interregional Highways and again , in 1947 when the original Interstate routes were first officially designated , I - 69 had its northern terminus listed as the Indiana East -- West Toll Road . But in 1956 , highway officials of the state of Michigan approached their Indiana counterparts about extending I - 69 north from the Toll Road and into their state along the route of US 27 to reach the proposed I - 94 near Marshall . After some further studies , both states requested this change and the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads ( BPR ) approved their proposal on January 21 , 1958 , making the Michigan state line the new northern terminus of I - 69 in Indiana and moving its national terminus permanently into the Wolverine State . </P> <P> The original southern termination point of I - 69 was to have been located at the northeast corner of the inner loop ( now known locally as the I - 65 / I - 70 `` North Split '' interchange ) near 13th and College Avenue in Indianapolis . Preliminary routing of the highway from SR 38 near Pendleton to Indianapolis had it generally following the SR 67 corridor southwest , joining I - 70 near German Church Road on the east side of Marion County , where the two routes would then be cosigned into the city . Later route location studies in 1961 recommended a different path , heading generally west from Pendleton to SR 37 near Fishers , then southwest past the Indianapolis outer beltway concurrent with the new location of that state route ( now known as Binford Boulevard ) . Once well into the city , it would turn south to cross Fall Creek and meet up with the inner loop at its northeast corner . In fact , the grading and overpasses for this never - built connection 's ramps can still be seen at that location . </P> <P> However , in 1962 the BPR ruled that it would only approve funding for I - 69 to be built to the first Interstate highway connection in the Indianapolis area , which was the I - 465 outer beltway near Castleton . State officials later sought to designate the proposed Northeast Freeway connecting that I - 69 / I - 465 interchange to the North Split interchange , approximately 11 miles ( 18 km ) in length , as I - 165 in order to get around this initial ruling . But after a political fight over the inner - city portions of I - 70 and I - 65 ( part of the national freeway revolt ) , it was eventually decided in the late 1970s to scrap the Northeast Freeway altogether . In its place , the state was allowed to use federal funds to widen I - 70 from its original six lanes to eight and ten lanes as well as to rework its east side interchange with I - 465 in order to handle the additional traffic loads from I - 69 and the northeastern suburbs it serves . </P> <H3> Construction ( 1960s -- 1970s ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like all Interstate highways in Indiana , the original I - 69 was constructed in segments which when all were complete , made up the route we know today . There were eleven segments in the federally approved original route between I - 465 in the Castleton neighborhood of northeastern Indianapolis and the Michigan state line . </P> <P> The first section of I - 69 to be completed in Indiana was the 10.16 - mile ( 16.35 km ) stretch in Allen County around the west and north sides of Fort Wayne between the former Upper Huntington Road ( now Jefferson Boulevard ) , which then carried US 24 and SR 37 , and Coldwater Road , which at the time was US 27 ( later SR 327 , but now neither ) . This initial portion of I - 69 freeway opened to traffic on October 23 , 1962 . The eleventh and final segment ( of the original route ) to be completed was the 5.05 - mile ( 8.13 km ) stretch between the north leg of I - 465 in Indy and the split with SR 37 at Fishers , which fully opened to traffic on November 16 , 1971 . </P> <H3> Expansion on a national scale ( 1990s and beyond ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Long after the route 's original completion , I - 69 was divided into a number of sections of independent utility ( SIUs ) dealing with a proposed extension of the freeway to the Mexican border in Texas . The original 157.30 - mile ( 253.15 km ) section of I - 69 in Indiana in its entirety is now part of SIU 1 . </P> <P> When the United States Congress enacted the Intermodal Surface and Transportation Efficiency Act in the mid-1990s , it established High Priority Corridors 18 and 20 . Together these corridors mandate the construction of an Interstate highway from Port Huron , Michigan to Brownsville , Texas . The new highway was designated I - 69 . The routing of the highway has proven to be controversial in Indiana , as it was to become a planned toll road in southern Indiana called Southern Indiana Toll Road , or SITR . After nearly 10 years of studies and close coordination between the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) , Army Corps of Engineers ( CoE ) , Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) , and the Indiana Department of Transportation ( INDOT ) , the final route for I - 69 between Indianapolis and Evansville was announced in March 2004 . At that time it was still uncertain when the extension would be built , since no funds were available to construct the $1.8 billion highway . Nonetheless , the FHWA and INDOT have been extremely methodical in the environmental studies required for the SITR to be built . State and federal highway officials opted to use a two - tier environmental study along with close coordination with the CoE , the EPA , and other state and federal agencies to ensure the proposed route can withstand any legal challenge that may be brought forth by opponents . While officials have performed studies on dozens of possible alignments over the past 30 years , the most recent round of environmental studies for the SITR have been ongoing since 1992 . </P> <H3> SIU 1 ( edit ) </H3> <P> SIU 1 includes the entire length of I - 69 in 1998 , from the I - 465 interchange on the northeast side of Indianapolis north to Lansing , Michigan , then east to Port Huron , Michigan . It was built in stages between 1956 and 1992 , with the final gap between Charlotte , Michigan , and Lansing completed on October 22 , 1992 . When the national I - 69 extension project was conceived , SIU 1 was already long completed , so all future work in this segment of the `` new I - 69 '' would be limited to mainline upgrades and operational improvements . </P> Post-construction improvements ( edit ) <P> A major project in the Fort Wayne metro area began in 2002 , resulting in an additional travel lane in each direction , bridge and pavement reconstruction , and interchange reconfiguration . Plans for SIU 1 also included spot improvements and pavement rehabilitation to the I - 469 loop around Fort Wayne and additional mainline and interchange improvements to I - 69 northeast of Indianapolis . </P> <P> At the north end of the Fort Wayne section , a new Single - Point Urban Interchange ( SPUI ) was built in 2012 at Union Chapel Road ( exit 317 ) to serve the then - new Parkview Regional Medical Center campus , replacing an original grade separation without Interstate access at that location . </P> <P> Just to the south of the Parkview complex , the junction at Dupont Road ( exit 316 ) was rebuilt and converted into Indiana 's first diverging diamond interchange ( DDI ) by late October 2014 . </P> <P> On October 24 , 2007 , INDOT announced a $600 million plan to reconstruct the I - 69 / I - 465 interchange on the northeast side of Indianapolis , that included the widening of about eight miles ( 13 km ) of I - 69 , I - 465 , and Binford Boulevard . Environmental studies and design work were subsequently undertaken , and construction on the I - 69 portion of the project was initially expected to begin in 2012 . However , that portion of the plan was later severely scaled back , with the I - 69 / I - 465 / Binford Boulevard interchange still awaiting most of the planned major improvements . </P> <P> In the mid 2010s , the I - 69 portion of the Operation Indy Commute project did address many of the capacity issues the 2007 plan was to have corrected , by adding two new travel lanes between 82nd Street and a rebuilt split with SR 37 as well as by adding auxiliary lanes between interchanges in this same area . </P> <P> In December 2015 , yet another plan was announced to rebuild the busy interchange at the south end of I - 69 's SIU 1 where it meets I - 465 and Binford Boulevard . However , that plan does not schedule construction to begin until 2020 . </P> <P> INDOT is presently in the process of widening 14 miles ( 23 km ) of I - 69 from four to six lanes from the 116th Street / SR 37 interchange at Fishers to the SR 38 / Green Street interchange in Pendleton , a project that began in 2016 and is scheduled for completion in 2017 . This contract also includes the reconstruction and conversion of the interchange at Campus Parkway / Southeastern Parkway ( exit 210 ) into I - 69 's second DDI while maintaining traffic flow and full access for all directional movements . </P> <P> A new interchange ( exit 204 ) at 106th Street in Fishers , constructed between April and December 2016 ( with final landscaping work extending into 2017 ) , was opened to traffic before the evening rush hour on December 7 , 2016 . The original two - lane grade separation without I - 69 access from 1971 has been replaced by two separate two - lane bridges over the freeway . Each bridge carries one direction of traffic in a unique oval - shaped roundabout , which controls traffic on 106th Street and interchange ramps to and from both directions of I - 69 . </P> <H3> SIU 3 ( edit ) </H3> <P> From Indianapolis , I - 69 is planned to follow the route of SR 37 south via Martinsville to Bloomington , Indiana , where a new terrain routing to the southwest will serve the Crane NSWC , Washington , and Oakland City , Indiana . The route will then intersect I - 64 ( where SIU 3 ends ) and encompass most of existing I - 164 through the Evansville , Indiana , area , crossing the Ohio River a few miles upstream of the existing US 41 bridges ( SIU 4 ) near its confluence with the Green River . </P> Tier 1 studies ( edit ) <P> INDOT has been highly methodical in its analysis and mitigation of the potential environmental impacts associated with the planned I - 69 extension through southwest Indiana . As such INDOT has taken a two - tier approach to completing the environmental documentation required for construction to proceed . During the Tier 1 studies , 14 route alternatives were analyzed and compared against the `` No - Build '' option . Of these alternatives , nine were eliminated from consideration as either having too great of an impact on the natural and human environment , failing to achieve the stated goals established for the I - 69 extension , or both . The five alternatives that remained were as follows : </P> <P> Alternative 1 ran from US 41 to Terre Haute and along I - 70 from Terre Haute to Indianapolis . This alternative was favored heavily by Terre Haute . Alternative 2 used US 41 to Vincennes and SR 67 from Vincennes to Indianapolis ; it was favored by Princeton and Vincennes . Alternative 3 was one of the two mostly overland routes along SR 57 , then cutting cross country on an alignment that roughly follows SR 45 , to SR 37 near Bloomington and using SR 37 to Indianapolis . This proposal was largely Supported by the Evansville area but significantly opposed by Bloomington . A modified version of Alternative 3 is the current path of I - 69 's construction . </P> <P> Alternative 4 followed SR 57 to US 231 near Bloomfield and US 231 from there to Spencer . Next it went cross country to Martinsville , followed SR 37 from Martinsville to Indianapolis , or continuing north to I - 70 ; I - 70 to Indianapolis . This concept had more support from the Hoosier Hills Area . Alternative 5 was the last studied and used SR 57 to US 50 bypass just south of Washington . Afterwards , it followed US 50 eastward through Daviess and Martin counties to SR 37 just east of Bedford and then SR 37 from Bedford to Indianapolis . This alternative was favored mainly by Bedford . </P> <P> In 2003 , INDOT presented the Tier 1 EIS to the Federal Highway Administration , which identified Alternative 3C ( following SR 37 between Indianapolis and Bloomington , then over new terrain to US 231 north of Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center , then following SR 57 south - southwest to the I - 64 / I - 164 interchange northeast of Evansville ) as the least environmentally damaging practical alternative . Subsequently in March 2003 the FHWA issued a Record of Decision approving the Tier 1 EIS for SIU 3 . </P> <P> in November 2005 , Governor Mitch Daniels announced the Major Moves initiative , which would raise billions of dollars for transportation projects by leasing the Indiana East -- West Toll Road . Legislation enacted in March 2006 authorized Governor Daniels to lease the Indiana Toll Road to a joint - venture between Macquarie Infrastructure Group and Cintra for $3.8 billion . The same legislation also authorized a similar public - private partnership for design , construction , and operation of 117 miles ( 188 km ) of Interstate 69 between Martinsville and Evansville as a toll expressway . This comes following new highway legislation by Congress in January 2006 that allocated over $58 million to upgrade Indiana 37 to a full expressway from Indianapolis to Bloomington , regardless of what happens with I - 69 . </P> <P> Nearly 15 years of environmental studies wrapped up on both the toll and free sections of the I - 69 extension between Indianapolis and Evansville in 2006 ; the project was still being considered as a toll road by then . Project engineers and designers were by then identifying exact placement of interchanges , bridge structures , and connecting roads . In June 2006 , officials revisited their decision from the Tier 1 EIS to account for the effects of tolling on the route , preparing a Tier 1 reevaluation report that concluded that the previously selected route remained the preferred alternative , even with tolls ; the report was approved by the Federal Highway Administration in the fall of 2006 . </P> <P> In October 2006 Democratic State Representatives David Crooks and Trent Van Haaften proposed revising Major Moves legislation to make the entire 142 - mile ( 229 km ) length of I - 69 between Evansville and Indianapolis as part of the Southern Indiana Toll Road . Under their proposal the SITR would be operated by either the Indiana Department of Transportation , or a public authority to be established by future legislation . Additionally , the proposal calls for the SITR construction bonds to be paid off 30 -- 40 years following the road 's completion , at which point the tolls would be removed . </P> <P> On November 9 , 2006 , Governor Daniels announced that I - 69 between Evansville and Indianapolis will be built as a toll - free route , effectively canceling plans for the Southern Indiana Toll Road . </P> Tier 2 studies and lawsuits ( edit ) Studies ( edit ) <P> During Tier 2 studies , INDOT further divided SIU 3 into six smaller segments , allowing work on each subsegment to proceed at its own pace . On December 21 , 2006 , INDOT announced completion of the Tier 2 draft EIS for the 13 - mile ( 21 km ) section between I - 64 and SR 64 near Oakland City . Officials further noted that they will accelerate the final EIS and construction on the southernmost two - mile ( 3.2 km ) section from I - 64 to SR 68 to facilitate access to the Toyota 's Princeton plant . On April 30 , Governor Daniels signed the state 's two - year $26 billion budget , which includes $119 million to fund construction of the southernmost segment of I - 69 , ensuring that construction began as scheduled in the summer of 2008 . The Final EIS for the southernmost section was issued on October 22 , 2007 . </P> <P> On February 10 , 2008 , INDOT and the FHWA issued the Tier 2 Draft EIS for two sections from Oakland City to Crane , totaling 55 miles ( 89 km ) . Of the changes to the original alternative , the DEIS extends the bridge over the Patoka River from 500 to 4,400 feet ( 150 to 1,340 m ) to minimize damage to the river and adjacent wetlands . Construction on two rural interchanges would be postponed to free up $30 million for the extended bridge . INDOT released the 5,000 - page Tier 2 FEIS for Section 3 from US 50 in Washington to US 231 near Crane on December 10 , 2009 . The ROD for Section 3 was issued in March 2010 and construction began in April 2010 . The ROD for Section 2 ( Oakland City to Washington ) was issued in May 2010 . In May 2010 , Governor Daniels announced plans for I - 69 to be open from I - 64 to Bloomington by 2014 ( Sections 1 through 4 ) . </P> Lawsuits ( edit ) <P> Opposition groups , including various community groups and local governments , cited environmental issues and the cost of extending I - 69 . In some instances , opponents of the Southern Indiana Toll Road have resorted to extreme democratic actions to protest the I - 69 extension , including petition signing by more than 144,000 Hoosiers along the proposed I - 69 corridor and mass mailings of opposition to Indiana Gov. Mitch Daniels . Other acts of protest included the vandalizing of the Indiana State Capitol by protesters who spray - painted `` I - 69 is the enemy '' and `` No I - 69 '' on the side of the limestone building . In 2005 , environmental extremists opposed to the extension set fire to I - 69 project offices near Bloomington . In 2007 , a group performed a mock eviction of the I - 69 project office in Oakland City . </P> <P> However , there have been mixed opinions of the project . The most recent routing was strongly opposed in Bloomington and Martinsville , while there is strong support in Evansville and Washington . The United States Navy also supports the current routing because it will provide access to the Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center . The proposed route has also been opposed by some national environmental groups such as Friends of the Earth , the Earth Liberation Front , and Roadless Summer . The new route was also supported by the Teamsters union , which represents many truck drivers , the American Trucking Association , and several trade unions representing the construction industry . The route has also pitted cities , towns , and counties against one another . Bloomington and Martinsville both oppose upgrading State Road 37 to Interstate 69 . The greatest support for I - 69 is in Indiana 's far southwestern counties and Evansville , while the greatest opposition is between Bloomington and Indianapolis . Since the southwest corner is the only region not served by an interstate highway to Indianapolis , officials here allege that highway opponents are blocking I - 69 construction in an attempt to further isolate this region from the remainder of the state . To the west , communities along US - 41 favor the presently selected alignment in lieu of the only other feasible routing : I - 70 to Terre Haute , then US - 41 south to Evansville . </P> <P> After the signing of Major Moves , highway opponents immediately filed two lawsuits to block the toll road lease legislation , arguing it violated the Indiana State Constitution . Among the arguments the plaintiffs contested that funds generated from the sale of a state public works asset must go to the state 's General Fund ( though the legislation does not sell state assets , but rather leases maintenance and operation of them ) . However , the underlying reason driving this lawsuit was the fact that Major Moves legislation provided the I - 69 extension with a funding source , and also authorized the state of Indiana to hire a private firm to design , build , and operate the Martinsville - Evansville I - 69 segment as the Southern Indiana Toll Road . In May 2006 , St. Joseph County Superior Court Judge Michael Scopelitis issued a ruling declaring it a public suit ( one that questions a public improvement ) and as such required the plaintiffs to post a $1.9 billion bond to continue the suit . In response plaintiffs appealed the ruling to the Indiana Supreme Court , which upheld the lower court 's ruling . With no means for the opposition to post the bond , Major Moves , and thus the proceeding of the Southern Indiana Toll Road , took effect with the closing of the deal at 12 : 00 noon ( local time ) on June 29 , 2006 . </P> <P> On October 3 , 2006 , protest groups , citing environmental concerns , along with six individuals who live along the I - 69 corridor , filed a lawsuit in federal court , alleging that state and federal agencies `` rigged '' environmental studies and violated several federal laws in the selection of a new - terrain route for I - 69 . They further pressed the court for a summary ruling directing the FHWA and INDOT to route I - 69 over I - 70 and US 41 . Judge David Hamilton disagreed , and on December 10 , 2007 , he issued a 58 - page ruling upholding the selected route for I - 69 and the Tier 1 ROD . His ruling did , however , leave open the possibility that the FHWA and INDOT may be forced to reconsider some or all of the previously - rejected Tier 1 alternatives if there are new significant findings during the Tier 2 studies that were absent from the Tier 1 EIS . Barring any new major findings in the Tier 2 studies , Judge Hamilton 's ruling paved the way for construction to begin on the southernmost segment . </P> <P> These small protest groups have sworn to do everything possible to stop its construction . Especially active is a group called Roadblock Earth First which has been responsible for a number of incidents in Oakland City and at a Haubstadt asphalt yard given the contract for the first segment . </P> <P> Opponents launched a second challenge to the routing of the new I - 69 , filing a lawsuit with the US District Court in Indianapolis on October 3 , 2006 . Members of three environmental groups and six residents allege INDOT , FHWA , the Fish and Wildlife Service , and Army Corps of Engineers `` rigged '' the environmental studies to support the planned alignment , officially known as Alternative 3C . In fact , INDOT has already studied the proposed Evansville to Bloomington to Indianapolis corridor and they already concluded the route was not `` feasible for tolling . '' The fact that the environmental studies are still ongoing will make opponents ' case in court likely to be dismissed , since there is no Record of Decision finalizing the presently proposed route . Immediately following the filing of the lawsuit by Citizens for Appropriate Rural Roads , the Environmental Policy Center , and six residents , rumors began circulating that the Teamsters and the American Trucking Association were preparing to lead a countersuit to prevent opponents from derailing the project . While Governor Daniels withdrew toll road plans in lieu of a toll - free I - 69 in late 2006 , the lawsuit to block the I - 69 through southwest Indiana was subsequently thrown out by U.S. District Judge David Hamilton in December 2007 . Judge Hamilton ultimately dismissed the suit on October 22 , 2007 , allowing construction of I - 69 to proceed , but by this point the SITR plan had been abandoned in lieu of a toll - free I - 69 extension . </P> Construction begins ( edit ) <P> On December 12 , 2007 , the FHWA issued its ROD giving final federal approval for construction to begin on the section between I - 64 / I - 164 and SR 64 near Oakland City . INDOT awarded the first SIU 3 construction contract to Gohmann Asphalt and Construction Company of Sellersburg , Indiana , on February 6 , 2008 . This contract , completed on May 31 , 2008 , included the removal of buildings and vegetation from the I - 69 right - of - way between I - 64 and SR 68 . Gohmann also won the construction contract for the first two miles ( 3.2 km ) from I - 64 to SR 68 with a $25 million bid . Construction began with a groundbreaking ceremony in Evansville on July 16 , 2008 . INDOT built this first section of the extension of I - 69 using the design - build method . Crews had completed most of the utilities relocation work and earthworks for I - 69 between I - 64 and SR 68 by September 6 , 2008 . </P> The first open segment ( edit ) <P> On September 29 , 2009 , the first two miles ( 3.2 km ) of the I - 69 extension opened when traffic was shifted from the short segment of SR 57 between I - 64 and SR 68 to the portion of the new I - 69 route mentioned above . There was some initial confusion as the shift and detour were unannounced and poorly signed initially . This resulted in numerous accidents when motorists either drove through the dead end on the old SR 57 or inadvertently ended up in opposing lanes of traffic on I - 164 in the days following the I - 69 opening . State troopers directed traffic through the new I - 69 segment until crews could install additional signage to more clearly mark the new route . The former SR 57 roadway between SR 68 and I - 64 was closed off with a cul de sac and now serves as a local access road . </P> <P> While the new section of I - 69 continues the I - 164 exit numbering ( its mileage roughly coincides with that for future I - 69 , depending on the exact alignment of the Ohio River Bridge and its connection to I - 164 in SIU 4 ) , it is signed as I - 69 and not as a northward extension of I - 164 . </P> Sixty - four additional miles opened ( edit ) <P> The remaining mileage in Section 1 , along with all of Section 2 and Section 3 , for a total of 64 miles ( 103 km ) from SR 64 to US 231 near the Crane NSWC , was opened to motorists on November 19 , 2012 . </P> Current construction status ( edit ) <P> Section 4 , from Crane to SR 37 in Bloomington , approximately 27 - mile ( 43 km ) in length is completed , and opened to traffic on December 9 , 2015 . Construction on Section 5 to upgrade SR 37 through Bloomington to Martinsville to Interstate standards at a cost of $425 million is underway and scheduled to be completed by May 31 , 2018 . Under a public - private partnership , I - 69 Development Partners is responsible for construction of the section . However , the partnership has experienced several delays from the original completion date of October 2016 due to financial and other difficulties . On August 14 , 2017 , the State of Indiana terminated the P3 arrangement with I - 69 Development Partners , citing default on the contract terms and construction being delayed two years from the initial October 2016 completion deadline . The Indiana Department assumed direct oversight of Section 5 construction , bringing in Walsh Construction to serve as the prime integrator to complete the remainder of the project . </P> Section 6 ( edit ) <P> The routing of I - 69 Section 6 from Martinsville to Indianapolis was under study by INDOT , with five candidate `` finalist '' routes having been selected from nearly two - dozen options . On March 30 , 2016 , INDOT announced that I - 69 would complete its journey to Indianapolis following the current right - of - way of the IN - 37 expressway . The interstate will be constructed along the path of IN - 37 from Martinsville through the Center Grove area , connecting with Interstate 465 , which would be the northern terminus of the new stretch of highway . INDOT reported that studies have shown that this routing would reduce crashes and congestion the most , impact less forest and farm acreage , and results in the greatest decrease in travel time . The SR - 37 routing also reduces the cost of the project by eliminating the need for a costly bridge over the White River between Martinsville and I - 465 . The path also impacts the most businesses , which had been a concern raised by Martinsville residents , business owners and lawmakers. . Construction is scheduled to be begin in 2020 , with INDOT estimating a corridor completion date of 2027 . </P> Financing construction ( edit ) <P> To fund construction of this extension , Indiana Governor Daniels introduced a proposal known as `` Major Moves '' in early 2006 . It provided $700 million from the Indiana Toll Road lease to be used to complete nearly 20 years of environmental studies and construct about half of the proposed extension ( between the I - 64 / 164 interchange and the Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center ) . It also allowed for the construction of 117 miles ( 188 km ) of the 142 - mile ( 229 km ) I - 69 extension to Evansville to be constructed as the Southern Indiana Toll Road . Due to ongoing controversy over making this portion of the extension a toll - road , the governor announced in November 2006 that the entire stretch of the highway would be toll - free , subject to construction of the Indiana Commerce Connector ( SIU 2 ) . Officials with the INDOT have since stated that I - 69 will be toll - free regardless of whether or not the Indiana Commerce Connector is constructed . Additionally , the U.S. Congress allocated an additional $14 million in the 2005 SAFETEA - LU authorization to construct I - 69 Evansville to Indianapolis . </P> <P> The 2014 - 2015 Indiana State budget will place $400 million in a `` Major Moves 2020 '' fund , some of which will go towards completing I - 69 . INDOT and the Indiana Finance Authority released a request for qualifications on May 23 , 2013 for a public - private partnership agreement to complete the 26 miles ( 42 km ) of Section 5 of SIU 3 , with four proposals shortlisted on July 31 , 2013 . When SIU 3 and the Indiana portion of SIU 4 are completed , I - 69 will be approximately 340 miles ( 547 km ) in Indiana . </P> Designation extension ( edit ) <P> In April 2010 , the Indiana Department of Transportation ( INDOT ) petitioned the Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA ) and the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials ( AASHTO ) to change the designation of the I - 69 extension from `` Proposed Route 69 '' to `` Interstate 69 '' , citing that two miles ( 3.2 km ) of the extension is already open to traffic , and a total of 107 miles ( 172 km ) out of 183 miles ( 295 km ) from the southern terminus of the original I - 69 to the Ohio River near Evansville would be open by the end of 2012 . Such a move would allow INDOT to erect I - 69 signs on portions of I - 465 between the current interchange with I - 69 in the northeast and the proposed interchange on the southwest , and reset reference posts ( RP ) and renumber exits and reference posts on the original section north of Indianapolis ( starting with RP 200 instead of the then - current RP 0 ) . The latter task has been accomplished by the end of 2012 . </P> <H3> SIU 4 ( edit ) </H3> <P> I - 69 follows the former I - 164 south from I - 64 to the Ohio River near Green River Road ( exit 3 on I - 164 ) . The plan was to have I - 69 continue south ( instead of turning west with I - 164 ) for approximately three miles ( 4.8 km ) before crossing the Ohio River on a new bridge between Evansville and Henderson , Kentucky , near the mouth of the Green River . This portion of the route has not yet been funded , as construction of the new Ohio River crossing and new roadway on the Kentucky side is expected to cost approximately $800 million . Indiana and Kentucky officials had said construction on the new Ohio River Bridge would not begin until at least 2020 , after two new crossings near Louisville were completed . With Indiana then preparing to break ground on SIU 3 , Kentucky officials indicated that collecting tolls might be the only feasible option for completing the I - 69 bridge , as traditional federal and state funding for such projects were drying up . As of February 2013 , neither Kentucky nor Indiana officials had yet come up with the funding for the I - 69 bridge . </P> <P> At the October 18 , 2013 , AASHTO meeting , an INDOT request for redesignation of 20.70 miles ( 33.31 km ) of I - 164 to I - 69 between US 41 and I - 64 was approved , pending concurrence from the FHWA . Signage was changed to I - 69 beginning the week of November 17 , 2014 . </P> <H2> Future ( edit ) </H2> <H3> SIU 2 ( edit ) </H3> <P> This segment will most likely incorporate the existing I - 465 beltway around Indianapolis , using the east and south legs of I - 465 to a point at or just west of the SR 37 / Harding Street interchange on the southwest side of the Circle City . Much of this stretch of I - 465 was reconstructed during the first decade of the 2000s , with additional improvements scheduled for the 2010s , totally independent of the I - 69 extension project . </P> <P> On November 9 , 2006 , Governor Mitch Daniels announced plans for a 75 - mile ( 121 km ) outer loop around Indianapolis to be known as the Indiana Commerce Corridor ( ICC ) . As proposed , that route would have been 100 % privately funded , with a portion of the revenues possibly applied to constructing I - 69 from Indianapolis to the Crane Naval Surface Warfare Center ( NSWC ) . The remaining portion of the highway to Evansville , Indiana , was already funded with funds from the Major Moves initiative . Strong opposition from local residents and the then - Democrat - controlled House of Representatives forced Governor Daniels to abandon the ICC plan on March 24 , 2007 , although House Democrats assured southwest Indiana residents that this decision would not affect construction on I - 69 between Indianapolis and the Crane NSWC . </P> <P> As of November 2014 , there was no timeline for funding or construction of any new - terrain sections within SIU 2 . </P> <P> In December 2015 , yet another plan was announced to rebuild the busy interchange where I - 69 's original SIU 1 will meet SIU 2 , at I - 465 and Binford Boulevard . However , that plan does not schedule construction to begin until 2020 . </P> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The routing for SIU 3 of I - 69 in Indiana has been particularly controversial . The planned extension to Evansville has pitted cities , towns , and counties against one another . The greatest support for an extended I - 69 is in Indiana 's far southwestern counties and Evansville , while the greatest opposition is between Indianapolis and a vocal minority based in Bloomington . Some in Bloomington and Martinsville oppose upgrading SR 37 to I - 69 , while still several others welcome this improvement . This has led to Southwestern Indiana communities accusing highway opponents further north of trying to isolate this region from the rest of the state by blocking construction of a direct highway link to Indianapolis . To the west , communities along US 41 favor the selected alignment in lieu of the only other feasible routing : I - 70 to Terre Haute , then US 41 south to Evansville . Regardless of the I - 69 routing , an Interstate - quality bypass is slated to be built east of Terre Haute , which preferred the I - 70 / US 41 routing over the selected routing of I - 69 for purely local economic reasons . </P> <P> INDOT , current and past governors , and businesses and elected officials in Evansville and adjacent southwest Indiana communities , have favored a direct route via Bloomington that would be built over new terrain from Bloomington to Evansville . Supporters argued that this direct route reduces the travel time to Indianapolis as well as improves access to Bloomington for residents of southwestern Indiana , something a route via Terre Haute would not achieve . INDOT officials have also pointed out that SR 37 will eventually be upgraded from a four - lane expressway to full freeway status , with or without I - 69 . After extensive review of the alternative routes as well as detailed environmental studies , the state selected the new terrain route via Bloomington . </P> <P> Environmentalists claimed the construction of I - 69 will lead to the destruction of 1,500 acres ( 6.1 km ) of forest and more than 300 acres ( 1.2 km ) of wetlands . The route selected as of 2010 passes through the Patoka River National Wildlife Refuge but on a corridor that the federal government purposely did not acquire for the refuge . This was because of an agreement with the state not to dispute the passage of a highway on this corridor . Environmental groups then filed suit in federal court on October 2 , 2006 , to block further study and construction of the route , but this lawsuit was dismissed by U.S. District Judge David F. Hamilton on December 12 , 2007 , clearing the way for construction to begin in 2008 . Opponents had considered appealing Judge Hamilton 's ruling to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit ( which could have possibly sent the case to the Supreme Court of the United States ) , but they ultimately abandoned further legal challenges to the proposed route . Instead , opponents tried to block construction through the legislative process , when Democrats in the Indiana House of Representatives stripped funding for the I - 69 extension in their version of the 2008 two - year state budget . Money for I - 69 was restored after budget negotiations with the Republican - controlled Indiana Senate . </P> <P> Another area of controversy arose in late 2005 when governor Mitch Daniels proposed levying tolls on the highway to finance its construction , either as a state project or a public - private partnership , in order to accelerate the project . As the route would overlay the existing SR 37 between Bloomington and Indianapolis , and there is no other free alternative route between Bloomington and Martinsville , this proposal has raised concerns among local residents and businesses . In March 2006 , Daniels signed a bill known as `` Major Moves '' that leased the Indiana East -- West Toll Road , but also included a compromise on constructing I - 69 in southwest Indiana . As part of the deal , the legislation permitted the Governor to enter a similar public - private partnership for construction of 117 miles ( 188 km ) of I - 69 as the Southern Indiana Toll Road from Martinsville to the I - 64 / I - 164 interchange , while the remaining 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Martinsville to the I - 465 / SR 37 interchange in Indianapolis would remain toll - free . On June 20 , 2006 , the Indiana Supreme Court rejected a legal challenge brought on by I - 69 opponents , upholding Major Moves legislation in a 4 -- 0 decision . The toll road option was highly unpopular , even among many who supported the extension via Bloomington . As a result , Governor Daniels announced in December 2006 that I - 69 through southwest Indiana would be toll - free . </P> <H3> Protests ( edit ) </H3> <P> While Citizens for Appropriate Rural Roads had continued to rally crowds of opponents to appear at public hearings until it was apparent that their voice did not reflect the wishes of the majority of impacted Hoosiers , other organized protestor group conducted acts of vandalism , ranging from spray - painting graffiti on the Indiana Statehouse in June 2005 ; to attempted arson at the I - 69 regional planning office in Bloomington in July 2005 ; to the breaking of windows of a private pro-I - 69 business in Evansville in June 2008 . In the case of the Statehouse incident , two - dozen protesters were arrested on charges from disorderly conduct due to an assault against a police officer . In addition to incidents in Indianapolis , numerous incidents have also occurred in and around the construction sites , while it was located in Gibson County . Especially active has been a group called Roadblock Earth First which has been responsible for a number of vandalism incidents in Oakland City and at a Haubstadt asphalt yard given the contract for the first segment . In 2009 , two protesters were arrested on charges of felony racketeering for disrupting public public meetings in 2007 and 2008 . These protests and acts of vandalism were widely viewed as an effort to intimidate proponents of I - 69 . </P> <H2> Exit list ( edit ) </H2> <P> Exit numbers on the new southern section of I - 69 are a continuation of the old I - 164 exit numbering . Starting on August 6 , 2012 , the state of Indiana began renumbering all exits and reference posts on the original route of I - 69 from I - 465 to the Michigan state line by adding 200 to each value ; it was decided to add an even 200 despite the fact that the new extension is only 183 miles ( 295 km ) in order to minimize confusion . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> mi </Th> <Th> km </Th> <Th> Old exit </Th> <Th> New exit </Th> <Th> Destinations </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henderson </Td> <Td> Henderson </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> I - 69 south -- Paducah </Td> <Td> Future I - 69 south </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ohio River </Td> <Th> 0.000 </Th> <Td> 0.000 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Interstate 69 Ohio River Bridge Kentucky state line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Temporary southern terminus of I - 69 at Veterans Memorial Parkway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanderburgh </Td> <Td> Evansville </Td> <Th> 0.000 </Th> <Td> 0.000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Veterans Memorial Parkway </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 0.690 </Th> <Td> 1.110 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 41 -- Vincennes , Henderson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3.577 </Th> <Td> 5.757 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Green River Road </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warrick </Td> <Td> Ohio Township </Td> <Th> 6.339 </Th> <Td> 10.202 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 662 east / Covert Avenue -- Newburgh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanderburgh </Td> <Td> Evansville </Td> <Th> 7.857 </Th> <Td> 12.645 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 66 -- Newburgh , Evansville </Td> <Td> Signed as exits 7A ( east ) and 7B ( west Lloyd Expressway ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Knight Township </Td> <Th> 9.439 </Th> <Td> 15.191 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 62 ( Morgan Avenue ) -- Evansville , Boonville </Td> <Td> 38th Parallel Sign located at north end of interchange . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10.551 </Th> <Td> 16.980 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Lynch Road </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scott Township </Td> <Th> 15.867 </Th> <Td> 25.535 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Boonville -- New Harmony Road </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19.329 </Th> <Td> 31.107 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 57 south -- Evansville </Td> <Td> Southern end of SR 57 concurrency ; formerly signed as exit 19 southbound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gibson -- Warrick county line </Td> <Td> Johnson Township </Td> <Th> 21.493 -- 21.878 </Th> <Td> 34.590 -- 35.209 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> I - 64 -- Louisville , St. Louis </Td> <Td> I - 64 exits 29A - B ; signed as exits 21A ( east ) and 21B ( west ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23.230 </Th> <Td> 37.385 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 57 north / SR 68 -- Petersburg , Haubstadt , Lynnville </Td> <Td> Northern end of SR 57 concurrency ; northern terminus prior to November 15 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gibson </Td> <Td> Barton Township </Td> <Th> 27.951 </Th> <Td> 44.983 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 168 -- Fort Branch , Mackey </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Columbia Township </Td> <Th> 33.700 </Th> <Td> 54.235 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 64 -- Princeton , Oakland City , Huntingburg </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pike </Td> <Td> Washington Township </Td> <Th> 46.616 </Th> <Td> 75.021 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 56 / SR 61 -- Petersburg , Washington , Winslow </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daviess </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Th> 62.618 </Th> <Td> 100.774 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 50 / US 150 -- Washington , Vincennes , Shoals </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elmore Township </Td> <Th> 76.620 </Th> <Td> 123.308 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 58 -- Plainville , Odon </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greene </Td> <Td> Taylor Township </Td> <Th> 87.831 </Th> <Td> 141.350 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 231 ( SR 45 north / SR 58 ) -- Crane , Jasper </Td> <Td> Northern terminus from November 15 , 2012 to December 9 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Th> 98.994 </Th> <Td> 159.315 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 45 </Td> <Td> Opened on December 9 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cincinnati </Td> <Th> 104.401 </Th> <Td> 168.017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 445 west to SR 45 / SR 54 </Td> <Td> Opened on December 9 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monroe </Td> <Td> Bloomington </Td> <Th> 114.898 </Th> <Td> 184.910 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 37 south -- Bedford </Td> <Td> Opened December 9 , 2015 ; temporary northern terminus ; trumpet Interchange </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Temporary gap in I - 69 as of December 9 , 2015 ; future route follows existing SR 37 expressway </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monroe </Td> <Td> Bloomington </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Fullerton Pike </Td> <Td> Interchange opened on August 6 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Tapp Road </Td> <Td> Interchange scheduled to open in 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 45 south ( 2nd Street ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 48 ( Third Street ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 45 north / SR 46 west -- Spencer </Td> <Td> exits to be signed as 120A ( east ) and 120B ( west ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Bus . SR 37 ( Walnut Street ) </Td> <Td> southbound exit only , northbound entrance from Walnut Street </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington Township </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Sample Road </Td> <Td> Interchange scheduled to open in 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Morgan </Td> <Td> Washington Township </Td> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Liberty Church Road </Td> <Td> Interchange scheduled to open in 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> Temporary gap in I - 69 ( 2018 ) ; future route follows SR 37 expressway and I - 465 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marion </Td> <Td> Indianapolis </Td> <Th> 200.000 -- 200.408 </Th> <Td> 321.869 -- 322.525 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> I - 465 / SR 37 south Binford Boulevard -- Indianapolis </Td> <Td> Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; southern end of SR 37 concurrency ; Binford Boulevard ( former SR 37 ) is the continuation beyond I - 465 , exit 37 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 200.842 -- 200.856 </Th> <Td> 323.224 -- 323.246 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 201 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 82nd Street -- Castleton </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marion -- Hamilton county line </Td> <Td> Indianapolis -- Fishers city line </Td> <Th> 202.579 </Th> <Td> 326.019 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 203 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 96th Street -- Fishers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hamilton </Td> <Td> Fishers </Td> <Th> 203.756 </Th> <Td> 327.913 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 204 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 106th Street -- Fishers </Td> <Td> Opened December 7 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 204.937 -- 205.494 </Th> <Td> 329.814 -- 330.711 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 205 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 116th Street -- Fishers SR 37 north -- Noblesville </Td> <Td> Complete access to 116th Street ; north and southbound entrance only to SR 37 via collector - distributor lanes ; northern end of SR 37 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fall Creek Township </Td> <Th> 210.146 -- 210.152 </Th> <Td> 338.197 -- 338.207 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 210 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Campus Parkway , Southeastern Parkway -- Fishers </Td> <Td> DDI ; former SR 238 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Madison </Td> <Td> Green Township </Td> <Th> 214.445 </Th> <Td> 345.116 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 214 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 13 -- Fortville , Lapel </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pendleton </Td> <Th> 218.714 </Th> <Td> 351.986 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 38 west -- Pendleton , Noblesville </Td> <Td> Southern end of SR 38 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 222.439 </Th> <Td> 357.981 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 222 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 9 south / SR 67 south / SR 38 east -- Pendleton , Anderson </Td> <Td> Southern end of SR 9 / SR 67 concurrency , northern end of SR 38 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anderson </Td> <Th> 226.273 </Th> <Td> 364.151 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 226 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 9 north / SR 109 south -- Anderson </Td> <Td> Northern end of SR 9 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> Daleville </Td> <Th> 233.486 -- 233.784 </Th> <Td> 375.759 -- 376.239 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 234 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 67 north -- Muncie SR 32 -- Anderson , Muncie </Td> <Td> Northern end of SR 67 concurrency ; SR 32 ramps are a folded diamond design using north half of the diamond interchange with SR 67 as partial collector - distributor lanes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mount Pleasant -- Harrison township line </Td> <Th> 240.978 </Th> <Td> 387.816 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 241 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 332 east / McGalliard Road -- Frankton , Muncie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harrison Township </Td> <Th> 244.778 </Th> <Td> 393.932 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 245 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 35 south / SR 28 -- Muncie , Alexandria , Albany </Td> <Td> Southern end of US 35 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grant </Td> <Td> Jefferson Township </Td> <Th> 255.019 </Th> <Td> 410.413 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 255 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 26 -- Fairmount , Hartford City </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Monroe Township </Td> <Th> 259.114 </Th> <Td> 417.004 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 259 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 35 north / SR 22 -- Gas City , Upland </Td> <Td> Northern end of US 35 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 264.140 </Th> <Td> 425.092 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 264 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 18 -- Marion , Montpelier </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Huntington </Td> <Td> Jefferson Township </Td> <Th> 272.859 </Th> <Td> 439.124 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 273 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 5 / SR 218 -- Warren </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salamonie Township </Td> <Th> 277.540 </Th> <Td> 446.657 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 278 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 5 -- Huntington , Warren </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Markle </Td> <Th> 286.394 </Th> <Td> 460.906 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 286 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 224 -- Huntington , Decatur </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wells </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> No major junctions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Allen </Td> <Td> Lafayette Township </Td> <Th> 296.515 </Th> <Td> 477.195 </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 296 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> I - 469 east / US 33 south Lafayette Center Road west -- Roanoke </Td> <Td> Signed as exits 296A ( I - 469 / US 33 ) and 296B ( Lafayette Center Road ) ; southern terminus of I - 469 , exit 0 ; southern end of US 33 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 299.049 </Th> <Td> 481.273 </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 299 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Airport Expressway -- Lower Huntington Road </Td> <Td> To Fort Wayne International Airport </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fort Wayne </Td> <Th> 302.060 </Th> <Td> 486.118 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 302 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 24 west / Jefferson Boulevard -- Huntington , Fort Wayne </Td> <Td> Southern end of US 24 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 305.297 </Th> <Td> 491.328 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> 305 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 14 west / Illinois Road -- South Whitley </Td> <Td> Signed as exits 305A ( Illinois Road east ) and 305B ( SR 14 / Illinois Road west ) , eastern terminus of SR 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 309.253 </Th> <Td> 497.694 </Td> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> 309 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 930 east / Goshen Road -- Fort Wayne US 30 west / US 33 north -- Columbia City , Elkhart </Td> <Td> Signed as exits 309A ( SR 930 ) and 309B ( US 30 , US 33 ) ; western terminus of SR 930 ; northern end of US 33 concurrency ; southern end of US 30 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 311.034 </Th> <Td> 500.561 </Td> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> 311 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 27 south / Lima Road -- Fort Wayne SR 3 north / Lima Road -- Kendallville </Td> <Td> Signed as exits 311A ( US 27 ) and 311B ( SR 3 ) ; northern terminus of US 27 and southern terminus of SR 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 312.336 </Th> <Td> 502.656 </Td> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> 312 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Coldwater Road </Td> <Td> Signed as exits 312A ( south ) and 312B ( north ) northbound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 315.079 </Th> <Td> 507.070 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 315 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> I - 469 / US 24 east / US 30 east </Td> <Td> Northern terminus of I - 469 , exit 31 ; northern end of US 24 and US 30 concurrency </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 315.799 </Th> <Td> 508.229 </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> 316 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 1 north / Dupont Rd </Td> <Td> Diverging diamond interchange </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Perry Township </Td> <Th> 317.266 -- 317.276 </Th> <Td> 510.590 -- 510.606 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 317 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Union Chapel Road </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DeKalb </Td> <Td> Keyser Township </Td> <Th> 326.261 </Th> <Td> 525.066 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> 326 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> CR 11 - A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Th> 329.026 </Th> <Td> 529.516 </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> 329 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 8 -- Garrett , Auburn </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grant -- Smithfield township line </Td> <Th> 334.329 </Th> <Td> 538.050 </Td> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> 334 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 6 -- Kendallville , Waterloo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DeKalb -- Steuben county line </Td> <Td> Smithfield -- Steuben township line </Td> <Th> 340.378 </Th> <Td> 547.785 </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> 340 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 4 -- Ashley , Hudson , Hamilton </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steuben </Td> <Td> Pleasant Township </Td> <Th> 347.995 </Th> <Td> 560.044 </Td> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> 348 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> US 20 -- Lagrange , Angola </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 350.411 </Th> <Td> 563.932 </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> 350 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> CR 200 West </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jamestown Township </Td> <Th> 354.025 </Th> <Td> 569.748 </Td> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> 354 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> SR 127 to SR 120 / SR 727 -- Orland , Fremont , Angola , Pokagon State Park </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 356.061 </Th> <Td> 573.025 </Td> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> 356 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> I - 80 / I - 90 / Indiana Toll Road -- Chicago , Toledo </Td> <Td> Toll Road exit 144 ; Double trumpet design in southeast quadrant of junction ; additional ramps connect SR 120 and SR 127 with Toll Road ; actual junction ( I - 69 under Toll Road ) at milepoint 355.62 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 356.925 </Th> <Td> 574.415 </Td> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> 357 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Lake George Road -- Jamestown </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 357.824 </Th> <Td> 575.862 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> I - 69 north -- Lansing </Td> <Td> Continuation into Michigan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi <Ul> <Li> Concurrency terminus </Li> <Li> Incomplete access </Li> <Li> Unopened </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Related routes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Auxiliary route ( edit ) </H3> <P> There is one auxiliary Interstate Highway for I - 69 in Indiana , I - 469 , the beltway around the south , east , and north sides of Fort Wayne . </P> <H3> Indiana Commerce Connector ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Indiana Commerce Connector ( ICC ) was a proposed 75 - mile ( 121 km ) partial outer beltway on the south and east sides of Indianapolis that was put forward by Governor Mitch Daniels in November 2006 . The proposed road segment would have connected four Interstate highways at six locations . Proposed as a privately built toll road , it would have extended southward from Pendleton at I - 69 , through Greenfield at I - 70 , Shelbyville at I - 74 , Franklin at I - 65 , Martinsville at SR 37 ( future I - 69 ) , to a southern terminus at I - 70 near Mooresville . On March 24 , 2007 , Governor Daniels withdrew the proposal for the ICC due to lack of public support . It has been suggested that the ICC be signed as either I - 269 or I - 470 . </P> <P> In April 2014 the logistics group Connexus Indiana and others came out in favor of reactivating the proposal for the Indiana Commerce Connector . However , the Indy Chamber ( formerly the Indianapolis Chamber of Commerce ) is among those who have stated opposition to the plan . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Roads portal </Li> <Li> Indiana portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ As of December 9 , 2015 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Indiana Department of Transportation ( July 2016 ) . Reference Post Book ( PDF ) . Indianapolis : Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New I - 69 Segment Running to Bloomington Set to Open '' . Indianapolis : WISH - TV . December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I - 164 Renamed to I - 69 by End of Year '' ( Press release ) . Indiana Department of Transportation . November 18 , 2014 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ripple , D. A ( 1975 ) . `` Chapters I -- IV : Development of the National Program '' . History of the Interstate System in Indiana . Volume 1 . West Lafayette , IN : Joint Highway Research Project , Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University . doi : 10.5703 / 1288284313909 . Publication FHWA / IN / JHRP - 75 / 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation . `` Pipe Creek Rest Area Northbound '' . Welcome Centers & Rest Areas . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation . `` Pipe Creek Rest Area Southbound '' . Welcome Centers & Rest Areas . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation . `` Flat Creek Rest Area Northbound '' . Welcome Centers & Rest Areas . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Construction next to I - 69 is for a new rest stop '' . Fort Wayne , IN : WANE - TV . July 14 , 2011 . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation . `` Pigeon Creek Welcome Center '' . Welcome Centers & Rest Areas . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ripple , D.A. ( 1975 ) . `` Chapter VI : Route History '' . History of the Interstate System in Indiana . Volume 3 , Part 2 . West Lafayette , IN : Joint Highway Research Project , Indiana Department of Transportation and Purdue University . p. 582 . doi : 10.5703 / 1288284314561 . Publication FHWA / IN / JHRP - 75 / 28 - 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ripple , David Alan ( 1975 ) . History of the Interstate System in Indiana . Purdue University . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation . `` Home '' . Major Moves : 465 - 69 Northeast . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fort Wayne District . `` I - 69 and SR 1 ( Dupont Road ) '' . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` INDOT Reveals Plans for Major Construction on I - 465 & I - 69 '' . Indianapolis : WISH - TV . October 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Operation Indy Commute : I - 69 '' . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` State to Invest $50 Million to Improve I - 465 / I - 69 Interchange on Indy 's Northeast Side '' . INDOT : Media Room : News Releases : December 2015 . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` INDOT Plans to Add I - 69 Lanes from Fishers to Anderson '' . Indianapolis Star . Associated Press . February 10 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation . `` INDOT : I - 69 Major Moves 2020 '' . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` New I - 69 Interchange Opening Today at 106th Street '' ( Press release ) . Indiana Department of Transportation . December 7 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 106th Street & I - 69 Interchange '' . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daniels Leery of I - 69 Toll Plan '' . Indiana Economic Digest . October 7 , 2006 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daniels : No Tolls on I - 69 '' . Indiana Economic Digest . November 9 , 2006 . Retrieved October 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation . `` Tier 2 Draft EIS for SIU 3 , Segment 1 '' . Indiana Department of Transportation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Officials Finish Draft Study of I - 69 Leg '' . Indianapolis Star . December 21 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Corbin , Bryan ( July 3 , 2008 ) . `` Invitation - Only Groundbreaking Set for I - 69 Segment '' . Evansville Courier & Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Corbin , Bryan ( July 17 , 2008 ) . `` Long - Awaited I - 69 bBegins '' . Evansville Courier & Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corbin , Bryan ( December 11 , 2007 ) . `` Judge Gives I - 69 Plan Nod in Suit '' . Evansville Courier & Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoosier Environmental Council v. U.S. Department of Transportation , 1 : 06 - cv - 1442 ( S.D. Ind . 2001 ) . Retrieved December 11 , 2007 . `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2008 . Retrieved December 12 , 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation ( June 1 , 2007 ) . `` 18 Months Construction Letting List ( Major Moves Projects ) '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Department of Transportation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 25 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , John ; Corbin , Bryan ( March 13 , 2008 ) . `` Clearing Way for Interstate Leg '' . Evansville Courier & Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lyman , Jill ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` Detour at SR 57 and SR 68 '' . Evansville , IN : WFIE - TV . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gootee , Richard ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` I - 69 Opens to Public at 5 P.M. '' . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mayors : Next Section of I - 69 to Open Next Week '' . Evansville Courier & Press . December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaitlin , Kaitlin L ( February 13 , 2017 ) . `` I - 69 completion date pushed back '' . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved February 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Final decision : I - 69 to be built through Johnson County '' . Martinsville Daily Journal . March 30 , 2016 . Retrieved March 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miley , Scott L. ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Final I - 69 Leg to Start Construction in 2020 '' . Herald Bulletin . Anderson , IN . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Houser , Shannon ( September 13 , 2017 ) . `` Fewer Residents to Be Impacted After Changes Made to I - 69 Construction Between Martinsville , Indy '' . Indianapolis : WXIN - TV . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation ( September 12 -- 14 , 2017 ) . `` I - 69 Section 6 Project Update Meetings '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The I - 69 Freeway '' . Evansville Courier & Press . November 10 , 2006 . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No Tolls '' . Evansville Courier & Press . January 17 , 2007 . Retrieved January 17 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence , Chris ( October 3 , 2006 ) . `` I - 69 Newsline '' . I - 69 Newsline . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Safe , Accountable , Flexible , Efficient Transportation Equity Act : A Legacy for Users ( SAFETEA - LU ) , Pub. L. 109 -- 59 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pence Signs Two - Year , $30 Billion State Budget '' . Indiana Economic Digest . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.sfgate.com/news/article/Indiana-presses-ahead-with-I-69-s-next-section-4539902.php ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indiana Finance Authority '' ( PDF ) . State of Indiana . Retrieved February 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indiana Finance Authority Shortlists 4 Proposers for its I - 69 Section 5 Project '' . Infra Insight Blog . July 31 , 2013 . Retrieved September 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horsley , John ( April 16 , 2010 ) . `` Request to Extend I - 69 '' ( PDF ) ( Letter ) . Letter to Victor M. Mendez . American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stinnett , Chuck ( December 9 , 2007 ) . `` Do n't Get in Rush for I - 69 Bridge '' . Evansville Courier & Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tate , Curtis ; Gordon , Greg ( February 2 , 2013 ) . `` After Millions of Dollars , I - 66 and I - 69 are Kentucky 's Interstates to Nowhere '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vitale , Marty ( October 28 , 2013 ) . `` Special Committee on US Route Numbering Meeting Minutes for October 17 , 2013 and Report to SCOH October 18 , 2013 '' ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Denver , CO : American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` I - 164 Renamed to I - 69 by End of Year '' ( Press release ) . Indiana Department of Transportation . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gov Wants Toll Road Loop Around Indy '' . Indianapolis Star . November 10 , 2006 . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved November 10 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daniels Abandons Indy - Area Toll Road '' . Indianapolis Star . March 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lesnick , Gavin ( March 25 , 2007 ) . `` Commerce Connector Scrapped , '' . Evansville Courier & Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradner , Eric ( November 19 , 2012 ) . `` What 's Next : Construction of Northern End of I - 69 Remains Uncertain '' . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved November 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sprout . `` NAFTA Superhighway '' . Earth First ! Journal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation . `` Appendix U , I - 69 and Patoka National Wildlife Refuge : History of Joint Development , '' ( PDF ) . Section 2 DEIS . Indiana Department of Transportation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on July 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Groups Sue to Halt I - 69 Project '' . Fort Wayne Journal Gazette . October 3 , 2006 . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved November 25 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mullins , Christy ( August 27 , 2010 ) . `` Public Input at Greene County INDOT Hearing : ' Stop I - 69 ' '' . Bloomington Herald - Times . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyd , James ( June 5 , 2005 ) . `` Two Dozen Arrested at I - 69 Protest '' . Bloomington Herald - Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van der Dussen , Kurt ( July 19 , 2005 ) . `` Vandals Hit Local I - 69 Office '' . Bloomington Herald - Times . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lesnick , Gavin ( June 25 , 2008 ) . `` I - 69 Protest Group Breaks Windows at Business '' . Evansville Courier & Press . Retrieved August 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greene , Linda ( August 19 , 2010 ) . `` I - 69 Charges Resolved , SLAPP Suits Remain '' . Bloomington Alternative . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lanka , Benjamin ( July 26 , 2012 ) . `` State 's Plus - 200 Marker Revamp Not Quite Exact '' . The Journal Gazette . Fort Wayne , IN . Retrieved July 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation . `` INDOT Roadway Referencing System '' ( PDF ) . Indiana Department of Transportation . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 15 , 2011 . Retrieved March 27 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ceremony Marks Opening of I - 69 Section in Southern Indiana '' . Indianapolis : WISH - TV . Associated Press . December 9 , 2015 . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I - 69 Section 5 Announces Road Closures '' . WBIW - TV . August 3 , 2017 . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bavis , Lauren . `` Confusing Signs at New Fullerton Pike Interchange Frustrate Drivers '' . The Herald - Times . Bloomington , IN . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation ( December 3 , 2001 ) . Interchange 34 on I - 69 ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Indiana Department of Transportation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indiana Department of Transportation ( December 3 , 2001 ) . Interchange 156 on I - 69 ( PDF ) ( Map ) . Indiana Department of Transportation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Governor proposes Indiana Commerce Connector , no tolls on I - 69 '' . State of Indiana . November 9 , 2006 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Governor Withdraws Support For Indiana Commerce Connector '' . TheIndyChannel.com . March 25 , 2007 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Groups hope to revive Indiana Commerce Connector '' . The Washington Times . April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indy Chamber 2015 Legislative Agenda '' ( PDF ) . Indy Chamber . p. 8 . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Interstate 69 in Indiana . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Route map : Google </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> KML file ( edit help ) <Ul> <Li> Display on Google Maps </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Template : Attached KML / Interstate 69 in Indiana KML is from Wikidata <Ul> <Li> INDOT I - 69 Evansville to Indianapolis project </Li> <Li> Indiana Highway Ends : Interstate 69 </Li> <Li> Central Indiana Suburban Transportation and Mobility Study ( CISTMS ) web page . </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Interstate 69 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Previous state : Kentucky </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> Next state : Michigan </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interstate_69_in_Indiana&oldid=806364545 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Interstate 69 </Li> <Li> Interstate Highways in Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Vanderburgh County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Warrick County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Gibson County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Pike County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Daviess County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Greene County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Monroe County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Morgan County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Marion County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Hamilton County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Madison County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Delaware County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Grant County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Huntington County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Allen County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in DeKalb County , Indiana </Li> <Li> Transportation in Steuben County , Indiana </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing more detailed references </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2013 </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2015 </Li> <Li> Infobox road maps for Wikidata migration </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from November 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles using KML from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 October 2017 , at 15 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Legal drinking age - Wikipedia <H1> Legal drinking age </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( April 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal regardless of age Minimum age is 25 Minimum age is 21 Minimum age is 20 Minimum age is 19 Minimum age is 18 Minimum age is 17 Minimum age is 16 Minimum age is 15 No regulation / no age set <P> The legal drinking age is the age at which a person can legally consume alcoholic beverages . These laws cover a wide range of issues and behaviors , addressing when and where alcohol can be consumed . The minimum age alcohol can be legally consumed can be different from the age when it can be purchased in some countries . These laws vary between different countries and many laws have exemptions or special circumstances . Most laws apply only to drinking alcohol in public places , with alcohol consumption in the home being mostly unregulated ( an exception being the UK , which has a minimum legal age of five for supervised consumption in private places ) . Some countries also have different age limits for different types of alcoholic drinks . </P> <P> Kazakhstan , Oman , Pakistan , Qatar , Sri Lanka , Tajikistan , Thailand , United Arab Emirates , Federated States of Micronesia , Palau , Paraguay , Solomon Islands , India ( certain states ) , the United States ( except U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico ) , Yemen ( Aden and Sana'a ) , Japan , Iceland , Canada ( certain Provinces and Territories ) , and South Korea have the highest set drinking ages ; however , some of these countries do not have off - premises drinking limits . Austria , Antigua and Barbuda , Belgium , Bermuda , British Virgin Islands , Cuba , Ethiopia , Gibraltar , Luxembourg and Nicaragua have the lowest set drinking ages . </P> <P> The most commonly known reason for the law behind the legal drinking age is the effect on the brain in adolescents . Since the brain is still maturing , alcohol can have a negative effect on the memory and long - term thinking . Alongside that , it can cause liver failure , and create a hormone imbalance in teens due to the constant changes and maturing of hormones during puberty . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Africa </Li> <Li> 2 Americas </Li> <Li> 3 Asia </Li> <Li> 4 Europe </Li> <Li> 5 Oceania </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Africa ( edit ) </H2> Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Illegal Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum purchase age of 15 years No minimum purchase age <P> The most common minimum age to purchase alcohol in Africa is 18 . Although it varies from the lowest age limit in Ethiopia being only 15 years , Zimbabwe with a minimum purchase age of 16 years , The Gambia with an age limit of 17 years , and Uganda where the minimum legal purchase age is 18 but minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider with a meal at a restaurant . Cameroon and Egypt are the only countries in Africa with a minimum purchase age of 21 years . However Algeria , Angola ( except Luando Province ) , Central African Republic , Comoros , Equatorial Guinea , Gabon , Guinea - Bissau , Morocco , Togo , Tunisia and the Western Sahara have no laws on the book restricting the sale of alcohol to minors . In Libya , Somalia and Sudan the sale , production and consumption of alcohol is completely prohibited . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> State / region / province </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> De jure </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drinking age </Th> <Th> Purchase age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Algeria </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None ( illegal to all persons ) </Td> <Td> Illegal to sell , produce or consume alcohol at any age . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None ( legal at any age ) </Td> <Td> There is no national legislation prohibiting the sale of alcohol to minors . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luanda Province </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Legislation in Luanda Province : <P> It is illegal to sell alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 . It is also illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Botswana </Td> <Td> None ( illegal for any person to supply ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Because the law only applies to licensees , it is not illegal for minors to buy , consume , or possess alcoholic beverages . It is also illegal for any person to expose or supply alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Burundi </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 , or none ( if accompanied by parent or legal guardian ) </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to unaccompanied minors under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cameroon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 , or 18 ( if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older ) </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person with a liquor license to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . The law permits adults from the ages 18 to 21 to consume , purchase and buy alcoholic beverages if accompanied by a person 21 years of age or older . Anyone over the age of 21 years may buy or consume alcohol unaccompanied . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Central African Republic </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 15 ( off - premises ) , or 21 ( on - premises ) </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 15 years when sold or supplied off - premises ( e.g. , liquor stores , wine stores , and supermarkets ) . It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 21 years when sold or supplied on - premises ( e.g. , restaurants , bars , and cafes ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Comoros </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Egypt </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Eritrea </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person to sell , offer , serve or allow to serve alcoholic beverages `` in substantial quantities '' to any infant or young person . The criminal code defines a young person as any person under the age of 15 years . But the Criminal Code states : `` Whoever endangers the health of another , intentionally and unscrupulously , by administering or serving , or by causing or permitting to be administered or served , to minors ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) ( ... ) alcoholic beverages or spirituous liquors of such kind or in such quantity as to make their injurious effect certain or probable , is punishable with simple imprisonment not exceeding one year , and fine . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Gabon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 ( on - premises only ) </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person to sell or supply alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years when sold or supplied on - premises ( e.g. , restaurants , bars , and cafes ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Gambia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to child or young person . A `` young person '' is defined as anyone under the age of 17 by the Children and Young Persons Act , 1949 Section 2 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ghana </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Kenya </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Lesotho </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a minor under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for minors to consume , buy or attempt to buy alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Liberia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Libya </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> <Td> Previously Article 498 of the Libyan Penal Code prohibted the sale of alcoholic beverages to juveniles under the age of 16 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Malawi </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mauritius </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Morocco </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mozambique </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Namibia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Niger </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nigeria </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Rwanda </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Senegal </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Seychelles </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Somalia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> South Africa </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The parent , adult guardian of a minor or a person responsible for administering a religious sacrament , may on occasion supply to that minor a moderate quantity of liquor to be consumed by the minor in the presence and under the supervision of that parent , guardian or other person . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> South Sudan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Sudan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Swaziland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tanzania </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Togo </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tunisia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Uganda </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 16 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any licensee to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . The law provides an exception for anyone who is 16 or 17 years of age , and consumes a fermented alcoholic drink with a meal , in a part of a licensed premises that serves meals and is not a bar . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Western Sahara </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Zambia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person with a liquor license , to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under 18 years of age . Before the Liquor Licensing Act was enacted in 2011 , the minimum age to sell , serve and supply alcoholic beverages was 14 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any person to sell , lend , give , supply , deliver or offer alcoholic beverages to any child under the age of 16 years , except upon production of a written order signed by the parent or guardian of the child known to such person . The police has the duty to seize any alcoholice beverage in the possession of a child under the age of 16 years without a written consent of the parents or legal guardian . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Americas ( edit ) </H2> Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 19 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years <P> The minimum age to purchase and consume varies , but the most common age is 18 years . However , in North America the age limits varies between 18 and 21 years of age . Throughout the United States the minimum legal age to purchase any alcoholic beverage from a shop , supermarket , liquor store , bar , club or any other licensed premises is 21 years of age . In Canada each province can decide which minimum age limit is to be set to buy or consume alcohol . Most provinces have a minimum age of 19 years , while Alberta , Manitoba and Quebec have set a minimum age of 18 years . In South America all countries have set a minimum purchase age of 18 years , except for Guyana where minors aged 16 or 17 may consume a glass of beer , wine or cider in a restaurant provided they buy a meal , and Paraguay the only country with a minimum legal purchase and drinking age of 20 years . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> State / region / province </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> De jure </Th> <Th> hide Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drinking age </Th> <Th> Purchase age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anguilla </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violating the regulation is punished with a $9.600 fine . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Antigua and Barbuda </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> The sale and distribution of alcohol to a person under 16 years of age is illegal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Argentina </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bahamas </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any adult to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a child ( defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . The law provides an exception to treat an illness in urgent cases or upon order by a medical doctor . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Barbados </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to anyone under the age of 16 years . The President of the Barbados Road Safety Association is trying to raise the drinking age to 18 years because the law is often violated . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Belize </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Drinking age is rarely enforced . IDs are almost never requested . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bermuda </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bolivia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Every sold alcoholic beverage has to have a warning message on the bottle or container reading : `` VENTA PROHIBIDA A MENORES DE 18 AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( Sale prohibited to ( anyone ) under 18 years of age ) and `` EL CONSUMO EXCESIVO DE ALCOHOL ES DAÑINO PARA LA SALUD '' ( Excessive alcohol consumption is harmful to ( ones ) health ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Brazil </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic beverage to a person under 18 years of age . The presidential law enacted on March 17 , 2015 made any violation of the law a criminal offence . Any adult person selling , serving , giving or supplying alcoholic beverages to a minor is punished with imprisonment of 2 to 4 years , a fine of R $3.000 to R $10.000 and a ban to operate any business selling or serving alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> British Virgin Islands </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or to supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 16 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> Alberta Manitoba Quebec </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> In Alberta no person may give or sell or permit any person to give or sell liquor to a minor in licensed premises . In Manitoba a person must not give , sell or otherwise supply liquor to a minor . the law provides exceptions for a doctor , dentist , pharmacist or other health care professional for medical purposes ; for sacramental purposes and by the parent , guardian , spouse or common - law partner , if it is given or supplied in a residence . In Quebec the law probits the sale of alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ontario Saskatchewan British Columbia Newfoundland and Labrador Nova Scotia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island Northwest Territories Yukon Nunavut </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 19 </Td> <Td> Ontario 's Liquor Licence Act permits the supply and consumption of liquor to those under the age of 19 . However , supplying a person under the age of 19 is restricted to the person 's parent , or legal guardian , and may only occur in a residence or in a private place of the parent or legal guardian . A person under the age of 19 who was supplied liquor in this manner is permitted to consume the liquor only at the place where it was supplied at . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cayman Islands </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is prohibited to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for any minor to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcoholic beverages . Violation of the lawis punished with a fine of five thousand dollars , and the court may , if the offence was committed by the licensee , order that the licensee shall forfeit his licence and that no licence may be issued to that person for a period not exceeding ten years from the date of his conviction . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chile </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The minimum age is 18 to enter an enclosure that sells alcoholic beverages . Selling alcohol to a minor may incur a fine . One must provide identification upon request . Residents of Chile over the age of 18 must carry their Chilean identification card issued by the Civil Registry and Identification Service at all times . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Colombia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to a minor ( anyone under the age of 18 years ) . Selling alcohol to a minor will be punished with a fine equivalent to ten basic salaries . Whoever permits minors to maintain in any establishment which main purpose is to sell alcoholic beverages , will be sanctioned with a fine equivalent to five salaries . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cuba </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> The penal code prohibits any adult to induce any young person under the age of 16 years , to habitually consume alcoholic beverages . However this means that de facto anyone selling , serving or supplying alcohol should check if the buyer has attained the age of 16 years . In most cases this law is not strictly enforced . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ecuador </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell alcohol beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years of age . The law obligates establishments to place a visible notice at the point of sale and to check identification to enforce the law . However it is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> El Salvador </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is strictly prohibited to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to a minor under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is punished with ¢ 25,000.00 and if convicted once more the license will be suspended for a period of six months . It is legal for minors to buy , attempt to buy and consume alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Falkland Islands </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for any adult to sell , give or provide alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years in any public place or licensed premises . Parents may permit their children to consume alcohol on private premises . Minors consuming alcohol in public are committing a criminal offence . The law provides exceptions for the consumption of alcohol by minors for prescription of or at the direction of a government medical officer or in the course of the administration of Holy Communion according to the rites of any Christian denomination . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Grenada </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Guatemala </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply any alcoholic drink to a minor under 18 years of age . Minors under 18 years are prohibited by law , to consume alcoholic beverages in public . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Guyana </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 / 16 for beer , wine and cider with meal </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a person under 18 years of age . The law provides an exception for minors aged 16 and 17 , if they consume a glass of beer , wine oder cider with a meal in a restaurant . Otherwise attempting to buy alcohol or buying alcohol as a minor is an offence . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Haiti </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to minors from May 17 , 2017 . Vendors are required to check identification . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Honduras </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Jamaica </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a child ( which is defined as anyone under the age of 18 years ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mexico </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The minimum age to buy and consume alcoholic beverages is regulated by each state of Mexico . But all states have set a minimum age of 18 years , and in no state it is illegal for minors to buy and consume alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 14 18 </Td> <Td> The law from 1980 prohibits the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors under the age of 18 years . Every point of sale or establishment serving alcohol , is required to post a notice stating that the sale of alcohol to minors under 18 years of age is illegal . However the law permits children as young as 14 to purchase and consume alcohol in a restaurant without further restrictions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Panama </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Paraguay </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td> According to Art . 1 ° of the law to `` ban on the sale of alcoholic beverages to minors '' , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol or to allow the consumption by minors under 20 years of age . Furthermore , under Art 2 ° all public establishments selling alcohol must display a clearly legible notice in the sales area with the following text : `` ESTA PROHIBIDA LA VENTA DE BEBIDAS ALCOHÓLICAS A MENORES DE VEINTE AÑOS DE EDAD '' ( It is illegal ( prohibited ) to sell alcoholic beverages to minors under 20 years of age ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Peru </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Puerto Rico </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholiv beverages to child under the age of 18 years . It is also illegal for an adult to send a child to buy alcohol on behalf . It is not illegal for children to buy or consume alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Turks and Caicos Islands </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to serve or sell liquor to a young person under the age of eighteen years . Minors under the age of sixteen years may not present in a licensed premises mainly serving and selling alcoholic beverages . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> United States ( 50 states and integral territories ) </Td> <Td> Varies by jurisdiction </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> The National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 withholds revenue from states that allow the purchase of alcohol by anyone under the age of 21 . Prior to the effective date of that Act , the drinking age varied from state to state . Some states do not allow those under the legal drinking age to be present in liquor stores or in bars ( usually , the difference between a bar and a restaurant is that food is served only in the latter ) . Contrary to popular belief , since the act went into law , only a few states prohibit minors and young adults from consuming alcohol in private settings . As of January 1 , 2010 , 15 states and the District of Columbia ban underage consumption outright , 17 states do not ban underage consumption , and the remaining 18 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage consumption laws . <P> Federal law explicitly provides for religious exceptions . As of 2005 , 31 states have family member or location exceptions to their underage possession laws . However , non-alcoholic beer in many ( but not all ) states , such as Idaho , Texas , and Maryland , is considered legal for those under the age of 21 . </P> <P> By a judge 's ruling , South Carolina appears to allow the possession and consumption of alcohol by adults 18 to 20 years of age , but a circuit court judge has said otherwise . </P> <P> The states of Washington and Wisconsin allows the consumption of alcohol in the presence of parents . </P> <P> Some U.S. states have legislation that make providing to and possession of alcohol by persons under twenty - one a gross misdemeanor with a potential penalty of a $5,000 fine or up to a year in jail . </P> See also : Minor in Possession and List of alcohol laws of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> United States Virgin Islands </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Uruguay </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Venezuela </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Only selling alcohol to minors under the age of 18 is prohibited , consumption and purchase by minors is not illegal . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Asia ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> State / region / province </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> De jure </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drinking age </Th> <Th> Purchase age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Afghanistan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bahrain </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> No legally - determined drinking age . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bangladesh </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> ( Illegal for Muslims . ) </Td> <Td> Alcohol will be sold to foreigners in certain locations , albeit clandestinely . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bhutan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Brunei </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 17 with restrictions , unless Muslim </Td> <Td> Non-Muslims over 17 years of age are allowed to import alcohol not to exceed maximum total volume 2 liters of liquor and 12 cans of beer at 330 ml for personal use , once in 48 hours . This alcohol must be `` stored and consumed at the place of residence of the importer '' and is `` not to be given , transferred or sold to another person . '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cambodia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> China </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 / None </Td> <Td> Introduced in January 2006 , but not enforce to practice . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Hong Kong </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The regulation is only applicable to restaurants , bars and clubs , where a liquor license is required . Private drinking is also not regulated . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> India </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 -- 25 ( varies by jurisdiction ) </Td> <Td> Main article : Alcohol laws of India Consumption of alcohol is illegal in the states of Bihar , Gujarat and Nagaland . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Indonesia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Iran </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> <Td> There is a ban on alcohol , but religious minorities may purchase small amounts from shops owned by the same religious minority . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Iraq </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Israel </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Israel law prohibits selling or serving alcohol to minors , but it does not prohibit minors to drink , although the police may confiscate alcoholic drinks consumed by minors in public . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Japan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Jordan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Kuwait </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Lebanon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Often unenforced and according to a global school health study , 40 % of minors over 13 drink alcohol and up to 25 % buy it from stores . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Macau </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Malaysia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> Increased from 18 to 21 in December 2017 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Maldives </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal except for tourists , 18 </Td> <Td> Sale of alcohol is limited to tourist resorts . It is illegal to sell alcohol to local Maldivians </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mongolia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Myanmar </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nepal </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The legal age for consumption of alcohol in Nepal is 18 . However , there are exceptions to underage consumption for purposes of religious ceremonies . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> North Korea </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Oman </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> Residents need personal liquor licenses to consume alcohol in their private residences . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Pakistan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal ( 18 for non-Muslims ) </Td> <Td> Non-Muslim citizens may possess alcohol to be used in accordance with religious ceremonies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Palestinian Authority </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td> Legal in most cities . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Philippines </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Qatar </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> <Td> Muslims are allowed to purchase alcohol , but generally not allowed to consume . Non Muslims are allowed to purchase , and consume alcohol . The only legal distributor of alcohol in the country is the Qatar Distribution Company located in Doha . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> <Td> Drinking or possessing alcohol is illegal in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia . Persons who drink or possess alcohol are subject to arrest and trial . Punishments range from heavy fines , lengthy prison terms and whippings . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Singapore </Td> <Td> None 18 ) </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> For convenience stores , those who pretend to be 18 years and above in a `` Challenge 18 '' scheme will be downgraded to `` Challenge 21 '' scheme , and after which the licences will be revoked once they pretend to be 18 years and above if it is on `` Challenge 21 ''. . It is illegal to purchase alcohol in Singapore or consume in a nightclub / allow entry to the nightclub under 18 . Home and private drinking of alcohol is allowed , although the safest age could be 6 . Parents can try a sip of alcohol at any age . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> South Korea </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> The age limit for alcohol is after January 1 of the year one 's age turns to 19 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Syria </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Taiwan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> It is illegal for anyone under the age of 18 to consume alcohol . </Li> <Li> Parents , guardians , and others taking care of people under 18 shall prohibit underage drinking , or risk administrative fines of 10000 to 50000 new Taiwan dollars when the situations are serious . </Li> <Li> One shall not supply alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 . A violator shall be administratively fined 3000 to 15000 New Taiwan Dollars . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tajikistan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Thailand </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td> The Alcoholic Beverage Control Act of 2008 increased the drinking age in Thailand from 18 to 20 , private drinking is not regulated in private locations . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 -- 21 ( varies by jurisdiction ) </Td> <Td> Expatriate non-Muslim residents may request a liquor permit to purchase alcoholic beverages , but it is illegal for such holders to provide drinks to others . <P> The legal age for drinking alcohol is 18 in Abu Dhabi ( although a Ministry of Tourism by - law allows hotels to serve alcohol only to those over 21 ) , and 21 in Dubai and the Northern Emirates ( except Sharjah , where drinking alcohol is illegal ) . </P> <P> It is a punishable offence to drink , or to be under the influence of alcohol , in public . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vietnam </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Yemen </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Illegal </Td> <Td> Exception is in Aden Region where it 's legal for 21 and up </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Europe ( edit ) </H2> Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 20 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years Minimum purchase age of 17 years Minimum purchase age of 16 years Laws banning minors from consuming alcohol in public / private : Minimum age to consume alcohol in public and private Minimum age to consume alcohol in public No minimum age to consume alcohol in public or private <P> Most countries within Europe have set 18 as the minimum age to purchase alcohol . Although Austria , Belgium , Cyprus , Denmark , Germany , Gibraltar , Liechtenstein , Luxembourg , Malta , Serbia and Switzerland ( except Ticino ) maintain a minimum purchase age below 18 years permitting minors either full or limited access to alcohol . In 2005 , 2007 and recently in 2015 the European Union has failed to enact a law forcing member states to raise their purchase age to 18 years . But in the past years several European countries have raised their drinking / purchase age or enacted laws restricting the access to alcohol for minors : </P> <Ul> <Li> In 2002 the autonomous communities Madrid , Valencia and Catalonia raised their minimum purchase age to 18 years . Previous to 2002 Valencia and Madrid had a minimum purchase age of 16 years , and in Catalonia minors aged 16 or 17 could purchase alcohol up to 23 % ABV on and off premises . </Li> <Li> In 2004 Denmark raised its off premises purchase age from 15 to 16 years . </Li> <Li> In November 2005 Switzerland passed its `` Food and Commodities Regulation '' ( German : Lebensmittel - und Gebrauchsgegenständeverordnung ) , introducing a ban on alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 16 , even though `` Alcohol Law '' ( German : Alkoholgesetz ) passed in 1980 already required a minimum age of 18 years for the retail sale of distilled spirits . Therefore , it is illegal to sell fermented alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine , sparkling wine or cider ) to anyone under the age of 16 , and any distilled alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Further the canton of Ticino introduced a cantonal law in 1989 banning all alcohol sales to anyone under the age of 18 years . </Li> <Li> In 2006 the autonomous community Castile and León raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . </Li> <Li> In late 2006 , Gibraltar lawmakers passed the `` Children and Young Persons ( Alcohol , Tobacco and Gaming ) Act 2006 '' , which raised the minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . But the new law made an exception : minors aged 16 or 17 can purchase and consume on premises beer , wine or cider under 15 % ABV or pre-packed containers of an alcoholic strength not exceeding 5.5 % ABV ( e.g. alcopops ) . </Li> <Li> In 2009 France raised its minimum purchase age to 18 years , and fines were increased for selling or serving alcohol to a minor ( up to 7,500 € ) . Previous to 2009 the minimum age to purchase any alcohol from off licensed premises was 16 years . In order to purchase alcohol on premises the minimum age was 16 years for low alcoholic beverages such as wine , beer , cider , perry , mead , crème de cassis and juices from fermented fruits or vegetables that contain 1.2 to 3 ° alcohol , natural sweet wines from controlled cultivation -- to purchase or be served stronger alcoholic drinks one had to be 18 years of age . </Li> <Li> In October 2009 , the government of Malta passed a new law raising its drinking and purchase age from 16 to 17 years . </Li> <Li> In 2010 the autonomous community of Galicia raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 years . </Li> <Li> In 2011 Denmark passed a new law , raising the minimum age for off - premises sale of alcohol > 16.5 % ABV to 18 years of age . The age to purchase alcohol < 16.5 % ABV remaines at 16 . </Li> <Li> Italy raised its minimum purchase age from 16 to 18 in 2012 . Previously Italy did not have a purchase age for off - premises sales , and the minimum age of 16 years for on premises sales was barely enforced . </Li> <Li> In 2013 the government of Portugal restricted alcohol sales to young people : distilled spirits can not be sold to anyone under the age of 18 , and other alcohol ( e.g. beer , wine or cider ) ca n't be sold to anyone under the age of 16 . Previously the minimum age for all kinds of alcoholic beverages was 16 years . </Li> <Li> As of 1 January 2014 , the minimum legal purchase and consumption age was raised from 16 to 18 in the Netherlands . Previously young people over the age of 16 could purchase and consume alcohol < 15 % ABV , and adults aged 18 and over could purchase alcohol over 15 % ABV . </Li> <Li> As of March 2015 , the autonomous community of Asturias raised its drinking age from 16 to 18 years . Asturias was Spain 's last community with a drinking age of 16 years . The new law brings the drinking age into line with the rest of Spain . </Li> <Li> As of 1 January 2018 , Lithuania raised its minimum drinking age from 18 to 20 years . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> State / region / province </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> De jure </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drinking age </Th> <Th> Purchase age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Albania </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Andorra </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Armenia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> There are no laws mandating alcohol vendors to ID potential underage drinkers . ID checks are very rarely , if ever , carried out </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> Burgenland Lower Austria Vienna </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carinthia Upper Austria Salzburg Styria Tyrol Vorarlberg </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 18 </Td> <Td> Carinthia also requires adolescents to maintain a blood alcohol level below 0.05 % . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to a minor under 18 years of age . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Belarus </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> The law prohibits the sale of alcohol to anyone under the age of 18 years . However , the law is rarely enforced . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Belgium </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 16 18 </Td> <Td> Since 10 January 2010 , it is illegal to `` sell , serve , or offer '' any form of distilled alcohol to those under the age of 18 or any alcoholic drink to those under 16 . So fermented drinks like beer or wine are permitted above 16 . Previously , it was illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to under - 16s , but accompanying adults could buy drinks for them . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Selling alcohol to a minor under the age of 18 years is an offence . The law does not prohibit minors from buying , attempting to buy or consuming alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> By law , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to any child under the age of 18 . There is no restrictions for minors consuming alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Croatia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is prohibited to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under 18 years of age . There is no minimum age to buy or consume alcohol by law . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cyprus </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve alcohol to anyone under the age of 17 years . There is no minimum age to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in public . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to provide alcohol to minors ( punishable by fine or up to 1 or 2 year ( s ) imprisonment ) . Consumption itself is not prohibited by law . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Denmark </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 16 18 </Td> <Td> While there is no age requirement for drinking alcohol in Denmark , there are laws that prevent minors from buying alcohol : <Ul> <Li> In order to buy alcohol above 1.2 % and below 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 16 years of age . </Li> <Li> In order to buy alcohol above 16.5 % ABV in stores , one must be 18 years of age . </Li> </Ul> <P> By tradition , youths are privately allowed to drink alcohol after their confirmation . If a shop or bar fails to ask for an ID card and is identified having sold alcohol to an underage , it is subject to fine . A national ID card , obtained in the local town hall , can serve as age verification . This card is rarely used though since a passport or drivers license is more commonly used . </P> <P> Both the legal drinking and purchasing age in the Faroe Islands is 18 . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Estonia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . Alcohol found in possession of any child can be confiscated by the police . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Finland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 20 18 </Td> <Td> All major grocery chains have implemented a policy to ask for ID if the customer looks under 30 . Stores may refuse to sell alcohol if the customer is accompanied by a minor , or if proxy purchasing is suspected . Purchasing alcohol on behalf of a minor is a criminal offence . <P> Police may search minors in public places and confiscate or destroy any alcoholic beverages in their possession . Incidents are reported to the legal guardian and social authorities , who may intervene with child welfare procedures . In addition , those aged 15 or above are subject to a fine . </P> <P> In private , offering alcohol to a minor is considered a criminal offence if it results in drunkenness and the act can be deemed reprehensible as a whole , considering the minor 's age , degree of maturity and other circumstances . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> France </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> France has no explicitly stated consumption age , but selling alcohol to a minor ( under 18 ) is illegal and can be fined 7500 euros . This age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2009 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Georgia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> By Georgian law , the sale of alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years is prohibited . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Germany </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 14 16 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply fermented alcoholic beverages ( beer , wine , cider and sparkling wine ) to anyone under 16 years of age . However this age limit drops down to 14 if a minor is accompanied by his parent or legal guardian . It is generally illegal to serve , sell or supply any beverage containing spirits and aliments containing spirits above negligible amounts , to anyone under the age of 18 years . Violation of the `` Protection of Young Persons Act '' can be fined up to € 50.000 . See also : Alcohol laws in Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Gibraltar </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 16 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell alcoholic drinks to anyone under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions . The minimum age to be served in licensed premises is 16 if : <Ul> <Li> The alcoholic beverage is beer , wine or cider below 15 % ABV , or </Li> <Li> The alcoholic beverage is served in a bottle , or a pre-packaged container below 5.5 % ABV . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Greece </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> In 2008 , the consumption of alcoholic beverages was prohibited for minors in public . However , the law does not apply to private events or private premises . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Hungary </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Iceland </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Possession or consumption of alcohol by minors is not an offence , but supplying them with alcohol is . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ireland </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for minors to buy alcohol or for a third party to attempt to buy it for minors . It is illegal to purchase alcohol for anybody under the age of consent without permission from their guardians . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Italy </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> In 2012 the then Health Minister Renato Balduzzi proposed to raise the age to 18 . Selling alcohol to those under the age of 18 in shops carries a fine between € 250 and € 1000 . Serving alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 16 is a criminal offense and is punished with prison up to one year , if the individual is 16 or 17 it will be treated as an offense that is fined between € 250 and € 1000 ( Legge n . 189 / 2013 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Kosovo </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> None </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Latvia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages to any minor under the age of 18 years . There is no minimum age to consume or possess alcohol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Liechtenstein </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 18 </Td> <Td> Wine , beer and ciders as well as some other party drinks sometimes without spirits may be purchased by the age of 16 . Spirits as well as alcopops may be sold only to people at least 18 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Lithuania </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 20 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , serve or supply alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 20 years . Persons under the age of 20 are prohibited from consuming alcoholic beverages or from possessing them . The minimum age was raised from 18 to 20 in 2018 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve alcoholic beverages > 1.2 % ABV to any person under the age of 16 years . Violation is fined € 251 to € 1.000 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Macedonia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Must show an ID card upon request . In certain smaller places , such as family - owned convenience stores and street kiosks , there is little to no enforcement on how old or young somebody purchases alcohol . There is little to no enforcement for drinking privately , but drinking in bars may require an ID . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Malta </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 17 </Td> <Td> Must provide identification upon request . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Moldova </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell , or serve alcoholic beverages to anyone under the age of 18 years . It is not illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol . The minimum purchase age was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Montenegro </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Netherlands </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The legal age for purchasing and consumption of alcoholic beverages was raised from 16 to 18 since 2014 . Alcohol is commonly available upon parental permission . Selling alcoholic beverages to people under 18 is illegal , buying alcoholic beverages for someone else under the age of 18 is also illegal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Norway </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 20 </Td> <Td> Selling alcohol to or buying alcohol for minors is illegal . Minors are defined as under 18 for beer and wine , under 20 for drinks that contain 22 % ABV or more . Minors who buy alcohol are not held criminally responsible ; instead , the crime lies with those who sold it or obtained it for them . <P> Alcohol with more than 60 % ABV is generally not sold in Norway , although exceptions may be made by the government for specific products . </P> <P> Alcohol possessed by minors may be confiscated as evidence . Drinking in public is prohibited , though this is rarely enforced in recreational areas . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Poland </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Article 15 of The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism clearly states that buyers or persons being served must be at least 18 and prove it with ID if they look like they may not be at least that age . There is no mention of consumption age in this or any other act in Poland . Drinking in public places , with the exception of designated drinking zones , is illegal regardless of age . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Portugal </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Romania </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> According to law 61 / 1991 updated in 2008 , paragraphs 21 - 25 , it is illegal to serve or sell alcohol to minors . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Russia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> There is no law or regulation in Russia that prohibits minors from consuming alcohol , but selling alcohol to minors is prohibited by federal and additional regional laws . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> San Marino </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Serbia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Slovakia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Slovenia </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> There is no law regulating the possession and consumption , but it is illegal to sell or offer alcohol of any kind to minors . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Spain </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Asturias was the last autonomous community in Spain where the drinking age was increased to 18 ( previously 16 ) on 1 May 2015 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Sweden </Td> <Td> <P> None </P> </Td> <Td> <P> None 18 18 20 , </P> </Td> <Td> See also : Alcohol in Sweden It is legal for anyone at any age to drink , but it is illegal to supply anyone under the age of 20 , any beverage containing more than 3.5 % ABV , and supply anyone under the age of 18 beer containing more than 2.25 % ABV , except in a venue licensed to sell alcohol , who are allowed to sell alcohol to anyone over 18 . It is also legal to serve an underage person alcohol in a private place , provided it 's a limited amount and done in moderation . The reason for lower limit in bars than in Systembolaget shops is that bartenders have a legal responsibility for how drunk a guest gets . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> Switzerland ( federal law ) </Td> <Td> None ( See notes ) </Td> <Td> 16 18 </Td> <Td> Whoever offers or supplies alcoholic beverages to a child under the age of 16 years in an amount which is harmful to one 's health is punished with imprisonment up to 3 years or a fine . Whoever sells or supplies spirits to a person under the age of 18 years is punished with a fine up to 10.000 CHF . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ticino </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The canton Ticino prohibits selling and consumption of any type of alcohol by minors under the age of 18 . Some shops and supermarkets may not sell alcohol to minors under the age of 18 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Turkey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> See also : Alcohol laws of Turkey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Ukraine </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> England Wales </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 16 5 None </Td> <Td> Legislation in England and Wales : <Ul> <Li> It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages on licensed premises under the age of 18 , other than the following two exceptions : <Ul> <Li> Minors aged 16 or 17 may consume wine , beer or cider on licensed premises when ordered with a meal , and accompanied by an adult . </Li> <Li> It is legal to sell liqueur confectionery to someone of any age . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> It is illegal to permit minors under the age of 5 to consume alcoholic beverages unless under medical supervision or in an emergency . </Li> <Li> Persons over 17 are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 None ( private ) </Td> <Td> Legislation in Scotland : <Ul> <Li> It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . ( ( cite web <Ul> <Li> It is illegal to sell liqueur confectionery to anyone under 18 , however , consumption is permitted . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Persons 18 and over are entitled to their own duty free allowance , which includes alcohol . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Legislation in Northern Ireland : <P> It is illegal to sell , serve , offer or consume alcoholic beverages in public under the age of 18 . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 ( applies to all of the United Kingdom ) </Td> <Td> Under the BBPA 's Challenge 21 and Challenge 25 schemes , customers attempting to buy alcoholic beverages are asked to prove their age if in the retailer 's opinion they look under 21 ( or optionally 25 ) even though the law states they must be a minimum of 18 . Many supermarket and off - licence chains display Challenge 21 ( or Challenge 25 ) notices stating that they will not serve persons who look under 21 ( or 25 ) without ID . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Oceania ( edit ) </H2> Minimum legal age to purchase alcohol by country : Minimum purchase age of 21 years Minimum purchase age of 18 years No minimum purchase age <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> State / region / province </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> De jure </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Drinking age </Th> <Th> Purchase age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> American Samoa </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Australia </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Main article : Alcohol laws of Australia Varies by state . Some states restrict possession and consumption to over 18 , all states restrict purchasing to over 18 . In some states , minors may consume alcohol in a private residence with parental permission . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Fiji </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> The drinking age was 21 from 2006 to 2009 but was lowered to 18 in 2009 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Guam </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Micronesia , Federated States of </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> New Zealand </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Minimum age applies for beverages with 1.15 % ABV or over ; no restrictions on beverages less than 1.15 % ABV . Persons under 18 may drink outside private residences or private functions if accompanied by their parent or legal guardian . Alcohol may be supplied to minors only by , or with express consent from , their parent or legal guardian . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Northern Mariana Islands </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Palau </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> It is illegal to sell or serve any alcoholic beverage to a person under 21 years of age . Minors may access a bar or licensed premises only if accompanied by a parent or legal guardian . Minors buying , consuming or attempting to buy alcohol are committing an offence . The law provides an exception for the consumption of alcohol by minors as part of a religiously recognized ceremony . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is illegal for a minor to purchase , consume or attempt to purchase alcoholic beverages . Any licence holder has to ensure that the customer who he sells or serves alcohol to , is at least 18 years of age . Violation of this law is fined . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Samoa </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td> Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years is punished with three hundred dollars or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> None </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Selling or serving alcohol to a person under the age of twenty - one years old is punished with a three hundred dollar fine or imprisonment for nine months or both , a fine and imprisonment . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tokelau </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tonga </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> Selling , serving or supplying alcohol to a minor is illegal . It is also illegal for minors to buy , attempt to buy or consume alcohol in any public place and any violation of this law is fined up to $1,000 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vanuatu </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 18 </Td> <Td> It is unlawful to sell , serve or supply alcohol to any person under the age of 18 years . Violation of the law is fined up to VT 25,000 or by a term of imprisonment not exceeding 3 months , or by both , fine and imprisonment . Any minor under the age of 18 years , being found in possession or consumption of alcohol is fined up to VT 10,000 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of the Politics series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Youth rights </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Activities ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co . </Li> <Li> Child Labor Deterrence Act </Li> <Li> Children 's Online Privacy Protection Act </Li> <Li> Convention on the Rights of the Child </Li> <Li> Fair Labor Standards Act </Li> <Li> Hammer v. Dagenhart </Li> <Li> History of youth rights in the United States </Li> <Li> Morse v. Frederick </Li> <Li> Newsboys ' strike of 1899 </Li> <Li> Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms </Li> <Li> Wild in the Streets </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theory / concepts ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Adultcentrism </Li> <Li> Adultism </Li> <Li> Ageism </Li> <Li> Criminalization </Li> <Li> Democracy </Li> <Li> Ephebiphobia </Li> <Li> Fear of children </Li> <Li> Fear of youth </Li> <Li> Intergenerational equity </Li> <Li> Paternalism </Li> <Li> Social class </Li> <Li> Suffrage </Li> <Li> Taking Children Seriously </Li> <Li> Universal suffrage </Li> <Li> Unschooling </Li> <Li> Youth activism </Li> <Li> Youth suffrage </Li> <Li> Youth voice </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Issues ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Age of candidacy </Li> <Li> Age of consent </Li> <Li> Age of majority </Li> <Li> Age of marriage </Li> <Li> Behavior modification facility </Li> <Li> Child labour </Li> <Li> Children in the military </Li> <Li> Child marriage </Li> <Li> Child marriage in the US </Li> <Li> Compulsory education </Li> <Li> Conscription </Li> <Li> Corporal punishment </Li> <Li> Curfew </Li> <Li> Child abuse </Li> <Li> Emancipation of minors </Li> <Li> Gambling age </Li> <Li> Homeschooling </Li> <Li> Human rights and youth sport </Li> <Li> In loco parentis </Li> <Li> Juvenile delinquency </Li> <Li> Juvenile court </Li> <Li> Legal drinking age </Li> <Li> Legal working age </Li> <Li> Minimum driving age </Li> <Li> Marriageable age </Li> <Li> Minor ( law ) </Li> <Li> Minors and abortion </Li> <Li> Restavec </Li> <Li> School leaving age </Li> <Li> Smoking age </Li> <Li> Status offense </Li> <Li> Underage drinking in the US </Li> <Li> Voting age </Li> <Li> Youth - adult partnership </Li> <Li> Youth participation </Li> <Li> Youth politics </Li> <Li> Youth voting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Organizations ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child </Li> <Li> Americans for a Society Free from Age Restrictions </Li> <Li> Human Rights and Youth Rights Commission </Li> <Li> National Youth Rights Association </Li> <Li> One World Youth Project </Li> <Li> Queer Youth Network </Li> <Li> Students for a Democratic Society </Li> <Li> Freechild Project </Li> <Li> Three O'Clock Lobby </Li> <Li> Youth International Party </Li> <Li> Youth Liberation of Ann Arbor </Li> <Li> Young Communist League of Canada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Persons ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Adam Fletcher ( activist ) </Li> <Li> David J. Hanson </Li> <Li> David Joseph Henry </Li> <Li> John Caldwell Holt </Li> <Li> Alex Koroknay - Palicz </Li> <Li> Lyn Duff </Li> <Li> Mike A. Males </Li> <Li> Neil Postman </Li> <Li> Sonia Yaco </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Animal rights </Li> <Li> Anti-racism </Li> <Li> Direct democracy </Li> <Li> Egalitarianism </Li> <Li> Feminism </Li> <Li> Libertarianism </Li> <Li> Socialism </Li> <Li> Students rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Youth rights </Li> <Li> Social movements portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Amethyst Initiative </Li> <Li> Alcohol consumption by youth in the United States </Li> <Li> National Minimum Drinking Age Act </Li> <Li> Alcoholism </Li> <Li> National Youth Rights Association </Li> <Li> Shoulder tap ( alcohol ) </Li> <Li> The Century Council </Li> <Li> Choose Responsibility </Li> <Li> Mature minor doctrine </Li> <Li> Youth </Li> <Li> Youth suffrage </Li> <Li> Youth rights </Li> <Li> Age of candidacy </Li> <Li> Legal drinking age controversy </Li> <Li> Smoking age </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Drinking Age Limits Archived 2013 - 01 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . - International Center for Alcohol Policies </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Underage Drinking '' . National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism . January 2006 . Retrieved 13 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` PROTECTION FROM DRUG ABUSE / MINIMUM AGE FOR SALE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUGS : INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL LAWS '' ( PDF ) . The African Child Policy Forum . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sobre o acesso de menores a espectáculos nocturnos , eo consumo ea comercialização de bebidas alcoólicas por menores '' . Governo Provincial de Luanda . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Liquor Act 2008 - Section 32 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Botswana . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Code Pénal du Burundi - Article 501 et 502 '' ( PDF ) . MINISTRE DE LA JUSTICE ET GARDE . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Law No. 2016 / 007 of July 12 , 2016 , relating to the Penal Code - Section 348 '' . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Lei n. ° 27 / V / 97 '' . Imprensa Nacional de Cabo Verde . 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Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The law about supply to young people '' . Alcohol.org.nz . Retrieved 30 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.B. No. 19 - 141 HDI SSI '' ( PDF ) . cnmilaw.org . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alcoholic Beverage Control Act - § 1068 . Sale or distribution to minors ; purchase , possession , or consumption by minors '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Liquor Act 2011 - Section 14 '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of Samoa . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Section 72 of the Liquor Act ( Ch. 144 ) '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crimes , Procedure and Evidence Rules 2003 , s50 ( 3 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` INTOXICATING LIQUOR ACT - Section 65 '' ( PDF ) . The Kingdom of Tonga , Attorney General 's Office . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Liquor Licensing Act - Section 17 '' . Pacific Islands Legal Information Institute . 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Incubation period - wikipedia <H1> Incubation period </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Incubation period is the time elapsed between exposure to a pathogenic organism , a chemical , or radiation , and when symptoms and signs are first apparent . In a typical infectious disease , incubation period signifies the period taken by the multiplying organism to reach a threshold necessary to produce symptoms in the host . </P> In some diseases , as depicted in this diagram , latent period is shorter than incubation period . A person can transmit infection without showing any signs of the disease . Such infection is called subclinical infection . <P> While latent or latency period may be synonymous , a distinction is sometimes made between incubation period , the period between infection and onset of the disease , and latent period , the time from infection to infectiousness . Which is shorter depends on the disease . A person may be a carrier of a disease , such as Streptococcus in the throat , without exhibiting any symptoms . Depending on the disease , the person may or may not be contagious during the incubation period . </P> <P> During latency , an infection is subclinical . With respect to viral infections , in latency the virus is replicating . This is in contrast to viral latency , a form of dormancy in which the virus does not replicate . An example of latency is HIV infection . HIV may at first have no symptoms and show no signs of AIDS , despite HIV replicating in the lymphatic system and rapidly accumulating a large viral load . These persons may be infectious . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Intrinsic and extrinsic incubation period </Li> <Li> 2 Determining factors </Li> <Li> 3 Examples for human </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Intrinsic and extrinsic incubation period ( edit ) </H2> <P> The terms `` intrinsic incubation period '' and `` extrinsic incubation period '' are used in vector - borne diseases . The intrinsic incubation period is the time taken by an organism to complete its development in the definitive host . The extrinsic incubation period is the time taken by an organism to complete its development in the intermediate host . </P> <P> For example , once ingested by a mosquito , malaria parasites must undergo development within the mosquito before they are infectious to humans . The time required for development in the mosquito ranges from 10 to 28 days , depending on the parasite species and the temperature . This is the extrinsic incubation period of that parasite . If a female mosquito does not survive longer than the extrinsic incubation period , then she will not be able to transmit any malaria parasites . After a mosquito successfully transfers the parasite to a human body via a bite , the parasite starts developing . The time between the injection of the parasite into the human and the development of the first symptoms of malaria is its intrinsic incubation period . </P> <H2> Determining factors ( edit ) </H2> <P> The specific incubation period for a disease process is the result of multiple factors , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Dose or inoculum of infectious agent </Li> <Li> Route of inoculation </Li> <Li> Rate of replication of infectious agent </Li> <Li> Host susceptibility and immune response </Li> </Ul> <H2> Examples for human ( edit ) </H2> <P> Due to inter-individual variation , the incubation period is always expressed as a range . When possible , it is best to express the mean and the 10th and 90th percentiles , though this information is not always available . The values below are arranged roughly in ascending order , although in some cases the mean had to be inferred . </P> <P> For many conditions , incubation periods are longer in adults than they are in children or infants . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Disease </Th> <Th> between </Th> <Th> and </Th> <Th> period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cellulitis caused by Pasteurella multocida </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chicken pox </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cholera </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 4.5 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Erythema infectiosum ( Fifth disease ) </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Influenza </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Common cold </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dengue fever </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ebola </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 ( 95 % ) , 42 ( 98 % ) </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roseola </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> HIV </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> weeks to months , or longer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Infectious mononucleosis ( glandular fever ) </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kuru disease </Td> <Td> 10.3 </Td> <Td> 13.2 </Td> <Td> years ( mean ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marburg </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Measles </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mumps </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norovirus </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pertussis ( whooping cough ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Polio </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rabies </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> months , but may vary from < 1 week to > 1 year . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rocky Mountain spotted fever </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubella ( German measles ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scarlet fever </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SARS </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Smallpox </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tetanus </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> days </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gestation period </Li> <Li> Prodrome </Li> <Li> Quarantine </Li> <Li> Window period , the time between infection and when lab tests can identify the infection . The window period may be longer or shorter than the incubation period . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sharara , A.I. ( 1997 ) . `` Chronic hepatitis C '' . Southern Medical Journal . 90 ( 9 ) : 872 -- 7 . doi : 10.1097 / 00007611 - 199709000 - 00002 . PMID 9305294 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chan , Miranda ; Johansson , Michael A. ( Nov 30 , 2012 ) . `` The Incubation Periods of Dengue Viruses '' . PLOS ONE . 7 ( 11 ) : e50972 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0050972 . PMC 3511440 . PMID 23226436 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cellulitis , kidshealth.org . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Azman , Andrew S. ; Rudolph , Kara E. ; Cummings , Derek A.T. ; Lessler , Justin ( 2013 ) . `` The incubation period of cholera : A systematic review '' . Journal of Infection . 66 ( 5 ) : 432 -- 8 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jinf. 2012.11. 013 . PMC 3677557 . PMID 23201968 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erythema Infectiosum at eMedicine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seasonal Influenza ( Flu ) , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , cdc.gov . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lessler , Justin ; Reich , Nicholas G ; Brookmeyer , Ron ; Perl , Trish M ; Nelson , Kenrad E ; Cummings , Derek AT ( 2009 ) . `` Incubation periods of acute respiratory viral infections : A systematic review '' . The Lancet Infectious Diseases . 9 ( 5 ) : 291 -- 300 . doi : 10.1016 / S1473 - 3099 ( 09 ) 70069 - 6 . PMC 4327893 . PMID 19393959 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Common cold , The Mayo Clinic , mayoclinic.com . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gubler , D.J. ( 1998 ) . `` Dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever '' . Clinical Microbiology Reviews . 11 ( 3 ) : 480 -- 96 . PMC 88892 . PMID 9665979 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Are the Ebola outbreaks in Nigeria and Senegal over ? , World Health Organization , who.int . Accessed 2014 - 10 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roseola Infantum at eMedicine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kahn , James O. ; Walker , Bruce D. ( 1998 ) . `` Acute Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 339 ( 1 ) : 33 -- 9 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199807023390107 . PMID 9647878 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macnair , Trisha , Glandular fever , BBC , bbc.co.uk . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huillard d'Aignaux , J.N. ; Cousens , S.N. ; MacCario , J ; Costagliola , D ; Alpers , M.P. ; Smith , P.G. ; Alpérovitch , A ( 2002 ) . `` The incubation period of kuru '' . Epidemiology. 13 ( 4 ) : 402 -- 8 . doi : 10.1097 / 00001648 - 200207000 - 00007 . PMID 12094094 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Questions and Answers About Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , cdc.gov . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Measles , American Osteopathic College of Dermatology , aocd.org . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mumps Disease , Questions & Answers Archived 2007 - 11 - 20 at the Wayback Machine. , vaccineinformation.org . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norovirus , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , cdc.gov . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pertussis , GPnotebook , gpnotebook.co.uk . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Polio , GPnotebook , gpnotebook.co.uk . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WHO - Rabies '' . who.int . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever , About.com . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dermatologic Manifestations of Rubella at eMedicine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scarlet Fever at eMedicine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Health Organization ( WHO ) , Severe acute respiratory syndrome , www.who.int . Accessed 2012 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smallpox Disease Overview Archived 2013 - 04 - 02 at the Wayback Machine. , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , cdc.gov . 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Chinese Buddhism - wikipedia <H1> Chinese Buddhism </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Buddhism in China '' redirects here . For branches of Buddhism in China other than Han Chinese Buddhism , see Tibetan Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism . Institutions of Chinese Buddhism 1 2 3 ❶ Monasticism : Buddhist monks at Jintai Temple in Zhuhai , Guangdong , mainland China . ❷ Cross-schools cultural centres : Inner view of the Brahma Palace of the Buddhist Vatican ( 梵 宫 ) in Wuxi , Jiangsu , mainland China , focus of Chinese Buddhist and other East Asian Buddhist schools . ❸ Lay movements : A Buddhist house church ( 居士 林 jūshìlín ) , part of a movement of lay Buddhist congregations , in Beijing . Mapping of Buddhism in China . <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chinese Buddhism 汉 传 佛教 / 漢 傳 佛教 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Gandhara </Li> <Li> Kushan Empire </Li> <Li> Dharmaguptaka </Li> <Li> Silk Road transmission </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Major figures ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Kumārajīva </Li> <Li> Xuanzang </Li> <Li> Huiyuan </Li> <Li> Zhiyi </Li> <Li> Bodhidharma </Li> <Li> Huineng </Li> <Li> Taixu </Li> <Li> Hsu Yun </Li> <Li> Hsuan Hua </Li> <Li> Nan Huai - Chin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Traditions ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chan </Li> <Li> Tiantai </Li> <Li> Huayan </Li> <Li> Pure Land </Li> <Li> Weishi </Li> <Li> Sanlun </Li> <Li> Tangmi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texts ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chinese Buddhist canon </Li> <Li> Taishō Tripiṭaka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Architecture ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Buddhist architecture in China </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bodhimaṇḍas ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Wutai </Li> <Li> Emei </Li> <Li> Jiuhua </Li> <Li> Putuo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Culture ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Buddhist Association of China </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Martial arts </Li> <Li> Diyu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Chinese Buddhism or Han Buddhism has shaped Chinese culture in a wide variety of areas including art , politics , literature , philosophy , medicine , and material culture . </P> <P> The translation of a large body of Indian Buddhist scriptures into Chinese and the inclusion of these translations together with works composed in China into a printed canon had far - reaching implications for the dissemination of Buddhism throughout the Chinese cultural sphere , including Korea , Japan , Ryukyu Islands and Vietnam . Chinese Buddhism is also marked by the interaction between Indian religions , Chinese religion , and Taoism . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE -- 220 CE ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Earliest historical arrivals </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Traditional accounts </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 The first translations </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Early Buddhist schools </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Six Dynasties ( 220 -- 589 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Early translation methods </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 The arrival of Kumārajīva ( 334 -- 413 CE ) </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 A completed Sūtra Piṭaka </Li> <Li> 1.2. 4 Early Chinese Buddhist traditions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Southern and Northern Dynasties ( 420 -- 589 ) and Sui Dynasty ( 589 -- 618 CE ) <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Chán : pointing directly to the mind </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.4 Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 CE ) <Ul> <Li> 1.4. 1 Xuanzang 's journey to the west </Li> <Li> 1.4. 2 Caves , art , and technology </Li> <Li> 1.4. 3 Arrival of Esoteric Buddhism </Li> <Li> 1.4. 4 Tang state repression of 845 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.5 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period ( 907 -- 960 / 979 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 -- 1368 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 Ming dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) </Li> <Li> 1.9 Qing dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) </Li> <Li> 1.10 Republic of China ( established 1912 ) </Li> <Li> 1.11 People 's Republic of China ( established 1949 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.11. 1 Chinese Buddhist Association </Li> <Li> 1.11. 2 Reform and opening up -- Second Buddhist Revival </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.12 Chinese Buddhism in Southeast Asia </Li> <Li> 1.13 Chinese Buddhism in the West </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Sects <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Esoteric Buddhism </Li> <Li> 2.2 Unrecognised sects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Teachings <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Basic concepts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Incense burning </Li> <Li> 3.3 Laypeople in Chinese Buddhism </Li> <Li> 3.4 Festivals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Citations </Li> <Li> 6.2 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 7.1 History </Li> <Li> 7.2 First Buddhist revival </Li> <Li> 7.3 Contemporary Chinese Buddhism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Map showing the spread and major divisions of Buddhism <P> Various legends tell of the presence of Buddhism in Chinese soil in very ancient times . Nonetheless , the scholarly consensus is that Buddhism first came to China in the first century CE during the Han dynasty , through missionaries from India . </P> <H3> Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE -- 220 CE ) ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Silk Road transmission of Buddhism Earliest historical arrivals ( edit ) Jiangnan funerary jar , ca . 250 -- 300 CE , Jin Dynasty , decorated with a row of Buddhas seated on lotus thrones . <P> Generations of scholars have debated whether Buddhist missionaries first reached Han China via the maritime or overland routes of the Silk Road . The maritime route hypothesis , favored by Liang Qichao and Paul Pelliot , proposed that Buddhism was originally practiced in southern China , the Yangtze River and Huai River region , where prince Ying of Chu ( present day Jiangsu ) was jointly worshipping the Yellow Emperor , Laozi , and Buddha in 65 CE . The overland route hypothesis , favored by Tang Yongtong , proposed that Buddhism disseminated eastward through Yuezhi and was originally practiced in western China , at the Han capital Luoyang ( present day Henan ) , where Emperor Ming of Han established the White Horse Temple in 68 CE . Rong Xinjiang , a history professor at Peking University , reexamined the overland and maritime hypotheses through a multi-disciplinary review of recent discoveries and research , including the Gandhāran Buddhist Texts , and concluded : </P> <P> The view that Buddhism was transmitted to China by the sea route comparatively lacks convincing and supporting materials , and some arguments are not sufficiently rigorous . Based on the existing historical texts and the archaeological iconographic materials discovered since the 1980s , particularly the first - century Buddhist manuscripts recently found in Afghanistan , the commentator believes that the most plausible theory is that Buddhism reached China from the Greater Yuezhi of northwest India and took the land route to reach Han China . After entering into China , Buddhism blended with early Daoism and Chinese traditional esoteric arts and its iconography received blind worship . </P> Traditional accounts ( edit ) White Horse Temple , traditionally held to be at the origin of Chinese Buddhism . <P> A number of popular accounts in historical Chinese literature have led to the popularity of certain legends regarding the introduction of Buddhism into China . According to the most popular one , Emperor Ming of Han ( 28 -- 75 CE ) precipitated the introduction of Buddhist teachings into China . The ( early 3rd to early 5th century ) Mouzi Lihuolun first records this legend : </P> <P> In olden days Emperor Ming saw in a dream a god whose body had the brilliance of the sun and who flew before his palace ; and he rejoiced exceedingly at this . The next day he asked his officials : `` What god is this ? '' the scholar Fu Yi said : `` Your subject has heard it said that in India there is somebody who has attained the Dao and who is called Buddha ; he flies in the air , his body had the brilliance of the sun ; this must be that god . '' </P> <P> The emperor then sent an envoy to Tianzhu ( Southern India ) to inquire about the teachings of the Buddha . Buddhist scriptures were said to have been returned to China on the backs of white horses , after which White Horse Temple was named . Two Indian monks also returned with them , named Dharmaratna and Kaśyapa Mātaṅga . </P> <P> An 8th - century Chinese fresco at Mogao Caves near Dunhuang in Gansu portrays Emperor Wu of Han ( r . 141 -- 87 BCE ) worshiping statues of a golden man ; `` golden men brought in 121 BCE by a great Han general in his campaigns against the nomads '' . However , neither the Shiji nor Book of Han histories of Emperor Wu mentions a golden Buddhist statue ( compare Emperor Ming above ) . </P> The first translations ( edit ) Mogao Caves 8th - century mural depicting the legend of Emperor Wu of Han worshipping buddha statues <P> The first documented translation of Buddhist scriptures from various Indian languages into Chinese occurs in 148 CE with the arrival of the Parthian prince - turned - monk An Shigao ( Ch . 安 世 高 ) . He worked to establish Buddhist temples in Luoyang and organized the translation of Buddhist scriptures into Chinese , testifying to the beginning of a wave of Central Asian Buddhist proselytism that was to last several centuries . An Shigao translated Buddhist texts on basic doctrines , meditation , and abhidharma . An Xuan ( Ch . 安 玄 ) , a Parthian layman who worked alongside An Shigao , also translated an early Mahāyāna Buddhist text on the bodhisattva path . </P> <P> Mahāyāna Buddhism was first widely propagated in China by the Kushan monk Lokakṣema ( Ch . 支 婁 迦 讖 , active c. 164 -- 186 CE ) , who came from the ancient Buddhist kingdom of Gandhāra . Lokakṣema translated important Mahāyāna sūtras such as the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra , as well as rare , early Mahāyāna sūtras on topics such as samādhi , and meditation on the buddha Akṣobhya . These translations from Lokakṣema continue to give insight into the early period of Mahāyāna Buddhism . This corpus of texts often includes emphasizes ascetic practices and forest dwelling , and absorption in states of meditative concentration : </P> <P> Paul Harrison has worked on some of the texts that are arguably the earliest versions we have of the Mahāyāna sūtras , those translated into Chinese in the last half of the second century CE by the Indo - Scythian translator Lokakṣema . Harrison points to the enthusiasm in the Lokakṣema sūtra corpus for the extra ascetic practices , for dwelling in the forest , and above all for states of meditative absorption ( samādhi ) . Meditation and meditative states seem to have occupied a central place in early Mahāyāna , certainly because of their spiritual efficacy but also because they may have given access to fresh revelations and inspiration . </P> Early Buddhist schools ( edit ) <P> During the early period of Chinese Buddhism , the Indian early Buddhist schools recognized as important , and whose texts were studied , were the Dharmaguptakas , Mahīśāsakas , Kāśyapīyas , Sarvāstivādins , and the Mahāsāṃghikas . </P> <P> The Dharmaguptakas made more efforts than any other sect to spread Buddhism outside India , to areas such as Afghanistan , Central Asia , and China , and they had great success in doing so . Therefore , most countries which adopted Buddhism from China , also adopted the Dharmaguptaka vinaya and ordination lineage for bhikṣus and bhikṣuṇīs . According to A.K. Warder , in some ways in those East Asian countries , the Dharmaguptaka sect can be considered to have survived to the present . Warder further writes that the Dharmaguptakas can be credited with effectively establishing Chinese Buddhism during the early period : </P> <P> It was the Dharmaguptakas who were the first Buddhists to establish themselves in Central Asia . They appear to have carried out a vast circling movement along the trade routes from Aparānta north - west into Iran and at the same time into Oḍḍiyāna ( the Suvastu valley , north of Gandhāra , which became one of their main centres ) . After establishing themselves as far west as Parthia they followed the `` silk route '' , the east - west axis of Asia , eastwards across Central Asia and on into China , where they effectively established Buddhism in the second and third centuries A.D. The Mahīśāsakas and Kāśyapīyas appear to have followed them across Asia into China . ( ... ) For the earlier period of Chinese Buddhism it was the Dharmaguptakas who constituted the main and most influential school , and even later their Vinaya remained the basis of the discipline there . </P> <H3> Six Dynasties ( 220 -- 589 ) ( edit ) </H3> See also : Six Dynasties Early translation methods ( edit ) Statue of Kumārajīva in front of the Kizil Caves in Kuqa , Xinjiang province , China The Tripiṭaka Koreana , an edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks <P> Initially , Buddhism in China faced a number of difficulties in becoming established . The concept of monasticism and the aversion to social affairs seemed to contradict the long - established norms and standards established in Chinese society . Some even declared that Buddhism was harmful to the authority of the state , that Buddhist monasteries contributed nothing to the economic prosperity of China , that Buddhism was barbaric and undeserving of Chinese cultural traditions . However , Buddhism was often associated with Daoism in its ascetic meditative tradition , and for this reason a concept - matching system was used by some early Indian translators , to adapt native Buddhist ideas onto Daoist ideas and terminology . </P> <P> Buddhism appealed to Chinese intellectuals and elites and the development of gentry Buddhism was sought as an alternative to Confucianism and Daoism , since Buddhism 's emphasis on morality and ritual appealed to Confucianists and the desire to cultivate inner wisdom appealed to Daoists . Gentry Buddhism was a medium of introduction for the beginning of Buddhism in China , it gained imperial and courtly support . By the early 5th century Buddhism was established in south China . During this time , Indian monks continued to travel along the Silk Road to teach Buddhism , and translation work was primarily done by foreign monks rather than Chinese . </P> The arrival of Kumārajīva ( 334 -- 413 CE ) ( edit ) <P> When the famous monk Kumārajīva was captured during the Chinese conquest of the Buddhist kingdom of Kucha , he was imprisoned for many years . When he was released in AD 401 , he immediately took a high place in Chinese Buddhism and was appraised as a great master from the West . He was especially valued by Emperor Yao Xing of the state of Later Qin , who gave him an honorific title and treated him like a god . Kumārajīva revolutionized Chinese Buddhism with his high quality translations ( from AD 402 -- 413 ) , which are still praised for their flowing smoothness , clarity of meaning , subtlety , and literary skill . Due to the efforts of Kumārajīva , Buddhism in China became not only recognized for its practice methods , but also as high philosophy and religion . The arrival of Kumārajīva also set a standard for Chinese translations of Buddhist texts , effectively doing away with previous concept - matching systems . </P> <P> The translations of Kumārajīva have often remained more popular than those of other translators . Among the most well - known are his translations of the Diamond Sutra , the Amitabha Sutra , the Lotus Sutra , the Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa Sūtra , the Mūlamadhyamakakārikā , and the Aṣṭasāhasrikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra . </P> A completed Sūtra Piṭaka ( edit ) <P> Around the time of Kumārajīva , the four major Sanskrit āgamas were also translated into Chinese . Each of the āgamas was translated independently by a different Indian monk . These āgamas comprise the only other complete surviving Sūtra Piṭaka , which is generally comparable to the Pali Sutta Pitaka of Theravada Buddhism . The teachings of the Sūtra Piṭaka are usually considered to be one of the earliest teachings on Buddhism and a core text of the Early Buddhist Schools in China . </P> Early Chinese Buddhist traditions ( edit ) <P> Due to the wide proliferation of Buddhist texts available in Chinese and the large number of foreign monks who came to teach Buddhism in China , much like new branches growing from a main tree trunk , various specific focus traditions emerged . Among the most influential of these was the practice of Pure Land Buddhism established by Hui Yuan , which focused on Amitābha Buddha and his western pure land of Sukhāvatī . Other early traditions were the Tiantai , Huayan and the Vinaya school . Such schools were based upon the primacy of the Lotus Sūtra , the Avataṃsaka Sūtra , and the Dharmaguptaka Vinaya , respectively , along with supplementary sūtras and commentaries . The Tiantai founder Zhiyi wrote several works that became important and widely read meditation manuals in China such as the `` Concise samatha - vipasyana '' , and the `` Great samatha - vipasyana . '' </P> <H3> Southern and Northern Dynasties ( 420 -- 589 ) and Sui Dynasty ( 589 -- 618 CE ) ( edit ) </H3> See also : Southern and Northern Dynasties and Sui Dynasty Chán : pointing directly to the mind ( edit ) Main article : Chinese Chán A traditional Chinese Chán Buddhist master in Taiwan , sitting in meditation <P> In the 5th century , the Chán ( Zen ) teachings began in China , traditionally attributed to the Buddhist monk Bodhidharma , a legendary figure . The school heavily utilized the principles found in the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra , a sūtra utilizing the teachings of Yogācāra and those of Tathāgatagarbha , and which teaches the One Vehicle ( Skt . Ekayāna ) to buddhahood . In the early years , the teachings of Chán were therefore referred to as the `` One Vehicle School . '' The earliest masters of the Chán school were called `` Laṅkāvatāra Masters '' , for their mastery of practice according to the principles of the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra . </P> <P> The principal teachings of Chán were later often known for the use of so - called encounter stories and koans , and the teaching methods used in them . Nan Huai - Chin identifies the Laṅkāvatāra Sūtra and the Diamond Sūtra ( Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra ) as the principle texts of the Chán school , and summarizes the principles succinctly : </P> <P> The Zen teaching was a separate transmission outside the scriptural teachings that did not posit any written texts as sacred . Zen pointed directly to the human mind to enable people to see their real nature and become buddhas . </P> <H3> Tang Dynasty ( 618 -- 907 CE ) ( edit ) </H3> See also : Buddhism in Khotan Xuanzang 's journey to the west ( edit ) The ruins of Nalanda University in India where Xuanzang studied . Statue of Xuanzang at the Great Wild Goose Pagoda in Xi'an . <P> During the early Tang dynasty , between 629 and 645 , the monk Xuanzang journeyed to India and visited over one hundred kingdoms , and wrote extensive and detailed reports of his findings , which have subsequently become important for the study of India during this period . During his travels he visited holy sites , learned the lore of his faith , and studied with many famous Buddhist masters , especially at the famous center of Buddhist learning at Nālanda University . When he returned , he brought with him some 657 Sanskrit texts . Xuanzang also returned with relics , statues , and Buddhist paraphernalia loaded onto twenty - two horses . With the emperor 's support , he set up a large translation bureau in Chang'an ( present - day Xi'an ) , drawing students and collaborators from all over East Asia . He is credited with the translation of some 1,330 fascicles of scriptures into Chinese . His strongest personal interest in Buddhism was in the field of Yogācāra , or `` Consciousness - only '' . </P> <P> The force of his own study , translation and commentary of the texts of these traditions initiated the development of the Faxiang school in East Asia . Although the school itself did not thrive for a long time , its theories regarding perception , consciousness , karma , rebirth , etc. found their way into the doctrines of other more successful schools . Xuanzang 's closest and most eminent student was Kuiji who became recognized as the first patriarch of the Faxiang school . Xuanzang 's logic , as described by Kuiji , was often misunderstood by scholars of Chinese Buddhism because they lack the necessary background in Indian logic . Another important disciple was the Korean monk Woncheuk . </P> <P> Xuanzang 's translations were especially important for the transmission of Indian texts related to the Yogācāra school . He translated central Yogācāra texts such as the Saṃdhinirmocana Sūtra and the Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra , as well as important texts such as the Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra and the Bhaiṣajyaguruvaidūryaprabharāja Sūtra ( Medicine Buddha Sūtra ) . He is credited with writing or compiling the Cheng Weishi Lun ( Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi Śāstra ) as a commentary on these texts . His translation of the Heart Sūtra became and remains the standard in all East Asian Buddhist sects . The proliferation of these sūtras expanded the Chinese Buddhist canon significantly with high quality translations of some of the most important Indian Buddhist texts . </P> Caves , art , and technology ( edit ) Massive Tang Dynasty statues of a bodhisattva Guanyin , an arhat Kshitigarbha , and Vairocana Buddha . Longmen Grottoes , Henan province , China <P> The popularization of Buddhism in this period is evident in the many scripture - filled caves and structures surviving from this period . The Mogao Caves near Dunhuang in Gansu province , the Longmen Grottoes near Luoyang in Henan and the Yungang Grottoes near Datong in Shanxi are the most renowned examples from the Northern , Sui and Tang Dynasties . The Leshan Giant Buddha , carved out of a hillside in the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty and looking down on the confluence of three rivers , is still the largest stone Buddha statue in the world . </P> <P> Monks and pious laymen spread Buddhist concepts through story - telling and preaching from sutra texts . These oral presentations were written down as bianwen ( transformation stories ) which influenced the writing of fiction by their new ways of telling stories combining prose and poetry . Popular legends in this style included Mulian Rescues His Mother , in which a monk descends into hell in a show of filial piety . </P> <P> Making duplications of Buddhist texts was considered to bring meritorious karma . Printing from individually carved wooden blocks and from clay or metal movable type proved much more efficient than hand copying and eventually eclipsed it . The Diamond Sūtra ( Vajracchedikā Prajñāpāramitā Sūtra ) of 868 CE , a Buddhist scripture discovered in 1907 inside the Mogao Caves , is the first dated example of block printing . </P> Arrival of Esoteric Buddhism ( edit ) Chinese use of the Siddhaṃ script for the Pratisara Mantra , from the Later Tang. 927 CE <P> The Kaiyuan 's Three Great Enlightened Masters , Śubhakarasiṃha , Vajrabodhi , and Amoghavajra , established Esoteric Buddhism in China from AD 716 to 720 during the reign of emperor Xuanzong . They came to Daxing Shansi ( 大 行善 寺 , Great Propagating Goodness Temple ) , which was the predecessor of Temple of the Great Enlightener Mahavairocana . Daxing Shansi was established in the ancient capital Chang'an , today 's Xi'an , and became one of the four great centers of scripture translation supported by the imperial court . They had translated many Buddhist scriptures , sutra and tantra , from Sanskrit to Chinese . They had also assimilated the prevailing teachings of China : Daoism and Confucianism , with Buddhism , and had further evolved the practice of the Esoteric school . </P> <P> They brought to the Chinese a mysterious , dynamic , and magical teaching , which included mantra formula and detailed rituals to protect a person or an empire , to affect a person 's fate after death , and , particularly popular , to bring rain in times of drought . It is not surprising , then , that all three masters were well received by the emperor Tang Xuanzong , and their teachings were quickly taken up at the Tang court and among the elite . Mantrayana altars were installed in temples in the capital , and by the time of emperor Tang Daizong ( r . 762 -- 779 ) its influence among the upper classes outstripped that of Daoism . However , relations between Amoghavajra and Daizong were especially good . In life the emperor favored Amoghavajra with titles and gifts , and when the master died in 774 , he honored his memory with a stupa , or funeral monument . The Esoteric Buddhist lineage of China ( and almost all of Buddhism in China at the time ) was nearly wiped out by the Emperor Tang Wuzong , leading to the Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution . Historically , the Hanmi Chinese Esoteric School of Buddhism was also thought to have been lost when Emperor Tang Wuzong banned the teaching . Huiguo , the last known disciple of Amoghavajra , left China with Kukai traveling to Japan to establish the Japanese Esoteric school of Buddhism , later known as Shingon . </P> <P> A disciple of Amoghavajra , Huisu , secretly continued the lineage in China and has been passed on through one master per generation . In 1989 the 48th Maha - Acharya Master Huiling of the Chinese Esoteric School passed the teaching to the 49th Lineage Bearer Master Yu Tian Jian who revived the school . </P> <P> The Esoteric Buddhist lineages transmitted to Japan under the auspices of the monks Kūkai and Saicho , later formulated the teachings transmitted to them to create the Shingon sect and the Tendai sect . </P> Tang state repression of 845 ( edit ) Blue - eyed Central Asian monk teaching East - Asian monk , Bezeklik , Turfan , eastern Tarim Basin , China , 9th century ; the monk on the left is possibly Tocharian , although more likely Sogdian . <P> There were several components that led to opposition of Buddhism . One factor is the foreign origins of Buddhism , unlike Daoism and Confucianism . Han Yu wrote , `` Buddha was a man of the barbarians who did not speak the language of China and wore clothes of a different fashion . His sayings did not concern the ways of our ancient kings , nor did his manner of dress conform to their laws . He understood neither the duties that bind sovereign and subject , nor the affections of father and son . '' </P> <P> Other components included the Buddhists ' withdrawal from society , since the Chinese believed that Chinese people should be involved with family life . Wealth , tax - exemption status and power of the Buddhist temples and monasteries also annoyed many critics . </P> <P> As mentioned earlier , persecution came during the reign of Emperor Wuzong in the Tang Dynasty . Wuzong was said to hate the sight of Buddhist monks , who he thought were tax - evaders . In 845 , he ordered the destruction of 4,600 Buddhist monasteries and 40,000 temples . More than 400,000 Buddhist monks and nuns then became peasants liable to the Two Taxes ( grain and cloth ) . Wuzong cited that Buddhism was an alien religion , which is the reason he also persecuted the Christians in China . David Graeber argues that Buddhist institutions had accumulated so much precious metals which the government needed to secure the money supply . Ancient Chinese Buddhism never fully recovered from the persecution . </P> <H3> Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period ( 907 -- 960 / 979 ) ( edit ) </H3> Vaishravana riding across the waters , Dunhuang , Mogao Caves , Cave 17 , 10th century , Five Dyasties era , British Museum <P> The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period ( simplified Chinese : 五代 十 国 ; traditional Chinese : 五代 十 國 ; pinyin : Wǔdài Shíguó ) was an era of political upheaval in China , between the fall of the Tang Dynasty and the founding of the Song Dynasty . During this period , five dynasties quickly succeeded one another in the north , and more than 12 independent states were established , mainly in the south . However , only ten are traditionally listed , hence the era 's name , `` Ten Kingdoms '' . Some historians , such as Bo Yang , count eleven , including Yan and Qi , but not Northern Han , viewing it as simply a continuation of Later Han . This era also led to the founding of the Liao Dynasty . </P> <P> After the fall of the Tang Dynasty , China was without effective central control during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period . China was divided into several autonomous regions . Support for Buddhism was limited to a few areas . The Hua - yen and T'ien - t'ai schools suffered from the changing circumstances , since they had depended on imperial support . The collapse of T'ang society also deprived the aristocratic classes of wealth and influence , which meant a further drawback for Buddhism . Shenxiu 's Northern Chán School and Henshui 's Southern Chán School did n't survive the changing circumstances . Nevertheless , Chán emerged as the dominant stream within Chinese Buddhism , but with various schools developing various emphasises in their teachings , due to the regional orientation of the period . The Fayan school , named after Fa - yen Wen - i ( 885 -- 958 ) became the dominant school in the southern kingdoms of Nan - T'ang ( Jiangxi , Chiang - hsi ) and Wuyue ( Che - chiang ) . </P> <H3> Song Dynasty ( 960 -- 1279 ) ( edit ) </H3> Seated Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara ( Guanyin ) , wood and pigment , 11th century , Chinese Northern Song dynasty , St. Louis Art Museum <P> The Song Dynasty is divided into two distinct periods : the Northern Song and Southern Song . During the Northern Song ( Chinese : 北宋 , 960 -- 1127 ) , the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing ( now Kaifeng ) and the dynasty controlled most of inner China . The Southern Song ( Chinese : 南宋 , 1127 -- 1279 ) refers to the period after the Song lost control of northern China to the Jin dynasty . During this time , the Song court retreated south of the Yangtze River and established their capital at Lin'an ( now Hangzhou ) . Although the Song Dynasty had lost control of the traditional birthplace of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River , the Song economy was not in ruins , as the Southern Song Empire contained 60 percent of China 's population and a majority of the most productive agricultural land . </P> <P> During the Song Dynasty , Chán ( 禪 ) was used by the government to strengthen its control over the country , and Chán grew to become the largest sect in Chinese Buddhism . An ideal picture of the Chán of the Tang period was produced , which served the legacy of this newly acquired status . </P> <P> In the early Song Dynasty `` Chán - Pure Land syncretism became a dominant movement . '' Buddhist ideology began to merge with Confucianism and Daoism , due in part to the use of existing Chinese philosophical terms in the translation of Buddhist scriptures . Various Confucian scholars of the Song dynasty , including Zhu Xi ( wg : Chu Hsi ) , sought to redefine Confucianism as Neo-Confucianism . </P> <P> During the Song Dynasty , in 1021 CE , it is recorded that there were 458,855 Buddhist monks and nuns actively living in monasteries . The total number of monks was 397,615 , while the total number of nuns was recorded as 61,240 . </P> <H3> Yuan Dynasty ( 1279 -- 1368 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Yuan Dynasty , the Mongol emperors made Esoteric Buddhism an official religion of China , and Tibetan lamas were given patronage at the court . A common perception was that this patronage of lamas caused corrupt forms of tantra to become widespread . When the Mongol Yuan Dynasty was overthrown and the Ming Dynasty was established , the Tibetan lamas were expelled from the court , and this form of Buddhism was denounced as not being an orthodox path . </P> <H3> Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) ( edit ) </H3> Hanshan Deqing , a leading Buddhist monk of the Ming Dynasty <P> According to Weinstein , by the Ming Dynasty , the Chan school was so firmly established that all monks were affiliated with either the Linji school or the Caodong school . </P> <P> During the Ming Dynasty , Hanshan Deqing was one of the great reformers of Chinese Buddhism . Like many of his contemporaries , he advocated the dual practice of the Chán and Pure Land methods , and advocated the use of the nianfo ( `` Mindfulness of the Buddha '' ) technique to purify the mind for the attainment of self - realization . He also directed practitioners in the use of mantras as well as scripture reading . He was also renowned as a lecturer and commentator , and admired for his strict adherence to the precepts . </P> <P> According to Jiang Wu , for Chan masters in this period such as Hanshan Deqing , training through self - cultivation was encouraged , and clichéd or formulaic instructions were despised . Eminent monks who practiced meditation and asceticism without proper Dharma transmission were acclaimed for having acquiring `` wisdom without a teacher . '' </P> <H3> Qing Dynasty ( 1644 -- 1911 ) ( edit ) </H3> Chinese Buddhist monks of the Qing Dynasty <P> The Qing court endorsed the Gelukpa School of Tibetan Buddhism . Early in the Taiping rebellion , the Taiping rebels targeted Buddhism . In the Battle of Nanjing ( 1853 ) , the Taiping army butchered thousands of monks in Nanjing . But from the middle of the Taiping rebellion , Taiping leaders took a more moderate approach , demanding that monks should have licences . </P> <P> Around 1900 , Buddhists from other Asian countries showed a growing interest in Chinese Buddhism . Anagarika Dharmapala visited Shanghai in 1893 , intending `` to make a tour of China , to arouse the Chinese Buddhists to send missionaries to India to restore Buddhism there , and then to start a propaganda throughout the whole world '' , but eventually limiting his stay to Shanghai . Japanese Buddhist missionaries were active in China in the beginning of the 20th century . </P> <H3> Republic of China ( established 1912 ) ( edit ) </H3> See also : Republic of China ( 1912 -- 1949 ) and History of Taiwan since 1945 Main article : Buddhism in Taiwan Venerable Chin Kung , a Buddhist monk and teacher from Taiwan Venerable Hsuan Hua , the first to widely teach Chinese Buddhism in the West <P> The modernisation of China led to the end of the Chinese Empire , and the installation of the Republic of China , which lasted on the mainland until the Communist Revolution and the installation of the People 's Republic of China on the in 1949 which saw the ROC government went on an exodus to Taiwan . </P> <P> Under influence of the western culture , attempts were being made to revitalize Chinese Buddhism . Most notable were the Humanistic Buddhism of Taixu , and the revival of Chinese Chán by Hsu Yun . Hsu Yun is generally regarded as one of the most influential Buddhist teachers of the 19th and 20th centuries . Other influential teachers in the early 20th century included Pure land Buddhist Yin Guang ( 印 光 ) and artist Hong Yi . Layman Zhao Puchu worked much on the revival . </P> <P> Until 1949 , monasteries were built in the Southeast Asian countries , for example by monks of Guanghua Monastery , to spread Chinese Buddhism . Presently , Guanghua Monastery has seven branches in the Malay Peninsula and Indonesia . Several Chinese Buddhist teachers left mainland China during the Communist Revolution , and settled in Hong Kong and Taiwan . </P> <P> Master Hsing Yun ( 1927 -- present ) is the founder of Fo Guang Shan monastery and lay organization the Buddha 's Light International Association . Born in Jiangsu Province in mainland China , he entered the Sangha at the age of 12 , and came to Taiwan in 1949 . He founded Fo Guang Shan monastery in 1967 , and the Buddha 's Light International Association in 1992 . These are among the largest monastic and lay Buddhist organizations in Taiwan from the late 20th to early 21st centuries . He advocates Humanistic Buddhism , which the broad modern Chinese Buddhist progressive attitude towards the religion . </P> <P> Master Sheng Yen ( 1930 -- 2009 ) was the founder of the Dharma Drum Mountain , a Buddhist organization based in Taiwan . During his time in Taiwan , Sheng Yen was well known as one of the progressive Buddhist teachers who sought to teach Buddhism in a modern and Western - influenced world . </P> <P> Master Wei Chueh was born in 1928 in Sichuan , mainland China , and ordained in Taiwan . In 1982 , he founded Lin Quan Temple in Taipei County and became known for his teaching on Ch'an practices by offering many lectures and seven - day Ch'an retreats . </P> <H3> People 's Republic of China ( established 1949 ) ( edit ) </H3> Buddhist statues destroyed during the Cultural Revolution ( 1966 -- 1976 ) Thousand - armed Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva . Guanyin Nunnery , Anhui province , China Chinese Buddhist Association ( edit ) Main article : Chinese Buddhist Association <P> Unlike Catholicism and other branches of Christianity , there was no organization in China that embraced all monastics in China , nor even all monastics within the same sect . Traditionally each monastery was autonomous , with authority resting on each respective abbot . In 1953 , the Chinese Buddhist Association was established at a meeting with 121 delegates in Beijing . The meeting also elected a chairman , 4 honorary chairmen , 7 vice-chairmen , a secretary general , 3 deputy secretaries - general , 18 members of a standing committee , and 93 directors . The 4 elected honorary chairmen were the Dalai Lama , the Panchen Lama , the Grand Lama of Inner Mongolia , and Venerable Master Hsu Yun . </P> Reform and opening up -- second Buddhist revival ( edit ) <P> Since the reform and opening up period in the 1970s , a new revival of Chinese Buddhism has been taking place . Ancient Buddhist temples are being restored and new Buddhist temples are being built . </P> <P> Chinese Buddhist temples , administrated by local governments , have become increasingly commercialized by sales of tickets , incense , or other religious items ; soliciting donations ; and even the listing of temples on the stock market and local governments obtain large incomes . In October 2012 , the State Administration for Religious Affairs announced a crackdown on religious profiteering . Many sites have done enough repairs and have already cancelled ticket fares and are receiving voluntary donation instead . </P> <P> The 108 - metre - high Guan Yin of the South Sea of Sanya statue was enshrined on April 24 , 2005 with the participation of 108 eminent monks from various Buddhist groups from Mainland China , Hong Kong , Macao and Taiwan , and tens of thousands of pilgrims . The delegation also included monks from the Theravada and Tibetan Buddhist traditions . China is one of the countries with the most of the world 's highest statues , many of which are Buddhist statues . </P> <P> In April 2006 China organized the World Buddhist Forum , an event now held every two years , and in March 2007 the government banned mining on Buddhist sacred mountains . In May of the same year , in Changzhou , the world 's tallest pagoda was built and opened . In March 2008 the Taiwan - based organizations Tzu Chi Foundation and Fo Guang Shan were approved to open a branch in mainland China . </P> <P> Currently , there are about 1.3 billion Chinese living in the People 's Republic . Surveys have found that around 18.2 % to 20 % of this population adheres to Buddhism . Furthermore , PEW found that another 21 % of the Chinese population followed Chinese folk religions that incorporated elements of Buddhism . </P> <H3> Chinese Buddhism in Southeast Asia ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Buddhism in Malaysia , Buddhism in Singapore , Buddhism in Indonesia , Buddhism in the Philippines , and Buddhism in Thailand <P> Chinese Buddhism is mainly practiced by ethnic Han - Chinese in Southeast Asia . </P> <H3> Chinese Buddhism in the west ( edit ) </H3> See also : Buddhism in the West <P> The first Chinese master to teach Westerners in North America was Hsuan Hua , who taught Chán and other traditions of Chinese Buddhism in San Francisco during the early 1960s . He went on to found the City Of Ten Thousand Buddhas , a monastery and retreat center located on a 237 - acre ( 959,000 m2 ) property near Ukiah , California . Chuang Yen Monastery and Hsi Lai Temple are also large centers . </P> <P> Sheng Yen also founded dharma centers in the USA . </P> <H2> Sects ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Esoteric Buddhism ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Tangmi <P> In China and countries with large Chinese populations such as Taiwan , Malaysia , and Singapore , Esoteric Buddhism is most commonly referred to as the Chinese term Mìzōng ( 密宗 ) , or `` Esoteric School . '' Traditions of Chinese Esoteric Buddhism are most commonly referred to as referred as Tángmì ( 唐 密 ) , `` Tang Dynasty Esoterica , '' or Hànchuán Mìzōng ( 漢 傳 密宗 ) , `` Han Transmission Esoteric School '' ( Hànmì 漢 密 for short ) , or Dōngmì ( 東 密 ) , `` Eastern Esoterica , '' separating itself from Tibetan and Newar traditions . These schools more or less share the same doctrines as Shingon , and in some cases , Chinese monks have traveled to Japan to train and to be given esoteric transmission at Mount Koya and Mount Hiei . </P> <H3> Unrecognised sects ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are many sects and organisations proclaiming a Buddhist identity and pursuit ( fo or fu : `` awakening '' , `` enlightenment '' ) that are not recognised as legitimate Buddhism by the Chinese Buddhist Association and the government of the People 's Republic of China . This group includes : </P> <Ul> <Li> Dajiang Foguo ( 大江 佛 国 `` Land of Awakening of the Great River '' ) </Li> <Li> Fo Dang / Fo Guo ( 佛 党 `` Party of Awakening '' / 佛 国 `` Nation of Awakening '' ) </Li> <Li> Fo Shengmen ( 佛 圣 门 `` Holy Gate of Awakening '' ) </Li> <Li> Guanyin Famen ( 观音 法门 `` Guanyin Gateway '' ) </Li> <Li> Guanyin Buddhism ( Awakening Teaching ) ( 观音 佛教 Guānyīn Fójiào ) or Guanyin Church ( 观音 会 Guānyīn Huì ) </Li> <Li> Buddhism ( Awakening Teaching ) of the Lord of Heaven of Infinite Thriving of the Mountain of Longevity ( 寿山 万 隆 天主 佛教 Shòushān Wànlóng Tiānzhǔ Fójiào ) </Li> <Li> Church of the Heaven and the Earth of the Immortal Awakened Ones ( 天地 佛 仙 会 Tiāndì Fúxiān Huì ) </Li> <Li> Wulian Jingang Dadao ( `` Great Way of the Innumerable Attendants of Awakening '' ) </Li> <Li> Gate of Awakening of the Numinous Mountain of the Western Heaven ( 西天 灵山 佛门 Xītiān Língshān Fómén ) </Li> <Li> Yuandun Famen ( 圆 顿 法门 `` Gateway of the Cycle End '' ) </Li> <Li> Yuan Nong Foheguo ( 元 农 佛 和 国 `` Yuan Peasants ' Nation of Awakening '' ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Vajrayana movements : </P> <Ul> <Li> Gateway of the Hidden Flower ( 华 藏 宗 门 Huácáng Zōngmén , popularised as `` Huazang '' ) </Li> <Li> True Awakening Tradition ( 真 佛 宗 Zhēnfó Zōng ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Teachings ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Basic concepts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chinese Buddhism incorporates elements of traditional Buddhism and Taoism . </P> <P> Common practices include </P> <Ul> <Li> praying with incense </Li> <Li> paying respect to dead ancestors during Qingming and Hungry Ghost festival </Li> <Li> praying to multitude of deities such as Guanyin , Deva who resides in the heavenly realm </Li> <Li> recognition of existence of ghosts and hell realm </Li> <Li> reincarnation ( 超生 ) </Li> <Li> retribution ( 報應 ) </Li> <Li> people affinity ( 緣 份 ) </Li> <Li> perform religious ceremonies to help the soul find peace ( 超 渡 ) </Li> <Li> vegetarianism and compassion towards all living beings </Li> </Ul> <H3> Incense burning ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the Zhou dynasty , Chinese believed that smoke resulting from burning wood act as a bridge between the human world and the spirits . When Buddhism reached China , this wood evolved into sandalwood incense which were originally burned by Indian Buddhists so they could concentrate better . </P> <P> It can be seen that incense burning as it is known today is a merger between Chinese culture and Buddhist culture . </P> <H3> Laypeople in Chinese Buddhism ( edit ) </H3> Nan Huai - Chin ( 南怀瑾 ) , an influential lay Buddhist teacher in modern China Lay Buddhists at the recitation hall ( 诵 经 堂 sòngjīngtáng ) of the Temple of the Six Banyan Trees in Guangzhou , Guangdong . <P> In Chinese Buddhism , lay practitioners have traditionally played an important role , and lay practice of Buddhism has had similar tendencies to those of monastic Buddhism in China . Many historical biographies of lay Buddhists are available , which give a clear picture of their practices and role in Chinese Buddhism . In addition to these numerous biographies , there are accounts from Jesuit missionaries such as Matteo Ricci which provide extensive and revealing accounts to the degree Buddhism penetrated elite and popular culture in China . </P> <P> Traditional practices such as meditation , mantra recitation , mindfulness of Amitābha Buddha , asceticism , and vegetarianism were all integrated into the belief systems of ordinary people . It is known from accounts in the Ming Dynasty that lay practitioners often engaged in practices from both the Pure Land and Chán traditions , as well as the study of the Buddhist sūtras . The Heart Sūtra and the Diamond Sūtra were the most popular , followed by the Lotus Sūtra and the Avataṃsaka Sūtra . </P> <P> Laypeople were also commonly devoted to the practice of mantras , and the Mahā Karuṇā Dhāraṇī and the Cundī Dhāraṇī were very popular . Robert Gimello has also observed that in Chinese Buddhist communities , the esoteric practices of Cundī enjoyed popularity among both the populace and the elite . </P> <P> Mahāyāna figures such as Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva , Kṣitigarbha Bodhisattva , Amitābha Buddha , and the Medicine Buddha , were all widely known and revered . Beliefs in karma and rebirth were held at all levels of Chinese society , and pilgrimages to well - known monasteries and the four holy mountains of China were undertaken by monastics and lay practitioners alike . </P> <H3> Festivals ( edit ) </H3> Traditional Buddhist ceremony in Hangzhou , Zhejiang <P> These are the holy days that Chinese Buddhists celebrate by visiting temples to make offerings of prayers , incense , fruits , flowers and donations . On such days they observe the moral precepts very strictly as well as a full day 's vegetarian diet , a practice originally from China . </P> <P> The dates given are based on the Chinese calendar system so that 8.4 means the Eighth day of the fourth month in Chinese calendar and so on . </P> <Ul> <Li> 8.12 -- Enlightenment Day of Śākyamuni Buddha </Li> <Li> 1.1 -- Birthday of Maitreya Buddha </Li> <Li> 9.1 -- Birthday of Śakra , Lord of the Devas </Li> <Li> 8.2 -- Renunciation Day of Śākyamuni Buddha </Li> <Li> 15.2 -- Mahāparinirvāṇa Day of Śākyamuni Buddha </Li> <Li> 19.2 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara ( Guan Yin ) </Li> <Li> 21.2 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Samantabhadra </Li> <Li> 4.4 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Mañjuśrī </Li> <Li> 8.4 -- Birthday of Śākyamuni Buddha </Li> <Li> 15.4 -- Vesak Day </Li> <Li> 13.5 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Sangharama ( Qie Lan ) </Li> <Li> 3.6 -- Birthday of Skanda ( Wei Tuo ) </Li> <Li> 19.6 -- Enlightenment Day of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara </Li> <Li> 13.7 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Mahāsthāmaprāpta </Li> <Li> 15.7 -- Ullambana Festival Ghost Festival </Li> <Li> 24.7 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Nagarjuna </Li> <Li> 30.7 -- Birthday of Bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha </Li> <Li> 22.8 -- Birthday of Dīpaṃkara Buddha ( an ancient buddha ) </Li> <Li> 19.9 -- Renunciation Day of Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara </Li> <Li> 30.9 -- Birthday of Bhaiṣajyaguru Buddha ( Medicine Buddha ) </Li> <Li> 5.10 -- Anniversary of the death of Bodhidharma </Li> <Li> 17.11 -- Birthday of Amitābha Buddha </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Budai </Li> <Li> Buddhist Association of China </Li> <Li> Chinese Buddhist canon </Li> <Li> Chinese Buddhist cuisine </Li> <Li> Chinese philosophy </Li> <Li> Dharma Drum Retreat Center </Li> <Li> History of Buddhism </Li> <Li> List of Buddhist Architecture in China </Li> <Li> Neo-Confucianism </Li> <Li> Religion in China </Li> <Li> Silk Road transmission of Buddhism </Li> <Li> Three Disasters of Wu </Li> <Li> Timeline of Buddhism </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Little contemporary biographical information on Bodhidharma is extant , and subsequent accounts became layered with legend . There are three principal sources for Bodhidharma 's biography : Yáng Xuànzhī 's ( Yang Hsüan - chih ) The Record of the Buddhist Monasteries of Luoyang ( 547 ) , Tánlín 's preface to the Two Entrances and Four Acts ( 6th century CE ) , which is also preserved in Ching - chüeh 's Chronicle of the Lankavatar Masters ( 713 -- 716 ) , and Dàoxuān 's ( Tao - hsuan ) Further Biographies of Eminent Monks ( 7th century CE ). These sources , given in various translations , vary on their account of Bodhidharma being either : <Ul> <Li> `` ( A ) monk of the Western Region named Bodhidharma , a Persian Central Asian '' c.q. `` from Persia '' ( Buddhist monasteries , 547 ) ; </Li> <Li> `` ( A ) South Indian of the Western Region . He was the third son of a great Indian king . '' ( Tanlin , 6th century CE ) ; </Li> <Li> `` ( W ) ho came from South India in the Western Regions , the third son of a great Brahman king '' c.q. `` the third son of a Brahman king of South India '' ( Lankavatara Masters , 713 -- 716 / ca . 715 ) ; </Li> <Li> `` ( O ) f South Indian Brahman stock '' c.q. `` a Brahman monk from South India '' ( Further Biographies , 645 ) . </Li> </Ul> Some traditions specifically describe Bodhidharma to be the third son of a Tamil Pallava king from Kanchipuram , while the Japanese tradition regards Bodhidharma to be from Persia . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Citations ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Ji Zhe ( 2011 ) . `` 复兴 三 十 年 : 当代 中国 佛教 的 基本 数据 '' ( Three Decades of Revival : Basic Data on Contemporary Chinese Buddhism ) . Archived from the original on 27 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Label for item no . 1992.165. 21 in the Metropolitan Museum of Art </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rong Xinjiang , 2004 , Land Route or Sea Route ? Commentary on the Study of the Paths of Transmission and Areas in which Buddhism Was Disseminated during the Han Period , tr. by Xiuqin Zhou , Sino - Platonic Papers 144 , pp. 26 -- 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tr. by Henri Maspero , 1981 , Taoism and Chinese Religion , tr. by Frank A. Kierman Jr. , University of Massachusetts Press , p. 402 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hill ( 2009 ) , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Paul . Mahāyāna Buddhism : The Doctrinal Foundations. 2008 . p. 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 281 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 278 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . p. 489 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warder , A.K. Indian Buddhism. 2000 . pp. 280 -- 281 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bentley , Jerry . Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times 1993 . p. 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oh , Kang - nam ( 2000 ) . The Taoist Influence on Hua - yen Buddhism : A Case of the Sinicization of Buddhism in China . Chung - Hwa Buddhist Journal , No. 13 , ( 2000 ) . Source : ( 1 ) ( accessed : January 28 , 2008 ) p. 286 Archived March 23 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Further discussion of can be found in T'ang , Yung - t'ung , `` On ' Ko - I ' , '' in Inge et al. ( eds . ) : Radhakrishnan : Comparative Studies in Philosophy Presented in Honour of His Sixtieth Birthday ( London : Allen and Unwin , 1951 ) pp. 276 -- 286 ( cited in K. Ch'en , pp. 68 f . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley `` Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times '' ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 78 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McRae 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dumoulin 2005 , p. 85 -- 90 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dumoulin 2005 , p. 88 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Broughton 1999 , p. 54 -- 55 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McRae 2003 , p. 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Broughton 1999 , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dumoulin 2005 , p. 89 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dumoulin 2005 , p. 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kambe & ( year unknown ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zvelebil 1987 , p. 125 -- 126 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masato Tojo , Zen Buddhism and Persian Culture </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Platform Sutra of the Sixth Patriarch , translated with notes by Philip B. Yampolsky , 1967 , Columbia University Press , ISBN 0 - 231 - 08361 - 0 , page 29 , note 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Basic Buddhism : exploring Buddhism and Zen , Nan Huai - Chin , 1997 , Samuel Weiser , page 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jerry Bentley , `` Old World Encounters : Cross-Cultural Contacts and Exchanges in Pre-Modern Times '' ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 ) , 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Eli Franco , `` Xuanzang 's proof of idealism . '' Horin 11 ( 2004 ) : 199 -- 212 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diamond Sutra '' . Landmarks in Printing . The British Library . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 06 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ von Le Coq , Albert . ( 1913 ) . Chotscho : Facsimile - Wiedergaben der Wichtigeren Funde der Ersten Königlich Preussischen Expedition nach Turfan in Ost - Turkistan . Berlin : Dietrich Reimer ( Ernst Vohsen ) , im Auftrage der Gernalverwaltung der Königlichen Museen aus Mitteln des Baessler - Institutes , Tafel 19 . ( Accessed 3 September 2016 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ethnic Sogdians have been identified as the Caucasian figures seen in the same cave temple ( No. 9 ) . See the following source : Gasparini , Mariachiara . `` A Mathematic Expression of Art : Sino - Iranian and Uighur Textile Interactions and the Turfan Textile Collection in Berlin , '' in Rudolf G. Wagner and Monica Juneja ( eds ) , Transcultural Studies , Ruprecht - Karls Universität Heidelberg , No 1 ( 2014 ) , pp 134 -- 163 . ISSN 2191 - 6411 . See also endnote # 32 . ( Accessed 3 September 2016 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For information on the Sogdians , an Eastern Iranian people , and their inhabitation of Turfan as an ethnic minority community during the phases of Tang Chinese ( 7th -- 8th century ) and Uyghur rule ( 9th -- 13th century ) , see Hansen , Valerie ( 2012 ) , The Silk Road : A New History , Oxford University Press , p. 98 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 993921 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gernet , Jacques . Verellen , Franciscus . Buddhism in Chinese Society . 1998 . pp. 318 - 319 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graeber , David ( 2011 ) . Debt : The First 5000 Years . Brooklyn , NY : Melville House . pp. 265 -- 6 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 933633 - 86 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wm . Theodore de Bary ( editor ) ( 2008 ) . Sources of East Asian Tradition , Vol. 1 : Premodern Asia . Columbia University Press . p. 306 . ISBN 0 - 231 - 14305 - 2 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of Spreading Archived May 12 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welter 2000 , p. 86 -- 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebrey 2006 , p. 167 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McRae 1993 , p. 119 -- 120 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heng - Ching Shih ( 1987 ) . Yung - Ming 's Syncretism of Pure Land and Chan , The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 10 ( 1 ) , p. 117 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nan Huai - Chin . Basic Buddhism : Exploring Buddhism and Zen . York Beach : Samuel Weiser. 1997 . p. 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley Weinstein , `` The Schools of Chinese Buddhism , '' in Kitagawa & Cummings ( eds . ) , Buddhism and Asian History ( New York : Macmillan 1987 ) pp. 257 -- 265 , 264 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keown , Damien . A Dictionary of Buddhism. 2003 . p. 104 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jiang Wu . Enlightenment in Dispute. 2008 . p. 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mullin 2001 , p. 358 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lewis Hodus ( 1923 ) , Buddhism and Buddhists in China . Chapter IX : Present - Day Buddhism </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Huai - Chin 1999 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 重 現 一代 高僧 的 盛 德 言教 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Voice of Longquan , Guanghua Monastery Archived December 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holmes , Welch ( 1961 ) . `` Buddhism Under the Communists '' , China Quarterly , No. 6 , Apr - June 1961 , pp. 1 -- 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laliberte 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lai 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitch Moxley ( 2010 ) , Buddhism Enjoys A Revival </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erica B. Mitchell ( 201 ) , A Revival of Buddhism ? Archived July 14 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Commercialization of temples in China prompts ban on stock listings , crackdown on profiteering '' . Beijing : Washington Post . Associated Press . 2012 - 10 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 湖南 29 家 寺院 取消 门票 免费 开放 - 中 新 网 - 中国 新闻 网 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 净 慧 法师 呼吁 全国 佛教 名山 大寺 一律 免费 开放 _ 佛教 频道 _ 凤凰 网 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giant Buddhist Statue Enshrined in Hainan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holy statue of Guanyin Buddha unveiled </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` China bans mining on sacred Buddhist mountains '' . Reuters. 2007 - 08 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` China temple opens tallest pagoda '' . BBC News . 2007 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Photo in the News : Tallest Pagoda Opens in China </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ China inaugurates ' world 's tallest pagoda ' - INQUIRER.net , Philippine News for Filipinos </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tzu Chi Foundation Approved To Open Branch In Mainland China - ChinaCSR.com - Corporate Social Responsibility ( CSR ) News and Information for China Archived July 5 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-buddhist.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://time.com/4260593/china-buddhism-religion-religious-freedom/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Munro ( 1994 ) , p. 269 -- 271 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dui Hua , issue 52 , 29 August 2013 : The `` Cult '' of Buddha . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.chinavegan.com/2013/09/2013090919203340.htm </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : https://www.sinica.edu.tw/tit/festivals/0497_Incense.html </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Twitchett , Denis , and Fairbank , John . The Cambridge History of China , Volume 8 , Part 2 . 1998 . p. 949 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jiang , Wu ( 2008 ) . Enlightenment in Dispute : The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in Seventeenth - Century China : p. 146 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Broughton , Jeffrey L. ( 1999 ) , The Bodhidharma Anthology : The Earliest Records of Zen , Berkeley : University of California Press , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21972 - 4 </Li> <Li> Chen , Kenneth Kuan Sheng . Buddhism in China : A historical survey . Princeton , N.J. , Princeton University Press , 1964 . </Li> <Li> Dumoulin , Heinrich ( 2005 ) , Zen Buddhism : A History , 1 : India and China , Bloomington , IN : World Wisdom , ISBN 0 - 941532 - 89 - 5 </Li> <Li> Han Yu . `` Sources of Chinese Tradition . c. 800 . </Li> <Li> Ebrey , Patricia Buckley ( 1999 ) , The Cambridge Illustrated History of China , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , ISBN 0 - 521 - 66991 - X ( paperback ) . </Li> <Li> Hill , John E. ( 2009 ) Through the Jade Gate to Rome : A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty , 1st to 2nd Centuries CE . John E. Hill . BookSurge , Charleston , South Carolina . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4392 - 2134 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Hodus , Lewis ( 1923 ) , Buddhism and Buddhists in China </Li> <Li> Kambe , Tstuomu , Bodhidharma . A collection of stories from Chinese literature ( PDF ) </Li> <Li> Lai , Hongyi Harry ( 2003 ) , The Religious Revival in China . In : Copenhagen Journal of Asian Studies 18 </Li> <Li> Laliberte , Andre ( 2011 ) , Buddhist Revival under State Watch , in : Journal of Current Chinese Affairs , 40 , 2,107 - 134 </Li> <Li> Liebenthal , Walter . Chao Lun - The Treatises of Seng - Chao Hong Kong , China , Hong Kong University Press , 1968 </Li> <Li> Liebenthal , Walter . Was ist chinesischer Buddhismus Asiatische Studien : Zeitschrift der Schweizerischen Asiengesellschaft , 1952 http://data.datacite.org/10.5169/seals-145467 </Li> <Li> McRae , John R. ( 2000 ) , `` The Antecedents of Encounter Dialogue in Chinese Ch'an Buddhism '' , in Heine , Steven ; Wright , Dale S. , The Kōan : Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism , Oxford University Press </Li> <Li> McRae , John ( 2003 ) , Seeing Through Zen , The University Press Group Ltd </Li> <Li> Mullin , Glenn H. The Fourteen Dalai Lamas : A Sacred Legacy of Reincarnations ( 2001 ) Clear Light Publishers . ISBN 1 - 57416 - 092 - 3 </Li> <Li> Saunders , Kenneth J. ( 1923 ) . `` Buddhism in China : A Historical Sketch '' , The Journal of Religion , Vol . 3.2 , pp. 157 -- 169 ; Vol . 3.3 , pp. 256 -- 275 . </Li> <Li> Welch , Holmes . The practice of Chinese Buddhism . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1967 . </Li> <Li> Welch , Holmes . The Buddhist revival in China . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1968 . </Li> <Li> Welch , Holmes . Buddhism under Mao . Cambridge , Mass. : Harvard University Press , 1972 . </Li> <Li> Welter , Albert ( 2000 ) , Mahakasyapa 's smile . Silent Transmission and the Kung - an ( Koan ) Tradition . In : Steven Heine and Dale S. Wright ( eds ) ( 2000 ) : `` The Koan . Texts and Contexts in Zen Buddhism , Oxford : Oxford University Press </Li> <Li> Yang , Fenggang ; Wei , Dedong , THE BAILIN BUDDHIST TEMPLE : THRIVING UNDER COMMUNISM ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 6 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Zhu , Caifang ( 2003 ) , Buddhism in China Today : The Example of the Bai Lin Chan Monastery . Perspectives , Volume 4 , No. 2 , June 2003 ( PDF ) </Li> <Li> Zvelebil , Kamil V. ( 1987 ) , `` The Sound of the One Hand '' , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Journal of the American Oriental Society , Vol. 107 , No. 1 , 107 ( 1 ) : 125 -- 126 , doi : 10.2307 / 602960 , JSTOR 602960 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <H3> History ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Nan Huai - Chin ( 1998 ) , Basic Buddhism : Exploring Buddhism and Zen , Translated by J.C. Cleary , Red Wheel Weiser </Li> <Li> Nan Huai - Chin ( 1995 ) , The Story of Chinese Zen , Translated by Thomas Cleary , Charles E. Tuttle Company </Li> <Li> Tansen Sen ( 2003 ) , Buddhism , Diplomacy , and Trade : The realignment of Sino - Indian Relations , 600 -- 1400 , Association for Asian Studies & University of Hawai'i Press </Li> <Li> Shinko Mochizuki , Leo M. Pruden , Trans . ( 1999 ) . Pure Land Buddhism in China : A Doctrinal History , Chapter 1 : A General Survey . In : Pacific World Journal , Third Series , Number 1 , 91 -- 103 . Archived from the original </Li> <Li> Shinko Mochizuki , Leo M. Pruden , Trans . ( 2001 ) . Pure Land Buddhism in China : A Doctrinal History , Chapter 2 : The Earliest Period ; Chapter 3 : Hui - yuan of Mt.Lu ; and Chapter 4 : The Translation of Texts - Spurious Scriptures . In : Pacific World Journal , Third Series , Number 3 , 241 -- 275 . Archived from the original </Li> <Li> Shinko Mochizuki , Leo M. Pruden , Trans . ( 2002 ) . Pure Land Buddhism in China : A Doctrinal History , Chapter Five : The Early Pure Land Faith : Southern China , and Chapter Six : The Early Pure Land Faith : Northern China . In : Pacific World Journal , Third Series , Number 4 , 259 -- 279 . Archived from the original </Li> <Li> Shinko Mochizuki , Leo M. Pruden , Trans . ( 2000 ) . Pure Land Buddhism in China : A Doctrinal History , Chapter 7 : T'an - luan . In : Pacific World Journal , Third Series , Number 2 , 149 -- 165 . Archived from the original </Li> </Ul> <H3> First Buddhist revival ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Pittman , Don Alvin ( 2001 ) , Toward a Modern Chinese Buddhism : Taixu 's Reforms , University of Hawaii Press </Li> <Li> Daoru , Wei ( n.d. ) , Buddhism in China and Modern Society : An Introduction Centering Around the Teachings of Taixu and Yinshun ( PDF ) , archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Lancashire , Douglas ( n.d. ) , Buddhism in Modern China ( PDF ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Contemporary Chinese Buddhism ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Chau , Adam Yuet ( 2010 ) , Religion in Contemporary China : Revitalization and Innovation , Taylor & Francis </Li> <Li> Miller , James ( 2006 ) , Chinese Religions in Contemporary Societies , ABC - CLIO </Li> <Li> Baumer , Christoph ( 2011 ) , China 's Holy Mountain : An Illustrated Journey into the Heart of Buddhism , London : I.B. Tauris , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84885 - 700 - 1 </Li> <Li> Master Sheng Yen ( 2007 ) , Orthodox Chinese Buddhism , Translated by Douglas Gildow and Otto Chang , North Atlantic Books </Li> <Li> Munro , Robin ; Mickey Spiegel ( 1994 ) . Detained in China and Tibet : A Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners . Human Rights Watch . ISBN 1564321053 . <Ul> <Li> List first published in : `` Appendix : Sects and Societies Recently or Currently Active in the PRC '' . Chinese Sociology & Anthropology. 21 ( 4 ) : 103 -- 104 . 1989 . doi : 10.2753 / CSA0009 - 46252104102 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Buddhism in China . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> China Buddhist Association </Li> <Li> Chinese Esoteric Buddhist School </Li> <Li> Timeline of China Buddhism </Li> <Li> About Buddhism in China : A Selected Bibliography </Li> <Li> Chinese Buddhism </Li> <Li> the Confucian Impact on Chan Buddhism </Li> <Li> Buddhist Studies net </Li> <Li> Wisdom embodied : Chinese Buddhist and Daoist sculpture in the Metropolitan Museum of Art , a collection catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries ( fully available online as PDF ) </Li> <Li> 如是 我 闻 佛教 网 - 佛教 百科 _ 佛教 电视台 _ 佛教 视频 _ 佛教 印 经 结缘 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Religion in China </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major religions in China </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 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Buddhas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Śākyamuni </Li> <Li> Amitābha ( Āmítuó Fó ) </Li> <Li> Bhaisajyaguru ( Yàoshī Fó ) </Li> <Li> Vairocana ( Pílú Zhēnǎ Fó ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bodhisattvas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guānshì Yīn ( Avalokiteśvara ) </Li> <Li> Manjushri ( Wénshūshili ) </Li> <Li> Samantabhadra ( Pǔxián ) </Li> <Li> Ksitigarbha ( Dìzàng Wáng ) </Li> <Li> Mahāsthāmaprāpta ( Dàshìzhì ) </Li> <Li> Vajrapāṇi ( Jīngāng Shǒu ) </Li> <Li> Mílè Púsa ( Maitreya ) </Li> <Li> Cundī ( Zhǔntí ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Four Heavenly Kings ( Sì Tiānwáng ) </Li> <Li> Sangharama ( Qíelán ) </Li> <Li> Skanda ( Wéituó ) </Li> <Li> Yama ( Yán Wáng ) </Li> <Li> Jìgōng </Li> <Li> Sudhana ( Shàncái ) </Li> <Li> Nagakanya ( Lóngnǚ ) </Li> <Li> Marici ( Mólìzhītiān ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sangha </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahākāśyapa </Li> <Li> Ānanda </Li> <Li> Moggallāna </Li> <Li> Bodhidharma ( Dámó ) </Li> <Li> An Shigao </Li> <Li> 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Mary Rose - wikipedia <H1> Mary Rose </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Carrack - type warship of the English Tudor navy For later ships with the same name , see HMS Mary Rose . For the play by J.M. Barrie , see Mary Rose ( play ) . For the American scientist and educator , see Mary Swartz Rose . <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The remnants of the Mary Rose undergoing conservation in Portsmouth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> England </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name : </Td> <Td> Mary Rose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laid down : </Td> <Td> 1510 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Launched : </Td> <Td> July 1511 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Completed : </Td> <Td> 1512 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Homeport : </Td> <Td> Portsmouth , England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fate : </Td> <Td> Sank in battle in 1545 , raised in 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Status : </Td> <Td> Museum ship </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tons burthen : </Td> <Td> 500 ( 700 -- 800 after 1536 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Propulsion : </Td> <Td> Sail </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Complement : </Td> <Td> 200 sailors , 185 soldiers , and 30 gunners </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armament : </Td> <Td> 78 -- 91 guns ( including anti-personnel weapons ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Mary Rose is a carrack - type warship of the English Tudor navy of King Henry VIII . After serving for 33 years in several wars against France , Scotland , and Brittany and after being substantially rebuilt in 1536 , she saw her last action on 19 July 1545 . While leading the attack on the galleys of a French invasion fleet , she sank in the Solent , the straits north of the Isle of Wight . </P> <P> The wreck of the Mary Rose was rediscovered in 1971 . It was raised in 1982 by the Mary Rose Trust , in one of the most complex and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology . The surviving section of the ship and thousands of recovered artefacts are of immeasurable value as a Tudor - era time capsule . The excavation and raising of the Mary Rose was a milestone in the field of maritime archaeology , comparable in complexity and cost only to the raising of the Swedish 17th - century warship Vasa in 1961 . </P> <P> The finds include weapons , sailing equipment , naval supplies and a wide array of objects used by the crew . Many of the artefacts are unique to the Mary Rose and have provided insights into topics ranging from naval warfare to the history of musical instruments . Since the mid-1980s , while undergoing conservation , the remains of the hull have been on display at the Portsmouth Historic Dockyard . An extensive collection of well - preserved artefacts is on display at the nearby Mary Rose Museum , built to display the reconstructed ship and its artefacts . </P> <P> The Mary Rose was one of the largest ships in the English navy through more than three decades of intermittent war and was one of the earliest examples of a purpose - built sailing warship . She was armed with new types of heavy guns that could fire through the recently invented gun - ports . After being substantially rebuilt in 1536 , she was also one of the earliest ships that could fire a broadside , although the line of battle tactics that employed it had not yet been developed . Several theories have sought to explain the demise of the Mary Rose , based on historical records , knowledge of 16th - century shipbuilding , and modern experiments . The precise cause of her sinking is still unclear , because of conflicting testimonies and a lack of conclusive physical evidence . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical context </Li> <Li> 2 Construction <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Naming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Design <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Sails and rigging </Li> <Li> 3.2 Armament <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Bronze and iron guns </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Hand - held weapons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Crew </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Military career <Ul> <Li> 4.1 First French war </Li> <Li> 4.2 Second French war </Li> <Li> 4.3 Maintenance and `` in ordinary '' </Li> <Li> 4.4 Third French war </Li> <Li> 4.5 Battle of the Solent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Causes of sinking <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Contemporary accounts </Li> <Li> 5.2 Modern theories </Li> <Li> 5.3 Experiments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 History as a shipwreck <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Deterioration </Li> <Li> 6.2 Rediscovery in 19th century </Li> <Li> 6.3 Modern rediscovery <Ul> <Li> 6.3. 1 Survey and excavation </Li> <Li> 6.3. 2 Raising the ship </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Archaeology <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Finds <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Musical instruments </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Navigation tools </Li> <Li> 7.1. 3 Barber - surgeon 's cabin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Conservation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Display </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Historical context ( edit ) </H2> Painting of Henry VIII in 1509 , the year he became king ; oil on panel by unknown artist <P> In the late 15th century , England was a relatively insignificant state on the periphery of Europe . The great victories against France in the Hundred Years ' War were in the past ; only the small enclave of Calais in northern France remained of the vast continental holdings of the English kings . The War of the Roses -- the civil war between the houses of York and Lancaster -- had ended with Henry VII 's establishment of the House of Tudor , the new ruling dynasty of England . The ambitious naval policies of Henry V were not continued by his successors , and from 1422 to 1509 only six ships were built for the crown . The marriage alliance between Anne of Brittany and Charles VIII of France in 1491 , and his successor Louis XII in 1499 , left England with a weakened strategic position on its southern flank . Despite this , Henry VII managed to maintain a comparatively long period of peace and a small but powerful core of a navy . </P> <P> At the onset of the early modern period , the great European powers were France , the Holy Roman Empire and Spain . All three became involved in the War of the League of Cambrai in 1508 . The conflict was initially aimed at the Republic of Venice but eventually turned against France . Through the Spanish possessions in the Low Countries , England had close economic ties with the Spanish Habsburgs , and it was the young Henry VIII 's ambition to repeat the glorious martial endeavours of his predecessors . In 1509 , six weeks into his reign , Henry married the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon and joined the League , intent on certifying his historical claim as king of both England and France . By 1511 Henry was part of an anti-French alliance that included Ferdinand II of Aragon , Pope Julius II and Holy Roman emperor Maximilian . </P> <P> The small navy that Henry VIII inherited from his father had only two sizeable ships , the carracks Regent and Sovereign . Just months after his accession , two large ships were ordered : the Mary Rose and the Peter Pomegranate ( later known as the Peter after being rebuilt in 1536 ) of about 500 and 450 tons respectively . Which king ordered the building of the Mary Rose is unclear ; although construction began during Henry VIII 's reign , the plans for naval expansion could have been in the making earlier . Henry VIII oversaw the project and he ordered additional large ships to be built , most notably the Henry Grace à Dieu ( `` Henry by the Grace of God '' ) , or Great Harry at more than 1000 tons burthen . By the 1520s the English state had established a de facto permanent `` Navy Royal '' , the organizational ancestor of the modern Royal Navy . </P> <H2> Construction ( edit ) </H2> The Embarkation of Henry VIII at Dover , a painting that commemorated King Henry 's voyage to the Field of the Cloth of Gold in 1520 , painted in 1540 . The vessels in the painting are shown decorated with wooden panels similar to those that would have been used on the Mary Rose on special occasions . <P> The construction of the Mary Rose began in 1510 in Portsmouth and she was launched in July 1511 . She was then towed to London and fitted with rigging and decking , and supplied with armaments . Other than the structural details needed to sail , stock and arm the Mary Rose , she was also equipped with flags , banners and streamers ( extremely elongated flags that were flown from the top of the masts ) that were either painted or gilded . </P> <P> Constructing a warship of the size of the Mary Rose was a major undertaking , requiring vast quantities of high - quality material . In the case of building a state - of - the - art warship , these materials were primarily oak . The total amount of timber needed for the construction can only be roughly calculated since only about one third of the ship still exists . One estimate for the number of trees is around 600 mostly large oaks , representing about 16 hectares ( 40 acres ) of woodland . The huge trees that had been common in Europe and the British Isles in previous centuries were by the 16th century quite rare , which meant that timbers were brought in from all over southern England . The largest timbers used in the construction were of roughly the same size as those used in the roofs of the largest cathedrals in the high Middle Ages . An unworked hull plank would have weighed over 300 kg ( 660 lb ) , and one of the main deck beams would have weighed close to three - quarters of a tonne . </P> <H3> Naming ( edit ) </H3> <P> The common explanation for the ship 's name was that it was inspired by Henry VIII 's favourite sister , Mary Tudor , and the rose as the emblem of the Tudors . According to historians David Childs , David Loades and Peter Marsden , no direct evidence of naming the ship after the King 's sister exists . It was far more common at the time to give ships pious Christian names , a long - standing tradition in Western Europe , or to associate them with their royal patrons . Names like Grace Dieu ( Thank God ) and Holighost ( Holy Spirit ) had been common since the 15th century and other Tudor navy ships had names like the Regent and Three Ostrich Feathers ( referring to the crest of the Prince of Wales ) . The Virgin Mary is a more likely candidate for a namesake , and she was also associated with the Rosa Mystica ( mystic rose ) . The name of the sister ship of the Mary Rose , the Peter Pomegranate , is believed to have been named in honour of Saint Peter , and the badge of the Queen Catharine of Aragon , a pomegranate . According to Childs , Loades and Marsden , the two ships , which were built around the same time , were named in honour of the king and queen , respectively . </P> <H2> Design ( edit ) </H2> The Mary Rose as depicted in the Anthony Roll . The distinct carrack profile with high `` castles '' fore and aft can clearly be seen . Although the number of guns and gun ports is not entirely accurate , the picture is overall an accurate illustration of the ship . <P> The Mary Rose was substantially rebuilt in 1536 . The 1536 rebuilding turned a ship of 500 tons into one of 700 tons , and added an entire extra tier of broadside guns to the old carrack - style structure . By consequence , modern research is based mostly on interpretations of the concrete physical evidence of this version of the Mary Rose . The construction of the original design from 1509 is less known . </P> <P> The Mary Rose was built according to the carrack - style with high `` castles '' in the bow and stern with a low waist of open decking in the middle . The shape of the hull has a so - called tumblehome form and reflected the use of the ship as a platform for heavy guns . Above the waterline , the hull gradually narrows to compensate for the weight of the guns and to make boarding more difficult . Since only part of the hull has survived , it is not possible to determine many of the basic dimensions with any great accuracy . The moulded breadth , the widest point of the ship roughly above the waterline , was about 12 metres ( 39 ft ) and the keel about 32 metres ( 105 ft ) , although the ship 's overall length is uncertain . </P> <P> The hull had four levels separated by three decks . The terminology for these in the 16th century was still not standardised so the terms used here are those that were applied by the Mary Rose Trust . The hold lay furthest down in the ship , right above the bottom planking below the waterline . This is where the kitchen , or galley , was situated and the food was cooked . Directly aft of the galley was the mast step , a rebate in the centre-most timber of the keelson , right above the keel , which supported the main mast , and next to it the main bilge pump . To increase the stability of the ship , the hold was where the ballast was placed and much of the supplies were kept . Right above the hold was the orlop , the lowest deck . Like the hold it was partitioned and was also used as a storage area for everything from food to spare sails . </P> The remains of the Mary Rose 's hull . All deck levels can be made out clearly , including the minor remnants of the sterncastle deck . <P> Above the orlop lay the main deck which housed the heaviest guns . The side of the hull on the main deck level had seven gunports on each side fitted with heavy lids that would have been watertight when closed . This was also the highest deck that was caulked and waterproof . Along the sides of the main deck there were cabins under the forecastle and sterncastle which have been identified as belonging to the carpenter , barber - surgeon , pilot and possibly also the master gunner and some of the officers . The top deck in the hull structure was the upper deck ( or weather deck ) which was exposed to the elements in the waist . It was a dedicated fighting deck without any known partitions and a mix of heavy and light guns . Over the open waist the upper deck was entirely covered with a coarse netting as a defence measure against boarding . Though very little of the upper deck has survived , it has been suggested that it housed the main living quarters of the crew underneath the sterncastle . A drainage located in this area has been identified as a possible `` piss - dale '' , a general urinal to complement the regular toilets that would probably have been located in the bow . </P> <P> The castles of the Mary Rose had additional decks , but since virtually nothing of them survives , their design has had to be reconstructed from historical records . Contemporary ships of equal size were consistently listed as having three decks in both castles . Although speculative , this layout is supported by the illustration in the Anthony Roll and the gun inventories . </P> <P> During the early stages of excavation of the wreck , it was believed that the ship had originally been built with clinker ( or clench ) planking , a technique where the hull consisted of overlapping planks that bore the structural strength of the ship . Cutting gunports into a clinker - built hull would have meant weakening the ship 's structural integrity , and it was assumed that she was later rebuilt to accommodate a hull with carvel edge - to - edge planking with a skeletal structure to support a hull perforated with gunports . Later examination indicates that the clinker planking is not present throughout the ship ; only the outer structure of the sterncastle is built with overlapping planking , though not with a true clinker technique . </P> <H3> Sails and rigging ( edit ) </H3> A small selection of the many rigging blocks raised from the Mary Rose <P> Although only the lower fittings of the rigging survive , a 1514 inventory and the only known contemporary depiction of the ship from the Anthony Roll have been used to determine how the propulsion system of the Mary Rose was designed . Nine , or possibly ten , sails were flown from four masts and a bowsprit : the foremast and mainmast had two and three square sails respectively ; the mizzen mast had a lateen sail and a small square sail and the bonaventure mizzen had at least one lateen sail , and possibly also a square sail , and the bowsprit flew a small square spritsail . According to the Anthony Roll illustration ( see top of this section ) , the yards ( the spars from which the sails were set ) on the foremast and mainmast were also equipped with sheerhooks , twin curved blades sharpened on the inside , that were intended to cut an enemy ship 's rigging during boarding actions . </P> <P> The sailing capabilities of the Mary Rose were commented on by her contemporaries and were once even put to the test . In March 1513 a contest was arranged off The Downs , west of Kent , in which she raced against nine other ships . She won the contest , and Admiral Edward Howard described her enthusiastically as `` the noblest ship of sayle ( of any ) gret ship , at this howr , that I trow ( believe ) be in Cristendom '' . Several years later , while sailing between Dover and The Downs , Vice-Admiral William Fitzwilliam noted that both the Henry Grace à Dieu and the Mary Rose performed very well , riding steadily in rough seas and that it would have been a `` hard chose '' between the two . Modern experts have been more sceptical to her sailing qualities , believing that ships at this time were almost incapable of sailing close against the wind , and describing the handling of the Mary Rose as being like `` a wet haystack '' . </P> <H3> Armament ( edit ) </H3> An illustration from a French edition of the Froissart Chronicle depicting the battle of Sluys in 1340 . The picture clearly shows how medieval naval tactics focused on close combat fighting and boarding . <P> The Mary Rose represented a transitional ship design in naval warfare . Since ancient times , war at sea had been fought much like that on land : with melee weapons and bows and arrows , but on floating wooden platforms rather than battlefields . Though the introduction of guns was a significant change , it only slowly changed the dynamics of ship - to - ship combat . As guns became heavier and able to take more powerful gunpowder charges , they needed to be placed lower in the ship , closer to the water line . Gunports cut in the hull of ships had been introduced as early as 1501 , only about a decade before the Mary Rose was built . This made broadsides , coordinated volleys from all the guns on one side of a ship , possible for the first time in history , at least in theory . Naval tactics throughout the 16th century and well into the 17th century focused on countering the oar - powered galleys that were armed with heavy guns in the bow , facing forwards , which were aimed by turning the entire ship against its target . Combined with inefficient gunpowder and the difficulties inherent in firing accurately from moving platforms , this meant that boarding remained the primary tactic for decisive victory throughout the 16th century . </P> Bronze and iron guns ( edit ) Two culverins and two demi - cannons from the Mary Rose on display at the Mary Rose Museum <P> As the Mary Rose was built and served during a period of rapid development of heavy artillery , her armament was a mix of old designs and innovations . The heavy armament was a mix of older - type wrought iron and cast bronze guns , which differed considerably in size , range and design . The large iron guns were made up of staves or bars welded into cylinders and then reinforced by shrinking iron hoops and breech loaded , from the back , and equipped with simpler gun - carriages made from hollowed - out elm logs with only one pair of wheels , or without wheels entirely . The bronze guns were cast in one piece and rested on four - wheel carriages which were essentially the same as those used until the 19th century . The breech - loaders were cheaper to produce and both easier and faster to reload , but could take less powerful charges than cast bronze guns . Generally , the bronze guns used cast iron shot and were more suited to penetrate hull sides while the iron guns used stone shot that would shatter on impact and leave large , jagged holes , but both could also fire a variety of ammunition intended to destroy rigging and light structure or injure enemy personnel . </P> <P> The majority of the guns were small iron guns with short range that could be aimed and fired by a single person . The two most common are the bases , breech - loading swivel guns , most likely placed in the castles , and hailshot pieces , small muzzle - loaders with rectangular bores and fin - like protrusions that were used to support the guns against the railing and allow the ship structure to take the force of the recoil . Though the design is unknown , there were two top pieces in a 1546 inventory ( finished after the sinking ) which were probably similar to a base , but placed in one or more of the fighting tops . </P> <Table> Distribution and range of guns at sinking <Tr> <Th> Gun type </Th> <Th> Main deck </Th> <Th> Upper deck </Th> <Th> Castle decks </Th> <Th> Fighting tops </Th> <Th> Range in metres / feet </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Port pieces </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 130 + / 425 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culverins and demi - culverins </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 299 -- 413 / 980 -- 1355 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cannons and demi - cannons </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> c. 225 / 740 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sakers </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 219 -- 323 / 718 -- 1060 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fowlers </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> `` short '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Falcon </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 144 -- 287 / 472 -- 940 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slings </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> `` medium '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bases </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> `` close '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hailshot pieces </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> `` close '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Top pieces </Th> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` close '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> A cast bronze culverin ( front ) and a wrought iron port piece ( back ) , modern reproductions of two of the guns that were on board the Mary Rose when she sank , on display at Fort Nelson near Portsmouth <P> The ship went through several changes in her armament throughout her career , most significantly accompanying her `` rebuilding '' in 1536 ( see below ) , when the number of anti-personnel guns was reduced and a second tier of carriage - mounted long guns fitted . There are three inventories that list her guns , dating to 1514 , 1540 and 1546 . Together with records from the armoury at the Tower of London , these show how the configuration of guns changed as gun - making technology evolved and new classifications were invented . In 1514 , the armament consisted mostly of anti-personnel guns like the larger breech - loading iron murderers and the small serpentines , demi - slings and stone guns . Only a handful of guns in the first inventory were powerful enough to hole enemy ships , and most would have been supported by the ship 's structure rather than resting on carriages . The inventories of both the Mary Rose and the Tower had changed radically by 1540 . There were now the new cast bronze cannons , demi - cannons , culverins and sakers and the wrought iron port pieces ( a name that indicated they fired through ports ) , all of which required carriages , had longer range and were capable of doing serious damage to other ships . The analysis of the 1514 inventory combined with hints of structural changes in the ship both indicate that the gunports on the main deck were indeed a later addition . </P> <Table> Type of guns <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> Carriage - mounted </Th> <Th> Ship - supported </Th> <Th> Anti-ship </Th> <Th> Anti-personnel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1514 </Th> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 20 -- 21 </Td> <Td> 57 -- 58 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 9 </Td> <Td> 64 -- 73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1540 </Th> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 22 </Td> <Td> 74 -- 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1545 </Th> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Various types of ammunition could be used for different purposes : plain spherical shot of stone or iron smashed hulls , spiked bar shot and shot linked with chains would tear sails or damage rigging , and canister shot packed with sharp flints produced a devastating shotgun effect . Trials made with replicas of culverins and port pieces showed that they could penetrate wood the same thickness of the Mary Rose 's hull planking , indicating a stand - off range of at least 90 m ( 295 ft ) . The port pieces proved particularly efficient at smashing large holes in wood when firing stone shot and were a devastating anti-personnel weapon when loaded with flakes or pebbles . </P> Hand - held weapons ( edit ) Some of the bollock daggers found on board the Mary Rose ; for most of the daggers , only the handles have remained while the blades have either rusted away or have been preserved only as concretions . <P> To defend against being boarded , Mary Rose carried large stocks of melee weapons , including pikes and bills ; 150 of each kind were stocked on the ship according to the Anthony Roll , a figure confirmed roughly by the excavations . Swords and daggers were personal possessions and not listed in the inventories , but the remains of both have been found in great quantities , including the earliest dated example of a British basket - hilted sword . </P> <P> A total of 250 longbows were carried on board , and 172 of these have so far been found , as well as almost 4,000 arrows , bracers ( arm guards ) and other archery - related equipment . Longbow archery in Tudor England was mandatory for all able adult men , and despite the introduction of field artillery and handguns , they were used alongside new missile weapons in great quantities . On the Mary Rose , the longbows could only have been drawn and shot properly from behind protective panels in the open waist or from the top of the castles as the lower decks lacked sufficient headroom . There were several types of bows of various size and range . Lighter bows would have been used as `` sniper '' bows , while the heavier design could possibly have been used to shoot fire arrows . </P> <P> The inventories of both 1514 and 1546 also list several hundred heavy darts and lime pots that were designed to be thrown onto the deck of enemy ships from the fighting tops , although no physical evidence of either of these weapon types has been identified . Of the 50 handguns listed in the Anthony Roll , the complete stocks of five matchlock muskets and fragments of another eleven have been found . They had been manufactured mainly in Italy , with some originating from Germany . Found in storage were several gunshields , a rare type of firearm consisting of a wooden shield with a small gun fixed in the middle . </P> <H3> Crew ( edit ) </H3> <P> Throughout her 33 - year career , the crew of the Mary Rose changed several times and varied considerably in size . It would have a minimal skeleton crew of 17 men or fewer in peace time and when she was `` laid up in ordinary '' ( in reserve ) . The average wartime manning would have been about 185 soldiers , 200 sailors , 20 -- 30 gunners and an assortment of other specialists such as surgeons , trumpeters and members of the admiral 's staff , for a total of 400 -- 450 men . When taking part in land invasions or raids , such as in the summer of 1512 , the number of soldiers could have swelled to just over 400 for a combined total of more than 700 . Even with the normal crew size of around 400 , the ship was quite crowded , and with additional soldiers would have been extremely cramped . </P> Vice-Admiral George Carew , who perished with the Mary Rose ; contemporary miniature by Hans Holbein the Younger <P> Little is known of the identities of the men who served on the Mary Rose , even when it comes to the names of the officers , who would have belonged to the gentry . Two admirals and four captains ( including Edward and Thomas Howard , who served both positions ) are known through records , as well as a few ship masters , pursers , master gunners and other specialists . Forensic science has been used by artists to create reconstructions of faces of eight crew members , and the results were publicized in May 2013 . In addition , researchers have extracted DNA from remains in the hopes of identifying origins of crew , and potentially living descendants . </P> <P> Of the vast majority of the crewmen , soldiers , sailors and gunners alike , nothing has been recorded . The only source of information for these men has been through osteological analysis of the human bones found at the wrecksite . An approximate composition of some of the crew has been conjectured based on contemporary records . The Mary Rose would have carried a captain , a master responsible for navigation , and deck crew . There would also have been a purser responsible for handling payments , a boatswain , the captain 's second in command , at least one carpenter , a pilot in charge of navigation , and a cook , all of whom had one or more assistants ( mates ) . The ship was also staffed by a barber - surgeon who tended to the sick and wounded , along with an apprentice or mate and possibly also a junior surgeon . The only positively identified person who went down with the ship was Vice-Admiral George Carew . McKee , Stirland and several other authors have also named Roger Grenville , father of Richard Grenville of the Elizabethan - era Revenge , captain during the final battle , although the accuracy of the sourcing for this has been disputed by maritime archaeologist Peter Marsden . </P> <Table> Crew <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Soldiers </Th> <Th> Mariners </Th> <Th> Gunners </Th> <Th> Others </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Summer 1512 </Th> <Td> 411 </Td> <Td> 206 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 759 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> October 1512 </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1513 </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1513 </Th> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1522 </Th> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> 244 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 402 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1524 </Th> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 405 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1545 / 46 </Th> <Td> 185 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 415 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The bones of a total of 179 people were found during the excavations of the Mary Rose , including 92 `` fairly complete skeletons '' , more or less complete collections of bones associated with specific individuals . Analysis of these has shown that crew members were all male , most of them young adults . Some were no more than 11 -- 13 years old , and the majority ( 81 % ) under 30 . They were mainly of English origin and , according to archaeologist Julie Gardiner , they most likely came from the West Country ; many following their aristocratic masters into maritime service . There were also a few people from continental Europe . An eyewitness testimony right after the sinking refers to a survivor who was a Fleming , and the pilot may very well have been French . Analysis of oxygen isotopes in teeth indicates that some were also of southern European origin . In general they were strong , well - fed men , but many of the bones also reveal tell - tale signs of childhood diseases and a life of grinding toil . The bones also showed traces of numerous healed fractures , probably the result of on - board accidents . </P> <P> There are no extant written records of the make - up of the broader categories of soldiers and sailors , but since the Mary Rose carried some 300 longbows and several thousand arrows there had to be a considerable proportion of longbow archers . Examination of the skeletal remains has found that there was a disproportionate number of men with a condition known as os acromiale , affecting their shoulder blades . This condition is known among modern elite archery athletes and is caused by placing considerable stress on the arm and shoulder muscles , particularly of the left arm that is used to hold the bow to brace against the pull on the bowstring . Among the men who died on the ship it was likely that some had practised using the longbow since childhood , and served on board as specialist archers . </P> <P> A group of six skeletons was found grouped close to one of the 2 - tonne bronze culverins on the main deck near the bow . Fusing of parts of the spine and ossification , the growth of new bone , on several vertebrae evidenced all but one of these crewmen to have been strong , well - muscled men who had been engaged in heavy pulling and pushing , the exception possibly being a `` powder monkey '' not involved in heavy work . These have been tentatively classified as members of a complete gun crew , all having died at their battle station . </P> <H2> Military career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> First French war ( edit ) </H3> Main article : War of the League of Cambrai A contemporary illustration of Germain de Brie 's poem Chordigerae navis conflagratio depicting the Cordelière and Regent ablaze after the explosion on board the former <P> The Mary Rose first saw battle in 1512 , in a joint naval operation with the Spanish against the French . The English were to meet the French and Breton fleets in the English Channel while the Spanish attacked them in the Bay of Biscay and then attack Gascony . The 35 - year - old Sir Edward Howard was appointed Lord High Admiral in April and chose the Mary Rose as his flagship . His first mission was to clear the seas of French naval forces between England to the northern coast of Spain to allow for the landing of supporting troops near the French border at Fuenterrabia . The fleet consisted of 18 ships , among them the large ships the Regent and the Peter Pomegranate , carrying over 5,000 men . Howard 's expedition led to the capture of twelve Breton ships and a four - day raiding tour of Brittany where English forces successfully fought against local forces and burned numerous settlements . </P> <P> The fleet returned to Southampton in June where it was visited by King Henry . In August the fleet sailed for Brest where it encountered a joint , but ill - coordinated , French - Breton fleet at the battle of St. Mathieu . The English with one of the great ships in the lead ( according to Marsden the Mary Rose ) battered the French ships with heavy gunfire and forced them to retreat . The Breton flagship Cordelière put up a fight and was boarded by the 1,000 - ton Regent . By accident or through the unwillingness of the Breton crew to surrender , the powder magazine of the Cordelière caught fire and blew up in a violent explosion , setting fire to the Regent and eventually sinking her . About 180 English crew members saved themselves by throwing themselves into the sea and only a handful of Bretons survived , only to be captured . The captain of the Regent , 600 soldiers and sailors , the High Admiral of France and the steward of the town of Morlaix were killed in the incident , making it the focal point of several contemporary chronicles and reports . On 11 August , the English burnt 27 French ships , captured another five and landed forces near Brest to raid and take prisoners , but storms forced the fleet back to Dartmouth in Devon and then to Southampton for repairs . </P> Carracks , similar to the Mary Rose , attacked by highly manoeuvrable galleys ; engraving by Frans Huys after a design by Pieter Bruegel the Elder , c. 1561 <P> In the spring of 1513 , the Mary Rose was once more chosen by Howard as the flagship for an expedition against the French . Before seeing action , she took part in a race against other ships where she was deemed to be one of the most nimble and the fastest of the great ships in the fleet ( see details under `` Sails and rigging '' ) . On 11 April , Howard 's force arrived off Brest only to see a small enemy force join with the larger force in the safety of Brest harbour and its fortifications . The French had recently been reinforced by a force of galleys from the Mediterranean , which sank one English ship and seriously damaged another . Howard landed forces near Brest , but made no headway against the town and was by now getting low on supplies . Attempting to force a victory , he took a small force of small oared vessels on a daring frontal attack on the French galleys on 25 April . Howard himself managed to reach the ship of French admiral , Prégent de Bidoux , and led a small party to board it . The French fought back fiercely and cut the cables that attached the two ships , separating Howard from his men . It left him at the mercy of the soldiers aboard the galley , who instantly killed him . </P> <P> Demoralised by the loss of its admiral and seriously short of food , the fleet returned to Plymouth . Thomas Howard , elder brother of Edward , was assigned the new Lord Admiral , and was set to the task of arranging another attack on Brittany . The fleet was not able to mount the planned attack because of adverse winds and great difficulties in supplying the ships adequately and the Mary Rose took up winter quarters in Southampton . In August the Scots joined France in war against England , but were dealt a crushing defeat at the Battle of Flodden on 9 September 1513 . A follow - up attack in early 1514 was supported by a naval force that included the Mary Rose , but without any known engagements . The French and English mounted raids on each other throughout that summer , but achieved little , and both sides were by then exhausted . By autumn the war was over and a peace treaty was sealed by the marriage of Henry 's sister , Mary , to French king Louis XII . </P> <P> After the peace Mary Rose was placed in the reserves , `` in ordinary '' . She was laid up for maintenance along with her sister ship the Peter Pomegranate in July 1514 . In 1518 she received a routine repair and caulking , waterproofing with tar and oakum ( old rope fibres ) and was then assigned a small skeleton crew who lived on board the ship until 1522 . She served briefly on a mission with other warships to `` scour the seas '' in preparation for Henry VIII 's journey across the Channel to the summit with the French king Francis I at the Field of the Cloth of Gold in June 1520 . </P> <H3> Second French war ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Italian War of 1521 -- 1526 <P> In 1522 , England was once again at war with France because of a treaty with the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V . The plan was for an attack on two fronts with an English thrust in northern France . The Mary Rose participated in the escort transport of troops in June 1522 , and by 1 July the Breton port of Morlaix was captured . The fleet sailed home and the Mary Rose berthed for the winter in Dartmouth . The war raged on until 1525 and saw the Scots join the French side . Though Charles Brandon came close to capturing Paris in 1523 , there was little gained either against France or Scotland throughout the war . With the defeat of the French army and capture of Francis I by Charles V 's forces at the Battle of Pavia on 24 February 1525 , the war was effectively over without any major gains or major victories for the English side . </P> <H3> Maintenance and `` in ordinary '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Mary Rose was kept in reserve from 1522 to 1545 . She was once more caulked and repaired in 1527 in a newly dug dock at Portsmouth and her longboat was repaired and trimmed . Little documentation about the Mary Rose between 1528 and 1539 exists . A document written by Thomas Cromwell in 1536 specifies that the Mary Rose and six other ships were `` made new '' during his service under the king , though it is unclear which years he was referring to and what `` made new '' actually meant . A later document from January 1536 by an anonymous author states that the Mary Rose and other ships were `` new made '' , and dating of timbers from the ship confirms some type of repair being done in 1535 or 1536 . This would have coincided with the controversial dissolution of the monasteries that resulted in a major influx of funds into the royal treasury . The nature and extent of this repair is unknown . Many experts , including Margaret Rule , the project leader for the raising of the Mary Rose , have assumed that it meant a complete rebuilding from clinker planking to carvel planking , and that it was only after 1536 that the ship took on the form that it had when it sank and that was eventually recovered in the 20th century . Marsden has speculated that it could even mean that the Mary Rose was originally built in a style that was closer to 15th - century ships , with a rounded , rather than square , stern and without the main deck gunports . </P> <H3> Third French war ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Italian War of 1542 -- 1546 Drawing of the French admiral , Claude d'Annebault , commander of the French naval force that launched the attack on the Isle of Wight ; François Clouet , January 1535 <P> Henry 's complicated marital situation and his high - handed dissolution of the monasteries angered the Pope and Catholic rulers throughout Europe , which increased England 's diplomatic isolation . In 1544 Henry had agreed to attack France together with Emperor Charles V , and English forces captured Boulogne at great cost in September , but soon England was left in the lurch after Charles had achieved his objectives and brokered a separate peace . </P> <P> In May 1545 , the French had assembled a large fleet in the estuary of the Seine with the intent to land troops on English soil . The estimates of the size of the fleet varied considerably ; between 123 and 300 vessels according to French sources ; and up to 226 sailing ships and galleys according to the chronicler Edward Hall . In addition to the massive fleet , 50,000 troops were assembled at Havre de Grâce ( modern - day Le Havre ) . An English force of 160 ships and 12,000 troops under Viscount Lisle was ready at Portsmouth by early June , before the French were ready to set sail , and an ineffective pre-emptive strike was made in the middle of the month . In early July the huge French force under the command of Admiral Claude d'Annebault set sail for England and entered the Solent unopposed with 128 ships on 16 July . The English had around 80 ships with which to oppose the French , including the flagship Mary Rose . But since they had virtually no heavy galleys , the vessels that were at their best in sheltered waters like the Solent , the English fleet promptly retreated into Portsmouth harbour . </P> <H3> Battle of the Solent ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Battle of the Solent <P> The English were becalmed in port and unable to manoeuvre . On 19 July 1545 , the French galleys advanced on the immobilised English fleet , and initially threatened to destroy a force of 13 small galleys , or `` rowbarges '' , the only ships that were able to move against them without a wind . The wind picked up and the sailing ships were able to go on the offensive before the oared vessels were overwhelmed . Two of the largest ships , the Henry Grace à Dieu and the Mary Rose , led the attack on the French galleys in the Solent . </P> Mary Rose - Oven & Cauldron <P> Early in the battle something went wrong . While engaging the French galleys the Mary Rose suddenly heeled ( leaned ) heavily over to her starboard ( right ) side and water rushed in through the open gunports . The crew was powerless to correct the sudden imbalance , and could only scramble for the safety of the upper deck as the ship began to sink rapidly . As she leaned over , equipment , ammunition , supplies and storage containers shifted and came loose , adding to the general chaos . The massive port side brick oven in the galley collapsed completely and the huge 360 - litre ( 90 gallon ) copper cauldron was thrown onto the orlop deck above . Heavy guns came free and slammed into the opposite side , impeding escape or crushing men beneath them . </P> <P> For those who were not injured or killed outright by moving objects , there was little time to reach safety , especially for the men who were manning the guns on the main deck or fetching ammunition and supplies in the hold . The companionways that connected the decks with one another would have become bottlenecks for fleeing men , something indicated by the positioning of many of the skeletons recovered from the wreck . What turned the sinking into a major tragedy in terms of lives lost was the anti-boarding netting that covered the upper decks in the waist ( the midsection of the ship ) and the sterncastle . With the exception of the men who were stationed in the tops in the masts , most of those who managed to get up from below deck were trapped under the netting ; they would have been in view of the surface , and their colleagues above , but with little or no chance to break through , and were dragged down with the ship . Out of a crew of at least 400 , fewer than 35 escaped , a catastrophic casualty rate of over 90 % . </P> The Cowdray Engraving , depicting the Battle of the Solent . The main and foremasts of the recently sunken Mary Rose are in the middle ; bodies , debris and rigging float in the water and men are clinging to the fighting tops . <H2> Causes of sinking ( edit ) </H2> Southsea Castle , from where Henry VIII witnessed the last battle and demise of the Mary Rose . The castle has been heavily altered since that time . <H3> Contemporary accounts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several accounts of the sinking have been preserved that describe the incident , but the only confirmed eyewitness account is the testimony of a surviving Flemish crewman written down by the Holy Roman Emperor 's ambassador François van der Delft in a letter dated 24 July . According to the unnamed Fleming , the ship had fired all of its guns of one side and was turning to present the guns on the other side to the enemy ship , when she was caught in a strong gust of wind , heeled and took in water through the open gunports . In a letter to William Paget dated 23 July , former Lord High Admiral John Russel claimed that the ship had been lost because of `` rechenes and great negligence '' . Three years after the sinking , the Hall 's Chronicle gave the reason for the sinking as being caused by `` to ( o ) much foly ... for she was laden with much ordinaunce , and the portes left open , which were low , & the great ordinaunce unbreached , so that when the ship should turne , the water entered , and sodainly she sanke . '' </P> <P> Later accounts repeat the explanation that the ship heeled over while going about and that the ship was brought down because of the open gunports . A biography of Peter Carew , brother of George Carew , written by John Hooker sometime after 1575 , gives the same reason for the sinking , but adds that insubordination among the crew was to blame . The biography claims that George Carew noted that the Mary Rose showed signs of instability as soon as her sails were raised . George 's uncle Gawen Carew had passed by with his own ship the Matthew Gonson during the battle to inquire about the situation of his nephew 's ship . In reply he was told `` that he had a sorte of knaves whom he could not rule '' . Contrary to all other accounts , Martin du Bellay , a French cavalry officer who was present at the battle , stated that the Mary Rose had been sunk by French guns . </P> <H3> Modern theories ( edit ) </H3> <P> The most common explanation for the sinking among modern historians is that the ship was unstable for a number of reasons . When a strong gust of wind hit the sails at a critical moment , the open gunports proved fatal , the ship flooded and quickly foundered . Coates offered a variant of this hypothesis , which explains why a ship which served for several decades without sinking , and which even fought in actions in the rough seas off Brittany , unexpectedly foundered : the ship had accumulated additional weight over the years in service and finally become unseaworthy . That the ship was turning after firing all the cannons on one side has been questioned by Marsden after examination of guns recovered in both the 19th and 20th centuries ; guns from both sides were found still loaded . This has been interpreted to mean that something else could have gone wrong since it is assumed that an experienced crew would not have failed to secure the gunports before making a potentially risky turn . </P> <P> The most recent surveys of the ship indicate that the ship was modified late in her career and have lent support to the idea that the Mary Rose was altered too much to be properly seaworthy . Marsden has suggested that the weight of additional heavy guns would have increased her draught so much that the waterline was less than one metre ( c. 3 feet ) from the gunports on the main deck . </P> <P> Peter Carew 's claim of insubordination has been given support by James Watt , former Medical Director - General of the Royal Navy , based on records of an epidemic of dysentery in Portsmouth which could have rendered the crew incapable of handling the ship properly , while historian Richard Barker has suggested that the crew actually knew that the ship was an accident waiting to happen , at which they balked and refused to follow orders . Marsden has noted that the Carew biography is in some details inconsistent with the sequence of events reported by both French and English eyewitnesses . It also reports that there were 700 men on board , an unusually high number . The distance in time to the event it describes may mean that it was embellished to add a dramatic touch . The report of French galleys sinking the Mary Rose as stated by Martin du Bellay has been described as `` the account of a courtesan '' by naval historian Maurice de Brossard . Du Bellay and his two brothers were close to king Francis I and du Bellay had much to gain from portraying the sinking as a French victory . English sources , even if biased , would have nothing to gain from portraying the sinking as the result of crew incompetence rather than conceding to a victory to the much - feared gun galleys . </P> <P> Dominic Fontana , a geographer at the University of Portsmouth , has voiced support for du Bellay 's version of the sinking based on the battle as it is depicted in the Cowdray Engraving , and modern GIS analysis of the modern scene of the battle . By plotting the fleets and calculating the conjectured final manoeuvres of the Mary Rose , Fontana reached the conclusion that the ship had been hit low in the hull by the galleys and was destabilised after taking in water . He has interpreted the final heading of the ship straight due north as a failed attempt to reach the shallows at Spitbank only a few hundred metres away . This theory has been given partial support by Alexzandra Hildred , one of the experts who has worked with the Mary Rose , though she has suggested that the close proximity to Spitbank could also indicate that the sinking occurred while trying to make a hard turn to avoid running aground . </P> <H3> Experiments ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2000 , the Channel 4 television programme What Sank the Mary Rose ? attempted to investigate the causes suggested for her sinking by means of experiments with scale models of the ship and metal weights to simulate the presence of troops on the upper decks . Initial tests showed that the ship was able to make the turn described by eyewitnesses without capsizing . In later tests , a fan was used to create a breeze similar to the one reported to have suddenly sprung up on the day of the sinking as the real Mary Rose went to make the turn . As the model made the turn , the breeze in the upper works forced it to heel more than at calm , forcing the main deck gun ports below the waterline and foundering the model within a few seconds . The sequence of events closely followed what eyewitnesses had reported , particularly the suddenness with which the ship sank . </P> <H2> History as a shipwreck ( edit ) </H2> Charles Brandon , brother - in - law of King Henry VIII through marriage with Mary Tudor , who took charge of the failed salvage operation in 1545 <P> A salvage attempt was ordered by Secretary of State William Paget only days after the sinking , and Charles Brandon , the king 's brother - in - law , took charge of practical details . The operation followed the standard procedure for raising ships in shallow waters : strong cables were attached to the sunken ship and fastened to two empty ships , or hulks . At low tide , the ropes were pulled taut with capstans . When the high tide came in , the hulks rose and with them the wreck . It would then be towed into shallower water and the procedure repeated until the whole ship could be raised completely . </P> <P> A list of necessary equipment was compiled by 1 August and included , among other things , massive cables , capstans , pulleys , and 40 pounds of tallow for lubrication . The proposed salvage team comprised 30 Venetian mariners and a Venetian carpenter with 60 English sailors to serve them . The two ships to be used as hulks were Jesus of Lübeck and Samson , each of 700 tons burthen and similar in size to the Mary Rose . Brandon was so confident of success that he reassured the king that it would only be a matter of days before they could raise the Mary Rose . The optimism proved unfounded . Since the ship had settled at a 60 - degree angle to starboard much of it was stuck deep into the clay of the seabed . This made it virtually impossible to pass cables under the hull and required far more lifting power than if the ship had settled on a hard seabed . An attempt to secure cables to the main mast appears only to have resulted in its being snapped off . </P> Illustration from a treatise on salvaging from 1734 , showing the traditional method of raising a wreck with the help of anchors and ships or hulks as pontoons , the same method that was attempted by the Tudor era salvors <P> The project was only successful in raising rigging , some guns and other items . At least two other salvage teams in 1547 and 1549 received payment for raising more guns from the wreck . Despite the failure of the first salvage operation , there was still lingering belief in the possibility of retrieving the Mary Rose at least until 1546 , when she was presented as part of the illustrated list of English warships called the Anthony Roll . When all hope of raising the complete ship was finally abandoned is not known . It could have been after Henry VIII 's death in January 1547 or even as late as 1549 , when the last guns were brought up . The Mary Rose was remembered well into the reign of Elizabeth I , and according to one of the queen 's admirals , William Monson ( 1569 -- 1643 ) , the wreck was visible from the surface at low tide in the late 16th century . </P> <H3> Deterioration ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the sinking , the partially buried wreck created a barrier at a right angle against the currents of the Solent . Two scour pits , large underwater ditches , formed on either side of the wreck while silt and seaweed was deposited inside the ship . A deep but narrow pit formed on the upward tilting port side , while a shallower , broader pit formed on the starboard side , which had mostly been buried by the force of the impact . The abrasive actions of sand and silt carried by the currents and the activity of fungi , bacteria and wood - boring crustaceans and molluscs , such as the teredo `` shipworm '' , began to break down the structure of the ship . Eventually the exposed wooden structure was weakened and gradually collapsed . The timbers and contents of the port side were deposited in the scour pits and the remaining ship structure , or else carried off by the currents . Following the collapse of the exposed parts of the ship the site was levelled with the seabed and was gradually covered by layers of sediment , concealing most of the remaining structure . During the 16th century a hard layer of compacted clay and crushed shells formed over the ship , stabilising the site and sealing the Tudor - era deposits . Further layers of soft silt covered the site during the 18th and 19th centuries , but frequent changes in the tidal patterns and currents in the Solent occasionally exposed some of the timbers , leading to its accidental rediscovery in 1836 and aided in locating the wreck in 1971 . After the ship had been raised it was determined that about 40 % of the original structure had survived . </P> <H3> Rediscovery in 19th century ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the summer of 1836 , a group of five fishermen caught their nets on timbers protruding from the bottom of the Solent . They contacted a diver to help them remove the hindrance , and on 10 June , Henry Abbinett became the first person to see the Mary Rose in almost 300 years . Later , two other professional divers , John Deane and William Edwards , were employed . Using a recently invented rubber suit and metal diving helmet , Deane and Edwards began to examine the wreck and salvage items from it . Along with an assortment of timbers and wooden objects , including several longbows , they brought up several bronze and iron guns , which were sold to the Board of Ordnance for over £ 220 . Initially , this caused a dispute between Deane ( who had also brought in his brother Charles into the project ) , Abbinett and the fishermen who had hired them . The matter was eventually settled by allowing the fishermen a share of the proceeds from the sale of the first salvaged guns , while Deane received exclusive salvage rights at the expense of Abbinett . The wreck was soon identified as the Mary Rose from the inscriptions of one of the bronze guns manufactured in 1537 . </P> Watercolour painting of two perspectives of a sling , a wrought iron gun , complete with two - wheeled gun carriage ( wheels missing ) and part of another iron sling . The paintings were made to record some of the finds raised by the Deane brothers 1836 -- 40 . <P> The identification of the ship led to significant public interest in the salvage operation , and caused a great demand for the objects which were brought up . Though many of the objects could not be properly conserved at the time and subsequently deteriorated , many were documented with pencil sketches and watercolour drawings which survive to this day . John Deane ceased working on the wreck in 1836 , but returned in 1840 with new , more destructive methods . With the help of condemned bomb shells filled with gunpowder acquired from the Ordnance Board he blasted his way into parts of the wreck . Fragments of bombs and traces of blasting craters were found during the modern excavations , but there was no evidence that Deane managed to penetrate the hard layer that had sealed off the Tudor levels . Deane reported retrieving a bilge pump and the lower part of the main mast , both of which would have been located inside the ship . The recovery of small wooden objects like longbows suggests that Deane did manage to penetrate the Tudor levels at some point , though this has been disputed by the excavation project leader Margaret Rule . Newspaper reports on Deane 's diving operations in October 1840 report that the ship was clinker built , but since the sterncastle is the only part of the ship with this feature , an alternative explanation has been suggested : Deane did not penetrate the hard shelly layer that covered most of the ship , but only managed to get into remains of the sterncastle that today no longer exist . Despite the rough handling by Deane the Mary Rose escaped the wholesale destruction by giant rakes and explosives that was the fate of other wrecks in the Solent . </P> <H3> Modern rediscovery ( edit ) </H3> <P> The modern search for the Mary Rose was initiated by the Southsea branch of the British Sub-Aqua Club in 1965 as part of a project to locate shipwrecks in the Solent . The project was under the leadership of historian , journalist and amateur diver Alexander McKee . Another group led by Lieutenant - Commander Alan Bax of the Royal Navy , sponsored by the Committee for Nautical Archaeology in London , also formed a search team . Initially the two teams had differing views on where to find the wreck , but eventually joined forces . In February 1966 a chart from 1841 was found that marked the positions of the Mary Rose and several other wrecks . The charted position coincided with a trench ( one of the scour pits ) that had already been located by McKee 's team , and a definite location was finally established at a position 3 km ( 1.9 mi ) south of the entrance to Portsmouth Harbour ( 50 ° 46 ′ 0 '' N 1 ° 06 ′ 0 '' W / 50.76667 ° N 1.10000 ° W / 50.76667 ; - 1.10000 ) in water with a depth of 11 m ( 36 feet ) at low tide . Diving on the site began in 1966 and a sonar scan by Harold Edgerton in 1967 -- 68 revealed some type of buried feature . In 1970 a loose timber was located and on 5 May 1971 , the first structural details of the buried hull were identified after they were partially uncovered by winter storms . </P> <P> A major problem for the team from the start was that wreck sites in the UK lacked any legal protection from plunderers and treasure hunters . Sunken ships , once being moving objects , were legally treated as chattel and were awarded to those who could first raise them . The Merchant Shipping Act of 1894 also stipulated that any objects raised from a wreck should be auctioned off to finance the salvage operations , and there was nothing preventing anyone from `` stealing '' the wreck and making a profit . The problem was handled by forming an organisation , the Mary Rose Committee , aiming `` to find , excavate , raise and preserve for all time such remains of the ship Mary Rose as may be of historical or archaeological interest '' . </P> <P> To keep intruders at bay , the Committee arranged a lease of the seabed where the wreck lay from the Portsmouth authorities , thereby discouraging anyone from trespassing on the underwater property . In hindsight this was only a legalistic charade which had little chance of holding up in a court of law . In combination with secrecy as to the exact location of the wreck , it saved the project from interference . It was not until the passing of the Protection of Wrecks Act on 5 February 1973 that the Mary Rose was declared to be of national historic interest that enjoyed full legal protection from any disturbance by commercial salvage teams . Despite this , years after the passing of the 1973 act and the excavation of the ship , lingering conflicts with salvage legislation remained a threat to the Mary Rose project as `` personal '' finds such as chests , clothing and cooking utensils risked being confiscated and auctioned off . </P> Survey and excavation ( edit ) <P> Following the discovery of the wreck in 1971 , the project became known to the general public and received increasing media attention . This helped bring in more donations and equipment , primarily from private sources . By 1974 the Committee had representatives from the National Maritime Museum , the Royal Navy , the BBC and local organisations . In 1974 the project received royal patronage from Prince Charles , who participated in dives on the site . This attracted yet more publicity , and also more funding and assistance . The initial aims of the Mary Rose Committee were now more officially and definitely confirmed . The Committee had become a registered charity in 1974 , which made it easier to raise funds , and the application for excavation and raising of the ship had been officially approved by the UK government . </P> <P> By 1978 the initial excavation work had uncovered a complete and coherent site with an intact ship structure and the orientation of the hull had been positively identified as being on an almost straight northerly heading with a 60 - degree heel to starboard and a slight downward tilt towards the bow . As no records of English shipbuilding techniques used in vessels like the Mary Rose survive , excavation of the ship would allow for a detailed survey of her design and shed new light on the construction of ships of the era . A full excavation also meant removing the protective layers of silt that prevented the remaining ship structure from being destroyed through biological decay and the scouring of the currents ; the operation had to be completed within a predetermined timespan of a few years or it risked irreversible damage . It was also considered desirable to recover and preserve the remains of the hull if possible . For the first time , the project was faced with the practical difficulties of actually raising , conserving and preparing the hull for public display . </P> <P> To handle this new , considerably more complex and expensive task , it was decided that a new organisation was needed . The Mary Rose Trust , a limited charitable trust , with representatives from many organisations would handle the need for a larger operation and a large infusion of funds . In 1979 a new diving vessel was purchased to replace the previous 12 m ( 40 ft ) catamaran Roger Greenville which had been used from 1971 . The choice fell on the salvage vessel Sleipner , the same craft that had been used as a platform for diving operations on the Vasa . The project went from a team of only twelve volunteers working four months a year to over 50 individuals working almost around the clock nine months a year . In addition there were over 500 volunteer divers and a laboratory staff of about 70 that ran the shore base and conservation facilities . During the four diving seasons from 1979 to 1982 over 22,000 diving hours was spent on the site , an effort that amounted to 11.8 man - years . </P> Raising the ship ( edit ) People viewing the salvage cage holding the Mary Rose 1982 <P> Raising the Mary Rose meant overcoming a number of delicate problems that had never been encountered before . The raising of the Swedish warship Vasa 1959 -- 61 was the only comparable precedent , but it had been a relatively straightforward operation since the hull was completely intact and rested upright on the seabed . It had been raised with basically the same methods as were in use in Tudor England : cables were slung under the hull and attached to two pontoons on either side of the ship which was then gradually raised and towed into shallower waters . Only one third of the Mary Rose was intact and she lay deeply embedded in mud . If the hull were raised in the traditional way , there was no guarantee that it would have enough structural strength to hold together out of water . Many suggestions for raising the ship were discarded , including the construction of a cofferdam around the wreck site , filling the ship with small buoyant objects ( such as ping pong balls ) or even pumping brine into the seabed and freezing it so that it would float and take the hull with it . After lengthy discussions it was decided in February 1980 that the hull would first be emptied of all its contents and strengthened with steel braces and frames . It would then be lifted to the surface with floating sheerlegs attached to nylon strops passing under the hull and transferred to a cradle . It was also decided that the ship would be recovered before the end of the diving season in 1982 . If the wreck stayed uncovered any longer it risked irreversible damage from biological decay and tidal scouring . </P> <P> During the last year of the operation , the massive scope of full excavation and raising was beginning to take its toll on those closely involved in the project . In May 1981 , Alexander McKee voiced concerns about the method chosen for raising the timbers and openly questioned Margaret Rule 's position as excavation leader . McKee felt ignored in what he viewed as a project where he had always played a central role , both as the initiator of the search for the Mary Rose and other ships in the Solent , and as an active member throughout the diving operations . He had several supporters who all pointed to the risk of the project 's turning into an embarrassing failure if the ship were damaged during raising operations . To address these concerns it was suggested that the hull should be placed on top of a supporting steel cradle underwater . This would avoid the inherent risks of damaging the wooden structure if it were lifted out of the water without appropriate support . The idea of using nylon strops was also discarded in favour of drilling holes through the hull at 170 points and passing iron bolts through them to allow the attachment of wires connected to a lifting frame . </P> The wreck of the Mary Rose clear of the water on 11 October 1982 <P> In the spring of 1982 , after three intense seasons of archaeological underwater work , preparations began for raising the ship . The operation soon ran into problems : early on there were difficulties with the custom - made lifting equipment ; divers on the project belonging to the Royal Engineers had to be pulled because of the outbreak of the Falklands War ; and the method of lifting the hull had to be considerably altered as late as June . After the frame was properly attached to the hull it was slowly jacked up on four legs straddling the wreck site to pull the ship off the seabed . The massive crane of the barge Tog Mor was then used to lift the frame and hull on to the specially designed cradle which was padded with water - filled bags . On the morning of 11 October 1982 , the final lift of the entire package of cradle , hull and lifting frame began . At 9 : 03 the first timbers of the Mary Rose broke the surface in the presence of the team , Prince Charles and curious spectators on boats circling the site . A second set of bags under the hull was inflated with air to cushion the waterlogged wood and finally the whole package was transferred to the barge that would take the hull ashore . Though eventually successful , the operation was close to floundering on two occasions ; first when one of the supporting legs of the lifting frame was bent and had to be removed and later when a corner of the frame , with `` an unforgettable crunch '' , slipped more than a metre ( 3 feet ) and came close to crushing part of the hull . </P> <H2> Archaeology ( edit ) </H2> <P> As one of the most ambitious and expensive projects in the history of maritime archaeology , the Mary Rose project broke new ground within this field in the UK . Besides becoming one of the first wrecks to be protected under the new Protection of Wrecks Act in 1973 it also created several new precedents . It was the first time that a British privately funded project was able to apply modern scientific standards fully and without having to auction off part of the findings to finance its activities ; where previous projects often had to settle for just a partial recovery of finds , everything found in connection with the Mary Rose was recovered and recorded . The raising of the vessel made it possible to establish the first historic shipwreck museum in the UK to receive government accreditation and funding . The excavation of the Mary Rose wreck site proved that it was possible to achieve a level of exactness in underwater excavations comparable to those on dry land . </P> <P> Throughout the 1970s , the Mary Rose was meticulously surveyed , excavated and recorded with the latest methods within the field of maritime archaeology . Working in an underwater environment meant that principles of land - based archaeology did not always apply . Mechanical excavators , airlifts and suction dredges were used in the process of locating the wreck , but as soon as it began to be uncovered in earnest , more delicate techniques were employed . Many objects from the Mary Rose had been well preserved in form and shape , but many were quite delicate , requiring careful handling . Artefacts of all sizes were supported with soft packing material , such as old plastic ice cream containers , and some of the arrows that were `` soft like cream cheese '' had to be brought up in special styrofoam containers . The airlifts that sucked up clay , sand and dirt off - site or to the surface were still used , but with much greater precision since they could potentially disrupt the site . The many layers of sediment that had accumulated on the site could be used to date artefacts in which they were found , and had to be recorded properly . The various types of accretions and remnants of chemicals with artefacts were essential clues to objects that had long since broken down and disappeared , and needed to be treated with considerable care . </P> <P> The excavation and raising of the ship in the 1970s and early 1980s meant that diving operations ceased , even though modern scaffolding and part of the bow were left on the seabed . The pressure on conservators to treat tens of thousands of artefacts and the high costs of conserving , storing and displaying the finds and the ship meant that there were no funds available for diving . In 2002 , the UK Ministry of Defence announced plans to build two new aircraft carriers . Because of the massive size of the new vessels , the outlet from Portsmouth needed to be surveyed to make sure that they could sail no matter the tide . The planned route for the underwater channel ran close to the Mary Rose wrecksite , which meant that funding was supplied to survey and excavate the site once more . Even though the planned carriers were down - sized enough to not require alteration of Portsmouth outlet , the excavations had already exposed timbers and were completed in 2005 . Among the most important finds was the ten - metre ( 32 feet ) stem , the forward continuation of the keel , which provided more exact details about the original profile of the ship . </P> <H3> Finds ( edit ) </H3> A mallet , drill handle , plane , ruler , and various other carpentry tools , most of which were found in chests stowed in one of the main deck cabins One of the many rosaries found on the Mary Rose that once belonged to one of the lower - ranking crew members <P> Over 26,000 artefacts and pieces of timber were raised along with remains of about half the crew members , The faces of some crew members have been reconstructed . Analysis of the crew skeletons shows many had suffered malnutrition , and had evidence of rickets , scurvy , and other deficiency diseases . Crew members also developed arthritis through the stresses on their joints from heavy lifting and maritime life generally , and suffered bone fractures . As the ship was intended to function as a floating , self - contained community , it was stocked with victuals ( food and drink ) that could sustain its inhabitants for extended periods of time . The casks used for storage on the Mary Rose have been compared with those from a wreck of a trade vessel from the 1560s and have revealed that they were of better quality , more robust and reliable , an indication that supplies for the Tudor navy were given high priority , and their requirements set a high standard for cask manufacturing at the time . As a miniature society at sea , the wreck of the Mary Rose held personal objects belonging to individual crew members . This included clothing , games , various items for spiritual or recreational use , and objects related to mundane everyday tasks such as personal hygiene , fishing , and sewing . The master carpenter 's chest , for example , contained a backgammon set , a book , three plates , a sundial , and a tankard , goods suggesting he was relatively wealthy . </P> <P> The ship carried several skilled craftsmen and was equipped for handling both routine maintenance and repairing extensive battle damage . In and around one of the cabins on the main deck under the sterncastle , archaeologists found a `` collection of woodworking tools ... unprecedented in its range and size '' , consisting of eight chests of carpentry tools . Along with loose mallets and tar pots used for caulking , this variety of tools belonged to one or several of the carpenters employed on the Mary Rose . </P> <P> Many of the cannons and other weapons from the Mary Rose have provided invaluable physical evidence about 16th - century weapon technology . The surviving gunshields are almost all from the Mary Rose , and the four small cast iron hailshot pieces are the only known examples of this type of weapon . </P> <P> Animal remains have been found in the wreck of the Mary Rose . These include the skeletons of a rat , a frog and a dog . The dog , a mongrel between eighteen months and two years in age , was found near the hatch to the ship 's carpenter 's cabin and is thought to have been brought aboard as a ratter . Nine barrels have been found to contain bones of cattle , indicating that they contained pieces of beef butchered and stored as ship 's rations . In addition , the bones of pigs and fish , stored in baskets , have also been found . </P> Musical instruments ( edit ) <P> Two fiddles , a bow , a still shawm or doucaine , three three - hole pipes , and a tabor drum with a drumstick were found throughout the wreck . These would have been used for the personal enjoyment of the crew and to provide a rhythm to work on the rigging and turning the capstans on the upper decks . The tabor drum is the earliest known example of its kind and the drumstick of a previously unknown design . The tabor pipes are considerably longer than any known examples from the period . Their discovery proved that contemporary illustrations , previously viewed with some suspicion , were in fact accurate depictions of the instruments . Before the discovery of the Mary Rose shawm , an early predecessor to the oboe , instrument historians had been puzzled by reference to `` still shawms '' , or `` soft '' shawms , that were said to have a sound that was less shrill than earlier shawms . The still shawm disappeared from the musical scene some time in the 16th century , and the instrument found on the Mary Rose is the only surviving example . A reproduction has been made and played . Combined with a pipe and tabor , it provides a `` very effective bass part '' that would have produced `` rich and full sound , which would have provided excellent music for dancing on board ship '' . Only a few other fiddle - type instruments from the 16th century exist , but none of them of the type found on the Mary Rose . Reproductions of both fiddles have been made , though less is known of their design than the shawm since the neck and strings were missing . </P> Navigation tools ( edit ) <P> In the remains of a small cabin in the bow of the ship and in a few other locations around the wreck was found the earliest dated set of navigation instruments in Europe found so far : compasses , divider calipers , a stick used for charting , protractors , sounding leads , tide calculators and a logreel , an instrument for calculating speed . Several of these objects are not only unique in having such an early , definite dating , but also because they pre-date written records of their use ; protractors would have reasonably been used to measure bearings and courses on maps , but sea charts are not known to have been used by English navigators during the first half of the 16th century , compasses were not depicted on English ships until the 1560s , and the first mention of a logreel is from 1574 . </P> Barber - surgeon 's cabin ( edit ) Along with the medical equipment were also personal items belonging to the barber - surgeon , including an expensive silk velvet coif identical to those worn by the members of the Worshipful Company of Barbers in this painting by Hans Holbein the Younger from 1540 . <P> The cabin located on the main deck underneath the sterncastle is thought to have belonged to the barber - surgeon . He was a trained professional who saw to the health and welfare of the crew and acted as the medical expert on board . The most important of these finds were found in an intact wooden chest which contained over 60 objects relating to the barber - surgeon 's medical practice : the wooden handles of a complete set of surgical tools and several shaving razors ( although none of the steel blades had survived ) , a copper syringe for wound irrigation and treatment of gonorrhoea , and even a skilfully crafted feeding bottle for feeding incapacitated patients . More objects were found around the cabin , such as earscoops , shaving bowls and combs . With this wide selection of tools and medicaments the barber - surgeon , along with one or more assistants , could set bone fractures , perform amputations and deal with other acute injuries , treat a number of diseases and provide crew members with a minimal standard of personal hygiene . </P> <H3> Conservation ( edit ) </H3> The Mary Rose being sprayed with water at the facility in Portsmouth in March 1984 . Between December 1984 and July 1985 the steel cradle was gradually rotated to stand with the keel in an almost upright position . <P> Preservation of the Mary Rose and her contents was an essential part of the project from the start . Though many artefacts , especially those that were buried in silt , had been preserved , the long exposure to an underwater environment had rendered most of them sensitive to exposure to air after recovery . Archaeologists and conservators had to work in tandem from the start to prevent deterioration of the artefacts . After recovery , finds were placed in so - called passive storage , which would prevent any immediate deterioration before the active conservation which would allow them to be stored in an open - air environment . Passive storage depended on the type of material that the object was made of , and could vary considerably . Smaller objects from the most common material , wood , were sealed in polyethylene bags to preserve moisture . Timbers and other objects that were too large to be wrapped were stored in unsealed water tanks . Growth of fungi and microbes that could degrade wood were controlled by various techniques , including low - temperature storage , chemicals , and in the case of large objects , common pond snails that consumed wood - degrading organisms but not the wood itself . </P> <P> Other organic materials such as leather , skin and textiles were treated similarly , by keeping them moist in tanks or sealed plastic containers . Bone and ivory was desalinated to prevent damage from salt crystallisation , as was glass , ceramic and stone . Iron , copper and copper alloy objects were kept moist in a sodium sesquicarbonate solution to prevent oxidisation and reaction with the chlorides that had penetrated the surface . Alloys of lead and pewter are inherently stable in the atmosphere and generally require no special treatment . Silver and gold were the only materials that required no special passive storage . </P> The hull of the Mary Rose being sprayed at the facility in Portsmouth while a technician is servicing the system <P> Conserving the hull of the Mary Rose was the most complicated and expensive task for the project . In 2002 a donation of £ 4.8 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund and equivalent monetary support from the Portsmouth City and Hampshire County Councils was needed to keep the work with conservation on schedule . During passive conservation , the ship structure could for practical reasons not be completely sealed , so instead it was regularly sprayed with filtered , recycled water that was kept at a temperature of 2 to 5 ° C ( 35 to 41 ° F ) to keep it from drying out . Drying waterlogged wood that has been submerged for several centuries without appropriate conservation causes considerable shrinkage ( 20 -- 50 % ) and leads to severe warping and cracking as water evaporates from the cellular structure of the wood . The substance polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) had been used before on archaeological wood , and was during the 1980s being used to conserve the Vasa . After almost ten years of small - scale trials on timbers , an active three - phase conservation programme of the hull of the Mary Rose began in 1994 . During the first phase , which lasted from 1994 to 2003 , the wood was sprayed with low - molecular - weight PEG to replace the water in the cellular structure of the wood . From 2003 to 2010 , a higher - molecular - weight PEG was used to strengthen the mechanical properties of the outer surface layers . The third phase consisted of a controlled air drying ending in 2016 . </P> <H2> Display ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Mary Rose Museum Concept plan of the new Mary Rose Museum by Wilkinson Eyre Architects . <P> After the decision to raise the Mary Rose , discussions ensued as to where she would eventually go on permanent display . The east end of Portsea Island at Eastney emerged as an early alternative , but was rejected because of parking problems and the distance from the dockyard where she was originally built . Placing the ship next to the famous flagship of Horatio Nelson , HMS Victory , at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard was proposed in July 1981 . A group called the Maritime Preservation Society even suggested Southsea Castle , where Henry VIII had witnessed the sinking , as a final resting place and there was widespread scepticism to the dockyard location . At one point a county councillor even threatened to withdraw promised funds if the dockyard site became more than an interim solution . As costs for the project mounted , there was a debate in the Council chamber and in the local paper The News as to whether the money could be spent more appropriately . Although author David Childs writes that in the early 1980s `` the debate was as a fiery one '' , the project was never seriously threatened because of the great symbolic importance of the Mary Rose to the naval history of both Portsmouth and England . </P> <P> Since the mid-1980s , the hull of the Mary Rose has been kept in a covered dry dock while undergoing conservation . Although the hull has been open to the public for viewing , the need for keeping the ship saturated first with water and later a polyethylene glycol ( PEG ) solution has meant that visitors have been separated from the hull by a glass barrier . The specially built ship hall had been visited by over seven million visitors as of 2007 , since it first opened on 4 October 1983 , just under a year after it was successfully raised . </P> <P> A separate Mary Rose Museum was housed in a structure called No. 5 Boathouse near the ship hall and was opened to the public on 9 July 1984 . containing displays explaining the history of the ship and a small number of conserved artefacts , from entire bronze cannons to household items . In September 2009 the temporary Mary Rose display hall was closed to visitors to facilitate construction of the new £ 35 million museum building , which opened to the public on 31 May 2013 . </P> <P> The new Mary Rose Museum was designed by architects Wilkinson Eyre , Perkins + Will and built by construction firm Warings . The construction has been challenging because the museum has been built over the ship in the dry dock which is a listed monument . During construction of the museum , conservation of the hull continued inside a sealed `` hotbox '' . In April 2013 the polyethylene glycol sprays were turned off and the process of controlled airdrying began . By 2016 the `` hotbox '' will be removed and for the first time since 1545 , the ship will be revealed dry . This new museum displays most of the artefacts recovered from within the ship in context with the conserved hull . Since opening it has been visited by over 500,000 people . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Archaeology of shipwrecks </Li> <Li> Batavia </Li> <Li> Mars </Li> <Li> Kronan </Li> <Li> HMS Royal George </Li> <Li> List of world 's largest wooden ships </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger ( 1997 ) , pp. 153 -- 56 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 1 ; Rodger ( 1997 ) , pp. 164 -- 65 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 ; Rodger ( 1997 ) , pp. 165 -- 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger ( 1997 ) , p. 221 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 2 -- 5 ; see Maria Hayward , `` The Flags , Fabric '' in Knighton and Loades ( 2000 ) , pp. 31 -- 33 for a more detailed account of the making of the flags . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 51 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Damian Goodburn , `` Woodworking Aspects of the Mary Rose '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 66 -- 68 , 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See for example McKee ( 1974 ) , p. 4 ; Rodger ( 1997 ) , p. 172 ; Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 15 ; Weightman ( 1957 ) , p. 286 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Childs ( 2007 ) , p. 17 ; David Loades , `` The Mary Rose and Fighting Ships '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , p. 5 ; Peter Marsden , `` Reconstruction of the Mary Rose : her Design and Use '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , p. 379 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 90 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Barker , Brad Loewen and Christopher Dobbs , `` Hull Design of the Mary Rose '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , p. 36 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For details of the construction , see especially Marsden ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , pp. 117 -- 133 ; see Marsden ( 2009 ) for a detailed survey of deck design and construction . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Marsden , `` The Upper Deck '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , p. 216 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Marsden , `` Reconstruction of the Mary Rose : her Design and Use '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 371 -- 78 ; Alexzandra Hildred , `` The Fighting Ship '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 340 -- 41 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See for example Rule ( 1983 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 94 , 96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Marsden , `` Propulsion , Masts and rigging '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 242 -- 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Endsor , `` Propulsion , The rigging '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , p. 261 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 7 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loades ( 1992 ) , pp. 94 -- 95 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger ( 1997 ) , pp. 205 -- 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger ( 1997 ) , p. 207 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It was not until the 1590s that the word `` broadside '' in English was commonly used to refer to gunfire from the side of a ship rather than the ship 's side itself ; Rodger ( 1996 ) , pp. 312 , 316 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger ( 1996 ) ; Rodger ( 1997 ) , pp. 206 -- 8 , 215 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexzandra Hildred , `` The Fighting Ship '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 297 -- 344 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexzandra Hildred , `` The Fighting Ship '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 313 -- 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Based on tables in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 318 , 332 , 338 , 341 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The last record is the illustrated Anthony Roll , which was compiled after the sinking , when it was apparently still believed that the Mary Rose could be raised and restored . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexzandra Hildred , `` The Fighting Ship '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 298 -- 303 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Based on table in Marsden ( 2009 ) , p. 302 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , pp. 149 -- 68 ; David . Loades , `` II : The Ordnance '' in Knighton and Loades ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 ; Alexzandra Hildred , `` ( ii ) Munitions '' in Knighton and Loades ( 2000 ) , pp. 16 -- 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexzandra Hildred , `` The Fighting Ship '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 311 -- 12 , 341 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Childs ( 2007 ) , p. 57 ; see also BBC News , `` Sword from Mary Rose on display '' , 26 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 172 ; Stirland ( 2000 ) , p. 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , pp. 181 -- 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexzandra Hildred , `` The Fighting Ship '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 324 -- 25 ; see also Balfour , Metcalf & North , `` A Gun - Shield from the Armoury of Henry VIII : Decorative Oddity or Important Discovery ? Archived 20 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine . '' in V&A Online Journal No. 39 for more information . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Julie Gardiner , `` The ' Good Shippe ' Mary Rose : an Introduction '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 ; Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 ; Stirland ( 2000 ) , pp 53 -- 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For a detailed list of officers and other named people who served on the ship 1513 -- 1545 , see Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Gray , `` Living relatives of Mary Rose crew may be identified through DNA '' , The Telegraph , 30 May 2013 , accessed 27 April 2015 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Julie Gardiner , `` The ' Good Shippe ' Mary Rose : an Introduction '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 11 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 9 -- 10 ; Stirland ( 2000 ) , pp. 53 -- 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Based on table from Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dating uncertain since the Anthony Roll was made over a longer period of time that extended beyond the sinking of the Mary Rose . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stirland ( 2000 ) , pp. 74 -- 76 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardiner ( 2005 ) , p. 12 ; Stirland ( 2000 ) , p. 149 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stirland ( 2000 ) , pp. 113 -- 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stirland ( 2000 ) , pp. 118 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stirland ( 2000 ) , pp. 139 -- 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loades ( 1992 ) , p. 60 ; for estimates of losses see Marsden ( 2003 ) pp. 10 -- 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) pp. 11 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loades ( 1992 ) , pp. 62 -- 64 ; Rodger ( 1997 ) , pp. 170 -- 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 12 -- 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger ( 1997 ) , p. 172 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) pp. 13 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger ( 1997 ) , pp. 174 -- 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 15 -- 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 142 ; for examples of authors that have stated that the ship went through considerable alterations in 1536 , see also p. 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger ( 1997 ) , pp. 176 -- 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loades ( 1992 ) , pp. 131 -- 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loades ( 1992 ) , p. 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher Dobbs , `` The Galley '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , p. 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 ; Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 133 -- 34 . For more discussion supporting the suddenness and violent nature of the sinking , see also Julie Gardiner , `` The ' Good Shippe ' Mary Rose : an Introduction '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 16 -- 17 and Colin McKewan , `` The Ship 's Carpenters and Their Tools '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , p. 297 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corney , Arthur ( 1968 ) . Southsea Castle . Portsmouth City Council . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 19 , 179 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 20 , 181 -- 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For summaries and comments on the various accounts see Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 18 -- 20 , 130 -- 34 , 178 -- 79 and Rule ( 1983 ) pp. 36 -- 38 and Stirland ( 2000 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodger ( 1997 ) ; Rule ( 1983 ) ; Stirland ( 2000 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stirland ( 2000 ) , pp. 22 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 132 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Marsden , `` The Loss of the Mary Rose , 1545 '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 391 -- 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watt ( 1983 ) , p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barker ( 1992 ) , p. 439 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 130 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Brossard ( 1983 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexzandra Hildred , `` The Fighting Ship '' , pp. 307 -- 8 in Marsden ( 2009 ) . For a detailed account of Dominic Fontana 's theory on the sinking see `` The Cowdray engravings and the loss of the Mary Rose '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Channel 4 , `` What Sank the Mary Rose ? '' , 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For a detailed account of the raising operations , see Rule ( 1983 ) , pp. 39 -- 41 ; Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 20 ; Peter Marsden , `` Salvage , Saving and Surveying the Mary Rose '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State Papers Henry VIII , vol. 1 , ( 1830 ) , pp. 796 -- 797 note , Suffolk to Paget , 1 August 1545 : Letters & Papers , Henry VIII , vol. 20 part 2 ( 1907 ) , nos. 2 , 3 , 14 , 16 , 38 , 39 , 81 , abbreviated </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Marsden , `` Salvage , Saving and Surveying the Mary Rose '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 ; see Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 28 for a discussion of the possible salvage of part of the main mast during the 19th century salvage . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 20 ; Ann Payne , `` An Artistic Survey '' , p . 23 in Knighton and Loades ( 2000 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 41 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones ( 2003 ) , pp. 12 -- 24 ; Rule ( 1983 ) , pp. 69 -- 71 ; see Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 76 -- 86 for a detailed stratigraphy of the wrecksite . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Marsden , `` Understanding the Mary Rose '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , p. 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 21 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 26 -- 29 ; Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 47 . For a detailed account of the Deanes see John Bevan , The Infernal Diver : the lives of John and Charles Deane , their invention of the diving helmet , and its first application to salvage , treasure hunting , civil engineering and military uses . Submex , London . 1996 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9508242 - 1 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wille ( 2005 ) p. 388 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 30 -- 34 ; Rule ( 1983 ) , pp. 47 -- 56 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 32 -- 33 ; quote from Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , pp. 54 -- 56 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 67 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See The Mary Rose Trust , Registered Charity no . 277503 at the Charity Commission . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 40 -- 41 ; Rule ( 1983 ) , pp. 59 , 73 -- 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 220 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wendell Lewis , `` Raising the Mary Rose '' in Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 51 -- 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Childs ( 2007 ) , pp. 197 -- 98 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 227 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wendell Lewis , `` Raising the Mary Rose '' in Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 53 -- 59 ; Rule ( 1983 ) , pp. 206 -- 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 143 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 143 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 61 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule ( 1983 ) , p. 89 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 44 -- 47 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Childs ( 2007 ) , pp. 208 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , xi . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Mary Rose : A Tudor ship 's secrets revealed '' , BBC </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jen Rodrigues , `` Staved containers ( casks ) '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , p. 421 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Childs ( 2007 ) , pp. 79 -- 88 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colin McKewan , `` The Ships ' Carpenters and Their Tools '' , in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , p. 297 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexzandra Hildred , `` The Fighting Ship '' in Marsden ( 2009 ) , p. 313 ; Rosemary Weinstein , Julie Gardiner and Robin Wood , `` Official issue or personal possession ? '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 494 -- 95 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roseanna Cawthorne ( 5 October 2012 ) . `` 10 things you might not know about the Mary Rose '' . Current Archeology . Current Publishing . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uncreditted ( 12 March 2010 ) . `` Dog skeleton from Mary Rose displayed in Portsmouth '' . BBC News . British Broadcasting Corporation . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anonymous ( n.d. ) . `` Life on Board the Mary Rose '' . The Mary Rose . Archived from the original on 8 March 2013 . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jermy Montagu `` Music on Board the Mary Rose , '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 226 -- 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Foster `` Wind Instruments , '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 240 -- 41 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mary Anne Alburger , `` Bowed String Instruments , '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 242 -- 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Hicks , `` Navigation and Ship 's Communication '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , p. 264 ; Alan Stimson , `` The Navigation Instruments '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 267 -- 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirstie Buckland , `` Silk Hats to Woolly Socks : Clothing Remains from the Mary Rose , Silk caps or coifs '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 35 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jo Castle and several others , `` Septicaemia , Scurvy and the Spanish Pox : Provisions for the Sickness and Injury at Sea '' in Gardiner ( 2005 ) , pp. 171 -- 225 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Harrison , `` Creating the Mary Rose Tudor Ship Museum '' in Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 64 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 145 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones ( 2003 ) , pp. 35 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones ( 2003 ) , pp. 47 -- 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Childs ( 2007 ) , 204 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones ( 2003 ) , pp. 40 -- 41 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones ( 2003 ) , pp. 67 -- 69 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC News , Mary Rose warship : Full view revealed after museum revamp </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Childs ( 2007 ) , p. 199 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Harrison , `` Creating the Mary Rose Tudor Ship Museum '' in Marsden ( 2003 ) , pp. 64 - 66 ; Childs ( 2007 ) , p. 210 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Harrison , `` Creating the Mary Rose Tudor Ship Museum '' in Marsden ( 2003 ) , p. 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Official website Archived 22 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ... Mary Rose Trust . Retrieved 21 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Museum hits 500,000 th visitor ! - The Mary Rose Museum '' . 19 June 2014 . Archived from the original on 8 August 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> The Mary Rose Museum <Ul> <Li> Barker , Richard , `` Shipshape for Discoveries , and Return '' , Mariner 's Mirror 78 ( 1992 ) , pp. 433 -- 47 </Li> <Li> de Brossard , M. , `` The French and English Versions of the Loss of the Mary Rose in 1545 '' , Mariner 's Mirror 70 ( 1984 ) , p. 387 . </Li> <Li> Childs , David , The Warship Mary Rose : The Life and Times of King Henry VIII 's Flagship Chatham Publishing , London . 2007 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86176 - 267 - 2 </Li> <Li> Gardiner , Julie ( editor ) , Before the Mast : Life and Death aboard the Mary Rose / The Archaeology of the Mary Rose , Volume 4 . The Mary Rose Trust , Portsmouth. 2005 . ISBN 0 - 9544029 - 4 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jones , Mark ( editor ) , For Future Generations : Conservation of a Tudor Maritime Collection The Archaeology of the Mary Rose , Volume 5 . The Mary Rose Trust , Portsmouth. 2003 . ISBN 0 - 9544029 - 5 - 2 </Li> <Li> Knighton , C.S. and Loades , David M. , The Anthony Roll of Henry VIII 's Navy : Pepys Library 2991 and British Library Additional MS 22047 with related documents . Ashgate Publishing , Aldershot. 2000 . ISBN 0 - 7546 - 0094 - 7 </Li> <Li> Loades , David , The Tudor Navy : An administrative , political and military history . Scolar Press , Aldershot. 1992 . ISBN 0 - 85967 - 922 - 5 </Li> <Li> McKee , Alexander , King Henry VIII 's Mary Rose . Stein and Day , New York . 1974 . </Li> <Li> Marsden , Peter , Sealed by Time : The Loss and Recovery of the Mary Rose . The Archaeology of the Mary Rose , Volume 1 . The Mary Rose Trust , Portsmouth. 2003 . ISBN 0 - 9544029 - 0 - 1 </Li> <Li> Marsden , Peter ( editor ) , Your Noblest Shippe : Anatomy of a Tudor Warship . The Archaeology of the Mary Rose , Volume 2 . The Mary Rose Trust , Portsmouth. 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9544029 - 2 - 1 </Li> <Li> Rodger , Nicholas A.M. , The Safeguard of the Sea : A Naval History of Britain 660 -- 1649 . W.W. Norton & Company , New York . 1997 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 04579 - X </Li> <Li> Rodger , Nicholas A.M. , `` The Development of Broadside Gunnery , 1450 -- 1650 . '' Mariner 's Mirror 82 ( 1996 ) , pp. 301 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Rule , Margaret , The Mary Rose : The Excavation and Raising of Henry VIII 's Flagship . ( 2nd edition ) Conway Maritime Press , London . 1983 . ISBN 0 - 85177 - 289 - 7 </Li> <Li> Stirland , Ann J. , Raising the Dead : The Skeleton Crew of Henry VIII 's Great Ship , the Mary Rose . John Wiley & Sons , Chichester. 2000 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 98485 - X </Li> <Li> Watt , James , `` The Surgeons of the Mary Rose : the practice of surgery in Tudor England '' , Mariner 's Mirror 69 ( 1983 ) , pp. 3 -- 19 . </Li> <Li> Weightman , Alfred Edwin , Heraldry in the Royal Navy : Crests and Badges of H.M. ships Gale & Polden , Aldershot. 1957 . </Li> <Li> Wille , Peter , Sound Images of the Ocean in Research and Monitoring . Berlin : Springer 2005 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 24122 - 1 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hildred , Alexzandra ( editor ) , Weapons of Warre : The Armaments of the Mary Rose . The Archaeology of the Mary Rose , Volume 3 . Mary Rose Trust , Portsmouth. 2011 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9544029 - 3 - 8 </Li> <Li> Miller , Peter ( May 1983 ) . `` Henry VIII 's Lost Warship '' . National Geographic . Vol. 163 no . 5 . pp. 646 -- 675 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary Rose . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Official website of the Mary Rose 500 Appeal </Li> <Li> The Mary Rose National Historic Ships </Li> <Li> Thee Mary Rose at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard </Li> <Li> Press association , `` Divers may have found more of Mary Rose '' , The Guardian , 18 August 2003 </Li> <Li> The raising of the Mary Rose </Li> <Li> Mary Rose Excavation 2003 -- 2005 </Li> <Li> UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ships and vessels on the National Register of Historic Vessels </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sailing ships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albion </Li> <Li> Bloodhound </Li> <Li> Cambria </Li> <Li> Centaur </Li> <Li> Cutty Sark </Li> <Li> Discovery </Li> <Li> Earl of Pembroke </Li> <Li> Edith May </Li> <Li> Ena </Li> <Li> Excelsior </Li> <Li> Glenlee </Li> <Li> Hathor </Li> <Li> Irene </Li> <Li> Kathleen & May </Li> <Li> Lady of the Lea </Li> <Li> Maud </Li> <Li> Peggy </Li> <Li> Reaper </Li> <Li> Thalatta </Li> <Li> Will </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Steamships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bertha </Li> <Li> Cervia </Li> <Li> Duke of Lancaster </Li> <Li> Explorer </Li> <Li> Freshspring </Li> <Li> Gondola </Li> <Li> Great Britain </Li> <Li> John H Amos </Li> <Li> Kingswear Castle </Li> <Li> Knocker White </Li> <Li> Lydia Eva </Li> <Li> Maid of the Loch </Li> <Li> Medway Queen </Li> <Li> Nomadic </Li> <Li> Queen Mary </Li> <Li> Robin </Li> <Li> Ryde </Li> <Li> Shieldhall </Li> <Li> Tattershall Castle </Li> <Li> Waverley </Li> <Li> Wingfield Castle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motor vessels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aberdonia </Li> <Li> Arctic Corsair </Li> <Li> Balmoral </Li> <Li> Bluebird of Chelsea </Li> <Li> Bustardthorpe </Li> <Li> Calshot </Li> <Li> Devon Belle </Li> <Li> Edmund Gardner </Li> <Li> Havengore </Li> <Li> Karina </Li> <Li> Lady of the Lake </Li> <Li> Lady Wakefield </Li> <Li> Massey Shaw </Li> <Li> Mincarlo </Li> <Li> Pyronaut </Li> <Li> Raven </Li> <Li> Ross Revenge </Li> <Li> Ross Tiger </Li> <Li> Royal Iris </Li> <Li> SR. N1 </Li> <Li> Sundowner </Li> <Li> The Second Snark </Li> <Li> Tower Belle </Li> <Li> Western Belle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canal vessels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bessie </Li> <Li> Birchills </Li> <Li> Diamond </Li> <Li> Kildare </Li> <Li> Peacock </Li> <Li> Perseverance IV </Li> <Li> President </Li> <Li> Stour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lifeboats </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aguila Wren </Li> <Li> Forester 's Centenary </Li> <Li> HF Bailey III </Li> <Li> Helen Smitton </Li> <Li> Henry Ramey Upcher </Li> <Li> JC Madge </Li> <Li> Jesse Lumb </Li> <Li> Lucy Lavers </Li> <Li> The Manchester Unity of Oddfellows </Li> <Li> Thomas McCunn </Li> <Li> William and Kate Johnstone </Li> <Li> Zetland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lightships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Light Vessel 12 Spurn </Li> <Li> Light Vessel 14 Spurn </Li> <Li> North Carr </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Warships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> CMB 4 </Li> <Li> HMS Alliance </Li> <Li> HMS Belfast </Li> <Li> HMS Bronington </Li> <Li> HMS Caroline </Li> <Li> HMS Cavalier </Li> <Li> HMS Gannet </Li> <Li> HMS Gay Archer </Li> <Li> The Minesweeper </Li> <Li> HMS Ocelot </Li> <Li> HMS President </Li> <Li> HMS Trincomalee </Li> <Li> HMS Unicorn </Li> <Li> HMS Victory </Li> <Li> HMS Warrior </Li> <Li> HMS Wellington </Li> <Li> M33 </Li> <Li> LCT 7074 </Li> <Li> Mary Rose </Li> <Li> MTB 102 </Li> <Li> RML 497 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vessels of the National Historic Fleet </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albion </Li> <Li> RNLB Alfred Corry </Li> <Li> HMS Alliance </Li> <Li> Balmoral </Li> <Li> HMS Belfast </Li> <Li> Bertha </Li> <Li> HMY Britannia </Li> <Li> HMS Bronington </Li> <Li> Calshot </Li> <Li> Cambria </Li> <Li> HMS Caroline </Li> <Li> Centaur </Li> <Li> Cervia </Li> <Li> HMS Cavalier </Li> <Li> CMB 4 </Li> <Li> Cutty Sark </Li> <Li> Discovery </Li> <Li> Edmund Gardner </Li> <Li> Excelsior </Li> <Li> HMS Gannet </Li> <Li> Glenlee </Li> <Li> Great Britain </Li> <Li> Hathor </Li> <Li> HF Bailey III </Li> <Li> HMS Holland 1 </Li> <Li> Jesse Lumb </Li> <Li> John H Amos </Li> <Li> Kathleen and May </Li> <Li> Kingswear Castle </Li> <Li> Light Vessel 12 Spurn </Li> <Li> Lydia Eva </Li> <Li> M33 </Li> <Li> Maid of the Loch </Li> <Li> Mary Rose </Li> <Li> Massey Shaw </Li> <Li> Maud </Li> <Li> Mayflower </Li> <Li> Medway Queen </Li> <Li> MTB 102 </Li> <Li> Nomadic </Li> <Li> North Carr </Li> <Li> Peacock </Li> <Li> Peggy </Li> <Li> President </Li> <Li> HMS President </Li> <Li> Prince Frederick 's Barge </Li> <Li> Ryde </Li> <Li> Pyronaut </Li> <Li> Queen Mary </Li> <Li> Raven </Li> <Li> Reaper </Li> <Li> Result </Li> <Li> RML 497 </Li> <Li> Robin </Li> <Li> Shieldhall </Li> <Li> Sir Walter Scott </Li> <Li> Sundowner </Li> <Li> Thalatta </Li> <Li> HMS Trincomalee </Li> <Li> Turbinia </Li> <Li> HMS Unicorn </Li> <Li> HMS Victory </Li> <Li> HMS Warrior </Li> <Li> Waverley </Li> <Li> HQS Wellington </Li> <Li> Wingfield Castle </Li> <Li> Zetland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vessels listed on the National Archive of Historic Vessels </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overseas Watch List </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> City of Adelaide </Li> <Li> HMAS Curlew </Li> <Li> Eppleton Hall </Li> <Li> Falls of Clyde </Li> <Li> HMS Elfin </Li> <Li> Keewatin </Li> <Li> HMS Portisham </Li> <Li> RMS Queen Mary </Li> <Li> SAS Somerset </Li> <Li> Viola </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disposed vessels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lincoln Castle </Li> <Li> Manxman </Li> <Li> HMS Plymouth </Li> <Li> HMS Stalker </Li> <Li> Waterwitch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Coordinates : 50 ° 47 ′ 59 '' N 1 ° 06 ′ 24 '' W / 50.79972 ° N 1.10667 ° W / 50.79972 ; - 1.10667 </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mary_Rose&oldid=842752624 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1510 in England </Li> <Li> 1545 in England </Li> <Li> 16th - century maritime incidents </Li> <Li> 16th - century ships </Li> <Li> 1982 in England </Li> <Li> History of archery </Li> <Li> Individual sailing vessels </Li> <Li> Museum ships in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Portsmouth - built ships </Li> <Li> Protected Wrecks of England </Li> <Li> Ships and vessels of the National Historic Fleet </Li> <Li> Ships of the English navy </Li> <Li> Ships preserved in museums </Li> <Li> Shipwrecks in the Solent </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> <Li> EngvarB from September 2013 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2013 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Featured articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 19 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 12 : 55 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Planning - wikipedia <H1> Planning </H1> `` Forethought '' redirects here . For the defunct software company , see Forethought , Inc . <P> Planning is the process of thinking about the activities required to achieve a desired goal . It involves the creation and maintenance of a plan , such as psychological aspects that require conceptual skills . There are even a couple of tests to measure someone 's capability of planning well . As such , planning is a fundamental property of intelligent behavior . An important further meaning , often just called `` planning '' is the legal context of permitted building developments . </P> <P> Also , planning has a specific process and is necessary for multiple occupations ( particularly in fields such as management , business , etc . ) . In each field there are different types of plans that help companies achieve efficiency and effectiveness . An important , albeit often ignored aspect of planning , is the relationship it holds to forecasting . Forecasting can be described as predicting what the future will look like , whereas planning predicts what the future should look like for multiple scenarios . Planning combines forecasting with preparation of scenarios and how to react to them . Planning is one of the most important project management and time management techniques . Planning is preparing a sequence of action steps to achieve some specific goal . If a person does it effectively , they can reduce much the necessary time and effort of achieving the goal . A plan is like a map . When following a plan , a person can see how much they have progressed towards their project goal and how far they are from their destination . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Planning topics <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Psychological aspects </Li> <Li> 1.2 Neuropsychological tests </Li> <Li> 1.3 Planning in public policy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Planning process </Li> <Li> 3 Alternatives to planning </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <H2> Planning topics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Psychological aspects ( edit ) </H3> The Striatum ; part of the basal ganglia ; neural pathways between the striatum and the frontal lobe have been implicated in planning function . <P> Planning is one of the executive functions of the brain , encompassing the neurological processes involved in the formulation , evaluation and selection of a sequence of thoughts and actions to achieve a desired goal . Various studies utilizing a combination of neuropsychological , neuropharmacological and functional neuroimaging approaches have suggested there is a positive relationship between impaired planning ability and damage to the frontal lobe . </P> <P> A specific area within the mid-dorsolateral frontal cortex located in the frontal lobe has been implicated as playing an intrinsic role in both cognitive planning and associated executive traits such as working memory . </P> <P> Disruption of the neural pathways , via various mechanisms such as traumatic brain injury , or the effects of neurodegenerative diseases between this area of the frontal cortex and the basal ganglia specifically the striatum ( cortico - striatal pathway ) , may disrupt the processes required for normal planning function . </P> <P> Individuals who were born Very Low Birth Weight ( < 1500 grams ) and Extremely Low BirthWeight ( ELBW ) are at greater risk for various cognitive deficits including planning ability . </P> <H3> Neuropsychological tests ( edit ) </H3> Animation of a four disc version of the Tower of Hanoi . <P> There are a variety of neuropsychological tests which can be used to measure variance of planning ability between the subject and controls . </P> <Ul> <Li> Tower of Hanoi ( TOH - R ) , a puzzle invented in 1883 by the French mathematician Édouard Lucas . There are different variations of the puzzle , the classic version consists of three rods and usually seven to nine discs of subsequently smaller size . Planning is a key component of the problem solving skills necessary to achieve the objective , which is to move the entire stack to another rod , obeying the following rules : <Ul> <Li> Only one disk may be moved at a time . </Li> <Li> Each move consists of taking the upper disk from one of the rods and sliding it onto another rod , on top of the other disks that may already be present on that rod . </Li> <Li> No disk may be placed on top of a smaller disk . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Screenshot of the PEBL psychology software running the Tower of London test <Ul> <Li> Tower of London ( TOL ) is another test that was developed in 1992 ( Shallice 1992 ) specifically to detect deficits in planning as may occur with damage to the frontal lobe . Test participants with damage to the left anterior frontal lobe demonstrated planning deficits ( i.e. , greater number of moves required for solution ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> In test participants with damage to the right anterior , and left or right posterior areas of the frontal lobes showed no impairment . The results implicating the left anterior frontal lobes involvement in solving the TOL were supported in concomitant neuroimaging studies which also showed a reduction in regional cerebral blood flow to the left pre-frontal lobe . For the number of moves , a significant negative correlation was observed for the left prefrontal area : i.e. subjects that took more time planning their moves showed greater activation in the left prefrontal area . </P> <H3> Planning in public policy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Public policy planning includes environmental , land use , regional , urban and spatial planning . In many countries , the operation of a town and country planning system is often referred to as `` planning '' and the professionals which operate the system are known as `` planners '' . </P> <P> It is a conscious as well as sub-conscious activity . It is `` an anticipatory decision making process '' that helps in coping with complexities . It is deciding future course of action from amongst alternatives . It is a process that involves making and evaluating each set of interrelated decisions . It is selection of missions , objectives and `` translation of knowledge into action . '' A planned performance brings better results compared to an unplanned one . A manager 's job is planning , monitoring and controlling . Planning and goal setting are important traits of an organization . It is done at all levels of the organization . Planning includes the plan , the thought process , action , and implementation . Planning gives more power over the future . Planning is deciding in advance what to do , how to do it , when to do it , and who should do it . This bridges the gap from where the organization is to where it wants to be . The planning function involves establishing goals and arranging them in logical order . A well planned organization achieve faster goals than the ones that do n't plan before implementation . </P> <H2> Planning process ( edit ) </H2> Example of planning process framework . <P> Patrick Montana and Bruce Charnov outline a three - step result - oriented process for planning : </P> <Ol> <Li> choosing a destination </Li> <Li> evaluating alternative routes </Li> <Li> deciding the specific course of the plan </Li> </Ol> <P> In organizations , planning can become a management process , concerned with defining goals for a future direction and determining on the missions and resources to achieve those targets . To meet the goals , managers may develop plans such as a business plan or a marketing plan . Planning always has a purpose . The purpose may involve the achievement of certain goals or targets . </P> <P> Major characteristics of planning in organizations include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Planning increases the efficiency of an organization . </Li> <Li> Planning reduces risks . </Li> <Li> Planning utilizes with maximum efficiency the available time and resources </Li> </Ul> <P> The concept of planning in organizations involves identifying what an organization wants to do by using four questions : `` where are we today in terms of our business or strategy planning ? Where are we going ? Where do we want to go ? How are we going to get there ? ... '' </P> <H2> Alternatives to planning ( edit ) </H2> <P> Opportunism can supplement or replace planning . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Thinking portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Automated planning and scheduling </Li> <Li> Architectural planning </Li> <Li> Business plan </Li> <Li> Central planning </Li> <Li> Collaborative planning , forecasting , and replenishment </Li> <Li> Comprehensive planning </Li> <Li> Contingency planning </Li> <Li> Economic planning </Li> <Li> Enterprise architecture planning </Li> <Li> Environmental planning </Li> <Li> Event planning </Li> <Li> Family planning </Li> <Li> Financial planning </Li> <Li> Futures studies </Li> <Li> Land use planning </Li> <Li> Landscape planning </Li> <Li> Learning theory ( education ) </Li> <Li> Lesson planning </Li> <Li> Life planning </Li> <Li> Marketing plan </Li> <Li> Network resource planning </Li> <Li> Operational planning </Li> <Li> Planning Domain Definition Language </Li> <Li> Planning fallacy </Li> <Li> Project management </Li> <Li> Regional planning </Li> <Li> Site planning </Li> <Li> Spatial planning </Li> <Li> Strategic planning </Li> <Li> Succession planning </Li> <Li> Time management </Li> <Li> Urban planning </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Owen , AM ( Nov 1997 ) . `` Cognitive planning in humans : neuropsychological , neuroanatomical and neuropharmacological perspectives '' . Prog Neurobiol. 53 ( 4 ) : 431 -- 50 . doi : 10.1016 / s0301 - 0082 ( 97 ) 00042 - 7 . PMID 9421831 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey , JM ; O'Callaghan , MJ ; Mohay , H ( May 1999 ) . `` Executive function of children with extremely low birthweight : a case control study '' . Dev Med Child Neurol. 41 ( 5 ) : 292 -- 7 . doi : 10.1017 / s0012162299000663 . PMID 10378753 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aarnoudse - Moens , CS ; Weisglas - Kuperus , N ; van Goudoever , JB ; Oosterlaan , J ( Aug 2009 ) . `` Meta - analysis of neurobehavioral outcomes in very preterm and / or very low birth weight children '' . Pediatrics. 124 ( 2 ) : 717 -- 28 . doi : 10.1542 / peds. 2008 - 2816 . PMID 19651588 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welsh , MC ; Huizinga , M ( Jun 2001 ) . `` The development and preliminary validation of the Tower of Hanoi - revised '' . Assessment . 8 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 76 . doi : 10.1177 / 107319110100800205 . PMID 11428696 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , JR ; Albert , MV ; Fincham , JM ( Aug 2005 ) . `` Tracing problem solving in real time : fMRI analysis of the subject - paced Tower of Hanoi '' . J Cogn Neurosci. 17 ( 8 ) : 1261 -- 74 . doi : 10.1162 / 0898929055002427 . PMID 16197682 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shallice , T. ( 1982 ) . `` Specific impairments of planning '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . Series B , Biological Sciences . 298 ( 1089 ) : 199 -- 209 . doi : 10.1098 / rstb. 1982.0082 . PMID 6125971 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barron 's Management book fourth edition , Authors : Patrick J. Montana and Bruce H. Charnov </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example : Faludi , Andreas ( 2013 ) ( 1987 ) . A Decision - centred View of Environmental Planning . Urban and Regional Planning Series . 38 . Oxford : Elsevier . p. 208 . ISBN 9781483286488 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 11 . Plans which do not allow for ( accommodating the public and private interest in land development ) will be neglected . So the effect is the opposite of what is intended : opportunism . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planning . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up planning in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Planning </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Allmendinger , Phil ; Gunder , Michael ( 2005 ) . `` Applying Lacanian Insight and a Dash of Derridean Deconstruction to Planning 's ' Dark Side ' '' . Planning Theory . 4 : 87 -- 112 . doi : 10.1177 / 1473095205051444 . </Li> <Li> Bazin , A. ( 2012 ) . Bilateral and multilateral planning : Best practices and lessons learned . Strategos . </Li> <Li> Das , JP , Binod C Kar , Rauno K Parrila . Cognitive Planning : The Psychological Basis of Intelligent Behaviour . Sage Publications Pvt. Ltd ; illustrated edition . English ISBN 0 - 8039 - 9287 - 4 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8039 - 9287 - 0 </Li> <Li> Gunder , Michael ( 2003 ) . `` Passionate Planning for the Others ' Desire : An Agonistic Response to the Dark Side of Planning '' . Progress in Planning . 60 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 319 . doi : 10.1016 / s0305 - 9006 ( 02 ) 00115 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Pløger , John ( 2001 ) . `` Public Participation and the Art of Governance '' . Environment and Planning B : Planning and Design . 28 ( 2 ) : 219 -- 241 . doi : 10.1068 / b2669 . </Li> <Li> Roy , Ananya ( 2008 ) . `` Post-Liberalism : On the Ethico - Politics of Planning '' . Planning Theory . 7 ( 1 ) : 92 -- 102 . doi : 10.1177 / 1473095207087526 . </Li> <Li> Tang , Wing - Shing ( 2000 ) . `` Chinese Urban Planning at Fifty : An Assessment of the Planning Theory Literature '' . Journal of Planning Literature. 14 ( 3 ) : 347 -- 366 . doi : 10.1177 / 08854120022092700 . </Li> <Li> Yiftachel , Oren , 1995 , `` The Dark Side of Modernism : Planning as Control of an Ethnic Minority , '' in Sophie Watson and Katherine Gibson , eds. , Postmodern Cities and Spaces ( Oxford and Cambridge , MA : Blackwell ) , pp. 216 -- 240 . </Li> <Li> Yiftachel , Oren ( 1998 ) . `` Planning and Social Control : Exploring the Dark Side '' . Journal of Planning Literature. 12 ( 4 ) : 395 -- 406 . doi : 10.1177 / 088541229801200401 . </Li> <Li> Yiftachel , Oren ( 2006 ) . `` Re-engaging Planning Theory ? Towards South - Eastern Perspectives '' . Planning Theory . 5 ( 3 ) : 211 -- 222 . doi : 10.1177 / 1473095206068627 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Planning&oldid=850344118 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Planning </Li> <Li> Systems engineering </Li> <Li> Neuropsychological assessment </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> অসমীয়া </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> ChiShona </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 30 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 08 : 30 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of oldest trees - wikipedia <H1> List of oldest trees </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Pando , an 80,000 - year - old colony of quaking aspen , is the oldest - known clonal tree , located in Utah , United States <P> This is a list of the oldest - known trees , as reported in reliable sources . Definitions of what constitutes an individual tree vary . In addition , tree ages are derived from a variety of sources , including documented `` tree - ring '' count core samples , and from estimates . For these reasons , this article presents three lists of `` oldest trees , '' each using varying criteria . </P> <P> There are three tables of trees , which are listed by age and species . The first table includes trees for which a minimum age has been directly determined , either through counting or cross-referencing tree rings or through radiocarbon dating . Many of these trees may be even older than their listed ages , but the oldest wood in the tree has rotted away . For some old trees , so much of the centre is missing that their age can not be directly determined . Instead , estimates are made based on the tree 's size and presumed growth rate . The second table includes trees with these estimated ages . The last table lists clonal colonies in which no individual tree trunks may be remarkably old but in which the organism as a whole is thought to be very old . </P> <P> The current record - holders for individual , non-clonal trees are the Great Basin bristlecone pine trees from California and Nevada , in the United States . Through tree - ring cross-referencing , they have been shown to be more than five millennia old . </P> <P> A clonal colony can survive for much longer than an individual tree . A colony of 47,000 quaking aspen trees ( nicknamed `` Pando '' ) , covering 106 acres ( 43 ha ) in the Fishlake National Forest of Utah , is considered one of the oldest and largest organisms in the world . The colony has been estimated to be 80,000 years old , although tree ring samples date individual , above - ground , trees at only an average of about 130 years . A colony of Huon pine trees covering 2.5 acres ( 1.0 ha ) on Mount Read , Tasmania is estimated to be around 10,000 years old , as determined by DNA samples taken from pollen collected from the sediment of a nearby lake . Individual trees in this group date to no more than 4,000 years old , as determined by tree ring samples . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Individual trees with verified ages </Li> <Li> 2 Old trees with estimated ages </Li> <Li> 3 Clonal trees </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Individual trees with verified ages ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age ( years ) </Th> <Th> Species </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 7006185095600000000 ♠ 5,067 </Td> <Td> Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva </Td> <Td> White Mountains , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Oldest - known currently living tree . Tree cored by Edmund Schulman , age determined by Tom Harlan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Methuselah </Td> <Td> 7006177135900000000 ♠ 4,849 </Td> <Td> Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva </Td> <Td> White Mountains , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Until 2012 , it was the oldest - known living tree in the world . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prometheus ( WPN - 114 ) </Td> <Td> 4844 ! 4,844 </Td> <Td> Great Basin bristlecone pine Pinus longaeva </Td> <Td> Wheeler Peak , Nevada </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Cut down in 1964 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gran Abuelo </Td> <Td> 7006133210800000000 ♠ 3,647 </Td> <Td> Patagonian cypress Fitzroya cupressoides </Td> <Td> Cordillera Pelada , Los Ríos </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Alive . Located within Alerce Costero National Park . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CBR26 </Td> <Td> 3266 ! 3,266 </Td> <Td> Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> D - 21 </Td> <Td> 3220 ! 3,220 </Td> <Td> Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> D - 23 </Td> <Td> 3075 ! 3,075 </Td> <Td> Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CMC 3 </Td> <Td> 3033 ! 3,033 </Td> <Td> Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scofield Juniper </Td> <Td> 2675 ! 2,675 </Td> <Td> Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CB - 90 - 11 </Td> <Td> 7005898769000000000 ♠ 2,460 </Td> <Td> Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pine Pinus aristata </Td> <Td> central Colorado </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi </Td> <Td> 2302 ! 2,302 </Td> <Td> Sacred fig Ficus religiosa </Td> <Td> Anuradhapura , North Central Province </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> A sapling from the historical Bodhi tree under which the Buddha became enlightened . It was planted in 288 BC and is the oldest living human - planted tree in the world with a known planting date . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 2200 ! 2,200 </Td> <Td> Coast Redwood Sequoia sempervirens </Td> <Td> northern California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bennett Juniper </Td> <Td> 2200 ! 2,200 </Td> <Td> Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SHP 7 </Td> <Td> 2110 ! 2,110 </Td> <Td> Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 7005710242000000000 ♠ 1,944 </Td> <Td> Subalpine Larch Larix lyallii </Td> <Td> Kananaskis , Alberta </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CRE 175 </Td> <Td> 1889 ! 1,889 </Td> <Td> Rocky Mountain Juniper Juniperus scopulorum </Td> <Td> northern New Mexico </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miles Juniper </Td> <Td> 7005668375000000000 ♠ 1,829 </Td> <Td> Western Juniper Juniperus occidentalis </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 7005659871000000000 ♠ 1,806 </Td> <Td> Sugi Cryptomeria japonica </Td> <Td> Yakushima Island </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> KET 3996 </Td> <Td> 7005628367000000000 ♠ 1,720 </Td> <Td> Limber Pine Pinus flexilis </Td> <Td> Ketchum , Idaho </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BFR - 46 </Td> <Td> 1697 ! 1,697 </Td> <Td> Limber Pine Pinus flexilis </Td> <Td> Wasatch Mountains , Utah </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FL117 </Td> <Td> 7005613546000000000 ♠ 1,679 </Td> <Td> Northern Whitecedar Thuja occidentalis </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ERE </Td> <Td> 1670 ! 1,670 </Td> <Td> Limber Pine Pinus flexilis </Td> <Td> northern New Mexico </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> RCR 1 </Td> <Td> 1666 ! 1,666 </Td> <Td> Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1661 ! 1,661 </Td> <Td> Limber Pine Pinus flexilis </Td> <Td> South Park , Colorado </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BBL 2 </Td> <Td> 1649 ! 1,649 </Td> <Td> Foxtail Pine Pinus balfouriana </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> BCK 69 </Td> <Td> 7005603350000000000 ♠ 1,651 </Td> <Td> Baldcypress Taxodium distichum </Td> <Td> Bladen County , North Carolina </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1636 ! 1,636 </Td> <Td> Nootka Cypress Callitropsis nootkatensis </Td> <Td> Vancouver Island </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> FL101 </Td> <Td> 1567 ! 1,567 </Td> <Td> Northern Whitecedar Thuja occidentalis </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 1542 ! 1,542 </Td> <Td> Limber Pine Pinus flexilis </Td> <Td> central Colorado </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Old trees with estimated ages ( edit ) </H2> <P> Note : The ages of the trees in this list are speculative and probably unreliable . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age ( years ) </Th> <Th> Species </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 4,112 </Td> <Td> Yew Taxus baccata </Td> <Td> Zonguldak </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Alive , found in 2016 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Llangernyw Yew </Td> <Td> 4,000 -- 5,000 </Td> <Td> Common Yew Taxus baccata </Td> <Td> Llangernyw , Conwy </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Girth of 10.75 m . Situated in the churchyard of St Dygain 's Church in Llangernyw village . One of the 50 Great British Trees . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarv - e Abarkuh </Td> <Td> 4,500 </Td> <Td> Mediterranean cypress Cupressus sempervirens </Td> <Td> Abarkuh , Yazd </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> Also called `` Zoroastrian Sarv '' , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Senator </Td> <Td> 3,500 </Td> <Td> Pond cypress Taxodium ascendens </Td> <Td> Longwood , Florida </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Destroyed by fire on January 16 , 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oliveira do Mouchão ( KNJ1 / 601 ) </Td> <Td> 3,350 </Td> <Td> European olive tree <P> Olea europea L. var . europaea </P> </Td> <Td> Mouriscas , Abrantes </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Alive . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The President </Td> <Td> 3200 ! 3,200 </Td> <Td> Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum </Td> <Td> Sierra Nevada , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Alive . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alishan Sacred Tree </Td> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> Formosan cypress Chamaecyparis formosensis </Td> <Td> Alishan National Scenic Area , Chiayi </Td> <Td> Taiwan </Td> <Td> Collapsed on July 1 , 1997 , following heavy rainstorms . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> S'Ozzastru </Td> <Td> 3,000 -- 4,000 </Td> <Td> Olive Olea europaea </Td> <Td> Luras , Sardinia </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patriarca da Floresta ( pt ) </Td> <Td> 3,020 </Td> <Td> Jequitibá - rosa <P> Cariniana legalis </P> </Td> <Td> Santa Rita do Passa Quatro , São Paulo </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Alive . Probably the oldest non-conifer in Brazil . Its name translates as `` Patriarch of the Forest '' . Located at the Vassununga State Park . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Raintree </Td> <Td> 3,000 </Td> <Td> Great Basin bristlecone pine </Td> <Td> Spring Mountains , Nevada </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Great Basin Bristlecone Pine located near Kyle Canyon in the Spring Mountain range in Southern Nevada , USA . Estimated 3000 years old but never cored . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oliveira de Santa Iria de Azóia ( Wikidata ) </Td> <Td> 2,850 </Td> <Td> Olive Olea europaea </Td> <Td> Santa Iria de Azóia ( pt ) , Loures , Lisbon </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Magnificent Olive tree , probably the last one from a large olive grove . Studied by UTAD University and now classified `` Public interest tree '' by the Portuguese National Forest Authority ; Tree ID </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mother of the Forest </Td> <Td> 2520 ! 2,520 </Td> <Td> Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum </Td> <Td> Calaveras Big Trees State Park , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Dead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General Sherman </Td> <Td> 2,300 -- 2,700 </Td> <Td> Giant sequoia Sequoiadendron giganteum </Td> <Td> Giant Forest , Sequoia National Park , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Alive with a height of 83.8 meters ( 275 ft ) , a diameter of 11 m ( 36 ft ) at its base , and an estimated bole volume of 1,487 m ( 52,513 cu ft ) , it is among the tallest , widest , and longest - lived of all trees on the planet . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kayano Ōsugi </Td> <Td> 2,300 </Td> <Td> Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica </Td> <Td> Yamanaka Onsen , Ishikawa </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Girth of 9.6 m . One of the four trees believed to be sacred in the precincts in a Shinto shrine . Its name translates as `` Great Sugi of Kayano '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jōmon Sugi </Td> <Td> 2,170 -- 7,200 </Td> <Td> Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica </Td> <Td> Yakushima </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> Girth of 16.4 m . Exact dating is made difficult by the rotten core of the trunk . Its name is a reference to the Jōmon period of Japanese prehistory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Koca Katran </Td> <Td> 2022 ! 2,022 </Td> <Td> Lebanon Cedar Cedrus libani </Td> <Td> Antalya </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> Alive . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ballyconnell Yew </Td> <Td> 2,000 -- 5,000 </Td> <Td> Yew Taxus baccata </Td> <Td> Ballyconnell , Annagh </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> Oldest tree in Ireland and possibly in Europe . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fortingall Yew </Td> <Td> 2,000 -- 3,000 </Td> <Td> Yew Taxus baccata </Td> <Td> Fortingall , Perthshire </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Possibly the oldest tree in Britain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elia Vouvon </Td> <Td> 2,000 -- 5,000 </Td> <Td> Olive Olea europaea </Td> <Td> Kolymvari , Crete </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> Its name translates as `` Olive Tree of Vouves '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Castagnu dê Centu Cavaddi </Td> <Td> 2,000 -- 4,000 </Td> <Td> Sweet chestnut Castanea sativa </Td> <Td> Sicily </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Its name translates as the `` Hundred Horse Chestnut '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ulleungdo Hyangnamu </Td> <Td> 2,000 -- 3,000 </Td> <Td> Chinese Juniper Juniperus chinensis </Td> <Td> Ulleung - gun , Gyeongbuk </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> Girth of 4.5 m . One of the main branch was broken in 1985 by typhoon `` Brenda '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lady Liberty </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> Bald cypress Taxodium distichum </Td> <Td> Longwood , Florida </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Sometimes called the `` Companion Tree '' to ' Senator `` . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tnjri </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> Oriental plane Platanus orientalis </Td> <Td> Martuni Region </Td> <Td> Artsakh </Td> <Td> Oldest tree in Artsakh . Its trunk is hollow . Also known as `` Sose 's Tree '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stara Maslina </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> Olive Olea europaea </Td> <Td> Stari Bar , Bar </Td> <Td> Montenegro </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Pechanga Great Oak Tree </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> Coast live oak Quercus agrifolia </Td> <Td> Temecula , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Oldest oak tree in the United States , possibly in the world . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> Olive Olea europaea </Td> <Td> Tavira , Algarve </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> Possibly oldest olive tree in Portugal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> Olive Olea europaea </Td> <Td> Exo Hora , Zakynthos </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ? </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> Yew Taxus </Td> <Td> Sochi , Krasnodar Krai </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> A grove known to possess several 2,000 - year - old specimens . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houkisugi at Nakagawa </Td> <Td> 2,000 </Td> <Td> Japanese cedar Cryptomeria japonica </Td> <Td> Nakagawa Settlement , Yamakita town , Ashigarakami District , Kanagawa Prefecture </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Methuselah </Td> <Td> 1,800 </Td> <Td> Coast redwood Sequoia sempervirens </Td> <Td> Woodside , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Araucaria Madre </Td> <Td> 1,800 </Td> <Td> Araucaria Araucana </Td> <Td> Araucanía </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> Located in Parque Nacional Conguillío . 1,800 rings account for at least 1,800 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Granit oak </Td> <Td> 1,700 </Td> <Td> Pedunculate oak Quercus robur </Td> <Td> Granit </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kongeegen </Td> <Td> 1,500 -- 2,000 </Td> <Td> Pedunculate oak Quercus robur </Td> <Td> Jægerspris Nordskov , Zealand </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stelmužė Oak </Td> <Td> 1,500 - 2,000 </Td> <Td> Pedunculate oak Quercus robur </Td> <Td> Stelmužė , Zarasai </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> Oldest tree in the Baltic states . Supposedly oldest oak in Europe . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aubépines </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> <Td> Common hawthorn Crataegus monogyna </Td> <Td> Saint - Mars - sur - la - Futaie , Mayenne </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> Oldest tree in France . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angel Oak </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> <Td> Southern live oak Quercus virginiana </Td> <Td> Charleston , South Carolina </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Highly speculative ; live oaks are extremely difficult to age , and rarely live more than 500 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seven Sisters Oak </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> <Td> Southern live oak Quercus virginiana </Td> <Td> Mandeville , Louisiana </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Highly speculative ; live oaks are extremely difficult to age , and rarely live more than 500 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jardine Juniper </Td> <Td> 1,500 </Td> <Td> Rocky Mountain juniper Juniperus scopulorum </Td> <Td> Logan Canyon , Utah </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Árbol del Tule </Td> <Td> 1,433 -- 1,600 </Td> <Td> Montezuma cypress Taxodium mucronatum </Td> <Td> Santa María del Tule , Oaxaca </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Stoutest tree trunk in the world . Its name translates as the `` Tule Tree '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cedars of God </Td> <Td> 1000 + </Td> <Td> Cedrus libani Cedars of Lebanon </Td> <Td> Mount Lebanon </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> Oldest forest of cedars in Lebanon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Te Matua Ngahere </Td> <Td> 1,200 -- 4,000 </Td> <Td> Kauri Agathis australis </Td> <Td> Waipoua Forest , Northland </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> Oldest tree in New Zealand . Its name translates as `` Father of the Forest '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Algarrobo Abuelo </Td> <Td> + 1,200 </Td> <Td> Algarrobo blanco Prosopis chilensis </Td> <Td> Merlo Forest , Merlo , San Luis </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> Oldest tree in Central Argentina . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Clonal trees ( edit ) </H2> <P> As with all long - lived plant and fungal species , no individual part of a clonal colony is alive ( in the sense of active metabolism ) for more than a very small fraction of the life of the entire clone . Some clonal colonies may be fully connected via their root systems , while most are not actually interconnected , but are genetically identical clones which populated an area through vegetative reproduction . Ages for clonal colonies , often based on current growth rates , are estimates . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Age ( years ) </Th> <Th> Species </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pando </Td> <Td> 80,000 -- 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> Quaking aspen Populus tremuloides </Td> <Td> Fishlake National Forest , Utah </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Covers 107 acres ( 0.43 km ) and has around 47,000 stems ( average age 130 years ) , which continually die and are renewed by its roots . Is also the heaviest - known organism , weighing 6,000 tonnes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jurupa Oak </Td> <Td> 13,000 </Td> <Td> Palmer oak Quercus palmeri </Td> <Td> Jurupa Mountains , California </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Quercus palmeri Engelm . = Quercus dunnii Kellogg . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Old Tjikko </Td> <Td> 9,550 </Td> <Td> Norway spruce Picea abies </Td> <Td> Fulufjället National Park , Dalarna </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> The tree 's stems live no more than 600 years , but its root system 's age was established using carbon dating and genetic matching . Elsewhere in the Fulu mountains , 20 spruces have been found older than 8,000 years . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Old Rasmus </Td> <Td> 9,500 </Td> <Td> Norway spruce Picea abies </Td> <Td> Sonfjället , Härjedalen </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unknown </Td> <Td> 3,000 -- 10,000 </Td> <Td> Huon Pine Lagarostrobos franklinii </Td> <Td> Mount Read , Tasmania </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> Several genetically identical males that have reproduced vegetatively . Although single trees in this stand may be around 3 to 4 thousand years old , the stand itself as a single organism has existed for 10,000 years . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ecology portal </Li> <Li> Trees portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> King Clone </Li> <Li> List of largest giant sequoias </Li> <Li> List of longest - living organisms </Li> <Li> List of old - growth forests </Li> <Li> List of notable trees </Li> <Li> List of superlative trees </Li> <Li> Oldest viable seed </Li> <Li> Veteran tree </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Not named yet </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It is uncertain when Methuselah 's age was determined , but `` it seems likely the tree had 4,789 rings ( crossdated ) in the summer of 1957 '' . The age given here is based on this reference point . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Grant , Michael C. ( 1 October 1993 ) . `` The Trembling Giant '' . Discover Magazine . Retrieved 8 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Botanical Record - Breakers '' . W.P Armstrong . Archived from the original on 19 December 2010 . Retrieved 7 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Quaking Aspen '' . National Park Service - Bryce Canyon . Retrieved 7 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SPECIES : Populus tremuloides '' . USDA - United States Forest Service . Retrieved 8 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Native Conifers of Tasmania '' . Paks and Wildlife Service , Tasmania . Retrieved 6 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rocky Mountain Tree - Ring Research , OLDLIST '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pinus longaeva '' . Gymnosperm Database . March 15 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RMTRR OLDLIST '' . www.rmtrr.org . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lara , Antonio ; Villalba , Ricardo ( 21 May 1993 ) . `` A 3620 - Year Temperature Record from Fitzroya cupressoides Tree Rings in Southern South America '' . Science . 260 ( 5111 ) : 1104 -- 1106 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 260.5111. 1104 . PMID 17806339 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Parque Nacional Alerce Costero '' . Conaf.cl ( in Spanish ) . National Forest Corporation . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brunstein , F. Craig ; Yamaguchi , David K. ( Aug 1992 ) . `` The Oldest Known Rocky Mountain Bristlecone Pines ( Pinus aristata Engelm . ) '' . Arctic and Alpine Research . 24 ( 3 ) : 253 -- 256 . doi : 10.2307 / 1551666 . JSTOR 1551666 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Worrall , John ( 1990 ) . `` Subalpine Larch : Oldest Trees in Canada ? '' . The Forestry Chronicle. 66 : 478 -- 479 . doi : 10.5558 / tfc66478 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miles , D.H. ; Worthington , M.J. ( 17 -- 21 June 1998 ) . `` Sonora Pass junipers from California USA : construction of a 3,500 - year chronology '' . In Stravinskiene , V. ; Juknys , R. Dendrochronology and Environmental Trends - Proceedings of the International Conference . Kaunas , Lithuania : Vytautas Magnas University Department of Environmental Sciences . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suzuki , Eizi ; Tsukahara , Jun ( 1987 ) . `` Age structure and regeneration of old growth Cryptomeria japonica forests on Yakushima Island '' . Journal of Plant Research . 100 ( 3 ) : 223 -- 241 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02492832 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schulman , E. ( 1956 ) . Dendroclimatic Changes in Semiarid America . Tucson : Univ. of Ariz . Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larson , D.W. ; Kelly , P.E. ( 1991 ) . `` The extent of old - growth Thuja occidentalis on cliffs of the Niagara Escarpment '' . 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Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The oldest olive tree in Europe '' . Waymarking.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` the - oldest - olive - tree pictures , videos and albums '' . Webshots.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` О Кавказе '' . Wwf.ru. 2008 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Methuselah '' Redwood - Woodside , California `` . Waymarking.com . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Parque de Araucarias Araucanas '' - Chile : La edad milenaria e indefinida de las Araucarias Araucanas `` . parquedearaucarias.blogspot.cl . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kong Frederik den Syvendes Stiftelse Paa Jægerspris '' . Kongfrederik.dk . 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BioScience 46 ( 1 ) : 25 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Connor , Steve ( Science Editor ) , `` At 13,000 years , tree is world 's oldest organism '' , The Independent ( newspaper ) , United Kingdom , December 23 , 2009 , online article December 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : May , Michael R. ; Provance , Mitchell C. ; Sanders , Andrew C. ; Ellstrand , Norman C. ; and Ross - Ibarra , Jeffrey , `` A Pleistocene Clone of Palmer 's Oak Persisting in Southern California '' , PLoS ONE , Vol. 4 , Issue 12 , December , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedes find ' world 's oldest tree ' '' . BBC News . 17 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Owen , James ( 14 April 2008 ) . `` Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden '' . National Geographic . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World 's oldest living tree discovered in Sweden '' . Swedish Research Council . 16 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger Highfield ( 17 April 2008 ) . `` World 's oldest tree discovered in Sweden '' . London : The Daily Telegraph . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swedish dn.se </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Oldest Living Tasmanian : The Huon Pine '' . Australian Broadcasting Company . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oldest Living Tree Found in Sweden '' . National Geographic News . 2008 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 11 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Longevity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Terminology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Centenarian <Ul> <Li> Super </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cognitive epidemiology </Li> <Li> Elderly </Li> <Li> Life expectancy </Li> <Li> Life extension </Li> <Li> Maximum life span </Li> <Li> Old age </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immortality </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ageless </Li> <Li> Biological immortality </Li> <Li> Digital immortality </Li> <Li> Eternal youth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Issues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anti-aging movement </Li> <Li> Longevity claims </Li> <Li> Longevity escape velocity </Li> <Li> Longevity insurance </Li> <Li> Longevity myths </Li> <Li> Longevity risk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Living and notable centenarians ( over age 100 ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By career </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Activists , non-profit leaders , and philanthropists </Li> <Li> Actors , filmmakers , and entertainers </Li> <Li> Artists , painters and sculptors </Li> <Li> Authors , poets , and journalists </Li> <Li> Businesspeople </Li> <Li> Educators , school administrators , social scientists , and linguists </Li> <Li> Explorers </Li> <Li> Jurists and practitioners of law </Li> <Li> Medical professionals </Li> <Li> Military commanders and soldiers </Li> <Li> Musicians , composers , and music patrons </Li> <Li> Philosophers and theologians </Li> <Li> Politicians and civil servants </Li> <Li> Religious figures </Li> <Li> Royalty and nobility </Li> <Li> Scientists and mathematicians </Li> <Li> Sportspeople </Li> <Li> Miscellaneous </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supercentenarians ( over age 110 ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By continent </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> Europe </Li> <Li> Oceania </Li> <Li> South America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Oldest people </Li> <Li> List of oldest living people </Li> <Li> List of the verified oldest people <Ul> <Li> men </Li> <Li> women </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Last surviving veterans of military insurgencies and wars <Ul> <Li> European </Li> <Li> American </Li> <Li> Canadian </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Last surviving World War I veterans by country </Li> <Li> Surviving veterans of the Spanish Civil War </Li> <Li> List of notable surviving veterans of World War II </Li> <Li> Last survivors of historic events </Li> <Li> Oldest twins </Li> <Li> Longest marriages </Li> <Li> List of longest - reigning monarchs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> See also </Dt> <Dd> Ageing </Dd> <Dd> Biodemography of human longevity </Dd> <Dd> Earliest known life forms </Dd> <Dd> FOXO3 longevity gene </Dd> <Dd> Gerontology </Dd> <Dd> Immortality in fiction </Dd> <Dd> Life extension - related topics </Dd> <Dd> Senescence </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_oldest_trees&oldid=842792509 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of trees </Li> <Li> Lists of superlatives </Li> <Li> Biological records </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) </Li> <Li> Interlanguage link template link number </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 May 2018 , at 17 : 59 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Broadway theatre - wikipedia <H1> Broadway theatre </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the type of theatre called `` Broadway '' . For the street for which it is named , see Broadway ( Manhattan ) . For the individual theatre of this name , see Broadway Theatre ( 53rd Street ) . The Golden Theatre , Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre , Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre and Booth Theatre on West 45th Street in Manhattan 's Theater District <P> Broadway theatre , commonly known as Broadway , refers to the theatrical performances presented in the 41 professional theatres with 500 or more seats located in the Theater District and Lincoln Center along Broadway , in Midtown Manhattan , New York City . Along with London 's West End theatre , Broadway theatre is widely considered to represent the highest level of commercial theatre in the English - speaking world . </P> <P> The Theater District is a popular tourist attraction in New York City . According to The Broadway League , for the 2016 -- 2017 season ( which ended May 21 , 2017 ) , total attendance was 13,270,343 and Broadway shows had US $1,449,399,149 in grosses , with attendance down 0.4 % , grosses up 5.5 % , and playing weeks down 4.1 % . </P> <P> The great majority of Broadway shows are musicals . Historian Martin Shefter argues , `` ' Broadway musicals , ' culminating in the productions of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein , became enormously influential forms of American popular culture '' and helped make New York City the cultural capital of the nation . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early theatre in New York </Li> <Li> 1.2 Birth of the musical and post-Civil War </Li> <Li> 1.3 1890s and early 1900s </Li> <Li> 1.4 1900 -- 1925 </Li> <Li> 1.5 Competing with motion pictures </Li> <Li> 1.6 Between the wars </Li> <Li> 1.7 1950 -- 1970 </Li> <Li> 1.8 1980s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Description <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Schedule </Li> <Li> 2.2 Producers and theatre owners </Li> <Li> 2.3 Personnel </Li> <Li> 2.4 Runs </Li> <Li> 2.5 Audience </Li> <Li> 2.6 Off - Broadway and US tours </Li> <Li> 2.7 Awards </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Broadway theatres and current productions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Upcoming productions <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Musicals </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Plays </Li> <Li> 3.1. 3 Solo </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early theatre in New York ( edit ) </H3> Interior of the Park Theatre , built in 1798 <P> New York did not have a significant theatre presence until about 1750 , when actor - managers Walter Murray and Thomas Kean established a resident theatre company at the Theatre on Nassau Street , which held about 280 people . They presented Shakespeare plays and ballad operas such as The Beggar 's Opera . In 1752 , William Hallam sent a company of twelve actors from Britain to the colonies with his brother Lewis as their manager . They established a theatre in Williamsburg , Virginia and opened with The Merchant of Venice and The Anatomist . The company moved to New York in the summer of 1753 , performing ballad operas and ballad - farces like Damon and Phillida . The Revolutionary War suspended theatre in New York , but thereafter theatre resumed in 1798 , the year the 2,000 - seat Park Theatre was built on Chatham Street ( now called Park Row ) . The Bowery Theatre opened in 1826 , followed by others . Blackface minstrel shows , a distinctly American form of entertainment , became popular in the 1830s , and especially so with the arrival of the Virginia Minstrels in the 1840s . </P> <P> By the 1840s , P.T. Barnum was operating an entertainment complex in lower Manhattan . In 1829 , at Broadway and Prince Street , Niblo 's Garden opened and soon became one of New York 's premiere nightspots . The 3,000 - seat theatre presented all sorts of musical and non-musical entertainments . In 1844 , Palmo 's Opera House opened and presented opera for only four seasons before bankruptcy led to its rebranding as a venue for plays under the name Burton 's Theatre . The Astor Opera House opened in 1847 . A riot broke out in 1849 when the lower - class patrons of the Bowery objected to what they perceived as snobbery by the upper class audiences at Astor Place : `` After the Astor Place Riot of 1849 , entertainment in New York City was divided along class lines : opera was chiefly for the upper middle and upper classes , minstrel shows and melodramas for the middle class , variety shows in concert saloons for men of the working class and the slumming middle class . '' </P> <P> The plays of William Shakespeare were frequently performed on the Broadway stage during the period , most notably by American actor Edwin Booth who was internationally known for his performance as Hamlet . Booth played the role for a famous 100 consecutive performances at the Winter Garden Theatre in 1865 ( with the run ending just a few months before Booth 's brother John Wilkes Booth assassinated Abraham Lincoln ) , and would later revive the role at his own Booth 's Theatre ( which was managed for a time by his brother Junius Brutus Booth , Jr . ) . Other renowned Shakespeareans who appeared in New York in this era were Henry Irving , Tommaso Salvini , Fanny Davenport , and Charles Fechter . </P> 1868 programme for Ixion <P> Lydia Thompson came to America in 1868 heading a small theatrical troupe , adapting popular English burlesques for middle - class New York audiences . Thompson 's troupe called the `` British Blondes '' , was the most popular entertainment in New York during the 1868 -- 1869 theatrical season . `` The eccentricities of pantomime and burlesque -- with their curious combination of comedy , parody , satire , improvisation , song and dance , variety acts , cross-dressing , extravagant stage effects , risqué jokes and saucy costumes -- while familiar enough to British audiences , took New York by storm . '' The six - month tour ran for almost six extremely profitable years . </P> <H3> Birth of the musical and post-civil War ( edit ) </H3> <P> Theatre in New York moved from downtown gradually to midtown beginning around 1850 , seeking less expensive real estate . In 1870 , the heart of Broadway was in Union Square , and by the end of the century , many theatres were near Madison Square . Theatres did not arrive in the Times Square area until the early 1900s , and the Broadway theatres did not consolidate there until a large number of theatres were built around the square in the 1920s and 1930s . Broadway 's first `` long - run '' musical was a 50 - performance hit called The Elves in 1857 . New York runs continued to lag far behind those in London , but Laura Keene 's `` musical burletta '' The Seven Sisters ( 1860 ) shattered previous New York records with a run of 253 performances . It was at a performance by Keene 's troupe of Our American Cousin in Washington , D.C. that Abraham Lincoln was shot . </P> The Black Crook ( 1866 ) , considered by some historians to be the first musical . Poster for the 1873 revival by The Kiralfy Brothers . <P> The first theatre piece that conforms to the modern conception of a musical , adding dance and original music that helped to tell the story , is considered to be The Black Crook , which premiered in New York on September 12 , 1866 . The production was a staggering five - and - a-half hours long , but despite its length , it ran for a record - breaking 474 performances . The same year , The Black Domino / Between You , Me and the Post was the first show to call itself a `` musical comedy '' . </P> <P> Tony Pastor opened the first vaudeville theatre one block east of Union Square in 1881 , where Lillian Russell performed . Comedians Edward Harrigan and Tony Hart produced and starred in musicals on Broadway between 1878 ( The Mulligan Guard Picnic ) and 1890 , with book and lyrics by Harrigan and music by his father - in - law David Braham . These musical comedies featured characters and situations taken from the everyday life of New York 's lower classes and represented a significant step forward from vaudeville and burlesque , towards a more literate form . They starred high quality singers ( Lillian Russell , Vivienne Segal , and Fay Templeton ) , instead of the women of questionable repute who had starred in earlier musical forms . </P> <P> As transportation improved , poverty in New York diminished , and street lighting made for safer travel at night , the number of potential patrons for the growing number of theatres increased enormously . Plays could run longer and still draw in the audiences , leading to better profits and improved production values . As in England , during the latter half of the century , the theatre began to be cleaned up , with less prostitution hindering the attendance of the theatre by women . Gilbert and Sullivan 's family - friendly comic opera hits , beginning with H.M.S. Pinafore in 1878 , were imported to New York ( by the authors and also in numerous unlicensed productions ) . They were imitated in New York by American productions such as Reginald Dekoven 's Robin Hood ( 1891 ) and John Philip Sousa 's El Capitan ( 1896 ) , along with operas , ballets and other British and European hits . </P> <H3> 1890s and early 1900s ( edit ) </H3> Sheet music to `` Give My Regards '' <P> Charles Hoyt 's A Trip to Chinatown ( 1891 ) became Broadway 's long - run champion , holding the stage for 657 performances . This would not be surpassed until Irene in 1919 . In 1896 , theatre owners Marc Klaw and A.L. Erlanger formed the Theatrical Syndicate , which controlled almost every legitimate theatre in the US . for the next sixteen years . However , smaller vaudeville and variety houses proliferated , and Off - Broadway was well established by the end of the 19th century . </P> <P> A Trip to Coontown ( 1898 ) was the first musical comedy entirely produced and performed by African Americans in a Broadway theatre ( largely inspired by the routines of the minstrel shows ) , followed by the ragtime - tinged Clorindy : The Origin of the Cakewalk ( 1898 ) , and the highly successful In Dahomey ( 1902 ) . Hundreds of musical comedies were staged on Broadway in the 1890s and early 1900s made up of songs written in New York 's Tin Pan Alley involving composers such as Gus Edwards , John Walter Bratton , and George M. Cohan ( Little Johnny Jones ( 1904 ) , 45 Minutes From Broadway ( 1906 ) , and George Washington Jr. ( 1906 ) ) . Still , New York runs continued to be relatively short , with a few exceptions , compared with London runs , until World War I. A few very successful British musicals continued to achieve great success in New York , including Florodora in 1900 -- 01 . </P> <H3> 1900 -- 1925 ( edit ) </H3> Victor Herbert <P> In the early years of the 20th century , translations of popular late - 19th century continental operettas were joined by the `` Princess Theatre '' shows of the 1910s by writers such as P.G. Wodehouse , Guy Bolton , and Harry B. Smith . Victor Herbert , whose work included some intimate musical plays with modern settings as well as his string of famous operettas ( The Fortune Teller ( 1898 ) , Babes in Toyland ( 1903 ) , Mlle . Modiste ( 1905 ) , The Red Mill ( 1906 ) , and Naughty Marietta ( 1910 ) ) . </P> <P> Beginning with The Red Mill , Broadway shows installed electric signs outside the theatres . Since colored bulbs burned out too quickly , white lights were used , and Broadway was nicknamed `` The Great White Way '' . In August 1919 , the Actors ' Equity Association demanded a standard contract for all professional productions . After a strike shut down all the theatres , the producers were forced to agree . By the 1920s , the Shubert Brothers had risen to take over the majority of the theatres from the Erlanger syndicate . </P> <P> During this time , the play Lightnin ' , by Winchell Smith and Frank Bacon , became the first Broadway show to reach 700 performances . From then , it would go on to become the first show to reach 1,000 performances . Lightnin ' was the longest - running Broadway show until being overtaken in performance totals by Abie 's Irish Rose in 1925 . </P> <H3> Competing with motion pictures ( edit ) </H3> Broadway north from 38th St. , New York City , showing the Casino and Knickerbocker Theatres ( `` Listen , Lester '' , visible at lower right , played the Knickerbocker from December 23 , 1918 , to August 16 , 1919 ) , a sign pointing to Maxine Elliott 's Theatre , which is out of view on 39th Street , and a sign advertising the Winter Garden Theatre , which is out of view at 50th Street . All but the Winter Garden are demolished . The old Metropolitan Opera House and the old Times Tower are visible on the left . <P> The motion picture mounted a challenge to the stage . At first , films were silent and presented only limited competition . By the end of the 1920s , films like The Jazz Singer were presented with synchronized sound , and critics wondered if the cinema would replace live theatre altogether . While live vaudeville could not compete with these inexpensive films that featured vaudeville stars and major comedians of the day , other theatre survived . The musicals of the Roaring Twenties , borrowing from vaudeville , music hall and other light entertainments , tended to ignore plot in favor of emphasizing star actors and actresses , big dance routines , and popular songs . Florenz Ziegfeld produced annual spectacular song - and - dance revues on Broadway featuring extravagant sets and elaborate costumes , but there was little to tie the various numbers together . Typical of the 1920s were lighthearted productions such as Sally ; Lady Be Good ; Sunny ; No , No , Nanette ; Harlem ; Oh , Kay ! ; and Funny Face . Their books may have been forgettable , but they produced enduring standards from George Gershwin , Cole Porter , Jerome Kern , Vincent Youmans , and Rodgers and Hart , among others , and Noël Coward , Sigmund Romberg , and Rudolf Friml continued in the vein of Victor Herbert . Clearly , the live theatre survived the invention of cinema . </P> <H3> Between the wars ( edit ) </H3> <P> Leaving these comparatively frivolous entertainments behind , and taking the drama a giant step forward , Show Boat , premiered on December 27 , 1927 , at the Ziegfeld Theatre , representing a complete integration of book and score , with dramatic themes , as told through the music , dialogue , setting and movement , woven together more seamlessly than in previous musicals . It ran for 572 performances . </P> <P> The 1920s also spawned a new age of American playwright with the emergence of Eugene O'Neill , whose plays Beyond the Horizon , Anna Christie , The Hairy Ape , Strange Interlude and Mourning Becomes Electra proved that there was an audience for serious drama on Broadway , and O'Neill's success paved the way for major dramatists like Elmer Rice , Maxwell Anderson , Robert E. Sherwood , Tennessee Williams , and Arthur Miller , as well as writers of comedy like George S. Kaufman and Moss Hart . Classical revivals also proved popular with Broadway theatre - goers , notably John Barrymore in Hamlet and Richard III , John Gielgud in Hamlet , The Importance of Being Earnest and Much Ado About Nothing , Walter Hampden and Jose Ferrer in Cyrano de Bergerac , Paul Robeson and Ferrer in Othello , Maurice Evans in Richard II and the plays of George Bernard Shaw , and Katharine Cornell in such plays as Romeo and Juliet , Antony and Cleopatra , and Candida . </P> <P> As World War II approached , a dozen Broadway dramas addressed the rise of Nazism in Europe and the issue of American non-intervention . The most successful was Lillian Hellman 's Watch on the Rhine , which opened in April 1941 . </P> <H3> 1950 -- 1970 ( edit ) </H3> <P> After the lean years of the Great Depression , Broadway theatre had entered a golden age with the blockbuster hit Oklahoma ! , in 1943 , which ran for 2,212 performances . According to John Kenrick writing of Broadway musicals , `` Every season saw new stage musicals send songs to the top of the charts . Public demand , a booming economy and abundant creative talent kept Broadway hopping . To this day , the shows of the 1950s form the core of the musical theatre repertory . '' Kenrick notes that `` the late 1960s marked a time of cultural upheaval . The changes would prove painful for many -- including those behind the scenes , as well as those in the audience . '' Of the 1970s , Kenrick writes : `` Just when it seemed that traditional book musicals were back in style , the decade ended with critics and audiences giving mixed signals . '' </P> <P> Ken Bloom observed that `` The 1960s and 1970s saw a worsening of the area ( Times Square ) and a drop in the number of legitimate shows produced on Broadway . '' By way of comparison , in the 1950 to 1951 season ( May to May ) 94 productions opened on Broadway ; in the 1969 to 1970 season ( June to May ) there were 59 productions ( fifteen were revivals ) . In the twenties , there were 70 -- 80 theaters but by 1969 there were 36 left . </P> <H3> 1980s ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the spring of 1982 , Joe Papp , the theatrical producer and director who established The Public Theater , led the `` Save the Theatres '' campaign . It was a not - for - profit group supported by the Actors Equity union , to save the theater buildings in the neighborhood from demolition by monied Manhattan development interests . Papp provided resources , recruited a publicist and celebrated actors , and provided audio , lighting , and technical crews for the effort . </P> <P> At Papp 's behest , in July 1982 , a bill was introduced in the 97th Congress , entitled `` H.R. 6885 , A bill to designate the Broadway / Times Square Theatre District in the City of New York as a national historic site '' . The legislation would have provided certain US government resources and assistance to help the city preserve the district . Faced with strong opposition and lobbying by Mayor Ed Koch 's Administration and corporate Manhattan development interests , the bill was not passed . The Save the Theatres campaign then turned their efforts to supporting establishment of the Theater District as a registered historic district . In December 1983 , Save the Theatres prepared `` The Broadway Theater District , a Preservation Development and Management Plan '' , and demanded that each theater in the district receive landmark designation . Mayor Ed Koch ultimately reacted by creating a Theater Advisory Council , which included Papp . </P> <H2> Description ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Schedule ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although there are some exceptions , generally shows with open - ended runs have evening performances Tuesday through Saturday with a 7 : 00 p.m. or 8 : 00 p.m. `` curtain '' . The afternoon `` matinée '' performances are at 2 : 00 p.m. on Wednesdays and Saturdays and at 3 : 00 p.m. on Sundays . This makes for an eight - performance week . On this schedule , most shows do not play on Monday and the shows and theatres are said to be `` dark '' on that day . The actors and the crew in these shows tend to regard Sunday evening through Tuesday evening as their weekend . The Tony award presentation ceremony is usually held on a Sunday evening in June to fit this schedule . </P> <P> In recent years , some shows have moved their Tuesday show time an hour earlier to 7 : 00 p.m. The rationale for the move was that since fewer tourists take in shows midweek then the Tuesday attendance , in particular , depends on the local audience . The earlier curtain makes it possible for suburban patrons to get home by a reasonable hour after the show . Some shows , especially those produced by Disney , change their performance schedules fairly frequently depending on the season . This is done in order to maximize access to their target audience . </P> <H3> Producers and theatre owners ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most Broadway producers and theatre owners are members of The Broadway League ( formerly `` The League of American Theatres and Producers '' ) , a trade organization that promotes Broadway theatre as a whole , negotiates contracts with the various theatrical unions and agreements with the guilds , and co-administers the Tony Awards with the American Theatre Wing , a service organization . While the League and the theatrical unions are sometimes at loggerheads during those periods when new contracts are being negotiated , they also cooperate on many projects and events designed to promote professional theatre in New York . </P> <P> The three non-profit theatre companies with Broadway theatres ( Lincoln Center Theater , Manhattan Theatre Club , and Roundabout Theatre Company ) belong to the League of Resident Theatres and have contracts with the theatrical unions which are negotiated separately from the other Broadway theatre and producers . ( Disney also negotiates apart from the League , as did Livent before it closed down its operations . ) However , generally , shows that play in any of the Broadway houses are eligible for Tony Awards ( see below ) . </P> <P> The majority of Broadway theatres are owned or managed by three organizations : the Shubert Organization , a for - profit arm of the non-profit Shubert Foundation , which owns seventeen theatres ; the Nederlander Organization , which controls nine theatres ; and Jujamcyn , which owns five Broadway houses . </P> <H3> Personnel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Both musicals and stage plays on Broadway often rely on casting well - known performers in leading roles to draw larger audiences or bring in new audience members to the theatre . Actors from movies and television are frequently cast for the revivals of Broadway shows or are used to replace actors leaving a cast . There are still , however , performers who are primarily stage actors , spending most of their time `` on the boards '' , and appearing in television and in screen roles only secondarily . As Patrick Healy of The New York Times noted : </P> <P> Broadway once had many homegrown stars who committed to working on a show for a year , as Nathan Lane has for The Addams Family . In 2010 , some theater heavyweights like Mr. Lane were not even nominated ; instead , several Tony Awards were given for productions that were always intended to be short - timers on Broadway , given that many of their film - star performers had to move on to other commitments . </P> <P> According to Mark Shenton , `` One of the biggest changes to the commercial theatrical landscape -- on both sides of the Atlantic -- over the past decade or so is that sightings of big star names turning out to do plays has gone up ; but the runs they are prepared to commit to has gone down . Time was that a producer would require a minimum commitment from his star of six months , and perhaps a year ; now , the 14 - week run is the norm . '' </P> <P> The minimum size of the Broadway orchestra is governed by an agreement with the musicians union ( Local 802 , American Federation of Musicians ) and The Broadway League . For example , the agreement specifies the minimum size of the orchestra at the Minskoff Theatre to be 18 , at the Music Box Theatre to be 9 . </P> <H3> Runs ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of the longest - running Broadway shows <P> Most Broadway shows are commercial productions intended to make a profit for the producers and investors ( `` backers '' or `` angels '' ) , and therefore have open - ended runs ( duration that the production plays ) , meaning that the length of their presentation is not set beforehand , but depends on critical response , word of mouth , and the effectiveness of the show 's advertising , all of which determine ticket sales . Investing in a commercial production carries a varied degree of financial risk . Shows do not necessarily have to make a profit immediately . If they are making their `` nut '' ( weekly operating expenses ) , or are losing money at a rate which the producers consider acceptable , they may continue to run in the expectation that , eventually , they will pay back their initial costs and become profitable . In some borderline situations , producers may ask that royalties be temporarily reduced or waived , or even that performers -- with the permission of their unions -- take reduced salaries , in order to prevent a show from closing . Theatre owners , who are not generally profit participants in most productions , may waive or reduce rents , or even lend a show money in order to keep it running . </P> <P> Some Broadway shows are produced by non-commercial organizations as part of a regular subscription season -- Lincoln Center Theatre , Roundabout Theatre Company , and Manhattan Theatre Club are the three non-profit theatre companies that currently have permanent Broadway venues . Some other productions are produced on Broadway with `` limited engagement runs '' for a number of reasons , including financial issues , prior engagements of the performers or temporary availability of a theatre between the end of one production and the beginning of another . However , some shows with planned limited engagement runs may , after critical acclaim or box office success , extend their engagements or convert to open - ended runs . This was the case with 2007 's August : Osage County , 2009 's God of Carnage , and 2012 's Newsies . </P> <P> Historically , musicals on Broadway tend to have longer runs than `` straight '' ( i.e. non-musical ) plays . On January 9 , 2006 , The Phantom of the Opera at the Majestic Theatre became the longest running Broadway musical , with 7,486 performances , overtaking Cats . </P> <H3> Audience ( edit ) </H3> <P> Attending a Broadway show is a common tourist activity in New York . The TKTS booths sell same - day tickets ( and in certain cases next - day matinee tickets ) for many Broadway and Off - Broadway shows at a discount of 20 % , 30 % , 40 % , or 50 % . The TKTS booths are located in Duffy Square , in Times Square , in Lower Manhattan , and in Brooklyn . This service run by Theatre Development Fund makes seeing a show in New York more affordable . Many Broadway theatres also offer special student rates , same - day `` rush '' or `` lottery '' tickets , or standing - room tickets to help ensure that their theatres are as full , and their `` grosses '' as high as possible . According to The Broadway League , total Broadway attendance was 13.27 million in 2016 -- 2017 compared to 13.32 million in 2015 -- 2016 . The Broadway League also reports that approximately 66 % of all Broadway tickets were purchased by tourists in the 2012 -- 2013 season , an increase of three percent from the 2011 -- 2012 season . By way of comparison , London 's West End theatre reported total attendance of 14.3 million for major commercial and grant - aided theatres in central London for 2009 . </P> <H3> Off - Broadway and US tours ( edit ) </H3> <P> The classification of theatres is governed by language in Actors ' Equity Association contracts . To be eligible for a Tony , a production must be in a house with 500 seats or more and in the Theater District , which criteria define Broadway theatre . Off Broadway and Off - Off - Broadway shows often provide a more experimental , challenging and intimate performance than is possible in the larger Broadway theatres . Some Broadway shows , however , such as the musicals Hair , Little Shop of Horrors , Spring Awakening , Next to Normal , Rent , Avenue Q , In the Heights , Fun Home , and Hamilton , began their runs Off - Broadway and later transferred to Broadway , seeking to replicate their intimate experience in a larger theatre . </P> <P> After , or even during , successful runs in Broadway theatres , producers often remount their productions with new casts and crew for the Broadway national tour , which travels to theatres in major cities across the country . Sometimes when a show closes on Broadway , the entire production , with most if not all of the original cast intact , is relaunched as a touring company , hence the name `` Broadway national tour '' . Some shows may even have several touring companies out at a time , whether the show is still running in New York or not , with many companies `` sitting down '' in other major cities for their own extended runs . Smaller cities may attract national touring companies , but for shorter periods of time . Or they may even be serviced by `` bus and truck '' tours . These are scaled - down versions of the larger , national touring productions , historically acquiring their name because the casts generally traveled by bus instead of by air , while the sets and equipment traveled by truck . Tours of this type , which frequently feature a reduced physical production to accommodate smaller venues and tighter schedules , often run for weeks rather than months . Some will even play `` split weeks '' , which are half a week in one town and the second half in another . On occasion , they will also play `` one - nighters '' . The production values , while generally still good , are usually less lavish than the typical Broadway national tour or national touring production and the actors , while still members of the actor 's union , are compensated under a different , less lucrative , union contract . The Touring Broadway Awards , presented by The Broadway League , honor excellence in touring Broadway . </P> <H3> Awards ( edit ) </H3> <P> Broadway productions and artists are honored by the annual Antoinette Perry Awards ( commonly called the `` Tony Awards '' , or `` Tony '' ) which are given by the American Theatre Wing and the Broadway League , and which were first presented in 1947 . The Tony is Broadway 's most prestigious award , comparable to the Academy Awards for Hollywood film productions . Their importance has increased since 1967 when the awards presentation show began to be broadcast on national television . In a strategy to improve the television ratings , celebrities are often chosen to host the show , some with scant connection to the theatre . The most recent Tony Awards ceremony was held on June 11 , 2017 . Other awards given to Broadway productions include the Drama Desk Award , presented since 1955 , the New York Drama Critics ' Circle Awards , first given in 1936 , and the Outer Critics Circle Award , initially presented in 1950 . </P> <H2> Broadway theatres and current productions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> If no show is currently running , the play listed is the next show planned ( dates marked with an * ) . </Li> <Li> If the next show planned is not announced , the applicable columns are left blank . </Li> <Li> Capacity is based on the capacity given for the respective theatre at the Internet Broadway Database . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Theatre </Th> <Th> Address </Th> <Th> Capacity </Th> <Th> Owner / Operator </Th> <Th> Current production </Th> <Th> Type </Th> <Th> Opened </Th> <Th> Closing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Al Hirschfeld Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 45th St. ( No. 302 ) </Td> <Td> 1424 </Td> <Td> Jujamcyn Theaters </Td> <Td> Kinky Boots </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2013 - 04 - 04 April 4 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ambassador Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 49th St. ( No. 219 ) </Td> <Td> 1125 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 1996 - 11 - 14 November 14 , 1996 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American Airlines Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 42nd St. ( No. 229 ) </Td> <Td> 740 </Td> <Td> Roundabout Theatre Company </Td> <Td> Time and the Conways </Td> <Td> Play with Music </Td> <Td> 2017 - 10 - 10 October 10 , 2017 * </Td> <Td> 2017 - 11 - 26 November 26 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August Wilson Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 52nd St. ( No. 245 ) </Td> <Td> 1228 </Td> <Td> Jujamcyn Theaters </Td> <Td> Mean Girls </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2018 - 04 - 08 April 8 , 2018 * </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belasco Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 44th St. ( No. 111 ) </Td> <Td> 1018 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> The Terms of My Surrender </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2017 - 08 - 10 August 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 2017 - 10 - 22 October 22 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 45th St. ( No. 242 ) </Td> <Td> 1078 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> The Iceman Cometh </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2018 - 04 - 26 April 26 , 2018 * </Td> <Td> 2018 - 07 - 01 July 1 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Booth Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 45th St. ( No. 222 ) </Td> <Td> 766 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> Meteor Shower </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2017 - 11 - 29 November 29 , 2017 * </Td> <Td> 2018 - 01 - 21 January 21 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Broadhurst Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 44th St. ( No. 235 ) </Td> <Td> 1186 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> Anastasia </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2017 - 04 - 24 April 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Broadway Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 53rd St & Broadway ( No. 1681 ) </Td> <Td> 1761 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> Miss Saigon </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2017 - 03 - 23 March 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 2018 - 01 - 14 January 14 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brooks Atkinson Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 47th St. ( No. 256 ) </Td> <Td> 1094 </Td> <Td> Nederlander Organization </Td> <Td> Waitress </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2016 - 04 - 24 April 24 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Circle in the Square Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 50th St. ( No. 235 ) </Td> <Td> 840 </Td> <Td> Independent </Td> <Td> Once on This Island </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2017 - 12 - 03 December 3 , 2017 * </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cort Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 48th St. ( No. 138 ) </Td> <Td> 1084 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> M. Butterfly </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2017 - 10 - 26 October 26 , 2017 * </Td> <Td> 2018 - 02 - 25 February 25 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethel Barrymore Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 47th St. ( No. 243 ) </Td> <Td> 1096 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> The Band 's Visit </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2017 - 11 - 09 November 9 , 2017 * </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eugene O'Neill Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 49th St. ( No. 230 ) </Td> <Td> 1066 </Td> <Td> Jujamcyn Theaters </Td> <Td> The Book of Mormon </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2011 - 03 - 24 March 24 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 45th St. ( No. 236 ) </Td> <Td> 1079 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> Come from Away </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2017 - 03 - 12 March 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gershwin Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 51st St. ( No. 222 ) </Td> <Td> 1933 </Td> <Td> Nederlander Organization </Td> <Td> Wicked </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2003 - 10 - 30 October 30 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helen Hayes Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 44th St. ( No. 240 ) </Td> <Td> 597 </Td> <Td> Second Stage Theatre </Td> <Td> Lobby Hero </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2018 - 03 - 26 March 26 , 2018 * </Td> <Td> Limited Engagement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hudson Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 44th St. ( No. 141 ) </Td> <Td> 970 </Td> <Td> Ambassador Theatre Group </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2017 - 06 - 22 June 22 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 2017 - 10 - 08 October 8 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Imperial Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 45th St. ( No. 249 ) </Td> <Td> 1443 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> Carousel </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2018 - 04 - 12 April 12 , 2018 * </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Golden Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 45th St. ( No. 252 ) </Td> <Td> 805 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> Three Tall Women </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2018 - 03 - 29 March 29 , 2018 * </Td> <Td> 2018 - 06 - 24 June 24 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Longacre Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 48th St. ( No. 220 ) </Td> <Td> 1091 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> A Bronx Tale </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2016 - 12 - 01 December 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lunt - Fontanne Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 46th St. ( No. 205 ) </Td> <Td> 1519 </Td> <Td> Nederlander Organization </Td> <Td> Charlie and the Chocolate Factory </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2017 - 04 - 23 April 23 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyceum Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 45th St. ( No. 149 ) </Td> <Td> 922 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> The Play That Goes Wrong </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2017 - 04 - 02 April 2 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyric Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 42nd St. ( No. 213 ) </Td> <Td> 1938 </Td> <Td> Ambassador Theatre Group </Td> <Td> Harry Potter and the Cursed Child </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2018 - 04 - 22 April 22 , 2018 * </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Majestic Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 44th St. ( No. 247 ) </Td> <Td> 1645 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> The Phantom of the Opera </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 1988 - 01 - 26 January 26 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marquis Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 46th St & Broadway ( No. 1535 ) </Td> <Td> 1612 </Td> <Td> Nederlander Organization </Td> <Td> Escape to Margaritaville </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2018 - 03 - 15 March 15 , 2018 * </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minskoff Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 45th St. ( No. 200 ) </Td> <Td> 1710 </Td> <Td> Nederlander Organization </Td> <Td> The Lion King </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 1997 - 11 - 13 November 13 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Music Box Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 45th St. ( No. 239 ) </Td> <Td> 1009 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> Dear Evan Hansen </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2016 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nederlander Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 41st St. ( No. 208 ) </Td> <Td> 1235 </Td> <Td> Nederlander Organization </Td> <Td> War Paint </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2017 - 04 - 06 April 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 2017 - 12 - 30 December 30 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neil Simon Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 52nd St. ( No. 250 ) </Td> <Td> 1467 </Td> <Td> Nederlander Organization </Td> <Td> Cats </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2016 - 07 - 31 July 31 , 2016 </Td> <Td> 2017 - 12 - 30 December 30 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Amsterdam Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 42nd St. ( No. 214 ) </Td> <Td> 1747 </Td> <Td> Disney Theatrical Group </Td> <Td> Aladdin </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2014 - 03 - 20 March 20 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Palace Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 47th St. & Broadway ( No. 1564 ) </Td> <Td> 1743 </Td> <Td> Nederlander Organization </Td> <Td> SpongeBob SquarePants </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2017 - 12 - 04 December 4 , 2017 * </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Rodgers Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 46th St. ( No. 226 ) </Td> <Td> 1400 </Td> <Td> Nederlander Organization </Td> <Td> Hamilton </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2015 - 08 - 06 August 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> St. James Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 44th St. ( No. 246 ) </Td> <Td> 1709 </Td> <Td> Jujamcyn Theaters </Td> <Td> Frozen </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2018 - 03 - 22 March 22 , 2018 * </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samuel J. Friedman Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 47th St. ( No. 261 ) </Td> <Td> 650 </Td> <Td> Manhattan Theatre Club </Td> <Td> Prince of Broadway </Td> <Td> Revue </Td> <Td> 2017 - 08 - 24 August 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 2017 - 10 - 29 October 29 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shubert Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 44th St. ( No. 225 ) </Td> <Td> 1460 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> Hello , Dolly ! </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2017 - 04 - 20 April 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephen Sondheim Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 43rd St. ( No. 124 ) </Td> <Td> 1055 </Td> <Td> Roundabout Theatre Company </Td> <Td> Beautiful : The Carole King Musical </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2014 - 01 - 12 January 12 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Studio 54 </Td> <Td> W. 54th St. ( No. 254 ) </Td> <Td> 1006 </Td> <Td> Roundabout Theatre Company </Td> <Td> Latin History for Morons </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2017 - 11 - 15 November 15 , 2017 * </Td> <Td> 2018 - 02 - 04 February 4 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vivian Beaumont Theater </Td> <Td> W. 65th St. ( No. 150 ) </Td> <Td> 1080 </Td> <Td> Lincoln Center Theatre </Td> <Td> Junk : The Golden Age of Debt </Td> <Td> Play </Td> <Td> 2017 - 11 - 02 November 2 , 2017 * </Td> <Td> 2018 - 01 - 07 January 7 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walter Kerr Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 48th St. ( No. 219 ) </Td> <Td> 945 </Td> <Td> Jujamcyn Theaters </Td> <Td> Springsteen on Broadway </Td> <Td> Concert </Td> <Td> 2017 - 10 - 12 October 12 , 2017 * </Td> <Td> 2018 - 02 - 03 February 3 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winter Garden Theatre </Td> <Td> W. 50th St. & Broadway ( No. 1634 ) </Td> <Td> 1526 </Td> <Td> Shubert Organization </Td> <Td> School of Rock </Td> <Td> Musical </Td> <Td> 2015 - 12 - 06 December 6 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Open - ended </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Upcoming productions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following have been announced as future Broadway productions . The theatre in which they will run may not yet be known , or , if known , may be currently occupied by another show . </P> Musicals ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Gettin ' the Band Back Together : August 13 , 2018 ( Belasco Theatre ) </Li> <Li> King Kong : Fall 2018 ( Broadway Theatre ) </Li> <Li> My Fair Lady : April 19 , 2018 ( Vivian Beaumont Theater ) </Li> </Ul> Plays ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Angels in America : March 21 , 2018 ( Neil Simon Theatre ) </Li> <Li> The Children : December 12 , 2017 ( Samuel J. Friedman Theatre ) </Li> <Li> Children of a Lesser God : April 11 , 2018 ( Studio 54 ) </Li> <Li> Farinelli and the King : December 17 , 2017 ( Belasco Theatre ) </Li> <Li> The Minutes : March 8 , 2018 ( Theatre to be announced ) </Li> <Li> The Parisian Woman : November 30 , 2017 ( Hudson Theatre ) </Li> <Li> Saint Joan : April 25 , 2018 ( Samuel J. Friedman Theatre ) </Li> <Li> Straight White Men : July 2018 ( Helen Hayes Theatre ) </Li> <Li> To Kill A Mockingbird : December 13 , 2018 ( Theatre to be announced ) </Li> <Li> Travesties : April 24 , 2018 ( American Airlines Theatre ) </Li> </Ul> Solo ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> John Lithgow : Stories by Heart : January 11 , 2018 ( American Airlines Theatre ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Explanatory notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Although theater is the generally preferred spelling in the United States ( see American and British English spelling differences ) , many Broadway venues , performers and trade groups for live dramatic presentations use the spelling theatre . </Li> </Ol> <P> Citations </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Pincus - Roth , Zachary . `` Ask Playbill.com : Broadway or Off - Broadway -- Part I '' Playbill.com , February 7 , 2008 , accessed September 11 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2016 - 2017 Broadway End - of - Season Statistics '' Broadway League , May 23 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin Shefter ( 1993 ) . Capital of the American Century : The National and International Influence of New York City . Russell Sage Foundation . p. 10 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kenrick , John . `` John Kenrick article on the history of NY theatre '' Musicals101.com , accessed August 26 , 2011 ( Copyright 2003 -- 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bowery Theatre history , Internet Broadway Database listing '' Internet Broadway Database , accessed August 26 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` Musical Diversions '' , Theatre in NYC : History -- Part II , c. 2005 Musicals101.com , accessed August 26 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snyder , Robert W . The Encyclopedia of New York City ( New Haven : Yale University Press , 1995 ) , Kenneth T. Jackson , editor , p. 1226 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoffos , Signe and Moulder , Bob . `` ' Desperately Seeking Lydia ' and ' Appreciating Lydia ' '' The Friends of Kensal Green Cemetery Magazine , Vol. 43 , Autumn 2006 , pp. 1 -- 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gänzl , Kurt . `` Lydia Thompson '' , Encyclopaedia of the Musical Theatre , Blackwell / Schirmer ( 1994 ) , ISBN 0 - 631 - 16457 - X </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Longest Running Plays in London and New York '' dgillan.screaming.net ( stagebeauty.net ) , copyright 2007 , accessed August 26 , 2011 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sheridan , Morley . Spread A Little Happiness : the First Hundred Years of the British Musical , New York : Thames and Hudson , 1987 , ISBN 0 - 500 - 01398 - 5 , p. 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` Kenrick 's summary of New York theatre from 1865 -- 1900 '' Musicals101.com , accessed August 26 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Midkoff , Neil . `` Discovering Dorothy '' home.earthlink.net , accessed August 26 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` Kenrick 's summary of the 20th century history of theatre in New York '' . Musicals101.com , accessed August 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atkinson , Brooks ( April 2 , 1941 ) . `` Lillian Hellman 's ' Watch on the Rhine ' Acted With Paul Lukas in the Leading Part '' . New York Times . Retrieved October 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` History of The Musical Stage . 1950s I : When Broadway Ruled '' musicals101.com , accessed December 2 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` History of The Musical Stage. 1960s II : Long Running Hits '' musicals101.com , accessed December 2 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenrick , John . `` History of The Musical Stage . 1970s Part V : Change '' musicals101.com , accessed December 2 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloom , Ken . `` Introduction '' Broadway : Its History , People , and Places ( 2004 ) ( books.google.com ) Taylor & Francis , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93704 - 3 , p. xvi </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shows Opening During The 1950 -- 1951 Season '' InternetBroadwayDatabase , accessed December 3 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shows Opening During The 1969 -- 1970 Season '' InternetBroadwayDatabase , accessed December 3 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Broadway 1950 -- 1970 '' mapsites.net , December 2 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The name of the organization was `` Save the Theatres , Inc. , as noted in court papers . See Shubert Organization , Inc. v. Landmarks Preservation Commission of the City of New York and Save the Theatres , Inc . Archived May 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , Supreme Court of New York , Appellate Division , First Department , May 16 , 1991 , accessed March 10 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Proposal to Save Morosco and Helen Hayes Theaters '' Archived May 20 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine. , LHP Architects , accessed March 10 , 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Helen Epstein ( 1996 - 03 - 01 ) . Joe Papp : An American Life . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80676 - 2 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` City Panel Near Vote On Save - The - Theaters Proposals '' . New York City : NYTimes.com. April 15 , 1984 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corwin , Betty `` Theatre on film and tape archive '' Archived September 21 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine. , International Association of Libraries and Museums of the Performing Arts , accessed May 10 , 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bill Summary & Status -- 97th Congress ( 1981 -- 1982 ) -- H.R. 6885 '' . Thomas.loc.gov . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynne B. Sagalyn ( 2003 ) . Times Square Roulette : Remaking the City Icon . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 69295 - 3 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peter Bosselmann ( August 28 , 1985 ) . Representation of Places -- Imprimé : Reality and Realism in City Design . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 91826 - 9 . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blank , Matthew . `` Weekly Schedule of Current Broadway Shows '' Playbill.com , August 21 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simonson , Robert . `` When Did Broadway Shows Start Offering Sunday Performances ? '' Archived October 29 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . Playbill.com , April 1 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Healy , Patrick . `` Time Is Short to See Tony Winners '' . The New York Times , June 14 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shenton , Mark . `` Rewarded today , gone tomorrow ... '' Archived June 26 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... The Stage , June 17 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Local 802 Agreement '' . local802afm.org . p. 10 . Retrieved August 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Playbill Staff . `` Long Runs on Broadway '' Playbill.com , November 20 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.tdf.org/nyc/7/TKTS </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blank , Matthew . `` Broadway Rush and Standing Room Only Policies '' Archived May 10 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Playbill.com , March 1 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . Broadway League Announces 2012 -- 13 Demographics ; Young Theatregoers and International Tourists on the Rise '' Archived January 9 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . playbill.com , January 9 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Society of London Theatre Annual Report , 2009 , p. 4 '' solt.co.uk , retrieved January 4 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tony Awards History '' Archived May 7 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine . tonyawards.com , accessed February 25 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKinley , Jesse . `` Tony Awards Finish Up With a Fuzzy Surprise ; Puppet Musical Wins Big , as Does ' My Own Wife ' '' The New York Times , June 7 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Venues at the Internet Broadway Database InternetBroadwayDatabase.com , accessed August 26 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) . `` Downton Abbey 's Elizabeth McGovern Will Lead Broadway Revival of Time and the Conways Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` Mean Girls Sets Broadway Dates and Theatre '' Playbill.com , September 6 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` Michael Moore Teams Up with Michael Mayer for Broadway Debut '' Playbill.com , May 1 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` Denzel Washington to Star in The Iceman Cometh on Broadway '' , Playbill.com , August 20 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Amy Schumer and Laura Benanti Confirmed to Star in Steve Martin 's Meteor Shower on Broadway '' Playbill.com , August 7 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lloyd Webber , Imogen ( 2016 - 06 - 28 ) . `` Anastasia , Starring Christy Altomare , Derek Klena & More , Sets Broadway Dates & Theater '' . Broadway.com . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` The Heat Is On ! Miss Saigon Broadway Revival Books Dates and a Theatre '' Playbill.com , August 4 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Broadway Revival of Once on This Island Sets Theatre ; Tickets on Sale Now '' Playbill.com , May 11 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Clive Owen - Led M. Butterfly , Directed by Julie Taymor , Sets Broadway Theatre '' Playbill.com , June 19 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` The Band 's Visit to Arrive on Broadway in the Fall '' Playbill.com , May 24 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Broadway Musical Come From Away Begins in Toronto '' Playbill.com , September 15 , 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Clement , Olivia . `` Emmy Nominee Brian Tyree Henry Joins Michael Cera and Chris Evans in Broadway 's Lobby Hero '' Playbill.com , September 6 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sullivan , Lindsey . `` Big Brother Is Watching ! Stage Version of George Orwell 's 1984 Heading to Broadway '' Broadway.com , February 2 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Betsy Wolfe , Alexander Gemignani , and More Join Broadway Revival of Carousel ; Dates and Theatre Announced '' Playbill.com , September 4 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` Alison Pill Joins Laurie Metcalf and Glenda Jackson in Three Tall Women on Broadway '' Playbill.com , September 5 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew & Hetrick , Adam . `` Previews Begin for Broadway 's A Bronx Tale Musical '' Playbill.com , June 13 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Sets Broadway Dates ; See New Videos '' Playbill.com , August 8 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` The Olivier - Winning The Play That Goes Wrong Sets Broadway Date '' Playbill.com , November 14 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Confirms Broadway Opening Night Date and Theatre '' Playbill.com , May 4 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Jimmy Buffett 's Escape to Margaritaville Musical Sets Broadway Theatre and Dates '' Playbill.com , June 5 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff , Broadway.com . `` Broadway - Bound Dear Evan Hansen Switches Venue , Will Now Open at Music Box Theatre '' Broadway.com , September 12 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Tix On Sale to General Public for Patti LuPone - Christine Ebersole War Paint '' Playbill.com , November 27 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Viagas , Robert . `` Now , Forever ... and Again ! Cats Revival Sets Broadway Dates '' Playbill.com , January 21 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` SpongeBob SquarePants Musical Will Hit Broadway This Fall '' Playbill.com , June 5 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Frozen Musical Sets Date for Official Broadway Opening '' Playbill.com , August 23 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` Prince of Broadway Will Open on Broadway This Summer '' Playbill.com , December 7 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` David Hyde Pierce Will Join Bette Midler in Hello , Dolly ! '' Playbill.com , May 17 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` John Leguizamo Will Return to Broadway With Latin History for Morons '' Playbill.com , August 23 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Steven Pasquale Will Star in Ayad Akhtar 's New Play Junk on Broadway '' Playbill.com , June 15 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` Bruce Springsteen Confirms Fall Broadway Debut '' Playbill.com , August 9 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Gettin ' the Band Back Together Sets 2018 Broadway Opening '' Playbill.com , August 14 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` King Kong Musical Will Conquer Broadway in 2018 ; Harry Potter Scribe Joins Creative Team '' Playbill.com , May 17 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` My Fair Lady Will Return to Broadway in 2018 '' Playbill.com , March 6 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan & Gans , Andrew . `` London 's Angels in America Will Transfer to Broadway '' Playbill.com , September 7 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` MTC Announces New Broadway and Off - Broadway Shows '' Playbill.com , March 22 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPhee , Ryan . `` Joshua Jackson and Lauren Ridloff Will Make Their Broadway Debuts in Children of a Lesser God '' Playbill.com , August 15 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Mark Rylance Will Return to Broadway in Farinelli and the King '' Playbill.com , May 8 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam . `` Tracy Letts ' The Minutes Will Transfer to Broadway '' Playbill.com , February 16 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` The Parisian Woman , with Uma Thurman , Sets Broadway Theatre '' Playbill.com , August 3 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SAINT JOAN , Starring Condola Rashad , Will Bring Religious Icon to Broadway This Spring '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2017 - 09 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hetrick , Adam ( 2017 - 09 - 06 ) . `` Aaron Sorkin Adaptation of To Kill a Mockingbird Sets 2018 Broadway Arrival Playbill '' . Playbill . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Breaking : Tom Hollander Will Lead Revival of Tom Stoppard 's TRAVESTIES on Broadway ! '' . BroadwayWorld.com. 2017 - 08 - 16 . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clement , Olivia . `` John Lithgow to Return to Broadway With Personal Solo Show '' Playbill.com , September 13 , 2017 </Li> </Ol> <P> Further reading </P> <Ul> <Li> Ackerman , Alan . `` Liberalism , Democracy , and the Twentieth - Century American Theater , '' American Literary History ( 2005 ) 17 # 4 pp. 765 -- 780 . </Li> <Li> Bordman , Gerald . American Musical Comedy ( Oxford University Press , 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Bordman , Gerald . American Operetta ( Oxford University Press , 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Knapp , Raymond . The American Musical and the Formation of National Identity ( Princeton University Press , 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Middeke , Martin , et al . The Methuen Drama Guide to Contemporary American Playwrights ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Mordden , Ethan . Anything Goes : A History of American Musical Theatre ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Roudane , Matthew Charles . American Drama Since 1960 : A Critical History ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Shiach , Don . American Drama 1900 -- 1990 ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Stempel , Larry . Showtime : A History of the Broadway Musical Theater ( WW Norton , 2010 ) 826 pp . </Li> <Li> Weales , Gerald Clifford . American drama since World War II ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> White , Timothy R. Blue - Collar Broadway : The Craft and Industry of American Theater ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Wolf , Stacy . Changed for Good : A Feminist History of the Broadway Musical ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Broadway theatre . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Internet Broadway Database </Li> <Li> The Houses of Broadway </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Broadway theatres </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Active , by owner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> The Shubert Organization ( 17 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ambassador Theatre </Li> <Li> Belasco Theatre </Li> <Li> Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre </Li> <Li> Booth Theatre </Li> <Li> Broadhurst Theatre </Li> <Li> Broadway Theatre </Li> <Li> Cort Theatre </Li> <Li> Ethel Barrymore Theatre </Li> <Li> Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre </Li> <Li> Imperial Theatre </Li> <Li> John Golden Theatre </Li> <Li> Longacre Theatre </Li> <Li> Lyceum Theatre </Li> <Li> Majestic Theatre </Li> <Li> Music Box Theatre </Li> <Li> Shubert Theatre </Li> <Li> Winter Garden Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nederlander Organization ( 9 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brooks Atkinson Theatre </Li> <Li> Gershwin Theatre </Li> <Li> Lunt - Fontanne Theatre </Li> <Li> Marquis Theatre </Li> <Li> Minskoff Theatre </Li> <Li> Nederlander Theatre </Li> <Li> Neil Simon Theatre </Li> <Li> Palace Theatre </Li> <Li> Richard Rodgers Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jujamcyn Theaters ( 5 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Al Hirschfeld Theatre </Li> <Li> August Wilson Theatre </Li> <Li> Eugene O'Neill Theatre </Li> <Li> St. James Theatre </Li> <Li> Walter Kerr Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roundabout Theatre Company ( 3 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Airlines Theatre </Li> <Li> Stephen Sondheim Theatre </Li> <Li> Studio 54 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ambassador Theatre Group ( 2 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hudson Theatre </Li> <Li> Lyric Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other ( 5 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Circle in the Square Theatre ( independent ) </Li> <Li> Helen Hayes Theatre ( Second Stage ) </Li> <Li> New Amsterdam Theatre ( Disney ) </Li> <Li> Samuel J. Friedman Theatre ( MTC ) </Li> <Li> Vivian Beaumont Theater ( Lincoln Center ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extant former Broadway theatres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ed Sullivan Theater ( CBS ) </Li> <Li> Edison Theatre ( Hotel Edison ) </Li> <Li> Empire Theatre ( AMC Theatres ) </Li> <Li> Liberty Theatre </Li> <Li> Mark Hellinger Theatre ( Times Square Church ) </Li> <Li> New Victory Theater ( New 42nd Street ) </Li> <Li> Times Square Theater ( New 42nd Street ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Defunct and / or demolished </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Adelphi Theatre </Li> <Li> Apollo Theatre ( 42nd St . ) </Li> <Li> Astor Theatre </Li> <Li> Avon Theatre </Li> <Li> Bandbox Theatre </Li> <Li> Belmont Theatre </Li> <Li> Berkeley Lyceum Theatre </Li> <Li> Bijou Theatre </Li> <Li> Booth 's Theatre </Li> <Li> Broadway Theatre ( 41st Street ) </Li> <Li> Casino Theatre </Li> <Li> Center Theatre </Li> <Li> Central Theatre </Li> <Li> Century Theatre ( 46th St . ) </Li> <Li> Century Theatre ( 62nd St . ) </Li> <Li> Charles Hopkins Theatre </Li> <Li> Circle Theatre </Li> <Li> Comedy Theatre </Li> <Li> Criterion Theatre </Li> <Li> Daly 's Theatre ( 30th St . ) </Li> <Li> Daly 's 63rd Street Theatre </Li> <Li> Earl Carroll Theatre </Li> <Li> Empire Theatre ( 41st St . ) </Li> <Li> Fifth Avenue Theatre </Li> <Li> 52nd Street Theatre </Li> <Li> 48th Street Theatre </Li> <Li> 44th Street Theatre </Li> <Li> 49th Street Theatre </Li> <Li> Fulton Theatre </Li> <Li> Gaiety Theatre </Li> <Li> Garden Theatre </Li> <Li> Garrick Theatre </Li> <Li> Harkness Theatre </Li> <Li> Herald Square Theatre </Li> <Li> Hippodrome Theatre </Li> <Li> Jardin de Paris </Li> <Li> Klaw Theatre </Li> <Li> Knickerbocker Theatre </Li> <Li> Latin Quarter </Li> <Li> Lincoln Square Theatre </Li> <Li> Lyceum Theatre ( 4th Ave . ) </Li> <Li> Lyric Theatre ( 1903 ) </Li> <Li> Majestic Theatre ( Columbus Circle ) </Li> <Li> Manhattan Theatre ( 33rd St . ) </Li> <Li> Maxine Elliott Theatre </Li> <Li> Mayfair Theatre ( 44th St . ) </Li> <Li> Mayfair Theatre ( 46th St . ) </Li> <Li> Morosco Theatre </Li> <Li> New Century Theatre </Li> <Li> New Theatre Comique </Li> <Li> New York Theatre ( 44th St . ) </Li> <Li> Nora Bayes Theatre </Li> <Li> Olympia Theatre </Li> <Li> Palmer 's Theatre </Li> <Li> Park Theatre ( Park Row ) </Li> <Li> Playhouse Theatre </Li> <Li> Playhouse Theatre ( 6th Ave . ) </Li> <Li> President Theatre </Li> <Li> Princess Theatre </Li> <Li> Proctor 's Theatre </Li> <Li> Rialto Theatre </Li> <Li> Sam H. Harris Theatre </Li> <Li> Savoy Theatre </Li> <Li> Star Theatre </Li> <Li> Theatre Comique </Li> <Li> 39th Street Theatre </Li> <Li> Vanderbilt Theatre </Li> <Li> Victoria Theatre </Li> <Li> Waldorf Theatre </Li> <Li> Wallack 's Theatre </Li> <Li> Wallack 's Lyceum Theatre </Li> <Li> Waverley Theatre </Li> <Li> Winter Garden Theatre ( Jenny Lind Hall ) </Li> <Li> Ziegfeld Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Broadway_theatre&oldid=802210660 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Broadway theatre </Li> <Li> Musical theatre </Li> <Li> Theater District , Manhattan </Li> <Li> Theatre in the United States </Li> <Li> Broadway ( Manhattan ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Къарачай - малкъар </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> მარგალური </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 18 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Cosmic microwave background - wikipedia <H1> Cosmic microwave background </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` CMB '' redirects here . For other uses , see CMB ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Physical cosmology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Big Bang Universe </Li> <Li> Age of the universe </Li> <Li> Chronology of the universe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Early universe ( hide ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Planck epoch </Li> <Li> Grand unification epoch </Li> <Li> Quark epoch </Li> <Li> Hadron epoch </Li> <Li> Lepton epoch </Li> <Li> Photon epoch </Li> <Li> Big Bang nucleosynthesis </Li> <Li> Inflation </Li> <Li> Dark Ages </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Backgrounds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cosmic background radiation ( CBR ) </Li> <Li> Gravitational wave background ( GWB ) </Li> <Li> Cosmic microwave background ( CMB ) Cosmic neutrino background ( CNB ) </Li> <Li> Cosmic infrared background ( INB ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Expansion Future ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Hubble 's law Redshift </Li> <Li> Expansion of the universe </Li> <Li> Accelerating expansion of the universe </Li> <Li> FLRW metric Friedmann equations </Li> <Li> Inhomogeneous cosmology </Li> <Li> Future of an expanding universe </Li> <Li> Ultimate fate of the universe </Li> <Li> Heat death of the universe </Li> <Li> Big Rip </Li> <Li> Big Crunch </Li> <Li> Big Bounce </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Components Structure ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Components </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lambda - CDM model </Li> <Li> Baryonic matter </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Radiation </Li> <Li> Dark energy <Ul> <Li> Quintessence </Li> <Li> Phantom energy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dark matter <Ul> <Li> Cold dark matter </Li> <Li> Warm dark matter </Li> <Li> Hot dark matter </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dark radiation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Structure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shape of the universe </Li> <Li> Reionization Structure formation </Li> <Li> Galaxy formation </Li> <Li> Large - scale structure </Li> <Li> Large quasar group </Li> <Li> Galaxy filament </Li> <Li> Supercluster </Li> <Li> Galaxy cluster </Li> <Li> Galaxy group </Li> <Li> Local Group </Li> <Li> Void </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Experiments ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Black Hole Initiative ( BHI ) </Li> <Li> BOOMERanG </Li> <Li> Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) </Li> <Li> Illustris project </Li> <Li> Planck space observatory </Li> <Li> Sloan Digital Sky Survey ( SDSS ) </Li> <Li> 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey ( `` 2dF '' ) </Li> <Li> Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scientists </Li> </Ul> ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Aaronson </Li> <Li> Alfvén </Li> <Li> Alpher </Li> <Li> Bharadwaj </Li> <Li> Copernicus </Li> <Li> de Sitter </Li> <Li> Dicke </Li> <Li> Ehlers </Li> <Li> Einstein </Li> <Li> Ellis </Li> <Li> Friedman </Li> <Li> Galileo </Li> <Li> Gamow </Li> <Li> Guth </Li> <Li> Hawking </Li> <Li> Hubble </Li> <Li> Lemaître </Li> <Li> Linde </Li> <Li> Mather </Li> <Li> Newton </Li> <Li> Penrose </Li> <Li> Penzias </Li> <Li> Rubin </Li> <Li> Schmidt </Li> <Li> Smoot </Li> <Li> Starobinsky </Li> <Li> Steinhardt </Li> <Li> Suntzeff </Li> <Li> Sunyaev </Li> <Li> Tolman </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> <Li> Zel'dovich </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subject history ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation </Li> <Li> History of the Big Bang theory </Li> <Li> Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory </Li> <Li> Timeline of cosmological theories </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Cosmology portal </Li> <Li> Astronomy portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The cosmic microwave background ( CMB , CMBR ) is electromagnetic radiation as a remnant from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology . In older literature , the CMB is also variously known as cosmic microwave background radiation ( CMBR ) or `` relic radiation '' . The CMB is a faint cosmic background radiation filling all space that is an important source of data on the early universe because it is the oldest electromagnetic radiation in the universe , dating to the epoch of recombination . With a traditional optical telescope , the space between stars and galaxies ( the background ) is completely dark . However , a sufficiently sensitive radio telescope shows a faint background noise , or glow , almost isotropic , that is not associated with any star , galaxy , or other object . This glow is strongest in the microwave region of the radio spectrum . The accidental discovery of the CMB in 1964 by American radio astronomers Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson was the culmination of work initiated in the 1940s , and earned the discoverers the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics . </P> <P> The discovery of CMB is landmark evidence of the Big Bang origin of the universe . When the universe was young , before the formation of stars and planets , it was denser , much hotter , and filled with a uniform glow from a white - hot fog of hydrogen plasma . As the universe expanded , both the plasma and the radiation filling it grew cooler . When the universe cooled enough , protons and electrons combined to form neutral hydrogen atoms . Unlike the uncombined protons and electrons , these newly conceived atoms could not absorb the thermal radiation , and so the universe became transparent instead of being an opaque fog . Cosmologists refer to the time period when neutral atoms first formed as the recombination epoch , and the event shortly afterwards when photons started to travel freely through space rather than constantly being scattered by electrons and protons in plasma is referred to as photon decoupling . The photons that existed at the time of photon decoupling have been propagating ever since , though growing fainter and less energetic , since the expansion of space causes their wavelength to increase over time ( and wavelength is inversely proportional to energy according to Planck 's relation ) . This is the source of the alternative term relic radiation . The surface of last scattering refers to the set of points in space at the right distance from us so that we are now receiving photons originally emitted from those points at the time of photon decoupling . </P> <P> Precise measurements of the CMB are critical to cosmology , since any proposed model of the universe must explain this radiation . The CMB has a thermal black body spectrum at a temperature of 7000272548000000000 ♠ 2.725 48 ± 0.000 57 K . The spectral radiance dE / dν peaks at 160.23 GHz , in the microwave range of frequencies , corresponding to a photon energy of about 6.626 × 10 eV . Alternatively , if spectral radiance is defined as dE / dλ , then the peak wavelength is 1.063 mm ( 282 GHz , 1.168 x 10 eV photons ) . The glow is very nearly uniform in all directions , but the tiny residual variations show a very specific pattern , the same as that expected of a fairly uniformly distributed hot gas that has expanded to the current size of the universe . In particular , the spectral radiance at different angles of observation in the sky contains small anisotropies , or irregularities , which vary with the size of the region examined . They have been measured in detail , and match what would be expected if small thermal variations , generated by quantum fluctuations of matter in a very tiny space , had expanded to the size of the observable universe we see today . This is a very active field of study , with scientists seeking both better data ( for example , the Planck spacecraft ) and better interpretations of the initial conditions of expansion . Although many different processes might produce the general form of a black body spectrum , no model other than the Big Bang has yet explained the fluctuations . As a result , most cosmologists consider the Big Bang model of the universe to be the best explanation for the CMB . </P> <P> The high degree of uniformity throughout the observable universe and its faint but measured anisotropy lend strong support for the Big Bang model in general and the ΛCDM ( `` Lambda Cold Dark Matter '' ) model in particular . Moreover , the fluctuations are coherent on angular scales that are larger than the apparent cosmological horizon at recombination . Either such coherence is acausally fine - tuned , or cosmic inflation occurred . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Features </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Relationship to the Big Bang <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Primary anisotropy </Li> <Li> 3.2 Late time anisotropy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Polarization <Ul> <Li> 4.1 E-modes </Li> <Li> 4.2 B - modes <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Primordial gravitational waves </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Gravitational lensing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Microwave background observations </Li> <Li> 6 Data reduction and analysis <Ul> <Li> 6.1 CMBR dipole anisotropy </Li> <Li> 6.2 Low multipoles and other anomalies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Future evolution </Li> <Li> 8 Timeline of prediction , discovery and interpretation <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Thermal ( non-microwave background ) temperature predictions </Li> <Li> 8.2 Microwave background radiation predictions and measurements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Features ( edit ) </H2> Graph of cosmic microwave background spectrum measured by the FIRAS instrument on the COBE , the most precisely measured black body spectrum in nature . The error bars are too small to be seen even in an enlarged image , and it is impossible to distinguish the observed data from the theoretical curve . <P> The cosmic microwave background radiation is an emission of uniform , black body thermal energy coming from all parts of the sky . The radiation is isotropic to roughly one part in 100,000 : the root mean square variations are only 18 μK , after subtracting out a dipole anisotropy from the Doppler shift of the background radiation . The latter is caused by the peculiar velocity of the Earth relative to the comoving cosmic rest frame as our planet moves at some 371 km / s towards the constellation Leo . The CMB dipole as well as aberration at higher multipoles have been measured , consistent with galactic motion . </P> <P> In the Big Bang model for the formation of the universe , inflationary cosmology predicts that after about 10 seconds the nascent universe underwent exponential growth that smoothed out nearly all irregularities . The remaining irregularities were caused by quantum fluctuations in the inflaton field that caused the inflation event . Before the formation of stars and planets ( after 10 seconds ) , the early universe was smaller , much hotter , and filled with a uniform glow from its white - hot fog of interacting plasma of photons , electrons , and baryons . </P> <P> As the universe expanded , adiabatic cooling caused the energy density of the plasma to decrease until it became favorable for electrons to combine with protons , forming hydrogen atoms . This recombination event happened when the temperature was around 3000 K or when the universe was approximately 379,000 years old . As photons did not interact with these electrically neutral atoms , the former began to travel freely through space , resulting in the decoupling of matter and radiation . </P> <P> The color temperature of the ensemble of decoupled photons has continued to diminish ever since ; now down to 7000272600000000000 ♠ 2.7260 ± 0.0013 K , it will continue to drop as the universe expands . The intensity of the radiation also corresponds to black - body radiation at 2.726 K because red - shifted black - body radiation is just like black - body radiation at a lower temperature . According to the Big Bang model , the radiation from the sky we measure today comes from a spherical surface called the surface of last scattering . This represents the set of locations in space at which the decoupling event is estimated to have occurred and at a point in time such that the photons from that distance have just reached observers . Most of the radiation energy in the universe is in the cosmic microwave background , making up a fraction of roughly 6995600000000000000 ♠ 6 × 10 of the total density of the universe . </P> <P> Two of the greatest successes of the Big Bang theory are its prediction of the almost perfect black body spectrum and its detailed prediction of the anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background . The CMB spectrum has become the most precisely measured black body spectrum in nature . </P> <P> Density of energy for CMB is 6986400544121750000 ♠ 0.25 eV / cm ( 6986400499999999999 ♠ 4.005 × 10 J / m ) or ( 400 -- 500 photons / cm ) . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> See also : Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation <P> The cosmic microwave background was first predicted in 1948 by Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman . Alpher and Herman were able to estimate the temperature of the cosmic microwave background to be 5 K , though two years later they re-estimated it at 28 K . This high estimate was due to a mis - estimate of the Hubble constant by Alfred Behr , which could not be replicated and was later abandoned for the earlier estimate . Although there were several previous estimates of the temperature of space , these suffered from two flaws . First , they were measurements of the effective temperature of space and did not suggest that space was filled with a thermal Planck spectrum . Next , they depend on our being at a special spot at the edge of the Milky Way galaxy and they did not suggest the radiation is isotropic . The estimates would yield very different predictions if Earth happened to be located elsewhere in the universe . </P> The Holmdel Horn Antenna on which Penzias and Wilson discovered the cosmic microwave background <P> The 1948 results of Alpher and Herman were discussed in many physics settings through about 1955 , when both left the Applied Physics Laboratory at Johns Hopkins University . The mainstream astronomical community , however , was not intrigued at the time by cosmology . Alpher and Herman 's prediction was rediscovered by Yakov Zel'dovich in the early 1960s , and independently predicted by Robert Dicke at the same time . The first published recognition of the CMB radiation as a detectable phenomenon appeared in a brief paper by Soviet astrophysicists A.G. Doroshkevich and Igor Novikov , in the spring of 1964 . In 1964 , David Todd Wilkinson and Peter Roll , Dicke 's colleagues at Princeton University , began constructing a Dicke radiometer to measure the cosmic microwave background . In 1964 , Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson at the Crawford Hill location of Bell Telephone Laboratories in nearby Holmdel Township , New Jersey had built a Dicke radiometer that they intended to use for radio astronomy and satellite communication experiments . On 20 May 1964 they made their first measurement clearly showing the presence of the microwave background , with their instrument having an excess 4.2 K antenna temperature which they could not account for . After receiving a telephone call from Crawford Hill , Dicke said `` Boys , we 've been scooped . '' A meeting between the Princeton and Crawford Hill groups determined that the antenna temperature was indeed due to the microwave background . Penzias and Wilson received the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery . </P> <P> The interpretation of the cosmic microwave background was a controversial issue in the 1960s with some proponents of the steady state theory arguing that the microwave background was the result of scattered starlight from distant galaxies . Using this model , and based on the study of narrow absorption line features in the spectra of stars , the astronomer Andrew McKellar wrote in 1941 : `` It can be calculated that the ' rotational temperature ' of interstellar space is 2 K . '' However , during the 1970s the consensus was established that the cosmic microwave background is a remnant of the big bang . This was largely because new measurements at a range of frequencies showed that the spectrum was a thermal , black body spectrum , a result that the steady state model was unable to reproduce . </P> <P> Harrison , Peebles , Yu and Zel'dovich realized that the early universe would have to have inhomogeneities at the level of 10 or 10 . Rashid Sunyaev later calculated the observable imprint that these inhomogeneities would have on the cosmic microwave background . Increasingly stringent limits on the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background were set by ground - based experiments during the 1980s . RELIKT - 1 , a Soviet cosmic microwave background anisotropy experiment on board the Prognoz 9 satellite ( launched 1 July 1983 ) gave upper limits on the large - scale anisotropy . The NASA COBE mission clearly confirmed the primary anisotropy with the Differential Microwave Radiometer instrument , publishing their findings in 1992 . The team received the Nobel Prize in physics for 2006 for this discovery . </P> <P> Inspired by the COBE results , a series of ground and balloon - based experiments measured cosmic microwave background anisotropies on smaller angular scales over the next decade . The primary goal of these experiments was to measure the scale of the first acoustic peak , which COBE did not have sufficient resolution to resolve . This peak corresponds to large scale density variations in the early universe that are created by gravitational instabilities , resulting in acoustical oscillations in the plasma . The first peak in the anisotropy was tentatively detected by the Toco experiment and the result was confirmed by the BOOMERanG and MAXIMA experiments . These measurements demonstrated that the geometry of the universe is approximately flat , rather than curved . They ruled out cosmic strings as a major component of cosmic structure formation and suggested cosmic inflation was the right theory of structure formation . </P> <P> The second peak was tentatively detected by several experiments before being definitively detected by WMAP , which has also tentatively detected the third peak . As of 2010 , several experiments to improve measurements of the polarization and the microwave background on small angular scales are ongoing . These include DASI , WMAP , BOOMERanG , QUaD , Planck spacecraft , Atacama Cosmology Telescope , South Pole Telescope and the QUIET telescope . </P> <H2> Relationship to the Big Bang ( edit ) </H2> Nature timeline view discuss edit - 13 -- -- - 12 -- -- - 11 -- -- - 10 -- -- - 9 -- -- - 8 -- -- - 7 -- -- - 6 -- -- - 5 -- -- - 4 -- -- - 3 -- -- - 2 -- -- - 1 -- -- 0 -- Reionization Matter - dominated era accelerated expansion Unicellular life photosynthesis Multicellular life Vertebrates Dark Ages ← Earliest universe ( − 13.80 ) ← Earliest stars ← Earliest galaxy ← Earliest quasar / sbh ← Omega Centauri forms ← Andromeda Galaxy forms ← Milky Way Galaxy spiral arms form ← Alpha Centauri forms ← Solar System ← Earliest life ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Earliest plants ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest mammals i f Axis scale : billion years Also see : Human timeline and Life timeline <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details . ( September 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The cosmic microwave background radiation and the cosmological redshift - distance relation are together regarded as the best available evidence for the Big Bang theory . Measurements of the CMB have made the inflationary Big Bang theory the Standard Cosmological Model . The discovery of the CMB in the mid-1960s curtailed interest in alternatives such as the steady state theory . </P> <P> The CMB essentially confirms the Big Bang theory . In the late 1940s Alpher and Herman reasoned that if there was a big bang , the expansion of the universe would have stretched and cooled the high - energy radiation of the very early universe into the microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum , and down to a temperature of about 5 K. They were slightly off with their estimate , but they had exactly the right idea . They predicted the CMB . It took another 15 years for Penzias and Wilson to stumble into discovering that the microwave background was actually there . </P> <P> The CMB gives a snapshot of the universe when , according to standard cosmology , the temperature dropped enough to allow electrons and protons to form hydrogen atoms , thereby making the universe nearly transparent to radiation because light was no longer being scattered off free electrons . When it originated some 380,000 years after the Big Bang -- this time is generally known as the `` time of last scattering '' or the period of recombination or decoupling -- the temperature of the universe was about 3000 K . This corresponds to an energy of about 0.26 eV , which is much less than the 13.6 eV ionization energy of hydrogen . </P> <P> Since decoupling , the temperature of the background radiation has dropped by a factor of roughly 1,100 due to the expansion of the universe . As the universe expands , the CMB photons are redshifted , causing them to decrease in energy . The temperature of this radiation stays inversely proportional to a parameter that describes the relative expansion of the universe over time , known as the scale length . The temperature T of the CMB as a function of redshift , z , can be shown to be proportional to the temperature of the CMB as observed in the present day ( 2.725 K or 0.2348 meV ) : </P> <Dl> <Dd> T = 2.725 ( 1 + z ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> For details about the reasoning that the radiation is evidence for the Big Bang , see Cosmic background radiation of the Big Bang . </P> <H3> Primary anisotropy ( edit ) </H3> The power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background radiation temperature anisotropy in terms of the angular scale ( or multipole moment ) . The data shown comes from the WMAP ( 2006 ) , Acbar ( 2004 ) Boomerang ( 2005 ) , CBI ( 2004 ) , and VSA ( 2004 ) instruments . Also shown is a theoretical model ( solid line ) . <P> The anisotropy , or directional dependency , of the cosmic microwave background is divided into two types : primary anisotropy , due to effects that occur at the last scattering surface and before ; and secondary anisotropy , due to effects such as interactions of the background radiation with hot gas or gravitational potentials , which occur between the last scattering surface and the observer . </P> <P> The structure of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies is principally determined by two effects : acoustic oscillations and diffusion damping ( also called collisionless damping or Silk damping ) . The acoustic oscillations arise because of a conflict in the photon -- baryon plasma in the early universe . The pressure of the photons tends to erase anisotropies , whereas the gravitational attraction of the baryons , moving at speeds much slower than light , makes them tend to collapse to form overdensities . These two effects compete to create acoustic oscillations , which give the microwave background its characteristic peak structure . The peaks correspond , roughly , to resonances in which the photons decouple when a particular mode is at its peak amplitude . </P> <P> The peaks contain interesting physical signatures . The angular scale of the first peak determines the curvature of the universe ( but not the topology of the universe ) . The next peak -- ratio of the odd peaks to the even peaks -- determines the reduced baryon density . The third peak can be used to get information about the dark - matter density . </P> <P> The locations of the peaks also give important information about the nature of the primordial density perturbations . There are two fundamental types of density perturbations called adiabatic and isocurvature . A general density perturbation is a mixture of both , and different theories that purport to explain the primordial density perturbation spectrum predict different mixtures . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Adiabatic density perturbations </Dt> <Dd> In an adiabatic density perturbation , the fractional additional number density of each type of particle ( baryons , photons ... ) is the same . That is , if at one place there is a 1 % higher number density of baryons than average , then at that place there is also a 1 % higher number density of photons ( and a 1 % higher number density in neutrinos ) than average . Cosmic inflation predicts that the primordial perturbations are adiabatic . </Dd> <Dt> Isocurvature density perturbations </Dt> <Dd> In an isocurvature density perturbation , the sum ( over different types of particle ) of the fractional additional densities is zero . That is , a perturbation where at some spot there is 1 % more energy in baryons than average , 1 % more energy in photons than average , and 2 % less energy in neutrinos than average , would be a pure isocurvature perturbation . Cosmic strings would produce mostly isocurvature primordial perturbations . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The CMB spectrum can distinguish between these two because these two types of perturbations produce different peak locations . Isocurvature density perturbations produce a series of peaks whose angular scales ( l values of the peaks ) are roughly in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5 : ... , while adiabatic density perturbations produce peaks whose locations are in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : ... Observations are consistent with the primordial density perturbations being entirely adiabatic , providing key support for inflation , and ruling out many models of structure formation involving , for example , cosmic strings . </P> <P> Collisionless damping is caused by two effects , when the treatment of the primordial plasma as fluid begins to break down : </P> <Ul> <Li> the increasing mean free path of the photons as the primordial plasma becomes increasingly rarefied in an expanding universe , </Li> <Li> the finite depth of the last scattering surface ( LSS ) , which causes the mean free path to increase rapidly during decoupling , even while some Compton scattering is still occurring . </Li> </Ul> <P> These effects contribute about equally to the suppression of anisotropies at small scales and give rise to the characteristic exponential damping tail seen in the very small angular scale anisotropies . </P> <P> The depth of the LSS refers to the fact that the decoupling of the photons and baryons does not happen instantaneously , but instead requires an appreciable fraction of the age of the universe up to that era . One method of quantifying how long this process took uses the photon visibility function ( PVF ) . This function is defined so that , denoting the PVF by P ( t ) , the probability that a CMB photon last scattered between time t and t + dt is given by P ( t ) dt . </P> <P> The maximum of the PVF ( the time when it is most likely that a given CMB photon last scattered ) is known quite precisely . The first - year WMAP results put the time at which P ( t ) has a maximum as 372,000 years . This is often taken as the `` time '' at which the CMB formed . However , to figure out how long it took the photons and baryons to decouple , we need a measure of the width of the PVF . The WMAP team finds that the PVF is greater than half of its maximal value ( the `` full width at half maximum '' , or FWHM ) over an interval of 115,000 years . By this measure , decoupling took place over roughly 115,000 years , and when it was complete , the universe was roughly 487,000 years old . </P> <H3> Late time anisotropy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the CMB came into existence , it has apparently been modified by several subsequent physical processes , which are collectively referred to as late - time anisotropy , or secondary anisotropy . When the CMB photons became free to travel unimpeded , ordinary matter in the universe was mostly in the form of neutral hydrogen and helium atoms . However , observations of galaxies today seem to indicate that most of the volume of the intergalactic medium ( IGM ) consists of ionized material ( since there are few absorption lines due to hydrogen atoms ) . This implies a period of reionization during which some of the material of the universe was broken into hydrogen ions . </P> <P> The CMB photons are scattered by free charges such as electrons that are not bound in atoms . In an ionized universe , such charged particles have been liberated from neutral atoms by ionizing ( ultraviolet ) radiation . Today these free charges are at sufficiently low density in most of the volume of the universe that they do not measurably affect the CMB . However , if the IGM was ionized at very early times when the universe was still denser , then there are two main effects on the CMB : </P> <Ol> <Li> Small scale anisotropies are erased . ( Just as when looking at an object through fog , details of the object appear fuzzy . ) </Li> <Li> The physics of how photons are scattered by free electrons ( Thomson scattering ) induces polarization anisotropies on large angular scales . This broad angle polarization is correlated with the broad angle temperature perturbation . </Li> </Ol> <P> Both of these effects have been observed by the WMAP spacecraft , providing evidence that the universe was ionized at very early times , at a redshift more than 17 . The detailed provenance of this early ionizing radiation is still a matter of scientific debate . It may have included starlight from the very first population of stars ( population III stars ) , supernovae when these first stars reached the end of their lives , or the ionizing radiation produced by the accretion disks of massive black holes . </P> <P> The time following the emission of the cosmic microwave background -- and before the observation of the first stars -- is semi-humorously referred to by cosmologists as the dark age , and is a period which is under intense study by astronomers ( see 21 centimeter radiation ) . </P> <P> Two other effects which occurred between reionization and our observations of the cosmic microwave background , and which appear to cause anisotropies , are the Sunyaev -- Zel'dovich effect , where a cloud of high - energy electrons scatters the radiation , transferring some of its energy to the CMB photons , and the Sachs -- Wolfe effect , which causes photons from the Cosmic Microwave Background to be gravitationally redshifted or blueshifted due to changing gravitational fields . </P> <H2> Polarization ( edit ) </H2> This artist 's impression shows how light from the early universe is deflected by the gravitational lensing effect of massive cosmic structures forming B - modes as it travels across the universe . <P> The cosmic microwave background is polarized at the level of a few microkelvin . There are two types of polarization , called E-modes and B - modes . This is in analogy to electrostatics , in which the electric field ( E-field ) has a vanishing curl and the magnetic field ( B - field ) has a vanishing divergence . The E-modes arise naturally from Thomson scattering in a heterogeneous plasma . The B - modes are not produced by standard scalar type perturbations . Instead they can be created by two mechanisms : the first one is by gravitational lensing of E-modes , which has been measured by the South Pole Telescope in 2013 ; the second one is from gravitational waves arising from cosmic inflation . Detecting the B - modes is extremely difficult , particularly as the degree of foreground contamination is unknown , and the weak gravitational lensing signal mixes the relatively strong E-mode signal with the B - mode signal . </P> <H3> E-modes ( edit ) </H3> <P> E-modes were first seen in 2002 by the Degree Angular Scale Interferometer ( DASI ) . </P> <H3> B - modes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cosmologists predict two types of B - modes , the first generated during cosmic inflation shortly after the big bang , and the second generated by gravitational lensing at later times . </P> Primordial gravitational waves ( edit ) <P> Primordial gravitational waves are gravitational waves that could be observed in the polarisation of the cosmic microwave background and having their origin in the early universe . Models of cosmic inflation predict that such gravitational waves should appear ; thus , their detection supports the theory of inflation , and their strength can confirm and exclude different models of inflation . It is the result of three things : inflationary expansion of space itself , reheating after inflation , and turbulent fluid mixing of matter and radiation . </P> <P> On 17 March 2014 it was announced that the BICEP2 instrument had detected the first type of B - modes , consistent with inflation and gravitational waves in the early universe at the level of r = 6999200000000000000 ♠ 0.20 + 0.07 − 0.05 , which is the amount of power present in gravitational waves compared to the amount of power present in other scalar density perturbations in the very early universe . Had this been confirmed it would have provided strong evidence of cosmic inflation and the Big Bang , but on 19 June 2014 , considerably lowered confidence in confirming the findings was reported and on 19 September 2014 new results of the Planck experiment reported that the results of BICEP2 can be fully attributed to cosmic dust . </P> Gravitational lensing ( edit ) <P> The second type of B - modes was discovered in 2013 using the South Pole Telescope with help from the Herschel Space Observatory . This discovery may help test theories on the origin of the universe . Scientists are using data from the Planck mission by the European Space Agency , to gain a better understanding of these waves . </P> <P> In October 2014 , a measurement of the B - mode polarization at 150 GHz was published by the POLARBEAR experiment . Compared to BICEP2 , POLARBEAR focuses on a smaller patch of the sky and is less susceptible to dust effects . The team reported that POLARBEAR 's measured B - mode polarization was of cosmological origin ( and not just due to dust ) at a 97.2 % confidence level . </P> <H2> Microwave background observations ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of cosmic microwave background experiments <P> Subsequent to the discovery of the CMB , hundreds of cosmic microwave background experiments have been conducted to measure and characterize the signatures of the radiation . The most famous experiment is probably the NASA Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) satellite that orbited in 1989 -- 1996 and which detected and quantified the large scale anisotropies at the limit of its detection capabilities . Inspired by the initial COBE results of an extremely isotropic and homogeneous background , a series of ground - and balloon - based experiments quantified CMB anisotropies on smaller angular scales over the next decade . The primary goal of these experiments was to measure the angular scale of the first acoustic peak , for which COBE did not have sufficient resolution . These measurements were able to rule out cosmic strings as the leading theory of cosmic structure formation , and suggested cosmic inflation was the right theory . During the 1990s , the first peak was measured with increasing sensitivity and by 2000 the BOOMERanG experiment reported that the highest power fluctuations occur at scales of approximately one degree . Together with other cosmological data , these results implied that the geometry of the universe is flat . A number of ground - based interferometers provided measurements of the fluctuations with higher accuracy over the next three years , including the Very Small Array , Degree Angular Scale Interferometer ( DASI ) , and the Cosmic Background Imager ( CBI ) . DASI made the first detection of the polarization of the CMB and the CBI provided the first E-mode polarization spectrum with compelling evidence that it is out of phase with the T - mode spectrum . </P> All - sky mollweide map of the CMB , created from 9 years of WMAP data Comparison of CMB results from COBE , WMAP and Planck ( March 21 , 2013 ) <P> In June 2001 , NASA launched a second CMB space mission , WMAP , to make much more precise measurements of the large scale anisotropies over the full sky . WMAP used symmetric , rapid - multi-modulated scanning , rapid switching radiometers to minimize non-sky signal noise . The first results from this mission , disclosed in 2003 , were detailed measurements of the angular power spectrum at a scale of less than one degree , tightly constraining various cosmological parameters . The results are broadly consistent with those expected from cosmic inflation as well as various other competing theories , and are available in detail at NASA 's data bank for Cosmic Microwave Background ( CMB ) ( see links below ) . Although WMAP provided very accurate measurements of the large scale angular fluctuations in the CMB ( structures about as broad in the sky as the moon ) , it did not have the angular resolution to measure the smaller scale fluctuations which had been observed by former ground - based interferometers . </P> <P> A third space mission , the ESA ( European Space Agency ) Planck Surveyor , was launched in May 2009 and performed an even more detailed investigation until it was shut down in October 2013 . Planck employed both HEMT radiometers and bolometer technology and measured the CMB at a smaller scale than WMAP . Its detectors were trialled in the Antarctic Viper telescope as ACBAR ( Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver ) experiment -- which has produced the most precise measurements at small angular scales to date -- and in the Archeops balloon telescope . </P> <P> On 21 March 2013 , the European - led research team behind the Planck cosmology probe released the mission 's all - sky map ( 565x318 jpeg , 3600x1800 jpeg ) of the cosmic microwave background . The map suggests the universe is slightly older than researchers expected . According to the map , subtle fluctuations in temperature were imprinted on the deep sky when the cosmos was about 7005370000000000000 ♠ 370 000 years old . The imprint reflects ripples that arose as early , in the existence of the universe , as the first nonillionth of a second . Apparently , these ripples gave rise to the present vast cosmic web of galaxy clusters and dark matter . Based on the 2013 data , the universe contains 4.9 % ordinary matter , 26.8 % dark matter and 68.3 % dark energy . On 5 February 2015 , new data was released by the Planck mission , according to which the age of the universe is 7001137990000000000 ♠ 13.799 ± 0.021 billion years old and the Hubble constant was measured to be 7001677400000000000 ♠ 67.74 ± 0.46 ( km / s ) / Mpc . </P> <P> Additional ground - based instruments such as the South Pole Telescope in Antarctica and the proposed Clover Project , Atacama Cosmology Telescope and the QUIET telescope in Chile will provide additional data not available from satellite observations , possibly including the B - mode polarization . </P> <H2> Data reduction and analysis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Raw CMBR data , even from space vehicles such as WMAP or Planck , contain foreground effects that completely obscure the fine - scale structure of the cosmic microwave background . The fine - scale structure is superimposed on the raw CMBR data but is too small to be seen at the scale of the raw data . The most prominent of the foreground effects is the dipole anisotropy caused by the Sun 's motion relative to the CMBR background . The dipole anisotropy and others due to Earth 's annual motion relative to the Sun and numerous microwave sources in the galactic plane and elsewhere must be subtracted out to reveal the extremely tiny variations characterizing the fine - scale structure of the CMBR background . </P> <P> The detailed analysis of CMBR data to produce maps , an angular power spectrum , and ultimately cosmological parameters is a complicated , computationally difficult problem . Although computing a power spectrum from a map is in principle a simple Fourier transform , decomposing the map of the sky into spherical harmonics , in practice it is hard to take the effects of noise and foreground sources into account . In particular , these foregrounds are dominated by galactic emissions such as Bremsstrahlung , synchrotron , and dust that emit in the microwave band ; in practice , the galaxy has to be removed , resulting in a CMB map that is not a full - sky map . In addition , point sources like galaxies and clusters represent another source of foreground which must be removed so as not to distort the short scale structure of the CMB power spectrum . </P> <P> Constraints on many cosmological parameters can be obtained from their effects on the power spectrum , and results are often calculated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques . </P> <H3> CMBR dipole anisotropy ( edit ) </H3> <P> From the CMB data it is seen that the earth appears to be moving at 7005368000000000000 ♠ 368 ± 2 km / s relative to the reference frame of the CMB ( also called the CMB rest frame , or the frame of reference in which there is no motion through the CMB ) . The Local Group ( the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way galaxy ) appears to be moving at 7005627000000000000 ♠ 627 ± 22 km / s in the direction of galactic longitude l = 7000481710873550436 ♠ 276 ° ± 3 ° , b = 6999523598775598300 ♠ 30 ° ± 3 ° . This motion results in an anisotropy of the data ( CMB appearing slightly warmer in the direction of movement than in the opposite direction ) . From a theoretical point of view , the existence of a CMB rest frame breaks Lorentz invariance even in empty space far away from any galaxy . The standard interpretation of this temperature variation is a simple velocity red shift and blue shift due to motion relative to the CMB , but alternative cosmological models can explain some fraction of the observed dipole temperature distribution in the CMB . </P> <H3> Low multipoles and other anomalies ( edit ) </H3> <P> With the increasingly precise data provided by WMAP , there have been a number of claims that the CMB exhibits anomalies , such as very large scale anisotropies , anomalous alignments , and non-Gaussian distributions . The most longstanding of these is the low - l multipole controversy . Even in the COBE map , it was observed that the quadrupole ( l = 2 , spherical harmonic ) has a low amplitude compared to the predictions of the Big Bang . In particular , the quadrupole and octupole ( l = 3 ) modes appear to have an unexplained alignment with each other and with both the ecliptic plane and equinoxes , A number of groups have suggested that this could be the signature of new physics at the greatest observable scales ; other groups suspect systematic errors in the data . Ultimately , due to the foregrounds and the cosmic variance problem , the greatest modes will never be as well measured as the small angular scale modes . The analyses were performed on two maps that have had the foregrounds removed as far as possible : the `` internal linear combination '' map of the WMAP collaboration and a similar map prepared by Max Tegmark and others . Later analyses have pointed out that these are the modes most susceptible to foreground contamination from synchrotron , dust , and Bremsstrahlung emission , and from experimental uncertainty in the monopole and dipole . A full Bayesian analysis of the WMAP power spectrum demonstrates that the quadrupole prediction of Lambda - CDM cosmology is consistent with the data at the 10 % level and that the observed octupole is not remarkable . Carefully accounting for the procedure used to remove the foregrounds from the full sky map further reduces the significance of the alignment by ~ 5 % . Recent observations with the Planck telescope , which is very much more sensitive than WMAP and has a larger angular resolution , record the same anomaly , and so instrumental error ( but not foreground contamination ) appears to be ruled out . Coincidence is a possible explanation , chief scientist from WMAP , Charles L. Bennett suggested coincidence and human psychology were involved , `` I do think there is a bit of a psychological effect ; people want to find unusual things . '' </P> See also : Cosmological principle , Axis of evil ( cosmology ) , and CMB cold spot <H2> Future evolution ( edit ) </H2> <P> Assuming the universe keeps expanding and it does not suffer a Big Crunch , a Big Rip , or another similar fate , the cosmic microwave background will continue redshifting until it will no longer be detectable , and will be overtaken first by the one produced by starlight , and later by the background radiation fields of processes that are assumed will take place in the far future of the universe . </P> <H2> Timeline of prediction , discovery and interpretation ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Thermal ( non-microwave background ) temperature predictions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 1896 -- Charles Édouard Guillaume estimates the `` radiation of the stars '' to be 5.6 K . </Li> <Li> 1926 -- Sir Arthur Eddington estimates the non-thermal radiation of starlight in the galaxy `` ... by the formula E = σT the effective temperature corresponding to this density is 3.18 ° absolute ... black body '' </Li> <Li> 1930s -- Cosmologist Erich Regener calculates that the non-thermal spectrum of cosmic rays in the galaxy has an effective temperature of 2.8 K </Li> <Li> 1931 -- Term microwave first used in print : `` When trials with wavelengths as low as 18 cm. were made known , there was undisguised surprise + that the problem of the micro-wave had been solved so soon . '' Telegraph & Telephone Journal XVII. 179 / 1 </Li> <Li> 1934 -- Richard Tolman shows that black - body radiation in an expanding universe cools but remains thermal </Li> <Li> 1938 -- Nobel Prize winner ( 1920 ) Walther Nernst reestimates the cosmic ray temperature as 0.75 K </Li> <Li> 1946 -- Robert Dicke predicts `` ... radiation from cosmic matter '' at < 20 K , but did not refer to background radiation </Li> <Li> 1946 -- George Gamow calculates a temperature of 50 K ( assuming a 3 - billion year old universe ) , commenting it `` ... is in reasonable agreement with the actual temperature of interstellar space '' , but does not mention background radiation . </Li> <Li> 1953 -- Erwin Finlay - Freundlich in support of his tired light theory , derives a blackbody temperature for intergalactic space of 2.3 K with comment from Max Born suggesting radio astronomy as the arbitrator between expanding and infinite cosmologies . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Microwave background radiation predictions and measurements ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 1941 -- Andrew McKellar detected the cosmic microwave background as the coldest component of the interstellar medium by using the excitation of CN doublet lines measured by W.S. Adams in a B star , finding an `` effective temperature of space '' ( the average bolometric temperature ) of 2.3 K </Li> <Li> 1946 -- George Gamow calculates a temperature of 50 K ( assuming a 3 - billion year old universe ) , commenting it `` ... is in reasonable agreement with the actual temperature of interstellar space '' , but does not mention background radiation . </Li> <Li> 1948 -- Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman estimate `` the temperature in the universe '' at 5 K . Although they do not specifically mention microwave background radiation , it may be inferred . </Li> <Li> 1949 -- Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman re-re - estimate the temperature at 28 K . </Li> <Li> 1953 -- George Gamow estimates 7 K . </Li> <Li> 1956 -- George Gamow estimates 6 K . </Li> <Li> 1955 -- Émile Le Roux of the Nançay Radio Observatory , in a sky survey at λ = 33 cm , reported a near - isotropic background radiation of 3 kelvins , plus or minus 2 . </Li> <Li> 1957 -- Tigran Shmaonov reports that `` the absolute effective temperature of the radioemission background ... is 4 ± 3 K '' . It is noted that the `` measurements showed that radiation intensity was independent of either time or direction of observation ... it is now clear that Shmaonov did observe the cosmic microwave background at a wavelength of 3.2 cm '' </Li> <Li> 1960s -- Robert Dicke re-estimates a microwave background radiation temperature of 40 K </Li> <Li> 1964 -- A.G. Doroshkevich and Igor Dmitrievich Novikov publish a brief paper suggesting microwave searches for the black - body radiation predicted by Gamow , Alpher , and Herman , where they name the CMB radiation phenomenon as detectable . </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 65 -- Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson measure the temperature to be approximately 3 K. Robert Dicke , James Peebles , P.G. Roll , and D.T. Wilkinson interpret this radiation as a signature of the big bang . </Li> <Li> 1966 -- Rainer K. Sachs and Arthur M. Wolfe theoretically predict microwave background fluctuation amplitudes created by gravitational potential variations between observers and the last scattering surface ( see Sachs - Wolfe effect ) </Li> <Li> 1968 -- Martin Rees and Dennis Sciama theoretically predict microwave background fluctuation amplitudes created by photons traversing time - dependent potential wells </Li> <Li> 1969 -- R.A. Sunyaev and Yakov Zel'dovich study the inverse Compton scattering of microwave background photons by hot electrons ( see Sunyaev - Zel'dovich effect ) </Li> <Li> 1983 -- Researchers from the Cambridge Radio Astronomy Group and the Owens Valley Radio Observatory first detect the Sunyaev - Zel'dovich effect from clusters of galaxies </Li> <Li> 1983 -- RELIKT - 1 Soviet CMB anisotropy experiment was launched . </Li> <Li> 1990 -- FIRAS on the Cosmic Background Explorer ( COBE ) satellite measures the black body form of the CMB spectrum with exquisite precision , and shows that the microwave background has a nearly perfect black - body spectrum and thereby strongly constrains the density of the intergalactic medium . </Li> <Li> January 1992 -- Scientists that analysed data from the RELIKT - 1 report the discovery of anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background at the Moscow astrophysical seminar . </Li> <Li> 1992 -- Scientists that analysed data from COBE DMR report the discovery of anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background . </Li> <Li> 1995 -- The Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope performs the first high resolution observations of the cosmic microwave background . </Li> <Li> 1999 -- First measurements of acoustic oscillations in the CMB anisotropy angular power spectrum from the TOCO , BOOMERANG , and Maxima Experiments . The BOOMERanG experiment makes higher quality maps at intermediate resolution , and confirms that the universe is `` flat '' . </Li> <Li> 2002 -- Polarization discovered by DASI . </Li> <Li> 2003 -- E-mode polarization spectrum obtained by the CBI . The CBI and the Very Small Array produces yet higher quality maps at high resolution ( covering small areas of the sky ) . </Li> <Li> 2003 -- The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe spacecraft produces an even higher quality map at low and intermediate resolution of the whole sky ( WMAP provides no high - resolution data , but improves on the intermediate resolution maps from BOOMERanG ) . </Li> <Li> 2004 -- E-mode polarization spectrum obtained by the CBI . </Li> <Li> 2004 -- The Arcminute Cosmology Bolometer Array Receiver produces a higher quality map of the high resolution structure not mapped by WMAP . </Li> <Li> 2005 -- The Arcminute Microkelvin Imager and the Sunyaev - Zel'dovich Array begin the first surveys for very high redshift clusters of galaxies using the Sunyaev - Zel'dovich effect . </Li> <Li> 2005 -- Ralph A. Alpher is awarded the National Medal of Science for his groundbreaking work in nucleosynthesis and prediction that the universe expansion leaves behind background radiation , thus providing a model for the Big Bang theory . </Li> <Li> 2006 -- The long - awaited three - year WMAP results are released , confirming previous analysis , correcting several points , and including polarization data . </Li> <Li> 2006 -- Two of COBE 's principal investigators , George Smoot and John Mather , received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006 for their work on precision measurement of the CMBR . </Li> <Li> 2006 -- 2011 -- Improved measurements from WMAP , new supernova surveys ESSENCE and SNLS , and baryon acoustic oscillations from SDSS and WiggleZ , continue to be consistent with the standard Lambda - CDM model . </Li> <Li> 2010 -- The first all - sky map from the Planck telescope is released . </Li> <Li> 2013 -- An improved all - sky map from the Planck telescope is released , improving the measurements of WMAP and extending them to much smaller scales . </Li> <Li> 2014 -- On March 17 , 2014 , astrophysicists of the BICEP2 collaboration announced the detection of inflationary gravitational waves in the B - mode power spectrum , which if confirmed , would provide clear experimental evidence for the theory of inflation . However , on 19 June 2014 , lowered confidence in confirming the cosmic inflation findings was reported . </Li> <Li> 2015 -- On January 30 , 2015 , the same team of astronomers from BICEP2 withdrew the claim made on the previous year . Based on the combined data of BICEP2 and Planck , the European Space Agency announced that the signal can be entirely attributed to dust in the Milky Way . </Li> </Ul> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In the Stargate Universe TV series , an Ancient spaceship , Destiny , was built to study patterns in the CMBR which indicate that the universe as we know it might have been created by some form of sentient intelligence . </Li> <Li> In Wheelers , a novel by Ian Stewart & Jack Cohen , CMBR is explained as the encrypted transmissions of an ancient civilization . This allows the Jovian `` blimps '' to have a society older than the currently - observed age of the universe . </Li> <Li> In The Three - Body Problem , a novel by Liu Cixin , a probe from an alien civilization compromises instruments monitoring the CMBR in order to deceive a character into believing the civilization has the power to manipulate the CMBR itself . </Li> <Li> The Swiss 20 francs bill lists several astronomical objects with their distances -- the CMB is mentioned with 430 10 light - seconds . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Computational packages for Cosmologists </Li> <Li> Cosmic neutrino background </Li> <Li> Cosmic gravitational wave background </Li> <Li> Cosmological perturbation theory </Li> <Li> Axis of evil ( cosmology ) </Li> <Li> Gravitational wave background </Li> <Li> Heat death of the universe </Li> <Li> Lambda - CDM model </Li> <Li> Observational cosmology </Li> <Li> Observation history of galaxies </Li> <Li> Physical cosmology </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Penzias , A.A. ; Wilson , R.W. ( 1965 ) . `` A Measurement of Excess Antenna Temperature at 4080 Mc / s '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 142 ( 1 ) : 419 -- 421 . Bibcode : 1965ApJ ... 142 ... 419P . doi : 10.1086 / 148307 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smoot Group ( 28 March 1996 ) . `` The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation '' . Lawrence Berkeley Lab . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaku , M. ( 2014 ) . `` First Second of the Big Bang '' . How the Universe Works . Discovery Science . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fixsen , D.J. ( 2009 ) . `` The Temperature of the Cosmic Microwave Background '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 707 ( 2 ) : 916 -- 920 . arXiv : 0911.1955 . Bibcode : 2009ApJ ... 707 ... 916F . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 707 / 2 / 916 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dodelson , S. ( 2003 ) . `` Coherent Phase Argument for Inflation '' . AIP Conference Proceedings . 689 : 184 -- 196 . arXiv : hep - ph / 0309057 . Bibcode : 2003AIPC ... 689 ... 184D . doi : 10.1063 / 1.1627736 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baumann , D. ( 2011 ) . `` The Physics of Inflation '' ( PDF ) . University of Cambridge . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 09 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : White , M. ( 1999 ) . `` Anisotropies in the CMB '' . Proceedings of the Los Angeles Meeting , DPF 99 . UCLA . arXiv : astro - ph / 9903232 . Bibcode : 1999dpf ... conf ... W . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , E.L. ( 2004 ) . `` Theoretical Overview of Cosmic Microwave Background Anisotropy '' . In W.L. Freedman . Measuring and Modeling the Universe . Carnegie Observatories Astrophysics Series . Cambridge University Press . p. 291 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0305591 . Bibcode : 2004mmu ... symp ... 291W . ISBN 0 - 521 - 75576 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Planck Collaboration ( 2014 ) , `` Planck 2013 results . XXVII . Doppler boosting of the CMB : Eppur si muove '' , Astronomy , 571 : A27 , arXiv : 1303.5087 , Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 571A ... 27P , doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201321556 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guth , A.H. ( 1998 ) . The Inflationary Universe : The Quest for a New Theory of Cosmic Origins . Basic Books . p. 186 . ISBN 978 - 0201328400 . OCLC 35701222 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cirigliano , D. ; de Vega , H.J. ; Sanchez , N.G. ( 2005 ) . `` Clarifying inflation models : The precise inflationary potential from effective field theory and the WMAP data '' . Physical Review D. 71 ( 10 ) : 77 -- 115 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0412634 . Bibcode : 2005PhRvD ... 71j3518C . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 71.103518 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abbott , B. ( 2007 ) . `` Microwave ( WMAP ) All - Sky Survey '' . Hayden Planetarium . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 13 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gawiser , E. ; Silk , J. ( 2000 ) . `` The cosmic microwave background radiation '' . 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Apeiron. 2 ( 3 ) : 79 -- 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Convert?exp=3&num=3&From=k&To=ev&Action=Convert+value+and+show+factor </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brandenberger , Robert H. ( 1995 ) . `` Formation of Structure in the Universe '' : 8159 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9508159 . Bibcode : 1995astro.ph ... 8159B . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bennett , C.L. ; ( WMAP collaboration ) ; Hinshaw , G. ; Jarosik , N. ; Kogut , A. ; Limon , M. ; Meyer , S.S. ; Page , L. ; Spergel , D.N. ; Tucker , G.S. ; Wollack , E. ; Wright , E.L. ; Barnes , C. ; Greason , M.R. ; Hill , R.S. ; Komatsu , E. ; Nolta , M.R. ; Odegard , N. ; Peiris , H.V. ; Verde , L. ; Weiland , J.L. ; et al. ( 2003 ) . `` First - year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( WMAP ) observations : preliminary maps and basic results '' . Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series . 148 : 1 -- 27 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0302207 . Bibcode : 2003ApJS ... 148 ... 1B . doi : 10.1086 / 377253 . This paper warns , `` the statistics of this internal linear combination map are complex and inappropriate for most CMB analyses . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noterdaeme , P. ; Petitjean , P. ; Srianand , R. ; Ledoux , C. ; López , S. ( February 2011 ) . `` The evolution of the cosmic microwave background temperature . Measurements of T at high redshift from carbon monoxide excitation '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 526 : L7 . arXiv : 1012.3164 . Bibcode : 2011A&A ... 526L ... 7N . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201016140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wayne Hu . `` Baryons and Inertia '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wayne Hu . `` Radiation Driving Force '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hu , W. ; White , M. ( 1996 ) . `` Acoustic Signatures in the Cosmic Microwave Background '' . Astrophysical Journal . 471 : 30 -- 51 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9602019 . 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Retrieved March 24 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gravitational waves : have US scientists heard echoes of the big bang ? '' . The Guardian . 2014 - 03 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ade , P.A.R. ( BICEP2 Collaboration ) ( 19 June 2014 ) . `` Detection of B - Mode Polarization at Degree Angular Scales by BICEP2 '' ( PDF ) . Physical Review Letters. 112 ( 24 ) : 241101 . arXiv : 1403.3985 . Bibcode : 2014PhRvL. 112x1101B . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 112.241101 . PMID 24996078 . Retrieved 20 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Space Ripples Reveal Big Bang 's Smoking Gun '' . March 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Overbye , Dennis ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Astronomers Hedge on Big Bang Detection Claim '' . New York Times . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Amos , Jonathan ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Cosmic inflation : Confidence lowered for Big Bang signal '' . BBC News . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Planck Collaboration Team ( 9 February 2016 ) . `` Planck intermediate results . XXX . The angular power spectrum of polarized dust emission at intermediate and high Galactic latitudes '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 586 : A133 . arXiv : 1409.5738 . Bibcode : 2016A&A ... 586A. 133P . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201425034 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Overbye , Dennis ( 22 September 2014 ) . `` Study Confirms Criticism of Big Bang Finding '' . New York Times . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Polarization detected in Big Bang 's echo '' . Nature News & Comment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ESA Planck ( Oct 22 , 2013 ) . `` Planck Space Mission '' . Retrieved Oct 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( October 22 , 2013 ) . `` Long - sought pattern of ancient light detected '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved October 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanson , D. ; et al. ( Sep 30 , 2013 ) . `` Detection of B - Mode Polarization in the Cosmic Microwave Background with Data from the South Pole Telescope '' . Physical Review Letters. 14 . 111 ( 14 ) . arXiv : 1307.5830 . Bibcode : 2013PhRvL. 111n1301H . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 111.141301 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Polarbear Collaboration ( October 2014 ) . `` A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background B - Mode Polarization Power Spectrum at Sub-Degree Scales with POLARBEAR '' ( PDF ) . The Astrophysical Journal . 794 ( 2 ) : 171 . arXiv : 1403.2369 . Bibcode : 2014ApJ ... 794 ... 171T . doi : 10.1088 / 0004 - 637X / 794 / 2 / 171 . Retrieved November 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` POLARBEAR project offers clues about origin of universe 's cosmic growth spurt '' . Christian Science Monitor . October 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clavin , Whitney ; Harrington , J.D. ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Planck Mission Brings Universe Into Sharp Focus '' . NASA . Retrieved 21 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff ( 21 March 2013 ) . `` Mapping the Early Universe '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Planck Collaboration ( 2015 ) . `` Planck 2015 results . XIII . Cosmological parameters ( See Table 4 on page 31 of pfd ) '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 594 : A13 . arXiv : 1502.01589 . Bibcode : 2016A&A ... 594A ... 13P . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201525830 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heile , Frank . `` How can one measure speed relative to the rest frame of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation ? '' . www.quora.com . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kogut , A. ; Lineweaver , C. ; Smoot , G.F. ; et al. ( 1993 ) . `` Dipole Anisotropy in the COBE Differential Microwave Radiometers First - Year Sky Maps '' . Astrophysical Journal . 419 : 1 -- 6 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9312056 . Bibcode : 1993ApJ ... 419 ... 1K . doi : 10.1086 / 173453 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aghanim , N. ; Armitage - Caplan , C. ; et al. ( 2013 ) . `` Planck 2013 results . XXVII . Doppler boosting of the CMB : Eppur si muove '' . Astronomy & Astrophysics. 571 ( 27 ) : A27 . arXiv : 1303.5087 . Bibcode : 2014A&A ... 571A ... 27P . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 / 201321556 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nemiroff , R. ; Bonnell , J. , eds. ( 6 September 2009 ) . `` CMBR Dipole : Speeding Through the Universe '' . Astronomy Picture of the Day . NASA . Retrieved 18 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://iopscience.iop.org/1126-6708/2005/07/029/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inoue , K.T. ; Silk , J. ( 2007 ) . `` Local Voids as the Origin of Large - Angle Cosmic Microwave Background Anomalies : The Effect of a Cosmological Constant '' . Astrophysical Journal . 664 ( 2 ) : 650 -- 659 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0612347 . Bibcode : 2007ApJ ... 664 ... 650I . doi : 10.1086 / 517603 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rossmanith , G. ; Räth , C. ; Banday , A.J. ; Morfill , G. ( 2009 ) . `` Non-Gaussian Signatures in the five - year WMAP data as identified with isotropic scaling indices '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 399 ( 4 ) : 1921 -- 1933 . arXiv : 0905.2854 . Bibcode : 2009MNRAS. 399.1921 R . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2009. 15421. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bernui , A. ; Mota , B. ; Rebouças , M.J. ; Tavakol , R. ( 2005 ) . `` Mapping the large - scale anisotropy in the WMAP data '' . Astronomy and Astrophysics. 464 ( 2 ) : 479 -- 485 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0511666 . Bibcode : 2007A&A ... 464 ... 479B . doi : 10.1051 / 0004 - 6361 : 20065585 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jaffe , T.R. ; Banday , A.J. ; Eriksen , H.K. ; Górski , K.M. ; Hansen , F.K. ( 2005 ) . `` Evidence of vorticity and shear at large angular scales in the WMAP data : a violation of cosmological isotropy ? '' . The Astrophysical Journal . 629 : L1 -- L4 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0503213 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 629L ... 1J . doi : 10.1086 / 444454 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Oliveira - Costa , A. ; Tegmark , Max ; Zaldarriaga , Matias ; Hamilton , Andrew ( 2004 ) . `` The significance of the largest scale CMB fluctuations in WMAP '' . Physical Review D. 69 ( 6 ) : 063516 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0307282 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvD ... 69f3516D . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 69.063516 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schwarz , D.J. ; Starkman , Glenn D. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Is the low - l microwave background cosmic ? '' . Physical Review Letters. 93 ( 22 ) : 221301 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0403353 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvL ... 93v1301S . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 93.221301 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bielewicz , P. ; Gorski , K.M. ; Banday , A.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Low - order multipole maps of CMB anisotropy derived from WMAP '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 355 ( 4 ) : 1283 -- 1302 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0405007 . Bibcode : 2004MNRAS. 355.1283 B . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2004. 08405. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liu , Hao ; Li , Ti - Pei ( 2009 ) . `` Improved CMB Map from WMAP Data '' . arXiv : 0907.2731 v3 ( astro - ph ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sawangwit , Utane ; Shanks , Tom ( 2010 ) . `` Lambda - CDM and the WMAP Power Spectrum Beam Profile Sensitivity '' . arXiv : 1006.1270 v1 ( astro - ph ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Liu , Hao ; et al. ( 2010 ) . `` Diagnosing Timing Error in WMAP Data '' . arXiv : 1009.2701 v1 ( astro - ph ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tegmark , M. ; de Oliveira - Costa , A. ; Hamilton , A. ( 2003 ) . `` A high resolution foreground cleaned CMB map from WMAP '' . Physical Review D. 68 ( 12 ) : 123523 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0302496 . Bibcode : 2003PhRvD ... 68l3523T . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 68.123523 . This paper states , `` Not surprisingly , the two most contaminated multipoles are ( the quadrupole and octupole ) , which most closely trace the galactic plane morphology . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Dwyer , I. ; Eriksen , H.K. ; Wandelt , B.D. ; Jewell , J.B. ; Larson , D.L. ; Górski , K.M. ; Banday , A.J. ; Levin , S. ; Lilje , P.B. ( 2004 ) . `` Bayesian Power Spectrum Analysis of the First - Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe Data '' . Astrophysical Journal Letters. 617 ( 2 ) : L99 -- L102 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0407027 . Bibcode : 2004ApJ ... 617L ... 99O . doi : 10.1086 / 427386 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Slosar , A. ; Seljak , U. ( 2004 ) . `` Assessing the effects of foregrounds and sky removal in WMAP '' . Physical Review D. 70 ( 8 ) : 083002 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0404567 . Bibcode : 2004PhRvD ... 70h3002S . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 70.083002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bielewicz , P. ; Eriksen , H.K. ; Banday , A.J. ; Górski , K.M. ; Lilje , P.B. ( 2005 ) . `` Multipole vector anomalies in the first - year WMAP data : a cut - sky analysis '' . Astrophysical Journal . 635 ( 2 ) : 750 -- 60 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0507186 . Bibcode : 2005ApJ ... 635 ... 750B . doi : 10.1086 / 497263 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Copi , C.J. ; Huterer , Dragan ; Schwarz , D.J. ; Starkman , G.D. ( 2006 ) . `` On the large - angle anomalies of the microwave sky '' . Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 367 : 79 -- 102 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0508047 . Bibcode : 2006MNRAS. 367 ... 79C . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2966.2005. 09980. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Oliveira - Costa , A. ; Tegmark , M. ( 2006 ) . `` CMB multipole measurements in the presence of foregrounds '' . Physical Review D. 74 ( 2 ) : 023005 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0603369 . Bibcode : 2006PhRvD ... 74b3005D . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevD. 74.023005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Planck shows almost perfect cosmos -- plus axis of evil </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Found : Hawking 's initials written into the universe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krauss , Lawrence M. ; Scherrer , Robert J. ( 2007 ) . `` The return of a static universe and the end of cosmology '' . General Relativity and Gravitation. 39 ( 10 ) : 1545 -- 1550 . arXiv : 0704.0221 . Bibcode : 2007GReGr ... 39.1545 K . doi : 10.1007 / s10714 - 007 - 0472 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Fred C. ; Laughlin , Gregory ( 1997 ) . `` A dying universe : The long - term fate and evolution of astrophysical objects '' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 69 ( 2 ) : 337 -- 372 . arXiv : astro - ph / 9701131 . Bibcode : 1997RvMP ... 69 ... 337A . doi : 10.1103 / RevModPhys. 69.337 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guillaume , C. - É. , 1896 , La Nature 24 , series 2 , p. 234 , cited in `` History of the 2.7 K Temperature Prior to Penzias and Wilson '' ( PDF ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eddington , A. , The Internal Constitution of the Stars , cited in `` History of the 2.7 K Temperature Prior to Penzias and Wilson '' ( PDF ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kragh , H. ( 1999 ) . Cosmology and Controversy : The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00546 - X . `` In 1946 , Robert Dicke and coworkers at MIT tested equipment that could test a cosmic microwave background of intensity corresponding to about 20K in the microwave region . However , they did not refer to such a background , but only to ' radiation from cosmic matter ' . Also , this work was unrelated to cosmology and is only mentioned because it suggests that by 1950 , detection of the background radiation might have been technically possible , and also because of Dicke 's later role in the discovery '' . See also Dicke , R.H. ; et al. ( 1946 ) . `` Atmospheric Absorption Measurements with a Microwave Radiometer '' . Physical Review . 70 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 340 -- 348 . Bibcode : 1946PhRv ... 70 ... 340D . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRev. 70.340 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : George Gamow , The Creation Of The Universe p. 50 ( Dover reprint of revised 1961 edition ) ISBN 0 - 486 - 43868 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gamow , G. ( 2004 ) ( 1961 ) . Cosmology and Controversy : The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe . Courier Dover Publications . p. 40 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 486 - 43868 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erwin Finlay - Freundlich , `` Ueber die Rotverschiebung der Spektrallinien '' ( 1953 ) Contributions from the Observatory , University of St. Andrews ; no . 4 , p. 96 -- 102 . Finlay - Freundlich also gave two extreme values of 1.9 K and 6.0 K in Finlay - Freundlich , E. : 1954 , `` Red shifts in the spectra of celestial bodies '' , Phil . Mag. , Vol. 45 , pp. 303 -- 319 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinberg , S. ( 1972 ) . Oxford Astronomy Encyclopedia . John Wiley & Sons . p. 514 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 92567 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helge Kragh , Cosmology and Controversy : The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe ( 1999 ) ISBN 0 - 691 - 00546 - X . `` Alpher and Herman first calculated the present temperature of the decoupled primordial radiation in 1948 , when they reported a value of 5 K . Although it was not mentioned either then or in later publications that the radiation is in the microwave region , this follows immediately from the temperature ... Alpher and Herman made it clear that what they had called `` the temperature in the univerese '' the previous year referred to a blackbody distributed background radiation quite different from sunliight `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shmaonov , T.A. ( 1957 ) . `` Commentary '' . Pribory i Tekhnika Experimenta ( in Russian ) . 1 : 83 . doi : 10.1016 / S0890 - 5096 ( 06 ) 60772 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It is noted that the `` measurements showed that radiation intensity was independent of either time or direction of observation ... it is now clear that Shmaonov did observe the cosmic microwave background at a wavelength of 3.2 cm '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Naselsky , P.D. ; Novikov , D.I. ; Novikov , I.D. ( 2006 ) . The Physics of the Cosmic Microwave Background . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85550 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helge Kragh ( 1999 ) . Cosmology and Controversy : The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe . Princeton University Press . ISBN 0 - 691 - 00546 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doroshkevich , A.G. ; Novikov , I.D. ( 1964 ) . `` Mean Density of Radiation in the Metagalaxy and Certain Problems in Relativistic Cosmology '' . Soviet Physics Doklady. 9 ( 23 ) : 4292 -- 4298 . Bibcode : 1999EnST ... 33.4292 W . doi : 10.1021 / es990537g . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nobel Prize In Physics : Russia 's Missed Opportunities , RIA Novosti , Nov 21 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanders , R. ; Kahn , J. ( 13 October 2006 ) . `` UC Berkeley , LBNL cosmologist George F. Smoot awarded 2006 Nobel Prize in Physics '' . UC Berkeley News . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kovac , J.M. ; et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Detection of polarization in the cosmic microwave background using DASI '' . Nature . 420 ( 6917 ) : 772 -- 787 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0209478 . Bibcode : 2002Natur. 420 ... 772K . doi : 10.1038 / nature01269 . PMID 12490941 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Readhead , A.C.S. ; et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Polarization Observations with the Cosmic Background Imager '' . Science . 306 ( 5697 ) : 836 -- 844 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0409569 . Bibcode : 2004Sci ... 306 ... 836R . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1105598 . PMID 15472038 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A. Readhead et al. , `` Polarization observations with the Cosmic Background Imager '' , Science 306 , 836 -- 844 ( 2004 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.math.columbia.edu/~woit/wordpress/?p=6865 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowen , Ron ( 2015 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Gravitational waves discovery now officially dead '' . nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2015.16830 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Balbi , Amedeo ( 2008 ) . The music of the big bang : the cosmic microwave background and the new cosmology . Berlin : Springer . ISBN 3540787267 . </Li> <Li> Evans , Rhodri ( 2015 ) . The Cosmic Microwave Background : How It Changed Our Understanding of the Universe . Springer . ISBN 9783319099279 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cosmic microwave background . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Student Friendly Intro to the CMB A pedagogic , step - by - step introduction to the cosmic microwave background power spectrum analysis suitable for those with an undergraduate physics background . More in depth than typical online sites . Less dense than cosmology texts . </Li> <Li> CMBR Theme on arxiv.org </Li> <Li> Audio : Fraser Cain and Dr. Pamela Gay -- Astronomy Cast . The Big Bang and Cosmic Microwave Background -- October 2006 </Li> <Li> Visualization of the CMB data from the Planck mission </Li> <Li> Copeland , Ed . `` CMBR : Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation '' . Sixty Symbols . 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Cosmic_microwave_background&oldid=843179488 | 5,967,395,097,197,619,000 |
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - wikipedia <H1> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Deathly Hallows '' redirects here . For other uses , see Deathly Hallows ( disambiguation ) . For the films based on the novel , see Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 . <Table> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cover art of the original UK edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> J.K. Rowling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Illustrator </Th> <Td> Jason Cockcroft ( UK ) Mary GrandPré ( US ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> Harry Potter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release number </Th> <Td> 7th in series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fantasy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bloomsbury ( UK ) ( Canada 2010 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Arthur A. Levine / Scholastic ( US ) </Li> <Li> Raincoast ( Canada 1998 -- 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 21 July 2007 ( 2007 - 07 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pages </Th> <Td> 607 ( UK ) 759 ( US ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISBN </Th> <Td> 0 - 545 - 01022 - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is a fantasy novel written by British author J.K. Rowling and the seventh and final novel of the Harry Potter series . The book was released on 21 July 2007 , ending the series that began in 1997 with the publication of Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone . It was published by Bloomsbury Publishing in the United Kingdom , in the United States by Scholastic , and in Canada by Raincoast Books . The novel chronicles the events directly following Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince ( 2005 ) , and the final confrontation between the wizards Harry Potter and Lord Voldemort . </P> <P> Deathly Hallows shattered sales records upon release , surpassing marks set by previous titles of the Potter series . It holds the Guinness World Record for most novels sold within 24 hours of release , with 8.3 million sold in the US alone and 2.65 million in the UK Generally well received by critics , the book won the 2008 Colorado Blue Spruce Book Award , and the American Library Association named it a `` Best Book for Young Adults '' . A film adaptation of the novel was released in two parts : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 in November 2010 , and Part 2 in July 2011 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Background </Li> <Li> 1.2 Summary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Background <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Franchise </Li> <Li> 2.2 Choice of title </Li> <Li> 2.3 Rowling on finishing the book </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Major themes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Death </Li> <Li> 3.2 Living in a corrupted society </Li> <Li> 3.3 Christian allegories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Marketing and promotion </Li> <Li> 4.2 Spoiler embargo </Li> <Li> 4.3 Online leaks and early delivery </Li> <Li> 4.4 Price wars and other controversies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Publication and reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 5.2 Sales , awards and honours </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Translations </Li> <Li> 7 Editions </Li> <Li> 8 Adaptations <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Film </Li> <Li> 8.2 Audiobooks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 The Tales of Beedle the Bard </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Background ( edit ) </H3> <P> Throughout the six previous novels in the series , the titular character Harry Potter has struggled with the difficulties of adolescence along with being famous as the only wizard to survive the Killing Curse . The curse was cast by the evil Tom Riddle , better known as Lord Voldemort , a powerful evil wizard , who had murdered Harry 's parents and attempted to kill Harry as a baby , in the belief this would frustrate a prophecy that Harry would become his equal . As an orphan , Harry was placed in the care of his Muggle ( non-magical ) relatives Petunia Dursley and Vernon Dursley . </P> <P> In Philosopher 's Stone , Harry re-enters the wizarding world at age 11 and enrolls in Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry . He makes friends with fellow students Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger , and is mentored by the school 's headmaster , Albus Dumbledore . He also meets Professor Severus Snape , who intensely dislikes and bullies him . Harry fights Voldemort several times while at school , as the wizard tries to regain a physical form . In Goblet of Fire , Harry is mysteriously entered in a dangerous magical competition called the Triwizard Tournament , which he discovers is a trap designed to allow the return of Lord Voldemort to full strength . During Order of the Phoenix , Harry and several of his friends face off against Voldemort 's Death Eaters , a group of Dark witches and wizards , and narrowly defeat them . In Half - Blood Prince , Harry learns that Voldemort has divided his soul into several parts , creating `` horcruxes '' from various unknown objects to contain them ; in this way he has ensured his immortality as long as at least one of the horcruxes still exists . Two of these had already been destroyed , one a diary destroyed by Harry in the events of Chamber of Secrets and one a ring destroyed by Dumbledore shortly before the events of Half - Blood Prince . Dumbledore takes Harry along in the attempt to destroy a third horcrux contained in a locket . However , the horcrux had been taken by an unknown wizard , and upon their return Dumbledore is ambushed and disarmed by Draco Malfoy , who can not bring himself to kill him . Dumbledore is subsequently killed by Snape , who finishes what Malfoy started . </P> <H3> Summary ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following Dumbledore 's death , Voldemort consolidates his support and power , including covert control of the Ministry of Magic , while Harry is about to turn seventeen , losing the protection of his home . The Order of the Phoenix move Harry to a new location before his birthday , but are attacked upon departure . In the ensuing battle , `` Mad - Eye '' Moody is killed and George Weasley wounded ; Voldemort himself arrives to kill Harry , but Harry 's wand fends him off of its own accord . Harry , Ron and Hermione make preparations to abandon Hogwarts and hunt down Voldemort 's four remaining Horcruxes , but have few clues to work with as to their identities and locations . One is a locket once owned by Hogwarts ' co-founder Salazar Slytherin which was stolen by the mysterious `` R.A.B. '' , one is possibly a cup originally belonging to co-founder Helga Hufflepuff , a third might be connected to co-founder Rowena Ravenclaw , and the fourth might be Nagini , Voldemort 's snake familiar . They also inherit strange bequests from among Dumbledore 's possessions : a Golden Snitch for Harry , a Deluminator for Ron , and a book of fairy tales for Hermione . </P> <P> The trio attends Bill Weasley 's wedding , but during the reception the Ministry of Magic finally falls to Voldemort and the wedding is attacked by Death Eaters . They flee to 12 Grimmauld Place in London , the family home of Sirius Black , that Harry had inherited a year before . Thanks to the house - elf Kreacher they identify R.A.B. as Sirius ' deceased brother Regulus and learn that Slytherin 's locket was stolen from the house and ultimately seized by Dolores Umbridge of the Ministry of Magic . They infiltrate the Ministry in disguise and take back the locket , but accidentally break the protection of 12 Grimmauld Place during their escape and must go on the run across the countryside . With no way to destroy the locket , they argue frequently under the object 's evil influence , culminating in Ron abandoning Harry and Hermione . </P> <P> Harry and Hermione continue the quest , discovering more about Dumbledore 's past , including the death of Dumbledore 's younger sister and his connection to the dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald . They travel to Godric 's Hollow , Harry 's birthplace and the place where his parents died , and meet the elderly magical historian Bathilda Bagshot , but she turns out to be Nagini in disguise , awaiting their arrival . The snake attacks Harry and again they barely escape , but Harry 's wand is damaged beyond repair . Their luck finally appears to turn in the Forest of Dean . A mysterious silver doe Patronus appears and guides Harry to an icy pond containing the Sword of Hogwarts co-founder Godric Gryffindor , one of the few objects able to destroy Horcruxes . During Harry 's attempt to recover the sword , the Horcrux tries to kill him . He is saved by Ron , who appears suddenly , takes the sword and uses it to destroy the locket . </P> <P> Ron had been guided back to them by the Deluminator , indicating that Dumbledore 's gifts may be more useful than they thought . Hermione identifies in Dumbledore 's book a strange symbol also worn at the wedding by Xenophilius Lovegood . They visit him and are told the symbol represents the mythical Deathly Hallows , three objects from an old fairy tale titled The Tale of the Three Brothers : the Elder Wand , an unbeatable wand ; the Resurrection Stone , able to summon the dead ; and an infallible Invisibility Cloak . Although Ron and Hermione are skeptical , Harry believes the Hallows are real and could explain the visions of Voldemort he has been having over the past few months . He suspects Voldemort is hunting the Elder Wand , won by Dumbledore after defeating Grindelwald , believing it will allow him to overpower the connection between his own wand and Harry 's . Harry believes the Resurrection Stone was inset into the ring horcrux that Dumbledore discovered the previous year , and may be hidden inside the Snitch Dumbledore left for him , but he ca n't open it . The description of the third Hallow also matches that of his own inherited Invisibility Cloak . Harry 's suspicions are confirmed when he has a vision of Voldemort breaking open Dumbledore 's tomb and stealing the Elder Wand from within . </P> <P> The trio are captured by Snatchers and taken to Malfoy Manor , where Bellatrix Lestrange tortures Hermione to learn how the three acquired the sword , which she had believed was in her vault at Gringotts . With the help of Dobby the house - elf they escape along with fellow prisoners Luna Lovegood , Mr. Ollivander , Dean Thomas , and the goblin Griphook . During the escape , Peter Pettigrew is strangled by his own silver hand after Harry reminds him of the debt he owes him ; Harry overpowers Draco Malfoy and steals his wand ; and Dobby is killed by Bellatrix . Bellatrix 's anger in interrogating Hermione suggests to Harry some exceptional object is in her vault , and when questioned , Griphook confirms a gold cup is indeed in her vault . With Griphook 's help , they break into the vault at Gringotts , retrieve the cup , and escape on a dragon , but in the chaos Griphook steals the Sword of Gryffindor from them . Harry has another vision of Voldemort and sees that he now understands their plan , and intends to make his remaining horcruxes even safer . The vision also confirms the unidentified horcrux is at Hogwarts . </P> <P> They enter the school through an undiscovered secret entrance in the Hog 's Head , a bar in Hogsmeade owned by Dumbledore 's brother , Aberforth . Harry alerts the teachers Voldemort is planning an assault on the school , and they drive out Snape and summon the Order of the Phoenix to help defend the school to win time for Harry to locate the horcrux . Voldemort had set a guard in the Ravenclaw tower , corroborating Harry 's belief the horcrux is Rowena Ravenclaw 's diadem , lost centuries ago . The Ravenclaw ghost 's story further confirms this belief , and Harry remembers an old diadem in the Room of Requirement . Ron and Hermione destroy the cup with basilisk fangs taken from the Chamber of Secrets as Voldemort and his army besiege the castle . They find the diadem but are ambushed by Draco Malfoy and his friends Crabbe and Goyle . Crabbe tries to kill them using Fiendfyre , a cursed fire , but is unable to control it ; the fire destroys the diadem and himself while Harry and his friends save Malfoy and Goyle . Meanwhile , several major characters are killed in the Battle of Hogwarts , including Remus Lupin , Nymphadora Tonks , and Fred Weasley . </P> <P> In his encampment , Voldemort feels the Elder Wand is not performing as he expected . According to legend , its full allegiance must be won by killing the previous owner , and Voldemort reasons that as Snape killed Dumbledore , he will not be able to fully wield the wand 's power until he kills Snape , which he does . Harry arrives as Snape is dying , and Snape passes him memories to view in a pensieve . They reveal Snape had a lifelong love for Harry 's mother and felt haunted for causing her death , and despite hating Harry 's father he agreed at Dumbledore 's request to watch over Harry and act as a double agent against Voldemort . The doe Patronus that led Harry to the Sword was summoned by Snape , who was watching over them the whole time . It is revealed that Dumbledore was slowly dying after mishandling the ring horcrux , and he planned his `` murder '' with Snape in advance to prove Snape 's allegiance to Voldemort . The memories also explain that Harry himself is a horcrux and must die at Voldemort 's hand if Voldemort is to become mortal . Harry accepts his death and goes to the Forbidden Forest to allow Voldemort to kill him . On the way he mentions to Neville Longbottom that Voldemort 's snake Nagini must be killed to make Voldemort vulnerable . He finally manages to open the Snitch and uses the Resurrection Stone within to seek comfort and courage from his dead loved ones -- his parents , Sirius and Lupin -- dropping the Stone in the forest before reaching Voldemort 's camp . Voldemort uses the Killing Curse and Harry does not defend himself . </P> <P> Harry awakens in a dreamlike location resembling Kings Cross station and is greeted by Dumbledore , who explains that Voldemort 's original Killing Curse left a fragment of Voldemort 's soul in Harry , which caused the connection they had felt , making Harry an unintended Horcrux ; this fragment had just been destroyed by Voldemort himself . When Voldemort used Harry 's blood to regain his full strength , this further protected Harry from Voldemort , allowing Harry to return to life if he chooses , or to `` go on . '' Harry chooses to return and feigns death . Voldemort calls a truce and displays Harry 's body , offering to spare most of the defenders if they surrender . Neville , however , pulls the Sword of Gryffindor out of the Sorting Hat and uses it to behead Nagini , leaving Voldemort unprotected , and Harry escapes under his cloak as the battle resumes . </P> <P> In a final onslaught , Bellatrix is killed by Molly Weasley and Harry reveals to Voldemort that he is alive . He explains to Voldemort the Elder Wand 's loyalty transfers upon the defeat , not necessarily the killing , of its previous master . Although Voldemort believes by killing Snape he has gained the Wand 's loyalty , Snape was in fact never its master . Instead , Draco Malfoy inadvertently earned the Wand 's loyalty when he disarmed Dumbledore just before Snape arrived to kill him . Therefore , Harry believes that their duel will depend on whether or not the Wand recognises Harry to be its new master after he disarmed Draco at Malfoy Manor weeks prior . Voldemort attempts one final Killing Curse on Harry , but the Elder Wand refuses to act against Harry and the spell rebounds , killing Voldemort at last . </P> <P> Harry uses the Elder Wand to repair his original wand , planning to return the Elder Wand to Dumbledore 's tomb where its power may vanish if Harry dies undefeated and it can drop out of history . Harry does not intend to search for the Resurrection Stone he dropped in the Forbidden Forest , but will keep the Invisibility Cloak he inherited . The wizarding world returns to peace once more . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Epilogue </Dt> </Dl> <P> In an epilogue set in King 's Cross station 19 years later , the primary characters are seeing their own children off to Hogwarts . Harry and Ginny are a couple with three children : James Sirius , Albus Severus , and Lily Luna . Ron and Hermione also have two children , Rose and Hugo . Harry 's godson Teddy Lupin is found kissing Bill Weasley and Fleur Delacour 's daughter Victoire ; Neville Longbottom is now a Hogwarts professor ; Draco Malfoy and his wife are also at the station to send off their son , Scorpius . Albus is departing for his first year at Hogwarts and is worried he will be placed into Slytherin House . Harry reassures him by telling his son he is named after two Hogwarts headmasters , one of them ( Snape ) a Slytherin and `` the bravest man he had ever met '' , but the Sorting Hat could also take account of personal preferences , as it did for Harry . The book ends with the words : `` The scar had not pained Harry for nineteen years . All was well . '' </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Franchise ( edit ) </H3> <P> Harry Potter and the Philosopher 's Stone was published by Bloomsbury , the publisher of all Harry Potter books in the United Kingdom , on 30 June 1997 . It was released in the United States on 1 September 1998 by Scholastic -- the American publisher of the books -- as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone , after Rowling had received US $105,000 for the American rights -- an unprecedented amount for a children 's book by a then - unknown author . The second book , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets was originally published in the UK on 2 July 1998 , and in the US on 2 June 1999 . Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban was then published a year later in the UK on 8 July 1999 , and in the US on 8 September 1999 . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was published on 8 July 2000 at the same time by Bloomsbury and Scholastic . Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix is the longest book in the series at 766 pages in the UK version and 870 pages in the US version . It was published worldwide in English on 21 June 2003 . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince was published on 16 July 2005 , and it sold 9 million copies in the first 24 hours of its worldwide release . </P> <H3> Choice of title ( edit ) </H3> <P> The title of the book refers to three mythical objects featured in the story , collectively known as the `` Deathly Hallows '' -- an unbeatable wand , a stone to bring the dead to life , and a cloak of invisibility . Shortly before releasing the title , J.K. Rowling announced that she had considered three titles for the book . The final title was released to the public on 21 December 2006 , via a special Christmas - themed hangman puzzle on Rowling 's website , confirmed shortly afterwards by the book 's publishers . When asked during a live chat about the other titles she had been considering , Rowling mentioned Harry Potter and the Elder Wand and Harry Potter and the Peverell Quest . </P> <H3> Rowling on finishing the book ( edit ) </H3> Rowling completed the final chapters of Deathly Hallows in Room 552 of the Balmoral Hotel . <P> Rowling completed the book while staying at the Balmoral Hotel in Edinburgh in January 2007 , and left a signed statement on a marble bust of Hermes in her room which read : `` J.K. Rowling finished writing Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in this room ( 552 ) on 11 January 2007 '' . In a statement on her website , she said , `` I 've never felt such a mixture of extreme emotions in my life , never dreamed I could feel simultaneously heartbroken and euphoric . '' She compared her mixed feelings to those expressed by Charles Dickens in the preface of the 1850 edition of David Copperfield , `` a two - years ' imaginative task '' . `` To which , '' she added , `` I can only sigh , try seventeen years , Charles '' . She ended her message by saying `` Deathly Hallows is my favourite , and that is the most wonderful way to finish the series '' . </P> <P> When asked before publication about the forthcoming book , Rowling stated that she could not change the ending even if she wanted . `` These books have been plotted for such a long time , and for six books now , that they 're all leading a certain direction . So , I really ca n't '' . She also commented that the final volume related closely to the previous book in the series , Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince , `` almost as though they are two - halves of the same novel '' . She has said that the last chapter of the book was written `` in something like 1990 '' , as part of her earliest work on the series . Rowling also revealed she originally wrote the last words to be `` something like : ' Only those who he loved could see his lightning scar ' '' . Rowling changed this because she did not want people to think Voldemort would rise again and to say that Harry 's mission was over . </P> <H2> Major themes ( edit ) </H2> J.K. Rowling has said that the main theme of the series is Harry dealing with death . <H3> Death ( edit ) </H3> <P> In a 2006 interview , J.K. Rowling said that the main theme of the series is Harry dealing with death , which was influenced by her mother 's death in 1990 , from multiple sclerosis . Lev Grossman of Time stated that the main theme of the series was the overwhelming importance of continuing to love in the face of death . </P> <H3> Living in a corrupted society ( edit ) </H3> <P> Academics and journalists have developed many other interpretations of themes in the books , some more complex than others , and some including political subtexts . Themes such as normality , oppression , survival , and overcoming imposing odds have all been considered as prevalent throughout the series . Similarly , the theme of making one 's way through adolescence and `` going over one 's most harrowing ordeals -- and thus coming to terms with them '' has also been considered . Rowling has stated that the books comprise `` a prolonged argument for tolerance , a prolonged plea for an end to bigotry '' and that also pass on a message to `` question authority and ... not assume that the establishment or the press tells you all of the truth '' . </P> <P> Some political commentators have seen J.K. Rowling 's portrayal of the bureaucratised Ministry of Magic and the oppressive measures taken by the Ministry in the later books ( like making attendance at Hogwarts School compulsory and the `` registration of Mudbloods '' with the Ministry ) as an allegory of criticising the state . </P> <H3> Christian allegories ( edit ) </H3> See also : Religious debates over the Harry Potter series § Christian allegories in Deathly Hallows <P> The Harry Potter series has been criticised for supposedly supporting witchcraft and the occult . Before publication of Deathly Hallows , Rowling refused to speak out about her religion , stating , `` If I talk too freely , every reader , whether 10 or 60 , will be able to guess what 's coming in the books '' . However , many have noted Christian allegories apparent in Deathly Hallows . For example , Harry dies and then comes back to life to save mankind , like Christ . The location where this occurs is King 's Cross . Harry also urges Voldemort to show remorse , to restore his shattered soul . Rowling also stated that `` my belief and my struggling with religious belief ... I think is quite apparent in this book '' , which is shown as Harry struggles with his faith in Dumbledore . </P> The Philosopher 's Stone as pictured in Michael Maier 's 1617 alchemical work Atalanta Fugiens , similar to the presentation of the Deathly Hallows and Resurrection Stone . <P> Deathly Hallows begins with a pair of epigraphs , one by Quaker leader William Penn and one from Aeschylus ' The Libation Bearers . Of this , Rowling said `` I really enjoyed choosing those two quotations because one is pagan , of course , and one is from a Christian tradition . I 'd known it was going to be those two passages since Chamber was published . I always knew ( that ) if I could use them at the beginning of book seven then I 'd cued up the ending perfectly . If they were relevant , then I went where I needed to go . They just say it all to me , they really do '' . </P> <P> When Harry visits his parents ' grave , the biblical reference `` The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death '' ( 1 Corinthians 15 : 26 ) is inscribed on the grave . The Dumbledores ' family tomb also holds a biblical quote : `` Where your treasure is , there your heart will be also '' , which is from Matthew 6 : 21 . Rowling states , `` They 're very British books , so on a very practical note Harry was going to find biblical quotations on tombstones ... ( but ) I think those two particular quotations he finds on the tombstones at Godric 's Hollow , they sum up -- they almost epitomise the whole series '' . </P> <P> Harry Potter pundit John Granger additionally noted that one of the reasons the Harry Potter books were so popular is their use of literary alchemy ( similar to Romeo and Juliet , C.S. Lewis 's Perelandra and Charles Dickens 's A Tale of Two Cities ) and vision symbolism . In this model , authors weave allegorical tales along the alchemical magnum opus . Since the medieval period , alchemical allegory has mirrored the passion , death and resurrection of Christ . While the entire series utilises symbols common in alchemy , the Deathly Hallows completes this cycle , tying themes of death , rebirth , and the Resurrection Stone to the principal motif of alchemical allegory , and topics presented in the first book of the series . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Harry Potter fandom <H3> Marketing and promotion ( edit ) </H3> The Russian translation of the seventh book -- `` Harry Potter and the Gift of Death '' -- went on sale at the bookstore Moskva in Moscow on 13 October 2007 <P> The launch was celebrated by an all - night book signing and reading at the Natural History Museum in London , which Rowling attended along with 1,700 guests chosen by ballot . Rowling toured the US in October 2007 , where another event was held at Carnegie Hall in New York City with tickets allocated by sweepstake . </P> <P> Scholastic , the American publisher of the Harry Potter series , launched a multimillion - dollar `` There will soon be 7 '' marketing campaign with a `` Knight Bus '' travelling to 40 libraries across the United States , online fan discussions and competitions , collectible bookmarks , tattoos , and the staged release of seven Deathly Hallows questions most debated by fans . In the build - up to the book 's release , Scholastic released seven questions that fans would find answered in the final book : </P> <Ol> <Li> Who will live ? Who will die ? </Li> <Li> Is Snape good or evil ? </Li> <Li> Will Hogwarts reopen ? </Li> <Li> Who ends up with whom ? </Li> <Li> Where are the Horcruxes ? </Li> <Li> Will Voldemort be defeated ? </Li> <Li> What are the Deathly Hallows ? </Li> </Ol> <P> J.K. Rowling arranged with her publishers for a poster bearing the face of the missing British child Madeleine McCann to be made available to book sellers when Deathly Hallows was launched on 21 July 2007 , and said that she hoped that the posters would be displayed prominently in shops all over the world . </P> <P> After it was told that the novel would be released on 21 July 2007 , Warner Bros. shortly thereafter said that the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix would be released shortly before the novel would be released , on 13 July 2007 , making many people proclaim that July 2007 , was the month of Harry Potter . </P> <H3> Spoiler embargo ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bloomsbury invested £ 10 million in an attempt to keep the book 's contents secure until 21 July , the release date . Arthur Levine , US editor of the Harry Potter series , denied distributing any copies of Deathly Hallows in advance for press review , but two US papers published early reviews anyway . There was speculation that some shops would break the embargo and distribute copies of the book early , as the penalty imposed for previous instalments -- that the distributor would not be supplied with any further copies of the series -- would no longer be a deterrent . </P> <H3> Online leaks and early delivery ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the week before its release , a number of texts purporting to be genuine leaks appeared in various forms . On 16 July , a set of photographs representing all 759 pages of the US edition was leaked and was fully transcribed prior to the official release date . The photographs later appeared on websites and peer - to - peer networks , leading Scholastic to seek a subpoena in order to identify one source . This represented the most serious security breach in the Harry Potter series ' history . Rowling and her lawyer confirmed that there were genuine online leaks . Reviews published in both The Baltimore Sun and The New York Times on 18 July 2007 , corroborated many of the plot elements from this leak , and about one day prior to release , The New York Times confirmed that the main circulating leak was real . </P> <P> Scholastic announced that approximately one - ten - thousandth ( 0.0001 ) of the US supply had been shipped early -- interpreted to mean about 1,200 copies . One reader in Maryland received a copy of the book in the mail from DeepDiscount.com four days before it was launched , which evoked incredulous responses from both Scholastic and DeepDiscount . Scholastic initially reported that they were satisfied it had been a `` human error '' and would not discuss possible penalties ; however , the following day Scholastic announced that it would be launching legal action against DeepDiscount.com and its distributor , Levy Home Entertainment . Scholastic filed for damages in Chicago 's Circuit Court of Cook County , claiming that DeepDiscount engaged in a `` complete and flagrant violation of the agreements that they knew were part of the carefully constructed release of this eagerly awaited book . '' Some of the early release books soon appeared on eBay , in one case being sold to Publishers Weekly for US $250 from an initial price of US $18 . </P> <H3> Price wars and other controversies ( edit ) </H3> <P> Asda , along with several other UK supermarkets , having already taken pre-orders for the book at a heavily discounted price , sparked a price war two days before the book 's launch by announcing they would sell it for just £ 5 a copy . Other retail chains then also offered the book at discounted prices . At these prices the book became a loss leader . This caused uproar from traditional UK booksellers who argued they had no hope of competing in those conditions . Independent shops protested loudest , but even Waterstone 's , the UK 's largest dedicated chain bookstore , could not compete with the supermarket price . Some small bookstores hit back by buying their stock from the supermarkets rather than their wholesalers . Asda attempted to counter this by imposing a limit of two copies per customer to prevent bulk purchases . Philip Wicks , a spokesman for the UK Booksellers Association , said , `` It is a war we ca n't even participate in . We think it 's a crying shame that the supermarkets have decided to treat it as a loss - leader , like a can of baked beans . '' Michael Norris , an analyst at Simba Information , said : `` You are not only lowering the price of the book . At this point , you are lowering the value of reading . '' </P> <P> In Malaysia , a similar price war caused controversy regarding sales of the book . Four of the biggest bookstore chains in Malaysia , MPH Bookstores , Popular Bookstores , Times and Harris , decided to pull Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows off their shelves as a protest against Tesco and Carrefour hypermarkets . The retail price of the book in Malaysia is MYR 109.90 , while the hypermarkets Tesco and Carrefour sold the book at MYR 69.90 . The move by the bookstores was seen as an attempt to pressure the distributor Penguin Books to remove the books from the hypermarkets . However , as of 24 July 2007 , the price war has ended , with the four bookstores involved resuming selling the books in their stores with discount . Penguin Books has also confirmed that Tesco and Carrefour are selling the book at a loss , urging them to practice good business sense and fair trade . </P> <P> The book 's early Saturday morning release in Israel was criticised for violating Shabbat . Trade and Industry Minister Eli Yishai commented `` It is forbidden , according to Jewish values and Jewish culture , that a thing like this should take place at 2 am on Saturday . Let them do it on another day . '' Yishai indicated that he would issue indictments and fines based on the Hours of Work and Rest Law . </P> <H2> Publication and reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Baltimore Sun 's critic , Mary Carole McCauley , noted that the book was more serious than the previous novels in the series and had more straightforward prose . Furthermore , reviewer Alice Fordham from The Times wrote that `` Rowling 's genius is not just her total realisation of a fantasy world , but the quieter skill of creating characters that bounce off the page , real and flawed and brave and lovable '' . Fordham concluded , `` We have been a long way together , and neither Rowling nor Harry let us down in the end '' . The New York Times writer Michiko Kakutani agreed , praising Rowling 's ability to make Harry both a hero and a character that can be related to . </P> <P> Time magazine 's Lev Grossman named it one of the Top 10 Fiction Books of 2007 , ranking it at No. 8 , and praised Rowling for proving that books can still be a global mass medium . Novelist Elizabeth Hand criticised that `` ... the spectacularly complex interplay of narrative and character often reads as though an entire trilogy 's worth of summing - up has been crammed into one volume . '' In a starred review from Kirkus Reviews , the reviewer said , `` Rowling has shown uncommon skill in playing them with and against each other , and also woven them into a darn good bildungsroman , populated by memorable characters and infused with a saving , irrepressible sense of fun '' . They also praised the second half of the novel , but criticised the epilogue , calling it `` provocatively sketchy '' . In another review from The Times , reviewer Amanda Craig said that while Rowling was `` not an original , high - concept author '' , she was `` right up there with other greats of children 's fiction '' . Craig went on to say that the novel was `` beautifully judged , and a triumphant return to form '' , and that Rowling 's imagination changed the perception of an entire generation , which `` is more than all but a handful of living authors , in any genre , have achieved in the past half - century '' . </P> <P> In contrast , Jenny Sawyer of The Christian Science Monitor said that , `` There is much to love about the Harry Potter series , from its brilliantly realised magical world to its multilayered narrative '' , however , `` A story is about someone who changes . And , puberty aside , Harry does n't change much . As envisioned by Rowling , he walks the path of good so unwaveringly that his final victory over Voldemort feels , not just inevitable , but hollow '' . In The New York Times , Christopher Hitchens compared the series to World War Two - era English boarding school stories , and while he wrote that `` Rowling has won imperishable renown '' for the series as a whole , he also stated that he disliked Rowling 's use of deus ex machina , that the mid-book camping chapters are `` abysmally long '' , and Voldemort `` becomes more tiresome than an Ian Fleming villain '' . Catherine Bennett of The Guardian praised Rowling for putting small details from the previous books and making them large in Deathly Hallows , such as Grindelwald being mentioned on a Chocolate Frog Card in the first book . While she points out `` as her critics say , Rowling is no Dickens '' , she says that Rowling `` has willed into a fictional being , in every book , legions of new characters , places , spells , rules and scores of unimagined twists and subplots '' . </P> <P> Stephen King criticised the reactions of some reviewers to the books , including McCauley , for jumping too quickly to surface conclusions of the work . He felt this was inevitable , because of the extreme secrecy before launch which did not allow reviewers time to read and consider the book , but meant that many early reviews lacked depth . Rather than finding the writing style disappointing , he felt it had matured and improved . He acknowledged that the subject matter of the books had become more adult , and that Rowling had clearly been writing with the adult audience firmly in mind since the middle of the series . He compared the works in this respect to Huckleberry Finn and Alice in Wonderland which achieved success and have become established classics , in part by appealing to the adult audience as well as children . </P> <H3> Sales , awards and honours ( edit ) </H3> Lines at Borders at midnight to buy the book <P> Sales for Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows were record setting . The initial US print run for Deathly Hallows was 12 million copies , and more than a million were pre-ordered through Amazon.com and Barnes & Noble , 500 percent higher than pre-sales had been for Half - Blood Prince . On 12 April 2007 , Barnes & Noble declared that Deathly Hallows had broken its pre-order record , with more than 500,000 copies pre-ordered through its site . On opening day , a record 8.3 million copies were sold in the United States ( over 96 per second ) , and 2.65 million copies in the United Kingdom . It holds the Guinness World record for fastest selling book of fiction in 24 hours for US sales . At WH Smith , sales reportedly reached a rate of 15 books sold per second . By June 2008 , nearly a year after it was published , worldwide sales were reportedly around 44 million . </P> <P> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows has won several awards . In 2007 , the book was named one of The New York Times 100 Notable Books , and one of its Notable Children 's Books . The novel was named the best book of 2007 , by Newsweek 's critic Malcolm Jones . Publishers Weekly also listed Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows among their Best Books of 2007 . In 2008 , the American Library Association named the novel one of its Best Books for Young Adults , and also listed it as a Notable Children 's Book . Furthermore , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows received the 2008 Colorado Blue Spruce Book Award . </P> <H2> Translations ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Harry Potter in translation <P> Due to its worldwide fame , Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows has been translated into many languages . The first translation to be released was the Ukrainian translation , on 25 September 2007 ( as Гаррі Поттер і смертельні реліквії -- Harry Potter i smertel'ni relikviji ) . The Swedish title of the book was revealed by Rowling as Harry Potter and the Relics of Death ( Harry Potter och Dödsrelikerna ) , following a pre-release question from the Swedish publisher about the difficulty of translating the two words `` Deathly Hallows '' without having read the book . This is also the title used for the French translation ( Harry Potter et les reliques de la mort ) , the Spanish translation ( Harry Potter y las Reliquias de la Muerte ) , the Dutch translation ( Harry Potter en de Relieken van de Dood ) and the Brazilian Portuguese translation ( Harry Potter e as Relíquias da Morte ) . The first Polish translation was released with a new title : Harry Potter i Insygnia Śmierci -- Harry Potter and the Insignia of Death . The Hindi translation Harry Potter aur Maut ke Tohfe ( हैरी पॉटर और मौत के तोहफे ) , which means `` Harry Potter and the Gifts of Death '' , was released by Manjul Publication in India on 27 June 2008 . The Romanian version was released on 1 December 2007 using the title ( Harry Potter și Talismanele Morții ) . </P> <H2> Editions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Deathly Hallows was released in hardcover on 21 July 2007 and in paperback in the United Kingdom on 10 July 2008 and the United States on 7 July 2009 . In SoHo , New York , there was a release party for the American paperback edition , with many games and activities . An `` Adult Edition '' with a different cover illustration was released by Bloomsbury on 21 July 2007 . To be released simultaneously with the original US hardcover on 21 July with only 100,000 copies was a Scholastic deluxe edition , highlighting a new cover illustration by Mary GrandPré . In October 2010 , Bloomsbury released a `` Celebratory '' paperback edition , which featured a foiled and starred cover . Lastly , on 1 November 2010 , a `` Signature '' edition of the novel was released in paperback by Bloomsbury . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 2 <P> A two - part film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is directed by David Yates , written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman , David Barron and J.K. Rowling . Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010 , and Part 2 on 15 July 2011 . Filming began in February 2009 , and ended on 12 June 2010 . However , the cast confirmed they would reshoot the epilogue scene as they only had two days to shoot the original . Reshoots officially ended around December 2010 . Part 1 ended at Chapter 24 of the book , when Voldemort regained the Elder Wand . However , there were a few omissions , such as the appearances of Dean Thomas and Viktor Krum , and Peter Pettigrew 's death . James Bernadelli of Reelviews said that the script stuck closest to the text since Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , yet this was met with negativity from some audiences as the film inherited `` the book 's own problems '' . </P> <H3> Audiobooks ( edit ) </H3> <P> Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows was released simultaneously on 21 July 2007 , in both the UK and the United States . The UK edition features the voice of Stephen Fry and runs about 24 hours while the US edition features the voice of Jim Dale and runs about 21 hours . Both Fry and Dale recorded 146 different and distinguishable character voices , and was the most recorded by an individual on an audiobook at the time . </P> <P> For his work on Deathly Hallows , Dale won the 2008 Grammy Award for the Best Spoken Word Album for Children . He also was awarded an Earphone Award by AudioFile , who claimed , `` Dale has raised the bar on audiobook interpretation so high it 's hard to imagine any narrator vaulting over it . '' </P> <H2> The Tales of Beedle the Bard ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Tales of Beedle the Bard <P> On 4 December 2008 , Rowling released The Tales of Beedle the Bard both in the UK and US . The Tales of Beedle the Bard is a spin - off of Deathly Hallows and contains fairy tales that are told to children in the `` Wizarding World '' . The book includes five short stories , including `` The Tale of the Three Brothers '' which is the story of the Deathly Hallows . </P> <P> Amazon.com released an exclusive collector 's edition of the book which is a replica of the book that Amazon.com purchased at auction in December 2007 . Seven copies were auctioned off in London by Sotheby 's . Each was illustrated and handwritten by Rowling and is 157 pages . It was bound in brown Moroccan leather and embellished with five hand - chased hallmarked sterling silver ornaments and mounted moonstones . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ While this is not officially confirmed , Emma Watson is quoted as saying `` We have reshoots at Christmas '' , so filming presumably ended around this time . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Record First - Day Sales for Last ' Harry Potter ' Book '' . The New York Times . 22 July 2007 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2017 . 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Rowling , 30 July 2007 '' . Bloomsbury Publishing . Archived from the original on 6 January 2008 . Retrieved 31 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Book 7 Update '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 15 April 2007 . Retrieved 23 April 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' . Bloomsbury Publishing . 21 December 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 February 2007 . Retrieved 21 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter fans pay £ 1,000 a night to stay in hotel room where JK Rowling finished series '' . UK . 20 July 2008 . Archived from the original on 20 February 2016 . Retrieved 10 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rowling reacts to Potter 's end '' . USA Today . Associated Press . 6 February 2007 . Archived from the original on 23 August 2007 . Retrieved 21 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jones , Owen . One - on - one interview with J.K. Rowling , ITV Network July 17 , 2005 '' . ITV. 17 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 16 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rowling , J.K. ( 15 March 2004 ) . `` Progress on Book Six '' . J.K. Rowling Official Site . Archived from the original on 16 December 2006 . Retrieved 23 December 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rowling to kill two in final book '' . BBC News . 27 June 2006 . Archived from the original on 3 August 2009 . Retrieved 25 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vieira , Meredith ( 30 July 2007 ) . `` Harry Potter : The final chapter '' . MSNBC . Archived from the original on 19 January 2011 . Retrieved 6 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Symon , Evan V. ( 14 January 2013 ) . `` 10 Deleted Chapters that Transformed Famous Books '' . listverse.com . Archived from the original on 5 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geordie Greig ( 10 January 2006 ) . `` ' There would be so much to tell her ... ' '' . The Daily Telegraph . UK . Archived from the original on 24 April 2009 . 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Retrieved 2 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ( Book 7 ) ( Children 's Edition ) ( Harry Potter Audio Book ) ( Audiobook ) ( Audio CD ) '' . Amazon.co.uk . ISBN 0747591091 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows ( Audiobook , Unabridged ) ( Audio CD ) '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0739360388 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows published by Bloomsbury and HNP as an unabridged audiobook to be published simultaneously with the book for the first time on July 21st 2007 '' . Bloomsbury . Archived from the original on 29 June 2007 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' . Simply Audiobooks . Archived from the original on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glenday , Craig , ed. ( 2008 ) . Guinness World Records 2009 . Guinness World Records . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 37 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ; Ku , Andrew ( 10 February 2008 ) . `` Spring Awakening Wins 2008 Best Musical Show Album Grammy ; Krieger and Dale Also Win '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on 29 June 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AudioFile review : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows '' . AudioFile . October -- November 2007 . Archived from the original on 28 December 2010 . Retrieved 17 February 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK and US Reference : <Ul> <Li> The Tales of Beedle the Bard , Standard Edition ( Harry Potter ) ( 9780545128285 ) : J.K. Rowling : Books . Amazon.com . ISBN 0545128285 . </Li> <Li> The Tales of Beedle the Bard , Standard Edition : Amazon.co.uk : J.K. Rowling : Books . Amazon.co.uk . ASIN 0747599874 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Tales of Beedle the Bard , Collector 's Edition ( Offered Exclusively by Amazon ) ( 9780956010902 ) : J.K. Rowling : Books '' . Amazon.com . ISBN 0956010903 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Fairy Tales of J.K. Rowling '' . Amazon.com . Archived from the original on 14 June 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Granger , John . The Deathly Hallows Lectures : The Hogwarts Professor Explains the Final Harry Potter Adventure . Zossima Press : 2008 . ISBN 0 - 9723221 - 7 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Hall , Susan . Reading Harry Potter : critical essays . Greenwood Publishing : 2003 . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32067 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Rowling , JK . Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic : 2005 . UK ISBN 0 - 747 - 58108 - 8 / US ISBN 0 - 439 - 78454 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Rowling , JK . Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire . London : Bloomsbury / New York City : Scholastic : 2000 . UK ISBN 0 - 747 - 54624 - X / US ISBN 0 - 439 - 13959 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Shapiro , Marc . J.K. Rowling : The Wizard Behind Harry Potter . St. Martin 's Press : 2007 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 37697 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Heckl , Raik . `` The Tale of the Three Brothers '' and the Idea of the Speaking Dead in the Harry Potter Novels . Leipzig : 2008 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Novels portal </Li> <Li> Harry Potter portal </Li> <Li> 2000s portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : Harry Potter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Wikibook Muggles ' Guide to Harry Potter has a page on the topic of : Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter at Bloomsbury.com web site UK publisher book information </Li> <Li> Harry Potter at Scholastic.com web site US publisher book information </Li> <Li> Harry Potter at Allen & Unwin web site at WebCite ( archived 28 July 2007 ) Australia - New Zealand publisher book information </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Harry Potter series by J.K. 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Studio Tour London </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fandom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Harry Potter Alliance </Li> <Li> The Leaky Cauldron </Li> <Li> MuggleNet </Li> <Li> LeakyCon </Li> <Li> Wizard rock </Li> <Li> Wrockstock </Li> <Li> Severus Snape and the Marauders </Li> <Li> Voldemort : Origins of the Heir </Li> <Li> My Immortal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Influences and analogues </Li> <Li> Legal disputes </Li> <Li> Parodies </Li> <Li> Politics </Li> <Li> Religious debates </Li> <Li> Translation </Li> <Li> A Very Potter Musical </Li> <Li> The Harry Potter Lexicon </Li> <Li> The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter </Li> <Li> Potter Puppet Pals </Li> <Li> Portkey Games </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Works by J.K. 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4 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows&oldid=834547860 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2007 fantasy novels </Li> <Li> 2007 British novels </Li> <Li> Harry Potter novels </Li> <Li> Sequel novels </Li> <Li> Bloomsbury Publishing books </Li> <Li> Scholastic Corporation books </Li> <Li> British novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> 2007 children 's books </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) </Li> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2013 </Li> <Li> Use British English from January 2013 </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Articles containing Hindi - language text </Li> <Li> Webarchive template webcite links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Føroyskt </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Frysk </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> ગુજરાતી </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Runa Simi </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Татарча / tatarça </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 60 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 April 2018 , at 09 : 18 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Committees of correspondence - wikipedia <H1> Committees of correspondence </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Committees of correspondence ( disambiguation ) . <P> The committees of correspondence were shadow governments organized by the Patriot leaders of the Thirteen Colonies on the eve of the American Revolution . They coordinated responses to England and shared their plans ; by 1773 they had emerged as shadow governments , superseding the colonial legislature and royal officials . The Maryland Committee of Correspondence was instrumental in setting up the First Continental Congress , which met in Philadelphia . These served an important role in the Revolution , by disseminating the colonial interpretation of British actions between the colonies and to foreign governments . The committees of correspondence rallied opposition on common causes and established plans for collective action , and so the group of committees was the beginning of what later became a formal political union among the colonies . </P> <P> A total of about 7,000 to 8,000 Patriots served on these committees at the colonial and local levels , comprising most of the leadership in their communities -- the Loyalists were excluded . The committees became the leaders of the American resistance to British actions , and largely determined the war effort at the state and local level . When Congress decided to boycott British products , the colonial and local committees took charge , examining merchant records and publishing the names of merchants who attempted to defy the boycott by importing British goods . </P> <P> The committees promoted patriotism and home manufacturing , advising Americans to avoid luxuries , and lead a more simple life . The committees gradually extended their power over many aspects of American public life . They set up espionage networks to identify disloyal elements , displaced the royal officials , and helped topple the entire Imperial system in each colony . In late 1774 and early 1775 , they supervised the elections of provincial conventions , which took over the actual operation of colonial government . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Function </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Massachusetts </Li> <Li> 2.2 Virginia </Li> <Li> 2.3 Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> 2.4 Delaware </Li> <Li> 2.5 North Carolina </Li> <Li> 2.6 New York </Li> <Li> 2.7 Other colonies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 5 References <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <P> A major function of the committees in each colony was to inform the voters of the common threat faced by all the colonies , and to disseminate information from the main cities to the rural hinterlands where most of the colonists lived . As news was typically spread in hand - written letters or printed pamphlets to be carried by couriers on horseback or aboard ships , the committees were responsible for ensuring that this news accurately reflected the views of their parent governmental body on a particular issue and was dispatched to the proper groups . Many correspondents were also members of the colonial legislative assemblies , and were active in the secret Sons of Liberty or even the Stamp Act Congress of the 1760s . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The earliest committees of correspondence were formed temporarily to address a particular problem . Once a resolution was achieved , they were disbanded . The first formal committee was established in Boston in 1764 to rally opposition to the Currency Act and unpopular reforms imposed on the customs service . </P> <P> During the Stamp Act Crisis the following year , New York formed a committee to urge common resistance among its neighbors to the new taxes . The Province of Massachusetts Bay correspondents responded by urging other colonies to send delegates to the Stamp Act Congress that fall . The resulting committees disbanded after the crisis was over . </P> <P> Boston , whose radical leaders thought it was under increasingly hostile threats by the royal government , set up the first long - standing committee with the approval of a town meeting in late 1772 . By spring 1773 , Patriots decided to follow the Massachusetts system and began to set up their own committees in each colony . Virginia appointed an eleven - member committee in March , quickly followed by Rhode Island , Connecticut , New Hampshire , and South Carolina . By February 1774 , eleven colonies had set up their own committees ; of the thirteen colonies that eventually rebelled , only North Carolina and Pennsylvania had not . </P> <H3> Massachusetts ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Massachusetts , in November 1772 , Samuel Adams and Dr. Joseph Warren formed a committee in response to the Gaspée Affair and in relation to the recent British decision to have the salaries of the royal governor and judges be paid by the Crown rather than the colonial assembly , which removed the colony of its means of holding public officials accountable to their constituents . In the following months , more than one hundred other committees were formed in the towns and villages of Massachusetts . The Massachusetts committee had its headquarters in Boston and under the leadership of Adams became a model for other Patriot groups . The meeting when establishing the committee gave it the task of stating `` the rights of the colonists , and of this province in particular , as men , as Christians , and as subjects ; to communicate and publish the same to the several towns in this province and to the world as the sense of this town . '' </P> <H3> Virginia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In March 1773 , Dabney Carr proposed the formation of a permanent Committee of Correspondence before the Virginia House of Burgesses . Virginia 's own committee was formed on March 12 , 1773 . Its members were Peyton Randolph , Robert Carter Nicholas , Richard Bland , Richard Henry Lee , Benjamin Harrison , Edmund Pendleton , Patrick Henry , Dudley Digges , Dabney Carr , Archibald Cary , and Thomas Jefferson . </P> <H3> Pennsylvania ( edit ) </H3> <P> Among the last to form a committee of correspondence , Pennsylvania did so at a meeting in Philadelphia on May 20 , 1774 . In a compromise between the more radical and more conservative factions of political activists the committee was formed by combining the lists each proposed . That committee of 19 diversified and grew to 43 , then to 66 and finally to two different groups of 100 between May 1774 and its dissolution in September 1776 . One hundred sixty men participated in one or more of the committees , but only four were regularly elected to all of them : Thomas Barclay , John Cox , Jr. , John Dickinson , and Joseph Reed . </P> <H3> Delaware ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Hancock ( 1973 ) , a committee of correspondence was established by Thomas McKean after ten years of agitation centered in New Castle County . In neighboring Kent County Caesar Rodney set up a second committee , followed by Sussex County . Following the recommendation of Congress in 1774 , the committees were replaced by elected `` committees of inspection '' with a subcommittee of correspondence . The new committees specialize in intelligence work , especially the identification of men opposed to the Patriot cause . The committees were in the lead in demanding independence . The correspondence committees exchanged information with others in Boston and Philadelphia , and elsewhere . Their leadership often was drawn upon to provide Delaware with executive leaders . The committees of inspection used publicity as weapons to suppress disaffection and encourage patriotism . With imports from Britain cut off , the committees sought to make America self - sufficient , so they encouraged the raising of flax and sheep for wool . The committees helped organize local militia in the hundreds and later in the counties and all of Delaware . With their encouragement , the Delaware Assembly elected delegates to Congress favorable to independence . </P> <H3> North Carolina ( edit ) </H3> <P> By 1773 , the political situation had deteriorated . There was concern about the courts . Massachusetts ' young and ardent Boston patriot , Josiah Quincy , Jr. visited North Carolina staying five days . He spent the night of March 26 , 1773 at Cornelius Harnett 's home near Wilmington , North Carolina . The two discussed and drew up plans for a Committee of Correspondence . The committee 's purpose : communicate circumstances and revolutionary sentiment among the colonies . It was after this meeting that Quincy dubbed Harnett the `` Samuel Adams of North Carolina . '' </P> <P> Perhaps characteristic of Committees of Correspondence members , Harnett was celebrated , distinguished , scholarly and possessed of unflinching integrity . Harnett 's father ( also named Cornelius Harnett ) was Sheriff of Albemarle , an area covering about 11 modern counties in northeastern North Carolina . </P> <P> The Correspondence Committee formed the next year at Wilmington . Although Harnett was absent , he was made chairman of the committee . </P> <H3> New York ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Committee of Sixty § Committee of Fifty - one <P> In response to the news that the port of Boston would be closed under the Boston Port Act , an advertisement was posted at the Coffee - house on Wall - street in New York City , a noted place of resort for shipmasters and merchants , inviting merchants to meet on May 16 , 1774 at the Fraunces Tavern `` in order to consult on measures proper to be pursued on the present critical and important situation . '' At that meeting , with Isaac Low as chair , they resolved to nominated a fifty - member committee of correspondence to be submitted to the public , and on May 17 they published a notice calling on the public to meet at the Coffee - house on May 19 at 1 : 00PM to approve the committee and appoint others as they may see fit . At the meeting on May 19 , Francis Lewis was also nominated and the entire Committee of Fifty - one was confirmed . </P> Fraunces Tavern in Lower Manhattan , meeting place of the `` Committee of Fifty '' on May 16 , 1774 <P> On May 23 , the Committee met at the Coffee - house and appointed Isaac Low as permanent chairman and John Alsop as deputy chairman . The Committee then formed a subcomittee which reported a letter in response to the letters from Boston , calling for a `` Congress of Deputies from the Colonies '' to be assembled ( which became known as the First Continental Congress ) , which was approved by the committee . On May 30 , the Committee formed a subcommittee to write a letter to the supervisors of the counties of New York to extort them to also form similar committees of correspondence , which letter was adopted on a meeting of the Committee on May 31 . </P> <P> On July 4 , 1774 , a resolution was approved to appoint five delegates contingent upon their confirmation by the freeholders of the City and County of New York , and request that the other counties also send delegates . Isaac Low , John Alsop , James Duane , Philip Livingston , and John Jay were then appointed , and the public of the City and County was invited to attend City Hall and concur in the appointments on July 7 . This caused friction with the more radical Sons of Liberty ( Committee of Mechanics ) faction , who held the Meeting in the Fields on July 6 . Three counties ( Westchester , Duchess , and Albany ) acquiesced to the five delegates , while three counties ( Kings , Suffolk , and Orange ) sent delegates of their own . </P> <H3> Other colonies ( edit ) </H3> <P> By July 1773 , Rhode Island , Connecticut , New Hampshire , and South Carolina had also formed committees . </P> <P> With Pennsylvania 's action in May 1774 all of the colonies that eventually rebelled had such committees . </P> <P> The colonial committees successfully organized common resistance to the Tea Act and even recruited physicians who wrote drinking tea would make Americans `` weak , effeminate , and valetudinarian for life . '' </P> <P> These permanent committees performed the important planning necessary for the First Continental Congress , which convened in September 1774 . The Second Congress created its own committee of correspondence to communicate the American interpretation of events to foreign nations . </P> <P> These committees were replaced during the revolution with Provincial Congresses . </P> <P> By 1780 , committees of correspondence had also been formed in Great Britain and Ireland . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Committee of Safety ( American Revolution ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Norton & Blight ( 2001 ) , pp. 144 -- 145 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Albert Bushnell Hart ( 1897 ) . Formation of the Union . p. 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard D. Brown , Revolutionary Politics in Massachusetts : The Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Towns , 1772 - 1774 ( 1976 ) ch 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith ( 1976 ) , p. 368 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Schreeven & Schribner ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryerson ( 1978 ) , pp. 39 -- 42 , 49 -- 52 , 94 -- 100 , 128 -- 131 , 156 -- 159 , 275 -- 281 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hancock ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lossing ( 1855 ) , p. 83 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wells ( 1865 ) , p. 421 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maier ( 1978 ) , pp. 6 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ripley ( 1859 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniels ( 1986 ) , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , pp. 7 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , pp. 9 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , p. 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , p. 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , p. 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , p. 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , pp. 24 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawson 1886 , p. 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ketchum ( 2002 ) , p. 245 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Puls ( 2006 ) , p. 206 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Brown , Richard D. Revolutionary Politics in Massachusetts : The Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Towns , 1772 - 1774 ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Hancock , Harold B. ( 1973 ) . `` County committees and the growth of independence in the three lower counties on the Delaware , 1765 -- 1776 '' . Delaware History . 15 ( 4 ) : 269 -- 294 . </Li> <Li> Ketchum , Richard M. ( 2002 ) . Divided Loyalties , How the American Revolution came to New York . Henry Holt and Co . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6120 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Lossing , Benson John ( 1855 ) . Our Countrymen : or , Brief Memoirs of Eminent Americans . Philadelphia : Lippincott , Grambo & Co . </Li> <Li> Maier , Pauline ( 1978 ) . `` Early revolutionary leaders in the South and the problem of Southern distinctiveness '' . In Jeffrey J. Crow & Larry Tise . The Southern Experience in the American Revolution . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 1313 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Norton , Mary Beth ; Blight , David W. ( 2001 ) . A People and a Nation. 1 ( 6th ed . ) . Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 618 - 21469 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Puls , Mark ( 2006 ) . Samuel Adams , father of the American Revolution . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 7582 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Ryerson , Richard A. ( 1978 ) . The Revolution is Now Begun : the Radical Committees of Philadelphia , 1765 -- 1776 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8122 - 7734 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Page ( 1976 ) . A New Age Now Begins . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 059097 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Van Schreeven , William J. ; Schribner , Robert L. , eds. ( 1976 ) . The Committees and the Second Convention , 1773 -- 1775 : a Documentary Record . Revolutionary Virginia : The Road to Independence . 2 . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8139 - 0601 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Dawson , Henry ( 1886 ) . Westchester County , New York , During the American Revolution . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Revolutionary Virginia : The Road to Independence . Vol. 2 , The Committees and the Second Convention , 1773 - 1775 : A Documentary Record edited by William J. Van Schreeven , and Robert L. Schribner , ( 1974 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Breen , T.H. ( 2010 ) . American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People . </Li> <Li> Maier , Pauline R. ( 1972 ) . From Resistance to Revolution : Colonial Radicals and the Development of American Opposition to Britain , 1765 -- 1776 . </Li> <Li> Maier , Pauline R. ( 1980 ) . The Old Revolutionaries : Political Lives in the Age of Samuel Adams . </Li> <Li> Archived papers of the Committee of Correspondence , 1952 - 1969 , at Smith College ) . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American Revolutionary War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Origins of the American Revolution </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Philosophy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Enlightenment </Li> <Li> John Locke </Li> <Li> Colonial history </Li> <Li> Liberalism </Li> <Li> Republicanism </Li> <Li> Freedom of religion </Li> <Li> Rights of Englishmen </Li> <Li> Common Sense </Li> <Li> Spirit of ' 76 </Li> <Li> `` All men are created equal '' </Li> <Li> `` Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness '' </Li> <Li> `` Consent of the governed '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Royalists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pitt -- Newcastle ministry </Li> <Li> Bute ministry </Li> <Li> Grenville ministry 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</Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founding of the United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Declaration of Rights and Grievances ( 1765 ) </Li> <Li> Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania ( 1767 , 1768 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Liberty Song '' ( 1768 </Li> <Li> United we stand , divided we fall ) </Li> <Li> Petition to the King ( 1774 ) </Li> <Li> Signee , Continental Association ( 1774 ) </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence ( 1774 -- 1776 ) </Li> <Li> Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec ( 1774 ) </Li> <Li> Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) </Li> <Li> Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( co-wrote , 1775 ) </Li> <Li> Committee of Secret Correspondence ( 1775 -- 1776 ) </Li> <Li> Model Treaty committee ( 1776 ) </Li> <Li> Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union ( 1776 ) </Li> <Li> President , Annapolis Convention ( 1786 ) </Li> <Li> Delegate , Constitutional Convention ( 1787 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Infosys - Wikipedia <H1> Infosys </H1> <P> </P> <Table> Infosys Limited <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Public </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Traded as </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BSE : 500209 </Li> <Li> NSE : INFY </Li> <Li> NYSE : INFY </Li> <Li> BSE SENSEX Constituent </Li> <Li> CNX Nifty Constituent </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> IT services , IT consulting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 7 July 1981 ; 37 years ago ( 7 July 1981 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founder </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> N.R. Narayana Murthy </Li> <Li> Nandan Nilekani </Li> <Li> S. Gopalakrishnan </Li> <Li> S.D. Shibulal </Li> <Li> K. Dinesh </Li> <Li> N.S. Raghavan </Li> <Li> Ashok Arora </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Bengaluru , Karnataka , India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area served </Th> <Td> Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Nandan Nilekani ( Chairman ) Salil S. Parekh ( CEO & MD ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Services </Th> <Td> IT , business consulting and outsourcing services </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Revenue </Th> <Td> US $ 10.93 billion ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating income </Th> <Td> US $2.65 billion ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Net income </Th> <Td> US $2.48 billion ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total assets </Th> <Td> US $12.25 billion ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total equity </Th> <Td> US $9.96 billion ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of employees </Th> <Td> 200,364 ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Infosys BPM </Li> <Li> EdgeVerve Systems </Li> <Li> Infosys Consulting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.infosys.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Footnotes / references </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Infosys Limited ( formerly Infosys Technologies Limited ) is an Indian multinational corporation that provides business consulting , information technology and outsourcing services . It has its headquarters in Bengaluru , Karnataka , India . </P> <P> Infosys is the second - largest Indian IT company by 2017 revenues and 596th largest public company in the world in terms of revenue . On June 29 , 2018 its market capitalisation was $42.23 billion . The credit rating of the company is A - ( rating by Standard & Poor 's ) . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Products and Services </Li> <Li> 3 Geographical presence </Li> <Li> 4 Acquisitions </Li> <Li> 5 Listing and shareholding pattern </Li> <Li> 6 Employees <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Training centre in Mysuru </Li> <Li> 6.2 CEOs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Initiatives </Li> <Li> 8 Awards and recognition </Li> <Li> 9 Controversies </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Infosys was established by 7 engineers in Pune , India with an initial capital of $250 in 1981 . It was registered as Infosys Consultants Private Limited on 2 July 1981 . In 1983 , it relocated its office to Bengaluru , Karnataka , India . </P> <P> Name change : The company changed its name to Infosys Technologies Private Limited in April 1992 and to Infosys Technologies Limited when it became a public limited company in June 1992 . It was later renamed to Infosys Limited in June 2011 . </P> <P> Share listing : An initial public offer ( IPO ) in February 1993 with an offer price of ₹ 95 ( equivalent to ₹ 490 or US $7.10 in 2017 ) per share against book value of ₹ 20 ( equivalent to ₹ 100 or US $1.50 in 2017 ) per share . The Infosys IPO was under subscribed but it was `` bailed out '' by US investment bank Morgan Stanley which picked up 13 % of equity at the offer price . Its shares were listed in stock exchanges in June 1993 with trading opening at ₹ 145 ( equivalent to ₹ 750 or US $11 in 2017 ) per share . </P> <P> Its shares were listed on NASDAQ in 1999 through ADR route . The share price surged to ₹ 8,100 ( equivalent to ₹ 25,000 or US $360 in 2017 ) by 1999 making it the costliest share on the market at the time . At that time , Infosys was among the 20 biggest companies by market capitalization on the NASDAQ . The ADR listing was shifted from NASDAQ to NYSE Euronext to give its European investors better access to its stock . </P> Infosys , Bengaluru <P> Revenue growth : Its annual revenue touched US $100 million in 1999 , US $1 billion in 2004 and US $10 billion in 2017 . </P> <P> Geographical expansion : In 2012 , Infosys announced a new office in Milwaukee , Wisconsin to service Harley - Davidson , being the 18th international office in the United States . Infosys hired 1,200 United States employees in 2011 , and expanded the workforce by an additional 2,000 employees in 2012 . In April 2018 Infosys announced expanding in Indianapolis Indiana . The development will include more than 120 acres and is expected to result in 3,000 new jobs -- 1,000 more than previously announced . Product and portfolio expansion : In July 2014 , Infosys started a product subsidiary called , EdgeVerve Systems. , focusing on enterprise software products for business operations , customer service , procurement and commerce network domains . In August 2015 , the Finacle Global Banking Solutions assets were officially transferred from Infosys and became part of the product company EdgeVerve Systems product portfolio . </P> <H2> Products and services ( edit ) </H2> <P> It provides software development , maintenance and independent validation services to companies in finance , insurance , manufacturing and other domains . </P> <P> One of its known products is Finacle which is a universal banking solution with various modules for retail & corporate banking . </P> Glass building in Pune campus <P> Its key products and services are : </P> <Ul> <Li> NIA - Next Generation Integrated AI Platform ( formerly known as Mana ) </Li> <Li> Infosys Consulting - a global management consulting service </Li> <Li> Infosys Information Platform ( IIP ) - Analytics platform </Li> <Li> EdgeVerve Systems which includes Finacle , a global banking platform </Li> <Li> Panaya Cloud Suite </Li> <Li> Skava </Li> </Ul> <H2> Geographical presence ( edit ) </H2> Main block in Chennai campus <P> Infosys had 82 sales and marketing offices and 123 development centres across the world as at March 31 , 2018 , with major presence in India , United States , China , Australia , Japan , Middle East and Europe . </P> <P> In 2017 , 61.9 % , 22.5 % and 3.2 % of its revenues were derived from projects in North America , Europe and India , respectively . Remaining 12.4 % of revenues were derived from rest of the world . </P> <H2> Acquisitions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name of acquired company </Th> <Th> Based in </Th> <Th> Acquisition cost </Th> <Th> Acquisition date </Th> <Th> Business of acquired company </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Expert Information Services </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> US $23 million </Td> <Td> Dec 2003 </Td> <Td> IT service provider </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McCamish Systems </Td> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> US $38 million </Td> <Td> Dec 2009 </Td> <Td> Insurance and financial services </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portland Group </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> AUD 37 million </Td> <Td> Jan 2012 </Td> <Td> Strategic sourcing and category management </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lodestone Holding AG </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> US $345 million </Td> <Td> Sep 2012 </Td> <Td> Management consultancy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panaya </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> US $200 million </Td> <Td> Mar 2015 </Td> <Td> Automation technology </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Skava </Td> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> US $120 million </Td> <Td> Apr 2015 </Td> <Td> Digital experience solutions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Noah - Consulting </Td> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> US $70 million </Td> <Td> Nov 2015 </Td> <Td> Information management consulting services </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brilliant Basics </Td> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> GBP 7.5 million </Td> <Td> Aug 2017 </Td> <Td> Product design and customer experience </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Listing and shareholding Pattern ( edit ) </H2> <P> In India , shares of Infosys are listed at BSE where it is included in BSE SENSEX and NSE where it is included in CNX NIFTY . Its shares are listed by way of American Depositary Receipts ( ADRs ) at the New York Stock Exchange . </P> <P> Over a period of time , the shareholding of its promoters has gradually reduced , starting from June 1993 when its shares were first listed . The promoters ' holdings reduced further when Infosys became the first Indian - registered company to list Employees Stock Options Schemes and ADRs on NASDAQ on 11 March 1999 . The promoter holding on 31 March 2002 was 28.72 % and at 30 June 2017 it dropped to 12.75 % as they gradually sold their shares and reduced involvement in active management of the company . </P> A building in Thiruvananthapuram campus <Table> <Tr> <Th> Shareholders ( as of 30 June 2017 ) </Th> <Th> Shareholding </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Promoters group </Td> <Td> 012.75 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Foreign institutional investors ( FII ) </Td> <Td> 037.47 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ADR </Td> <Td> 016.70 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Individual shareholders </Td> <Td> 009.83 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Banks , financial institutions and insurance companies </Td> <Td> 011.24 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mutual funds </Td> <Td> 008.97 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Others </Td> <Td> 003.04 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 100.00 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Employees ( edit ) </H2> <P> Infosys had a total of 200,364 employees at the end of March 2017 , of which 36 % were women . Its workforce consists of employees representing 129 nationalities . In 2016 , 89 % of its employees were based in India . Out of its total workforce , 79 % are software professionals , 16 % are working in its BPM arm and remaining 5 % work for support and sales . </P> <P> During financial year 2017 , Infosys received 1,293,877 applications from prospective employees and had a gross addition of 51,004 employees , a 4 % hiring rate . These numbers do not include its subsidiaries . </P> <P> The attrition rate of Infosys Ltd. , excluding its subsidiaries , for financial year 2017 , was 15 % . </P> <H3> Training centre in Mysuru ( edit ) </H3> The Development Centre in Mysuru campus <P> As the world 's largest corporate university , the Infosys global education centre in the 337 acre campus has 400 instructors and 200 classrooms , with international benchmarks at its core . Established in 2002 , it had trained around 125,000 engineering graduates by June 2015 . It can train 14,000 employees at a given point of time on various technologies . </P> <P> The Infosys Leadership Institute ( ILI ) , based in Mysuru , has 96 rooms and trains about 400 Infoscions annually . Its purpose is to prepare and develop the senior leaders in Infosys for current and future executive leadersip roles . </P> <P> The Infosys Training Centre in Mysuru also provides a number of extracurricular facilities like tennis , badminton , basketball , swimming pool and gym . </P> <H3> CEOs ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since its establishment in 1981 till 2014 , the CEOs of Infosys were its promoters , with N.R. Narayanmurthy leading the company in its initial 21 years . Dr Vishal Sikka was the first non-promoter CEO of Infosys who worked for around 3 years . Dr Vishal Sikka resigned in August 2017 . In a personal note to board colleagues , Dr. Sikka cites a ' drumbeat of distractions ' and `` false , baseless , malicious and increasingly personal attacks '' as his reason for leaving Infosys . Many sources suspect this is in reference to a long running feud with Infosys Founders over the new direction Sikka was reportedly taking Infosys . After his resignation , UB Pravin Rao was appointed as Interim CEO and MD of Infosys . Infosys has appointed Salil Parekh chief executive officer ( CEO ) and managing director ( MD ) of the company with effect from January 2 , 2018 , ( 1 ) culminating the search of a CEO which began since the departure of Vishal Sikka in August due to a spat with the founders over various issues . </P> Salil S Parekh , current CEO & MD <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Narayan Murthy </Td> <Td> 1981 to March 2002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nandan Nilekani </Td> <Td> March 2002 to April 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> S Gopalakrishnan </Td> <Td> April 2007 to August 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SD Shibulal </Td> <Td> August 2011 to July 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vishal Sikka </Td> <Td> August 2014 to August 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UB Pravin Rao - ( Interim ) </Td> <Td> August 2017 to December 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salil S Parekh </Td> <Td> January 2018 onwards </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Initiatives ( edit ) </H2> <P> Infosys Foundation In 1996 , Infosys established the Infosys Foundation , to support the underprivileged sections of society . At the outset , the Infosys Foundation implemented many programs in Karnataka . It subsequently covered Tamil Nadu , Telangana , Andhra Pradesh , Maharashtra , Odisha , and Punjab in a phased manner . A team at the foundation identifies all the programs in the areas of healthcare , education , culture , destitute care and rural development . The Infosys Foundation USA promotes science and math education in USA , with an emphasis on under - represented students . </P> <P> Academic Entente Infosys ' Global Academic Relations team forges Academic Entente ( AcE ) with academic and partner institutions . It explores co-creation opportunities between Infosys and academia through case studies , student trips and speaking engagements . They also collaborate on technology , emerging economies , globalization , and research . Some initiatives include research collaborations , publications , conferences and speaking sessions , campus visits and campus hiring . </P> <P> Infosys Labs Infosys Labs is organized as a global network of research labs and innovation hubs . </P> <P> Infosys Labs collaborates with leading national and international universities such as the University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering , University of Cambridge , Queens University of Belfast , University of Illinois at Urbana -- Champaign , Indian Institute of Technology Bombay , IITB - Monash Research Academy , Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology , Delhi , Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore , Purdue University , Indian Institute of Information Technology , Bengaluru . </P> <P> Infosys Prize The Infosys Prize is an annual award given to scientists , researchers , engineers and social scientists connected to India . It is given by the Infosys Science Foundation , a non-profit trust which was set up in February 2009 by Infosys and some members of its Board . The prize is given under six categories . Each category includes a gold medallion , a citation certificate , and prize money of ₹ 6.5 million ( US $95,000 ) . </P> <H2> Awards and recognition ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In 2017 , HfS Research included Infosys in Winner 's Circle of HfS Blueprint for Managed Security Services , Industry 4.0 services and Utility Operations . </Li> <Li> In 2012 , Infosys was ranked # 19 amongst the world 's most innovative companies by Forbes . </Li> <Li> In 2006 , Institute of Chartered Accountants of India included Infosys into Hall of Fame for being the winner of Best Presented Accounts for 11 consecutive years . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Controversies ( edit ) </H2> <P> Accusation of visa fraud In 2011 , Infosys was accused of committing visa fraud by using B - 1 ( visitor ) visas for work requiring H - 1B ( work ) visas . The allegations were initially made by an American employee of Infosys in an internal complaint . He subsequently sued the company , claiming that he was harassed and sidelined after speaking out . Although that case was dismissed , it along with another similar case , brought the allegations to the notice of the US authorities -- and the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and a federal grand jury started investigating . </P> <P> In October 2013 , Infosys agreed to settle the civil suit with US authorities by paying US $34 million . Infosys refused to admit guilt and stressed that it only agreed to pay the fine to avoid the nuisance of ' prolonged litigation ' . In its statement the company said `` As reflected in the settlement , Infosys denies and disputes any claims of systemic visa fraud , misuse of visas for competitive advantage , or immigration abuse . Those claims are assertions that remain unproven '' . </P> <P> Displacement of American workers at Southern California Edison and Disney In 2015 , the United States Department of Labor began an investigation of Infosys after claims were made that the company used workers with H - 1B visas to replace workers at Disney and Southern California Edison . Florida Sen. Bill Nelson also asked the Department of Homeland Security to investigate reports of layoffs at Disney . The investigation did not find any wrongdoing . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of IT consulting firms </Li> <Li> List of IT companies in India </Li> <Li> List of acquisitions by Infosys BPO Limited </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Companies portal </Li> <Li> Information technology portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys appoints Salil S. Parekh as CEO and Managing Director '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Results for the Fourth Quarter and Year ended March 31 , 2018 '' ( PDF ) . Infosys Ltd . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Financial Statements 2017 '' . Infosys Ltd . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Overview '' . Infosys . Retrieved 9 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forbes 2017 Global 2000 '' . Forbes . Retrieved 4 Oct 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Market Cap ( INFY ) - YCharts '' . Ycharts.com. 2018 - 06 - 29 . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` S&P upgrades TCS , Infosys , Wipro to ' A - ' from ' BBB+ ' '' . The Economic Times . 13 December 2013 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Major events in the history of Infosys '' . Rediff.com Business . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Company History of Infosys '' . Moneycontrol.com . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Infosys '' . Infosys . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Infosys Technologies Bio '' . in.com . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Equity Shares Information '' . Infosys . Retrieved 7 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys to shift listing of ADS to NYSE Euronext from Nasdaq '' . Infosys. 30 Nov 2012 . Retrieved 7 Oct 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( ( cite news url = https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21569576-developed-countries-are-beginning-take-back-service-industry-jobs-too-next-big title = Services : The next big thing work = The Economist date = 19 January 2013 accessdate = 10 June 2013 ) ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Infosys to expand its U.S. operations with a new Delivery Center in Wisconsin '' ( PDF ) . Infosys.com . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Edgeverve is born '' . Business Standard . November 17 , 2014 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Finacle joins Edgeverve '' . Business Standard . September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved 11 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys realigns organisation structure '' . The Financial Express . 16 Feb 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Core Banking Systems -- Gartner Says The Debate Has Shifted '' . Gartner. 26 Nov 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Investor Frequently Asked Questions ( FAQs ) , Infosys.com , 31 March 2018 , retrieved 18 July 2018 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ About Us , Infosys.com , retrieved 18 July 2018 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys to hire 6,000 engineers annually over next 2 years '' . Economic Times . 2017 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Investor Sheet '' . Infosys.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys to buy Australian firm Expert for $22.9 m '' . The Hindu . 19 Dec 2003 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Media Release -- Infosys announces agreement to acquire Expert '' ( PDF ) . Infosys. 18 Dec 2003 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys BPO to acquire US company McCamish '' . Deccan Herald . 12 Nov 2009 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys BPO looking for buyouts to double its revenues to $1 bn '' . The Economic Times . 17 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys BPO to buy Australia 's Portland Group '' . The Hindu Business Line . 20 Dec 2011 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys acquires Swiss firm Lodestone for Rs. 1,925 crore '' . The Hindu . 10 September 2012 . Retrieved 22 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys buys automation technology startup Panaya , deal valued at Rs 1200 crore '' . The Economic Times . 17 Feb 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys ' $200 million Israeli software company Panaya is in the eye of the storm '' . The Economic Times . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Completes Acquisition of Skava '' . Infosys Limited . 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys completes Skava acquisition for $120 million '' . The Economic Times . 4 June 2015 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys completes acquisition of Noah Consulting '' . Economic Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys completes Brilliant Basics acquisition '' . Money Control . 11 September 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramesh , Jairam ( 1999 - 03 - 29 ) . `` Bangalore - based software firm Infosys becomes first Indian company to list on Nasdaq '' . India Today . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clause35 - Mar2002. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 23 Oct 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Shareholding Pattern - The Economic Times '' . Retrieved 4 Oct 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` clause35 - june30 - 2017. pdf '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 Oct 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Annual Report 2016 - 17 '' ( PDF ) . Infosys. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Annual Report 2015 - 16 '' ( PDF ) . Infosys.com . Retrieved 20 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys campus reflects commitment to a greener world '' . Infosys . Archived from the original on 27 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Infosys has trained 100,000 graduates at Mysuru campus '' . Mathrubhumi. 1 June 2012 . Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys builds world 's biggest training centre in Mysore '' . Mysore Samachar . September 9 , 2013 . Retrieved September 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Infy plans biggest training centre '' . The Economic Times . 18 June 2004 . Retrieved 9 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Names Vishal Sikka First External CEO ; Chairman Murthy to Step Down '' . NDTV Gadgets . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys to appoint Dr. Vishal Sikka as Chief Executive Officer & Managing Director '' . Infosys Limited . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys to pay its CEO Vishal Sikka Rs. 30 Crores annually '' . news.biharprabha.com . Indo - Asian News Service . Retrieved 3 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Vishal Sikka quit as Infosys MD : Full text of his resignation letter '' . Economic Times . 18 Aug 2017 . Retrieved 6 Sep 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys chief executive Vishal Sikka resigns '' . BBC . Retrieved 6 Sep 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys CEO Vishal Sikka Resigns , Blames ' Drumbeat of Distractions ' '' . CNBC . Retrieved 6 Sep 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys says Vishal Sikka Resigns as CEO , becomes Vice Chairman '' . Bloomberg Technology . Retrieved 6 Sep 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys CEO Resigns after Long Running Feud with Founders '' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 Sep 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` vishal - sikka - resigns - as - md - ceo - of - infosys '' . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys appoints Capgemini 's Salil Parekh as MD & CEO - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Salil S Parekh to take over as CEO and MD of Infosys '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Foundation '' . Karnataka.com . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Foundation '' . Infosys . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2016 - 17 '' ( PDF ) . Infosys. 13 April 2017 . Retrieved 4 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Academic Entente ( AcE ) '' . 13 March 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Academic Entente '' . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Ltd '' . The Times of India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USC -- Infosys CAST '' . Viterbi School of Engineering . Archived from the original on 26 November 2012 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys -- Queen 's University Strategic Partnership -- Cyber Security Threats & Consulting '' . 16 April 2013 . Retrieved 21 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys , Israel sign pact for industrial R&D '' . MoneyControl.com . Retrieved 3 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global Academic Relations '' . Infosys . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys Prize -- Securing India 's scientific future '' . Infosys Science Foundation . Retrieved 7 Jun 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 scientists , academics bag Infosys Prize '' . The Hindu . Retrieved 7 Jun 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys in Winner 's Circle of HfS Report for Managed Security Services '' . Infosys. 5 Apr 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys named in Winner 's Circle of HfS Blueprint on Industry 4.0 services '' . Infosys. 17 Apr 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys in Winner 's Circle of HfS Report for Utility Operations -- 2017 '' . Infosys. 7 Jun 2017 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` # 19 : Infosys ( India ) - The World 's Most Innovative Companies '' . Forbes . 6 Sep 2012 . Retrieved 7 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The finance journey '' . Infosys . Retrieved 23 Oct 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Preston , Julia ( 20 August 2012 ) . `` Judge dismisses Infosys suit '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Former Employee Sues Infosys '' , 9 August 2012 , The Wall Street Journal </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Infosys slashed 80 % of my portfolio ' '' , Shayan Ghosh , 14 August 2012 , Deccan Herald </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys says settles whistleblower ... '' , 14 Dec 2012 , The Indian Express </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thibodeau , Patrick . `` Whistleblower to continue helping U.S. Infosys probe '' . Computerworld . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys to pay $34 m fine within 10 days . settlement not to affect future visas '' . The Times of India . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys does n't admit to guilt , but will pay $34 mn US visa fine '' . First Post . 31 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Infosys settles visa fraud investigation , pays $34 m '' . The Times of India . 30 October 2013 . Retrieved 2 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Department Of Labor Launches Investigation Into H - 1B Visa Program '' . Daily Caller . Retrieved 28 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch , Sarah . `` Infosys says cleared in U.S. visa probe by Labor Department '' . Reuters . Reuters . Retrieved 29 January 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Infosys . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Infosys 's channel on YouTube </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Business data for Infosys Ltd : </Li> <Li> Reuters </Li> <Li> SEC filings </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Infosys </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People ( list ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Founders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Narayan Murthy </Li> <Li> Nandan Nilekani </Li> <Li> N.S. Raghavan </Li> <Li> S. Gopalakrishnan </Li> <Li> S.D. Shibulal </Li> <Li> K. Dinesh </Li> <Li> Ashok Arora </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Board of directors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vishal Sikka ( CEO & MD ) </Li> <Li> Pravin Rao ( COO ) </Li> <Li> R Seshasayee </Li> <Li> Carol M. Browner </Li> <Li> Prof. John W. Etchemendy </Li> <Li> Roopa Kudva </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Sean Lehman </Li> <Li> Kiran Mazumdar Shaw </Li> <Li> Ravi Venkatesan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senior Leadership Team </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rajiv Bansal ( CFO ) </Li> <Li> David D. Kennedy ( Executive Vice President and General Counsel ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Infosys Product Divisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Infosys BPO Limited </Li> <Li> Infosys Consulting </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products and Product families </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> assistedge </Li> <Li> EdgeVerve </Li> <Li> Domisphere </Li> <Li> Finacle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mergers and acquisitions by Infosys </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Expert Information Services </Li> <Li> McCamish Systems </Li> <Li> Lodestone Management Consultants </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Infosys Foundation </Li> <Li> Infosys Prize </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> BSE SENSEX companies of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Airtel </Li> <Li> Axis Bank </Li> <Li> Bajaj Auto </Li> <Li> BHEL </Li> <Li> Cipla </Li> <Li> Coal India </Li> <Li> Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories </Li> <Li> GAIL </Li> <Li> HDFC </Li> <Li> HDFC Bank </Li> <Li> Hero MotoCorp </Li> <Li> Hindalco </Li> <Li> HUL </Li> <Li> ICICI Bank </Li> <Li> Infosys </Li> <Li> ITC </Li> <Li> L&T </Li> <Li> Mahindra & Mahindra </Li> <Li> Maruti Suzuki </Li> <Li> NTPC </Li> <Li> ONGC </Li> <Li> Reliance Industries </Li> <Li> SBI </Li> <Li> Vedanta Limited </Li> <Li> Sun Pharma </Li> <Li> Tata Motors </Li> <Li> Tata Power </Li> <Li> Tata Steel </Li> <Li> TCS </Li> <Li> Wipro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> CNX Nifty companies of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ACC </Li> <Li> Ambuja Cements </Li> <Li> Asian Paints Ltd </Li> <Li> Axis Bank </Li> <Li> Bajaj Auto </Li> <Li> Bank of Baroda </Li> <Li> BHEL </Li> <Li> BPCL </Li> <Li> Bharti Airtel </Li> <Li> Cairn India </Li> <Li> Cipla </Li> <Li> Coal India </Li> <Li> DLF </Li> <Li> Dr. Reddy 's Laboratories </Li> <Li> GAIL </Li> <Li> Grasim Industries </Li> <Li> HCL Technologies </Li> <Li> HDFC </Li> <Li> HDFC Bank </Li> <Li> Hero MotoCorp </Li> <Li> Hindalco Industries </Li> <Li> HUL </Li> <Li> Infosys </Li> <Li> ICICI Bank </Li> <Li> IDFC </Li> <Li> IndusInd Bank Ltd . </Li> <Li> ITC Limited </Li> <Li> Jindal Steel and Power </Li> <Li> Kotak Mahindra Bank </Li> <Li> L&T </Li> <Li> Lupin </Li> <Li> Mahindra & Mahindra </Li> <Li> Maruti Udyog </Li> <Li> NMDC </Li> <Li> NTPC </Li> <Li> ONGC </Li> <Li> Power Grid Corporation </Li> <Li> PNB </Li> <Li> Reliance Industries </Li> <Li> Vedanta Limited </Li> <Li> SBI </Li> <Li> Sun Pharmaceutical </Li> <Li> TCS </Li> <Li> Tata Motors </Li> <Li> Tata Power </Li> <Li> Tata Steel </Li> <Li> Tech Mahindra </Li> <Li> Ultratech Cement </Li> <Li> Wipro </Li> <Li> Zee Entertainment Enterprises </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major information technology consulting and outsourcing companies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Companies with an annual revenue of over US $3 billion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Accenture </Li> <Li> Atos </Li> <Li> Booz Allen Hamilton </Li> <Li> BMC Software </Li> <Li> BT Global Services </Li> <Li> CACI </Li> <Li> Capgemini </Li> <Li> CGI Group </Li> <Li> Cognizant </Li> <Li> Deloitte </Li> <Li> Digital China </Li> <Li> DXC Technology </Li> <Li> Fujitsu </Li> <Li> HCL Technologies </Li> <Li> Hitachi Consulting </Li> <Li> IBM Global Services </Li> <Li> Indra Sistemas </Li> <Li> Infosys </Li> <Li> Infor </Li> <Li> KPMG </Li> <Li> Leidos </Li> <Li> NEC </Li> <Li> NTT Data </Li> <Li> Orange Business Services </Li> <Li> T - Systems </Li> <Li> Tata Consultancy Services </Li> <Li> Tech Mahindra </Li> <Li> Unisys </Li> <Li> Wipro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> See also </Dt> <Dd> Largest IT companies </Dd> <Dd> Category : Information technology consulting firms </Dd> <Dd> Category : Outsourcing companies </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> GND : 16057226 - 5 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 0708 0208 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n2003002279 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 154968681 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Infosys&oldid=855681654 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Infosys </Li> <Li> Information technology consulting firms of India </Li> <Li> International information technology consulting firms </Li> <Li> Software companies of India </Li> <Li> Outsourcing companies </Li> <Li> Multinational companies headquartered in India </Li> <Li> Technology companies established in 1981 </Li> <Li> Indian companies established in 1981 </Li> <Li> Information technology companies of Bhubaneswar </Li> <Li> Outsourcing in India </Li> <Li> BSE SENSEX </Li> <Li> CNX Nifty </Li> <Li> Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange </Li> <Li> Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange </Li> <Li> Indian brands </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use Indian English from April 2014 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from February 2014 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from August 2012 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> मैथिली </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> संस्कृतम् </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 吴语 </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 25 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 02 : 37 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Michael Myers ( Halloween ) - wikipedia <H1> Michael Myers ( Halloween ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Michael Myers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Halloween character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Tyler Mane as Michael Myers in Halloween ( 2007 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Halloween </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> John Carpenter Debra Hill </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Nick Castle Tony Moran ( unmasked ) Will Sandin ( child ) Dick Warlock George P. Wilbur Don Shanks Chris Durand Brad Loree Tyler Mane Daeg Faerch ( child ) Chase Wright Vanek ( child ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> Mass murderer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signature weapon </Th> <Td> Kitchen knife </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Haddonfield , Illinois </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films . He first appears in John Carpenter 's Halloween ( 1978 ) as a young boy who murders his sister and then , fifteen years later , returns home to murder more teenagers . In the original Halloween , the adult Michael Myers , referred to as The Shape in the closing credits , was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film , with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes . The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films , as well as novels , multiple video games , and several comic books . </P> <P> The character is the primary antagonist in the Halloween film series , except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which is not connected in continuity to the rest of the films . Since Castle , Moran , and Wallace put on the mask in the original film , six people have stepped into the same role . Tyler Mane is the only actor to have portrayed Michael Myers in consecutive films , and one of only two actors to portray the character more than once . Michael Myers is characterized as pure evil , both directly in the films , by the filmmakers who created and developed the character over nine films , as well as by random participants in a survey . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Appearances <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Films </Li> <Li> 1.2 Literature </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Characterization </Li> <Li> 3 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Appearances ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael Myers is the primary antagonist in all of the Halloween films except Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which does not feature any of the characters from the preceding two films and had nothing to do with Michael Myers . Michael returned in the following film , Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers , with the title highlighting his revival . The silver screen is not the only place Michael Myers has appeared : there have been literary sources that have created an expanded universe for Michael Myers . </P> <H3> Films ( edit ) </H3> <P> Michael Myers made his first appearance in the original 1978 film , Halloween , although the masked character is credited as `` The Shape '' in the first two films . In the beginning of Halloween , a 6 - year - old Michael ( Will Sandin ) murders his teenage sister Judith ( Sandy Johnson ) on Halloween , 1963 . Fifteen years later , Michael ( Nick Castle ) escapes Smith 's Grove Sanitarium and returns to his hometown of Haddonfield , Illinois . He stalks teenage babysitter Laurie Strode ( Jamie Lee Curtis ) on Halloween , while his psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis ( Donald Pleasence ) attempts to track him down . Murdering her friends , Michael finally attacks Laurie , but she manages to fend him off long enough for Loomis to save her . Loomis shoots Michael six times , before Michael falls over the house 's second - story balcony ledge ; when Loomis goes to check Michael 's body , he finds it missing . Michael returns in the sequel , Halloween II ( 1981 ) . The film picks up directly where the original ends , with Dr. Loomis still looking for Michael . Michael ( Dick Warlock ) follows Laurie ( Curtis ) to the local hospital , where he wanders the halls in search of her , killing security guards , doctors , and nurses that get in his way . Loomis learns that Laurie is Michael 's younger sister , and rushes to the hospital to find them . He causes an explosion in the operating theater , allowing Laurie to escape as he and Michael are engulfed by the flames . </P> <P> Michael Myers does not appear in Halloween III : Season of the Witch , which does not include any story elements from the first two installments . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( 1988 ) picks the story up ten years after the events of Halloween II . Michael ( George P. Wilbur ) and Dr. Loomis are revealed to have survived the explosion , although Michael has been in a coma at the Ridgemont Federal Sanitarium for a decade . Michael wakes from his coma when he learns Laurie Strode has died , but also learns that she has a seven - year - old daughter , Jamie Lloyd ( Danielle Harris ) . Returning to Haddonfield , he causes a citywide blackout and massacres the town 's police force , before being shot down a mine shaft by the state police . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( 1989 ) begins immediately after the fourth film ends , with Michael Myers ( Donald L. Shanks ) escaping the mine shaft and being nursed back to health by a local hermit . The next year , Michael kills the hermit and returns to Haddonfield to find Jamie ( Harris ) again , chasing her through his childhood home in a trap set up by Loomis ( Pleasence ) . Michael is eventually captured and taken to the local police station , but an unseen figure kills the officers and frees him . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( 1995 ) takes place six years after the events of The Revenge of Michael Myers ; both Jamie ( J.C. Brandy ) and Michael ( Wilbur ) have disappeared from Haddonfield . Jamie has been kidnapped and impregnated by the Cult of Thorn , led by Dr. Terence Wynn ( Mitchell Ryan ) , Loomis ' friend and colleague from Smith 's Grove . Wynn is revealed to have been manipulating Michael Myers all along , and was his mysterious savior in Halloween 5 . Michael kills Jamie , but not before she hides her infant , who is discovered and taken in by Tommy Doyle ( Paul Rudd ) . While trying to protect the baby from Michael and Wynn , Tommy learns that the cult may be the cause of Michael 's obsession with killing his entire family , in addition to his seemingly supernatural abilities . </P> <P> Ignoring the events of the previous three films , Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( 1998 ) establishes that Michael Myers ( Chris Durand ) has been missing since the explosion in 1978 . Laurie Strode ( Curtis ) has faked her death to escape her brother , and is now living in California under an assumed name with her teenage son John ( Josh Hartnett ) . On the twentieth anniversary of their last meeting , Michael tracks Laurie and her son to the private boarding school where she is headmistress , and murders John 's friends . Getting her son to safety , Laurie willingly goes back to face Michael , and succeeds in decapitating him . Halloween : Resurrection ( 2002 ) , which picks up three years after H20 , retcons Michael 's death , establishing that the man Laurie decapitated was a paramedic whom Michael had attacked and swapped clothes with . Michael ( Brad Loree ) tracks down an institutionalized Laurie ( Curtis ) and kills her . Returning to Haddonfield , he finds and kills a group of college students filming an internet reality show inside his childhood home . Contestant Sara Moyer ( Bianca Kajlich ) and show producer Freddie Harris ( Busta Rhymes ) escape by trapping Michael in a burning garage . </P> <P> A new version of Michael Myers appears in Rob Zombie 's Halloween ( 2007 ) , a reboot of the franchise . The film follows the basic premise of the original film , with an increased focus on Michael 's childhood : ten - year - old Michael ( Daeg Faerch ) is shown killing animals and suffering verbal abuse from Judith ( Hanna R. Hall ) and his mother 's boyfriend Ronnie ( William Forsythe ) , both of whom he later murders . During his time in Smith 's Grove , Michael takes up the hobby of creating papier - mâché masks and receives unsuccessful therapy from Dr. Sam Loomis ( Malcolm McDowell ) . As an adult , Michael ( Tyler Mane ) returns to Haddonfield to reunite with his beloved younger sister Laurie ( Scout Taylor - Compton ) . Laurie , however , is terrified of him and ends up shooting him in self - defense . Zombie 's story is continued in the sequel , Halloween II ( 2009 ) , which picks up right where the remake leaves off and then jumps ahead one year . Here , Michael ( Mane ) is presumed dead , but resurfaces after a vision of his deceased mother Deborah ( Sheri Moon Zombie ) informs him that he must track Laurie ( Taylor - Compton ) down so that they can `` come home '' . In the film , Michael and Laurie have a mental link , with the two sharing visions of their mother . During the film 's climax , Laurie apparently kills Michael by stabbing him repeatedly in the chest and face with his own knife . </P> <H3> Literature ( edit ) </H3> <P> Michael Myers made his literary debut in October 1979 when Curtis Richards released a novelization of the film . The book follows the events of the film , but includes references to the festival of Samhain . A prologue provides a possible explanation for Michael 's murderous impulses , telling the story of Enda , a disfigured Celtic teenager who butchers the Druid princess Deirdre and her lover as revenge for rejecting him ; the king subsequently has his shaman curse Enda 's soul to walk the earth reliving his crime for eternity . It is later revealed that Michael Myers suffers nightmares about Enda and Deirdre , as did Michael 's great - grandfather before shooting to death two people at a Halloween harvest dance in the 1890s . The novel shows Michael 's childhood in more detail ; his mother voices concern over her son 's anti-social behavior shortly before he murders Judith , and Dr. Loomis notices the boy 's effortless control and manipulation of the staff and patients at Smith 's Grove during his incarceration . Later in the story , Michael 's stalking of Laurie and her friends is depicted as more explicitly sexual than was apparent in the film , with several references to him having an erection . Michael returned to the world of literature with the 1981 adaptation of Halloween II written by Jack Martin ; it was published alongside the first film sequel , with the novel following the film events , with an additional victim , a reporter , added to the novel . The final novelization to feature Michael was Halloween IV , released October 1988 . The novel was written by Nicholas Grabowsky , and like the previous adaptations , follows the events of Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers . </P> <P> Over a four - month period , Berkley Books published three young adult novels written by Kelly O'Rourke ; the novels are original stories created by O'Rourke , with no direct continuity with the films . The first , released on 1 October 1997 , titled The Scream Factory , follows a group of friends who set up a haunted house attraction in the basement of Haddonfield City Hall , only to be stalked and killed by Michael Myers while they are there . The Old Myers Place is the second novel , released 1 December 1997 , and focuses on Mary White , who moves into the Myers house with her family and takes up residence in Judith Myers ' former bedroom . Michael returns home and begins stalking and attacking Mary and her friends . O'Rourke's final novel , The Mad House , was released on 1 February 1998 . The Mad House features a young girl , Christine Ray , who joins a documentary film crew that travels to haunted locations ; they are currently headed to Smith Grove Mental Hospital . The crew is quickly confronted by Michael Myers . </P> <P> The character 's first break into comics came with a series of comics published by Brian Pulido 's Chaos ! Comics . The first , simply titled Halloween , was intended to be a one - issue special , but eventually two sequels spawned : Halloween II : The Blackest Eyes and Halloween III : The Devil 's Eyes . All of the stories were written by Phil Nutman , with Daniel Farrands -- writer for Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers -- assisting on the first issue ; David Brewer and Justiniano worked on the illustrations . Tommy Doyle is the main protagonist in each of the issues , focusing on his attempts to kill Michael Myers . The first issue includes backstory on Michael 's childhood , while the third picks up after the events of the film Halloween H20 . </P> <P> In 2003 , Michael appeared in the self - published comic One Good Scare , written by Stefan Hutchinson and illustrated by Peter Fielding . The main character in the comic is Lindsey Wallace , the young girl who first saw Michael Myers alongside Tommy Doyle in the original 1978 film . Hutchinson wanted to bring the character back to his roots , and away from the `` lumbering Jason - clone '' the film sequels had made him . On 25 July 2006 , as an insert inside the DVD release of Halloween : 25 Years of Terror , the comic book Halloween : Autopsis was released . Written by Stefan Hutchinson and artwork by Marcus Smith and Nick Dismas , the story is about a photographer assigned to take pictures of Michael Myers . As the photographer , Carter , follows Dr. Loomis ; he begins to take on Loomis 's obsession himself , until finally meeting Michael Myers in person , which results in his death . </P> <P> In 2008 , Devil 's Due Publishing began releasing more Halloween comic books , starting with a four issue mini series , titled Halloween : Nightdance . Written by Stefan Hutchinson , Nightdance takes place in Russellville , and follows Michael 's obsession with Lisa Thomas , a girl who reminds him of his sister Judith . Lisa is afraid of the dark after Michael trapped her in a basement for days , and years later , he starts sending her disturbing , childlike drawings and murdering those around her on Halloween . Meanwhile , Ryan Nichols is hunting Michael down after seeing him attack and kidnap his wife . In the end , Michael frames Ryan for the murders and buries Lisa alive . Hutchinson explains that Nightdance was an attempt to escape the dense continuity of the film series and recreate the tone of the 1978 film ; Michael becomes inexplicably fixated on Lisa , just as he did with Laurie in the original Halloween , before the sequels established that a sibling bond was actually his motivation for stalking her . Included in the Nightdance trade paperback is the short prose story Charlie , which features Charlie Bowles , a Russellville serial killer who taps into the same evil force which motivates Michael Myers . To celebrate the anniversary of the Halloween series , Devil 's Due released a one - shot comic entitled Halloween : 30 Years of Terror in August 2008 , written by Hutchinson . An anthology collection inspired by John Carpenter 's original film , Michael appears in various stories , tampering with Halloween candy , decapitating a beauty queen , tormenting Laurie Strode , and killing a school teacher . </P> <H2> Characterization ( edit ) </H2> `` I met this six - year - old child with this blank , pale , emotionless face , and the blackest eyes ; the devil 's eyes ( ... ) I realized what was living behind that boy 's eyes was purely and simply ... evil . '' <P> -- Loomis ' description of a young Michael was inspired by John Carpenter 's experience with a real life mental patient . </P> <P> A common characterization is that Michael Myers is evil . John Carpenter has described the character as `` almost a supernatural force - a force of nature . An evil force that 's loose , '' a force that is `` unkillable '' . Nicholas Rogers elaborates , `` Myers is depicted as a mythic , elusive bogeyman , one of superhuman strength who can not be killed by bullets , stab wounds , or fire . '' Carpenter 's inspiration for the `` evil '' that Michael would embody came when he was in college . While on a class trip at a mental institution in Kentucky , Carpenter visited `` the most serious , mentally ill patients '' . Among those patients was a young boy around twelve to thirteen years - old . The boy gave this `` schizophrenic stare '' , `` a real evil stare '' , which Carpenter found `` unsettling '' , `` creepy '' , and `` completely insane '' . Carpenter 's experience would inspire the characterization that Loomis would give of Michael to Sheriff Brackett in the original film . Debra Hill has stated the scene where Michael kills the Wallaces ' German Shepherd was done to illustrate how he is `` really evil and deadly '' . </P> <P> The ending scene of Michael being shot six times , and then disappearing from the ground outside the house , was meant to terrify the imagination of the audience . Carpenter tried to keep the audience guessing as to who Michael Myers really is -- he is gone , and everywhere at the same time ; he is more than human ; he may be supernatural , and no one knows how he got that way . To Carpenter , keeping the audience guessing was better than explaining away the character with `` he 's cursed by some ... '' For Josh Hartnett , who portrayed John Tate in Halloween H20 , `` it 's that abstract , it 's easier for me to be afraid of it . You know , someone who just kind of appears and , you know ( mimics stabbing noise from Psycho ) instead of an actual human who you think you can talk to . And no remorse , it 's got no feelings , that 's the most frightening , definitely . '' Richard Schickel , film critic for TIME , felt Michael was `` irrational '' and `` really angry about something '' , having what Schickel referred to as `` a kind of primitive , obsessed intelligence '' . Schickel considered this the `` definition of a good monster '' , by making the character appear `` less than human '' , but having enough intelligence `` to be dangerous '' . </P> `` Michael Myers is enduring because he 's pure evil . '' <P> -- Steve Miner </P> <P> Dominique Othenin - Girard attempted to have audiences `` relate to ' Evil ' , to Michael Myers ' ' ill ' side '' . Girard wanted Michael to appear `` more human ( ... ) even vulnerable , with contradicting feelings inside of him '' . He illustrated these feelings with a scene where Michael removes his mask and sheds a tear . Girard explains , `` Again , to humanize him , to give him a tear . If Evil or in this case our boogeyman knows pain , or love or demonstrate a feeling of regrets ; he becomes even more scary to me if he pursues his malefic action . He shows an evil determination beyond his feelings . Dr. Loomis tries to reach his emotional side several times in ( Halloween 5 ) . He thinks he could cure Michael through his feelings . '' </P> <P> Daniel Farrands , writer of The Curse of Michael Myers , describes the character as a `` sexual deviant '' . According to him , the way Michael follows girls around and watches them contains a subtext of repressed sexuality . Farrands theorizes that , as a child , Michael became fixated on the murder of his sister Judith , and for his own twisted reasons felt the need to repeat that action over and over again , finding a sister - like figure in Laurie who excited him sexually . He also believes that by making Laurie Michael 's literal sister , the sequels took away from the simplicity and relatability of the original Halloween . Nevertheless , when writing Curse , Farrands was tasked with creating a mythology for Michael which defined his motives and why he could not be killed . He says , `` He ca n't just be a man anymore , he 's gone beyond that . He 's mythical . He 's supernatural . So , I took it from that standpoint that there 's something else driving him . A force that goes beyond that five senses that has infected this boy 's soul and now is driving him . '' As the script developed and more people became involved , Farrands admits that the film went too far in explaining Michael Myers and that he himself was not completely satisfied with the finished product . </P> <P> Michael does not speak in the films ; the first time audiences ever hear his voice is in the 2007 Rob Zombie reboot . Michael speaks as a child during the beginning of the film , but while in Smith 's Grove he stops talking completely . Rob Zombie originally planned to have the adult Michael speak to Laurie in the film 's finale , simply saying his childhood nickname for her , `` Boo '' . Zombie explained that this version was not used because he was afraid having the character talk at that point would demystify him too much , and because the act of Michael handing Laurie the photograph of them together was enough . </P> <P> Describing aspects of Michael Myers which he wanted to explore in the comic book Halloween : Nightdance , writer Stefan Hutchinson mentions the character 's `` bizarre and dark sense of humor '' , as seen when he wore a sheet over his head to trick a girl into thinking he was her boyfriend , and the satisfaction he gets from scaring the characters before he murders them , such as letting Laurie know he is stalking her . Hutchinson feels there is a perverse nature to Michael 's actions : `` see the difference between how he watches and pursues women to men '' . He also suggests that Michael Myers ' hometown of Haddonfield is the cause of his behavior , likening his situation to that of Jack the Ripper , citing Myers as a `` product of normal surburbia - all the repressed emotion of fake Norman Rockwell smiles '' . Hutchinson describes Michael as a `` monster of abjection '' . When asked his opinion of Rob Zombie 's expansion on Michael 's family life , Hutchinson says that explaining why Michael does what he does `` ( reduces ) the character '' . That being said , Hutchinson explores the nature of evil in the short story Charlie -- included in the Halloween Nightdance trade paperback -- and says that Michael Myers spent fifteen years `` attuning himself to this force to the point where he is , as Loomis says , ' pure evil ' '' . Nightdance artist Tim Seeley describes the character 's personality in John Carpenter 's 1978 film as `` a void '' , which allows the character to be more open to interpretation than the later sequels allowed him . He surmises that Michael embodies a part of everyone ; a part people are afraid will one day `` snap and knife someone '' , which lends to the fear that Michael creates on screen . He was further characterised in the video game Dead by Daylight as `` infused with a distilled and pure form of evil ... For Michael , he had to kill to find some inner peace . As he took his sister 's life , the police found a silent boy dressed as a clown at the scene . Sending Michael to a mental institution was a feeble attempt to save the child . Unsuccessful therapy and nightly screams just made him even more introvert ( sic ) and deranged . '' </P> <P> In 2005 , a study was conducted by the Media Psychology Lab of California State University , Los Angeles on the psychological appeal of movie monsters -- vampires , Freddy Krueger , Frankenstein 's monster , Jason Voorhees , Godzilla , Chucky , Hannibal Lecter , King Kong , the Alien , and the shark from Jaws -- which surveyed 1,166 people nationwide ( United States ) , with ages ranging from 16 to 91 . It was published in the Journal of Media Psychology . In the survey , Michael was considered to be the `` embodiment of pure evil '' ; when compared to the other characters , Michael Myers was rated the highest . Michael was characterized lending to the understanding of insanity , being ranked second to Hannibal Lecter in this category ; he also placed first as the character who shows audiences the `` dark side of human nature '' . He was rated second in the category `` monster enjoys killing '' by the participants , and believed to have `` superhuman strength '' . Michael was rated highest among the characters in the `` monster is an outcast '' category . </P> <P> John Carpenter , serving as an executive producer and creative consultant for the 2018 sequel to Halloween ( 1978 ) , expressed his disagreement with Rob Zombie 's portrayal of the lead slasher , `` I thought that he took away the mystique of the story by explaining too much about ( Michael Myers ) . I do n't care about that . He 's supposed to be a force of nature . He 's supposed to be almost supernatural . '' Co-writer Danny McBride felt that previous sequels had made Michael less scary by giving him an inhuman level of invulnerability , preferring to humanize the character : `` I think we 're just trying to strip it down and just take it back to what was so good about the original ... I want to be scared by something that I really think could happen . I think it 's much more horrifying to be scared by someone standing in the shadows while you 're taking the trash out as opposed to someone who ca n't be killed pursuing you . '' </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> In Robot Chicken 's nineteenth episode , `` That Hurts Me '' , Michael Myers ( voiced by Seth Green ) appears as a housemate of `` Horror Movie Big Brother '' , alongside fellow horror movie killers Jason Voorhees , Ghostface , Freddy Krueger , Pinhead , and Leatherface . Myers is evicted from the house , and takes off his mask to reveal himself to be the comedian Mike Myers , and utters his Austin Powers catchphrase , `` I feel randy , baby , yeah ! '' He then proceeds to kill the host . Michael appeared on 25 April 2008 episode of Ghost Whisperer , starring Jennifer Love Hewitt , titled `` Horror Show '' . Here , a spirit communicates with Hewitt 's character by placing her in scenes from the deceased 's favorite horror movies , and one of the scenes involved Michael Myers . The Cold Case episode `` Bad Night '' has the main characters reopening a 1978 murder case after new evidence indicates the victim was not killed by a mentally disturbed man who , after seeing Halloween in theatres , went on a killing spree dressed as Michael . Michael Myers makes a cameo appearance in Rob Zombie 's The Haunted World of El Superbeasto , released on 22 September 2009 . Michael Myers appears in the DLC pack for the video game Call of Duty : Ghosts , Onslaught , as a playable character . Myers also makes a playable appearance in the Halloween chapter of the video game Dead by Daylight , alongside Laurie Strode . </P> <P> In one of the various merchandises to feature the character , Michael Myers made his video game debut with the 1983 Atari video game Halloween . The game is rare to find , often being played on emulators . No characters from the films are specifically named , with the goal of the game focusing on the player , who is a babysitter , protecting children from a `` homicidal maniac ( who ) has escaped from a mental institution '' . Michael was one of several horror icons to be included in the 2009 version of Universal Studios Hollywood 's Halloween Horror Nights event , as a part of a maze entitled Halloween : The Life and Crimes of Michael Myers Pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Michael Myers out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his `` Totally Sweet '' series in 2013. . In 2018 Spirit Halloween released a lifesize animated Michael Myers prop to coincide with the Halloween 2018 film . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of horror film antagonists </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen ; Leslie Hurry & Rachel Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` The psychological appeal of your favorite movie monsters ( abstract ) '' . ISCPubs . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Jamie Lee Curtis , Josh Hartnett , Adam Arkin , Steve Miner , and Richard Schickel ( 1998 ) . Unmasking the Horror ( Halloween H20 DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Dimension Films . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stuart Fischoff ; Alexandra Dimopoulos ; François Nguyen & Rachel Gordon ( 25 August 2005 ) . `` The Psychological Appeal of Movie Monsters '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Media Psychology . 10 ( 3 ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Debra Hill ( writer ) and John Carpenter ( writer / director ) ( 1978 ) . Halloween ( 1978 film ) ( DVD ) . Falcon International Productions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Debra Hill , John Carpenter ( writers ) and Rick Rosenthal ( director ) ( 1981 ) . Halloween II ( DVD ) . Dino De Laurentiis Corporation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alan B. McElroy ( writer ) and Dwight H. Little ( 1988 ) . Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Trancas International Films . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Jacobs , Dominique Othenin - Girard , Shem Bitterman ( writers ) and Dominique Othenin - Girard ( director ) ( 1989 ) . Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Magnum Pictures Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel Farrands ( writer ) and Joe Chappelle ( director ) ( 1995 ) . Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers ( DVD ) . Miramax Films . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Zapia , Matt Greenberg ( writers ) and Steve Miner ( director ) ( 1998 ) . Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larry Brand , Sean Hood ( writers ) and Rick Rosenthal ( director ) ( 2002 ) . Halloween : Resurrection ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Borys Kit ( 5 June 2006 ) . `` Zombie plots new mayhem for ' Halloween ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on 8 August 2007 . Retrieved 11 August 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2007 ) . Halloween ( 2007 film ) ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( writer / director ) ( 2009 ) . Halloween II ( 2009 film ) ( DVD ) . Dimension Films . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Curtis Richards ( October 1979 ) . Halloween ( novel ) . Bantam Books . ISBN 0553132261 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jack Martin ( 1 November 1981 ) . Halloween II ( novel ) . Zebra Publishing . ISBN 089083864X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholas Grabowsky ( October 1988 ) . Halloween IV ( novel ) . Critics Choice Paperbacks / Lorevan Publishing . ISBN 1555472923 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview with Kelly O'Rourke '' . Halloween Movies . 5 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 21 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly O'Rourke ( 1 October 1997 ) . The Scream Factory ( Halloween , Book 1 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 157297298X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly O'Rourke ( 1 December 1997 ) . The Old Myers Place ( Halloween , Book 2 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1572973412 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kelly O'Rourke ( 1 February 1998 ) . The Mad House ( Halloween , Book 3 ) . Berkley Books . ISBN 1572973420 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halloween -- Michael Myers comic book titles '' . Movie Maniacs Comic Books . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Arrow interviews Stefan Hutchinson '' . Arrow in the Head . 28 November 2003 . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Halloween : Autopsis '' . Bloody Disgusting. 12 July 2006 . Archived from the original on 26 February 2008 . Retrieved 18 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hutchinson , Stefan ( 2008 ) . Halloween : Nightdance . Chicago : Devil 's Due Publishing . ISBN 9781934692202 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Newsarama ( 4 February 2008 ) . `` Halloween in February : Hutchinson and Seeley on Halloween : Nightdance '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on 11 February 2009 . Retrieved 4 February 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Hutchinson ( w ) , Daniel Zezelj , Jim Daly , Brett Weldele , Jeffrey Zornow , Lee Ferguson , Tim Seeley ( p ) , Nick Bell , Rob Buffalo , Jeffrey Zornow , Elizabeth John ( i ) . Halloween : 30 Years of Terror ( August 2007 ) , Devil 's Due Publishing </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve Ekstrom ( 6 May 2008 ) . `` Celebrating 30 Years of Halloween '' . Newsarama . Retrieved 7 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John Carpenter , Debra Hill , Nick Castle , Jamie Lee Curtis , and Tommy Lee Wallace ( 2003 ) . A Cut Above the Rest ( Halloween : 25th Anniversary Edition DVD Special Features ) ( DVD ( Region 2 ) ) . United States : Anchor Bay . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholas Rogers ( 31 October 2003 ) . Halloween : From Pagan Ritual to Party Night . Oxford University Press . p. 115 . ISBN 0195168968 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dominique Othenin - Girard '' . Halloween Movies . 10 April 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daniel Farrands interview '' . Icons of Fright. 2005 . Retrieved 2 June 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rob Zombie ( 2007 ) . Feature film commentary for Halloween ( 2007 film ) ( DVD ) . United States : Dimension Films . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rewriting Halloween : Interview with Comics Scribe Stefan Hutchinson '' . Cinema Crazed. 10 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 October 2008 . Retrieved 12 October 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE SHAPE '' . Dead by Daylight . Archived from the original on 28 September 2017 . Retrieved 21 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chichizola , Corey . `` John Carpenter 's Blunt Opinion On Rob Zombie 's Version Of Halloween '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` # 262 : Danny McBride '' . Empire Film Podcast . Retrieved 31 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seth Green , Matthew Senreich ( 2005 - 07 - 10 ) . `` That Hurts Me '' . Robot Chicken . Season 1 . Episode 19 . Adult Swim . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buy Jennifer Love Hewitt 's ' Ghost Whisperer ' Wardrobe '' . Entertainment Tonight . 25 April 2008 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2009 . Retrieved 8 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kevin Bray , Andrea Newman ( 2005 - 10 - 09 ) . `` Bad Night '' . Cold Case . Season 3 . Episode 3 . CBS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El Superbeasto Collides with Michael Myers '' . Dread Central . 29 June 2009 . Retrieved 5 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ . `` Onslaught '' . January 2014 . Archived from the original on 14 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Halloween Chapter - Dead by Daylight '' . Dead by Daylight . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matt ( 29 October 2004 ) . `` Halloween Atari video game '' . X-Entertainment . Retrieved 25 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mazes '' . Universal Studios Halloween Horror Nights . Archived from the original on 14 September 2009 . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burkart , Gregory . `` Get a Taste of Eric Millikin 's Totally Sweet Candy Monster Mosaics '' . FEARnet . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Millikin , Eric . `` Eric Millikin 's totally sweet Halloween candy monster portraits '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved 9 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://animatronichalloween.com/michael-myers-animatronic-is-back-at-spirit-halloween-for-2018/ </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Halloween : Nightdance scribe Stefan Hutchinson interviewed at ComiXology.com </Li> <Li> Official site of the Halloween series </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Halloween </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Halloween ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween II ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween III : Season of the Witch </Li> <Li> Halloween 4 : The Return of Michael Myers </Li> <Li> Halloween 5 : The Revenge of Michael Myers </Li> <Li> Halloween : The Curse of Michael Myers </Li> <Li> Halloween H20 : 20 Years Later </Li> <Li> Halloween : Resurrection </Li> <Li> Halloween ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween II ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Myers </Li> <Li> Laurie Strode </Li> <Li> Samuel Loomis </Li> <Li> Jamie Lloyd </Li> <Li> Annie Brackett </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Myers_(Halloween)&oldid=846504574 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Child characters in film </Li> <Li> Fictional characters from Illinois </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 1978 </Li> <Li> Fictional characters with psychiatric disorders </Li> <Li> Fictional characters with superhuman strength </Li> <Li> Fictional hermits </Li> <Li> Fictional mass murderers </Li> <Li> Psychopathy in fiction </Li> <Li> Fictional rampage and spree killers </Li> <Li> Fictional sororicides </Li> <Li> Fictional victims of bullies </Li> <Li> Fictional victims of child abuse </Li> <Li> Halloween ( film series ) characters </Li> <Li> Horror film characters </Li> <Li> Fictional serial killers </Li> <Li> Fictional murderers </Li> <Li> Fictional American people </Li> <Li> Fictional American people of English descent </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> 16 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 June 2018 , at 05 : 07 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Sodium - wikipedia <H1> Sodium </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For the nutrient commonly called sodium , see salt . For other uses , see sodium ( disambiguation ) . `` Natrium '' redirects here . For other uses , see Natrium ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Sodium , Na <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> <Td> / ˈsoʊdiəm / SOH - dee - əm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appearance </Th> <Td> silvery white metallic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Standard atomic weight ( A ) </Th> <Td> 7001229897692800000 ♠ 22.989 769 28 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Sodium in the periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Li ↑ Na ↓ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> neon ← sodium → magnesium </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atomic number ( Z ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Group , period </Th> <Td> group 1 ( alkali metals ) , period 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Block </Th> <Td> s - block </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Element category </Th> <Td> alkali metal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electron configuration </Th> <Td> ( Ne ) 3s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electrons per shell </Th> <Td> 2 , 8 , 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Physical properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spectral lines </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phase ( at STP ) </Th> <Td> solid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melting point </Th> <Td> 370.944 K ( 97.794 ° C , 208.029 ° F ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boiling point </Th> <Td> 1156.090 K ( 882.940 ° C , 1621.292 ° F ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density ( near r.t. ) </Th> <Td> 0.968 g / cm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> when liquid ( at m.p. ) </Th> <Td> 0.927 g / cm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Critical point </Th> <Td> 2573 K , 35 MPa ( extrapolated ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heat of fusion </Th> <Td> 2.60 kJ / mol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heat of vaporization </Th> <Td> 97.42 kJ / mol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Molar heat capacity </Th> <Td> 28.230 J / ( mol K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vapor pressure <Table> <Tr> <Th> P ( Pa ) </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 100 </Th> <Th> 1 k </Th> <Th> 10 k </Th> <Th> 100 k </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> at T ( K ) </Th> <Td> 554 </Td> <Td> 617 </Td> <Td> 697 </Td> <Td> 802 </Td> <Td> 946 </Td> <Td> 1153 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Atomic properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oxidation states </Th> <Td> + 1 , − 1 ( a strongly basic oxide ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electronegativity </Th> <Td> Pauling scale : 0.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ionization energies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st : 495.8 kJ / mol </Li> <Li> 2nd : 4562 kJ / mol </Li> <Li> 3rd : 6910.3 kJ / mol </Li> <Li> ( more ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atomic radius </Th> <Td> empirical : 186 pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Covalent radius </Th> <Td> 166 ± 9 pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Van der Waals radius </Th> <Td> 227 pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Miscellanea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crystal structure </Th> <Td> body - centered cubic ( bcc ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Speed of sound thin rod </Th> <Td> 3200 m / s ( at 20 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thermal expansion </Th> <Td> 71 μm / ( m K ) ( at 25 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thermal conductivity </Th> <Td> 142 W / ( m K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electrical resistivity </Th> <Td> 47.7 nΩ m ( at 20 ° C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magnetic ordering </Th> <Td> paramagnetic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magnetic susceptibility </Th> <Td> + 16.0 10 cm / mol ( 298 K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Young 's modulus </Th> <Td> 10 GPa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shear modulus </Th> <Td> 3.3 GPa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulk modulus </Th> <Td> 6.3 GPa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mohs hardness </Th> <Td> 0.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brinell hardness </Th> <Td> 0.69 MPa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CAS Number </Th> <Td> 7440 - 23 - 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discovery and first isolation </Th> <Td> Humphry Davy ( 1807 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Main isotopes of sodium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isotope </Th> <Th> Abundance </Th> <Th> Half - life ( t ) </Th> <Th> Decay mode </Th> <Th> Product </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Na </Th> <Td> trace </Td> <Td> 2.602 y </Td> <Td> β </Td> <Td> Ne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Na </Th> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> stable </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Na </Th> <Td> trace </Td> <Td> 14.96 h </Td> <Td> β </Td> <Td> Mg </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> references in Wikidata </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na ( from Latin natrium ) and atomic number 11 . It is a soft , silvery - white , highly reactive metal . Sodium is an alkali metal , being in group 1 of the periodic table , because it has a single electron in its outer shell that it readily donates , creating a positively charged atom -- the Na cation . Its only stable isotope is Na . The free metal does not occur in nature , but must be prepared from compounds . Sodium is the sixth most abundant element in the Earth 's crust , and exists in numerous minerals such as feldspars , sodalite and rock salt ( NaCl ) . Many salts of sodium are highly water - soluble : sodium ions have been leached by the action of water from the Earth 's minerals over eons , and thus sodium and chlorine are the most common dissolved elements by weight in the oceans . </P> <P> Sodium was first isolated by Humphry Davy in 1807 by the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide . Among many other useful sodium compounds , sodium hydroxide ( lye ) is used in soap manufacture , and sodium chloride ( edible salt ) is a de-icing agent and a nutrient for animals including humans . </P> <P> Sodium is an essential element for all animals and some plants . Sodium ions are the major cation in the extracellular fluid ( ECF ) and as such are the major contributor to the ECF osmotic pressure and ECF compartment volume . Loss of water from the ECF compartment increases the sodium concentration , a condition called hypernatremia . Isotonic loss of water and sodium from the ECF compartment decreases the size of that compartment in a condition called ECF hypovolemia . </P> <P> By means of the sodium - potassium pump , living human cells pump three sodium ions out of the cell in exchange for two potassium ions pumped in ; comparing ion concentrations across the cell membrane , inside to outside , potassium measures about 40 : 1 , and sodium , about 1 : 10 . In nerve cells , the electrical charge across the cell membrane enables transmission of the nerve impulse -- an action potential -- when the charge is dissipated ; sodium plays a key role in that activity . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Characteristics <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Physical </Li> <Li> 1.2 Isotopes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Chemistry <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Salts and oxides </Li> <Li> 2.2 Aqueous solutions </Li> <Li> 2.3 Electrides and sodides </Li> <Li> 2.4 Organosodium compounds </Li> <Li> 2.5 Intermetallic compounds </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Occurrence <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Astronomical observations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Commercial production </Li> <Li> 6 Applications <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Heat transfer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Biological role </Li> <Li> 8 Safety and precautions </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Characteristics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Physical ( edit ) </H3> Emission spectrum for sodium , showing the D line . <P> Sodium at standard temperature and pressure is a soft silvery metal that combines with oxygen in air and forms grayish white sodium oxide unless immersed in oil or inert gas , which are the conditions it is usually stored in . Sodium metal can be easily cut with a knife and is a good conductor of electricity and heat because it has only one electron in its valence shell , resulting in weak metallic bonding and free electrons , which carry energy . Due to having low atomic mass and large atomic radius , sodium is third - least dense of all elemental metals and is one of only three metals that can float on water , the other two being lithium and potassium . The melting ( 98 ° C ) and boiling ( 883 ° C ) points of sodium are lower than those of lithium but higher than those of the heavier alkali metals potassium , rubidium , and caesium , following periodic trends down the group . These properties change dramatically at elevated pressures : at 1.5 Mbar , the color changes from silvery metallic to black ; at 1.9 Mbar the material becomes transparent with a red color ; and at 3 Mbar , sodium is a clear and transparent solid . All of these high - pressure allotropes are insulators and electrides . </P> A positive flame test for sodium has a bright yellow color . <P> In a flame test , sodium and its compounds glow yellow because the excited 3s electrons of sodium emit a photon when they fall from 3p to 3s ; the wavelength of this photon corresponds to the D line at about 589.3 nm . Spin - orbit interactions involving the electron in the 3p orbital split the D line into two , at 589.0 and 589.6 nm ; hyperfine structures involving both orbitals cause many more lines . </P> <H3> Isotopes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Isotopes of sodium <P> Twenty isotopes of sodium are known , but only Na is stable . Na is created in the carbon - burning process in stars by fusing two carbon atoms together ; this requires temperatures above 600 megakelvins and a star of at least three solar masses . Two radioactive , cosmogenic isotopes are the byproduct of cosmic ray spallation : Na has a half - life of 2.6 years and Na , a half - life of 15 hours ; all other isotopes have a half - life of less than one minute . Two nuclear isomers have been discovered , the longer - lived one being Na with a half - life of around 20.2 milliseconds . Acute neutron radiation , as from a nuclear criticality accident , converts some of the stable Na in human blood to Na ; the neutron radiation dosage of a victim can be calculated by measuring the concentration of Na relative to Na . </P> <H2> Chemistry ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sodium atoms have 11 electrons , one more than the extremely stable configuration of the noble gas neon . Because of this and its low first ionization energy of 495.8 kJ / mol , the sodium atom is much more likely to lose the last electron and acquire a positive charge than to gain one and acquire a negative charge . This process requires so little energy that sodium is readily oxidized by giving up its 11th electron . In contrast , the second ionization energy is very high ( 4562 kJ / mol ) , because the 10th electron is closer to the nucleus than the 11th electron . As a result , sodium usually forms ionic compounds involving the Na cation . </P> <P> The most common oxidation state for sodium is + 1 . It is generally less reactive than potassium and more reactive than lithium . Sodium metal is highly reducing , with the standard reduction potential for the Na / Na couple being − 2.71 volts , though potassium and lithium have even more negative potentials . </P> <H3> Salts and oxides ( edit ) </H3> See also : Category : Sodium compounds . Structure of sodium chloride , showing octahedral coordination around Na and Cl centres . This framework disintegrates when dissolved in water and reassembles when the water evaporates . <P> Sodium compounds are of immense commercial importance , being particularly central to industries producing glass , paper , soap , and textiles . The most important sodium compounds are table salt ( Na Cl ) , soda ash ( Na CO ) , baking soda ( Na HCO ) , caustic soda ( NaOH ) , sodium nitrate ( Na NO ) , di - and tri-sodium phosphates , sodium thiosulfate ( Na S O 5H O ) , and borax ( Na B O 10H O ) . In compounds , sodium is usually ionically bonded to water and anions , and is viewed as a hard Lewis acid . </P> Two equivalent images of the chemical structure of sodium stearate , a typical soap . <P> Most soaps are sodium salts of fatty acids . Sodium soaps have a higher melting temperature ( and seem `` harder '' ) than potassium soaps . </P> <P> Like all the alkali metals , sodium reacts exothermically with water , and sufficiently large pieces melt to a sphere and may explode . The reaction produces caustic soda ( sodium hydroxide ) and flammable hydrogen gas . When burned in air , it forms primarily sodium peroxide with some sodium oxide . </P> <H3> Aqueous solutions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sodium tends to form water - soluble compounds , such as halides , sulfates , nitrates , carboxylates and carbonates . The main aqueous species are the aquo complexes ( Na ( H O ) ) , where n = 4 -- 8 ; with n = 6 indicated from X-ray diffraction data and computer simulations . </P> <P> Direct precipitation of sodium salts from aqueous solutions is rare because sodium salts typically have a high affinity for water ; an exception is sodium bismuthate ( NaBiO ) . Because of this , sodium salts are usually isolated as solids by evaporation or by precipitation with an organic solvent , such as ethanol ; for example , only 0.35 g / L of sodium chloride will dissolve in ethanol . Crown ethers , like 15 - crown - 5 , may be used as a phase - transfer catalyst . </P> <P> Sodium content in bulk may be determined by treating with a large excess of uranyl zinc acetate ; the hexahydrate ( UO ) ZnNa ( CH CO ) 6H O precipitates and can be weighed . Caesium and rubidium do not interfere with this reaction , but potassium and lithium do . Lower concentrations of sodium may be determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or by potentiometry using ion - selective electrodes . </P> <H3> Electrides and sodides ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like the other alkali metals , sodium dissolves in ammonia and some amines to give deeply colored solutions ; evaporation of these solutions leaves a shiny film of metallic sodium . The solutions contain the coordination complex ( Na ( NH ) ) , with the positive charge counterbalanced by electrons as anions ; cryptands permit the isolation of these complexes as crystalline solids . Sodium forms complexes with crown ethers , cryptands and other ligands . For example , 15 - crown - 5 has high affinity for sodium because the cavity size of 15 - crown - 5 is 1.7 -- 2.2 Å , which is enough to fit sodium ion ( 1.9 Å ) . Cryptands , like crown ethers and other ionophores , also have a high affinity for the sodium ion ; derivatives of the alkalide Na are obtainable by the addition of cryptands to solutions of sodium in ammonia via disproportionation . </P> <H3> Organosodium compounds ( edit ) </H3> The structure of the complex of sodium ( Na , shown in yellow ) and the antibiotic monensin - A . <P> Many organosodium compounds have been prepared . Because of the high polarity of the C - Na bonds , they behave like sources of carbanions ( salts with organic anions ) . Some well known derivatives include sodium cyclopentadienide ( NaC H ) and trityl sodium ( ( C H ) CNa ) . Because of the large size and very low polarising power of the Na cation , it can stabilize large , aromatic , polarisable radical anions , such as in sodium naphthalenide , Na ( C H ) , a strong reducing agent . </P> <H3> Intermetallic compounds ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sodium forms alloys with many metals , such as potassium , calcium , lead , and the group 11 and 12 elements . Sodium and potassium form KNa and NaK . NaK is 40 -- 90 % potassium and it is liquid at ambient temperature . It is excellent thermal and electrical conductor . Sodium - calcium alloys are by - products of electrolytic production of sodium from binary salt mixture of NaCl - CaCl and ternary mixture NaCl - CaCl - BaCl . Calcium is only partially miscible with sodium . In liquid state , sodium is completely miscible with lead . There are several methods to make sodium - lead alloys . One is to melt them together and another is to deposit sodium electrolycally on molten lead cathodes . NaPb , NaPb , Na Pb , Na Pb , and Na Pb are some of the known sodium - lead alloys . Sodium also forms alloys with gold ( NaAu ) and silver ( NaAg ) . Group 12 metals ( zinc , cadmium and mercury ) are known to make alloys with sodium . NaZn and NaCd are alloys of zinc and cadmium . Sodium and mercury form NaHg , NaHg , NaHg , Na Hg , and Na Hg . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Because of its importance in human metabolism , salt has long been an important commodity , as shown by the English word salary , which derives from salarium , the wafers of salt sometimes given to Roman soldiers along with their other wages . In medieval Europe , a compound of sodium with the Latin name of sodanum was used as a headache remedy . The name sodium is thought to originate from the Arabic suda , meaning headache , as the headache - alleviating properties of sodium carbonate or soda were well known in early times . Although sodium , sometimes called soda , had long been recognized in compounds , the metal itself was not isolated until 1807 by Sir Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide . In 1809 , the German physicist and chemist Ludwig Wilhelm Gilbert proposed the names Natronium for Humphry Davy 's `` sodium '' and Kalium for Davy 's `` potassium '' . The chemical abbreviation for sodium was first published in 1814 by Jöns Jakob Berzelius in his system of atomic symbols , and is an abbreviation of the element 's New Latin name natrium , which refers to the Egyptian natron , a natural mineral salt mainly consisting of hydrated sodium carbonate . Natron historically had several important industrial and household uses , later eclipsed by other sodium compounds . </P> <P> Sodium imparts an intense yellow color to flames . As early as 1860 , Kirchhoff and Bunsen noted the high sensitivity of a sodium flame test , and stated in Annalen der Physik und Chemie : </P> <P> In a corner of our 60 m room farthest away from the apparatus , we exploded 3 mg. of sodium chlorate with milk sugar while observing the nonluminous flame before the slit . After a while , it glowed a bright yellow and showed a strong sodium line that disappeared only after 10 minutes . From the weight of the sodium salt and the volume of air in the room , we easily calculate that one part by weight of air could not contain more than 1 / 20 millionth weight of sodium . </P> <H2> Occurrence ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Earth 's crust contains 2.27 % sodium , making it the seventh most abundant element on Earth and the fifth most abundant metal , behind aluminium , iron , calcium , and magnesium and ahead of potassium . Sodium 's estimated oceanic abundance is 1.08 × 10 milligrams per liter . Because of its high reactivity , it is never found as a pure element . It is found in many different minerals , some very soluble , such as halite and natron , others much less soluble , such as amphibole and zeolite . The insolubility of certain sodium minerals such as cryolite and feldspar arises from their polymeric anions , which in the case of feldspar is a polysilicate . </P> <H3> Astronomical observations ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the interstellar medium , sodium is identified by the D spectral line ; though it has a high vaporization temperature , its abundance in Mercury 's atmosphere enabled its detection by Potter and Morgan using ground - based high resolution spectroscopy . Sodium has been detected in at least one comet ; astronomers watching Comet Hale - Bopp in 1997 observed a sodium tail consisting of neutral atoms ( not ions ) and extending to some 50 million kilometres behind the head . </P> <H2> Commercial production ( edit ) </H2> <P> Employed only in rather specialized applications , only about 100,000 tonnes of metallic sodium are produced annually . Metallic sodium was first produced commercially in the late 19th century by carbothermal reduction of sodium carbonate at 1100 ° C , as the first step of the Deville process for the production of aluminium : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Na CO + 2 C → 2 Na + 3 CO </Dd> </Dl> <P> The high demand of aluminium created the need for the production of sodium . After the introduction of the Hall -- Héroult process for the production of aluminium by electrolysing a molten salt bath ended the need for large quantities of sodium . A related process based on the reduction of sodium hydroxide was developed in 1886 . </P> <P> Sodium is now produced commercially through the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride , based on a process patented in 1924 . This is done in a Downs cell in which the NaCl is mixed with calcium chloride to lower the melting point below 700 ° C. As calcium is less electropositive than sodium , no calcium will be deposited at the cathode . This method is less expensive than the previous Castner process ( the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide ) . </P> <P> The market for sodium is volatile due to the difficulty in its storage and shipping ; it must be stored under a dry inert gas atmosphere or anhydrous mineral oil to prevent the formation of a surface layer of sodium oxide or sodium superoxide . </P> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> <P> Though metallic sodium has some important uses , the major applications for sodium use compounds ; millions of tons of sodium chloride , hydroxide , and carbonate are produced annually . Sodium chloride is extensively used for anti-icing and de-icing and as a preservative ; sodium bicarbonate is mainly used for cooking . Along with potassium , many important medicines have sodium added to improve their bioavailability ; though potassium is the better ion in most cases , sodium is chosen for its lower price and atomic weight . Sodium hydride is used as a base for various reactions ( such as the aldol reaction ) in organic chemistry , and as a reducing agent in inorganic chemistry . </P> <P> Metallic sodium is used mainly for the production of sodium borohydride , sodium azide , indigo , and triphenylphosphine . A once - common use was the making of tetraethyllead and titanium metal ; because of the move away from TEL and new titanium production methods , the production of sodium declined after 1970 . Sodium is also used as an alloying metal , an anti-scaling agent , and as a reducing agent for metals when other materials are ineffective . Note the free element is not used as a scaling agent , ions in the water are exchanged for sodium ions . Sodium plasma ( `` vapor '' ) lamps are often used for street lighting in cities , shedding light that ranges from yellow - orange to peach as the pressure increases . By itself or with potassium , sodium is a desiccant ; it gives an intense blue coloration with benzophenone when the desiccate is dry . In organic synthesis , sodium is used in various reactions such as the Birch reduction , and the sodium fusion test is conducted to qualitatively analyse compounds . Sodium reacts with alcohol and gives alkoxides , and when sodium is dissolved in ammonia solution , it can be used to reduce alkynes to trans - alkenes . Lasers emitting light at the sodium D line are used to create artificial laser guide stars that assist in the adaptive optics for land - based visible light telescopes . </P> <H3> Heat transfer ( edit ) </H3> NaK phase diagram , showing the melting point of sodium as a function of potassium concentration . NaK with 77 % potassium is eutectic and has the lowest melting point of the NaK alloys at − 12.6 ° C . <P> Liquid sodium is used as a heat transfer fluid in some fast reactors because it has the high thermal conductivity and low neutron absorption cross section required to achieve a high neutron flux in the reactor . The high boiling point of sodium allows the reactor to operate at ambient ( normal ) pressure , but the drawbacks include its opacity , which hinders visual maintenance , and its explosive properties . Radioactive sodium - 24 may be produced by neutron bombardment during operation , posing a slight radiation hazard ; the radioactivity stops within a few days after removal from the reactor . If a reactor needs to be shut down frequently , NaK is used ; because NaK is a liquid at room temperature , the coolant does not solidify in the pipes . In this case , the pyrophoricity of potassium requires extra precautions to prevent and detect leaks . Another heat transfer application is poppet valves in high - performance internal combustion engines ; the valve stems are partially filled with sodium and work as a heat pipe to cool the valves . </P> <H2> Biological role ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Sodium in biology <P> In humans , sodium is an essential mineral that regulates blood volume , blood pressure , osmotic equilibrium and pH ; the minimum physiological requirement for sodium is 500 milligrams per day . Sodium chloride is the principal source of sodium in the diet , and is used as seasoning and preservative in such commodities as pickled preserves and jerky ; for Americans , most sodium chloride comes from processed foods . Other sources of sodium are its natural occurrence in food and such food additives as monosodium glutamate ( MSG ) , sodium nitrite , sodium saccharin , baking soda ( sodium bicarbonate ) , and sodium benzoate . The US Institute of Medicine set its Tolerable Upper Intake Level for sodium at 2.3 grams per day , but the average person in the United States consumes 3.4 grams per day . Studies have found that lowering sodium intake by 2 g per day tends to lower systolic blood pressure by about two to four mm Hg . It has been estimated that such a decrease in sodium intake would lead to between 9 and 17 % fewer cases of hypertension . </P> <P> Hypertension causes 7.6 million premature deaths worldwide each year . ( Note that salt contains about 39.3 % sodium -- the rest being chlorine and trace chemicals ; thus , 2.3 g sodium is about 5.9 g , or 2.7 ml of salt -- about half a US teaspoon . ) The American Heart Association recommends no more than 1.5 g of sodium per day . </P> <P> One study found that people with or without hypertension who excreted less than 3 grams of sodium per day in their urine ( and therefore were taking in less than 3 g / d ) had a higher risk of death , stroke , or heart attack than those excreting 4 to 5 grams per day . Levels of 7 g per day or more in people with hypertension were associated with higher mortality and cardiovascular events , but this was not found to be true for people without hypertension . The US FDA states that adults with hypertension and prehypertension should reduce daily intake to 1.5 g . </P> <P> The renin - angiotensin system regulates the amount of fluid and sodium concentration in the body . Reduction of blood pressure and sodium concentration in the kidney result in the production of renin , which in turn produces aldosterone and angiotensin , retaining sodium in the urine . When the concentration of sodium increases , the production of renin decreases , and the sodium concentration returns to normal . The sodium ion ( Na ) is an important electrolyte in neuron function , and in osmoregulation between cells and the extracellular fluid . This is accomplished in all animals by Na / K - ATPase , an active transporter pumping ions against the gradient , and sodium / potassium channels . Sodium is the most prevalent metallic ion in extracellular fluid . </P> <P> Unusually low or high sodium levels in humans are recognized in medicine as hyponatremia and hypernatremia . These conditions may be caused by genetic factors , ageing , or prolonged vomiting or diarrhea . </P> <P> In C4 plants , sodium is a micronutrient that aids metabolism , specifically in regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate and synthesis of chlorophyll . In others , it substitutes for potassium in several roles , such as maintaining turgor pressure and aiding in the opening and closing of stomata . Excess sodium in the soil can limit the uptake of water by decreasing the water potential , which may result in plant wilting ; excess concentrations in the cytoplasm can lead to enzyme inhibition , which in turn causes necrosis and chlorosis . In response , some plants have developed mechanisms to limit sodium uptake in the roots , to store it in cell vacuoles , and restrict salt transport from roots to leaves ; excess sodium may also be stored in old plant tissue , limiting the damage to new growth . Halophytes have adapted to be able to flourish in sodium rich environments . </P> <H2> Safety and precautions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> NFPA 704 fire diamond </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The fire diamond hazard sign for sodium metal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sodium forms flammable hydrogen and caustic sodium hydroxide on contact with water ; ingestion and contact with moisture on skin , eyes or mucous membranes can cause severe burns . Sodium spontaneously explodes in the presence of an oxidizer such as water . Fire extinguishers based on water accelerate sodium fires ; those based on carbon dioxide and bromochlorodifluoromethane should not be used on sodium fire . Metal fires are Class D , but not all Class D extinguishers are workable with sodium . An effective extinguishing agent for sodium fires is Met - L-X . Other effective agents include Lith - X , which has graphite powder and an organophosphate flame retardant , and dry sand . Sodium fires are prevented in nuclear reactors by isolating sodium from oxygen by surrounding sodium pipes with inert gas . Pool - type sodium fires are prevented using different design measures called catch pan systems . They collect leaking sodium into a leak - recovery tank where it is isolated from oxygen . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Books View or order collections of articles </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sodium </Li> <Li> Period 3 elements </Li> <Li> Alkali metals </Li> <Li> Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) </Li> <Li> Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portals Access related topics </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chemistry portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Find out more on Wikipedia 's Sister projects </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Media from Commons </Li> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Meija , J. ; et al. ( 2016 ) . `` Atomic weights of the elements 2013 ( IUPAC Technical Report ) '' . Pure Appl . Chem. 88 ( 3 ) : 265 -- 91 . doi : 10.1515 / pac - 2015 - 0305 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds , in Lide , D.R. , ed. ( 2005 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 86th ed . ) . Boca Raton ( FL ) : CRC Press . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0486 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weast , Robert ( 1984 ) . CRC , Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton , Florida : Chemical Rubber Company Publishing . pp. E110 . ISBN 0 - 8493 - 0464 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Alkali Metals . '' Science of Everyday Things `` . Encyclopedia.com . Retrieved 15 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gatti , M. ; Tokatly , I. ; Rubio , A. ( 2010 ) . `` Sodium : A Charge - Transfer Insulator at High Pressures '' . Physical Review Letters. 104 ( 21 ) : 216404 . Bibcode : 2010PhRvL. 104u6404G . PMID 20867123 . arXiv : 1003.0540 . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevLett. 104.216404 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schumann , Walter ( 5 August 2008 ) . Minerals of the World ( 2nd ed . ) . Sterling . p. 28 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4027 - 5339 - 8 . OCLC 637302667 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Citron , M.L. ; Gabel , C. ; Stroud , C. ; Stroud , C. ( 1977 ) . `` Experimental Study of Power Broadening in a Two - Level Atom '' . Physical Review A. 16 ( 4 ) : 1507 -- 1512 . Bibcode : 1977PhRvA ... 16.1507 C . doi : 10.1103 / PhysRevA. 16.1507 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Denisenkov , P.A. ; Ivanov , V.V. ( 1987 ) . `` Sodium Synthesis in Hydrogen Burning Stars '' . Soviet Astronomy Letters. 13 : 214 . Bibcode : 1987SvAL ... 13 ... 214D . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Audi , Georges ; Bersillon , O. ; Blachot , J. ; Wapstra , A.H. ( 2003 ) . `` The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties '' . Nuclear Physics A. 729 : 3 -- 128 . Bibcode : 2003NuPhA. 729 ... 3A . doi : 10.1016 / j. nuclphysa. 2003.11. 001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanders , F.W. ; Auxier , J.A. ( 1962 ) . `` Neutron Activation of Sodium in Anthropomorphous Phantoms '' . HealthPhysics. 8 ( 4 ) : 371 -- 379 . PMID 14496815 . doi : 10.1097 / 00004032 - 196208000 - 00005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sobrasua Ibim . Biology : Threads of Life . Xlibris Corporation , 2010 . p. 27 . ISBN 1 - 4535 - 2068 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrie Ryan ; Roger Norris . Cambridge International AS and A Level Chemistry Coursebook ( illustrated ed . ) . Cambridge University Press , 2014 . p. 36 . ISBN 1 - 107 - 63845 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ De Leon , N. `` Reactivity of Alkali Metals '' . Indiana University Northwest . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atkins , Peter W. ; de Paula , Julio ( 2002 ) . Physical Chemistry ( 7th ed . ) . W.H. Freeman . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7167 - 3539 - 7 . OCLC 3345182 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , Julian A. ( 1996 ) . Synthetic Coordination Chemistry : Principles and Practice . World Scientific . p. 293 . ISBN 978 - 981 - 02 - 2084 - 6 . OCLC 717012347 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alfred Klemm , Gabriele Hartmann , Ludwig Lange , `` Sodium and Sodium Alloys '' in Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005 , Wiley - VCH , Weinheim . doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. a24_277 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Holleman , Arnold F. ; Wiberg , Egon ; Wiberg , Nils ( 1985 ) . Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie ( in German ) ( 91 -- 100 ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter . pp. 931 -- 943 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 007511 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowan , James A. ( 1997 ) . Inorganic Biochemistry : An Introduction . Wiley - VCH . p. 7 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 18895 - 7 . OCLC 34515430 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenwoood and Earnshaw , p. 84 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lincoln , S.F. ; Richens , D.T. ; Sykes , A.G. ( 2004 ) . `` Metal Aqua Ions '' . Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II . p. 515 . 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( 1954 ) . `` Micro-flame Photometric Determination of Sodium , Potassium and Calcium in Serum with Solvents '' . J. Biol. Chem. 206 ( 2 ) : 807 -- 15 . PMID 13143043 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levy , G.B. ( 1981 ) . `` Determination of Sodium with Ion - Selective Electrodes '' . Clinical Chemistry . 27 ( 8 ) : 1435 -- 1438 . PMID 7273405 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ivor L. Simmons ( ed . ) . Applications of the Newer Techniques of Analysis . Springer Science & Business Media , 2012 . p. 160 . ISBN 1 - 4684 - 3318 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Xu Hou ( ed . ) . Design , Fabrication , Properties and Applications of Smart and Advanced Materials ( illustrated ed . ) . CRC Press , 2016 . p. 175 . ISBN 1 - 4987 - 2249 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nikos Hadjichristidis ; Akira Hirao ( eds . ) . Anionic Polymerization : Principles , Practice , Strength , Consequences and Applications ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer , 2015 . p. 349 . ISBN 4 - 431 - 54186 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dye , J.L. ; Ceraso , J.M. ; Mei Lok Tak ; Barnett , B.L. ; Tehan , F.J. ( 1974 ) . `` Crystalline Salt of the Sodium Anion ( Na ) '' . J. Am. Chem. Soc. 96 ( 2 ) : 608 -- 609 . doi : 10.1021 / ja00809a060 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holleman , A.F. ; Wiberg , E. ; Wiberg , N. ( 2001 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . Academic Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 352651 - 9 . OCLC 48056955 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renfrow , Jr. , W.B. ; Hauser , C.R. ( 1943 ) . `` Triphenylmethylsodium '' . Org . Synth . ; Coll . Vol. , 2 , p. 607 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 111 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Habashi , Fathi . Alloys : Preparation , Properties , Applications . John Wiley & Sons , 2008 . pp. 278 -- 280 . ISBN 3 - 527 - 61192 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Newton , David E. ( 1999 ) . Baker , Lawrence W. , ed . Chemical Elements . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 2847 - 5 . OCLC 39778687 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davy , Humphry ( 1808 ) . `` On some new phenomena of chemical changes produced by electricity , particularly the decomposition of the fixed alkalies , and the exhibition of the new substances which constitute their bases ; and on the general nature of alkaline bodies '' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London . 98 : 1 -- 44 . doi : 10.1098 / rstl. 1808.0001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weeks , Mary Elvira ( 1932 ) . `` The discovery of the elements . IX . Three alkali metals : Potassium , sodium , and lithium '' . Journal of Chemical Education . 9 ( 6 ) : 1035 . Bibcode : 1932JChEd ... 9.1035 W . doi : 10.1021 / ed009p1035 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Humphry Davy ( 1809 ) `` Ueber einige neue Erscheinungen chemischer Veränderungen , welche durch die Electricität bewirkt werden ; insbesondere über die Zersetzung der feuerbeständigen Alkalien , die Darstellung der neuen Körper , welche ihre Basen ausmachen , und die Natur der Alkalien überhaupt '' ( On some new phenomena of chemical changes that are achieved by electricity ; particularly the decomposition of flame - resistant alkalis ( i.e. , alkalies that can not be reduced to their base metals by flames ) , the preparation of new substances that constitute their ( metallic ) bases , and the nature of alkalies generally ) , Annalen der Physik , 31 ( 2 ) : 113 -- 175 ; see footnote p. 157 . From p. 157 : `` In unserer deutschen Nomenclatur würde ich die Namen Kalium und Natronium vorschlagen , wenn man nicht lieber bei den von Herrn Erman gebrauchten und von mehreren angenommenen Benennungen Kali - Metalloid and Natron - Metalloid , bis zur völligen Aufklärung der chemischen Natur dieser räthzelhaften Körper bleiben will . Oder vielleicht findet man es noch zweckmässiger fürs Erste zwei Klassen zu machen , Metalle und Metalloide , und in die letztere Kalium und Natronium zu setzen . -- Gilbert . '' ( In our German nomenclature , I would suggest the names Kalium and Natronium , if one would not rather continue with the appellations Kali - metalloid and Natron - metalloid which are used by Mr. Erman and accepted by several ( people ) , until the complete clarification of the chemical nature of these puzzling substances . Or perhaps one finds it yet more advisable for the present to create two classes , metals and metalloids , and to place Kalium and Natronium in the latter -- Gilbert . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Jacob Berzelius , Försök , att , genom användandet af den electrokemiska theorien och de kemiska proportionerna , grundlägga ett rent vettenskapligt system för mineralogien ( Attempt , by the use of electrochemical theory and chemical proportions , to found a pure scientific system for mineralogy ) ( Stockholm , Sweden : A. Gadelius , 1814 ) , p. 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van der Krogt , Peter . `` Elementymology & Elements Multidict '' . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew Shortland , Lukas Schachner , Ian Freestone , and Michael Tite . `` Natron as a flux in the early vitreous materials industry : sources , beginnings and reasons for decline '' . Journal of Archaeological Science . 33 : 521 -- 530 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jas. 2005.09. 011 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirchhoff , G. ; Bunsen , R. ( 1860 ) . `` Chemische Analyse durch Spectralbeobachtungen '' . Annalen der Physik und Chemie. 186 ( 6 ) : 161 -- 189 . Bibcode : 1860AnP ... 186 ... 161K . doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18601860602 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw , p. 69 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lide , David R. ( 2003 - 06 - 19 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics , 84th Edition . CRC Handbook . CRC Press . 14 : Abundance of Elements in the Earth 's Crust and in the Sea . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8493 - 0484 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cremonese , G ; Boehnhardt , H ; Crovisier , J ; Rauer , H ; Fitzsimmons , A ; Fulle , M ; Licandro , J ; Pollacco , D ; et al. ( 1997 ) . `` Neutral Sodium from Comet Hale -- Bopp : A Third Type of Tail '' . The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 490 ( 2 ) : L199 -- L202 . Bibcode : 1997ApJ ... 490L. 199C . arXiv : astro - ph / 9710022 . doi : 10.1086 / 311040 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ B. 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Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sodium Metal from France . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4578 - 1780 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Anthony Benvenuto . Industrial Chemistry : For Advanced Students ( illustrated ed . ) . Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG , 2015 . ISBN 3 - 11 - 038339 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley Nusim ( ed . ) . Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients : Development , Manufacturing , and Regulation , Second Edition ( 2 , illustrated , revised ed . ) . CRC Press , 2016 . p. 303 . ISBN 1 - 4398 - 0339 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Remington , Joseph P. ( 2006 ) . Beringer , Paul , ed . Remington : The Science and Practice of Pharmacy ( 21st ed . ) . Lippincott Williams & Wilkins . pp. 365 -- 366 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7817 - 4673 - 1 . OCLC 60679584 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wiberg , Egon ; Wiberg , Nils ; Holleman , A.F. ( 2001 ) . Inorganic Chemistry . Academic Press . pp. 1103 -- 1104 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 352651 - 9 . 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John Wiley & Sons , 2006 . p. 272 . ISBN 81 - 265 - 1050 - 1 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Laser Development for Sodium Laser Guide Stars at ESO '' ( PDF ) . Domenico Bonaccini Calia , Yan Feng , Wolfgang Hackenberg , Ronald Holzlöhner , Luke Taylor , Steffan Lewis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ van Rossen , G.L.C.M. ; van Bleiswijk , H. ( 1912 ) . `` Über das Zustandsdiagramm der Kalium - Natriumlegierungen '' . Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie. 74 : 152 -- 156 . doi : 10.1002 / zaac. 19120740115 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sodium as a Fast Reactor Coolant presented by Thomas H. Fanning . Nuclear Engineering Division . U.S. Department of Energy . U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission . Topical Seminar Series on Sodium Fast Reactors . May 3 , 2007 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sodium - cooled Fast Reactor ( SFR ) '' ( PDF ) . Office of Nuclear Energy , U.S. Department of Energy . 18 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fire and Explosion Hazards . 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Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sodium and Potassium Quick Health Facts '' . health.ltgovernors.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sodium in diet '' . MedlinePlus , US National Library of Medicine . 5 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reference Values for Elements '' . Dietary Reference Intakes Tables . Health Canada . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Agriculture ; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ( December 2010 ) . Dietary Guidelines for Americans , 2010 ( PDF ) ( 7th ed . ) . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 16 - 087941 - 8 . OCLC 738512922 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 February 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Geleijnse , J.M. ; Kok , F.J. ; Grobbee , D.E. ( 2004 ) . `` Impact of dietary and lifestyle factors on the prevalence of hypertension in Western populations '' ( PDF ) . European Journal of Public Health . 14 ( 3 ) : 235 -- 239 . 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Retrieved on 2015 - 11 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Angelici , R.J. ( 1999 ) . Synthesis and Technique in Inorganic Chemistry . Mill Valley , CA : University Science Books . ISBN 0 - 935702 - 48 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Routley , J. Gordon . Sodium Explosion Critically Burns Firefighters : Newton , Massachusetts . U.S. Fire Administration . FEMA , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Prudent Practices in the Laboratory : Handling and Disposal of Chemicals . National Research Council ( U.S. ) . Committee on Prudent Practices for Handling , Storage , and Disposal of Chemicals in Laboratories . National Academies , 1995 . p. 390 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sodium and Salt '' . www.heart.org . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ladwig , Thomas H. Industrial fire prevention and protection . Van Nostrand Reinhold , 1991 . p. 178 . ISBN 0 - 442 - 23678 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Günter Kessler . Sustainable and Safe Nuclear Fission Energy : Technology and Safety of Fast and Thermal Nuclear Reactors ( illustrated ed . ) . Springer Science & Business Media , 2012 . p. 446 . ISBN 3 - 642 - 11990 - 5 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Greenwood , Norman N. ; Earnshaw , Alan ( 1997 ) . Chemistry of the Elements ( 2nd ed . ) . Butterworth - Heinemann . ISBN 0 - 08 - 037941 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sodium at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) </Li> <Li> Etymology of `` natrium '' -- source of symbol Na </Li> <Li> The Wooden Periodic Table Table 's Entry on Sodium </Li> <Li> Sodium isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project 's </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ( Large cells ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> He </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Li </Td> <Td> Be </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Na </Td> <Td> Mg </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Al </Td> <Td> Si </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cl </Td> <Td> Ar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ca </Td> <Td> Sc </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Ti </Td> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Cr </Td> <Td> Mn </Td> <Td> Fe </Td> <Td> Co </Td> <Td> Ni </Td> <Td> Cu </Td> <Td> Zn </Td> <Td> Ga </Td> <Td> Ge </Td> <Td> As </Td> <Td> Se </Td> <Td> Br </Td> <Td> Kr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Rb </Td> <Td> Sr </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Zr </Td> <Td> Nb </Td> <Td> Mo </Td> <Td> Tc </Td> <Td> Ru </Td> <Td> Rh </Td> <Td> Pd </Td> <Td> Ag </Td> <Td> Cd </Td> <Td> In </Td> <Td> Sn </Td> <Td> Sb </Td> <Td> Te </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Xe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Cs </Td> <Td> Ba </Td> <Td> La </Td> <Td> Ce </Td> <Td> Pr </Td> <Td> Nd </Td> <Td> Pm </Td> <Td> Sm </Td> <Td> Eu </Td> <Td> Gd </Td> <Td> Tb </Td> <Td> Dy </Td> <Td> Ho </Td> <Td> Er </Td> <Td> Tm </Td> <Td> Yb </Td> <Td> Lu </Td> <Td> Hf </Td> <Td> Ta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Re </Td> <Td> Os </Td> <Td> Ir </Td> <Td> Pt </Td> <Td> Au </Td> <Td> Hg </Td> <Td> Tl </Td> <Td> Pb </Td> <Td> Bi </Td> <Td> Po </Td> <Td> At </Td> <Td> Rn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Fr </Td> <Td> Ra </Td> <Td> Ac </Td> <Td> Th </Td> <Td> Pa </Td> <Td> U </Td> <Td> Np </Td> <Td> Pu </Td> <Td> Am </Td> <Td> Cm </Td> <Td> Bk </Td> <Td> Cf </Td> <Td> Es </Td> <Td> Fm </Td> <Td> Md </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Lr </Td> <Td> Rf </Td> <Td> Db </Td> <Td> Sg </Td> <Td> Bh </Td> <Td> Hs </Td> <Td> Mt </Td> <Td> Ds </Td> <Td> Rg </Td> <Td> Cn </Td> <Td> Nh </Td> <Td> Fl </Td> <Td> Mc </Td> <Td> Lv </Td> <Td> Ts </Td> <Td> Og </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Alkali metal </Td> <Td> Alkaline earth metal </Td> <Td> Lanthanide </Td> <Td> Actinide </Td> <Td> Transition metal </Td> <Td> Post - transition metal </Td> <Td> Metalloid </Td> <Td> Polyatomic nonmetal </Td> <Td> Diatomic nonmetal </Td> <Td> Noble gas </Td> <Td> Unknown chemical properties </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sodium compounds </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NaAlO </Li> <Li> NaBH </Li> <Li> NaBH ( CN ) </Li> <Li> NaBO </Li> <Li> NaBiO </Li> <Li> NaBr </Li> <Li> NaBrO </Li> <Li> NaBrO </Li> <Li> NaCH COO </Li> <Li> NaC H CO </Li> <Li> NaC H ( OH ) CO </Li> <Li> NaCN </Li> <Li> NaCl </Li> <Li> NaClO </Li> <Li> NaClO </Li> <Li> NaClO </Li> <Li> NaClO </Li> <Li> NaF </Li> <Li> Na FeO </Li> <Li> NaH </Li> <Li> NaHCO </Li> <Li> NaH PO </Li> <Li> NaHSO </Li> <Li> NaHSO </Li> <Li> NaI </Li> <Li> NaIO </Li> <Li> NaIO </Li> <Li> Na IO </Li> <Li> NaMnO </Li> <Li> NaN </Li> <Li> NaNH </Li> <Li> NaNO </Li> <Li> NaNO </Li> <Li> NaOCN </Li> <Li> NaO </Li> <Li> NaO </Li> <Li> NaOH </Li> <Li> NaPO H </Li> <Li> NaReO </Li> <Li> NaSCN </Li> <Li> NaSH </Li> <Li> NaTcO </Li> <Li> NaVO </Li> <Li> Na CO </Li> <Li> Na C O </Li> <Li> Na CrO </Li> <Li> Na Cr O </Li> <Li> Na GeO </Li> <Li> Na MnO </Li> <Li> Na MnO </Li> <Li> Na MoO </Li> <Li> Na MoS </Li> <Li> Na N O </Li> <Li> Na O </Li> <Li> Na O </Li> <Li> Na O ( UO ) </Li> <Li> Na PO F </Li> <Li> Na S </Li> <Li> Na SO </Li> <Li> Na SO </Li> <Li> Na S O </Li> <Li> Na S O </Li> <Li> Na S O </Li> <Li> Na S O </Li> <Li> Na S O </Li> <Li> Na S O </Li> <Li> Na S O </Li> <Li> Na Se </Li> <Li> Na SeO </Li> <Li> Na SeO </Li> <Li> Na SiO </Li> <Li> Na Si O </Li> <Li> Na SiO </Li> <Li> Na Te </Li> <Li> Na TeO </Li> <Li> Na TeO </Li> <Li> Na Po </Li> <Li> Na Ti O </Li> <Li> Na U O </Li> <Li> NaWO </Li> <Li> Na Zn ( OH ) </Li> <Li> Na N </Li> <Li> Na P </Li> <Li> Na PO </Li> <Li> Na VO </Li> <Li> Na Fe ( CN ) </Li> <Li> Na P O </Li> <Li> Na P O </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Chemical formulas </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LCCN : sh85124249 </Li> <Li> GND : 4171239 - 0 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb11980515x ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00568053 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium&oldid=802495699 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Sodium </Li> <Li> Chemical elements </Li> <Li> Alkali metals </Li> <Li> Sodium minerals </Li> <Li> Desiccants </Li> <Li> Dietary minerals </Li> <Li> Biology and pharmacology of chemical elements </Li> <Li> Reducing agents </Li> <Li> Nuclear reactor coolants </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from November 2010 </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> አማርኛ </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aragonés </Li> <Li> Armãneashti </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - 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Ejaculatory duct - wikipedia <H1> Ejaculatory duct </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ejaculatory duct </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Male Anatomy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vesiculæ seminales and ampullæ of ductus deferentes , seen from the front . The anterior walls of the left ampulla , left seminal vesicle , and prostatic urethra have been cut away . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> Ductus ejaculatorius ( Plural : Ductus ejaculatorii ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MeSH </Th> <Td> D004543 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 19325 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terminology ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The ejaculatory ducts ( ductus ejaculatorii ) are paired structures in male anatomy . Each ejaculatory duct is formed by the union of the vas deferens with the duct of the seminal vesicle . They pass through the prostate , and open into the urethra at the seminal colliculus . During ejaculation , semen passes through the prostate gland , enters the urethra and exits the body via the urinary meatus . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Function <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Ejaculation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Clinical relevance <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Ejaculatory duct obstruction </Li> <Li> 2.2 Benign prostatic hyperplasia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Additional images </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ejaculation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ejaculation Dissection of prostate showing ejaculatory ducts opening into the prostatic urethra . <P> Ejaculation occurs in two stages , the emission stage and the expulsion stage . The emission stage involves the workings of several structures of the ejaculatory duct ; contractions of the prostate gland , the seminal vesicles , the bulbourethral gland and the vas deferens push fluids into the prostatic urethra . The semen is stored here until ejaculation occurs . Muscles at the base of the penis contract in order to propel the seminal fluid trapped in the prostatic urethra through the penile urethra and expel it through the urinary meatus . The ejaculate is expelled in spurts , due to the movement of the muscles propelling it . These muscle contractions are related to the sensations of orgasm for the male . </P> <P> Sperm is produced in the testes and enters the ejaculatory ducts via the vas deferens . As it passes by the seminal vesicles , a fluid rich in fructose combines with sperm . This addition nourishes the sperm in order to keep it active and motile . Seminal fluid continues down the ejaculatory duct into the prostate gland , where an alkaline prostatic fluid is added . This addition provides the texture and odor associated with semen . The alkalinity of the prostatic fluid serves to neutralize the acidity of the female vaginal tract in order to prolong the survival of sperm in this harsh environment . Semen is now a fructose - rich , alkaline fluid containing sperm as it enters the bulbourethral glands below the prostate . The bulbourethral glands secrete a small amount of clear fluid into the urethra before the ejaculate is expelled . The functions of this fluid are not entirely known but are suggested to aid in lubricating the male urethra in preparation for the semen during ejaculation . The amount of semen produced and expelled during ejaculation corresponds to the length of time that the male is sexually aroused before ejaculation occurs . Generally , the longer the period of arousal , the larger the amount of seminal fluid . </P> <P> Ejaculation and orgasm may occur simultaneously , however they are not coupled , in that one may occur without the other . For example , a man may have a dry orgasm ( termed Retrograde ejaculation ) ; there is no expulsion of ejaculate however the man still experiences orgasm . Also , paraplegics may ejaculate seminal fluid but not experience the sensation of orgasm . </P> <H2> Clinical relevance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Ejaculatory duct obstruction ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ejaculatory duct obstruction <P> Ejaculatory duct obstruction is an acquired or congenital pathological condition in which one or both ejaculatory ducts are obstructed . In the case that both ejaculatory ducts are obstructed , this illness presents with the symptoms of aspermia and male infertility. , </P> <H3> Benign prostatic hyperplasia ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Benign prostatic hyperplasia <P> Surgery to correct benign prostatic hyperplasia may destroy these ducts resulting in retrograde ejaculation . Retrograde ejaculation empties the seminal fluid formed in the emission phase into the bladder of the male instead of expelling it through the urethra and out the tip of the penis . This results in a dry orgasm , where orgasm may still be experienced but without expulsion of semen from the ejaculatory ducts . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Lobes of prostate </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Vertical section of bladder , penis and urethra . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Prostate with seminal vesicles and seminal ducts , viewed from in front and above . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Median sagittal section of male pelvis . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . <Ul> <Li> Excretory duct of seminal gland </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Handbook of andrology . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Function of seminal vesicles and their role on male fertility '' . Asian Journal of Andrology : 251 -- 258 . December 3 , 2001 . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 03 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Andrology '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rathus , S.A. , Nevid , J.S. , Fichner - Rathus , L. , Herold , E.S. ( 2010 ) . Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity . Pearsons Education Canada , Pearson Canada Inc . Toronto , ON . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Human Reproductive Biology '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Esmail , S. ( 2010 ) . HECOL 211 Human Sexuality Lecture Manual 2010 . Department of Human Ecology , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Society of Andrology - Andrology Handbook , 2nd Edition '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Retrograde ejaculation treatments </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Millennium Web Catalog '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Millennium Web Catalog '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anatomy figure : 44 : 03 - 15 at Human Anatomy Online , SUNY Downstate Medical Center - `` Lateral ( A ) and posterior ( B ) views of the bladder and associated structures . '' </Li> <Li> figures / chapter_34 / 34 - 3. HTM : Basic Human Anatomy at Dartmouth Medical School </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Male reproductive system </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Internal </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seminal tract </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Testes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> layers <Ul> <Li> Tunica vaginalis </Li> <Li> Tunica albuginea </Li> <Li> Tunica vasculosa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Appendix </Li> <Li> Mediastinum </Li> <Li> Lobules </Li> <Li> Septa </Li> <Li> Leydig cell </Li> <Li> Sertoli cell </Li> <Li> Blood -- testis barrier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spermatogenesis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spermatogonium </Li> <Li> Spermatocytogenesis </Li> <Li> Spermatocyte </Li> <Li> Spermatidogenesis </Li> <Li> Spermatid </Li> <Li> Spermiogenesis </Li> <Li> Spermatozoon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Seminiferous tubules <Ul> <Li> Tubuli seminiferi recti </Li> <Li> Rete testis </Li> <Li> Efferent ducts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Epididymis <Ul> <Li> Appendix </Li> <Li> Stereocilia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Paradidymis </Li> <Li> Spermatic cord </Li> <Li> Vas deferens <Ul> <Li> Ampulla </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ejaculatory duct </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Accessory glands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Seminal vesicles <Ul> <Li> excretory duct </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Prostate <Ul> <Li> Urethral crest </Li> <Li> Seminal colliculus </Li> <Li> Prostatic utricle </Li> <Li> Ejaculatory duct </Li> <Li> Prostatic sinus </Li> <Li> Prostatic ducts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Bulbourethral glands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> External </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Penis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> root <Ul> <Li> Crus </Li> <Li> Bulb </Li> <Li> Fundiform ligament </Li> <Li> Suspensory ligament </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> body <Ul> <Li> Corpus cavernosum </Li> <Li> Corpus spongiosum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> glans <Ul> <Li> Foreskin </Li> <Li> Frenulum </Li> <Li> Corona </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> fascia <Ul> <Li> superficial </Li> <Li> deep </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tunica albuginea </Li> <Li> Septum of the penis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urinary tract </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Internal urethral orifice </Li> <Li> Urethra <Ul> <Li> Prostatic </Li> <Li> Intermediate </Li> <Li> Spongy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Navicular fossa </Li> <Li> External urethral orifice </Li> <Li> Lacunae of Morgagni </Li> <Li> Urethral gland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scrotum </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> layers <Ul> <Li> skin </Li> <Li> Dartos </Li> <Li> External spermatic fascia </Li> <Li> Cremaster </Li> <Li> Cremasteric fascia </Li> <Li> Internal spermatic fascia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Perineal raphe </Li> <Li> Scrotal septum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ejaculatory_duct&oldid=826314297 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mammal male reproductive system </Li> <Li> Andrology </Li> <Li> Human penis anatomy </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with unresolved properties </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> ދިވެހިބަސް </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 13 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 12 : 14 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 - wikipedia <H1> Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> AD 79 eruption of Mount Vesuvius </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum ( c. 1821 ) by John Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volcano </Th> <Td> Mount Vesuvius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> November 3 - 23 ( probable ) , AD 79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Vesuvian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Campania , Italy 40 ° 49 ′ N 14 ° 26 ′ E / 40.817 ° N 14.433 ° E / 40.817 ; 14.433 Coordinates : 40 ° 49 ′ N 14 ° 26 ′ E / 40.817 ° N 14.433 ° E / 40.817 ; 14.433 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VEI </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Impact </Th> <Td> Buried the Roman settlements of Pompeii , Herculaneum , Oplontis and Stabiae . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mount Vesuvius , a volcano in modern - day Italy , erupted in 79 in one of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions in European history . Historians have learned about the eruption from the eyewitness account of Pliny the Younger , a Roman administrator and poet . The event is the namesake for the Vesuvian type of volcanic eruption . </P> <P> Mount Vesuvius spewed forth a deadly cloud of tephra and gases to a height of 33 kilometres ( 21 mi ) , ejecting molten rock , pulverized pumice and hot ash at the rate of 1.5 million tons per second , ultimately releasing 100,000 times the thermal energy of the Hiroshima - Nagasaki bombings . Several Roman settlements were obliterated and buried underneath massive pyroclastic surges and ashfall deposits , the best known being Pompeii and Herculaneum . </P> <P> The total inhabitants of the cities were 16,000 -- 20,000 ; the remains of about 1,500 people have been found at Pompeii and Herculaneum , but the overall death toll is still unknown . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Precursors and foreshocks </Li> <Li> 2 Nature of the eruption <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Stratigraphic studies </Li> <Li> 2.2 Magnetic studies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 The two Plinys <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Pliny the Younger </Li> <Li> 3.2 Pliny the Elder </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Casualties from the eruption </Li> <Li> 5 Date of the eruption </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Precursors and foreshocks ( edit ) </H2> The Last Day of Pompeii . Painting by Karl Brullov , 1830 -- 1833 <P> The AD 79 eruption was preceded by a powerful earthquake seventeen years before on February 5 , AD 62 , which caused widespread destruction around the Bay of Naples , and particularly to Pompeii . Some of the damage had still not been repaired when the volcano erupted . The deaths of 600 sheep from `` tainted air '' in the vicinity of Pompeii , reported by Seneca the Younger , leads vulcanologist Haraldur Sigurdsson to compare them to similar deaths of sheep in Iceland from pools of volcanic carbon dioxide and to speculate that the earthquake of AD 62 was related to new activity by Mount Vesuvius . </P> <P> Another smaller earthquake took place in AD 64 ; it was recorded by Suetonius in his biography of Nero , and by Tacitus in Annales because it took place while Nero was in Naples performing for the first time in a public theatre . Suetonius recorded that the emperor continued singing through the earthquake until he had finished his song , while Tacitus wrote that the theatre collapsed shortly after being evacuated . </P> <P> The Romans grew accustomed to minor earth tremors in the region ; the writer Pliny the Younger wrote that they `` were not particularly alarming because they are frequent in Campania '' . Small earthquakes started taking place on 20 August 79 , becoming more frequent over the next four days , but the warnings were not recognized . </P> <H2> Nature of the eruption ( edit ) </H2> Vesuvius erupting . Painting by Norwegian painter J.C. Dahl , 1826 . <P> Reconstructions of the eruption and its effects vary considerably in the details but have the same overall features . The eruption lasted for two days . The morning of the first day , August 22 , was perceived as normal by the only eyewitness to leave a surviving document , Pliny the Younger , who at that point was staying at Misenum , on the other side of the Bay of Naples about 30 kilometres ( 19 mi ) from the volcano , which may have prevented him from noticing the early signs of the eruption . He was not to have any opportunity , during the next two days , to talk to people who had witnessed the eruption from Pompeii or Herculaneum ( indeed he never mentions Pompeii in his letter ) , so he would not have noticed early , smaller fissures and releases of ash and smoke on the mountain , if such had occurred earlier in the morning . Around 1 : 00 P.M. , Mount Vesuvius violently erupted , spewing up a high - altitude column from which ash and pumice began to fall , blanketing the area . Rescues and escapes occurred during this time . At some time in the night or early the next day , August 23 , pyroclastic flows in the close vicinity of the volcano began . Lights seen on the mountain were interpreted as fires . People as far away as Misenum fled for their lives . The flows were rapid - moving , dense , and very hot , knocking down wholly or partly all structures in their path , incinerating or suffocating all population remaining there and altering the landscape , including the coastline . These were accompanied by additional light tremors and a mild tsunami in the Bay of Naples . By evening of the second day , the eruption was over , leaving only haze in the atmosphere through which the sun shone weakly . </P> <P> Pliny the Younger wrote an account of the eruption : </P> <P> Broad sheets of flame were lighting up many parts of Vesuvius ; their light and brightness were the more vivid for the darkness of the night ... it was daylight now elsewhere in the world , but there the darkness was darker and thicker than any night . </P> <H3> Stratigraphic studies ( edit ) </H3> Pompeii and Herculaneum , as well as other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius . The black cloud represents the general distribution of ash , pumice and cinders . Modern coast lines are shown ; Pliny the Younger was at Misenum . <P> According to a stratigraphic study ( a study of the layers of ash ) by Sigurdsson , Cashdollar , and Sparks , published in 1982 , and now a standard reference , the eruption of Vesuvius of AD 79 unfolded in two phases : a Plinian eruption that lasted eighteen to twenty hours and produced a fall of pumice and ash southward of the volcano that accumulated up to depths of 2.8 metres ( 9 ft 2 in ) at Pompeii , followed by a pyroclastic surge or nuée ardente in the second Peléan phase that reached as far as Misenum but was concentrated to the west and northwest . Two pyroclastic surges engulfed Pompeii , burning and asphyxiating the stragglers who had remained behind . Oplontis and Herculaneum received the brunt of the surges and were buried in fine ash , pumice , lava fragments and pyroclastic deposits . </P> <P> In an article published in 2002 , Sigurdsson and Casey elaborate on the stratigraphic evidence based on excavations and surveys up until then . In this interpretation , the quasi-initial explosion ( not quite initial ) produced a column of ash and pumice ranging between 15 kilometres ( 49,000 ft ) and 30 kilometres ( 98,000 ft ) high , which , due to northwest winds , rained on Pompeii to the southeast but not on Herculaneum upwind . The eruption is viewed as primarily phreatomagmatic ; that is , the chief energy supporting the column came from the escape of steam generated by the magma , created from seawater seeping over time into the deep - seated faults of the region , that came into interaction with magma and heat . </P> <P> Subsequently , the cloud collapsed as the gases densified and lost their capability to support their solid contents , releasing it as a pyroclastic surge , which first reached Herculaneum , not Pompeii . Additional explosions reinstituted the column . The eruption alternated between Vesuvian and Peléan six times . Surges 4 and 5 are believed by the authors to have destroyed and buried Pompeii . Surges are identified in the deposits by dune and cross-bedding formations , which are not produced by fallout . </P> <P> The authors suggest that the first ash falls are to be interpreted as early - morning , low - volume explosions not seen from Misenum , causing Rectina to send her messenger on a ride of several hours around the Bay of Naples , then passable , providing an answer to the paradox of how the messenger might miraculously appear at Pliny 's villa so shortly after a distant eruption that would have prevented him . </P> <H3> Magnetic studies ( edit ) </H3> Inside the crater of Vesuvius <P> A 2006 study by Zanella , Gurioli , Pareschi , and Lanza used the magnetic characteristics of over 200 samples of lithic , roof - tile , and plaster fragments collected from pyroclastic deposits in and around Pompeii to estimate the equilibrium temperatures of the deposits . The deposits were placed by pyroclastic density currents ( PDCs ) resulting from the collapses of the Plinian column . The authors argue that fragments over 2 -- 5 cm ( 0.8 -- 2 in ) were not in the current long enough to acquire its temperature , which would have been much higher , and therefore they distinguish between the depositional temperatures , which they estimated , and the emplacement temperatures , which in some cases based on the cooling characteristics of some types and fragment sizes of rocks they believed they also could estimate . Final figures are considered to be those of the rocks in the current just before deposition . </P> <P> All crustal rock contains some iron or iron compounds , rendering it ferromagnetic , as do Roman roof tiles and plaster . These materials may acquire a residual field from a number of sources . When individual molecules , which are magnetic dipoles , are held in alignment by being bound in a crystalline structure , the small fields reinforce each other to form the rock 's residual field . Heating the material adds internal energy to it . At the Curie temperature , the vibration of the molecules is sufficient to disrupt the alignment ; the material loses its residual magnetism and assumes whatever magnetic field might be applied to it only for the duration of the application . The authors term this phenomenon unblocking . Residual magnetism is considered to `` block out '' non-residual fields . </P> <P> A rock is a mixture of minerals , each with its own Curie temperature ; the authors therefore looked for a spectrum of temperatures rather than a single temperature . In the ideal sample , the PDC did not raise the temperature of the fragment beyond the highest blocking temperature . Some constituent material retained the magnetism imposed by the Earth 's field when the item was formed . The temperature was raised above the lowest blocking temperature and therefore some minerals on recooling acquired the magnetism of the Earth as it was in AD 79 . The overall field of the sample was the vector sum of the fields of the high - blocking material and the low - blocking material . </P> <P> This type of sample made possible estimation of the low unblocking temperature . Using special equipment that measured field direction and strength at various temperatures , the experimenters raised the temperature of the sample in increments of 40 ° C ( 70 ° F ) from 100 ° C ( 210 ° F ) until it reached the low unblocking temperature . Deprived of one of its components , the overall field changed direction . A plot of direction at each increment identified the increment at which the sample 's resultant magnetism had formed . That was considered to be the equilibrium temperature of the deposit . Considering the data for all the deposits of the surge arrived at a surge deposit estimate . The authors discovered that the city , Pompeii , was a relatively cool spot within a much hotter field , which they attributed to interaction of the surge with the `` fabric '' of the city . </P> <P> The investigators reconstruct the sequence of volcanic events as follows . On the first day of the eruption a fall of white pumice containing clastic fragments of up to 3 centimetres ( 1 in ) fell for several hours . It heated the roof tiles to 120 -- 140 ° C ( 250 -- 280 ° F ) . This period would have been the last opportunity to escape . Subsequently , a second column deposited a grey pumice with clastics up to 10 cm ( 4 in ) , temperature unsampled , but presumed to be higher , for 18 hours . These two falls were the Plinian phase . The collapse of the edges of these clouds generated the first dilute PDCs , which must have been devastating to Herculaneum , but did not enter Pompeii . </P> <P> Early in the morning of the second day the grey cloud began to collapse to a greater degree . Two major surges struck and destroyed Pompeii . Herculaneum and all its population no longer existed . The emplacement temperature range of the first surge was 180 -- 220 ° C ( 360 -- 430 ° F ) , minimum temperatures ; of the second , 220 -- 260 ° C ( 430 -- 500 ° F ) . The depositional temperature of the first was 140 -- 300 ° C ( 280 -- 570 ° F ) . Upstream and downstream of the flow it was 300 -- 360 ° C ( 570 -- 680 ° F ) . </P> <P> The variable temperature of the first surge was due to interaction with the buildings . Any population remaining in structural refuges could not have escaped , as the city was surrounded by gases of incinerating temperatures . The lowest temperatures were in rooms under collapsed roofs . These were as low as 100 ° C ( 210 ° F ) , the boiling point of water . The authors suggest that elements of the bottom of the flow were decoupled from the main flow by topographic irregularities and were made cooler by the introduction of ambient turbulent air . In the second surge the irregularities were gone and the city was as hot as the surrounding environment . </P> <P> During the last surge , which was very dilute , one meter more of deposits fell over the region . </P> <H2> The two plinys ( edit ) </H2> Pompeii , with Vesuvius towering above <P> The only surviving eyewitness account of the event consists of two letters by Pliny the Younger , who was 17 at the time of the eruption , to the historian , Tacitus . Observing the first volcanic activity from Misenum across the Bay of Naples from the volcano , approximately 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) , the elder Pliny launched a rescue fleet and went himself to the rescue of a personal friend . His nephew declined to join the party . One of the nephew 's letters relates what he could discover from witnesses of his uncle 's experiences . In a second letter the younger Pliny details his own observations after the departure of his uncle . </P> <H3> Pliny the Younger ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Pliny the Younger <P> The two men saw an extraordinarily dense cloud rising rapidly above the mountain : </P> <P> I can not give you a more exact description of its appearance than by comparing to a pine tree ; for it shot up to a great height in the form of a tall trunk , which spread out at the top as though into branches . ( ... ) Occasionally it was brighter , occasionally darker and spotted , as it was either more or less filled with earth and cinders . </P> <P> These events and a request by messenger for an evacuation by sea prompted the elder Pliny to order rescue operations in which he sailed away to participate . His nephew attempted to resume a normal life , continuing to study , and bathing , but that night a tremor awoke him and his mother , prompting them to abandon the house for the courtyard . At another tremor near dawn the population abandoned the village . After still a third `` the sea seemed to roll back upon itself , and to be driven from its banks '' , which is evidence for a tsunami . There is , however , no evidence of extensive damage from wave action . </P> <P> The early light was obscured by a black cloud through which shone flashes , which Pliny likens to sheet lightning , but more extensive . The cloud obscured Point Misenum near at hand and the island of Capraia ( Capri ) across the bay . Fearing for their lives the population began to call to each other and move back from the coast along the road . Pliny 's mother requested him to abandon her and save his own life , as she was too corpulent and aged to go further , but seizing her hand he led her away as best he could . A rain of ash fell . Pliny found it necessary to shake off the ash periodically to avoid being buried . Later that same day the ash stopped falling and the sun shone weakly through the cloud , encouraging Pliny and his mother to return to their home and wait for news of Pliny the Elder . The letter compares the ash to a blanket of snow . Evidently the earthquake and tsunami damage at that location were not severe enough to prevent continued use of the home . </P> <H3> Pliny the Elder ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Pliny the Elder <P> Pliny 's uncle Pliny the Elder was in command of the Roman fleet at Misenum , and had meanwhile decided to investigate the phenomenon at close hand in a light vessel . As the ship was preparing to leave the area , a messenger came from his friend Rectina ( wife of Tascius ) living on the coast near the foot of the volcano , explaining that her party could only get away by sea and asking for rescue . Pliny ordered the immediate launching of the fleet galleys to the evacuation of the coast . He continued in his light ship to the rescue of Rectina 's party . </P> <P> He set off across the bay but in the shallows on the other side encountered thick showers of hot cinders , lumps of pumice , and pieces of rock . Advised by the helmsman to turn back he stated `` Fortune favors the brave '' and ordered him to continue on to Stabiae ( about 4.5 km or 2.8 mi from Pompeii ) , where Pomponianus was . Pomponianus had already loaded a ship with possessions and was preparing to leave , but the same onshore wind that brought Pliny 's ship to the location had prevented anyone from leaving . </P> <P> Pliny and his party saw flames coming from several parts of the mountain , which Pliny and his friends attributed to burning villages . After staying overnight , the party was driven from the building by an accumulation of material which threatened to block all egress . They woke Pliny , who had been napping and emitting loud snoring . They elected to take to the fields with pillows tied to their heads to protect them from rockfall . They approached the beach again but the wind had not changed . Pliny sat down on a sail that had been spread for him and could not rise even with assistance when his friends departed , escaping ultimately by land . Very likely , he had collapsed and died , which is the most popular explanation of why his friends abandoned him , although Suetonius offers an alternative story of his ordering a slave to kill him to avoid the pain of incineration . How the slave would have escaped to tell the tale remains a mystery . There is no mention of such an event in his nephew 's letters . </P> <P> In the first letter to Tacitus his nephew suggested that his death was due to the reaction of his weak lungs to a cloud of poisonous , sulphurous gas that wafted over the group . However , Stabiae was 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) from the vent ( roughly where the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia is situated ) and his companions were apparently unaffected by the fumes , and so it is more likely that the corpulent Pliny died from some other cause , such as a stroke or heart attack . An asthmatic attack is also not out of the question . His body was found with no apparent injuries on the next day , after dispersal of the plume . </P> <H2> Casualties from the eruption ( edit ) </H2> The skeleton called the `` Ring Lady '' unearthed in Herculaneum <P> Along with Pliny the Elder , the only other noble casualties of the eruption to be known by name were Agrippa ( a son of the Jewish princess Drusilla and the procurator Antonius Felix ) and his wife . </P> <P> By 2003 around 1,044 casts made from impressions of bodies in the ash deposits had been recovered in and around Pompeii , with the scattered bones of another 100 . The remains of about 332 bodies have been found at Herculaneum ( 300 in arched vaults discovered in 1980 ) . What percentage these numbers are of the total dead or the percentage of the dead to the total number at risk remain completely unknown . </P> <P> Thirty - eight percent of the 1044 were found in the ash fall deposits , the majority inside buildings . These are thought to have been killed mainly by roof collapses , with the smaller number of victims found outside buildings probably killed by falling roof slates or by larger rocks thrown out by the volcano . This differs from modern experience , since over the last four hundred years only around 4 % of victims have been killed by ash falls during explosive eruptions . The remaining 62 % of remains found at Pompeii were in the pyroclastic surge deposits , and thus were probably killed by them . It was initially believed that due to the state of the bodies found at Pompeii and the outline of clothes on the bodies it was unlikely that high temperatures were a significant cause . But in 2010 , studies indicated that during the fourth pyroclastic surge -- the first surge to reach Pompeii -- temperatures reached 300 ° C ( 572 ° F ) . Volcanologist Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo , who led the study noted that `` ( It was ) enough to kill hundreds of people in a fraction of a second '' . In reference as to why the bodies were frozen in suspended action , `` The contorted postures are not the effects of a long agony , but of the cadaveric spasm , a consequence of heat shock on corpses . '' </P> <P> Herculaneum , which was much closer to the crater , was saved from tephra falls by the wind direction , but was buried under 23 metres ( 75 ft ) of material deposited by pyroclastic surges . It is likely that most , or all , of the known victims in this town were killed by the surges , particularly given evidence of high temperatures found on the skeletons of the victims found in the arched vaults , and the existence of carbonised wood in many of the buildings . </P> <P> These people were all caught on the former seashore by the first surge and died of thermal shock but not of carbonization , although some were partly carbonized by later and hotter surges . The arched vaults were most likely boathouses , as the crossbeams in the overhead were probably for the suspension of boats . No boats have been found , indicating they may have been used for the earlier escape of some of the population . The rest were concentrated in the chambers at a density of as high as 3 persons per square meter . As only 85 metres ( 279 ft ) of the coast have been excavated , the casualties waiting to be excavated may well be as high as the thousands . </P> <H2> Date of the eruption ( edit ) </H2> <P> The year of the eruption is pinned to AD 79 by references in contemporary Roman writers , a number of them apart from Pliny the Younger , and has never been seriously questioned . It is determined by the well - known events of the reign of Titus . Vespasian died that year . When Titus visited Pompeii to give orders for the relief of the displaced population , he was the sole ruler . In the year after the eruption , AD 80 , he faced another disaster , a great fire at Rome . </P> <P> The time of year is stated once in one historical document , the first letter of Pliny the Younger to Tacitus , where it appears as `` nonum kal . Septembres '' . This seems to be an abbreviation of a standard date , to be interpreted as `` the ninth day before the Kalends of September '' , which in the Julian calendar , in general use by then , would have been eight days before September 1 , that is August 24 ( the Romans counted September 1 as one of the nine ) . </P> <P> August 24 is not necessarily the date given by Pliny . It represents an editorial collusion to use the manuscript text of Pliny 's letters in the Medicean Laurentian Library , which also appears in the edition printed by Aldus Manutius ( 1508 ) and in all recensions since then , even though the numerous other Pliny manuscripts , as well as the works of other authors , offer many alternative dates . Unfortunately , the portion of Tacitus ' Histories in which he most likely made specific use of the letter -- requested for that purpose from his friend Pliny -- and where he would have mentioned the date , does not survive ; although Tacitus would have made use of Pliny 's letter , the textual traditions of the two works , with their likely references to the date , would have been completely separate and not contaminated by each other . Since the textual tradition of any of Tacitus ' works through the Middle Ages , up to the first printed editions , is much slimmer than that of Pliny 's letters , and rests directly on relatively early textual witnesses ( although the direct parent codices of these have been lost ) the risk of multiple scribal errors and variants of the date creeping in would have been much smaller for this lost Tacitus text . </P> <P> Archaeological dissent from this view began with the work of Carlo Maria Rosini in 1797 , to be followed by a succession of archaeologists putting forward evidence to the contrary , though mainstream scholarly opinion has long been in favour of August 24 . Discussion on the subject has increased somewhat in recent years . Some of the archaeological evidence from Pompeii does suggest that the town may likely have been buried about two or three months later . For example , people interred in the ashes appear to be wearing warmer clothing than the light summer clothes that would be expected in August . The fresh fruit , olives , and vegetables in the shops are typical of October , and conversely the summer fruit that would have been typical of August was already being sold in dried , or conserved form . Wine fermenting jars had been sealed over , and this would have happened around the end of October . The coins found in the purse of a woman buried in the ash include a commemorative coin that should have been minted at the end of September . </P> <P> A 2007 study by Rolandi , De Lascio , and Stefani of 20 years of data concerning wind direction at meteorological stations in Rome and Brindisi established wind patterns in the Vesuvius area above 14 kilometres ( 46,000 ft ) with more precision than was previously known . From June through August the winds blow strongly from the west , for the rest of the time , from the east . This fact was known , but the easterly winds of the eruption were considered anomalous in August , caused ( conjecturally ) by the weak and shifting winds of the transition . The authors argued that the winds of 79 produced long depositional patterns and therefore would not have been this weak , and that the transition occurs in September , not August ( their reference data , though , is from modern weather observations and might not match the patterns of those same months in antiquity with precision ) . The authors therefore reject the August date as being inconsistent with the patterns of nature . </P> <P> The rejection is not of Pliny 's eyewitness account or of Pliny 's date , as transmitted in the text read in modern times . The rejection focuses on manuscript variants looking for possible sources of copyist alteration of Pliny 's date . In some ancient and medieval manuscripts of other authors , the month has been omitted . If some original had no month , then the copyists may have felt obliged to provide one , but chose wrongly . Rolandi et al. suggest an original date of a.d. IX kal dec ( November 23 ) or a.d. ix kal nov ( October 24 ) more in line with the evidence of weather observations and wind patterns . The question remains an open one , and different reliable scholarly sources ( modern secondary sources and discussions ) continue to propose different dates . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andrew Wallace - Hadrill ( October 15 , 2010 ) . `` Pompeii : Portents of Disaster '' . BBC History . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Science : Man of Pompeii '' . Time . October 15 , 1956 . Retrieved February 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martini , Kirk ( September 1998 ) . `` Chapter 2 : Identifying Potential Damage Events '' . Patterns of Reconstruction at Pompeii . Pompeii Forum Project , Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities ( IATH ) , University of Virginia . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jones , Rick ( 28 September 2007 ) . `` Visiting Pompeii -- AD 79 -- Vesuvius explodes '' . Current Archeology . London : Current Publishing . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sigurdsson 2002 , p. 35 on Seneca the Younger , Natural Questions , 6.1 , 6.27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Suetonius , C. Tranquillus ( 1914 ) ( 121 ) . `` 20 '' . The Life of Nero . The Lives of the Caesars . Loeb Classical Library , William P. Thayer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tacitus , Publius Cornelius ( 1864 -- 1877 ) ( 117 ) . `` Book 15.22 '' . The Annals . Modern Library , The Internet Sacred Text Archive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The dates of the earthquakes and of the eruption are contingent on a final determination of the time of year , but there is no reason to change the relative sequence . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pliny the Younger , Epistulae VI. 16 & VI. 20 '' . Ancient Literature . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sigurdsson , Haraldur ; Cashdollar , Stanford ; Sparks , R. Stephen J. ( January 1982 ) . `` The Eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79 : Reconstruction from Historical and Volcanological Evidence '' . American Journal of Archaeology . American Journal of Archaeology , Vol. 86 , No. 1 . 86 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 51 . JSTOR 504292 . doi : 10.2307 / 504292 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sigurdsson 2002 , pp. 42 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , pp. 9 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zanella 2007 , p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ His 18th year by Roman reckoning , as they counted the first 12 months as the first year . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C. Plinii Caecilii Secundi . `` Liber Sextus ; 16 & 20 '' . Epistularum . The Latin Library . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pliny the Younger ( 1909 ) . Eliot , Charles W. , ed . `` Letters LXV . To Tacitus '' . The Harvard Classics . IX Part 4 . New York : Bartleby . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pliny the Younger ( 1909 ) . Eliot , Charles W. , ed . `` Letters LXVI . To Cornelius Tacitus '' . The Harvard Classics . IX Part 4 . New York : Bartleby . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pliny the Younger . `` VI. 16 To Tacitus '' . Letters . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard V. Fisher and volunteers . `` Derivation of the name `` Plinian '' `` . The Volcano Information Center , Department of Geological Sciences , University of California , Santa Barbara . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Janick , Jules ( 2002 ) . `` Lecture 19 : Greek , Carthaginian , and Roman Agricultural Writers '' . History of Horticulture . Purdue University . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephus , Flavius . `` xx. 7.2 '' . Jewish Antiquities . Also known to have been mentioned in a section now lost . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Giacomelli , Lisetta ; Perrotta , Annamaria ; Scandone , Roberto ; Scarpati , Claudio ( September 2003 ) . `` The eruption of Vesuvius of 79 AD and its impact on human environment in Pompei '' ( PDF ) . Episodes. 26 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soprintendenza archeologica di Pompei ( 2007 ) . `` Pompeii , Stories from an eruption : Herculaneum '' . Chicago : The Field Museum of Natural History . Archived from the original on March 18 , 2009 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Valsecchi , Maria Cristina ( November 2 , 2010 ) . `` Pompeiians Flash - Heated to Death -- ' No Time to Suffocate ' '' . National Geographic News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sigurdsson & Carey 2002 , pp. 55 -- 57 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rolandi 2008 , p. 94 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grant , Michael , ed. ( 1958 ) . Latin Literature , an Anthology . Harmondsworth , UK : Penguin Books . p. 378 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rolandi 2008 , p. 95 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rolandi 2008 , p. 96 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rolandi , G. ; Paone , A. ; De Lascio , M. ; Stefani , G. ( 2008 ) . `` The 79 AD eruption of Somma : the relationship between the date of the eruption and the southeast tephra dispersion '' . Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . 169 : 87 -- 98 . Bibcode : 2008JVGR ... 169 ... 87R . doi : 10.1016 / j. jvolgeores. 2007.08. 020 . </Li> <Li> Sigurdsson , Haraldur ( 2002 ) . `` Mount Vesuvius before the Disaster '' . In Jashemski , Wilhelmina Mary Feemster ; Meyer , Frederick Gustav . The natural history of Pompeii . Cambridge UK : The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 29 -- 36 . </Li> <Li> Sigurdsson , Haraldur ; Carey , Steven ( 2002 ) . `` The Eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79 '' . In Jashemski , Wilhelmina Mary Feemster ; Meyer , Frederick Gustav . The natural history of Pompeii . Cambridge UK : The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge . pp. 37 -- 64 . </Li> <Li> Zanella , E. ; Gurioli , L. ; Pareschi , M.T. ; Lanza , R. ( 2007 ) . `` Influences of urban fabric on pyroclastic density currents at Pompeii ( Italy ) : Part II : temperature of the deposits and hazard implications '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Geophysical Research . 112 ( 112 ) : B05214 . Bibcode : 2007JGRB ... 112.5214 Z . doi : 10.1029 / 2006JB004775 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> AD79 Destruction and Rediscovery Information on the eruption , the locations destroyed , and subsequent rediscovery . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pompeii </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pompei </Li> <Li> Mount Vesuvius </Li> <Li> 62 Pompeii earthquake </Li> <Li> Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Villas of Pompeii </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Villa of the Mysteries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Domus of Pompeii </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> House of the Faun </Li> <Li> House of Sallust </Li> <Li> House of the Centenary </Li> <Li> House of Julia Felix </Li> <Li> House of Loreius Tiburtinus </Li> <Li> House of Menander </Li> <Li> House of the surgeon </Li> <Li> House of the Silver Wedding </Li> <Li> House of the Tragic Poet </Li> <Li> House of the Vettii </Li> <Li> Lupanar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Public buildings of Pompeii </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aqua Augusta </Li> <Li> Macellum of Pompeii </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recreational buildings of Pompeii </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amphitheatre </Li> <Li> Suburban Baths </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Temples of Pompeii </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Temple of Apollo </Li> <Li> Temple of Isis </Li> <Li> Temple of Jupiter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other sites destroyed in the 79 Eruption </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Herculaneum <Ul> <Li> Villa of the Papyri </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oplontis <Ul> <Li> Villa Poppaea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stabiae </Li> <Li> Villa Boscoreale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Archaeological Museum </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Naples National Archaeological Museum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Art in Pompeii </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Achilles and Briseis </Li> <Li> Alexander Mosaic </Li> <Li> Portrait of Paquius Proculo </Li> <Li> Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum </Li> <Li> Pompeian Styles </Li> <Li> Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum </Li> <Li> Pompeii in popular culture </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79&oldid=808241592 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mount Vesuvius </Li> <Li> 1st century in Italy </Li> <Li> 1st - century natural disasters </Li> <Li> 79 </Li> <Li> 70s in the Roman Empire </Li> <Li> Volcanic events </Li> <Li> Natural disasters in Italy </Li> <Li> Herculaneum ( ancient city ) </Li> <Li> Pompeii ( ancient city ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2014 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 November 2017 , at 18 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Cell membrane - wikipedia <H1> Cell membrane </H1> <P> </P> Illustration of a Eukaryotic cell membrane Comparison of Eukaryotes vs. Prokaryotes <P> The cell membrane ( also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane , and historically referred to as the plasmalemma ) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment ( the extracellular space ) . It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins . The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings . The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles . In this way , it is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules . In addition , cell membranes are involved in a variety of cellular processes such as cell adhesion , ion conductivity and cell signalling and serve as the attachment surface for several extracellular structures , including the cell wall , the carbohydrate layer called the glycocalyx , and the intracellular network of protein fibers called the cytoskeleton . In the field of synthetic biology , cell membranes can be artificially reassembled . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Composition <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Lipids </Li> <Li> 2.2 Phospholipids forming lipid vesicles </Li> <Li> 2.3 Carbohydrates </Li> <Li> 2.4 Proteins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Function </Li> <Li> 4 Prokaryotes </Li> <Li> 5 Structures <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Fluid mosaic model </Li> <Li> 5.2 Lipid bilayer </Li> <Li> 5.3 Membrane polarity </Li> <Li> 5.4 Membrane structures </Li> <Li> 5.5 Cytoskeleton </Li> <Li> 5.6 Intracellular membranes </Li> <Li> 5.7 Variations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Permeability </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History </H2> Main article : History of cell membrane theory <P> While Robert Hooke 's discovery of cells in 1665 led to the proposal of the Cell Theory , Hooke misled the cell membrane theory that all cells contained a hard cell wall since only plant cells could be observed at the time . Microscopists focused on the cell wall for well over 150 years until advances in microscopy were made . In the early 19th century , cells were recognized as being separate entities , unconnected , and bound by individual cell walls after it was found that plant cells could be separated . This theory extended to include animal cells to suggest a universal mechanism for cell protection and development . By the second half of the 19th century , microscopy was still not advanced enough to make a distinction between cell membranes and cell walls . However , some microscopists correctly identified at this time that while invisible , it could be inferred that cell membranes existed in animal cells due to intracellular movement of components internally but not externally and that membranes were n't the equivalent of a cell wall to plant cell . It was also inferred that cell membranes were n't vital components to all cells . Many refuted the existence of a cell membrane still towards the end of the 19th century . In 1890 , an update to the Cell Theory stated that cell membranes existed , but were merely secondary structures . It was n't until later studies with osmosis and permeability that cell membranes gained more recognition . In 1895 , Ernest Overton proposed that cell membranes were made of lipids . </P> <P> The lipid bilayer hypothesis , proposed in 1925 by Gorter and Grendel , created speculation to the description of the cell membrane bilayer structure based on crystallographic studies and soap bubble observations . In an attempt to accept or reject the hypothesis , researchers measured membrane thickness . In 1925 it was determined by Fricke that the thickness of erythrocyte and yeast cell membranes ranged between 3.3 and 4 nm , a thickness compatible with a lipid monolayer . The choice of the dielectric constant used in these studies was called into question but future tests could not disprove the results of the initial experiment . Independently , the leptoscope was invented in order to measure very thin membranes by comparing the intensity of light reflected from a sample to the intensity of a membrane standard of known thickness . The instrument could resolve thicknesses that depended on pH measurements and the presence of membrane proteins that ranged from 8.6 to 23.2 nm , with the lower measurements supporting the lipid bilayer hypothesis . Later in the 1930s , the membrane structure model developed in general agreement to be the paucimolecular model of Davson and Danielli ( 1935 ) . This model was based on studies of surface tension between oils and echinoderm eggs . Since the surface tension values appeared to be much lower than would be expected for an oil -- water interface , it was assumed that some substance was responsible for lowering the interfacial tensions in the surface of cells . It was suggested that a lipid bilayer was in between two thin protein layers . The paucimolecular model immediately became popular and it dominated cell membrane studies for the following 30 years , until it became rivaled by the fluid mosaic model of Singer and Nicolson ( 1972 ) . </P> <P> Despite the numerous models of the cell membrane proposed prior to the fluid mosaic model , it remains the primary archetype for the cell membrane long after its inception in the 1970s . Although the fluid mosaic model has been modernized to detail contemporary discoveries , the basics have remained constant : the membrane is a lipid bilayer composed of hydrophilic exterior heads and a hydrophobic interior where proteins can interact with hydrophilic heads through polar interactions , but proteins that span the bilayer fully or partially have hydrophobic amino acids that interact with the non-polar lipid interior . The fluid mosaic model not only provided an accurate representation of membrane mechanics , it enhanced the study of hydrophobic forces , which would later develop into an essential descriptive limitation to describe biological macromolecules . </P> <P> For many centuries , the scientists cited disagreed with the significance of the structure they were seeing as the cell membrane . For almost two centuries , the membranes were seen but mostly disregarded this as an important structure with cellular function . It was not until the 20th century that the significance of the cell membrane as it was acknowledged . Finally , two scientists Gorter and Grendel ( 1925 ) made the discovery that the membrane is `` lipid - based '' . From this , they furthered the idea that this structure would have to be in a formation that mimicked layers . Once studied further , it was found by comparing the sum of the cell surfaces and the surfaces of the lipids , a 2 : 1 ratio was estimated ; thus , providing the first basis of the bilayer structure known today . This discovery initiated many new studies that arose globally within various fields of scientific studies , confirming that the structure and functions of the cell membrane are widely accepted . </P> <P> The structure has been variously referred to by different writers as the ectoplast ( de Vries , 1885 ) , Plasmahaut ( plasma skin , Pfeffer , 1877 , 1891 ) , Hautschicht ( skin layer , Pfeffer , 1886 ; used with a different meaning by Hofmeister , 1867 ) , plasmatic membrane ( Pfeffer , 1900 ) , plasma membrane , cytoplasmic membrane , cell envelope and cell membrane . Some authors who did not believe that there was a functional permeable boundary at the surface of the cell preferred to use the term plasmalemma ( coined by Mast , 1924 ) for the external region of the cell . </P> <H2> Composition </H2> <P> Cell membranes contain a variety of biological molecules , notably lipids and proteins . Composition is not set , but constantly changing for fluidity and changes in the environment , even fluctuating during different stages of cell development . Specifically , the amount of cholesterol in human primary neuron cell membrane changes , and this change in composition affects fluidity throughout development stages . </P> <P> Material is incorporated into the membrane , or deleted from it , by a variety of mechanisms : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fusion of intracellular vesicles with the membrane ( exocytosis ) not only excretes the contents of the vesicle but also incorporates the vesicle membrane 's components into the cell membrane . The membrane may form blebs around extracellular material that pinch off to become vesicles ( endocytosis ) . </Li> <Li> If a membrane is continuous with a tubular structure made of membrane material , then material from the tube can be drawn into the membrane continuously . </Li> <Li> Although the concentration of membrane components in the aqueous phase is low ( stable membrane components have low solubility in water ) , there is an exchange of molecules between the lipid and aqueous phases . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Lipids </H3> Examples of the major membrane phospholipids and glycolipids : phosphatidylcholine ( PtdCho ) , phosphatidylethanolamine ( PtdEtn ) , phosphatidylinositol ( PtdIns ) , phosphatidylserine ( PtdSer ) . <P> The cell membrane consists of three classes of amphipathic lipids : phospholipids , glycolipids , and sterols . The amount of each depends upon the type of cell , but in the majority of cases phospholipids are the most abundant , often contributing for over 50 % of all lipids in plasma membranes . Glycolipids only account for a minute amount of about 2 % and sterols make up the rest . In RBC studies , 30 % of the plasma membrane is lipid . However , for the majority of eukaryotic cells , the composition of plasma membranes is about half lipids and half proteins by weight . </P> <P> The fatty chains in phospholipids and glycolipids usually contain an even number of carbon atoms , typically between 16 and 20 . The 16 - and 18 - carbon fatty acids are the most common . Fatty acids may be saturated or unsaturated , with the configuration of the double bonds nearly always `` cis '' . The length and the degree of unsaturation of fatty acid chains have a profound effect on membrane fluidity as unsaturated lipids create a kink , preventing the fatty acids from packing together as tightly , thus decreasing the melting temperature ( increasing the fluidity ) of the membrane . The ability of some organisms to regulate the fluidity of their cell membranes by altering lipid composition is called homeoviscous adaptation . </P> <P> The entire membrane is held together via non-covalent interaction of hydrophobic tails , however the structure is quite fluid and not fixed rigidly in place . Under physiological conditions phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane are in the liquid crystalline state . It means the lipid molecules are free to diffuse and exhibit rapid lateral diffusion along the layer in which they are present . However , the exchange of phospholipid molecules between intracellular and extracellular leaflets of the bilayer is a very slow process . Lipid rafts and caveolae are examples of cholesterol - enriched microdomains in the cell membrane . Also , a fraction of the lipid in direct contact with integral membrane proteins , which is tightly bound to the protein surface is called annular lipid shell ; it behaves as a part of protein complex . </P> <P> In animal cells cholesterol is normally found dispersed in varying degrees throughout cell membranes , in the irregular spaces between the hydrophobic tails of the membrane lipids , where it confers a stiffening and strengthening effect on the membrane . Additionally , the amount of cholesterol in biological membranes varies between organisms , cell types , and even in individual cells . Cholesterol , a major component of animal plasma membranes , regulates the fluidity of the overall membrane , meaning that cholesterol controls the amount of movement of the various cell membrane components based on its concentrations . In high temperatures , cholesterol inhibits the movement of phospholipid fatty acid chains , causing a reduced permeability to small molecules and reduced membrane fluidity . The opposite is true for the role of cholesterol in cooler temperatures . Cholesterol production , and thus concentration , is up - regulated ( increased ) in response to cold temperature . At cold temperatures , cholesterol interferes with fatty acid chain interactions . Acting as antifreeze , cholesterol maintains the fluidity of the membrane . Cholesterol is more abundant in cold - weather animals than warm - weather animals . In plants , which lack cholesterol , related compounds called sterols perform the same function as cholesterol . </P> <H3> Phospholipids forming lipid vesicles </H3> <P> Lipid vesicles or liposomes are circular pockets that are enclosed by a lipid bilayer . These structures are used in laboratories to study the effects of chemicals in cells by delivering these chemicals directly to the cell , as well as getting more insight into cell membrane permeability . Lipid vesicles and liposomes are formed by first suspending a lipid in an aqueous solution then agitating the mixture through sonication , resulting in a vesicle . By measuring the rate of efflux from that of the inside of the vesicle to the ambient solution , allows researcher to better understand membrane permeability . Vesicles can be formed with molecules and ions inside the vesicle by forming the vesicle with the desired molecule or ion present in the solution . Proteins can also be embedded into the membrane through solubilizing the desired proteins in the presence of detergents and attaching them to the phospholipids in which the liposome is formed . These provide researchers with a tool to examine various membrane protein functions . </P> <H3> Carbohydrates </H3> <P> Plasma membranes also contain carbohydrates , predominantly glycoproteins , but with some glycolipids ( cerebrosides and gangliosides ) . Carbohydrates are important in the role of cell - cell recognition in eukaryotes ; they are located on the surface of the cell where they recognize host cells and share information , viruses that bind to cells using these receptors cause an infection For the most part , no glycosylation occurs on membranes within the cell ; rather generally glycosylation occurs on the extracellular surface of the plasma membrane . The glycocalyx is an important feature in all cells , especially epithelia with microvilli . Recent data suggest the glycocalyx participates in cell adhesion , lymphocyte homing , and many others . The penultimate sugar is galactose and the terminal sugar is sialic acid , as the sugar backbone is modified in the Golgi apparatus . Sialic acid carries a negative charge , providing an external barrier to charged particles . </P> <H3> Proteins </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Type </Td> <Td> Description </Td> <Td> Examples </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Integral proteins or transmembrane proteins </Td> <Td> Span the membrane and have a hydrophilic cytosolic domain , which interacts with internal molecules , a hydrophobic membrane - spanning domain that anchors it within the cell membrane , and a hydrophilic extracellular domain that interacts with external molecules . The hydrophobic domain consists of one , multiple , or a combination of α - helices and β sheet protein motifs . </Td> <Td> Ion channels , proton pumps , G protein - coupled receptor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lipid anchored proteins </Td> <Td> Covalently bound to single or multiple lipid molecules ; hydrophobically insert into the cell membrane and anchor the protein . The protein itself is not in contact with the membrane . </Td> <Td> G proteins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peripheral proteins </Td> <Td> Attached to integral membrane proteins , or associated with peripheral regions of the lipid bilayer . These proteins tend to have only temporary interactions with biological membranes , and once reacted , the molecule dissociates to carry on its work in the cytoplasm . </Td> <Td> Some enzymes , some hormones </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The cell membrane has large content of proteins , typically around 50 % of membrane volume These proteins are important for cell because they are responsible for various biological activities . Approximately a third of the genes in yeast code specifically for them , and this number is even higher in multicellular organisms . Membrane proteins consist of three main types : Integral proteins , peripheral proteins , and lipid - anchored proteins . </P> <P> As shown in the adjacent table , integral proteins are amphipathic transmembrane proteins . Examples of integral proteins include ion channels , proton pumps , and g - protein coupled receptors . Ion channels allow inorganic ions such as sodium , potassium , calcium , or chlorine to diffuse down their electrochemical gradient across the lipid bilayer through hydrophilic pores across the membrane . The electrical behavior of cells ( i.e. nerve cells ) are controlled by ion channels . Proton pumps are protein pumps that are embedded in the lipid bilayer that allow protons to travel through the membrane by transferring from one amino acid side chain to another . Processes such as electron transport and generating ATP use proton pumps . A G - protein coupled receptor is a single polypeptide chain that crosses the lipid bilayer seven times responding to signal molecules ( i.e. hormones and neurotransmitters ) . G - protein coupled receptors are used in processes such as cell to cell signaling , the regulation of the production of cAMP , and the regulation of ion channels . </P> <P> The cell membrane , being exposed to the outside environment , is an important site of cell -- cell communication . As such , a large variety of protein receptors and identification proteins , such as antigens , are present on the surface of the membrane . Functions of membrane proteins can also include cell -- cell contact , surface recognition , cytoskeleton contact , signaling , enzymatic activity , or transporting substances across the membrane . </P> <P> Most membrane proteins must be inserted in some way into the membrane . For this to occur , an N - terminus `` signal sequence '' of amino acids directs proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum , which inserts the proteins into a lipid bilayer . Once inserted , the proteins are then transported to their final destination in vesicles , where the vesicle fuses with the target membrane . </P> <H2> Function </H2> A detailed diagram of the cell membrane Illustration depicting cellular diffusion <P> The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of living cells , physically separating the intracellular components from the extracellular environment . The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell , and in attaching to the extracellular matrix and other cells to hold them together to form tissues . Fungi , bacteria , most archaea , and plants also have a cell wall , which provides a mechanical support to the cell and precludes the passage of larger molecules . </P> <P> The cell membrane is selectively permeable and able to regulate what enters and exits the cell , thus facilitating the transport of materials needed for survival . The movement of substances across the membrane can be either `` passive '' , occurring without the input of cellular energy , or `` active '' , requiring the cell to expend energy in transporting it . The membrane also maintains the cell potential . The cell membrane thus works as a selective filter that allows only certain things to come inside or go outside the cell . The cell employs a number of transport mechanisms that involve biological membranes : </P> <P> 1 . Passive osmosis and diffusion : Some substances ( small molecules , ions ) such as carbon dioxide ( CO ) and oxygen ( O ) , can move across the plasma membrane by diffusion , which is a passive transport process . Because the membrane acts as a barrier for certain molecules and ions , they can occur in different concentrations on the two sides of the membrane . Diffusion occurs when small molecules and ions move freely from high concentration to low concentration in order to equilibrate the membrane . It is considered a passive transport process because it does not require energy and is propelled by the concentration gradient created by each side of the membrane . Such a concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane sets up an osmotic flow for the water . Osmosis , in biological systems involves a solvent , moving through a semipermeable membrane similarly to passive diffusion as the solvent still moves with the concentration gradient and requires no energy . While water is the most common solvent in cell , it can also be other liquids as well as supercritical liquids and gases . </P> <P> 2 . Transmembrane protein channels and transporters : Transmembrane proteins extend through the lipid bilayer of the membranes ; they function on both sides of the membrane to transport molecules across it . Nutrients , such as sugars or amino acids , must enter the cell , and certain products of metabolism must leave the cell . Such molecules can diffuse passively through protein channels such as aquaporins in facilitated diffusion or are pumped across the membrane by transmembrane transporters . Protein channel proteins , also called permeases , are usually quite specific , and they only recognize and transport a limited variety of chemical substances , often limited to a single substance . Another example of a transmembrane protein is a cell - surface receptor , which allow cell signaling molecules to communicate between cells . </P> <P> 3 . Endocytosis : Endocytosis is the process in which cells absorb molecules by engulfing them . The plasma membrane creates a small deformation inward , called an invagination , in which the substance to be transported is captured. This invagination is caused by proteins on the outside on the cell membrane , acting as receptors and clustering into depressions that eventually promote accumulation of more proteins and lipids on the cytosolic side of the membrane . The deformation then pinches off from the membrane on the inside of the cell , creating a vesicle containing the captured substance . Endocytosis is a pathway for internalizing solid particles ( `` cell eating '' or phagocytosis ) , small molecules and ions ( `` cell drinking '' or pinocytosis ) , and macromolecules . Endocytosis requires energy and is thus a form of active transport . </P> <P> 4 . Exocytosis : Just as material can be brought into the cell by invagination and formation of a vesicle , the membrane of a vesicle can be fused with the plasma membrane , extruding its contents to the surrounding medium . This is the process of exocytosis . Exocytosis occurs in various cells to remove undigested residues of substances brought in by endocytosis , to secrete substances such as hormones and enzymes , and to transport a substance completely across a cellular barrier . In the process of exocytosis , the undigested waste - containing food vacuole or the secretory vesicle budded from Golgi apparatus , is first moved by cytoskeleton from the interior of the cell to the surface . The vesicle membrane comes in contact with the plasma membrane . The lipid molecules of the two bilayers rearrange themselves and the two membranes are , thus , fused . A passage is formed in the fused membrane and the vesicles discharges its contents outside the cell </P> <H2> Prokaryotes </H2> <P> Prokaryotes are divided into two different groups , Archaea and Bacteria , with bacteria dividing further into gram - positive and gram - negative . Gram - negative bacteria have both a plasma membrane and an outer membrane separated by periplasm , however , other prokaryotes have only a plasma membrane . These two membranes differ in many aspects . The outer membrane of the gram - negative bacteria differ from other prokaryotes due to phospholipids forming the exterior of the bilayer , and lipoproteins and phospholipids forming the interior . The outer membrane typically has a porous quality due to its presence of membrane proteins , such as gram - negative porins , which are pore - forming proteins . The inner , plasma membrane is also generally symmetric whereas the outer membrane is asymmetric because of proteins such as the aforementioned . Also , for the prokaryotic membranes , there are multiple things that can affect the fluidity . One of the major factors that can affect the fluidity is fatty acid composition . For example , when the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus was grown in 37 C for 24h , the membrane exhibited a more fluid state instead of a gel - like state . This supports the concept that in higher temperatures , the membrane is more fluid than in colder temperatures . When the membrane is becoming more fluid and needs to become more stabilized , it will make longer fatty acid chains or saturated fatty acid chains in order to help stabilize the membrane . Bacteria are also surrounded by a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan ( amino acids and sugars ) . Some eukaryotic cells also have cell walls , but none that are made of peptidoglycan . The outer membrane of gram negative bacteria is rich in lipopolysaccharides , which are combined poly - or oligosaccharide and carbohydrate lipid regions that stimulate the cell 's natural immunity . The outer membrane can bleb out into periplasmic protrusions under stress conditions or upon virulence requirements while encountering a host target cell , and thus such blebs may work as virulence organelles . Bacterial cells provide numerous examples of the diverse ways in which prokaryotic cell membranes are adapted with structures that suit the organism 's niche . For example , proteins on the surface of certain bacterial cells aid in their gliding motion . Many gram - negative bacteria have cell membranes which contain ATP - driven protein exporting systems . </P> <H2> Structures </H2> <H3> Fluid mosaic model </H3> <P> According to the fluid mosaic model of S.J. Singer and G.L. Nicolson ( 1972 ) , which replaced the earlier model of Davson and Danielli , biological membranes can be considered as a two - dimensional liquid in which lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less easily . Although the lipid bilayers that form the basis of the membranes do indeed form two - dimensional liquids by themselves , the plasma membrane also contains a large quantity of proteins , which provide more structure . Examples of such structures are protein - protein complexes , pickets and fences formed by the actin - based cytoskeleton , and potentially lipid rafts . </P> <H3> Lipid bilayer </H3> Diagram of the arrangement of amphipathic lipid molecules to form a lipid bilayer . The yellow polar head groups separate the grey hydrophobic tails from the aqueous cytosolic and extracellular environments . <P> Lipid bilayers form through the process of self - assembly . The cell membrane consists primarily of a thin layer of amphipathic phospholipids that spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic `` tail '' regions are isolated from the surrounding water while the hydrophilic `` head '' regions interact with the intracellular ( cytosolic ) and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer . This forms a continuous , spherical lipid bilayer . Hydrophobic interactions ( also known as the hydrophobic effect ) are the major driving forces in the formation of lipid bilayers . An increase in interactions between hydrophobic molecules ( causing clustering of hydrophobic regions ) allows water molecules to bond more freely with each other , increasing the entropy of the system . This complex interaction can include noncovalent interactions such as van der Waals , electrostatic and hydrogen bonds . </P> <P> Lipid bilayers are generally impermeable to ions and polar molecules . The arrangement of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails of the lipid bilayer prevent polar solutes ( ex. amino acids , nucleic acids , carbohydrates , proteins , and ions ) from diffusing across the membrane , but generally allows for the passive diffusion of hydrophobic molecules . This affords the cell the ability to control the movement of these substances via transmembrane protein complexes such as pores , channels and gates . Flippases and scramblases concentrate phosphatidyl serine , which carries a negative charge , on the inner membrane . Along with NANA , this creates an extra barrier to charged moieties moving through the membrane . </P> <P> Membranes serve diverse functions in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells . One important role is to regulate the movement of materials into and out of cells . The phospholipid bilayer structure ( fluid mosaic model ) with specific membrane proteins accounts for the selective permeability of the membrane and passive and active transport mechanisms . In addition , membranes in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotes facilitate the synthesis of ATP through chemiosmosis . </P> <H3> Membrane polarity </H3> See also : Epithelial polarity Alpha intercalated cell <P> The apical membrane of a polarized cell is the surface of the plasma membrane that faces inward to the lumen . This is particularly evident in epithelial and endothelial cells , but also describes other polarized cells , such as neurons . The basolateral membrane of a polarized cell is the surface of the plasma membrane that forms its basal and lateral surfaces . It faces outwards , towards the interstitium , and away from the lumen . Basolateral membrane is a compound phrase referring to the terms `` basal ( base ) membrane '' and `` lateral ( side ) membrane '' , which , especially in epithelial cells , are identical in composition and activity . Proteins ( such as ion channels and pumps ) are free to move from the basal to the lateral surface of the cell or vice versa in accordance with the fluid mosaic model . Tight junctions join epithelial cells near their apical surface to prevent the migration of proteins from the basolateral membrane to the apical membrane . The basal and lateral surfaces thus remain roughly equivalent to one another , yet distinct from the apical surface . </P> <H3> Membrane structures </H3> Diagram of the Cell Membrane 's structures and their function . <P> Cell membrane can form different types of `` supramembrane '' structures such as caveola , postsynaptic density , podosome , invadopodium , focal adhesion , and different types of cell junctions . These structures are usually responsible for cell adhesion , communication , endocytosis and exocytosis . They can be visualized by electron microscopy or fluorescence microscopy . They are composed of specific proteins , such as integrins and cadherins . </P> <H3> Cytoskeleton </H3> <P> The cytoskeleton is found underlying the cell membrane in the cytoplasm and provides a scaffolding for membrane proteins to anchor to , as well as forming organelles that extend from the cell . Indeed , cytoskeletal elements interact extensively and intimately with the cell membrane . Anchoring proteins restricts them to a particular cell surface -- for example , the apical surface of epithelial cells that line the vertebrate gut -- and limits how far they may diffuse within the bilayer . The cytoskeleton is able to form appendage - like organelles , such as cilia , which are microtubule - based extensions covered by the cell membrane , and filopodia , which are actin - based extensions . These extensions are ensheathed in membrane and project from the surface of the cell in order to sense the external environment and / or make contact with the substrate or other cells . The apical surfaces of epithelial cells are dense with actin - based finger - like projections known as microvilli , which increase cell surface area and thereby increase the absorption rate of nutrients . Localized decoupling of the cytoskeleton and cell membrane results in formation of a bleb . </P> <H3> Intracellular membranes </H3> <P> The content of the cell , inside the cell membrane , is composed of numerous membrane - bound organelles , which contribute to the overall function of the cell . The origin , structure , and function of each organelle leads to a large variation in the cell composition due to the individual uniqueness associated with each organelle . </P> <Ul> <Li> Mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered to have evolved from bacteria , known as the endosymbiotic theory . This theory arose from the idea that Paracoccus and Rhodopseaudomonas , types of bacteria , share similar functions to mitochondria and blue - green algae , or cyanobacteria , share similar functions to chloroplasts . The endosymbiotic theory proposes that through the course of evolution , a eukaryotic cell engulfed these 2 types of bacteria , leading to the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts inside eukaryotic cells . This engulfment lead to the 2 membranes systems of these organelles in which the outer membrane originated from the host 's plasma membrane and the inner membrane was the endosymbiont 's plasma membrane . Considering that mitochondria and chloroplasts both contain their own DNA is further support that both of these organelles evolved from engulfed bacteria that thrived inside a eukaryotic cell . </Li> <Li> In eukaryotic cells , the nuclear membrane separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm of the cell . The nuclear membrane is formed by an inner and outer membrane , providing the strict regulation of materials in to and out of the nucleus . Materials move between the cytosol and the nucleus through nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane . If a cell 's nucleus is more active in transcription , its membrane will have more pores . The protein composition of the nucleus can vary greatly from the cytosol as many proteins are unable to cross through pores via diffusion . Within the nuclear membrane , the inner and outer membranes vary in protein composition , and only the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum ( ER ) membrane . Like the ER , the outer membrane also possesses ribosomes responsible for producing and transporting proteins into the space between the two membranes . The nuclear membrane disassembles during the early stages of mitosis and reassembles in later stages of mitosis . </Li> <Li> The ER , which is part of the endomembrane system , which makes up a very large portion of the cell 's total membrane content . The ER is an enclosed network of tubules and sacs , and its main functions include protein synthesis , and lipid metabolism . There are 2 types of ER , smooth and rough . The rough ER has ribosomes attached to it used for protein synthesis , while the smooth ER is used more for the processing of toxins and calcium regulation in the cell . </Li> <Li> The Golgi apparatus has two interconnected round Golgi cisternae . Compartments of the apparatus forms multiple tubular - reticular networks responsible for organization , stack connection and cargo transport that display a continuous grape - like stringed vesicles ranging from 50 - 60 nm . The apparatus consists of three main compartments , a flat disc - shaped cisterna with tubular - reticular networks and vesicles . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Variations </H3> <P> The cell membrane has different lipid and protein compositions in distinct types of cells and may have therefore specific names for certain cell types . </P> <Ul> <Li> Sarcolemma in myocytes : `` Sarcolemma '' is the name given to the cell membrane of myocytes ( also known as muscle cells ) . Although the sarcolemma is similar to other cell membranes , it has other functions that set it apart . For instance , the sarcolemma transmits synaptic signals , helps generate action potentials , and is very involved in muscle contractions . Unlike other cell membranes , the sarcolemma makes up small channels called `` t - tubules '' that pass through the entirety of muscle cells . It has also been found that the average sarcolemma is 10 m thick as opposed to the 4 m thickness of a general cell membrane . </Li> <Li> Oolemma in oocytes : The oolemma of oocytes , or egg cells , are not consistent with a lipid bilayer as they lack a bilayer and do not consist of lipids . Rather , the structure has an inner layer , the fertilization envelope , and the exterior is made up of the vitelline layer , which is made up of glycoproteins ; however , channels and proteins are still present for their functions in the membrane . </Li> <Li> Axolemma : The specialized plasma membrane on the axons of nerve cells that is responsible for the generation of the action potential . It consists of a granular , densely packed lipid bilayer that works closely with the cytoskeleton components spectrin and actin . These cytoskeleton components are able to bind to and interact with transmembrane proteins in the axolemma . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Permeability </H2> <P> The permeability of a membrane is the rate of passive diffusion of molecules through the membrane . These molecules are known as permeant molecules . Permeability depends mainly on the electric charge and polarity of the molecule and to a lesser extent the molar mass of the molecule . Due to the cell membrane 's hydrophobic nature , small electrically neutral molecules pass through the membrane more easily than charged , large ones . The inability of charged molecules to pass through the cell membrane results in pH partition of substances throughout the fluid compartments of the body . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Annular lipid shell </Li> <Li> Artificial cell </Li> <Li> Bacterial cell structure </Li> <Li> Bangstad syndrome </Li> <Li> Cell cortex </Li> <Li> Cell damage , including damage to cell membrane </Li> <Li> Cell theory </Li> <Li> Cytoneme </Li> <Li> Elasticity of cell membranes </Li> <Li> Gram - positive bacteria </Li> <Li> Membrane models </Li> <Li> Membrane nanotubule </Li> <Li> History of cell membrane theory </Li> <Li> Lipid raft </Li> <Li> Trogocytosis </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Kimball 's Biology pages Archived 2009 - 01 - 25 at the Wayback Machine. , Cell Membranes </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singleton P ( 1999 ) . 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Lippincott - Raven . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , MO ( 1998 ) . `` The role of the axolemma in the initiation of traumatically induced axonal injury '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Neurology , Neuroscience & Psychiatry . 68 : 285 -- 287 . PMC 2169978 . PMID 9527135 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cell membrane . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiversity has learning resources about The Cell Membrane </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Lipids , Membranes and Vesicle Trafficking - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology </Li> <Li> Cell membrane protein extraction protocol </Li> <Li> Membrane homeostasis , tension regulation , mechanosensitive membrane exchange and membrane traffic </Li> <Li> 3D structures of proteins associated with plasma membrane of eukaryotic cells </Li> <Li> Lipid composition and proteins of some eukariotic membranes </Li> <Li> ( 4 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Structures of the cell / organelles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Endomembrane system </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cell membrane </Li> <Li> Nucleus </Li> <Li> Endoplasmic reticulum </Li> <Li> Golgi apparatus </Li> <Li> Parenthesome </Li> <Li> Autophagosome </Li> <Li> Vesicles <Ul> <Li> Exosome </Li> <Li> Lysosome </Li> <Li> Endosome </Li> <Li> Phagosome </Li> <Li> Vacuole </Li> <Li> Acrosome </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cytoplasmic granules <Ul> <Li> Melanosome </Li> <Li> Microbody </Li> <Li> Glyoxysome </Li> <Li> Peroxisome </Li> <Li> Weibel -- Palade body </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cytoskeleton </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Microfilaments </Li> <Li> Intermediate filaments </Li> <Li> Microtubules </Li> <Li> Prokaryotic cytoskeleton </Li> <Li> MTOCs <Ul> <Li> Centrosome </Li> <Li> Centriole </Li> <Li> Basal body </Li> <Li> Spindle pole body </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Myofibril </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Endosymbionts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mitochondrion </Li> <Li> Plastids <Ul> <Li> Chloroplast </Li> <Li> Chromoplast </Li> <Li> Gerontoplast </Li> <Li> Leucoplast </Li> <Li> Amyloplast </Li> <Li> Elaioplast </Li> <Li> Proteinoplast </Li> <Li> Tannosome </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other internal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nucleolus </Li> <Li> RNA <Ul> <Li> Ribosome </Li> <Li> Spliceosome </Li> <Li> Vault </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cytoplasm <Ul> <Li> Cytosol </Li> <Li> Inclusions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Proteasome </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> External </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Undulipodium <Ul> <Li> Cilium </Li> <Li> Flagellum </Li> <Li> Axoneme </Li> <Li> Radial spoke </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extracellular matrix <Ul> <Li> Cell wall </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Structures of the cell membrane </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Membrane lipids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lipid bilayer </Li> <Li> Phospholipids </Li> <Li> Lipoproteins </Li> <Li> Sphingolipids </Li> <Li> Sterols </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Membrane proteins </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Membrane glycoproteins </Li> <Li> Integral membrane proteins / transmembrane protein </Li> <Li> Peripheral membrane protein / Lipid - anchored protein </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caveolae / Coated pits </Li> <Li> Cell junctions </Li> <Li> Glycocalyx </Li> <Li> Lipid raft / microdomains </Li> <Li> Membrane contact sites </Li> <Li> Membrane nanotubes </Li> <Li> Myelin sheath </Li> <Li> Nodes of Ranvier </Li> <Li> Nuclear envelope </Li> <Li> Phycobilisomes </Li> <Li> Porosomes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NDL : 00569973 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cell_membrane&oldid=852522006 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Membrane biology </Li> <Li> Organelles </Li> <Li> Cell anatomy </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2012 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Gaelg </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Basa Jawa </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Kreyòl ayisyen </Li> <Li> Kurdî </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Lumbaart </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Occitan </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ភាសា ខ្មែរ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Basa Sunda </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 64 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 July 2018 , at 15 : 35 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Nailed It ! - Wikipedia <H1> Nailed It ! </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Nailed It ! </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality television </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nicole Byer </Li> <Li> Jacques Torres </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 13 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 35 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) -- present ( present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nailed It ! is a Netflix original series which premiered on March 9 , 2018 . The series is a reality bake - off competition where three amateur bakers compete to replicate complicated cakes and confectionery in order to win a $10,000 cash prize and a nailed it trophy . A second season was released on June 29 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Hosts </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Season 1 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nailed It ! was inspired by the craze of people trying and failing to make elaborate cakes they found on the Internet . Three amateur bakers with demonstrated poor baking skills attempt to re-create edible masterpieces for a $10,000 prize . Competitors take part in two challenges over the course of the 35 - minute episodes . </P> <P> The first challenge is called `` Baker 's Choice , '' where the contestants pick one of three existing confectionery treats and try to recreate it . The winner of this challenge gets a special prize and is allowed to wear a golden chef 's hat . </P> <P> In the second challenge , `` Nail It or Fail It , '' contestants only have two hours to recreate a showstopping cake from scratch . They each receive a `` Panic Button '' which allows them to get three minutes of assistance from one of the judges . The worst performing baker from the first challenge gets a second button that varies depending on the episode . </P> <P> The three judges then decide on the winning cake based upon presentation and taste . The winner receives a trophy and the $10,000 dollar prize . </P> <H2> Hosts ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nicole Byer </Li> <Li> Jacques Torres </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="1"> Originally released </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The winners of each episode are listed in bold type . </P> <H3> Season 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Contestants </Th> <Th> Guest judge </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` First Date to Life Mate '' </Td> <Td> Elena , Heather and Michael </Td> <Td> Sylvia Weinstock </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Fantasyland '' </Td> <Td> Toni , Kevin and Amanda </Td> <Td> Zac Young </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Head Under Water '' </Td> <Td> Danielle , Sal and Maaz </Td> <Td> Valerie Gordon </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Weird Science '' </Td> <Td> Mike , Alexis and Megan </Td> <Td> Dave Arnold </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Big in Japan '' </Td> <Td> Rachel , Michelle and Dana </Td> <Td> Yolanda Gampp </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` In Your Face ! '' </Td> <Td> Anabell , Kyle and KymiT </Td> <Td> Jay Chandrasekhar </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Contestants </Th> <Th> Guest judge </Th> <Th> Original release date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` High Society '' </Td> <Td> Bethany House , Evan Peter and Jennifer Sterben </Td> <Td> Jon Gabrus </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Fictitious and Delicious '' </Td> <Td> Chris Elam , Kristina Black and Nicole Combs </Td> <Td> Ron Ben - Israel </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Tailgate , Failgate '' </Td> <Td> Mark Mendez , William Edwards and Leean Muns </Td> <Td> Johnny Hekker </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Holi - Daze '' </Td> <Td> Knephaunatoria Smith , Joelito Nunez and Erin Crocker </Td> <Td> Waylynn Lucas </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Zoo you Bake ? '' </Td> <Td> Kate Christenbury , Kelly Williams Bolar and John Carroll . </Td> <Td> Art Smith </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Out Of This World '' </Td> <Td> Ashley Jennings , Rosie Hatch and Felicia Ramos - Peters . </Td> <Td> Joshua John Russell </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Bonus : 3 , 2 , 1 ... Ya Done ! ! '' </Td> <Td> Bobby Berk , Tan France , Karamo Brown , Jonathan Van Ness . </Td> <Td> Antoni Porowski </Td> <Td> June 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> All six episodes of the first season were released on Netflix on March 9 , 2018 . The second season features six regular episodes and one bonus episode , and was released on Netflix on June 29 , 2018 . The season ends with a crossover special , featuring the `` Fab Five '' of Netflix 's Queer Eye series , with the series ' food and wine expert Antoni Porowski serving as guest judge . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Worboys , Audrey ( 10 March 2018 ) . `` LMFAO , There 's A New Netflix Show Exclusively For Cake Fails '' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( 10 March 2018 ) . `` Nailed It is the Netflix series about baking fails you did n't know you needed '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 12 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nailed It ! '' . Netflix.com . March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nailed It Season 2 '' . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Netflix original current series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Since 2013 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> House of Cards </Li> <Li> Orange Is the New Black </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Since 2014 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> BoJack Horseman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Since 2015 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt </Li> <Li> Chef 's Table </Li> <Li> Daredevil </Li> <Li> Grace and Frankie </Li> <Li> Club de Cuervos </Li> <Li> Project Mc </Li> <Li> Dinotrux </Li> <Li> Jessica Jones </Li> <Li> F Is for Family </Li> <Li> Making a Murderer </Li> <Li> Real Rob </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Since 2016 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Degrassi : Next Class </Li> <Li> Fuller House </Li> <Li> Lego Friends : The Power of Friendship </Li> <Li> Flaked </Li> <Li> The Ranch </Li> <Li> Kong : King of the Apes </Li> <Li> Voltron : Legendary Defender </Li> <Li> Word Party </Li> <Li> World of Winx </Li> <Li> Stranger Things </Li> <Li> Home : Adventures with Tip & Oh </Li> <Li> Last Chance U </Li> <Li> Beat Bugs </Li> <Li> Ask the StoryBots </Li> <Li> Kulipari : An Army of Frogs </Li> <Li> Easy </Li> <Li> Luke Cage </Li> <Li> Skylanders Academy </Li> <Li> The Crown </Li> <Li> 3 % </Li> <Li> Luna Petunia </Li> <Li> The OA </Li> <Li> Travelers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Since 2017 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> One Day at a Time </Li> <Li> A Series of Unfortunate Events </Li> <Li> Frontier </Li> <Li> Santa Clarita Diet </Li> <Li> Ultimate Beastmaster </Li> <Li> Legend Quest </Li> <Li> 21 Thunder </Li> <Li> Iron Fist </Li> <Li> Julie 's Greenroom </Li> <Li> Ingobernable </Li> <Li> 13 Reasons Why </Li> <Li> Mystery Science Theater 3000 : The Return </Li> <Li> Bill Nye Saves the World </Li> <Li> Dear White People </Li> <Li> Cable Girls </Li> <Li> Buddy Thunderstruck </Li> <Li> Spirit Riding Free </Li> <Li> Anne with an E </Li> <Li> Free Rein </Li> <Li> GLOW </Li> <Li> The Standups </Li> <Li> Castlevania </Li> <Li> Friends from College </Li> <Li> Ozark </Li> <Li> The Worst Witch </Li> <Li> Atypical </Li> <Li> True and the Rainbow Kingdom </Li> <Li> Greenhouse Academy </Li> <Li> The Confession Tapes </Li> <Li> American Vandal </Li> <Li> Neo Yokio </Li> <Li> Jack Whitehall : Travels with My Father </Li> <Li> Big Mouth </Li> <Li> The Magic School Bus Rides Again </Li> <Li> Suburra </Li> <Li> Mindhunter </Li> <Li> Super Monsters </Li> <Li> Cuando conocí al Chapo : La historia de Kate del Castillo </Li> <Li> Beyond Stranger Things </Li> <Li> The Punisher </Li> <Li> Shot in the Dark </Li> <Li> Stretch Armstrong and the Flex Fighters </Li> <Li> She 's Gotta Have It </Li> <Li> Dark </Li> <Li> Wormwood </Li> <Li> The Toys That Made Us </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Since 2018 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The End of the F * * * ing World </Li> <Li> My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman </Li> <Li> Trolls : The Beat Goes On ! </Li> <Li> Llama Llama </Li> <Li> The New Legends of Monkey </Li> <Li> Altered Carbon </Li> <Li> Dirty Money </Li> <Li> Queer Eye </Li> <Li> Ugly Delicious </Li> <Li> B : The Beginning </Li> <Li> Flint Town </Li> <Li> Girls Incarcerated </Li> <Li> A.I.C.O. - Incarnation - </Li> <Li> Nailed It ! </Li> <Li> On My Block </Li> <Li> Wild Wild Country </Li> <Li> Alexa & Katie </Li> <Li> The Mechanism </Li> <Li> Requiem </Li> <Li> Sword Gai : The Animation </Li> <Li> Lost Song </Li> <Li> Troy : Fall of a City </Li> <Li> The Boss Baby : Back in Business </Li> <Li> Fastest Car </Li> <Li> Lost in Space </Li> <Li> Aggretsuko </Li> <Li> Spy Kids : Mission Critical </Li> <Li> The Letdown </Li> <Li> A Little Help with Carol Burnett </Li> <Li> Busted ! </Li> <Li> The Rain </Li> <Li> The Who Was ? 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Gregorian calendar - wikipedia <H1> Gregorian calendar </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the calendar of religious holidays and periods , see Liturgical year . For this year 's Gregorian calendar , see Common year starting on Monday . <Table> 2018 in various calendars <Tr> <Td> Gregorian calendar </Td> <Td> 2018 MMXVIII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ab urbe condita </Td> <Td> 2771 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenian calendar </Td> <Td> 1467 ԹՎ ՌՆԿԷ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Assyrian calendar </Td> <Td> 6768 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bahá'í calendar </Td> <Td> 174 -- 175 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Balinese saka calendar </Td> <Td> 1939 -- 1940 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bengali calendar </Td> <Td> 1425 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Berber calendar </Td> <Td> 2968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British Regnal year </Td> <Td> 66 Eliz. 2 -- 67 Eliz. 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buddhist calendar </Td> <Td> 2562 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Burmese calendar </Td> <Td> 1380 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Byzantine calendar </Td> <Td> 7526 -- 7527 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chinese calendar </Td> <Td> 丁酉 年 ( Fire Rooster ) 4714 or 4654 -- to -- 戊戌 年 ( Earth Dog ) 4715 or 4655 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coptic calendar </Td> <Td> 1734 -- 1735 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Discordian calendar </Td> <Td> 3184 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ethiopian calendar </Td> <Td> 2010 -- 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hebrew calendar </Td> <Td> 5778 -- 5779 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hindu calendars </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - Vikram Samvat </Td> <Td> 2074 -- 2075 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - Shaka Samvat </Td> <Td> 1939 -- 1940 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - Kali Yuga </Td> <Td> 5118 -- 5119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holocene calendar </Td> <Td> 12018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Igbo calendar </Td> <Td> 1018 -- 1019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iranian calendar </Td> <Td> 1396 -- 1397 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Islamic calendar </Td> <Td> 1439 -- 1440 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japanese calendar </Td> <Td> Heisei 30 ( 平成 30 年 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Javanese calendar </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Juche calendar </Td> <Td> 107 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Julian calendar </Td> <Td> Gregorian minus 13 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean calendar </Td> <Td> 4351 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minguo calendar </Td> <Td> ROC 107 民國 107 年 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nanakshahi calendar </Td> <Td> 550 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thai solar calendar </Td> <Td> 2561 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tibetan calendar </Td> <Td> 阴 火 鸡 年 ( female Fire - Rooster ) 2144 or 1763 or 991 -- to -- 阳 土 狗 年 ( male Earth - Dog ) 2145 or 1764 or 992 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Unix time </Td> <Td> 1514764800 -- 1546300799 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> This box : <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> edit </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar . It is named after Pope Gregory XIII , who introduced it in October 1582 . </P> <P> It was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving an approximately 0.002 % correction in the length of the calendar year . The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices -- particularly the northern vernal equinox , which helps set the date for Easter . Transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church . The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe . Protestants and Eastern Orthodox countries continued to use the traditional Julian calendar and adopted the Gregorian reform , one by one , after a time , at least for civil purposes and for the sake of convenience in international trade . The last European country to adopt the reform was Greece , in 1923 . Many ( but not all ) countries that have traditionally used the Julian calendar , or the Islamic or other religious calendars , have come to adopt the Gregorian calendar for civil purposes . </P> <P> The Gregorian reform contained two parts : a reform of the Julian calendar as used prior to Pope Gregory XIII 's time , and a reform of the lunar cycle used by the Church with the Julian calendar to calculate the date of Easter . The reform was a modification of a proposal made by Aloysius Lilius , who proposed to reduce the number of leap years that occur in every four centuries from 100 to 97 , by making 3 out of 4 centurial years common years instead of leap years . Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter , solving a long - standing obstacle to calendar reform . </P> <P> The Gregorian reform modified the Julian calendar 's scheme of leap years as follows : </P> <P> Every year that is exactly divisible by four is a leap year , except for years that are exactly divisible by 100 , but these centurial years are leap years if they are exactly divisible by 400 . For example , the years 1700 , 1800 , and 1900 are not leap years , but the year 2000 is . </P> <P> In addition to the change in the mean length of the calendar year from 365.25 days ( 365 days 6 hours ) to 365.2425 days ( 365 days 5 hours 49 minutes 12 seconds ) , a reduction of 10 minutes 48 seconds per year , the Gregorian calendar reform also dealt with the accumulated difference between these lengths . The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century , when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the year 's position in the leap year cycle . As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox , the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes and the earliest date for Easter was fixed at 22 March . The Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days . </P> <P> To unambiguously specify a date , dual dating or Old Style and New Style dates are sometimes used . Dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date because of differences in the starting date of the year or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates . The `` Old Style '' ( O.S. ) and `` New Style '' ( N.S. ) notations indicate either that the start of the Julian year has ( or has not ) been adjusted to start on 1 January ( even though documents written at the time use a different start of year ) , or that a date conforms to the ( old ) Julian calendar rather than the ( new ) Gregorian . </P> <P> The Gregorian calendar continued to use the previous calendar era ( year - numbering system ) , which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity ( Anno Domini ) , originally calculated in the 6th century by Dionysius Exiguus . This year - numbering system , also known as Dionysian era or Common Era , is the predominant international standard today . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Description </Li> <Li> 2 Gregorian reform <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Background </Li> <Li> 2.2 Preparation </Li> <Li> 2.3 Adoption </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates </Li> <Li> 4 Beginning of the year </Li> <Li> 5 Dual dating <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Old Style and New Style dates </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Proleptic Gregorian calendar </Li> <Li> 7 Months </Li> <Li> 8 Weeks </Li> <Li> 9 Accuracy <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Calendar seasonal error </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Proposed reforms </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 Citations </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Description </H2> <Table> A year is divided into twelve months <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Length in days </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> January </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> February </Td> <Td> 28 ( 29 in leap years ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> March </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> April </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> May </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> June </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> July </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> August </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> September </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> October </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> November </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> December </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> <P> Christopher Clavius ( 1538 -- 1612 ) , one of the main authors of the reform . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Pope Gregory XIII in an early 17th - century engraving . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> The Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar . A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days , but as in the Julian calendar , in certain years , a leap year , a leap day is added to February . In the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years , but the Gregorian calendar omits a leap day in three of every 400 years . In the Julian calendar , the leap day was inserted by doubling 24 February , and the Gregorian reform did not change the date of the leap day . In the modern period , it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month , and 29 February is typically considered as the leap day . Before the 1969 revision of the Roman Calendar , the Roman Catholic Church delayed February feasts after the 23rd by one day in leap years ; Masses celebrated according to the previous calendar still reflect this delay . </P> <P> Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers . The cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days , which equals 400 years . Of these 400 years , 303 are regular years of 365 days and 97 are leap years of 366 days . A mean calendar year is 365 97 / 400 days = 365.2425 days , or 365 days , 5 hours , 49 minutes and 12 seconds . </P> <P> A calendar date is fully specified by the year ( numbered by some scheme beyond the scope of the calendar itself ) , the month ( identified by name or number ) , and the day of the month ( numbered sequentially starting at 1 ) . Although the calendar year currently runs from 1 January to 31 December , at previous times year numbers were based on a different starting point within the calendar ( see the `` beginning of the year '' section below ) . </P> <H2> Gregorian reform </H2> First page of the papal bull Inter gravissimas Detail of the pope 's tomb by Camillo Rusconi ( completed 1723 ) ; Antonio Lilio is genuflecting before the pope , presenting his printed calendar . <P> The Gregorian calendar was a reform of the Julian calendar . It was instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII , after whom the calendar was named , by papal bull Inter gravissimas dated 24 February 1582 . The motivation for the adjustment was to bring the date for the celebration of Easter to the time of year in which it was celebrated when it was introduced by the early Church . The error in the Julian calendar ( its assumption that there are exactly 365.25 days in a year ) had led to the date of the equinox according to the calendar drifting from the observed reality , and thus an error had been introduced into the calculation of the date of Easter . Although a recommendation of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 specified that all Christians should celebrate Easter on the same day , it took almost five centuries before virtually all Christians achieved that objective by adopting the rules of the Church of Alexandria ( see Easter for the issues which arose ) . </P> <H3> Background </H3> Further information : Computus <P> Because the date of Easter was tied to the Spring Equinox , the Roman Catholic Church considered the seasonal drift in the date of Easter undesirable . The Church of Alexandria celebrated Easter on the Sunday after the 14th day of the moon ( computed using the Metonic cycle ) that falls on or after the vernal equinox , which they placed on 21 March . However , the Church of Rome still regarded 25 March ( Lady Day ) as the equinox ( until 342 ) , and used a different cycle to compute the day of the moon . In the Alexandrian system , since the 14th day of the Easter moon could fall at earliest on 21 March its first day could fall no earlier than 8 March and no later than 5 April . This meant that Easter varied between 22 March and 25 April . In Rome , Easter was not allowed to fall later than 21 April , that being the day of the Parilia or birthday of Rome and a pagan festival . The first day of the Easter moon could fall no earlier than 5 March and no later than 2 April . </P> <P> Easter was the Sunday after the 15th day of this moon , whose 14th day was allowed to precede the equinox . Where the two systems produced different dates there was generally a compromise so that both churches were able to celebrate on the same day . By the 10th century all churches ( except some on the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire ) had adopted the Alexandrian Easter , which still placed the vernal equinox on 21 March , although Bede had already noted its drift in 725 -- it had drifted even further by the 16th century . </P> <P> Worse , the reckoned Moon that was used to compute Easter was fixed to the Julian year by a 19 - year cycle . That approximation built up an error of one day every 310 years , so by the 16th century the lunar calendar was out of phase with the real Moon by four days . </P> <P> European scholars had been well aware of the calendar drift since the early medieval period . Bede , writing in the 8th century , showed that the accumulated error in his day was more than three days . Roger Bacon in c. 1200 estimated the error at seven or eight days . Dante , writing c. 1300 , was aware of the need of a calendar reform . The first attempt to go forward with such a reform was undertaken by Pope Sixtus IV , who in 1475 invited Regiomontanus to the Vatican for this purpose . However , the project was interrupted by the death of Regiomontanus shortly after his arrival in Rome . The increase of astronomical knowledge and the precision of observations towards the end of the 15th century made the question more pressing . Numerous publications over the following decades called for a calendar reform , among them a paper sent to the Vatican by the University of Salamanca in 1515 , but the project was not taken up again until the 1540s , and implemented only under Pope Gregory XIII ( r . 1572 -- 1585 ) . </P> <H3> Preparation </H3> <P> In 1545 , the Council of Trent authorized Pope Paul III to reform the calendar , requiring that the date of the vernal equinox be restored to that which it held at the time of the First Council of Nicaea in 325 and that an alteration to the calendar be designed to prevent future drift . This would allow for a more consistent and accurate scheduling of the feast of Easter . </P> <P> In 1577 , a Compendium was sent to expert mathematicians outside the reform commission for comments . Some of these experts , including Giambattista Benedetti and Giuseppe Moleto , believed Easter should be computed from the true motions of the sun and moon , rather than using a tabular method , but these recommendations were not adopted . The reform adopted was a modification of a proposal made by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) . </P> <P> Lilius 's proposal included reducing the number of leap years in four centuries from 100 to 97 , by making three out of four centurial years common instead of leap years . He also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the annual date of Easter , solving a long - standing obstacle to calendar reform . </P> <P> Ancient tables provided the sun 's mean longitude . Christopher Clavius , the architect of the Gregorian calendar , noted that the tables agreed neither on the time when the sun passed through the vernal equinox nor on the length of the mean tropical year . Tycho Brahe also noticed discrepancies . The Gregorian leap year rule ( 97 leap years in 400 years ) was put forward by Petrus Pitatus of Verona in 1560 . He noted that it is consistent with the tropical year of the Alfonsine tables and with the mean tropical year of Copernicus ( De revolutionibus ) and Reinhold ( Prutenic tables ) . The three mean tropical years in Babylonian sexagesimals as the excess over 365 days ( the way they would have been extracted from the tables of mean longitude ) were 14 , 33 , 9 , 57 ( Alphonsine ) , 14 , 33 , 11 , 12 ( Copernicus ) and 14 , 33 , 9 , 24 ( Reinhold ) . All values are the same to two places ( 14 : 33 ) and this is also the mean length of the Gregorian year . Thus Pitatus ' solution would have commended itself to the astronomers . </P> <P> Lilius 's proposals had two components . Firstly , he proposed a correction to the length of the year . The mean tropical year is 365.24219 days long . As the average length of a Julian year is 365.25 days , the Julian year is almost 11 minutes longer than the mean tropical year . The discrepancy results in a drift of about three days every 400 years . Lilius 's proposal resulted in an average year of 365.2425 days ( see Accuracy ) . At the time of Gregory 's reform there had already been a drift of 10 days since the Council of Nicaea , resulting in the vernal equinox falling on 10 or 11 March instead of the ecclesiastically fixed date of 21 March , and if unreformed it would drift further . Lilius proposed that the 10 - day drift should be corrected by deleting the Julian leap day on each of its ten occurrences over a period of forty years , thereby providing for a gradual return of the equinox to 21 March . </P> <P> Lilius 's work was expanded upon by Christopher Clavius in a closely argued , 800 - page volume . He would later defend his and Lilius 's work against detractors . Clavius 's opinion was that the correction should take place in one move , and it was this advice which prevailed with Gregory . </P> <P> The second component consisted of an approximation which would provide an accurate yet simple , rule - based calendar . Lilius 's formula was a 10 - day correction to revert the drift since the Council of Nicaea , and the imposition of a leap day in only 97 years in 400 rather than in 1 year in 4 . The proposed rule was that years divisible by 100 would be leap years only if they were divisible by 400 as well . </P> <P> The 19 - year cycle used for the lunar calendar was also to be corrected by one day every 300 or 400 years ( 8 times in 2500 years ) along with corrections for the years that are no longer leap years ( i.e. , 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , etc . ) . In fact , a new method for computing the date of Easter was introduced . </P> <P> When the new calendar was put in use , the error accumulated in the 13 centuries since the Council of Nicaea was corrected by a deletion of 10 days . The Julian calendar day Thursday , 4 October 1582 was followed by the first day of the Gregorian calendar , Friday , 15 October 1582 ( the cycle of weekdays was not affected ) . </P> <H3> Adoption </H3> Main article : Adoption of the Gregorian calendar <P> Although Gregory 's reform was enacted in the most solemn of forms available to the Church , the bull had no authority beyond the Catholic Church and the Papal States . The changes that he was proposing were changes to the civil calendar , over which he had no authority . They required adoption by the civil authorities in each country to have legal effect . </P> <P> The bull Inter gravissimas became the law of the Catholic Church in 1582 , but it was not recognised by Protestant Churches , Eastern Orthodox Churches , Oriental Orthodox Churches , and a few others . Consequently , the days on which Easter and related holidays were celebrated by different Christian Churches again diverged . </P> <P> A month after having decreed the reform , the pope with a brief of 3 April 1582 granted to Antonio Lilio , the brother of Luigi Lilio , the exclusive right to publish the calendar for a period of ten years . The Lunario Novo secondo la nuova riforma printed by Vincenzo Accolti , one of the first calendars printed in Rome after the reform , notes at the bottom that it was signed with papal authorization and by Lilio ( Con licentia delli Superiori ... et permissu Ant ( onii ) Lilij ) . The papal brief was later revoked , on 20 September 1582 , because Antonio Lilio proved unable to keep up with the demand for copies . </P> <P> On 29 September 1582 , Philip II of Spain decreed the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar . This affected much of Roman Catholic Europe , as Philip was at the time ruler over Spain and Portugal as well as much of Italy . In these territories , as well as in the Polish -- Lithuanian Commonwealth ( ruled by Anna Jagiellon ) and in the Papal States , the new calendar was implemented on the date specified by the bull , with Julian Thursday , 4 October 1582 , being followed by Gregorian Friday , 15 October 1582 . The Spanish and Portuguese colonies followed somewhat later de facto because of delay in communication . </P> <P> Many Protestant countries initially objected to adopting a Catholic innovation ; some Protestants feared the new calendar was part of a plot to return them to the Catholic fold . For example , the British could not bring themselves to adopt the Catholic system explicitly : the Annexe to their Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 established a computation for the date of Easter that achieved the same result as Gregory 's rules , without actually referring to him . </P> <P> Britain and the British Empire ( including the eastern part of what is now the United States ) adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1752 . Sweden followed in 1753 . </P> <P> Prior to 1917 , Turkey used the lunar Islamic calendar with the Hegira era for general purposes and the Julian calendar for fiscal purposes . The start of the fiscal year was eventually fixed at 1 March and the year number was roughly equivalent to the Hegira year ( see Rumi calendar ) . As the solar year is longer than the lunar year this originally entailed the use of `` escape years '' every so often when the number of the fiscal year would jump . From 1 March 1917 the fiscal year became Gregorian , rather than Julian . On 1 January 1926 the use of the Gregorian calendar was extended to include use for general purposes and the number of the year became the same as in most other countries . </P> <Table> Adoption of the Gregorian Calendar <Tr> <Th> 1500 </Th> <Th> 1600 </Th> <Th> 1700 </Th> <Th> 1800 </Th> <Th> 1900 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> 1582 : Spain , Portugal , France , Poland , Italy , Catholic Low Countries , Luxemburg , and colonies 1584 : Kingdom of Bohemia </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1610 : Prussia 1648 : Alsace 1682 : Strasbourg </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1700 : ' Germany ' , Swiss Cantons , Protestant Low Countries , Norway , Denmark 1752 : Great Britain and colonies 1753 : Sweden and Finland </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1873 : Japan 1875 : Egypt 1896 : Korea </P> </Td> <Td> <P> 1912 : China , Albania 1915 : Latvia , Lithuania 1916 : Bulgaria 1918 : USSR , Estonia 1919 : Romania , Yugoslavia 1923 : Greece 1926 : Turkey </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates </H2> <Table> Conversion from Julian to Gregorian dates . <Tr> <Th> Gregorian range </Th> <Th> Julian range </Th> <Th> Difference </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From 15 October 1582 to 28 February 1700 </Td> <Td> From 5 October 1582 to 18 February 1700 </Td> <Td> 10 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From 1 March 1700 to 28 February 1800 </Td> <Td> From 19 February 1700 to 17 February 1800 </Td> <Td> 11 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From 1 March 1800 to 28 February 1900 </Td> <Td> From 18 February 1800 to 16 February 1900 </Td> <Td> 12 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From 1 March 1900 to 28 February 2100 </Td> <Td> From 17 February 1900 to 15 February 2100 </Td> <Td> 13 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> From 1 March 2100 to 28 February 2200 </Td> <Td> From 16 February 2100 to 14 February 2200 </Td> <Td> 14 days </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Since the introduction of the Gregorian calendar , the difference between Gregorian and Julian calendar dates has increased by three days every four centuries ( all date ranges are inclusive ) : </P> <P> This section always places the intercalary day on 29 February even though it was always obtained by doubling 24 February ( the bissextum ( twice sixth ) or bissextile day ) until the late Middle Ages . The Gregorian calendar is proleptic before 1582 ( assumed to exist before 1582 ) . </P> <P> The following equation gives the number of days ( actually , dates ) that the Gregorian calendar is ahead of the Julian calendar , called the secular difference between the two calendars . A negative difference means the Julian calendar is ahead of the Gregorian calendar . </P> <Dl> <Dd> D = ⌊ Y / 100 ⌋ − ⌊ Y / 400 ⌋ − 2 ( \ displaystyle D = \ left \ lfloor ( Y / 100 ) \ right \ rfloor - \ left \ lfloor ( Y / 400 ) \ right \ rfloor - 2 ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where D ( \ displaystyle D ) is the secular difference and Y ( \ displaystyle Y ) is the year using astronomical year numbering , that is , use ( year BC ) − 1 for BC years . ⌊ x ⌋ ( \ displaystyle \ left \ lfloor ( x ) \ right \ rfloor ) means that if the result of the division is not an integer it is rounded down to the nearest integer . Thus during the 1900s , 1900 / 400 = 4 , while during the − 500s , − 500 / 400 = − 2 . </P> <P> The general rule , in years which are leap years in the Julian calendar but not the Gregorian , is as follows : </P> <P> Up to 28 February in the calendar you are converting from add one day less or subtract one day more than the calculated value . Remember to give February the appropriate number of days for the calendar you are converting into . When you are subtracting days to move from Julian to Gregorian be careful , when calculating the Gregorian equivalent of 29 February ( Julian ) , to remember that 29 February is discounted . Thus if the calculated value is − 4 the Gregorian equivalent of this date is 24 February . </P> <H2> Beginning of the year </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Start numbered year on 1 January </Th> <Th> Adoption of Gregorian calendar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Gradual change from 13th to 16th centuries </Td> <Td> 1700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venice </Td> <Td> 1522 </Td> <Td> 1582 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holy Roman Empire ( Catholic states ) </Td> <Td> 1544 </Td> <Td> 1583 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain , Poland , Portugal </Td> <Td> 1556 </Td> <Td> 1582 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holy Roman Empire ( Protestant states ) </Td> <Td> 1559 </Td> <Td> 1700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 1559 </Td> <Td> 1753 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 1564 </Td> <Td> 1582 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southern Netherlands </Td> <Td> 1576 </Td> <Td> 1582 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lorraine </Td> <Td> 1579 </Td> <Td> 1682 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch Republic </Td> <Td> 1583 </Td> <Td> 1582 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 1600 </Td> <Td> 1752 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 1700 </Td> <Td> 1918 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tuscany </Td> <Td> 1721 </Td> <Td> 1750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Great Britain and the British Empire except Scotland </Td> <Td> 1752 </Td> <Td> 1752 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The year used in dates during the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire was the consular year , which began on the day when consuls first entered office -- probably 1 May before 222 BC , 15 March from 222 BC and 1 January from 153 BC . The Julian calendar , which began in 45 BC , continued to use 1 January as the first day of the new year . Even though the year used for dates changed , the civil year always displayed its months in the order January to December from the Roman Republican period until the present . </P> <P> During the Middle Ages , under the influence of the Catholic Church , many Western European countries moved the start of the year to one of several important Christian festivals -- 25 December ( supposed Nativity of Jesus ) , 25 March ( Annunciation ) , or Easter ( France ) , while the Byzantine Empire began its year on 1 September and Russia did so on 1 March until 1492 when the new year was moved to 1 September . </P> <P> In common usage , 1 January was regarded as New Year 's Day and celebrated as such , but from the 12th century until 1751 the legal year in England began on 25 March ( Lady Day ) . So , for example , the Parliamentary record lists the execution of Charles I on 30 January as occurring in 1648 ( as the year did not end until 24 March ) , although later histories adjust the start of the year to 1 January and record the execution as occurring in 1649 . </P> <P> Most Western European countries changed the start of the year to 1 January before they adopted the Gregorian calendar . For example , Scotland changed the start of the Scottish New Year to 1 January in 1600 ( this means that 1599 was a short year ) . England , Ireland and the British colonies changed the start of the year to 1 January in 1752 ( so 1751 was a short year with only 282 days ) though in England the start of the tax year remained at 25 March ( O.S. ) , 5 April ( N.S. ) till 1800 , when it moved to 6 April . Later in 1752 in September the Gregorian calendar was introduced throughout Britain and the British colonies ( see the section Adoption ) . These two reforms were implemented by the Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 . </P> <P> In some countries , an official decree or law specified that the start of the year should be 1 January . For such countries a specific year when a 1 January - year became the norm can be identified . In other countries the customs varied , and the start of the year moved back and forth as fashion and influence from other countries dictated various customs . </P> <P> Neither the papal bull nor its attached canons explicitly fix such a date , though it is implied by two tables of saint 's days , one labelled 1582 which ends on 31 December , and another for any full year that begins on 1 January . It also specifies its epact relative to 1 January , in contrast with the Julian calendar , which specified it relative to 22 March . The old date was derived from the Greek system : the earlier Supputatio Romana specified it relative to 1 January . </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ In 1793 France abandoned the Gregorian calendar in favour of the French Republican Calendar . This change was reverted in 1805 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Dual dating </H2> Main article : Dual dating <P> During the period between 1582 , when the first countries adopted the Gregorian calendar , and 1923 , when the last European country adopted it , it was often necessary to indicate the date of some event in both the Julian calendar and in the Gregorian calendar , for example , `` 10 / 21 February 1750 / 51 '' , where the dual year accounts for some countries already beginning their numbered year on 1 January while others were still using some other date . Even before 1582 , the year sometimes had to be double dated because of the different beginnings of the year in various countries . Woolley , writing in his biography of John Dee ( 1527 -- 1608 / 9 ) , notes that immediately after 1582 English letter writers `` customarily '' used `` two dates '' on their letters , one OS and one NS . </P> <H3> Old Style and New Style dates </H3> Main articles : Old Style and New Style dates and Dual dating <P> `` Old Style '' ( OS ) and `` New Style '' ( NS ) are sometimes added to dates to identify which calendar reference system is used for the date given . In Britain and its Colonies , where the Calendar Act of 1750 altered the start of the year , and also aligned the British calendar with the Gregorian calendar , there is some confusion as to what these terms mean . They can indicate that the start of the Julian year has been adjusted to start on 1 January ( NS ) even though contemporary documents use a different start of year ( OS ) ; or to indicate that a date conforms to the Julian calendar ( OS ) , formerly in use in many countries , rather than the Gregorian calendar ( NS ) . </P> <H2> Proleptic Gregorian calendar </H2> Main article : Proleptic Gregorian calendar <P> Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar , which should be used with some caution . For ordinary purposes , the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar , with the year starting on 1 January , and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents . For example , the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin 's Day . </P> <P> Usually , the mapping of new dates onto old dates with a start of year adjustment works well with little confusion for events that happened before the introduction of the Gregorian calendar . But for the period between the first introduction of the Gregorian calendar on 15 October 1582 and its introduction in Britain on 14 September 1752 , there can be considerable confusion between events in continental western Europe and in British domains in English language histories . </P> <P> Events in continental western Europe are usually reported in English language histories as happening under the Gregorian calendar . For example , the Battle of Blenheim is always given as 13 August 1704 . Confusion occurs when an event affects both . For example , William III of England arrived at Brixham in England on 5 November 1688 ( Julian calendar ) , after setting sail from the Netherlands on 11 November 1688 ( Gregorian calendar ) . </P> <P> Shakespeare and Cervantes seemingly died on exactly the same date ( 23 April 1616 ) , but Cervantes predeceased Shakespeare by ten days in real time ( as Spain used the Gregorian calendar , but Britain used the Julian calendar ) . This coincidence encouraged UNESCO to make 23 April the World Book and Copyright Day . </P> <P> Astronomers avoid this ambiguity by the use of the Julian day number . </P> <P> For dates before the year 1 , unlike the proleptic Gregorian calendar used in the international standard ISO 8601 , the traditional proleptic Gregorian calendar ( like the Julian calendar ) does not have a year 0 and instead uses the ordinal numbers 1 , 2 , ... both for years AD and BC . Thus the traditional time line is 2 BC , 1 BC , AD 1 , and AD 2 . ISO 8601 uses astronomical year numbering which includes a year 0 and negative numbers before it . Thus the ISO 8601 time line is − 0001 , 0000 , 0001 , and 0002 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Months </H2> <P> The Gregorian calendar continued to employ the Julian months , which have Latinate names and irregular numbers of days : </P> <Ul> <Li> January ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iānuārius , `` Month of Janus '' , the Roman god of gates , doorways , beginnings and endings </Li> <Li> February ( 28 days in common and 29 in leap years ) , from Latin mēnsis Februārius , `` Month of the Februa '' , the Roman festival of purgation and purification , cognate with fever , the Etruscan death god Februus ( `` Purifier '' ) , and the PIE word for sulfur </Li> <Li> March ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Mārtius , `` Month of Mars '' , the Roman war god </Li> <Li> April ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Aprīlis , of uncertain meaning but usually derived from some form of the verb aperire ( `` to open '' ) or the name of the goddess Aphrodite </Li> <Li> May ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Māius , `` Month of Maia '' , a Roman vegetation goddess whose name is cognate with Latin magnus ( `` great '' ) and English major </Li> <Li> June ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iūnius , `` Month of Juno '' , the Roman goddess of marriage , childbirth , and rule </Li> <Li> July ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Iūlius , `` Month of Julius Caesar '' , the month of Caesar 's birth , instituted in 44 BC as part of his calendrical reforms </Li> <Li> August ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis Augustus , `` Month of Augustus '' , instituted by Augustus in 8 BC in agreement with July and from the occurrence during the month of several important events during his rise to power </Li> <Li> September ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis september , `` seventh month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC </Li> <Li> October ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis octōber , `` eighth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC </Li> <Li> November ( 30 days ) , from Latin mēnsis november , `` ninth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC </Li> <Li> December ( 31 days ) , from Latin mēnsis december , `` tenth month '' , from its position in the Roman calendar before 153 BC </Li> </Ul> <P> Europeans sometimes attempt to remember the number of days in each month by memorizing some form of the traditional verse `` Thirty Days Hath September '' . It appears in Latin , Italian , and French , and belongs to a broad oral tradition but the earliest currently attested form of the poem is the English marginalia inserted into a calendar of saints c. 1425 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Thirti dayes hath novembir April june and Septembir . Of xxviij is but oon And alle the remenaunt xxx and j </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Thirty days have November , April , June , and September . Of 28 is but one And all the remnant 30 and 1 . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> The knuckle mnemonic for the days of the months of the year <P> Variations appeared in Mother Goose and continue to be taught at schools . The unhelpfulness of such involved mnemonics has been parodied as `` Thirty days hath September / But all the rest I ca n't remember '' but it has also been called `` probably the only sixteenth - century poem most ordinary citizens know by heart '' . A common nonverbal alternative is the knuckle mnemonic , considering the knuckles of one 's hands as months with 31 days and the lower spaces between them as the months with fewer days . Using two hands , one may start from either pinkie knuckle as January and count across , omitting the space between the index knuckles ( July and August ) . The same procedure can be done using the knuckles of a single hand , returning from the last ( July ) to the first ( August ) and continuing through . A similar mnemonic is to move up a piano keyboard in semitones from an F key , taking the white keys as the longer months and the black keys as the shorter ones . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Weeks </H2> Main article : Seven - day week <P> In conjunction with the system of months there is a system of weeks . A physical or electronic calendar provides conversion from a given date to the weekday , and shows multiple dates for a given weekday and month . Calculating the day of the week is not very simple , because of the irregularities in the Gregorian system . When the Gregorian calendar was adopted by each country , the weekly cycle continued uninterrupted . For example , in the case of the few countries that adopted the reformed calendar on the date proposed by Gregory XIII for the calendar 's adoption , Friday , 15 October 1582 , the preceding date was Thursday , 4 October 1582 ( Julian calendar ) . </P> <P> Opinions vary about the numbering of the days of the week . ISO 8601 , in common use worldwide , starts with Monday = 1 ; printed monthly calendar grids often list Mondays in the first ( left ) column of dates and Sundays in the last . Software often starts with Sunday = 0 , which places Sundays in the left column of a monthly calendar page . </P> <H2> Accuracy </H2> <P> The Gregorian calendar improves the approximation made by the Julian calendar by skipping three Julian leap days in every 400 years , giving an average year of 365.2425 mean solar days long . This approximation has an error of about one day per 3,030 years with respect to the current value of the mean tropical year . However , because of the precession of the equinoxes , which is not constant , and the movement of the perihelion ( which affects the Earth 's orbital speed ) the error with respect to the astronomical vernal equinox is variable ; using the average interval between vernal equinoxes near 2000 of 365.24237 days implies an error closer to 1 day every 7,700 years . By any criterion , the Gregorian calendar is substantially more accurate than the 1 day in 128 years error of the Julian calendar ( average year 365.25 days ) . </P> <P> In the 19th century , Sir John Herschel proposed a modification to the Gregorian calendar with 969 leap days every 4000 years , instead of 970 leap days that the Gregorian calendar would insert over the same period . This would reduce the average year to 365.24225 days . Herschel 's proposal would make the year 4000 , and multiples thereof , common instead of leap . While this modification has often been proposed since , it has never been officially adopted . </P> <P> On time scales of thousands of years , the Gregorian calendar falls behind the astronomical seasons because the slowing down of the Earth 's rotation makes each day slightly longer over time ( see tidal acceleration and leap second ) while the year maintains a more uniform duration . </P> <H3> Calendar seasonal error </H3> <P> </P> <P> This image shows the difference between the Gregorian calendar and the astronomical seasons . </P> <P> The y - axis is the date in June and the x-axis is Gregorian calendar years . </P> <P> Each point is the date and time of the June solstice in that particular year . The error shifts by about a quarter of a day per year . Centurial years are ordinary years , unless they are divisible by 400 , in which case they are leap years . This causes a correction in the years 1700 , 1800 , 1900 , 2100 , 2200 , and 2300 . </P> <P> For instance , these corrections cause 23 December 1903 to be the latest December solstice , and 20 December 2096 to be the earliest solstice -- about 2.35 days of variation compared with the seasonal event . </P> <H2> Proposed reforms </H2> <P> The following are proposed reforms of the Gregorian calendar : </P> <Ul> <Li> Holocene calendar </Li> <Li> International Fixed Calendar ( also called the International Perpetual calendar ) </Li> <Li> World Calendar </Li> <Li> World Season Calendar </Li> <Li> Leap week calendars <Ul> <Li> Pax Calendar </Li> <Li> Symmetry454 </Li> <Li> Hanke -- Henry Permanent Calendar </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christianity portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 </Li> <Li> Calendar reform </Li> <Li> Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars </Li> <Li> Doomsday rule </Li> <Li> French revolutionary calendar </Li> <Li> Hebrew calendar </Li> <Li> Islamic calendar </Li> <Li> Inter gravissimas in English -- Wikisource </Li> <Li> Julian day calculation </Li> <Li> History of calendars </Li> <Li> List of adoption dates of the Gregorian calendar per country </Li> <Li> List of calendars </Li> <Li> Old Calendarists <Ul> <Li> Greek Old Calendarists </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Revised Julian calendar ( Milanković ) -- used in Eastern Orthodoxy </Li> </Ul> <P> Precursors of the Gregorian reform </P> <Ul> <Li> Johannes de Sacrobosco , De Anni Ratione ( `` On reckoning the years '' ) , c. 1235 </Li> <Li> Roger Bacon , Opus Majus ( `` Greater Work '' ) , c. 1267 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The international standard for the representation of dates and times , ISO 8601 , uses the Gregorian calendar . Section 3.2. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In Great Britain and its colonies , `` Old Style '' typically implies that the date is given in the Julian calendar with the year beginning on 25 March , whereas `` New Style '' implies use of the Gregorian calendar with years beginning 1 January . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The first known occurrence of Common Era in English dates to 1708 . Years before the beginning of the era are abbreviated in English as either BC for `` Before Christ '' , or as BCE for `` Before the Common Era '' . Two era names occur within the bull Inter gravissimas itself , anno Incarnationis dominicæ ( `` in the year of the Incarnation of the Lord '' ) for the year it was signed , and anno à Nativitate Domini nostri Jesu Christi ( `` in the year from the Nativity of our Lord Jesus Christ '' ) for the year it was printed . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The cycle described applies to the solar , or civil , calendar . If one also considers the ecclesiastical lunar rules , the lunisolar Easter computus cycle repeats only after 5,700,000 years of 2,081,882,250 days in 70,499,183 lunar months , based on an assumed mean lunar month of 29 days 12 hours 44 minutes 2 49928114 / 70499183 seconds . ( Seidelmann ( 1992 ) , p. 582 ) ( To properly function as an Easter computus , this lunisolar cycle must have the same mean year as the Gregorian solar cycle , and indeed that is exactly the case . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The extreme length of the Gregorian Easter computus is due to its being the product of the 19 - year Metonic cycle , the thirty different possible values of the epact , and the least common multiple ( 10,000 ) of the 400 - year and 2,500 - year solar and lunar correction cycles . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The same result is obtained by summing the fractional parts implied by the rule : 365 + 1 / 4 − 1 / 100 + 1 / 400 = 365 + 0.25 − 0.01 + 0.0025 = 365.2425 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The last major Christian region to accept the Alexandrian rules was the Carolingian Empire ( most of Western Europe ) during 780 -- 800 . The last monastery in England to accept the Alexandrian rules did so in 931 , and a few churches in southwest Asia beyond the eastern border of the Byzantine Empire continued to use rules that differed slightly , causing four dates for Easter to differ every 532 years . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1919 in the regions comprising the former Kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro ( present - day Kosovo , Montenegro , Serbia and Macedonia ) . The western and northern regions of what became Yugoslavia were already using the Gregorian calendar . For example , most of Slovenia adopted the Gregorian calendar at the same time as Austria in 1583 . Coastal Croatia , which was at the time ruled by Venice , adopted the Gregorian calendar in 1582 . Inland Croatia , ruled by the Habsburgs , adopted it in 1587 along with Hungary . The Gregorian calendar was used in Bosnia and Herzegovina since the 16th century by the Catholic population and was formally adopted for government use in 1878 following occupation by Austria - Hungary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In Scotland the legal start of year had been moved to 1 January in 1600 ( Mike Spathaky. Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Citations </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Introduction to Calendars . United States Naval Observatory . Retrieved 15 January 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Calendars Archived 1 April 2004 at the Wayback Machine . by L.E. Doggett . Section 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : See Wikisource English translation of the ( Latin ) 1582 papal bull Inter gravissimas . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blegen n.d. </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Moyer ( 1983 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Introduction to Calendars. ( 15 May 2013 ) . United States Naval Observatory . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ziggelaar ( 1983 ) , p. 223 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nineteen - Year Cycle of Dionysius Archived 9 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine ... Introduction and first argumentum . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Les canons of Les textes fondateurs du calendrier grégorien ( in Latin ) ( in French ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richards , p. 101 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clause 3.2. 1 ISO 8601 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker ( 1945 ) , p. 218 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pedersen ( 1983 ) , pp. 42 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example , in the Julian calendar , at Rome in 1550 , the March equinox occurred at 11 Mar 6 : 51 AM local mean time . `` Seasons calculator '' , Time and Date AS , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ari Ben - Menahem , Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences vol. 1 ( 2009 ) , p. 863 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ziggelaar ( 1983 ) , pp. 211 , 214 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , for example , Tabule illustrissimi principis regis alfonsii , Prague 1401 − 4 ( Latin ) . A full set of Alphonsine Tables ( including tables for mean motions , conjunctions of sun and moon , equation of time , spherical astronomy , longitudes and latitudes of cities , star tables , eclipse tables ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For an example of the information provided see Jacques Cassini , Tables astronomiques du soleil , de la lune , des planetes , des etoiles fixes , et des satellites de Jupiter et de Saturne , Paris 1740 , available at ( 1 ) ( go forward ten pages to Table III on p. 10 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dreyer , JLE ( 2014 ) . Tycho Brahe . Cambridge . p. 52 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 108 - 06871 - 0 . He remarks that both the Alphonsine and the Prutenic Tables are several hours wrong with regard to the time of the equinoxes and solstices . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ North , J ( 1989 ) . The Universal frame : historical essays in astronomy , natural philosophy and scientific method . London . p. 29 . ISBN 0 - 907628 - 95 - 8 . He noted on one occasion that the Alphonsine tables differed from the Prutenic by nineteen hours as to the time of the vernal equinox of 1588 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swerdlow ( 1986 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meeus and Savoie ( 1992 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mezzi , E. , and Vizza , F. , Luigi Lilio Medico Astronomo e Matematico di Cirò , Laruffa Editore , Reggio Calabria , 2010 , p. 14 ; p. 52 , citing as primary references : Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale die Firenze , Magl. 5.10. 5 / a , ASV A.A. , Arm . I ‐ XVII , 5506 , f. 362r . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamen , Henry ( 1998 ) . Philip of Spain . Yale University Press . p. 248 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pragmatica '' on the Ten Days of the Year World Digital Library , the first known South American imprint , produced in 1584 by Antonio Ricardo , of a four - page edict issued by King Philip II of Spain in 1582 , decreeing the change from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 24 Geo. II Ch. 23 , § 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A more extensive list is available at Conversion between Julian and Gregorian calendars </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackburn & Holford - Strevens ( 1999 ) , p. 788 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Evans , The history and practice of ancient astronomy ( Oxford : Oxford University Press , 1998 ) 169 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509539 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Explanatory Supplement to The Astronomical Ephemeris and The American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac ( London : Her Majesty 's Stationery Office , 1961 ) 417 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herluf Nielsen : Kronologi ( 2nd ed. , Dansk Historisk Fællesforening , Copenhagen 1967 ) , pp. 48 -- 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Le calendrier grégorien en France ( in French ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Per decree of 16 June 1575 . Hermann Grotefend , `` Osteranfang '' ( Easter beginning ) , Zeitrechnung de Deutschen Mittelalters und der Neuzeit ( Chronology of the German Middle Ages and modern times ) ( 1891 -- 1898 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackburn & Holford - Strevens ( 1999 ) , p. 784 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John James Bond , Handy - book of rules and tables for verifying dates with the Christian era Scottish decree on pp. xvii -- xviii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roscoe Lamont , The reform of the Julian calendar , Popular Astronomy 28 ( 1920 ) 18 -- 32 . Decree of Peter the Great is on pp. 23 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roman Dates : Eponymous Years '' . Tyndalehouse.com . Retrieved 14 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike Spathaky Old Style and New Style Dates and the change to the Gregorian Calendar : A summary for genealogists </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S.I. Seleschnikow : Wieviel Monde hat ein Jahr ? ( Aulis - Verlag , Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1981 , p. 149 ) , which is a German translation of С . И . Селешников : История календаря и хронология ( Издательство `` Наука '' , Moscow 1977 ) . The relevant chapter is available online here : История календаря в России и в СССР ( Calendar history in Russia and the USSR ) . Anno Mundi 7000 lasted from 1 March 1492 to 31 August 1492 . ( in Russian ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tuesday 31 December 1661 , The Diary of Samuel Pepys `` I sat down to end my journell for this year , ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nørby , Toke . The Perpetual Calendar : What about England Version 29 February 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House of Commons Journal Volume 8 , 9 June 1660 ( Regicides ) '' . British History Online . Retrieved 18 March 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Death warrant of Charles I web page of the UK National Archives . A demonstration of New Style meaning Julian calendar with a start of year adjustment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nørby , Toke . The Perpetual Calendar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benjamin Woolley , The Queen 's Conjurer : The science and magic of Dr. John Dee , adviser to Queen Elizabeth I ( New York : Henry Holt , 2001 ) p. 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spathaky , Mike Old Style New Style dates and the change to the Gregorian calendar . `` increasingly parish registers , in addition to a new year heading after 24th March showing , for example ' 1733 ' , had another heading at the end of the following December indicating ' 1733 / 4 ' . This showed where the New Style 1734 started even though the Old Style 1733 continued until 24th March ... We as historians have no excuse for creating ambiguity and must keep to the notation described above in one of its forms . It is no good writing simply 20th January 1745 , for a reader is left wondering whether we have used the Old or the New Style reckoning . The date should either be written 20th January 1745 OS ( if indeed it was Old Style ) or as 20th January 1745 / 6 . The hyphen ( 1745 - 6 ) is best avoided as it can be interpreted as indicating a period of time . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The October ( November ) Revolution Britannica encyclopaedia , A demonstration of New Style meaning the Gregorian calendar . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stockton , J.R. Date Miscellany I : The Old and New Styles `` The terms ' Old Style ' and ' New Style ' are now commonly used for both the ' Start of Year ' and ' Leap Year ' ( ( Gregorian calendar ) ) changes ( England & Wales : both in 1752 ; Scotland : 1600 , 1752 ) . I believe that , properly and historically , the ' Styles ' really refer only to the ' Start of Year ' change ( from March 25th to January 1st ) ; and that the ' Leap Year ' change should be described as the change from Julian to Gregorian . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` January , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` February , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Liberman , Anatoly ( 7 March 2007 ) , `` On a Self - Congratulatory Note '' , Oxford Etymologist Archives , Oxford : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` March , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` April , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It 's not unusual for month names to be based on natural descriptions but this etymology is sometimes doubted since no other Roman months have such names . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plutarch , Life of Numa , Ch . xix . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scullard , Festivals and Ceremonies of the Roman Republic , p. 96 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Forsythe , Time in Roman Religion , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This derivation was apparently a popular one in ancient Rome , given by Plutarch but rejected by Varro and Cincius . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` May , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` June , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` July , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` August , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` September , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` October , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` November , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` December , n . '' , Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ballew , Pat ( 1 September 2015 ) , `` On This Day in Math '' , Pat 's Blog . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anianus , Computus Metricus Manualis , Strasbourg . ( in Latin ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Onofri , Francesca Romana ; et al. ( 2012 ) , Italian for Dummies , Berlitz , pp. 101 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bond , Otto Ferdinand ; et al. ( 1918 ) , Military Manual of Elementary French , Austin : E.L. Steck , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Misstear , Rachael ( 16 January 2012 ) , `` Welsh Author Digs Deep to Find Medieval Origins of Thirty Days Hath Verse '' , Wales Online , Media Wales . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bryan , Roger ( 30 October 2011 ) , `` The Oldest Rhyme in the Book '' , The Times , London : Times Newspapers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Memorable Mnemonics '' , Today , London : BBC Radio 4 , 30 November 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Cincinnati Enquirer , Cincinnati , 20 September 1924 , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holland , Norman N. ( 1992 ) , The Critical I , New York : Columbia University Press , p. 64 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidelmann ( 1992 ) , pp. 580 -- 581 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Using value from Richards ( 2013 , p. 587 ) for tropical year in mean solar days , the calculation is 1 / ( 365.2425 - 365.24217 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meeus and Savoie ( 1992 ) , p. 42 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Herschel , Outlines of Astronomy , 1849 , p. 629 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steel , Duncan ( 2000 ) . Marking Time : The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar . John Wiley & Sons . p. 185 . ISBN 0 - 471 - 29827 - 1 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barsoum , Ignatius A. ( 2003 ) . The Scattered Pearls . Piscataway : Georgias Press . </Li> <Li> Blackburn , B. & Holford - Strevens , L. ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Blackburn , B. & Holford - Strevens , L. ( 2003 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year : An exploration of calendar customs and time - reckoning , Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Blegen , Carl W. ( n.d. ) . `` An Odd Christmas '' . Posted with an introduction by Natalia Vogeikoff - Brogan on 25 December 2013 . From the Archivist 's Notebook retrieved 1 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Borkowski , K.M. , ( 1991 ) . `` The tropical calendar and solar year '' , J. Royal Astronomical Soc. of Canada 85 ( 3 ) : 121 -- 130 . </Li> <Li> Coyne , G.V. , Hoskin , M.A. , Pedersen , O. ( Eds . ) ( 1983 ) . Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary , 1582 -- 1982 . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Vatican Observatory ( Pontificia Academia Scientarum , Specola Vaticana ) . </Li> <Li> Duncan , D.E. ( 1999 ) . Calendar : Humanity 's Epic Struggle To Determine A True And Accurate Year . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780380793242 . </Li> <Li> Gregory XIII. ( 2002 ( 1582 ) ) . Inter Gravissimas ( subscription required ) ( W. Spenser & R.T. Crowley , Trans . ) . International Organization for Standardization . </Li> <Li> Meeus , J. & Savoie , D. ( 1992 ) . The history of the tropical year . Journal of the British Astronomical Association , 102 ( 1 ) : 40 -- 42 . </Li> <Li> Morrison , L.V. & Stephenson , F.R. ( 2004 ) . Historical values of the Earth 's clock error ΔT and the calculation of eclipses . Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 35 , Part 3 , No. 120 , pp. 327 -- 336 . </Li> <Li> Moyer , Gordon ( May 1982 ) . `` The Gregorian Calendar '' . Scientific American , pp. 144 -- 152 . </Li> <Li> Moyer , Gordon ( 1983 ) . `` Aloisius Lilius and the Compendium Novae Rationis Restituendi Kalendarium '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( 1983 ) , pp. 171 -- 188 . </Li> <Li> Pattie , T.S. ( 1976 ) `` An unexpected effect of the change in calendar in 1752 '' . British Library Journal . </Li> <Li> Pedersen , O. ( 1983 ) . `` The Ecclesiastical Calendar and the Life of the Church '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( eds ) , Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Specolo Vaticano , pp. 17 -- 74 . </Li> <Li> Richards , E.G. ( 1998 ) . Mapping Time : The Calendar and its History . Oxford U. Press . </Li> <Li> Richards , E.G. ( 2013 ) . `` Calendars '' . In S.E. Urban and P.K. Seidelmann ( eds . ) , Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac ( pp. 585 -- 624 ) . Mill Valley CA : University Science Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 891389 - 85 - 6 </Li> <Li> Seidelmann , P.K. ( Ed . ) ( 1992 ) . Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac . Sausalito , CA : University Science Books . </Li> <Li> Swerdlow , N.M. ( 1986 ) . The Length of the Year in the Original Proposal for the Gregorian Calendar . Journal for the History of Astronomy Vol. 17 , No. 49 , pp. 109 -- 118 . </Li> <Li> Walker , G.W. `` Easter Intervals '' . Popular Astronomy June 1945 , Vol. 53 , pp. 162 -- 178 , 218 -- 232 . </Li> <Li> Ziggelaar , A. ( 1983 ) . `` The Papal Bull of 1582 Promulgating a Reform of the Calendar '' . In Coyne , Hoskin , Pedersen ( eds ) , Gregorian Reform of the Calendar : Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary . Vatican City : Pontifical Academy of Sciences , Specolo Vaticano , pp. 201 -- 239 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gregorian calendar on In Our Time at the BBC . </Li> <Li> Calendar Converter </Li> <Li> Inter Gravissimas ( Latin and French plus English ) </Li> <Li> History of Gregorian Calendar </Li> <Li> The Perpetual Calendar Gregorian Calendar adoption dates for many countries . </Li> <Li> World records for mentally calculating the day of the week in the Gregorian Calendar </Li> <Li> The Calendar FAQ -- Frequently Asked Questions about Calendars </Li> <Li> Today 's date ( Gregorian ) in over 400 more - or-less obscure foreign languages </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Calendars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Systems </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lunar </Li> <Li> Lunisolar </Li> <Li> Solar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In wide use </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Astronomical </Li> <Li> Bengali </Li> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Ethiopian </Li> 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The Empire Strikes Back - Wikipedia <H1> The Empire Strikes Back </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The Empire Strikes Back ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Empire Strikes Back </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster by Roger Kastel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Irvin Kershner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Gary Kurtz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leigh Brackett </Li> <Li> Lawrence Kasdan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> George Lucas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mark Hamill </Li> <Li> Harrison Ford </Li> <Li> Carrie Fisher </Li> <Li> Billy Dee Williams </Li> <Li> Anthony Daniels </Li> <Li> David Prowse </Li> <Li> Kenny Baker </Li> <Li> Peter Mayhew </Li> <Li> Frank Oz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> John Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Peter Suschitzky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Paul Hirsch </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Lucasfilm Ltd . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 17 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 17 ) ( Washington , D.C. ) </Li> <Li> May 21 , 1980 ( 1980 - 05 - 21 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 124 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $18 -- 33 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $534.1 -- 538.4 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Empire Strikes Back ( also known as Star Wars : Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back ) is a 1980 American epic space opera film directed by Irvin Kershner . Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan wrote the screenplay , with George Lucas writing the film 's story and serving as executive producer . The second installment in the original Star Wars trilogy , it was produced by Gary Kurtz for Lucasfilm and stars Mark Hamill , Harrison Ford , Carrie Fisher , Billy Dee Williams , Anthony Daniels , David Prowse , Kenny Baker , Peter Mayhew , and Frank Oz . </P> <P> The film is set three years after Star Wars . The Galactic Empire , under the leadership of the villainous Darth Vader and the Emperor , is in pursuit of Luke Skywalker and the rest of the Rebel Alliance . While Vader relentlessly pursues the small band of Luke 's friends -- Han Solo , Princess Leia Organa , and others -- across the galaxy , Luke studies the Force under Jedi Master Yoda . When Vader captures Luke 's friends , Luke must decide whether to complete his training and become a full Jedi Knight or to confront Vader and save them . Following a difficult production , The Empire Strikes Back was released on May 21 , 1980 . It received mixed reviews from critics initially but has since grown in esteem , becoming the most critically acclaimed chapter in the Star Wars saga ; it is now widely regarded as one of the greatest films of all time . The film ranks # 3 on Empire 's 2008 list of the 500 greatest movies of all time . It became the highest - grossing film of 1980 and , to date , has earned more than $538 million worldwide from its original run and several re-releases . When adjusted for inflation , it is the second - highest - grossing sequel of all time and the 13th - highest - grossing film in North America . The film was followed by Return of the Jedi , which was released in 1983 . </P> <P> In 2010 , the film was selected for preservation in the United States ' National Film Registry by the Library of Congress for being `` culturally , historically , and aesthetically significant . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 3.3 Effects </Li> <Li> 3.4 Filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Themes </Li> <Li> 5 Releases <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Special Edition </Li> <Li> 5.2 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.2 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades <Ul> <Li> 6.3. 1 Legacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 8 Other media <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Novelization </Li> <Li> 8.2 Comic book adaptation </Li> <Li> 8.3 Book - and - record set </Li> <Li> 8.4 Video games </Li> <Li> 8.5 Radio adaptation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 10.2 Citations </Li> <Li> 10.3 Works cited </Li> <Li> 10.4 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Three years after the destruction of the Death Star , the Rebel Alliance has been driven from their former base on Yavin IV by the Galactic Empire . The rebels , led by Princess Leia , have set up a new base on the ice planet Hoth . The Imperial fleet , led by Darth Vader , continues to hunt for the Rebels ' new base by dispatching probe droids across the galaxy . Luke Skywalker is captured by a wampa while investigating one such probe , but he manages to escape from the wampa 's cave with his lightsaber . Before Luke succumbs to the freezing temperatures , the spirit of his late mentor , Obi - Wan Kenobi , instructs him to go to the Dagobah system to train under Jedi Master Yoda . Luke is found by Han Solo , where they cut open a Tauntaun ( that Han rode on ) to keep warm inside , and the duo is eventually rescued by a search party . </P> <P> Meanwhile , the probe alerts the Imperial fleet to the rebels ' location . The Empire launches a large - scale attack , using AT - AT Walkers to capture the base , which forces the rebels to retreat . Han and Leia escape on the Millennium Falcon with C - 3PO and Chewbacca , but the ship 's hyperdrive malfunctions . They hide in an asteroid field , where Han and Leia grow closer and eventually kiss . Vader summons bounty hunters to assist in finding the Falcon . Luke , meanwhile , escapes with R2 - D2 in his X-wing fighter and crash - lands on the swamp planet Dagobah . He meets a diminutive creature who reveals himself to be Yoda ; after conferring with Obi - Wan 's spirit , Yoda reluctantly accepts Luke as his student . </P> <P> After evading the Imperial fleet , Han 's group travel to the floating Cloud City on the planet of Bespin , which is run by Han 's old friend , Lando Calrissian . Unbeknownst to the group , the bounty hunter Boba Fett tracks the Falcon ; shortly after their arrival , Lando leads the group into a trap and they are handed over to Darth Vader and Boba Fett . Vader plans to use the group as bait to lure out Luke , intending to capture him alive and take him to Emperor Palpatine . Luke sees a premonition of Han and Leia in pain and , against the wishes of Yoda and Obi - Wan , abandons his training to rescue them . </P> <P> Vader intends to hold Luke in suspended animation via carbon freezing and selects Han to be frozen as a test subject . Han survives the process and is given to Fett , who intends to deliver Han to Jabba the Hutt . Lando initiates an escape and frees Leia and the others , but they are too late to stop Fett from departing with Han . They fight their way back to the Falcon and flee Cloud City . Meanwhile , Luke arrives at Cloud City and engages with Vader in a lightsaber duel that leads them over the city 's central air shaft . Vader severs Luke 's right hand , disarming him ; when Luke refuses to join Vader against the Emperor , accusing him of murdering his father , Vader reveals that he , in fact , is his father . Horrified by the truth , Luke intentionally falls into the air shaft and is ejected beneath the floating city , where he grabs onto an antenna . He makes a telepathic plea to Leia , who senses it and persuades Lando to return for him in the Falcon . After Luke is brought on board , they are chased by TIE fighters and Vader on his star destroyer , but R2 - D2 reactivates the Falcon 's hyperdrive , allowing them to escape . </P> <P> Aboard a medical frigate in the Rebel fleet , Luke 's severed hand is replaced with a robotic hand . Lando and Chewbacca set off for Tatooine in the Falcon in order to find Jabba the Hutt and save Han . As the Falcon departs , Luke , Leia , R2 - D2 , and C - 3PO gaze out on the galaxy and await word from Lando . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of The Empire Strikes Back characters and List of Star Wars cast members <Ul> <Li> Mark Hamill as Luke Skywalker : A Jedi in training , who is powerfully connected with the Force . </Li> <Li> Harrison Ford as Han Solo : A smuggler and Captain of the Millennium Falcon . </Li> <Li> Carrie Fisher as Leia Organa : A leader of the Rebel Alliance , the former Princess of the destroyed planet Alderaan . </Li> <Li> Billy Dee Williams as Lando Calrissian : Administrator of Cloud City and an old friend to Han Solo . </Li> <Li> Anthony Daniels as C - 3PO : A humanoid protocol droid in the Rebel Alliance . </Li> <Li> David Prowse as Darth Vader : A warrior of the dark side of the Force and the Emperor 's second - in command . The character 's voice is provided by James Earl Jones . </Li> <Li> Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca : A Wookiee and loyal friend to Han Solo . </Li> <Li> Kenny Baker as R2 - D2 : An astromech droid in the Rebel Alliance and long - time friend to C - 3PO . He also portrays a GONK power droid in the background . </Li> <Li> Frank Oz as Yoda : The wise , centuries - old Grand Master of the Jedi , who is Luke 's self - exiled Jedi Master living on Dagobah . Oz was assisted by several other performers , including Kathryn Mullen , David Barclay , Wendy Froud , Wendy Midener , and Deep Roy . </Li> <Li> Jeremy Bulloch as Boba Fett : A bounty hunter , hired by the Galactic Empire . Jason Wingreen provided Fett 's voice in the film 's original theatrical cut and the 1997 Special Edition . In the 2004 and 2011 special editions , Temuera Morrison , who played Jango Fett in Attack of the Clones and all his clones , replaced Wingreen as Fett 's voice . Bulloch also makes a cameo appearance as the Imperial officer who grabs Leia when she tells Luke to avoid Vader 's trap with John Morton doubling as Fett in this scene . </Li> <Li> Several different actors portray the Emperor : The evil ruler of the Galactic Empire and Darth Vader 's powerful Sith Master , who appears via hologram . Clive Revill originally provided the voice of the Emperor , while Marjorie Eaton portrayed the Emperor 's physical form , filmed under heavy makeup with superimposed chimpanzee eyes . Ultimately they were replaced by Ian McDiarmid , who portrayed the character in later films , for the 2004 Special Edition and subsequent releases . </Li> <Li> Alec Guinness appears briefly as Obi - Wan Kenobi 's Force - ghost : Luke 's deceased mentor , who guides him to Yoda . </Li> </Ul> <P> Denis Lawson reprises his role as Wedge Antilles from the first film . John Hollis plays ' Lobot ' , Lando 's personal aide . Julian Glover appears as General Veers , a general who leads the Empire in the battle of Hoth ; Kenneth Colley portrays Admiral Piett , the Empire 's top admiral ; Michael Sheard as Admiral Ozzel , Vader 's previous admiral ; Michael Culver appears as Captain Needa , one of the Empire 's captains who failed to catch the Millennium Falcon ; John Ratzenberger portrays Major Derlin , one of the officers who led the rebels in the battle of Hoth ; Bruce Boa appears as General Rieekan , Princess Leia 's military advisor on Hoth ; Christopher Malcolm plays Rebel snowspeeder pilot Zev Senesca , who finds Skywalker and Solo on the surface of Hoth ; and John Morton portrays Dak , Luke 's gunner in the battle of Hoth who was killed by an AT - AT . Richard Oldfield is Rebel pilot Hobbie Klivian . </P> <P> Morris Bush portrays the bounty hunter Dengar , Alan Harris portrays the bounty hunter Bossk and Chris Parsons portrays the robotic bounty hunter 4 - LOM . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> George Lucas , writer / director of the first film , decided to only executive produce and co-write this film <P> George Lucas ' 1977 film Star Wars exceeded all expectations in terms of profit , had a revolutionary effect on the film industry , and had an unexpected resonance as a cultural phenomenon . Lucas hoped to become independent from the Hollywood film industry , choosing to finance The Empire Strikes Back himself with $33 million from loans and the previous film 's earnings , going against the principles of many Hollywood producers never to invest one 's own money . Now fully in command of his Star Wars enterprise , Lucas chose not to direct The Empire Strikes Back because of his other production roles , including overseeing his special effects company Industrial Light & Magic ( ILM ) and handling of the financing . Lucas offered the role of director to Irvin Kershner , one of his former professors at the USC School of Cinematic Arts . </P> Lucas hired veteran independent film maker and his former professor Irvin Kershner to direct the movie <P> Kershner was known for smaller - scale , character - driven films , but had more recently directed the true - life drama Raid on Entebbe ( 1977 ) and the thriller Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) . Kershner initially turned Lucas down , citing his belief that a sequel would never meet the quality or originality of Star Wars . He called his agent , who immediately demanded that he take the job . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lucas hired science fiction author Leigh Brackett to write Star Wars II with him . They held story conferences and , by late November 1977 , Lucas had produced a handwritten treatment called The Empire Strikes Back . The treatment is similar to the final film , except that Darth Vader does not reveal he is Luke 's father . In the first draft that Brackett would write from this , Luke 's father appears as a ghost to instruct Luke . </P> <P> Brackett finished her first draft in early 1978 ; Lucas has said he was disappointed with it , but before he could discuss it with her , she died of cancer . With no writer available , Lucas had to write his next draft himself . It was this draft in which Lucas first made use of the `` Episode '' numbering for the films ; Empire Strikes Back was listed as Episode II . As Michael Kaminski argues in The Secret History of Star Wars , the disappointment with the first draft probably made Lucas consider different directions in which to take the story . He made use of a new plot twist : Darth Vader claims to be Luke 's father . According to Lucas , he found this draft enjoyable to write , as opposed to the yearlong struggles writing the first film , and quickly wrote two more drafts , both in April 1978 . He also took the script to a darker extreme by having Han Solo encased in carbonite and left in limbo . </P> <P> This new story point of Darth Vader being Luke 's father had drastic effects on the series . Michael Kaminski argues in his book that it is unlikely that the plot point had ever seriously been considered or even conceived before 1978 , and that the first film was clearly operating under an alternate storyline where Vader was separate from Luke 's father ; there is not a single reference to this plot point before 1978 . After writing the second and third drafts of Empire Strikes Back in which the point was introduced , Lucas reviewed the new backstory he had created : Anakin Skywalker was Ben Kenobi 's brilliant student and had a child named Luke , but was swayed to the dark side by The Emperor ( who was really a Sith Lord and not simply just a politician ) . Anakin battled Ben Kenobi on the site of a volcano and was wounded , but then resurrected as Darth Vader . Meanwhile , Kenobi hid Luke on Tatooine while the Republic became the Empire and Vader systematically hunted down the Jedi . </P> <P> With this new backstory in place , Lucas decided that the series would be a trilogy , changing Empire Strikes Back from Episode II to Episode V in the next draft . Lawrence Kasdan had just completed writing Raiders of the Lost Ark , and the screenplay impressed Lucas , who hired him to write the next drafts with additional input from director Irvin Kershner . Kasdan , Kershner , and producer Gary Kurtz saw the film as a more serious and adult film , which was helped by the new , darker storyline , and developed the series from the light adventure roots of the first film . </P> <H3> Effects ( edit ) </H3> Play media The Imperial AT - AT walkers at the Battle of Hoth were created using models and a new stop motion animation technique developed by Phil Tippett for The Empire Strikes Back . When making Dragonslayer ( 1981 ) Tippett called it `` go motion '' . Landscape paintings ( by Mike Pangrazio ) were used as backgrounds to enhance the scenery . <P> After the release of Star Wars , ILM grew from being a struggling company and moved to Marin County , California . The Empire Strikes Back provided the company with new challenges . Whereas Star Wars mostly featured space sequences , The Empire Strikes Back featured not only space dogfights but also an ice planet battle opening sequence and elements of cities that floated among the clouds . For the battle scenes on the ice planet Hoth , the initial intent was to use bluescreen to composite the Imperial walkers into still - shots from the original set . Instead , an artist ( Michael Pangrazio ) was hired to paint landscapes , resulting in the Imperial walkers being shot using stop motion animation in front of the landscape paintings . The original designs for the AT - ATs were , according to Phil Tippett , `` big armored vehicles with wheels '' . Many believe the finished design was inspired by the Port of Oakland container cranes , but Lucas denied this . </P> <P> In designing the Jedi Master Yoda , Stuart Freeborn used his own face as a model and added the wrinkles of Albert Einstein for the appearance of exceptional intelligence . Sets for Dagobah were built five feet above the stage floor , allowing puppeteers to crawl underneath and hold up the Yoda puppet . The setup presented communication problems for Frank Oz , who portrayed Yoda , as he was underneath the stage and unable to hear the crew and Mark Hamill above . Hamill later expressed his dismay at being the only human character on set for months ; he felt like a trivial element on a set of animals , machines , and moving props . Kershner commended Hamill for his performance with the puppet . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> Filming began in Norway , at the Hardangerjøkulen glacier near the town of Finse , on March 5 , 1979 . Like the filming of Star Wars , where the production in Tunisia coincided with the area 's first major rainstorm in fifty years , the weather was against the film crew . While filming in Norway , they encountered the worst winter storm in fifty years . Temperatures dropped to − 20 ° F ( − 29 ° C ) , and 18 feet ( 5.5 m ) of snow fell . On one occasion , the crew were unable to exit their hotel . They achieved a shot involving Luke 's exit of the Wampa cave by opening the hotel 's doors and filming Mark Hamill running out into the snow while the crew remained warm inside . Mark Hamill 's face was scarred in a motor accident that occurred between filming of Star Wars and The Empire Strikes Back . Despite reports to the contrary , the scene in which Luke is knocked unconscious by the Wampa was not added specifically to explain this change to Hamill 's face . Lucas admitted that the scene `` helped '' the situation , though he felt that Luke 's time fighting in the rebellion was sufficient explanation . </P> <P> The production then moved to Elstree Studios in London on March 13 , where over 60 sets were built , more than double the number used in the previous film . A fire in January on Stage 3 ( during filming of Stanley Kubrick 's The Shining ) forced the budget to be increased from $18.5 million to $22 million , and by July the budget increased $3 million more . Filming finished by mid-September . </P> <P> One memorable exchange of dialogue was partially ad - libbed . Originally a scene in which Princess Leia professed her love to Han Solo , with Han replying `` I love you too . '' Harrison Ford felt the characterization was not being used effectively , and Kershner agreed . After several takes , the director told the actor to improvise on the spot , and Ford changed Solo 's line to `` I know . '' </P> <P> During production , great secrecy surrounded the fact that Darth Vader was Luke 's father . The film includes a brief image of Vader with his mask off , facing away from the camera . For the original viewers of the film , this scene made it clear that Vader is not a droid . </P> <P> Like the rest of the crew , Prowse -- who spoke all of Vader 's lines during filming -- was given a false page that contained dialogue with the revelatory line being `` Obi - Wan killed your father . '' Hamill was informed just moments before cameras rolled on his close - up , and did not tell anyone , including his wife ; according to Hamill , Ford did not learn the truth until he watched the film . </P> <P> To preserve the dramatic opening sequences of his films , Lucas wanted the screen credits to come at the end of the films . While this practice has become more common over the years , this was highly unusual at the time . The Writers and Directors Guilds of America had no problem allowing it on Star Wars , back in 1977 , because the writer - director credit ( George Lucas ) matched the company name , but when Lucas did the same thing for the sequel it became an issue because Lucas had his last name on the start of the film ( Lucasfilm ) , while the director and the writers had theirs on the end . They fined him over $250,000 and attempted to pull Empire out of theaters . The DGA also attacked Kershner ; to protect his director , Lucas paid all the fines to the guilds . Due to the controversy , he left the Directors and Writers Guilds , and the Motion Picture Association . </P> <P> The initial production budget of $18 million was 50 percent more than that of the original . After the various increases in budget , The Empire Strikes Back became one of the most expensive films of its day and after the bank threatened to call in his loan , Lucas was forced to approach 20th Century Fox . Lucas made a deal with the studio to secure the loan in exchange for paying the studio more money , but without the loss of his sequel and merchandising rights . After the film 's box office success , unhappiness at the studio over the deal 's generosity to Lucas caused studio president Alan Ladd , Jr. to quit . The departure of his longtime ally caused Lucas to take Raiders of the Lost Ark to Paramount Pictures . </P> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> See also : Star Wars sources and analogues <P> Like its predecessor , The Empire Strikes Back draws from several mythological stories and world religions . It also includes elements of 1930s film serials such as Flash Gordon , a childhood favorite of Lucas ' , that similarly featured a city afloat in the sky . </P> <H2> Releases ( edit ) </H2> <P> The world premiere of The Empire Strikes Back was held on May 17 , 1980 , at the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. ( as a special Children 's World Premiere event ) . The film had a Royal Charity Premiere in London at the Odeon Cinema in Leicester Square on May 20 . The special event was dubbed `` Empire Day '' , a playful take the British Commonwealth Day holiday ( known as Empire Day prior to 1958 ) , where legions of stormtroopers were unleashed across the city . A series of other charity benefit premieres were held in numerous locations on May 19 and 20 . The film went on to official general release in North America and the U.K. on May 21 , 1980 . The first wave of release included 126 70 mm prints , before a wider release in June 1980 ( which were mostly 35 mm prints ) . During the initial theatrical run in Europe and Australia , the short film Black Angel by Star Wars art director Roger Christian was shown before the feature . </P> <P> Though the film was simply titled The Empire Strikes Back in its original promotional materials , the film still started with the title Star Wars on - screen which was followed by the opening crawl that gave the film 's subtitle as Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back , causing some surprise among cinema goers at the time as the original Star Wars film had not been given an episode number or subtitle for its first release in 1977 . However , Episode IV : A New Hope was added to its opening crawl from its 1981 re-release onwards . Like A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back was rated PG by the Motion Picture Association of America , and certificate U in the United Kingdom . This original version was released on CED in 1984 and on VHS and Laserdisc several times during the 1980s and 1990s . </P> <H3> Special Edition ( edit ) </H3> The 1997 theatrical release poster of the new Special Edition version of the film ( art by Drew Struzan ) <P> As part of Star Wars 's 20th anniversary celebration in 1997 , The Empire Strikes Back was digitally remastered and re-released along with Star Wars and Return of the Jedi under the title Star Wars Trilogy : Special Edition . Lucas took this opportunity to make several minor changes to the film . These included explicitly showing the Wampa creature on Hoth in full form , creating a more complex flight path for the Falcon as it approaches Cloud City , digitally replacing some of the interior walls of Cloud City with vistas of Bespin , and replacing certain lines of dialogue . A short sequence was also added depicting Vader 's return to his Super Star Destroyer after dueling with Luke , created from alternate angles of a scene from Return of the Jedi . Most of the changes were small and aesthetic ; however , some fans believe that they detract from the film . </P> <P> The film was also resubmitted to the MPAA for rating ; it was again rated PG , but under the Association 's new description nomenclature , the reason given was for `` sci - fi action / violence '' . This version of the film runs 127 minutes . </P> <H3> Home Media ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> DVD release </Dt> </Dl> <P> The Empire Strikes Back was released on DVD in September 2004 , bundled in a box set with A New Hope , Return of the Jedi , and a bonus disc of extra features . The films were digitally restored and remastered , with additional changes made by George Lucas . The bonus features include a commentary by George Lucas , Irvin Kershner , Ben Burtt , Dennis Muren , and Carrie Fisher , as well as an extensive documentary called Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Also included are featurettes , teasers , trailers , TV spots , still galleries , video game demos , and a preview of Revenge of the Sith . </P> <P> For the DVD release , Lucas and his team made changes that were mostly implemented to ensure continuity between The Empire Strikes Back and the recently released prequel trilogy films . The most noticeable of these changes was replacing the stand - in used in the holographic image of the Emperor ( with Clive Revill providing the voice ) with actor Ian McDiarmid providing some slightly altered dialogue . With this release , Lucas also supervised the creation of a high - definition digital print of The Empire Strikes Back and the original trilogy 's other films . It was reissued in December 2005 as part of a three - disc `` limited edition '' boxed set that did not feature the bonus disc . </P> <P> The film was reissued again on a separate two - disc Limited Edition DVD for a brief time from September 12 , 2006 , to December 31 , 2006 , this time with the film 's original , unaltered version as bonus material . It was also re-released in a trilogy box set on November 4 , 2008 . There was controversy surrounding the initial release , because the DVDs featured non-anamorphic versions of the original films based on LaserDisc releases from 1993 ( as opposed to newly remastered , film - based high definition transfers ) . Since non-anamorphic transfers fail to make full use of the resolution available on widescreen televisions , many fans were disappointed with this choice . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Blu - ray release </Dt> </Dl> <P> On August 14 , 2010 , George Lucas announced that all six Star Wars films in their Special Edition form would be released on Blu - ray Disc in Fall 2011 . On January 6 , 2011 , 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment announced the Blu - ray release for September 2011 in three different editions . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Digital release </Dt> </Dl> <P> On April 7 , 2015 , Walt Disney Studios , 20th Century Fox , and Lucasfilm jointly announced the digital releases of the six released Star Wars films . Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment released The Empire Strikes Back through the iTunes Store , Amazon Video , Vudu , Google Play , and Disney Movies Anywhere on April 10 , 2015 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film grossed $6,415,804 on its opening weekend in limited release on 126 screens . After four weeks on release , it expanded to 824 screens and grossed $10,840,307 for the weekend setting a new weekly record of $20,380,052 . Within three months of the release of The Empire Strikes Back , Lucas had recovered his $33 million investment and distributed $5 million in bonuses to employees . It earned $181,379,640 during its first run in the United States and Canada . </P> <P> It was re-released on July 31 , 1981 and grossed a further $26,758,774 and again on November 19 , 1982 with a gross of $14,535,852 to bring its gross to $222,674,266 and about $450 million worldwide . </P> <P> When The Empire Strikes Back returned to cinemas in 1997 , it grossed $21,975,993 on its first weekend of re-release . As of 2007 , the film has grossed $290,475,750 domestically and $538,375,067 worldwide . 35 years after the film 's initial release , it re-entered the UK box office at number 9 grossing $470,000 from June 4 -- 7 , 2015 . </P> <H3> CRITICAL response ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Empire Strikes Back received mixed reviews from critics upon its initial release . For example , Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote a largely negative review of the film . David Denby of New York magazine called the film `` a Wagnerian pop movie -- grandiose , thrilling , imperiously generous in scale , and also a bit ponderous '' . Judith Martin of The Washington Post criticized the film 's `` middle - of - the - story '' plot , which she claimed had no particular beginning or end . However , this was a concept that Lucas had intended . </P> <P> On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , The Empire Strikes Back currently holds a 95 % approval rating , based on 91 reviews , with an average rating of 8.9 / 10 . Rotten Tomatoes summarizes : `` Dark , sinister , but ultimately even more involving than A New Hope , The Empire Strikes Back defies viewer expectations and takes the series to heightened emotional levels . '' Bob Stephens of The San Francisco Examiner described The Empire Strikes Back as `` the greatest episode of the Star Wars Trilogy '' in 1997 . In 2016 , James Charisma of Playboy ranked the film # 3 on a list of 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals . Roger Ebert described the film as the strongest and `` most thought - provoking '' film of the original trilogy . </P> <P> Chuck Klosterman suggested that while `` movies like Easy Rider and Saturday Night Fever painted living portraits for generations they represented in the present tense , The Empire Strikes Back might be the only example of a movie that set the social aesthetic for a generation coming in the future . '' </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the Academy Awards in 1981 , The Empire Strikes Back won the Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing , which was awarded to Bill Varney , Steve Maslow , Gregg Landaker , and Peter Sutton . In addition , this film received the Special Achievement Academy Award for Best Visual Effects that was awarded to Brian Johnson , Richard Edlund , Dennis Muren , and Bruce Nicholson . Composer John Williams was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Score , and Norman Reynolds , Leslie Dilley , Harry Lange , Alan Tomkins , and Michael Ford were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Production Design . </P> <P> In addition , John Williams was awarded the British Academy Film Award for his compositions : the Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music . The Empire Strikes Back also received British Academy Film Award nominations for Best Sound and Best Production Design . </P> <P> Williams was also nominated for a Grammy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his musical score of the film . </P> <P> The Empire Strikes Back received four Saturn Awards , for Mark Hamill as Best Actor , Irvin Kershner for Best Director , Brian Johnson and Richard Edlund for Best Special Effects , and the Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film . </P> <P> The Empire Strikes Back won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . The film was nominated for the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . </P> <P> The Empire Strikes Back was awarded the Golden Screen Award in Germany . </P> Legacy ( edit ) <P> Darth Vader was ranked as the third - greatest film villain of all time in the American Film Institute 's 2003 list of the 100 greatest heroes and villains , and Wizard magazine selected the ending of The Empire Strikes Back as the greatest cliffhanger of all time . </P> <P> The line `` No , I am your father '' is often misquoted as `` Luke , I am your father . '' The line was selected as one of the 400 nominees for the American Film Institute 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes , a list of the greatest American film quotes . Yoda 's statement to Luke Skywalker , `` Try not ! Do , or do not . There is no try '' , was also a nominee for the same list by the AFI . </P> <P> The film was selected in 2010 to be preserved by the Library of Congress as part of its National Film Registry . It is unclear whether a copy of the 1980 theatrical version or the 1997 Special Edition has been archived by the NFR , or indeed if any copy has been provided by Lucasfilm and accepted by the Registry . </P> <P> In the 2014 Empire Magazine list , `` The 301 Greatest Movies of All Time '' voted by fans , The Empire Strikes Back was named as the greatest film ever made . </P> <P> American Film Institute lists </P> <Ul> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies -- Nominated </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills -- Nominated </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains : <Ul> <Li> Darth Vader -- No. 3 Villain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : <Ul> <Li> `` I am your father . '' -- Nominated </Li> <Li> `` Do , or do not . There is no try . '' -- Nominated </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movies ( 10th Anniversary Edition ) -- Nominated </Li> </Ul> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Empire Strikes Back ( soundtrack ) <P> The musical score of The Empire Strikes Back was composed and conducted by John Williams , and it was performed by the London Symphony Orchestra at a cost of about $250,000 . In 1980 , the company RSO Records published this film 's original musical score as both a double LP album and as an 8 - track cartridge in the United States . Its front cover artwork features the mask of Darth Vader against a backdrop of outer space , as seen on the advance theatrical poster for the film . </P> <P> In 1985 , the first Compact disc ( CD ) issue of the film score was made by the company Polydor Records , which had absorbed both RSO Records and its music catalog . Polydor Records used a shorter , one compact - disc edition of the music as their master . In 1993 , 20th Century Fox Film Scores released a special boxed set of four compact discs : the Star Wars Trilogy : The Original Soundtrack Anthology . This anthology included the film scores of all three members of the original Star Wars Trilogy in separate CDs , even though there was significant overlap between the three ( such as the Star Wars theme music ) . </P> <P> In 1997 , the record company RCA Victor released a definitive two - CD set to accompany the publications of all three of the Special Editions of the films of the Star Wars Trilogy . This original limited - edition set of CDs featured a 32 - page black booklet that was enclosed within a protective outer slip - case . The covers of the booklet and of the slip - case have selections from the poster art of the Star Wars Trilogy : Special Edition . All of the tracks have been digitally re-mastered supposedly for superior clarity of sound . </P> <P> RCA Victor next re-packaged the Special Edition set later on in 1997 , offering it in slim - line jewel case packaging as an unlimited edition , but without the packaging that the original `` black booklet '' version offered . </P> <P> In 2004 , the Sony Classical Records company purchased the sales rights of the original trilogy 's musical scores -- primarily because it already had the sales rights of the music from the trilogy of prequels : The Phantom Menace , Attack of the Clones , and Revenge of the Sith . Hence in 2004 , the Sony Classical company began manufacturing copies of the film - score CDs that RCA Victor had been making since 1997 , including the one for The Empire Strikes Back . This set was made with new cover artwork similar to that of the film 's first publication on DVD . Despite the digital re-mastering by Sony Classical , their CD version made and sold since 2004 is essentially the same as the version by RCA Victor . </P> <H2> Other Media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Novelization ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Empire Strikes Back ( novel ) <P> A novelization of the film was released on April 12 , 1980 , and published by the company Del Rey Books . The novelization was written by Donald F. Glut , and it was based on the screenplay by Lawrence Kasdan , Leigh Brackett , and George Lucas . </P> <P> This novelization was originally published as Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back . However , the later editions have been renamed Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back to conform with the change in the titles of the Star Wars saga . Like the other novelizations of the Star Wars Trilogy , background information is added to explain the happenings of the story beyond that which is depicted on - screen . </P> <H3> Comic book adaptation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Star Wars ( 1977 comic book ) <P> Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back which was written by Archie Goodwin and illustrated by Al Williamson and Carlos Garzon . It was published simultaneously in four formats : as a magazine ( Marvel Super Special # 16 ) , an oversized tabloid edition ( Marvel Special Edition Featuring Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back ) , as part of a serialized comic book series , and as a paperback pocket book . In the paperback and tabloid versions , which were published first and for which early concept designs were the only available art reference , Yoda was given a quite different appearance than in the films : Yoda is thinner , he has long white hair , and he has purple skin , rather than green skin . For the magazine and serialized comic book editions , there was enough time for the artwork featuring Yoda to be revised extensively , and his appearance was changed to match that in the film . </P> <P> Comic book historians and industry professionals have remarked that Marvel 's Star Wars comics published in the years before The Empire Strikes Back include plot points similar to those later used in the film . However , the film 's makers have not acknowledged receiving any inspiration from the comic books . </P> <H3> Book - and - record set ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lucasfilm adapted the story for a children 's book - and - record set . Released in 1980 , the 24 - page Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back read - along book was accompanied by a 331⁄3 rpm 7 - inch gramophone record . Each page of the book contained a cropped frame from the film with an abridged and condensed version of the story . The record was produced by Buena Vista Records . </P> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Star Wars video games <P> Video games based on the film have been released on several consoles . Additionally , several Star Wars video games feature or mention key events seen in the film , but are not entirely based upon the film . In 1982 Parker Brothers released Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for the Atari 2600 games console , which featured the speeder attack on the AT - ATs on Hoth . The arcade game Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back followed in 1985 . The game features familiar battle sequences and characters played from a first - person perspective . Specific battles include the Battle of Hoth and the subsequent escape of the Millennium Falcon through an asteroid field . A conversion was released in 1988 for the ZX Spectrum , Amstrad CPC , Commodore 64 , BBC Micro , Atari ST , and Commodore Amiga . </P> <P> In 1992 , JVC released the LucasArts - developed video game also titled Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) console . The player assumes the role of Luke Skywalker and maneuvers through Skywalker 's story as seen in the film . In 1992 , Ubisoft released a version for the Game Boy . Like its previous incarnation , it follows the story of Luke Skywalker . Super Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back was developed for the console Super Nintendo Entertainment System ( SNES ) by LucasArts and was released by JVC in 1993 . The SNES game is similar in spots to the 1991 NES release , and is on a 12 - megabit cartridge . </P> <H3> Radio adaptation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Star Wars ( radio ) <P> A radio play adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back was written by Brian Daley , and was produced for and broadcast on the National Public Radio network in the U.S. during 1983 . It was based on characters and situations created by George Lucas , and on the screenplay by Leigh Brackett and Lawrence Kasdan . Its director was John Madden , with sound mixing and post-production work done by Tom Voegeli . </P> <P> Mark Hamill , Billy Dee Williams , and Anthony Daniels reprised their roles as Luke Skywalker , Lando Calrissian , and C - 3PO respectively , with John Lithgow voicing Yoda . This radio play was designed to last for five hours of radio time , usually presented in more than one part . Radio agencies estimate that about 750,000 people tuned in to listen to this series radio play beginning on February 14 , 1983 . In terms of the canonical Star Wars story , this radio drama has been given the highest designation , G - canon . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Star Wars portal </Li> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> 1980s portal </Li> <Li> Science fiction portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Story of Star Wars </Li> <Li> Splinter of the Mind 's Eye , a science fiction novel set in the Star Wars universe </Li> <Li> List of films considered the best </Li> <Li> List of films featuring extraterrestrials </Li> <Li> List of Star Wars films and television series </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Although the theatrical and home video distribution rights to all other Star Wars films were to be transferred to Walt Disney Studios by May 2020 , 20th Century Fox was to continue to own theatrical , home video , digital , and broadcast distribution rights to A New Hope for the foreseeable future . On December 14 , 2017 , The Walt Disney Company announced it is acquiring most of Fox 's parent company , 21st Century Fox , including the film studio and all distribution rights to A New Hope . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Citations ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Masters , Kim ( October 30 , 2012 ) . `` Tangled Rights Could Tie Up Ultimate ' Star Wars ' Box Set ( Analysis ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bond , Paul ( May 22 , 2013 ) . `` Power Lawyers : How ' Star Wars ' Nerds Sold Lucasfilm to Disney '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Walt Disney Company To Acquire Twenty - First Century Fox , Inc. , After Spinoff Of Certain Businesses , For $52.4 Billion In Stock '' . The Walt Disney Company ( Press release ) . December 14 , 2017 . Archived from the original on December 14 , 2017 . Retrieved December 14 , 2017 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian ( May 6 , 2014 ) . `` Tales From The Dark Side : The Making Of The Empire Strikes Back '' . Empireonline.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Ep . V : The Empire Strikes Back -- Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian . `` The 500 greatest movies of all time , No. 3 : Star Wars Episode V : The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) '' . Empire . Retrieved September 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Film features : 100 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Total Film . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Films of All Time '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Archived from the original on March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved June 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 100 Best Movies of All Time by Mr. Showbiz '' . AMC Filmsite.org . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 500 Greatest Movies Of All Time '' . Empire . Archived from the original on August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Films adjusted for inflation '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Those Yoda Guys '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gourley , Matt . `` I Was There Too '' . earwolf.com . Earwolf . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ @ pablohidalgo ( October 26 , 2016 ) . `` Okay here 's what I 've got . It is not Elaine Baker in the movie . @ PhilTippett sculpted the piece and Rick applied it '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alasdair Wilkins ( October 10 , 2010 ) . `` Yoda was originally played by a monkey in a mask , and other secrets of The Empire Strikes Back '' . io9 . Retrieved October 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rinzler , J.W. ( 22 Oct 2013 ) . The Making of Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back ( Enhanced ed . ) . Ballantine Group . ISBN 9780345543363 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : The Changes '' . dvdactive . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lucasfilm Defends DVD Changes '' . Sci - Fi Wire . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved February 18 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Empire of Dreams : The Story of the Star Wars Trilogy . Star Wars Trilogy Box Set DVD documentary . ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Behind the Scenes : The Empire Strikes Back '' . American Cinematographer . Retrieved March 2 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biodrowski , Steve . `` Star Wars : The Original Trilogy -- Then And Now '' . Hollywood Gothique . Retrieved March 28 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 144 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bouzereau 1997 , p. 135 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 161 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bouzereau 1997 , p. 123 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Empire Strikes Back ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox . 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 120 -- 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , pp. 164 -- 65 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Marcus Hearn ( 2005 ) . `` Cliffhanging '' . The Cinema of George Lucas . New York City : Harry N. Abrams Inc . pp. 122 -- 7 . ISBN 0 - 8109 - 4968 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaminski 2007 , p. 178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Hartlaub ( June 27 , 2008 ) . `` Nah , dude , they were n't cranes , they were garbage trucks '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved June 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nick Maley . `` A tribute to Stuart Freeborn '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trilogy DVD Super-Feature '' . Underground Online . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Empire Strikes Back DVD commentary featuring George Lucas , Irvin Kershner , Ben Burtt , Dennis Muren and Carrie Fisher , ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Chiarella ( 2004 ) . `` Mark Hamill Interview '' . Home Theater . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2007 . Retrieved February 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( September 16 , 2004 ) . `` Secrets and Jedis '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross , Dalton ( September 16 , 2004 ) . `` 10 things we learned from the `` Star Wars '' DVDs `` . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Hamill on Star Citizen , Wing Commander and Star Wars . YouTube . November 19 , 2015 . Retrieved December 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Origins -- Flash Gordon '' . Star Wars Origins . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2006 . Retrieved November 16 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flash Gordon ( 1980 ) '' . The 80s Movies Rewind . Retrieved February 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An ' Empire Day ' to Remember StarWars.com '' . StarWars.com . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Empire release '' . From Script To DVD.com . Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Verrier , Richard ( October 16 , 2013 ) . `` Short film meant to accompany ' Empire Strikes Back ' makes a comeback '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cinema '' , TIME , May 19 , 1980 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars on Ced '' . Amazon.com Retrieved October 6 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Doug Smith ( 9 May 2011 ) . `` Yesterday 's technology can be a collectible '' . Quad - City Times . Retrieved 26 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Episode V The Empire Strikes Back ( 1997 ) '' . Motion Picture Association of America . Archived from the original on January 14 , 2007 . Retrieved January 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trilogy ( Widescreen Edition Without Bonus Disc , 1977 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved February 19 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Saga Repacked in Trilogy Sets on DVD '' . Lucasfilm . StarWars.com . August 28 , 2008 . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2008 . Retrieved November 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ian Dawe . `` Anamorphic Star Wars and Other Musings '' . Mindjack Film . Retrieved May 26 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George Lucas Announces Star Wars on Blu - Ray at Celebration V '' . Lucasfilm . StarWars.com . August 14 , 2010 . Archived from the original on August 16 , 2010 . Retrieved August 15 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pre-order Star Wars : The Complete Saga on Blu - ray Now ! '' . StarWars.com . Lucasfilm . January 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2011 . Retrieved January 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vlessing , Etan ( April 6 , 2015 ) . `` ' Star Wars ' Movie Franchise Headed to Digital HD '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Smokey 2 No. 1 in Domestic B.O. Maiden Wk . With $17,805,900 '' . Daily Variety . August 25 , 1980 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Star Wars ' B.O. History '' . Variety . May 17 , 1999 . p. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alex Ritman ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` U.K. Box Office : ' Empire Strikes Back ' Returns to Top 10 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . ( Prometheus Global Media ) . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CRITICAL OPINION : THE EMPIRE STRIKES BACK 'S ORIGINAL REVIEWS '' . Star Wars . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burwick , Kevin . `` Star Wars Fans Hated Empire Strikes Back When It Was First Released , Too '' . MovieWeb . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Chris . `` ' Last Jedi ' haters are nothing new . Plenty of fans hated ' Empire Strikes Back ' too '' . Mashable . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Asher - Perrin , Emily . `` You Must Unlearn What You Have Learned : How The Empire Strikes Back Ruined Everything '' . Tor.com . Retrieved 30 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( June 15 , 1980 ) . `` ' The Empire Strikes Back ' Strikes a Bland Note ' '' . New York Times . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Denby , David ( May 26 , 1980 ) . `` Star Wars Strikes Back '' . New York . Retrieved December 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Judith Martin ( May 23 , 1980 ) . `` ' The Empire Strikes Back ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved February 12 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Star Wars : Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephens , Bob ( February 21 , 1997 ) . `` '' Empire Strikes Back ' is the best of `` Star Wars ' trilogy '' . Sfgate.com . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charisma , James ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Revenge of the Movie : 15 Sequels That Are Way Better Than The Originals '' . Playboy . Retrieved July 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( February 21 , 1997 ) . `` The Empire Strikes Back '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 26 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( June 22 , 2004 ) . Sex , Drugs , and Cocoa Puffs : A Low Culture Manifesto . Scribner . p. 150 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 3601 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 53rd Academy Awards ( 1981 ) Nominees and Winners '' . oscars.org . Retrieved October 7 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Empire Strikes Back -- Awards & Nominations '' . Yahoo ! Movies . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2006 . Retrieved February 16 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Many Academy Awards Did The Empire Strikes Back Win In 1980 ? '' . AtThaMovies . Retrieved December 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) -- Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved July 29 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About the Golden Canvas '' . Goldene Leinwand . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes & Villains '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2003 . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jake Rossen ( August 5 , 2007 ) . `` The Top 25 Cliffhangers of All Time ! '' . Wizard . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 5 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael French ( 2003 ) . `` The Common Concept of Indiana Jones '' . TheRaider.net . Retrieved February 26 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Movie Quotes : Official Ballot '' ( PDF ) . AFI.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on September 19 , 2009 . Retrieved July 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Blockbusters , Independent Films and Shorts Selected for 2010 National Film Registry '' . Library of Congress . December 28 , 2010 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes , Mike ( December 28 , 2010 ) . `` ' Empire Strikes Back , ' ' Airplane ! ' Among 25 Movies Named to National Film Registry '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 28 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrews , Mallory ( July 21 , 2014 ) . `` A ' New ' New Hope : Film Preservation and the Problem with ' Star Wars ' '' . soundonsight.org . Sound on Sight . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . the NFR does not possess workable copies of the original versions ... Government - mandated agencies such as the National Film Registry are unable to preserve ( or even possess ) working copies of the films on their list without the consent of the author and / or copyright holder . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Request Denied : Lucas Refuses to Co-Operate with Government Film Preservation Organizations '' . savestarwars.com . Saving Star Wars . 2011 . Retrieved July 27 , 2014 . When the request was made for STAR WARS , Lucasfilm offered us the Special Edition version . The offer was declined as this was obviously not the version that had been selected for the Registry . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Empire Magazine -- 301 Greatest Movies of All Time '' , empireonline.com , Retrieved December 1 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnold 1980 , p. 266 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Original Soundtrack from the Film The Empire Strikes Back '' . Star Wars Collectors Archive . Retrieved October 26 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Trilogy : The Original Soundtrack Anthology ( BOX SET ) ( SOUNDTRACK ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Empire Strikes Back : The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ( Special Edition ) SOUNDTRACK '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars / The Empire Strikes Back / Return of the Jedi ( Original Soundtracks -- 2004 reissue ) '' . Retrieved January 20 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Star Wars , Episode V -- The Empire Strikes Back ( Mass Market Paperback ) . Amazon.com . ISBN 0345283929 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GCD : : Issue : : Marvel Super Special # 16 '' . comics.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marvel Special Edition Featuring Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back at the Grand Comics Database </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards , Ted ( 1999 ) . `` Adventures in the Comics '' . The Unauthorized Star Wars Compendium . Little , Brown and Company . p. 82 . ISBN 9780316329293 . In 1980 The Empire Strikes Back hit theaters and Marvel published their adaptation of the movie in a few different formats . The earliest version appeared in a paperback - size book followed by the magazine - size Marvel Super Special No. 16 , and then in regular comic book form in six parts . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keane , Mike ( June 2009 ) . `` Bob Wiacek '' . Back Issue ! . TwoMorrows Publishing ( 34 ) : 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back '' . GameSpot . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Empire Strikes Back , The '' . The Killer List of Videogames . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Advertising poster </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for NES '' . Moby Games . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back for Game Boy '' . Moby Games . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Star Wars : The Empire Strikes Back '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2007 . Retrieved February 24 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robb , Brian J. ( 2012 ) . A Brief Guide to Star Wars . London : Hachette . ISBN 9781780335834 . Retrieved 21 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Empire Strikes Back Produced by NPR '' . HighBridge Audio . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2006 . Retrieved December 10 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Radiodrama '' . NPR Shop . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2007 . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Keeper of the Holocron '' . Star Wars : Blogs . Archived from the original on May 5 , 2012 . Retrieved May 29 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Star Wars Canon '' . Canon Wars . Retrieved February 22 , 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Works cited ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> -- -- -- ( 2008 ) ( 2007 ) . `` The Secret History of Star Wars '' ( 3.0 ed . ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Bouzereau , Laurent ( 1997 ) . The Annotated Screenplays . Del Rey . ISBN 0 - 345 - 40981 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <P> Arnold , Alan . Once Upon a Galaxy : A Journal of Making the Empire Strikes Back . Sphere Books , London . 1980 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 345 - 29075 - 5 </P> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Empire Strikes Back </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at starwars.com </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at Lucasfilm.com </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back on Wookieepedia , a Star Wars wiki </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at AllMovie </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at Box Office Mojo </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at Metacritic </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at The Numbers </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at Filmsite.org </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back at the American Film Institute Catalog </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Irvin Kershner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Stakeout on Dope Street ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> The Young Captives ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Hoodlum Priest ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> Face in the Rain ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Luck of Ginger Coffey ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> A Fine Madness ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> The Flim - Flam Man ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Loving ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Up the Sandbox ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> S * P * Y * S ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Return of a Man Called Horse ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Raid on Entebbe ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Eyes of Laura Mars ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Traveling Man ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> RoboCop 2 ( 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Star Wars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Saga </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Star Wars </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back </Li> <Li> Return of the Jedi </Li> <Li> The Phantom Menace </Li> <Li> Attack of the Clones </Li> <Li> 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</Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> George Lucas filmography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films directed </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Feature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> THX 1138 ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> American Graffiti ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Look at Life ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Herbie ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Freiheit ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> 1 : 42.08 ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Electronic Labyrinth : THX 1138 4EB ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Anyone Lived in a Pretty How Town ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> 6 - 18 - 67 ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Filmmaker ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Bald : The Making of THX 1138 ( 1971 , uncredited ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films written </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Captain EO ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Willow ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Strange Magic ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rain People ( 1969 , associate ) </Li> <Li> More American Graffiti ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Kagemusha ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Body Heat ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Twice Upon a Time ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Latino ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Mishima : A Life in Four Chapters ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Labyrinth ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Howard the Duck ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Star Tours ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Powaqqatsi ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Tucker : The Man and His Dream ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Land Before Time ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Star Tours -- The Adventures Continue ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Red Tails ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caravan of Courage : An Ewok Adventure ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Ewoks : The Battle for Endor ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 - 86 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 - 86 ) </Li> <Li> The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 - 96 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 - 05 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Young Indiana Jones Documentaries ( 2007 - 08 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 - 14 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars Detours ( Cancelled ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Zoetrope </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones </Li> <Li> Lucasfilm <Ul> <Li> ILM </Li> <Li> LucasArts </Li> <Li> Lucasfilm Animation </Li> <Li> Skywalker Sound </Li> <Li> Pixar 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<Li> Radioland Murders ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Episode I -- The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Episode II -- Attack of the Clones ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Red Tails ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Strange Magic ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Rogue One ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Solo ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Star Wars : Droids ( 1985 -- 86 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Ewoks ( 1985 -- 86 ) </Li> <Li> Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 93 ) </Li> <Li> The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles ( 1992 -- 93 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Clone Wars ( 2003 -- 05 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : The Clone Wars ( 2008 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars Rebels ( 2014 -- 18 ) </Li> <Li> Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker 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'' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Coming of Shadows '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> `` Severed Dreams '' ( Babylon 5 ) ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Contact ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Truman Show ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Galaxy Quest ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Crouching Tiger , Hidden Dragon ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Saturn Award for Best Science Fiction Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Soylent Green ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Rollerball ( 1974 / 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Logan 's Run ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Superman ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Alien ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Superman II ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Terminator ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Back to the Future ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Aliens ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> RoboCop ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Alien Nation ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Total Recall ( 1989 / 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Stargate ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> 12 Monkeys ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Independence Day ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Men in Black ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Armageddon / Dark City ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Matrix ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> X-Men ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> A.I. Artificial Intelligence ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Minority Report ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> X2 : X-Men United ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : Episode III -- Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Children of Men ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Cloverfield ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Iron Man ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Avatar ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Inception ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Avengers ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Gravity ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Interstellar ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars : The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Rogue One : A Star Wars Story ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNF : cb14438655w ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4396738 - 3 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n80020079 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 182088855 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 186700474 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ( ( Category : American films ) </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Empire_Strikes_Back&oldid=843636103 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1980 films </Li> <Li> English - 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UEFA Euro 2020 - wikipedia <H1> UEFA Euro 2020 </H1> <P> </P> <Table> UEFA Euro 2020 <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host countries </Th> <Td> 12 Azerbaijan Denmark England Germany Hungary Italy Netherlands Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Spain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dates </Th> <Td> 12 June -- 12 July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Teams </Th> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue ( s ) </Th> <Td> 12 ( in 12 host cities ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← 2016 2024 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2020 UEFA European Football Championship , commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2020 or simply Euro 2020 , is scheduled to be the 16th UEFA European Championship , the quadrennial international men 's football championship of Europe organised by UEFA . </P> <P> It is scheduled to be held in 12 cities in 12 European countries from 12 June to 12 July 2020 . Portugal are the defending champions , having won the 2016 edition . </P> <P> Former UEFA President Michel Platini said the tournament being hosted in several nations is a `` romantic '' one - off event to celebrate the 60th `` birthday '' of the European Championship competition . The winner will earn the right to participate in the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup . Wembley Stadium in London is planned to host the semi-finals and final for the second time , having done so before at the 1996 tournament . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Bid process <Ul> <Li> 1.1 European format decision </Li> <Li> 1.2 Bidding venues </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Qualification </Li> <Li> 3 Venues </Li> <Li> 4 Draw </Li> <Li> 5 Group stage <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Tiebreakers </Li> <Li> 5.2 Group A </Li> <Li> 5.3 Group B </Li> <Li> 5.4 Group C </Li> <Li> 5.5 Group D </Li> <Li> 5.6 Group E </Li> <Li> 5.7 Group F </Li> <Li> 5.8 Ranking of third - placed teams </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Knockout phase <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Bracket </Li> <Li> 6.2 Round of 16 </Li> <Li> 6.3 Quarter - finals </Li> <Li> 6.4 Semi-finals </Li> <Li> 6.5 Final </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Prize money </Li> <Li> 8 Broadcasting </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bid process ( edit ) </H2> Main article : UEFA Euro 2020 bids <P> While some countries had already expressed an interest in bidding to host Euro 2020 , then - UEFA President Michel Platini suggested at a press conference on 30 June 2012 , a day before the UEFA Euro 2012 Final , that instead of having one host country ( or joint hosting by multiple countries ) Euro 2020 could be spread over `` 12 or 13 cities '' across the continent . At the time , UEFA already used a similar system for the UEFA European Under - 17 Football Championship 's `` Elite Round '' , where each of the seven groups is hosted by a different country . </P> <H3> European format decision ( edit ) </H3> <P> On 6 December 2012 , UEFA announced the 2020 Finals would be held in multiple cities across Europe to mark the 60th anniversary of the tournament . The selection of the host cities does not mean an automatic qualifying berth is awarded to the national team of that nation . </P> <P> UEFA reasoned that the pan-European staging of the tournament was the logical decision at a time of financial difficulty across Europe . Reaction to UEFA 's plan was mixed across Europe . Critics have cited the expanded format ( from 31 matches featuring 16 nations to 51 featuring 24 ) and its associated additional costs as the decisive factor for only one nation ( Turkey ) having put forward a serious bid . </P> <H3> Bidding venues ( edit ) </H3> <P> The final list of bids was published by UEFA on 26 April 2014 , with a decision on the hosts being made by the UEFA Executive Committee on 19 September 2014 . There were two bids for the Finals Package ( of which one was successful , marked with blue for semi-finals and final ) and 19 bids for the Standard Package ( of which 12 were initially successful , marked with green for quarter - finals and group stage , and yellow for round of 16 and group stage ) ; Brussels , marked with red , were initially selected but removed from the list of venues by UEFA on 7 December 2017 and the planned games there were moved to Wembley . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Venue </Th> <Th> Capacity </Th> <Th> Package </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> Baku </Td> <Td> Olympic Stadium </Td> <Td> 68,700 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and quarter - finals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> Minsk </Td> <Td> Dinamo Stadium </Td> <Td> 34,000 ( to be expanded to 39,000 ) </Td> <Td> Invalid Standard Package </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> Brussels </Td> <Td> Eurostadium ( proposed new national stadium ) </Td> <Td> 50,000 ( 62,613 potentially ) </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and round of 16 ( later cancelled ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> Sofia </Td> <Td> Vasil Levski National Stadium </Td> <Td> 43,000 ( to be expanded to 50,000 ) </Td> <Td> Invalid Standard Package </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> Copenhagen </Td> <Td> Parken Stadium </Td> <Td> 38,065 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and round of 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> England </Td> <Td> London </Td> <Td> Wembley Stadium </Td> <Td> 90,000 </Td> <Td> Finals Package ( withdrawn Standard Package ) </Td> <Td> Semi-finals and final Group stage and round of 16 ( later added ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Munich </Td> <Td> Allianz Arena </Td> <Td> 75,000 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and quarter - finals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> Budapest </Td> <Td> Ferenc Puskás Stadium </Td> <Td> 56,000 ( proposed new 68,000 stadium ) </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and round of 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Israel </Td> <Td> Jerusalem </Td> <Td> Teddy Stadium </Td> <Td> 34,000 ( to be expanded to 53,000 ) </Td> <Td> Invalid Standard Package </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> Rome </Td> <Td> Stadio Olimpico </Td> <Td> 72,698 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and quarter - finals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> Skopje </Td> <Td> Philip II Arena </Td> <Td> 33,460 </Td> <Td> Invalid Standard Package </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> Amsterdam </Td> <Td> Johan Cruyff Arena </Td> <Td> 54,990 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and round of 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Republic of Ireland </Td> <Td> Dublin </Td> <Td> Aviva Stadium </Td> <Td> 51,700 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and round of 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> Bucharest </Td> <Td> Arena Națională </Td> <Td> 55,600 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and round of 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> Saint Petersburg </Td> <Td> Krestovsky Stadium </Td> <Td> 68,134 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and quarter - finals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> Glasgow </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> 52,063 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and round of 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> Bilbao </Td> <Td> San Mamés </Td> <Td> 53,332 </Td> <Td> Standard Package </Td> <Td> Group stage and round of 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> Solna , Stockholm </Td> <Td> Friends Arena </Td> <Td> 50,000 </Td> <Td> Eliminated Standard Package </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Cardiff </Td> <Td> Millennium Stadium </Td> <Td> 74,500 </Td> <Td> Eliminated Standard Package </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Qualification ( edit ) </H2> Main article : UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying <P> There is no automatic qualifying berth , and all 55 UEFA national teams , including the 12 national teams whose countries are scheduled to stage matches , must compete in the qualifiers for the 24 places at the finals tournament . As the host cities were appointed by UEFA in September 2014 , before the qualifiers of UEFA Euro 2020 , it is possible for the national teams from the host cities to fail to qualify for the finals tournament . </P> <P> The UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying draw will be held on 2 December 2018 at the Convention Centre Dublin in Dublin , Republic of Ireland . </P> <P> The main qualifying process is now scheduled to begin in March 2019 , instead of immediately in September 2018 following the 2018 FIFA World Cup , and is scheduled to end in November 2019 . The format remains largely the same , although only 20 of the 24 spots for the finals tournament are to be decided from the main qualifying process , leaving four spots still to be decided . Following the admission of Kosovo to UEFA in May 2016 , it was announced that the 55 members at the time would be drawn into ten groups after the completion of the UEFA Nations League ( five groups of five teams and five groups of six teams , with the four participants of the UEFA Nations League Finals guaranteed to be drawn into groups of five teams ) , with the top two teams in each group qualifying . The qualifiers are scheduled to be played on double matchdays in March , June , September , October and November 2019 . </P> <P> With the creation of the UEFA Nations League starting in 2018 , the 2018 -- 19 UEFA Nations League is to be linked with UEFA Euro qualifying , providing teams another chance to qualify for Euro 2020 . Four teams from each division which have not already qualified for the Euro finals are to compete in the play - offs for each division , to be played in March 2020 . The winners of the play - offs for each division , to be decided by two `` one - off '' semi-finals ( the best - ranked team vs. the fourth - best - ranked team , and the second - best - ranked team vs. the third - best - ranked team , played at home of higher ranked teams ) and one `` one - off '' final ( with the venue drawn in advance between the two semi-finals winners ) , are scheduled to join the 20 teams which have already qualified for the Euro finals . </P> <H2> Venues ( edit ) </H2> <P> The venues were selected and announced by UEFA on 19 September 2014 . However , the UEFA Executive Committee removed Brussels as a host city on 7 December 2017 due to delays with the building of the Eurostadium . The four matches ( three group stage , one round of 16 ) initially scheduled to be held in Brussels were reallocated to London . Therefore , Wembley Stadium will host a total of seven matches , as London was already chosen to host the semi-finals and final of the tournament . On 7 December 2017 , it was also announced that the opening match will take place at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome , chosen ahead of Amsterdam , Glasgow , and Saint Petersburg . </P> <P> Of the 12 selected cities and countries , 8 cities and 7 countries have never hosted a European Championship finals match before . Bilbao was not a venue when Spain hosted the 1964 European Nations ' Cup , and none of Azerbaijan , Denmark , Hungary , Romania , Republic of Ireland , Russia , or Scotland has hosted the tournament previously . Of the 12 selected stadia , only 2 have hosted a European Championship match before : the Stadio Olimpico ( 1968 and 1980 ) and the Johan Cruyff Arena ( 2000 ) . The original Wembley stadium hosted games and the final in UEFA Euro 1996 , but although on the same site , this is classified as a different stadium to the current Wembley Stadium . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> London </Th> <Th> Munich </Th> <Th> Rome </Th> <Th> Baku </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wembley Stadium </Td> <Td> Allianz Arena </Td> <Td> Stadio Olimpico </Td> <Td> Olympic Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capacity : 90,000 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 75,000 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 72,698 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 68,700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saint Petersburg </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> London Munich Rome Baku Saint Petersburg Bucharest Amsterdam Dublin Bilbao Budapest Glasgow Copenhagen </Th> <Th> Bucharest </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Krestovsky Stadium </Td> <Td> Arena Națională </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capacity : 68,134 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 55,600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amsterdam </Th> <Th> Dublin </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johan Cruyff Arena </Td> <Td> Aviva Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capacity : 56,000 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 51,700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bilbao </Th> <Th> Budapest </Th> <Th> Glasgow </Th> <Th> Copenhagen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Mamés </Td> <Td> Ferenc Puskás Stadium </Td> <Td> Hampden Park </Td> <Td> Parken Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Capacity : 53,332 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 67,889 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 52,063 </Td> <Td> Capacity : 38,065 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Each city will host three group stage matches and one match in the round of 16 or quarter - finals . The match allocation for the 12 stadiums is as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Group stage , round of 16 , semi-finals , and final : London ( England ) </Li> <Li> Group stage and quarter - finals : Munich ( Germany ) , Baku ( Azerbaijan ) , Saint Petersburg ( Russia ) , Rome ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> Group stage and round of 16 : Copenhagen ( Denmark ) , Bucharest ( Romania ) , Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) , Dublin ( Republic of Ireland ) , Bilbao ( Spain ) , Budapest ( Hungary ) , Glasgow ( Scotland ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The host cities were divided into six pairings , established on the basis of sporting strength ( assuming all host teams qualify ) , geographical considerations , and security / political constraints . The pairings were allocated to groups by means of a random draw on 7 December 2017 . Each qualified host country will play a minimum of two matches at home . The group venue pairings is as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Group A : Rome ( Italy ) and Baku ( Azerbaijan ) </Li> <Li> Group B : Saint Petersburg ( Russia ) and Copenhagen ( Denmark ) </Li> <Li> Group C : Amsterdam ( Netherlands ) and Bucharest ( Romania ) </Li> <Li> Group D: London ( England ) and Glasgow ( Scotland ) </Li> <Li> Group E : Bilbao ( Spain ) and Dublin ( Republic of Ireland ) </Li> <Li> Group F : Munich ( Germany ) and Budapest ( Hungary ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Draw ( edit ) </H2> <P> The draw for the final tournament will be held on 1 December 2019 . The 24 teams are drawn into six groups of four . The identity of the four play - off teams are not known at the time of the draw , and will be identified as play - off winners 1 to 4 . The following principles will be applied : </P> <Ul> <Li> The teams are seeded in accordance with the European Qualifiers overall ranking based on their results in UEFA Euro 2020 qualifying . </Li> <Li> For host teams which have qualified , or may qualify through play - offs , they will be drawn into the groups based on the host city pairings . </Li> <Li> If both host teams within one group qualify directly for the final tournament , a draw will decide which team host their head - to - head match . </Li> <Li> If there are groups which can not be finalised at the time of the final tournament draw , another draw will be held after the play - offs in April 2020 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Group stage ( edit ) </H2> <P> UEFA announced the tournament schedule on 24 May 2018 . The kick - off times of the group stage and round of 16 matches will be announced after the final draw . </P> <P> Group winners , runners - up , and the best four third - placed teams advance to the round of 16 . </P> <Table> Schedule <Tr> <Th> Matchday </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Matches </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matchday 1 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 16 June 2020 </Td> <Td> 1 v 2 , 3 v 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matchday 2 </Td> <Td> 17 -- 20 June 2020 </Td> <Td> 1 v 3 , 2 v 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matchday 3 </Td> <Td> 21 -- 24 June 2020 </Td> <Td> 4 v 1 , 2 v 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Times are CEST ( UTC + 2 ) , as listed by UEFA . If the venue is located in a different time zone , the local time is also given . </P> <H3> Tiebreakers ( edit ) </H3> <P> If two or more teams are equal on points on completion of the group matches , the following tie - breaking criteria are applied : </P> <Ol> <Li> Higher number of points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question ; </Li> <Li> Superior goal difference resulting from the matches played between the teams in question ; </Li> <Li> Higher number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question ; </Li> <Li> If , after having applied criteria 1 to 3 , teams still have an equal ranking ( e.g. if criteria 1 to 3 are applied to three teams that are level on points initially and these criteria separated one team from the other two who still have an equal ranking ) , criteria 1 to 3 are reapplied exclusively to the matches between the teams who are still level to determine their final rankings . If this procedure did not lead to a decision , criteria 5 to 10 apply ; </Li> <Li> Superior goal difference in all group matches ; </Li> <Li> Higher number of goals scored in all group matches ; </Li> <Li> Higher number of wins in all group matches ; </Li> <Li> If on the last round of the group stage , two teams are facing each other and each has the same number of points , as well as the same number of goals scored and conceded , and the score finishes level in their match , their ranking is determined by a penalty shoot - out . ( This criterion is not used if more than two teams are tied . ) ; </Li> <Li> Fair play conduct ( 1 point for a single yellow card , 3 points for a red card as a consequence of two yellow cards , 3 points for a direct red card ) ; </Li> <Li> Position in the European Qualifiers overall ranking . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Group A ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Team <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> <Th> GD </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Qualification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> A1 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Advance to knockout phase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> A2 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> A3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Possible knockout phase based on ranking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> A4 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> First match ( es ) will be played on 12 June 2020 . Source : UEFA 12 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 12 ) 21 : 00 <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 1 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Stadio Olimpico , Rome 13 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 13 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 2 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Olympic Stadium , Baku 17 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 17 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 13 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Olympic Stadium , Baku 17 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 17 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 14 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Stadio Olimpico , Rome 21 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 21 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 25 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Olympic Stadium , Baku 21 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 21 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 26 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Stadio Olimpico , Rome <H3> Group B ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Team <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> <Th> GD </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Qualification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> B1 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Advance to knockout phase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> B2 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> B3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Possible knockout phase based on ranking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> B4 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> First match ( es ) will be played on 13 June 2020 . Source : UEFA 13 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 13 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 3 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Parken Stadium , Copenhagen 13 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 13 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 4 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg 17 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 17 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 15 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg 18 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 18 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 16 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Parken Stadium , Copenhagen 22 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 22 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 27 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Parken Stadium , Copenhagen 22 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 22 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 28 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg <H3> Group C ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Team <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> <Th> GD </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Qualification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> C1 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Advance to knockout phase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> C2 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> C3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Possible knockout phase based on ranking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> C4 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> First match ( es ) will be played on 14 June 2020 . Source : UEFA 14 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 14 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 5 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Johan Cruyff Arena , Amsterdam 14 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 14 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 6 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Arena Națională , Bucharest 18 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 18 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 17 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Johan Cruyff Arena , Amsterdam 18 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 18 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 18 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Arena Națională , Bucharest 22 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 22 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 29 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Johan Cruyff Arena , Amsterdam 22 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 22 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 30 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Arena Națională , Bucharest <H3> Group D ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Team <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> <Th> GD </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Qualification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> D1 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Advance to knockout phase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> D2 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> D3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Possible knockout phase based on ranking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> D4 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> First match ( es ) will be played on 14 June 2020 . Source : UEFA 14 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 14 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 7 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Wembley Stadium , London 15 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 15 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 8 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Hampden Park , Glasgow 19 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 19 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 19 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Hampden Park , Glasgow 19 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 19 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 20 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Wembley Stadium , London 23 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 23 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 31 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Hampden Park , Glasgow 23 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 23 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 32 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Wembley Stadium , London <H3> Group E ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Team <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> <Th> GD </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Qualification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> E1 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Advance to knockout phase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Possible knockout phase based on ranking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> First match ( es ) will be played on 15 June 2020 . Source : UEFA 15 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 15 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 9 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> San Mamés , Bilbao 15 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 15 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 10 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Aviva Stadium , Dublin 19 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 19 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 21 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Aviva Stadium , Dublin 20 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 20 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 22 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> San Mamés , Bilbao 24 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 24 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 33 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> San Mamés , Bilbao 24 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 24 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 34 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Aviva Stadium , Dublin <H3> Group F ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Team <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> <Th> GD </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Qualification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> F1 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Advance to knockout phase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> F2 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> F3 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Possible knockout phase based on ranking </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> F4 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> First match ( es ) will be played on 16 June 2020 . Source : UEFA 16 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 16 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 11 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ferenc Puskás Stadium , Budapest 16 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 16 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 12 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Allianz Arena , Munich 20 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 20 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 23 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ferenc Puskás Stadium , Budapest 20 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 20 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 24 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Allianz Arena , Munich 24 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 24 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 35 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ferenc Puskás Stadium , Budapest 24 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 24 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Match 36 </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Allianz Arena , Munich <H3> Ranking of third - placed teams ( edit ) </H3> <P> To determine the four best third - placed teams from the group stage which advance to the round of 16 , only the results of the third - placed teams against the top two placed teams in their group are taken into account , while results against the fourth - placed team are not included . As a result , two matches played by each third - placed team will count for the purposes of determining the ranking . This is different from UEFA Euro 2016 , which counts all three group matches . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos </Th> <Th> Grp </Th> <Th> Team <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Th> Pld </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> GF </Th> <Th> GA </Th> <Th> GD </Th> <Th> Pts </Th> <Th> Qualification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Advance to knockout phase </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> First match ( es ) will be played on 12 June 2020 . Source : UEFA Rules for classification : Counting only matches against teams ranked first and second in the group , 1 ) Points ; 2 ) Goal difference ; 3 ) Goals scored ; 4 ) Wins ; 5 ) Fair play points in all group matches ; 6 ) European Qualifiers overall ranking . <H2> Knockout phase ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the knockout phase , if a match is level at the end of normal playing time , extra time is played ( two periods of 15 minutes each ) , where each team is allowed to make a fourth substitution . If still tied after extra time , the match is decided by a penalty shoot - out to determine the winners . </P> <P> As with every tournament since UEFA Euro 1984 , there is no third place play - off . </P> <P> The specific match - ups involving the third - placed teams depended on which four third - placed teams qualified for the round of 16 : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="6"> Third - placed teams qualify from groups </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 1B vs </Th> <Th> 1C vs </Th> <Th> 1E vs </Th> <Th> 1F vs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3B </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3F </Td> <Td> 3E </Td> <Td> 3D </Td> <Td> 3C </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Times are CEST ( UTC + 2 ) , as listed by UEFA . If the venue is located in a different time zone , the local time is also given . </P> <H3> Bracket ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Round of 16 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Quarter - finals </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Semi-finals </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 29 June -- Bucharest </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Group F </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 3 July -- Saint Petersburg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd Group A / B / C </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 41 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 29 June -- Copenhagen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Runner - up Group D </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 July -- London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Runner - up Group E </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 28 June -- Bilbao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 46 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Group B </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 3 July -- Munich </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd Group A / D / E / F </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 39 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 27 June -- London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 37 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Group A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 12 July -- London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Runner - up Group C </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 30 June -- Glasgow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 50 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Group E </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 4 July -- Rome </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd Group A / B / C / D </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 43 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 30 June -- Dublin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 44 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Group D </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 July -- London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Runner - up Group F </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 48 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 28 June -- Budapest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 47 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Group C </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 4 July -- Baku </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd Group D / E / F </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 27 June -- Amsterdam </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner Match 38 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Runner - up Group A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Runner - up Group B </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Round of 16 ( edit ) </H3> 27 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 27 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Group A </Th> <Th> Match 37 </Th> <Th> Runner - up Group C </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Wembley Stadium , London 27 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 27 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Runner - up Group A </Th> <Th> Match 38 </Th> <Th> Runner - up Group B </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Johan Cruyff Arena , Amsterdam 28 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 28 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Group B </Th> <Th> Match 39 </Th> <Th> 3rd Group A / D / E / F </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> San Mamés , Bilbao 28 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 28 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Group C </Th> <Th> Match 40 </Th> <Th> 3rd Group D / E / F </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Ferenc Puskás Stadium , Budapest 29 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 29 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Group F </Th> <Th> Match 41 </Th> <Th> 3rd Group A / B / C </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Arena Națională , Bucharest 29 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 29 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Runner - up Group D </Th> <Th> Match 42 </Th> <Th> Runner - up Group E </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Parken Stadium , Copenhagen 30 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 30 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Group E </Th> <Th> Match 43 </Th> <Th> 3rd Group A / B / C / D </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Hampden Park , Glasgow 30 June 2020 ( 2020 - 06 - 30 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Group D </Th> <Th> Match 44 </Th> <Th> Runner - up Group F </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Aviva Stadium , Dublin <H3> Quarter - finals ( edit ) </H3> 3 July 2020 ( 2020 - 07 - 03 ) 18 : 00 ( 19 : 00 UTC + 3 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Match 41 </Th> <Th> Match 45 </Th> <Th> Winner Match 42 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Krestovsky Stadium , Saint Petersburg 3 July 2020 ( 2020 - 07 - 03 ) 21 : 00 <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Match 39 </Th> <Th> Match 46 </Th> <Th> Winner Match 37 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Allianz Arena , Munich 4 July 2020 ( 2020 - 07 - 04 ) 18 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 4 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Match 40 </Th> <Th> Match 47 </Th> <Th> Winner Match 38 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Olympic Stadium , Baku 4 July 2020 ( 2020 - 07 - 04 ) 21 : 00 <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Match 43 </Th> <Th> Match 48 </Th> <Th> Winner Match 44 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Stadio Olimpico , Rome <H3> Semi-finals ( edit ) </H3> 7 July 2020 ( 2020 - 07 - 07 ) 21 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 1 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Match 45 </Th> <Th> Match 49 </Th> <Th> Winner Match 46 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Wembley Stadium , London 8 July 2020 ( 2020 - 07 - 08 ) 21 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 1 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Match 48 </Th> <Th> Match 50 </Th> <Th> Winner Match 47 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Wembley Stadium , London <H3> Final ( edit ) </H3> 12 July 2020 ( 2020 - 07 - 12 ) 21 : 00 ( 20 : 00 UTC + 1 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winner Match 49 </Th> <Th> Match 51 </Th> <Th> Winner Match 50 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Wembley Stadium , London <H2> Prize money ( edit ) </H2> <P> The prize money was finalised in February 2018 . Each team receives a participation fee of € 9.25 million , with the winner able to earn a maximum of € 34M . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Round achieved </Th> <Th> Amount </Th> <Th> Number of teams </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Final tournament </Td> <Td> € 9.25 M </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Group stage </Td> <Td> € 1.5 M for a win € 750,000 for a draw </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Round of 16 </Td> <Td> € 2M </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarter - finals </Td> <Td> € 3.25 M </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Semi-finals </Td> <Td> € 5M </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> € 7M </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> € 10M </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Broadcasting ( edit ) </H2> Main article : UEFA Euro 2020 broadcasting rights <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Regulations of the UEFA European Football Championship 2018 -- 20 '' ( PDF ) . UEFA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samuel , Martin ( 24 May 2013 ) . `` Martin Samuel meets Michel Platini - read the FULL transcript from Sportsmail 's exclusive interview with UEFA 's president '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TFF Başkanı'ndan Açıklama '' ( TFF President Announcement ) ( in Turkish ) . Turkish Football Federation . 17 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scotland and Wales FAs may look to Ireland to aid Euro 2020 bid '' . RTÉ Sport . RTÉ. 15 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Haalt België Euro 2020 of WK - 20 binnen ? '' ( Can Belgium host Euro 2020 or the U-20 World Cup ) . belgiumsoccer.be ( in Dutch ) . 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 5 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drei Länder für eine Fußball - EM '' ( Three countries for one European Championship ) . dw.de ( in German ) . Deutsche Welle. 8 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bulgaria confirma : vrea sa organizeze EURO 2020 impreuna cu Romania '' ( Bulgaria confirms : it wants to host Euro 2020 with Romania ) . HotNews.ro ( in Romanian ) . 19 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Niersbach : EM - Bewerbung wäre `` reizvoll '' '' ( Niersbach : Euro hosting would be `` attractive '' ) . FIFA.com ( in German ) . FIFA. 4 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` România şi Ungaria vor să organizeze Euro 2020 sau 2024 '' ( Romania and Hungary will host Euro 2020 or 2024 ) . România Liberă ( in Romanian ) . 28 September 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` KNVB richt zich nu op binnenhalen EK 2020 '' ( KNVB now focusing on winning Euro 2020 ) ( in Dutch ) . NU.nl. 10 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini says Euro 2020 could be spread across continent '' . BBC Sport . British Broadcasting Corporation . 30 June 2012 . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A EURO for Europe '' . UEFA.org . UEFA. 6 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` European Championship : Uefa to hold 2020 finals across continent '' . BBC Sport. 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' EURO for Europe ' means shared opportunity '' . UEFA.org. 6 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Euro 2020 to be hosted across Europe , Uefa announces '' . The Guardian . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Euro 2020 : Michel Platini 's plan polarises opinion '' . BBC Sport. 7 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michel Platini 's Euro 2020 roadshow may be coming to a city near you '' . The Guardian . 6 December 2012 . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 19 bids received for UEFA EURO 2020 '' . UEFA.org. 26 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Euro 2020 : Wembley to host seven matches after Brussels loses right to host games '' . BBC Sport. 7 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA Euro 2020 Tournament Requirements '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bids for Euro 2020 due today ; tournament to be held all across Europe '' . NBC Sports . 12 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dublin to stage European Qualifiers draw on 2 December 2018 '' . UEFA.com. 28 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Nations League : all you need to know '' . UEFA.com. 27 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA Nations League receives associations ' green light '' . UEFA.org. 27 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA Nations League / UEFA EURO 2020 qualifying '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Nations League format and schedule confirmed '' . UEFA.org. 4 December 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wembley to stage UEFA EURO 2020 final '' . UEFA.com. 19 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` EURO 2020 to open in Rome , more London games , venues paired '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 7 December 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA Executive Committee agenda for Nyon meeting '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 28 November 2017 . Retrieved 7 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` European Qualifiers for UEFA EURO 2020 : how it works '' . UEFA.com. 25 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UEFA EURO 2020 match schedule confirmed '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 24 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UEFA Euro 2020 match schedule '' ( PDF ) . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 24 May 2018 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amendments to football 's Laws of the Game in various UEFA competitions '' . UEFA.com . Union of European Football Associations. 5 July 2018 . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Record € 775.5 m for UEFA member associations via HatTrick V '' . UEFA.com. 26 February 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> UEFA Euro 2020 at UEFA.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Euro 2020 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Qualification </Li> <Li> Group stage <Ul> <Li> Group A </Li> <Li> Group B </Li> <Li> Group C </Li> <Li> Group D </Li> <Li> Group E </Li> <Li> Group F </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Knockout phase </Li> <Li> Final </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General information </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bids </Li> <Li> Broadcasting </Li> <Li> Squads </Li> <Li> Statistics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA Euro 2020 stadiums </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Johan Cruyff Arena ( Amsterdam ) </Li> <Li> Olympic Stadium ( Baku ) </Li> <Li> San Mamés ( Bilbao ) </Li> <Li> Arena Națională ( Bucharest ) </Li> <Li> Ferenc Puskás Stadium ( Budapest ) </Li> <Li> Parken Stadium ( Copenhagen ) </Li> <Li> Aviva Stadium ( Dublin ) </Li> <Li> Hampden Park ( Glasgow ) </Li> <Li> Wembley Stadium ( London ) </Li> <Li> Allianz Arena ( Munich ) </Li> <Li> Stadio Olimpico ( Rome ) </Li> <Li> Krestovsky Stadium ( Saint Petersburg ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UEFA European Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> France 1960 </Li> <Li> Spain 1964 </Li> <Li> Italy 1968 </Li> <Li> Belgium 1972 </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia 1976 </Li> <Li> Italy 1980 </Li> <Li> France 1984 </Li> <Li> West Germany 1988 </Li> <Li> Sweden 1992 </Li> <Li> England 1996 </Li> <Li> Belgium / Netherlands 2000 </Li> <Li> Portugal 2004 </Li> <Li> Austria / Switzerland 2008 </Li> <Li> Poland / Ukraine 2012 </Li> <Li> France 2016 </Li> <Li> Pan-European 2020 </Li> <Li> TBA 2024 </Li> <Li> TBA 2028 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Qualifying </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Squads </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> <Li> 2024 </Li> <Li> 2028 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tournament statistics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcasting rights </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Records and lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Team appearances </Li> <Li> Teams with no appearances </Li> <Li> Goalscorers </Li> <Li> Hat - tricks </Li> <Li> Own goals </Li> <Li> Penalty shoot - outs </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Red cards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Anthems and Songs </Li> <Li> Mascots </Li> <Li> Balls </Li> <Li> Video games </Li> <Li> Qualifying broadcasting rights </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UEFA_Euro_2020&oldid=856708466 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> UEFA Euro 2020 </Li> <Li> UEFA European Championship tournaments </Li> <Li> 2019 -- 20 in UEFA football </Li> <Li> June 2020 sports events in Europe </Li> <Li> July 2020 sports events in Europe </Li> <Li> Scheduled association football competitions </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Turkish - language sources ( tr ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Romanian - language sources ( ro ) </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 39 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 August 2018 , at 02 : 07 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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United States Senate election in Virginia , 2018 - wikipedia <H1> United States Senate election in Virginia , 2018 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> United States Senate election in Virginia , 2018 <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 2012 </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2024 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Party </Th> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Incumbent U.S. Senator <P> Tim Kaine Democratic </P> </Td> <Td> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Elections in Virginia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal government ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Presidential elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1788 - 89 </Li> <Li> 1792 </Li> <Li> 1796 </Li> <Li> 1800 </Li> <Li> 1804 </Li> <Li> 1808 </Li> <Li> 1812 </Li> <Li> 1816 </Li> <Li> 1820 </Li> <Li> 1824 </Li> <Li> 1828 </Li> <Li> 1832 </Li> <Li> 1836 </Li> <Li> 1840 </Li> <Li> 1844 </Li> <Li> 1848 </Li> <Li> 1852 </Li> <Li> 1856 </Li> <Li> 1860 </Li> <Li> 1872 </Li> <Li> 1876 </Li> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidential primaries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Democratic </Dt> <Dd> 2008 </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Republican </Dt> <Dd> 2008 </Dd> <Dd> 2012 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Senate elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. House elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Senate , 1920 </Li> <Li> U.S. Senate , 1933 </Li> <Li> U.S. Senate , 1946 </Li> <Li> U.S. Senate , 1966 </Li> <Li> 1st congressional district , 2007 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State government ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gubernatorial elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1851 </Li> <Li> 1855 </Li> <Li> 1859 </Li> <Li> 1863 ( Confederate ) </Li> <Li> 1863 ( Union ) </Li> <Li> 1869 </Li> <Li> 1873 </Li> <Li> 1877 </Li> <Li> 1881 </Li> <Li> 1885 </Li> <Li> 1889 </Li> <Li> 1893 </Li> <Li> 1897 </Li> <Li> 1901 </Li> <Li> 1905 </Li> <Li> 1909 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1925 </Li> <Li> 1929 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1937 </Li> <Li> 1941 </Li> <Li> 1945 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1957 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lieutenant Governor elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attorney General elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Delegates elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senate elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ballot measures ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2016 Fairfax County Meals Tax Referendum </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richmond ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mayoral elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City Council elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 United States Senate election in Virginia will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the Commonwealth of Virginia , concurrently with other elections to the U.S. Senate , elections to the United States House of Representatives , and various state and local elections . Incumbent Democratic Senator Tim Kaine is running for reelection to a second term . </P> <P> Virginia Republicans ' central committee voted 45 to 35 to select the Republican nominee for Senate by a primary rather than a convention . Republicans hope to use the primary to allow more people to more extensively test the candidates ' organizational and fundraising abilities and to give the party a trove of fresh voter information . Because Kaine will likely face no primary opponent , it is expected that there will probably be more Democrats than usual voting in the Republican primary . </P> <P> Matt Waters received the Libertarian Party nomination on March 10 , 2018 . He is petitioning to get ballot access for the November election . He must meet the requirements by 7 : 00 pm June 12 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Democratic primary <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Candidates <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Declared </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Republican primary <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Candidates <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Declared </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Failed to Qualify </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Declined </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Endorsements </Li> <Li> 2.3 Polling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Libertarian Candidate <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Candidate <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Declared </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Endorsements </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 General election <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Predictions </Li> <Li> 4.2 Polling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Democratic primary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Candidates ( edit ) </H3> Declared ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Tim Kaine , incumbent U.S. Senator , former Governor , and Democratic nominee for Vice President in 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Republican primary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Candidates ( edit ) </H3> Declared ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Nick Freitas , State Delegate </Li> <Li> E.W. Jackson , pastor , attorney , veteran , candidate for the U.S Senate in 2012 and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 </Li> <Li> Corey Stewart , Chairman of the Prince William Board of County Supervisors , candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 and candidate for Governor in 2017 </Li> </Ul> Failed to Qualify ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Minerva Diaz , veteran , businesswoman , and clergywoman </Li> <Li> Bert Mizusawa , former Deputy Undersecretary of the Army , retired U.S. Army Major General and candidate for VA - 02 in 2010 </Li> <Li> Ivan Raiklin , veteran and businessman </Li> </Ul> Declined ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Dave Brat , U.S. Representative </Li> <Li> Eric Cantor , former Majority Leader of the United States House of Representatives </Li> <Li> Barbara Comstock , U.S. Representative </Li> <Li> Ken Cuccinelli , former Attorney General and nominee for Governor in 2013 </Li> <Li> Tom Davis , former U.S. Representative </Li> <Li> Jim Gilmore , former Governor , nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2008 and candidate for President in 2008 and 2016 </Li> <Li> Jimmie Massie , former State Delegate </Li> <Li> Pete Snyder , technology entrepreneur and candidate for Lieutenant Governor in 2013 </Li> <Li> Scott Taylor , U.S. Representative </Li> <Li> Rob Wittman , U.S. Representative </Li> <Li> Carly Fiorina , former CEO of Hewlett - Packard , nominee for the U.S. Senate from California in 2010 and candidate for President in 2016 </Li> <Li> Ed Gillespie , former Chairman of the Republican National Committee , nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2014 , and nominee for governor in 2017 </Li> <Li> Shak Hill , candidate for the U.S. Senate in 2014 ( running for VA - 10 ) </Li> <Li> Laura Ingraham , talk radio host , author , and conservative political commentator ( endorsed Corey Stewart ) </Li> <Li> Bob McDonnell , former governor of Virginia ( endorsed Nick Freitas ) </Li> <Li> John Moore , University of Virginia law professor and former diplomat </Li> <Li> Frank Wagner , State Senator and candidate for Governor in 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Endorsements ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Nick Freitas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> U.S. Senators </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Mike Lee ( R - UT ) </Li> <Li> Rand Paul ( R - KY ) , and 2016 U.S. presidential candidate </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> U.S. Representatives </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ron Paul , former U.S. Representative ( R - TX ) , candidate for president in 1988 , 2008 and 2012 </Li> <Li> Paul Broun , former U.S. Representative ( R - GA ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> U.S. Governors </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bob McDonnell ( R - VA ) , former Governor of Virginia </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> State Senators </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bryce Reeves , State Senator and candidate for Lt. Governor in 2017 </Li> <Li> David Suetterlein , State Senator </Li> <Li> Bill DeSteph , State Senator </Li> <Li> Bill Carrico , State Senator </Li> <Li> Amanda Chase , State Senator </Li> <Li> Mark Obenshain , State Senator and 2013 Republican nominee for Attorney General of Virginia </Li> <Li> Mark Peake , State Senator </Li> <Li> Bill Stanley , State Senator </Li> <Li> Glen Sturtevant , State Senator </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> State Delegates </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Todd Gilbert , Virginia House Majority Leader </Li> <Li> Brenda Pogge , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Mike Webert , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Jason Miyares , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Nick Rush , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Chris Head , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Terry Kilgore , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Todd Pillion , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Israel O'Quinn , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Will Morefield , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Rob Bell , State Delegate and candidate for Attorney General of Virginia in 2013 and 2017 . </Li> <Li> Kathy Byron , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Matt Fariss , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Buddy Fowler , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Dave LaRock , State Delegate </Li> <Li> Mark Cole , State Delegate </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Local Officials </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Jeremy McCleary , Mayor of Woodstock </Li> <Li> Jon Russell , Member of the Culpeper town council </Li> <Li> Susan Lascolette , Member of the Goochland County Board of Supervisors </Li> <Li> Duane Adams , Member of the Louisa County Board of Supervisors </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Notable Individuals </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bishop Leon Benjamin , Founder and Senior Pastor of New Life Harvest Church in Richmond </Li> <Li> Martha Boneta , farmer , activist , and candidate for VA - 05 in 2018 </Li> <Li> Rick Buchanan , Tea Party activist </Li> <Li> Charlie Kirk , founder and executive director of Turning Point USA </Li> <Li> Mark Lloyd , Virginia State Director - Trump for President </Li> <Li> Cliff Maloney Jr. , Executive Director of Young Americans for Liberty </Li> <Li> Austin Petersen , Libertarian candidate for President of the United States in 2016 and candidate for U.S Senate in Missouri for 2018 </Li> <Li> Phil Rapp , Former Chief of Staff to Dave Brat </Li> <Li> Denver Riggleman , businessman , candidate for governor in 2017 , and candidate for VA - 05 in 2018 </Li> <Li> Mike Rubino , Virginia Senior Adviser - Trump For President </Li> <Li> John Adams , lawyer and 2017 Republican nominee for Attorney General of Virginia . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Party Leadership </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Morton Blackwell , Republican National Committeeman for Virginia </Li> <Li> Paul Prados , 11th District Republican Chairman </Li> <Li> Ben Slone , 7th District Republican Chairman </Li> <Li> Craig Storrs , 6th District Central Regional Vice-Chairman </Li> <Li> Kishore Thota , Chairman of the Young Republican Federation of Virginia </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Organizations </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Virginia Watchmen Council </Li> <Li> FreedomWorks </Li> <Li> National Association for Gun Rights PAC </Li> <Li> National Rifle Association </Li> <Li> Republican Liberty Caucus </Li> <Li> Students For Trump </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Corey Stewart </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Notable individuals </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Laura Ingraham , talk radio host , author , and conservative political commentator </Li> <Li> Jerry Falwell Jr. , President of Liberty University </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show E.W. Jackson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Cabinet - level officials </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> William G. Boykin , executive vice president at the Family Research Council , retired lieutenant general , former Deputy Undersecretary of Defense for Intelligence </Li> <Li> Dr. Sebastian Gorka , former Deputy Assistant to President Donald Trump , military and intelligence analyst , FOX News Contributor </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> U.S. Governors </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Mike Huckabee , former Governor of Arkansas </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Statewide Office Holders </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Ken Blackwell , National Rifle Association Board Member , former Ohio Secretary of State , former Ohio State Treasurer , former Mayor of Cincinnati , OH </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Local Officials </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Suzy Kelly , Chesapeake City Councilwoman , Chairman of the Virginia Chamber of Commerce , CEO of Jo - Kell </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Notable individuals </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Rafael Cruz , pastor and father of Ted Cruz </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Organizations </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Family Research Council Action PAC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Polling ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Corey Stewart ( R ) </Th> <Th> E.W. Jackson ( R ) </Th> <Th> Nick Freitas ( R ) </Th> <Th> Ivan Raiklin ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlantic Media & Research ( R - Stewart ) </Td> <Td> May 14 -- 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 355 </Td> <Td> ± 5.2 % </Td> <Td> 32 % </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Newport University </Td> <Td> February 5 -- 28 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 422 </Td> <Td> ± 2.5 % </Td> <Td> 16 % </Td> <Td> 7 % </Td> <Td> 6 % </Td> <Td> 1 % </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> <Td> 66 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <P> Hypothetical polling </P> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Corey Stewart ( R ) </Th> <Th> Dave Brat ( R ) </Th> <Th> Scott Taylor ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> University of Mary Washington </Td> <Td> September 5 -- 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 562 LV </Td> <Td> ± 5.2 % </Td> <Td> 15 % </Td> <Td> 11 % </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> <Td> 12 % </Td> <Td> 38 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 867 RV </Td> <Td> ± 4.1 % </Td> <Td> 12 % </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> <Td> 20 % </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> <Td> 45 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Libertarian Candidate ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Candidate ( edit ) </H3> Declared ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Matt Waters , Director of Development at Students For Liberty </Li> </Ul> <H3> Endorsements ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Matt Waters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Party Leadership </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Bill Redpath , Libertarian National Committeeman , former Treasurer and former Chairman of the Libertarian National Committee </Li> <Li> Carla Howell , Political Director of the Libertarian Party </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> General election ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Predictions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> <Th> As of </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Cook Political Report </Td> <Td> 096 ! Solid D </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rothenberg Political Report </Td> <Td> 098 ! Solid D </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabato 's Crystal Ball </Td> <Td> 098 ! Safe D </Td> <Td> February 7 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Polling ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> with Nick Freitas </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Tim Kaine ( D ) </Th> <Th> Nick Freitas ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Newport University </Td> <Td> February 5 -- 28 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1,562 </Td> <Td> ± 2.5 % </Td> <Td> 56 % </Td> <Td> 33 % </Td> <Td> 1 % </Td> <Td> 10 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> with E.W. Jackson </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Tim Kaine ( D ) </Th> <Th> E.W. Jackson ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Newport University </Td> <Td> February 5 -- 28 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1,562 </Td> <Td> ± 2.5 % </Td> <Td> 56 % </Td> <Td> 32 % </Td> <Td> 1 % </Td> <Td> 11 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> with Corey Stewart </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Tim Kaine ( D ) </Th> <Th> Corey Stewart ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christopher Newport University </Td> <Td> February 5 -- 28 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1,562 </Td> <Td> ± 2.5 % </Td> <Td> 56 % </Td> <Td> 32 % </Td> <Td> 1 % </Td> <Td> 11 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> University of Mary Washington </Td> <Td> September 5 -- 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 562 LV </Td> <Td> ± 5.2 % </Td> <Td> 53 % </Td> <Td> 36 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 867 RV </Td> <Td> ± 4.1 % </Td> <Td> 54 % </Td> <Td> 39 % </Td> <Td> 1 % </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <P> Hypothetical polling </P> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> with Dave Brat </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Tim Kaine ( D ) </Th> <Th> Dave Brat ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> University of Mary Washington </Td> <Td> September 5 -- 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 562 LV </Td> <Td> ± 5.2 % </Td> <Td> 54 % </Td> <Td> 36 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 867 RV </Td> <Td> ± 4.1 % </Td> <Td> 54 % </Td> <Td> 41 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> with Barbara Comstock </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Tim Kaine ( D ) </Th> <Th> Barbara Comstock ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gravis Marketing </Td> <Td> March 14 -- 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 3,097 </Td> <Td> ± 1.6 % </Td> <Td> 53 % </Td> <Td> 41 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 6 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> with Carly Fiorina </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Tim Kaine ( D ) </Th> <Th> Carly Fiorina ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quinnipiac University </Td> <Td> April 6 -- 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1,115 </Td> <Td> ± 2.9 % </Td> <Td> 57 % </Td> <Td> 33 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gravis Marketing </Td> <Td> March 14 -- 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 3,097 </Td> <Td> ± 1.6 % </Td> <Td> 53 % </Td> <Td> 41 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quinnipiac University </Td> <Td> February 10 -- 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 989 </Td> <Td> ± 3.1 % </Td> <Td> 57 % </Td> <Td> 36 % </Td> <Td> 2 % </Td> <Td> 5 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> with Laura Ingraham </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Tim Kaine ( D ) </Th> <Th> Laura Ingraham ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quinnipiac University </Td> <Td> April 6 -- 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 1,115 </Td> <Td> ± 2.9 % </Td> <Td> 56 % </Td> <Td> 35 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quinnipiac University </Td> <Td> February 10 -- 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 989 </Td> <Td> ± 3.1 % </Td> <Td> 56 % </Td> <Td> 36 % </Td> <Td> 2 % </Td> <Td> 7 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> with Scott Taylor </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Tim Kaine ( D ) </Th> <Th> Scott Taylor ( R ) </Th> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> University of Mary Washington </Td> <Td> September 5 -- 12 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 562 LV </Td> <Td> ± 5.2 % </Td> <Td> 52 % </Td> <Td> 37 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 867 RV </Td> <Td> ± 4.1 % </Td> <Td> 53 % </Td> <Td> 41 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> United States House of Representatives election in Virginia , 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Times - Dispatch , GRAHAM MOOMAW Richmond . `` Divided Virginia GOP committee chooses primary to decide Kaine challenger for 2018 U.S. Senate race '' . Richmond.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Virginia Libertarians Nominate Candidate for U.S. Senate - Bearing Drift '' . March 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tim Kaine kicks off Senate re-election bid , says he plans to win ' the economic argument ' '' . Richmond.com. April 2 , 2018 . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Del . Nick Freitas jumps into GOP field to challenge Sen. Tim Kaine in 2018 '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` E.W. Jackson announces U.S. Senate campaign , attacks Corey Stewart '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Patrick ( July 12 , 2017 ) . `` Corey Stewart to announce run for U.S. Senate on Thursday , sources say '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , Jeanine ( February 14 , 2018 ) . `` Fifth Republican files for Senate -- Updated '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Committee / Candidate Search '' . classic.fec.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Portnoy , Jenna ( February 13 , 2018 ) . `` Adviser to Trump campaign files to run as a Republican against Sen. Kaine '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved February 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Veteran of 20 years , Ivan Raiklin , announces U.S. Senate run '' . SalemTimes-register.com . November 16 , 2017 . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Spiker , DJ ( October 7 , 2016 ) . `` An Early Look at 2017 '' . Bearing Drift . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arkin , James ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` GOP Starts to Eye Race to Replace Kaine in Senate '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Severns , Maggie ( November 6 , 2016 ) . `` Fiorina tops GOP list for potential Virginia Senate contest '' . Politico . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schapiro , Jeff E. ( July 30 , 2016 ) . `` Kaine VP bid fully nationalizes Va. politics '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , Ryan ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` Gilmore Considering Senate Run if Clinton , Kaine Elected '' . The Loudoun Tribune . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cain , Andrew ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Forbes a candidate for Trump 's Navy secretary , Wittman considers his options '' . Richmond Times - Dispatch . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kaczynski , Andrew ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Virginia Senate race : Carly Fiorina rules out run , Jim Gilmore ' considering ' candidacy '' . CNN . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shak Hill Announces Candidacy for VA 10th District Congressman '' . Fairfax Free Citizen . August 2 , 2016 . Retrieved August 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` I 'm totally helping Corey , this 'll be fun '' . July 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ JohnFredericksShow ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` Bob McDonnell , Former Governor of Virginia : I 'm Not Running For U.S. Senate In ' 18 '' -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trower : 2018 U.S. Senate GOP Top 10 Potential Candidates to Win Against Kaine - Bearing Drift '' . June 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ [email protected] , Alex Koma . `` More Republicans to join Stewart in ' 18 Senate primary '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UVA Law School on Twitter '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rand Paul endorses `` liberty Republican '' Nick Freitas to challenge Virginia Sen. Tim Kaine `` . Rare.us. 5 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I 'm excited to announce that Ron Paul has endorsed my run for U.S. Senate ! '' . March 1 , 2018 -- via Facebook . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/NickFreitasVA/photos/a.709124599156058.1073741830.706414369427081/1640855379316304/?type=3&theater </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nick Freitas '' . www.facebook.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Endorsements '' . Nick4Senate.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` David Suetterlein on Twitter '' . Twitter . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Virginia State Senator Bill DeSteph Endorses Nick Freitas for U.S. Senate '' . February 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Obenshain . `` It 's a real treat to have my friend and US Senate candidate @ NickForVA in the Shenandoah Valley tonight . Nick Freitas will be a great Senator ! '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A state lawmaker gives Corey Stewart competition for GOP Senate nomination '' . March 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Delegate Mike Webert joins the Republican line - up supporting # Nick4Senate ! # LibertyRising '' . Twitter.com . February 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Delegate Jason Miyares joins the long list of Republicans , like Senator Rand Paul and Virginia Senator Bryce Reeves , endorsing my run for U.S. Senate . '' Facebook.com . February 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate Candidate Nick Freitas Announces New Wave of Endorsements '' . Nick Freitas for U.S. Senate . May 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our campaign is proud to announce an endorsement from Woodstock Mayor Jeremy D. McCleary . Thank you , Mayor ! # Nick4Senate # LibertyRising '' . Twitter.com . January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Freitas announces U.S. Senate bid against Kaine '' . Culpeper Star - Exponent . December 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` I 'm glad to announce that Bishop Leon Benjamin has endorsed my campaign for U.S. Senate . # LibertyRising # Nick4Senate '' . Twitter.com . February 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charlie Kirk . `` He has my full support ! '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` After bruising losses , Republicans gather in Hot Springs to find path out of wilderness '' . News Leader . December 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cliff Maloney Jr. on Twitter '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/AP4Liberty/status/999114752906465281 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A state lawmaker gives Corey Stewart competition for GOP Senate nomination '' . Washington Post . March 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` For The First Time Ever , A Majority Of Virginia 's Young Republicans Federation Members Endorse GOP Primary Candidate , Nick Freitas '' . April 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook , William . `` Press Release '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FreedomWorks for America Endorses Nick Freitas in the Virginia Senate Race '' . FreedomWorks. April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The National Association for Gun Rights PAC has endorsed my race for U.S. Senate because they know I 'm the only candidate with a proven record of fighting back the gun - grabbing Left . # LibertyRising '' . Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stewart Snubbed : NRA endorses Nick Freitas in U.S. Senate primary race '' . InsideNoVA . May 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Republican Liberty Caucus Endorses Nick Freitas '' . Republican Liberty Caucus . May 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/TrumpStudents/status/1001290042604707840 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , Corey . `` Pleased to announce @ JerryFalwellJr 's support . He was instrumental in electing @ realDonaldTrump . Falwell 's endorsement is proof positive conservative Republicans will take back Virginia in 2018 '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved December 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` E.W. Jackson '' . www.facebook.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Huckabee Endorses Jackson '' . Jackson for US Senate . April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` E.W. Jackson '' . www.facebook.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FRC Action PAC Announces Endorsement of E.W. Jackson to U.S. Congress '' . Family Research Council Action PAC . May 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Waters to Seek Nomination for US Senate '' . Standard News Wire . February 21 , 2018 . Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Browse Receipts - FEC.gov '' . FEC.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Race Ratings '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2018 Senate Ratings '' . The Rothenberg Political Report . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Ratings Changes `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Nick Freitas ( R ) for Senate </Li> <Li> E.W. 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The Lion King ( musical ) - Wikipedia <H1> The Lion King ( musical ) </H1> This article is about the musical . For the movie , see The Lion King . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Lion King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Broadway promotional poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> Elton John </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lyrics </Th> <Td> Tim Rice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Book </Th> <Td> Roger Allers Irene Mecchi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basis </Th> <Td> The Lion King by Walt Disney Animation Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Productions </Th> <Td> 1997 Minneapolis 1997 Broadway 1998 Tokyo 1999 Japan National Tour 1999 West End 2000 Toronto 2000 Los Angeles 2001 Hamburg 2002 1st US National Tour 2003 2nd US National Tour 2003 Sydney 2004 The Hague 2006 Shanghai 2006 Seoul 2007 Johannesburg 2007 Paris 2008 Taipei 2009 Las Vegas 2011 Singapore 2011 Madrid 2012 UK National Tour 2013 São Paulo 2013 Sydney 2015 Basel 2015 Mexico City 2016 Shanghai 2016 The Hague 2018 International Tour </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> Tony Award for Best Musical </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Lion King is a musical based on the 1994 Disney animated feature film of the same name with music by Elton John and lyrics by Tim Rice along with the musical score created by Hans Zimmer with choral arrangements by Lebo M. Directed by Julie Taymor , the musical features actors in animal costumes as well as giant , hollow puppets . The show is produced by Disney Theatrical Productions . </P> <P> The musical debuted on July 8 , 1997 in Minneapolis , Minnesota at the Orpheum Theatre and was an instant success before premiering on Broadway at the New Amsterdam Theater on October 15 , 1997 in many previews with the official opening on November 13 , 1997 . On June 13 , 2006 , the Broadway production moved to the Minskoff Theatre to make way for the musical version of Mary Poppins , where it is still running after more than 8,500 performances . It is Broadway 's third longest - running show in history and the highest grossing Broadway production of all time , having grossed more than $1 billion . </P> <P> The show opened in the West End 's Lyceum Theatre on October 19 , 1999 , and is still running . The cast of the West End production were invited to perform at the Royal Variety Performance in 1999 and 2008 , in the presence of senior members of the British Royal Family . </P> <P> In September 2014 , The Lion King became the top - earning title in box - office history for both stage productions and films , surpassing the record previously held by The Phantom of the Opera . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Act I </Li> <Li> 1.2 Act II </Li> <Li> 1.3 Songs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Differences between the musical and film </Li> <Li> 3 Production history <Ul> <Li> 3.1 United States </Li> <Li> 3.2 Canada </Li> <Li> 3.3 Mexico </Li> <Li> 3.4 South America </Li> <Li> 3.5 Europe <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 3.5. 2 Other countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 Africa </Li> <Li> 3.7 Asia and Australia </Li> <Li> 3.8 International tour </Li> <Li> 3.9 Antarctica tour </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Characters and original casts </Li> <Li> 5 Cast distinctions </Li> <Li> 6 Recordings <Ul> <Li> 6.1 The Lion King : Original Broadway Cast Recording <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Instrumentation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Awards and nominations <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Original Broadway production </Li> <Li> 7.2 Original London production </Li> <Li> 7.3 Original France production </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Synopsis </H2> <H3> Act I </H3> Actress Buyi Zama as Rafiki in Taiwan <P> As the sun rises , Rafiki the mandrill calls the animals to Pride Rock . She greets King Mufasa and Queen Sarabi before presenting their cub to the gathered animals ( `` Circle of Life '' ) . Elsewhere , Mufasa 's brother , Scar , laments his lost chance at becoming King . Back at her baobab tree , Rafiki paints an image of the cub and asks the spirits to conjure the new prince 's name : Simba . </P> <P> Time passes and Simba grows into a lively young cub ( `` Grasslands Chant '' ) . Mufasa shows Simba the Pride Lands from the top of Pride Rock and explains that everything exists in a delicate balance known as the Circle of Life . Mufasa warns Simba not to stray beyond the boundaries of the Pride Lands , pointing out a shadowy area in the distance . Zazu , a hornbill who acts as Mufasa 's advisor , arrives and delivers his daily report on the state of affairs in the King 's domain ( `` The Morning Report '' , now cut from the Broadway production ) . </P> Geoff Hoyle as Zazu <P> Simba goes to see his Uncle Scar . The scheming lion piques the cub 's curiosity by mentioning the elephant graveyard , where Simba is forbidden to go . Meanwhile , the lionesses go hunting ( `` The Lioness Hunt '' ) . Simba arrives and asks his best friend , a female cub named Nala , to come with him to the elephant graveyard . He lies to the lionesses about where they are going , and Sarafina ( Nala 's mother ) and Sarabi allow the cubs to go , escorted by Zazu . Simba and Nala formulate a plan and manage to lose Zazu , while Simba brags about his future position ( `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' ) . </P> <P> The cubs go to the graveyard and begin to explore . Zazu catches up , but they are confronted by three hyenas : Shenzi , Banzai and Ed . The hyenas intend to eat the trespassers and they gloat about their find ( `` Chow Down '' ) . Mufasa rescues the cubs and frightens off the hyenas . </P> <P> Mufasa is disappointed and angry at Simba 's reckless disobedience , and explains the difference between bravery and bravado . Mufasa tells Simba about the great kings of the past and how they watch over everything from the stars ( `` They Live in You '' ) . Mufasa says that he will always be there for his son . Later he discusses Simba 's behavior with Zazu , who reminds Mufasa that he had the same tendency to get into trouble at Simba 's age . </P> <P> Back at the elephant graveyard , Scar tells the hyenas of his plan to kill Mufasa and Simba so that he can become king . He raises an army of hyenas , promising that they will never go hungry again if they support him ( `` Be Prepared '' ) . Scar takes Simba to a gorge and tells him to wait there . On Scar 's signal , the hyenas start a wildebeest stampede into the gorge ( `` The Stampede '' ) . Scar tells Mufasa that Simba is trapped in the gorge . Mufasa leaps into the stampede and manages to save his son , but as he tries to escape , Scar throws him off the cliff back into the stampede , killing him . Scar convinces Simba that his father 's death was his fault and tells him to run away , but as he leaves , Scar orders the hyenas to kill him . Simba escapes but the hyenas tell Scar that he is dead . Rafiki and the lionesses mourn the deaths ( `` Rafiki Mourns '' ) . Scar claims the throne and allows the hyenas into the Pride Lands ( `` Be Prepared ( Reprise ) '' ) . Rafiki returns to her tree and smears the drawing of Simba , while Sarabi and Nala quietly grieve . </P> <P> Out in the desert , Simba collapses from heat exhaustion . Vultures begin to circle , but are scared away by Timon the meerkat and Pumbaa the warthog . Simba feels responsible for Mufasa 's death , but the duo take the cub to their jungle home and show him their carefree way of life and bug diet ( `` Hakuna Matata '' ) . Simba grows to adulthood in the jungle . </P> <H3> Act ii </H3> <P> The chorus , dressed in colorful clothes with ornate bird puppets and kites , begin the Second Act ( `` One by One '' ) . As the song ends , however , the beautiful birds are replaced by vultures and gazelle skeletons . Under Scar 's rule , the Circle of Life is out of balance and a drought has hit the Pride Lands . Zazu , now a prisoner of Scar , listens to the king 's woes . The hyenas are complaining about the lack of food , but Scar is only concerned with himself and why he is not loved . He is haunted by visions of Mufasa and rapidly switches between delusional confidence and paranoid despair ( `` The Madness of King Scar '' ) . Nala arrives to confront Scar about the famine and Scar decides she will be his queen and give him cubs . Nala fiercely rebukes him and resolves to leave the Pride Lands to find help . Rafiki and the lionesses bless her for her journey ( `` Shadowland '' ) . </P> <P> Back in the jungle , Timon and Pumbaa want to sleep , but the restless Simba is unable to settle . Annoyed , Simba leaves them , but Timon and Pumbaa lose their courage and follow him . Simba leaps across a fast - moving river and challenges Timon to do the same . Timon falls in and is swept downstream . He grabs a branch over a waterfall and calls for Simba 's help , but Simba is paralyzed by a flashback of Mufasa 's death . Timon falls from the branch and Simba snaps out of the flashback , rescuing his friend . Simba is ashamed that Timon nearly died because of his recklessness . </P> <P> The three friends settle to sleep and discuss the stars . Simba recalls Mufasa 's words , but his friends laugh at the notion of dead kings watching them . Simba leaves , expressing his loneliness and bitterly recalling Mufasa 's promise to be there for him ( `` Endless Night '' ) . Rafiki hears the song on the wind , joyfully realizes that Simba is alive , and draws a mane onto her painting of Simba . </P> <P> In the jungle , Pumbaa is hunted and chased by a lioness . Simba confronts her and saves his friend , but recognizes the lioness as Nala . She is amazed to find Simba alive , knowing that he is the rightful king . Timon and Pumbaa are confused , but Simba asks them to leave him and Nala alone . Timon realizes what is happening and laments the end of Simba 's Hakuna Matata lifestyle ( `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' ) . Nala tells Simba about the devastated Pride Lands , but Simba still feels responsible for Mufasa 's death and refuses to return home . </P> <P> On his own , Simba meets Rafiki , who explains that his father lives on ( `` He Lives in You '' ) . Mufasa 's spirit appears in the sky and tells Simba he is the one true king and must take his place in the Circle of Life . Reawakened , Simba finds his courage and heads for home . Meanwhile , Nala wakes Timon and Pumbaa to ask where Simba is , and Rafiki appears to tell them all the news . The three of them catch up with him in the Pride Lands , where he witnesses the ruin of his home . Timon and Pumbaa distract some hyenas by doing the Charleston , allowing Simba and Nala to reach Pride Rock . </P> <P> Scar calls for Sarabi and demands to know why the lionesses are not hunting . Sarabi stands up to him about the lack of anything to hunt , angrily comparing him to Mufasa , and Scar strikes his sister - in - law , saying he 's ten times the king Mufasa was . Enraged , Simba reveals himself . Scar forces a confession of murder from Simba and corners him . Believing that he has won , Scar taunts Simba by admitting that he killed Mufasa . Furious , Simba recovers and forces Scar to reveal the truth to the lionesses ( `` Simba Confronts Scar '' ) . Simba 's friends fight the hyenas while Simba battles Scar to the top of Pride Rock . Scar begs for his life , blaming the hyenas for everything . Simba lets him leave out of mercy , but Scar attacks again . Simba blocks the attack and Scar falls from the cliff . The hyenas , who heard Scar 's betrayal and are still starving , tear him to shreds . </P> <P> With the battle won , Simba 's friends come forward and acknowledge Simba as the rightful king . Simba ascends Pride Rock and roars out across the kingdom ( `` King of Pride Rock '' ) . The Pride Lands recover and the animals gather in celebration as Rafiki presents Simba and Nala 's newborn cub , continuing the Circle of Life ( `` Circle of Life ( Reprise ) '' ) . </P> <H3> Songs </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Performed by </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Act I </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Circle of Life '' </Th> <Td> Elton John and Tim Rice </Td> <Td> Rafiki and Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Grasslands Chant '' </Th> <Td> Lebo M </Td> <Td> Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` The Morning Report '' * </Th> <Td> Elton John and Tim Rice </Td> <Td> Zazu , Young Simba , and Mufasa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` The Lioness Hunt '' </Th> <Td> Lebo M </Td> <Td> Lionesses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' </Th> <Td> Elton John and Tim Rice </Td> <Td> Young Simba , Young Nala , Zazu , and Ensemble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Chow Down '' </Th> <Td> Shenzi , Banzai , and Ed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` They Live in You '' </Th> <Td> Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin , and Lebo M </Td> <Td> Mufasa and Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Be Prepared '' </Th> <Td> Elton John and Tim Rice </Td> <Td> Scar , Shenzi , Banzai , Ed , and Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` The Stampede '' </Th> <Td> Hans Zimmer and Lebo M </Td> <Td> Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Rafiki Mourns '' </Th> <Td> Rafiki , Sarabi , Young Nala , Ensemble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Hakuna Matata '' </Th> <Td> Elton John and Tim Rice </Td> <Td> Timon , Pumbaa , Young Simba , Simba , and Ensemble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Act II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` One by One '' </Th> <Td> Lebo M </Td> <Td> Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` The Madness of King Scar '' </Th> <Td> Elton John and Tim Rice </Td> <Td> Scar , Zazu , Banzai , Shenzi , Ed and Nala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Shadowland '' </Th> <Td> Hans Zimmer , Lebo M , and Mark Mancina </Td> <Td> Nala and Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Endless Night '' </Th> <Td> Julie Taymor , Lebo M , Hans Zimmer , and Jay Rifkin </Td> <Td> Simba and Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' </Th> <Td> Elton John and Tim Rice </Td> <Td> Timon , Pumbaa , Simba , Nala , and Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` He Lives in You ( Reprise ) '' </Th> <Td> Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin , and Lebo M </Td> <Td> Rafiki , Simba and Company </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Simba Confronts Scar '' </Th> <Td> Mark Mancina and Robert Elhai </Td> <Td> Instrumental </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` King of Pride Rock / Circle of Life ( Reprise ) '' </Th> <Td> Hans Zimmer and Lebo M / Elton John and Tim Rice </Td> <Td> The Company </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * Cut from the show as of June 27 , 2010 </P> <H2> Differences between the musical and film </H2> <P> The musical incorporates several changes and additions to the storyline as compared to the film . The mandrill Rafiki 's gender was changed to a female role because Taymor believed that there was generally no leading female character in the film . Rafiki was portrayed by Tsidii Le Loka in the original Broadway musical , and by Josette Bushell - Mingo in the original London production . </P> The Lion King on Broadway showing originally at the New Amsterdam Theater ( shown ) ; it is now showing at the Minskoff . <P> Several new scenes are present , including a conversation between Mufasa and Zazu about Mufasa 's parenting and a perilous scene in which Timon finds himself nearly drowning in a waterfall while Simba feels powerless to help him . A major narrative addition is the depiction of Nala 's departure in the scene `` The Madness of King Scar '' , where the mentally deteriorating villain tries to make Nala his mate . Nala refuses and later announces her intention to depart the Pride Lands and find help . She receives the blessings of the lionesses and Rafiki during the new song `` Shadowland '' . </P> The Lion King in the West End <P> Like its predecessor , the Beauty and the Beast musical , the show adds more songs to its stage production , including `` Morning Report '' , sung by Zazu the hornbill and later added to the film for the Platinum Edition DVD release . `` Shadowland '' . originally featured on the CD Rhythm of the Pride Lands with Zulu lyrics as `` Lea Halelela '' , was adapted for the musical with new English lyrics . It is sung by Nala , the lionesses , and Rafiki . `` Endless Night '' , also from Rhythm of the Pride Lands with Swahili lyrics as `` Lala '' , is sung by Simba while reflecting on Mufasa 's promise to always be there . `` One by One '' , from the Rhythm of the Pride Lands CD , was adapted as the rousing African - styled entre act sung by the chorus at the opening of the second act . </P> <P> Many of the animals portrayed in the production are actors in costume using extra tools to move their costumes . For example , the giraffes are portrayed by actors walking on stilts . For principal characters such as Mufasa and Scar , the costumes feature mechanical headpieces that can be raised and lowered to foster the illusion of a cat `` lunging '' at another . Other characters , such as the hyenas , Zazu , Timon , and Pumbaa , are portrayed by actors in life - sized puppets or costumes . The Timon character is described by Taymor as one of the hardest roles to master because the movement of the puppet 's head and arms puts a strain on the actor 's arms , back , and neck . </P> <P> Composer Lebo M led the original Broadway chorus . The chorus members are usually visible in the production , rather than being hidden in the shadows as seen in some other musical shows . </P> <P> A new section of the production , the Lioness Hunt , features a particularly complicated dance sequence for the actresses , and the dance is made even more difficult by the large headpieces worn during the scene . </P> <P> During the show 's run in China , Chinese elements were included in the musical . One of the songs was adapted to a well - known Chinese pop song , `` Laoshu ai dami '' or `` Mice Love Rice '' . The cast even cracked jokes and attempted conversations with the audience in Chinese . </P> <P> As of June 27 , 2010 , nine minutes of the Broadway version were cut , among them the entire `` Morning Report '' musical number . The song was also removed from subsequent productions and cast recordings , such as the Spanish one . </P> <H2> Production history </H2> <H3> United states </H3> First Lady Michelle Obama joins the cast of the U.S. touring company onstage after their performance at the Kids ' State Dinner in the East Room of the White House <P> There is currently one U.S. touring production . ( At one time there were two US touring productions traveling simultaneously. ) The tour version is very similar to the original Broadway production ; however , certain scenic elements which rise out of the stage floor ( such as Pride Rock , the stampede , and the grasslands ) were converted to less costly configurations for the touring productions . The sun during the opening is reduced in size for the shorter - lasting tours . Stage sizes are also smaller , and the size of the pit orchestra is decreased . </P> <P> A Las Vegas production opened at Mandalay Bay on May 15 , 2009 , with previews beginning May 5 , 2009 . The Las Vegas cast performed on the ninth season of the American dance competition Dancing With the Stars on September 23 , 2009 . Led by Buyi Zama , the cast performed Circle of Life . When this production closed , on December 30 , 2011 , it turned into the second longest run the show had in a same American city ( only coming after Broadway ) , running longer than the 2000 -- 2003 Los Angeles Production . </P> <P> A Los Angeles production began performances at the Pantages Theatre on September 29 , 2000 , with an official opening on October 19 , 2000 . The show closed on January 12 , 2003 , after 952 performances . The cast of this production performed a set of the show 's songs in The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on October 2 , 2001 . The cast was led by Fuschia Walker . </P> <H3> Canada </H3> <P> A Canadian production of the show was staged in Toronto and ran for nearly four years at the Princess of Wales Theatre . The show ran from 1999 to 2004 . Degrassi star Raymond Ablack starred as Young Simba in the 2001 production . </P> <H3> Mexico </H3> <P> The musical had a Mexican limited run ( in English ) between January 3 and January 27 , 2008 , in Mexico City , as part of the U.S. national tour . </P> <P> In May 2014 , it was confirmed a new production of the musical , this time in Spanish . The production ran from May 7 , 2015 to January 14 , 2018 at the Teatro Telcel in Mexico City . Carlos Rivera returned to the role of Simba , which he also took in Spain four years earlier . The lyrics of the songs of this production differed from the European Spanish one . South - African actress Shirley Hlahatse was chosen as Rafiki , marking the first time in years a completely new actress was elected for that role . </P> <H3> South america </H3> <P> A Brazilian production was confirmed to debut in São Paulo in March 28 , 2013 . Auditions take place in São Paulo , Rio de Janeiro and Salvador . The cast contain mainly Brazilian actors and seven South African actors . The Portuguese lyrics were translated by Brazilian singer Gilberto Gil . </P> <P> Actress Phindile Mkhize , who had previously performed in many of the show 's productions , was selected as Rafiki for this production , leaving in October 2013 and being replaced by Ntsepa Pitjeng . The show closed its doors on December 14 , 2014 . </P> <H3> Europe </H3> United Kingdom <P> After the success of the Broadway show , the show opened in the United Kingdom in on October 19 , 1999 . The cast included Cornell John as Mufasa , Luke Youngblood as Young Simba , Dominique Moore as Young Nala , Martyn Ellis as Pumbaa , Simon Gregor as Timon , Rob Edwards as Scar , Paul J. Medford as Banzai and Josette Bushell - Mingo as Rafiki . As of October 2015 , it has been playing at the Lyceum Theatre in London for 16 years . Taymor directed the British production of the show , with Melissa De Melo as the producer . The show also toured the UK from 2012 until March 2015 . </P> <P> The West End cast of the show performed twice at the traditional Royal Variety Performance : in 1999 ( led by Josette Bushell - Mingo ) and 2008 ( led by Brown Lindiwe Mkhize ) . In both performances , the song Circle of Life was performed . The company also performed at the show Strictly Come Dancing special Strictly African Dancing , broadcast in 2005 , led once again by Mkhize and performed the same song . </P> Other countries Hamburg , Germany : Theater im Hafen ( since 2001 ) , accessible by boat <P> The German production has been playing in Hamburg at the Theater in Hafen since December 2001 and had its 5000th performance on January 14 , 2014 . Access to the theater is by ferry , where the boats are decorated in the colors of the musical and are named after characters in the musical ( such as Nala and its sister ship Rafiki ) . </P> <P> A Dutch production of the show was produced by Joop van den Ende Theaterproducties / Stage Entertainment and Disney Theatrical Group and played at the Circustheater in Scheveningen and ran from April 4 , 2004 , until August 27 , 2006 and It was performed in Dutch and led by Nomvula Dlamini , replaced by another Disney musical , Tarzan . A revival of the show 's Dutch production began performances in the same Circustheater in October 2016 and It 's being performed in Dutch and being confirmed a new production and led by Gugwana Dlamini . </P> <P> The show 's French production debuted in Paris on September 22 , 2007 , in Stage Entertainment 's Théâtre Mogador . It was being performed in French and led by Zama Magudulela . This production won several Moliére Awards and closed on July 25 , 2010 , after being watched by over a million people . </P> <P> On October 20 , 2011 , the first Spanish production opened at Teatro Lope de Vega in Madrid , where it is still running after more than 2,800 performances and It is being performed in European Spanish and has been led by Brenda `` Brinzo '' Mhlongo and It is being led by Zama Magudulela . </P> <P> In Basel , Switzerland , the musical was performed for the first time from March 12 , 2015 , until October 11 , 2015 . </P> <H3> Africa </H3> <P> Beginning in June 2007 , The Lion King debuted its first - ever performance on the African continent in Johannesburg , South Africa . Its tenth anniversary was celebrated in the new Teatro Theatre at Monte Casino in Fourways . The Lion King was the first production to take place in the new theatre . The opening night in Johannesburg was celebrated with key persons involving the creation of the musical and American talk show host Oprah Winfrey who had recently opened an educational academy for girls in Johannesburg The show closed on February 17 , 2008 . </P> <H3> Asia and Australia </H3> <P> The show was translated into Japanese and staged by the Shiki Theatre Company . The Tokyo production began in 1998 and continues to the present day at the Shiki Theatre HARU . The production achieved its 10,000 th performance on July 15 , 2015 . </P> <P> The show played at the Capitol Theatre in Sydney , Australia , from October 16 , 2003 , until June 26 , 2005 . The production then ran at the Regent Theatre in Melbourne from July 28 , 2005 , until June 4 , 2006 . The Lion King returned to Sydney 's Capitol Theatre on December 12 , 2013 . </P> <P> The musical had a Korean production from October 28 , 2006 , to October 28 , 2007 , at the Charlotte Theater in Seoul , where it ran for 330 performances . </P> <P> In August 2008 , a production opened in Taipei , Taiwan , and It was performed in English and led by Buyi Zama , closing on August 24 , 2009 . </P> <P> The show had a limited run at Shanghai 's Grand Theatre from July to September 2006 . This production was led by Buyi Zama and was performed in English , though a couple of Chinese elements were added to the story . From June 14 , 2016 , until October 8 , 2017 , The Lion King returned to China , in a new production that was staged at the 1,200 capacity Walt Disney Grand Theatre , in the Shanghai Disney Resort , where it ran for 500 performances . This production was performed in Mandarin and led by Ntsepa Pitjeng . </P> <H3> International tour </H3> <P> On March 28 , 2018 , the first international tour officially opened at the Solaire Resort & Casino in Manila , with confirmed stops in Singapore , South Korea , Taiwan , and South Africa . All these countries have had productions so far , except the Philippines , where the show will run for two months . The tour is performed in English and led by Ntsepa Pitjeng . </P> <H3> Antarctica tour </H3> <P> As an April Fools ' Day joke in 2018 , Disney Theatrical released a trailer for an Antarctic production of The Lion King , making it the first musical to perform on all 7 continents of the world . According to the trailer , the show would be adapted to the locality , such as changing Zazu from a hornbill into an emperor penguin and adding polar bear fur onto Simba 's costume ( despite the fact that Polar Bears do n't exist in the Antarctic ) . Disney went so far as to choreograph certain penguin dance moves , draw concept sketches of the show and the ' ice theatre ' and even manufacture costume pieces to legitimise this faux trailer . </P> <H2> Characters and original casts </H2> <P> The original principal casts of all major productions . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Original Broadway Cast </Th> <Th> Original West End Cast </Th> <Th> Original Johannesburg Cast </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Simba </Th> <Td> Jason Raize </Td> <Td> Roger Wright </Td> <Td> Andile Gumbi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scar </Th> <Td> John Vickery </Td> <Td> Rob Edwards </Td> <Td> Mark Rayment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mufasa </Th> <Td> Samuel E. Wright </Td> <Td> Cornell John </Td> <Td> Sello Maake - Kancube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nala </Th> <Td> Heather Headley </Td> <Td> Paulette Ivory </Td> <Td> Tsholo Monedi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rafiki </Th> <Td> Tsidii Le Loka </Td> <Td> Josette Bushell - Mingo </Td> <Td> Buyisile Zama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timon </Th> <Td> Max Casella </Td> <Td> Simon Gregor </Td> <Td> Peter Mashigo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pumbaa </Th> <Td> Tom Alan Robbins </Td> <Td> Martyn Ellis </Td> <Td> Pierre van Heerden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zazu </Th> <Td> Geoff Hoyle </Td> <Td> Gregory Gudgeon </Td> <Td> Lyall Ramsden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shenzi </Th> <Td> Tracy Nicole Chapman </Td> <Td> Stephanie Charles </Td> <Td> Candida Mosoma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Banzai </Th> <Td> Stanley Wayne Mathis </Td> <Td> Paul J. Medford </Td> <Td> Simon Gwala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ed </Th> <Td> Kevin Cahoon </Td> <Td> Christopher Holt </Td> <Td> Michael Bagg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sarabi </Th> <Td> Gina Breedlove </Td> <Td> Dawn Michael </Td> <Td> Zoe Mthiyane </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Young Simba </Th> <Td> Scott Irby - Ranniar </Td> <Td> Luke Youngblood </Td> <Td> Tshepiso Morake </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Young Nala </Th> <Td> Kajuana Shuford </Td> <Td> Dominique Moore </Td> <Td> Hlengiwe Maseko </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Cast distinctions </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Phindile Mkhize and Ntsepa Ptjeng are the only actresses who performed as leadings in three different languages the musical 's been performed in . Phindile performed in English ( American tour and Las Vegas , 2002 -- 2010 ) , Spanish ( from 2012 to 2013 ) and Portuguese ( 2013 ) ; while Ntsepa was leading in Brazil ( 2014 , as a substitute to Phindile ) , Basel ( 2015 ) and Shanghai ( 2016 ) . </Li> <Li> They are followed by Zama Magudulela , who performed as leading in two different languages the musical 's been performed in : French ( 2007 to 2010 ) and Spanish ( 2011 to the present day ) . Zama is also the sole actress ever to perform in four different companies , as she was in the first Australian tour ( 2003 -- 2006 ) , German ( 2006 ) , French ( 2007 -- 2010 ) and Spanish ( 2011 - present ) productions . </Li> <Li> Portia Manyike is the only actress ever to perform in three different languages , though she was never promoted to leading cast member . She 's been part of the ensemble in France , Brazil and Mexico . </Li> <Li> Nteliseng Nkhela ( German and English ) , Nomvula Dlamini ( English and Dutch ) , Ntsepa Pitjeng ( English , Portuguese and Mandarin ) , Thabile Mtshali ( English and Portuguese ) and Mukelisiwe Goba ( English and Spanish ) are the only actresses who performed as leading Rafikis in productions in two different languages . </Li> <Li> John Vickery was the first actor to move from Broadway into a different production of the show , when he chose to leave Broadway in 1999 to move to the Los Angeles production in 2000 . </Li> <Li> Sheila Gibbs was the first actress to move from a standby into a leading role . She was a Rafiki understudy for Tsidi Le Loka from 1997 to 1998 and was selected as leading from 2001 to 2002 . This was followed by Gugwana Dlamini , who was a standby ( 1999 -- 2002 ) and a leading ( 2002 -- 2005 ) in the show 's London production and Buyisile Zama , who was a standby for Gugwana in London ( 2002 -- 2003 ) and leading actress for the show 's first Australian tour ( 2003 -- 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Nomvula Dlamini was the first , and so far the only , actress who moved from Broadway into a production performed in a different language , being the leading Rafiki on Broadway ( 2002 -- 2004 ) and Holland ( 2004 -- 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Spanish actors Esteban Oliver and Mukelisiwe Goba were the first actors who moved from Spain into Broadway , when they respectively took over the role of Zazu and Rafiki understudy in 2014 for a couple of months . Mukelisiwe then was transferred to the Gazelle Tour , taking over Tshidi Manye in September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Having been in the show since its 1997 premiere , actress Lindiwe Dlamini is the actress who 's been for more time in the show . She 's followed by Joachim Benoit , who 's been regularly performing as Zazu since the show premiered in Germany , in 2001 . </Li> <Li> Melina M'Poy was the first actress to perform as the two leading lionesses . She was Sarabi ( France , 2007 -- 2010 ) and Nala ( Basel , London , UK tour and Singapore , 2011 -- 2015 ) . </Li> <Li> The Londoner production is known to have been the first to have selected non-African actresses to perform as Rafiki , since actresses Josette Bushell - Mingo ( 1999 -- 2001 ) and Sharon D. Clarke ( 2001 -- 2003 ) are English , though their understudies were South African . The American tour companies followed this when Fredi Walker and Fuchsia Walker were chosen as Rafiki in 2001 as leadings for the first American tour and the Los Angeles one , respectively . </Li> <Li> The Japanese and Korean productions also stand out since never throughout them the productions had leading African actresses . Native Japanese and Korean actresses performed as Rafiki during the productions . </Li> <Li> Buyi Zama ( 2002 -- 2016 ) , Zama Magudulela ( 2002 up to the present day ) , Brown Lindiwe Mkhize ( starting in 2005 ) , Futhi Mhlongo ( 2000 -- 2004 ; 2010 to 2018 ) , Tshidi Manye ( 2000 up to the present day ) , Gugwana Dlamini ( 2002 -- up to present day ) , Thandazile A. Soni ( 2002 -- 2010 ; 2012 up to the present day ) , and Mpume Sikakane ( 2002 up to the present day ) are the actresses who 've been performing as either leading or stand - bys to Rafiki for the longest time , having performed in several productions . </Li> <Li> Alton Fitzgerald White ( 2002 -- 2015 ) , Nathaniel Stampley ( 2006 -- 2010 ) , and David Comrie ( leading in the Spanish production from 2011 to 2017 ) performed as Mufasa for longer than any other actor . Behind them comes Jean - Luc Guizonne , who performed in Paris , Singapore and German ( from 2007 to 2014 ) . </Li> <Li> On several occasions , members from different productions agreed to change places . That happened twice : when Patrick Brown ( American tour ) and Gareth Saxe ( Broadway ) changed places as leading Scar in 2014 -- 2015 ; Buyi Zama ( American tour ) changed places with Tshidi Manye ( Broadway ) as Rafiki in 2013 -- 2014 and when Brown Lindiwe Mkhize ( London ) changed places with Nteliseng Nkhela ( American tour ) again as Rafiki in 2013 . More recently , Tryphena Wade and Chondra Profit agreed to change places from the North American tour to Broadway . </Li> <Li> When actress Shirley Hlahatse was chosen as the leading Rafiki in the Mexican production of the show , it marked the first time in years an actress who had never been in the show before was given the role . In most occasions , understudies or standbys were promoted to leading . </Li> <Li> South African dancer Keswa was 18 years old when she arrived on Broadway in 1999 . She was the youngest performer ever to be given a role in the show 's ensemble group . </Li> <Li> Balungile Gumede and Marvette Williams are the actresses who have played Sarabi for the longest timespan in the show . Balungile started in the German production of the show in 2010 , taking over Marvette , who had played the character in various productions of the show since 2000 and kept playing it in subsequent productions . They are followed by Tryphena Wade , who 's also performing as the lioness since 2010 . </Li> <Li> Enrique Segura is the actor who played Ed for the longest timespan in the show , being on it for more than a decade . </Li> <Li> Segura is followed by Bonita J. Hamilton and James Brown - Orleans , who have been performing as hyenas Shenzi and Banzai for more than 5 years . </Li> <Li> Nokubonga Khuzwayo has been performing as Nala for the longest timespan in the show . She 's performed in South Africa ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , Taiwan ( 2008 ) , Las Vegas ( 2010 -- 2011 ) , American tour ( 2011 ) and Germany ( from 2012 up to the present time ) . </Li> <Li> Lebo M , Tsidii LeLoka , Willi Welp and Gustavo Vaz were the only actors who were performers and directors of the show . Lebo M was the composer of various of the show 's songs and performed on Broadway ( 1997 -- 2000 ) , Willi Welp performed as Scar from 2005 to 2015 and then left to be the resident director of the show 's German production and Gustavo was the resident director of the show 's Brazilian production at the same time he was a Scar and Pumbaa standby . Original Broadway Rafiki Tsidi LeLoka was also part of the show 's creative team , as she 's the one responsible for adding Rafiki 's chants to the story and writing her mourning song . </Li> <Li> When Carlos Rivera played his 1000th performance on January 27 , 2016 , he turned into the actor who 's been performing as a leading Simba for the longest time in the show . He played the role in Spain for 700 times and for more than 300 times in Mexico . He finally left the show in May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Rivera is also the sole leading cast member whose voice can be heard in two different recordings . He takes part in the Spanish ( 2011 ) and Mexican ( 2015 ) cast recordings . </Li> <Li> While it 's a rule for all the productions of the show to have at least 6 South African performers in their casts , the South African one had a cast fully made of native actors . </Li> <Li> Nosipho Nkonqa is the cast member who 's been in more productions than any other . She was in the Holland ( 2004 -- 2006 ) , South African ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , Taiwan ( 2008 ) , Singapore ( 2011 ) , United Kingdom tour ( 2012 -- 2015 ) , Basel ( 2015 ) and London ( 2016 ) productions . She is followed by Mduduzi Madela , who served in the ensemble group in Holland ( 2004 -- 2006 ) , Paris ( 2007 -- 2010 ) , Las Vegas ( 2010 -- 2012 ) , United Kingdom tour ( 2012 -- 2013 ) and Broadway ( 2013 - present ) . </Li> <Li> Andile Gumbi is the actor who performed as Simba for the longest time in the show . He was in the original Australian tour ( 2003 -- 2006 ) , Shanghai ( 2006 ) , Johannesburg ( 2007 -- 2008 ) , London ( 2009 -- 2012 ) and Broadway ( 2012 -- 2013 ) . He is followed by Jonathan Andrew Hume , who performed as a standby ( 2001 -- 2011 ) and as a full - time cast member ( 2011 -- 2016 ) for the role . </Li> <Li> Vusi Sondyazi is one of the actors who 've been on the show for the longest time . He 's been serving as an ensemble singer and Mufasa understudy since 2003 and stays in the Gazelle Tour cast at the present , after having performed on Broadway , Taipei and Las Vegas as well . </Li> <Li> Ntomb'Khona Dlamini is the actress who served as an understudy or ensemble member for the longest time . She was in the original Broadway company as an understudy to Tsidi LeLoka . After leaving for a brief time between 2000 and 2001 , she went on to perform in the American tours . Summing up all this time , she 's been in the show for more than 15 years , finally leaving the company in 2013 . </Li> <Li> Gaia Aikman will be the first actress ever to perform as both Young and Adult Nala . She was one of the children assigned for that role in the original Dutch production ( 2004 -- 2006 ) and was selected as the leading for the adult version of the same character in the Dutch revival production ( 2016 -- 2017 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Recordings </H2> <P> Most of the show 's international productions had cast recordings which are available on CD , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1997 Broadway Cast <Ul> <Li> The original Broadway cast recording is the only cast recording of the musical that comes with the song `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' . It 's also the only cast recording that does not come with the full reprise of `` Circle of Life '' , the last four verses of that song being added to the CD . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1999 Japanese Cast <Ul> <Li> The Japanese cast recording was re-released in 2011 with four extra karaoke tracks and new renditions of the songs using the instrumental tracks of the 1999 CD . ( Walt Disney Records , ASIN : B0058X1C3S ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2002 German Cast <Ul> <Li> At sometime after the show 's German debut , alternate versions of the songs `` Der ewige kreis '' , `` Endlose Nacht '' , `` Er lebt in dir '' and `` Kann es wirklich liebe sein '' ( German versions of `` Circle of Life '' , `` Endless Night '' , `` He Lives in You '' and `` Can You Feel The Love Tonight ? '' ) were released . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2004 Dutch Cast <Ul> <Li> The 2016 Dutch revival production had a newly live recorded cast album with different instrumental tracks for the songs . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2007 French Cast <Ul> <Li> Some time during the promotion of the French promotion , a CD - single containing a medley of the songs `` Ils Vivent en Toi '' and `` Il Vit en Toi '' ( French versions of `` They Live in You '' and `` He Lives in You '' ) was released , with a music video being recorded with actors Zama Magudulela ( Rafiki ) , Jeremy Fontanet ( Adult Simba ) and Jean - Luc Guizonne ( Mufasa ) performing and singing the song with natives chanting in the background . This new version of the songs were also included in a special , double edition of the French cast recording that also came with a bonus DVD . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2007 South African Cast ( live performance audio CD ) <Ul> <Li> The song `` Rafiki Mourns '' was cut from this CD , while every other song was included in their complete form . The CD also comes with a remix of the song `` One by One '' performed by the cast . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2011 Spanish Cast <Ul> <Li> The Spanish CD already comes with the cuts made to the Broadway production in 2010 . The song `` The Morning Report '' was totally cut , with some minutes of `` Can You Feel The Love Tonight '' and `` The Madness of King Scar '' . Also , it is the only non-English CD where `` One by One '' was renamed due to the language ( in Spanish , it became `` Somos mil '' ) , though the song is performed with its original lyrics . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2015 Mexican Cast <Ul> <Li> In this release , the Mexican Spanish versions of Simba Confronts Scar and Circle of Life ( Reprise ) were comprised into a single song , this version being named Confrontación / Finale . It also includes the song which Timon sings to fool the hyenas , which was recorded in the studio and added to the cast album . </Li> <Li> With the release of the Mexican cast recording , Spanish was the first language in which the musical was performed that spawned two different cast recordings . Mexican Spanish lyrics were translated by Aleks Syntek and Armando Manzanero . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Note : A recording entitled The Lion King , by the London Theatre Orchestra and Singers , was released on November 14 , 2000 ( D - 3 Entertainment , ASIN : B00004ZDR6 ) . This is not the London original cast recording . </Li> </Ul> <P> Of all the show 's productions ( counting the English ones ) , only the Brazilian and the Korean ones did n't have cast recordings released . </P> <H3> The Lion King : original Broadway cast recording </H3> The Lion King : Original Broadway Cast Recording album cover art <P> The Lion King : Original Broadway Cast Recording is a cast recording released on 1997 by The Walt Disney Company , a recording of the songs as heard in the stage musical . Most of the tracks were composed by African composer Lebo M. and focused primarily on the African influences of the film 's original music , with most songs being sung either partially or entirely in various African languages . </P> <P> Rafiki 's chants in `` Rafiki Mourns '' were written by Tsidii Le Loka , who originated the role on Broadway . </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Circle of Life '' -- Faca Kulu , Lebo M , The Lion King Ensemble and Tsidii Le Loka </Li> <Li> `` Grasslands Chant '' -- The Lion King Ensemble </Li> <Li> `` The Morning Report '' -- Geoff Hoyle , Samuel E. Wright and Scott Irby - Ranniar </Li> <Li> `` The Lioness Hunt '' -- Lebo M and The Lion King Ensemble </Li> <Li> `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' -- Geoff Hoyle , Kajuana Shuford , Scott Irby - Ranniar and The Lion King Ensemble </Li> <Li> `` Chow Down '' -- Kevin Cahoon , Stanley Wayne Mathis and Tracy Nicole Chapman </Li> <Li> `` They Live in You '' -- Samuel E. Wright and The Lion King Ensemble </Li> <Li> `` Be Prepared '' -- John Vickery , Kevin Cahoon , Stanley Wayne Mathis , The Lion King Ensemble and Tracy Nicole Chapman </Li> <Li> `` The Stampede '' -- The Lion King Ensemble </Li> <Li> `` Rafiki Mourns '' -- The Lion King Ensemble and Tsidii Le Loka </Li> <Li> `` Hakuna Matata '' -- Jason Raize , Max Casella , Scott Irby - Ranniar , The Lion King Ensemble and Tom Alan Robbins </Li> <Li> `` One by One '' -- Lebo M and The Lion King Ensemble </Li> <Li> `` The Madness of King Scar '' -- Geoff Hoyle , Heather Headley , John Vickery , Kevin Cahoon , Stanley Wayne Mathis and Tracy Nicole Chapman </Li> <Li> `` Shadowland '' -- Heather Headley , The Lion King Ensemble and Tsidii Le Loka </Li> <Li> `` The Lion Sleeps Tonight '' -- Lebo M </Li> <Li> `` Endless Night '' -- Jason Raize and The Lion King Ensemble </Li> <Li> `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' -- Heather Headley , Jason Raize , Max Casella , The Lion King Ensemble and Tom Alan Robbins </Li> <Li> `` He Lives in You ( Reprise ) '' -- Jason Raize , The Lion King Ensemble and Tsidii Le Loka </Li> <Li> `` Simba Confronts Scar '' -- Mark Mancina and Robert Elhai </Li> <Li> `` King of Pride Rock / Circle of Life ( Reprise ) '' -- Geoff Hoyle , Heather Headley , Jason Raize , Lebo M , Max Casella , The Lion King Ensemble , Tom Alan Robbins and Tsidii Le Loka </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Note : The songs `` Grasslands Chant '' , `` The Lioness Hunt '' , `` Chow Down '' , `` They Live in You '' , `` Rafiki Mourns '' , `` One by One '' , `` The Madness of King Scar '' , `` Shadowland '' , `` Endless Night '' and `` Simba Confronts Scar '' are new songs written for the musical . </Li> </Ul> Instrumentation <P> The original broadway show included : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1 wood flute soloist / flute / piccolo </Li> <Li> 1 concertmistress </Li> <Li> 2 violins </Li> <Li> 1 violin / viola </Li> <Li> 2 cellos </Li> <Li> 1 flute / clarinet / bass clarinet </Li> <Li> 3 French horns </Li> <Li> 1 trombone </Li> <Li> 1 bass trombone / tuba </Li> <Li> 1 upright & electric basses </Li> <Li> 1 drums </Li> <Li> 1 guitar </Li> <Li> 2 mallets / percussion </Li> <Li> 2 percussion </Li> <Li> 3 keyboard synthesizers </Li> </Ul> <H2> Awards and nominations </H2> <H3> Original Broadway production </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award Ceremony </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Drama Desk Awards </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Outstanding Musical </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Featured Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Max Casella </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geoff Hoyle </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Featured Actress in a Musical </Td> <Td> Tsidii Le Loka </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Director </Td> <Td> Julie Taymor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Choreography </Td> <Td> Garth Fagan </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Orchestrations </Td> <Td> Robert Elhai , David Metzger , and Bruce Fowler </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Set Design </Td> <Td> Richard Hudson </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Costume Design </Td> <Td> Julie Taymor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Lighting Design </Td> <Td> Donald Holder </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Sound Design </Td> <Td> Tony Meola </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outstanding Puppet Design </Td> <Td> Julie Taymor and Michael Curry </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theatre World Awards </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Max Casella </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Awards </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Best Musical </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Book of a Musical </Td> <Td> Roger Allers and Irene Mecchi </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Original Score </Td> <Td> Elton John , Tim Rice , Hans Zimmer , Lebo M , Mark Mancina , Jay Rifkin and Julie Taymor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Samuel E. Wright </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical </Td> <Td> Tsidii Le Loka </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Direction of a Musical </Td> <Td> Julie Taymor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Choreography </Td> <Td> Garth Fagan </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Orchestrations </Td> <Td> Robert Elhai , David Metzger and Bruce Fowler </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Scenic Design for a Musical </Td> <Td> Richard Hudson </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Costume Design for a Musical </Td> <Td> Julie Taymor and Michael Curry </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Lighting Design of a Musical </Td> <Td> Donald Holder </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Original London production </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award Ceremony </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Laurence Olivier Awards </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Best New Musical </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actor in a Musical </Td> <Td> Rob Edwards </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Actress in a Musical </Td> <Td> Josette Bushell - Mingo </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Director </Td> <Td> Julie Taymor </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Theatre Choreographer </Td> <Td> Garth Fagan </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Set Design </Td> <Td> Richard Hudson </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Costume Design </Td> <Td> Julie Taymor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Lighting Design </Td> <Td> Donald Holder </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Original France production </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award Ceremony </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Molière Awards </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Best Musical </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Costume Design </Td> <Td> Julie Taymor </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Lighting Design </Td> <Td> Donald Holder </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Scheps , Leigh ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' Turns 20 : How the Disney Musical Became One of Broadway 's Best ( Exclusive ) '' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Broadway Grosses by Show '' . BroadwayWorld.com . Retrieved February 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE LION KING Becomes 3rd - Longest Running Broadway Show of All Time ; Passes CATS '' . Broadway World . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An all - star line up unveiled for the 80th anniversary show on BBC ONE '' ( PDF ) . Entertainment Artistes ' Benevolent Fund . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 3 , 2008 . Retrieved November 17 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew . `` The Lion King Is Now Top - Earner in Box - Office History '' , Playbill , September 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Broadway 's Lion King Now Nine Minutes Shorter '' . Playbill . June 26 , 2010 . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The South Bank Show : The Lion King Musical </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taymor , Julie , The Lion King : Pride Rock on Broadway ( Disney Editions , 1998 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney musical debuts in Shanghai , impressing audience with Chinese elements '' . People 's Daily Online . July 19 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew Gans ( March 11 , 2009 ) . `` Sesma , White , Williams , Zama and Simmons Cast in Las Vegas Lion King '' . Playbill . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dan Bacalzo ( September 10 , 2009 ) . `` Lion King Cast to Perform on September 23 Dancing With the Stars '' . Theater Mania . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MISAFF14 Star '' . MISAFF Mosaic International South Asian Film Festival . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BWW News Desk . `` ' The Lion King ' Celebrates Successful Mexico City Premiere '' . BroadwayWorld.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew Gans ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` ' The Lion King ' to Play Shanghai and Mexico City '' . Playbill . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Musical `` O Rei Leão '' estreia em SP em março ; conheça os atores da peça `` . BOL . January 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lucas ( April 26 , 2012 ) . `` O Rei Leão - Musical desembarca em São Paulo em 2013 '' . O Camundongo . Archived from the original on April 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UOL ( September 23 , 2014 ) . `` Musical `` O Rei Leão '' estende temporada até 14 de dezembro `` . Guia UOL . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Billington , Michael . The Lion King , The Guardian , October 20 , 1999 , accessed October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolf , Matt . `` Review : The Lion King ( Lyceum Theater ) '' , Variety , October 25 , 1999 , accessed October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Lion King Celebrates 15 Years in the West End '' Archived 2016 - 02 - 06 at the Wayback Machine. , London Theatre Information and Tickets , October 13 , 2014 ; accessed October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Variety show for Lion King '' , BBC News , November 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Disney 's The Lion King komt terug naar Nederland </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Le Roi Lion '' à Paris : fermeture annoncée pour le 25 juillet 2010 , `` Mamma Mia '' attendu dans la foulée Archived 2016 - 03 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gran estreno del musical de Disney El rey león en el corazón de Madrid '' . elreyleon.es . October 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El musical El rey león alcanza las 2.000 funciones en Madrid '' . europapress.es . September 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The Lion King ' kommt 2015 in die Schweiz '' . 20 Minuten. April 29 , 2014 . Retrieved October 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davie , Lucille. `` The Lion King comes home '' , southafrica.info , June 8 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ongoing Productions '' . shiki.jp . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese version of ' Lion King ' musical marks 10,000 th performance '' . Kyodo news . July 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elissa Blake ( May 8 , 2013 ) . `` Rice 's roar talent back on show '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney 's The Lion King to Play Shanghai '' . playbill.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cynthia Momdjian ( June 13 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' The Lion King ' Coming to Shanghai Disney Resort , ESPN and Google Collaborate for the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Josh Trank to Direct Stand - Alone ' Star Wars ' Film '' . The Walt Disney Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Lion King International tour official website </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First international tour of Disney 's The Lion King premieres in Manila '' . broadwayworld.com . March 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The truth about polar bears '' . bbc.com. 1 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE LION KING : Opening in Antarctica in 2019 '' . youtube.com. April 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nuestro Zazu vuela a Broadway </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lion King 's queen </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' Lion King ' spiritual guide ends Broadway run to take the show on the road </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Celebra Carlos Rivera 1000 funciones como Simba en El Rey León </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andile Gumbi Joins Cast of THE LION KING as ' Simba ' Tonight </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` amazon.com listing for Lion King recordings '' , amazon.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` listing for the 2011 Japanese cast recording '' , amazon.com , accessed February 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Le Roi Lion > Original Paris Cast : CastAlbums.org '' . castalbums.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Lion King > Original South African Cast : CastAlbums.org '' . castalbums.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Syntek y Manzanero musicalizan El Rey León '' . holaciudad.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` listing for London 2000 recording '' , amazon.com , accessed January 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Broadway League . `` The Lion King - IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information IBDB : The official source for Broadway Information '' . ibdb.com . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Lion King . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Lion King at the Internet Broadway Database </Li> <Li> The Lion King Musical Lyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Lion King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride </Li> <Li> The Lion King 11⁄2 </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theater </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lion King </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television or short films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timon & Pumbaa <Ul> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wild About Safety </Li> <Li> The Lion Guard <Ul> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Simba </Li> <Li> Timon and Pumbaa </Li> <Li> Nala </Li> <Li> Scar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> The Lion King </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Circle of Life '' </Li> <Li> `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' </Li> <Li> `` Be Prepared '' </Li> <Li> `` Hakuna Matata '' </Li> <Li> `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Lion King musical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Endless Night '' </Li> <Li> `` The Madness of King Scar '' </Li> <Li> `` Shadowland '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Return to Pride Rock <Ul> <Li> `` Love Will Find a Way '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rhythm of the Pride Lands <Ul> <Li> `` He Lives in You '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Disney 's Animated Storybook : The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Timon & Pumbaa 's Jungle Games ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King : Simba 's Mighty Adventure ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King 11⁄2 ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attractions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable </Li> <Li> The Legend of the Lion King </Li> <Li> Festival of the Lion King </Li> <Li> The Lion King Celebration </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney Theatrical Productions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Animated Disney film adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Tarzan ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disney live - action film adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> High School Musical on Stage ! 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( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Chess ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Cricket ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Tycoon ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Heathcliff ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> King David ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Aida ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Disney 's Aladdin : A Musical Spectacular ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Wizard of Oz ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> From Here to Eternity ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> 1984 ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Cost of Living ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jesus Christ Superstar ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Evita ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Nutcracker in 3D ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jock the Hero Dog ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 2019 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Any Dream Will Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Close Every Door '' </Li> <Li> `` Everything 's Alright '' </Li> <Li> `` This Jesus Must Die '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' </Li> <Li> `` Superstar '' </Li> <Li> `` Oh What a Circus '' </Li> <Li> `` Another Suitcase in Another Hall '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Cry for Me Argentina '' </Li> <Li> `` A Winter 's Tale '' </Li> <Li> `` All Time High '' </Li> <Li> `` The Golden Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` One Jump Ahead '' </Li> <Li> `` A Whole New World '' </Li> <Li> `` Prince Ali '' </Li> <Li> `` Circle of Life '' </Li> <Li> `` I Just Ca n't Wait to Be King '' </Li> <Li> `` Be Prepared '' </Li> <Li> `` Hakuna Matata '' </Li> <Li> `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` The Madness of King Scar '' </Li> <Li> `` You Must Love Me '' </Li> <Li> `` If I Ca n't Love Her '' </Li> <Li> `` A Change in Me '' </Li> <Li> `` How Does a Moment Last Forever '' </Li> <Li> `` Days in the Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` Evermore '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other works </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Friday Night , Saturday Morning ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Sixty - Six Books ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andrew Lloyd Webber </Li> <Li> Elaine Paige </Li> <Li> Elton John </Li> <Li> Alan Menken </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> William Shakespeare 's Hamlet </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hamlet </Li> <Li> Claudius </Li> <Li> Gertrude </Li> <Li> Ghost </Li> <Li> Polonius </Li> <Li> Laertes </Li> <Li> Ophelia </Li> <Li> Horatio </Li> <Li> Rosencrantz and Guildenstern </Li> <Li> Fortinbras </Li> <Li> The Gravediggers </Li> <Li> Yorick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soliloquies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` To be , or not to be '' <Ul> <Li> `` Mortal coil '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> `` What a piece of work is a man '' </Li> <Li> `` Speak the speech '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Words and phrases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The lady doth protest too much , methinks '' </Li> <Li> `` Thy name is '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Terminology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dumbshow </Li> <Li> Induction </Li> <Li> Quiddity </Li> <Li> Substitution </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Sources </Li> <Li> Criticism </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Legend of Hamlet </Li> <Li> The Spanish Tragedy </Li> <Li> Ur - Hamlet </Li> <Li> Critical approaches </Li> <Li> Bibliographies </Li> <Li> Horwendill </Li> <Li> Saxo Grammaticus </Li> <Li> House of Gonzaga </Li> <Li> Damon and Pythias </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Influence </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Common phrases from Hamlet </Li> <Li> Hamlet in popular culture </Li> <Li> References to Ophelia </Li> <Li> Language of flowers </Li> <Li> Human skull symbolism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Performances </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Moscow Art Theatre ( 1911 -- 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Richard Burton ( 1964 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> On screen </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1913 </Li> <Li> 1917 </Li> <Li> 1921 </Li> <Li> 1935 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rest Is Silence ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Bad Sleep Well ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Ophelia ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Johnny Hamlet ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> One Hamlet Less ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Angel of Vengeance -- The Female Hamlet ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Strange Brew ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet Goes Business ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Let the Devil Wear Black ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> The Banquet ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Tardid ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Karmayogi ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Haider ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet A.D.D. ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Ophelia ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gertrude and Claudius ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Dating Hamlet ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Ophelia 's Revenge ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Dead Fathers Club ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Something Rotten ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet 's Father ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Story of Edgar Sawtelle ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet Had an Uncle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hamletmachine ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Dogg 's Hamlet ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Fortinbras ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rockabye Hamlet ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hamlet ( Australian TV , 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet at Elsinore ( BBC , 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet , Prince of Denmark ( BBC , 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet ( BBC 2 , animated , 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet ( BBC 2 , 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 15 - Minute Hamlet </Li> <Li> The Complete Works of William Shakespeare ( Abridged ) </Li> <Li> Rosencrantz and Guildenstern </Li> <Li> Io , Amleto </Li> <Li> The Klingon Hamlet </Li> <Li> `` Lyle the Kindly Viking '' </Li> <Li> To Be or Not to Be : That is the Adventure </Li> <Li> `` Tales from the Public Domain '' </Li> <Li> The Skinhead Hamlet </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` My Robin is to the Greenwood Gone '' ( 16th century ) </Li> <Li> `` Pull Me Under '' ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> `` Song for Athene '' ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opera / classical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hamlet ( Thomas ) </Li> <Li> Amleto ( Faccio ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet ( Tchaikovsky ) </Li> <Li> Tristia ( Berlioz ) </Li> <Li> Die Hamletmaschine ( Rihm ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet ( Dean ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story within a story </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> To Be or Not to Be ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Acting Hamlet in the Village of Mrdusa Donja ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> To Be or Not to Be ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Highlander II : The Quickening ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Renaissance Man ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> In the Bleak Midwinter ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> War ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet 2 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Undead ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Three Days ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Stage Blood ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> I Hate Hamlet ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> To Be or Not to Be ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hamlet , Revenge ! ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Theatre of War ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Undiscovered '' ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Shakespeare Stealer ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Interred with Their Bones ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Producer '' ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Conscience of the King '' ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> `` Born to Be King '' ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> `` Terrance and Phillip : Behind the Blow '' ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Slings & Arrows ( 2003 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Art </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ophelia </Li> <Li> Affe mit Schädel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video game </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Last Action Hero ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Hamlet ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intertextuality </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asterix and the Great Crossing </Li> <Li> The Seagull </Li> <Li> Sharpe 's Havoc </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hamlet and Oedipus </Li> <Li> Hamlet and His Problems </Li> <Li> Hebenon </Li> <Li> Hamlet Q1 </Li> <Li> Ostalo je ćutanje </Li> <Li> The Chronicles of Amber </Li> <Li> `` Symphony No. 65 '' ( Haydn ) </Li> <Li> The Hobart Shakespeareans </Li> <Li> Gertrude -- The Cry </Li> <Li> Poor Murderer </Li> <Li> Something Rotten ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for The Lion King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Helpmann Award for Best Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Boy from Oz ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Mamma Mia ! ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Cabaret ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Producers ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Keating ! ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Wicked ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jersey Boys ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> A Chorus Line ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Legally Blonde ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The King and I ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Les Misérables ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Matilda the Musical ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tony Award for Best Musical </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1949 - 1975 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kiss Me , Kate ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> South Pacific ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Guys and Dolls ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> The King and I ( 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Wonderful Town ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Kismet ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> The Pajama Game ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Damn Yankees ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> My Fair Lady ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> The Music Man ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Redhead ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Sound of Music / Fiorello ! ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Bye Bye Birdie ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Hello , Dolly ! ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Fiddler on the Roof ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Man of La Mancha ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Cabaret ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Hallelujah , Baby ! ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> 1776 ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Applause ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Company ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Two Gentlemen of Verona ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> A Little Night Music ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Raisin ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Wiz ( 1975 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 - 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Chorus Line ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Annie ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Ai n't Misbehavin ' ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Sweeney Todd : The Demon Barber of Fleet Street ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Evita ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> 42nd Street ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Nine ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Cats ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> La Cage aux Folles ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Big River ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Drood ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Les Misérables ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Phantom of the Opera ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Jerome Robbins ' Broadway ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> City of Angels ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> The Will Rogers Follies ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Crazy for You ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss of the Spider Woman ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Passion ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Sunset Boulevard ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Rent ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Titanic ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Fosse ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Contact ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 - present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Producers ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Thoroughly Modern Millie ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Hairspray ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Avenue Q ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Monty Python 's Spamalot ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jersey Boys ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Spring Awakening ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> In the Heights ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Elliot the Musical ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Memphis ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Mormon ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Once ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Kinky Boots ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> A Gentleman 's Guide to Love and Murder ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Fun Home ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Dear Evan Hansen ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> The Band 's Visit ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4569922 - 7 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lion_King_(musical)&oldid=854405397 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1997 musicals </Li> <Li> Broadway musicals </Li> <Li> Musicals by Tim Rice </Li> <Li> The Lion King </Li> <Li> West End musicals </Li> <Li> Musicals based on films </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Theatrical </Li> <Li> Helpmann Award - winning musicals </Li> <Li> Laurence Olivier Award - winning musicals </Li> <Li> Plays and musicals based on Hamlet </Li> <Li> Plays set in Africa </Li> <Li> Tony Award for Best Musical </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> All articles with vague or ambiguous time </Li> <Li> Vague or ambiguous time from March 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> 8 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 03 : 22 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Central America - Wikipedia <H1> Central America </H1> Not to be confused with Central United States . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Central America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Land area </Th> <Td> 507,966 km ( 196,127 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population </Th> <Td> 46,761,485 ( 2015 -- 2016 estimate ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 92 / km ( 240 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Countries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym </Th> <Td> Central American </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP </Th> <Td> $203.73 billion ( exchange rate ) ( 2013 ) $370.52 billion ( purchasing power parity ) ( 2013 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> GDP per capita </Th> <Td> $4,783 ( exchange rate ) ( 2013 ) $8,698 ( purchasing power parity ) ( 2013 ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Languages </Th> <Td> Spanish , English , Mayan languages , Garifuna , Kriol , and other languages of Mesoamerica </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time Zones </Th> <Td> UTC -- 6 : 00 , UTC -- 5 : 00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Largest cities ( 2010 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guatemala City </Li> <Li> San Salvador </Li> <Li> Managua </Li> <Li> Tegucigalpa </Li> <Li> Panama City </Li> <Li> San Pedro Sula </Li> <Li> San José </Li> <Li> San Miguelito </Li> <Li> Santa Ana </Li> <Li> Quetzaltenango </Li> <Li> San Miguel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Countries ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Culture ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Central American Spanish </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Mesoamerica </Li> <Li> Music </Li> </Ul> Ethnic groups <Ul> <Li> Ethnic groups </Li> <Li> List of indigenous peoples </Li> <Li> Visual arts by indigenous peoples </Li> </Ul> Religion <Ul> <Li> Anglican Church </Li> <Li> Bahá'í Faith </Li> <Li> Buddhism </Li> <Li> Roman Catholicism </Li> </Ul> Sport <Ul> <Li> Central American Games </Li> <Li> Central American and Caribbean Games </Li> <Li> Football Union </Li> </Ul> By country <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Demographics ( show ) By country <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Economy ( show ) By country <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Education ( show ) By country <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Environment ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Bioregion </Li> <Li> Deforestation </Li> <Li> List of mammals </Li> <Li> Montane forests </Li> <Li> Mountain peaks </Li> <Li> Pine - oak forests </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Central American crisis </Li> <Li> Federal Republic </Li> <Li> Federal Republic heads of state </Li> <Li> Greater Republic </Li> <Li> Maya civilization </Li> <Li> Trade </Li> </Ul> By country <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geography ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Central Highlands </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Mountains </Li> <Li> ( Extreme summits </Li> <Li> Ultra-prominent summits ) </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Volcanoes </Li> <Li> Middle America </Li> <Li> Middle America Trench </Li> </Ul> By country <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Politics and government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Integration System </Li> <Li> Parliament </Li> </Ul> Elections by country <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> Foreign relations by country <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transportation ( show ) <Ul> <Li> List of busiest airports </Li> <Li> List of largest airlines </Li> <Li> Rail transport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Index of articles </Li> <Li> Americas ( terminology ) </Li> <Li> Central Time Zone </Li> <Li> Latin America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Central America ( Spanish : América Central , Centroamérica ) is the southernmost , isthmian portion of the North American continent , which connects with the South American continent on the southeast . Central America is bordered by Mexico to the north , Colombia to the southeast , the Caribbean Sea to the east , and the Pacific Ocean to the west . Central America consists of seven countries : Belize , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , and Panama . The combined population of Central America is between 41,739,000 ( 2009 estimate ) and 42,688,190 ( 2012 estimate ) . </P> <P> Central America is a part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot , which extends from northern Guatemala through to central Panama . Due to the presence of several active geologic faults and the Central America Volcanic Arc , there is a great deal of seismic activity in the region . Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occur frequently ; these natural disasters have resulted in the loss of many lives and much property . </P> <P> In the Pre-Columbian era , Central America was inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica to the north and west and the Isthmo - Colombian peoples to the south and east . Soon after Christopher Columbus 's voyages to the Americas , the Spanish began to colonize the Americas . From 1609 until 1821 , most of the territory within Central America -- except for the lands that would become Belize and Panama -- was governed by the Viceroyalty of New Spain from Mexico City as the Captaincy General of Guatemala . After New Spain achieved independence from Spain in 1821 , some of its provinces were annexed to the First Mexican Empire , but soon seceded from Mexico to form the Federal Republic of Central America , which lasted from 1823 to 1838 . The seven states finally became independent autonomous states : beginning with Nicaragua , Honduras , Costa Rica , and Guatemala ( 1838 ) ; followed by El Salvador ( 1841 ) ; then Panama ( 1903 ) ; and finally Belize ( 1981 ) . Even today , people in Central America sometimes refer to their nations as if they were provinces of a Central American state . For example , it is not unusual to write `` C.A. '' after the country names in formal and informal contexts and the automobile licence plates of many of the countries in the region show the legend `` Centroamerica '' in addition to the country name . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Different definitions </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Geography </Li> <Li> 4 Biodiversity <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Flora </Li> <Li> 4.2 Fauna </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Geology </Li> <Li> 6 Demographics <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Languages </Li> <Li> 6.2 Ethnic groups </Li> <Li> 6.3 Religious groups </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Culture <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Sport </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Politics <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Central American Integration </Li> <Li> 8.2 Foreign relations </Li> <Li> 8.3 Central American Parliament </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Economy <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Tourism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Transport <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Roads </Li> <Li> 10.2 Waterways </Li> <Li> 10.3 Ports and harbors </Li> <Li> 10.4 Airports </Li> <Li> 10.5 Railways </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Education </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Notes </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Different definitions ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Central America '' may mean different things to various people , based upon different contexts : </P> <Ul> <Li> The United Nations geoscheme for the Americas defines the region as all states of mainland North America south of the United States and specifically includes all of Mexico . </Li> <Li> Middle America is usually thought to comprise Mexico to the north of the 7 states of Central America as well as Colombia and Venezuela to the south . Usually , the whole of the Caribbean to the northeast , and sometimes the Guyanas , are also included . According to one source , the term `` Central America '' was used as a synonym for `` Middle America '' at least as recently as 1962 . </Li> <Li> In Ibero - America ( Latin America and Iberia ) , the Americas is considered a single continent , and Central America is considered a subcontinent separate from North America comprising the seven countries south of Mexico and north of Colombia . </Li> <Li> Mexico , in whole or in part , is sometimes included by British people . </Li> <Li> For the people living in the five countries formerly part of the Federal Republic of Central America there is a distinction between the Spanish language terms `` América Central '' and `` Centroamérica '' . While both can be translated into English as `` Central America '' , `` América Central '' is generally used to refer to the geographical area of the seven countries between Mexico and Colombia , while `` Centroamérica '' is used when referring to the former members of the Federation emphasizing the shared culture and history of the region . </Li> <Li> In Portuguese as a rule and occasionally in Spanish and other languages , the entirety of the Antilles is often included in the definition of Central America ( the Portuguese Wikipedia article for the Antilles offers , in fact , América Central Insular as an alternative name ) , which is its own region to be distinguished from North America and South America alike . Indeed , the Dominican Republic is a full member of the Central American Integration System . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of Central America Central America , 1798 Tikal , Guatemala . <P> In the Pre-Columbian era , the northern areas of Central America were inhabited by the indigenous peoples of Mesoamerica . Most notable among these were the Mayans , who had built numerous cities throughout the region , and the Aztecs , who had created a vast empire . The pre-Columbian cultures of eastern El Salvador , eastern Honduras , Caribbean Nicaragua , most of Costa Rica and Panama were predominantly speakers of the Chibchan languages at the time of European contact and are considered by some culturally different and grouped in the Isthmo - Colombian Area . </P> <P> Following Christopher Columbus 's voyages to the Americas , the Spanish sent many expeditions to the region , and they began their conquest of Maya territory in 1523 . Soon after the conquest of the Aztec Empire , Spanish conquistador Pedro de Alvarado commenced the conquest of northern Central America for the Spanish Empire . Beginning with his arrival in Soconusco in 1523 , Alvarado 's forces systematically conquered and subjugated most of the major Maya kingdoms , including the K'iche ' , Tz'utujil , Pipil , and the Kaqchikel . By 1528 , the conquest of Guatemala was nearly complete , with only the Petén Basin remaining outside the Spanish sphere of influence . The last independent Maya kingdoms -- the Kowoj and the Itza people -- were finally defeated in 1697 , as part of the Spanish conquest of Petén . </P> <P> In 1538 , Spain established the Real Audiencia of Panama , which had jurisdiction over all land from the Strait of Magellan to the Gulf of Fonseca . This entity was dissolved in 1543 , and most of the territory within Central America then fell under the jurisdiction of the Audiencia Real de Guatemala . This area included the current territories of Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , and the Mexican state of Chiapas , but excluded the lands that would become Belize and Panama . The president of the Audiencia , which had its seat in Antigua Guatemala , was the governor of the entire area . In 1609 the area became a captaincy general and the governor was also granted the title of captain general . The Captaincy General of Guatemala encompassed most of Central America , with the exception of present - day Belize and Panama . </P> <P> The Captaincy General of Guatemala lasted for more than two centuries , but began to fray after a rebellion in 1811 which began in the intendancy of San Salvador . The Captaincy General formally ended on 15 September 1821 , with the signing of the Act of Independence of Central America . Mexican independence was achieved at virtually the same time with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba and the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire , and the entire region was finally independent from Spanish authority by 28 September 1821 . </P> <P> From its independence from Spain in 1821 until 1823 , the former Captaincy General remained intact as part of the short - lived First Mexican Empire . When the Emperor of Mexico abdicated on 19 March 1823 , Central America again became independent . On 1 July 1823 , the Congress of Central America peacefully seceded from Mexico and declared absolute independence from all foreign nations , and the region formed the Federal Republic of Central America . </P> <P> The Federal Republic of Central America was a representative democracy with its capital at Guatemala City . This union consisted of the provinces of Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Los Altos , Mosquito Coast , and Nicaragua . The lowlands of southwest Chiapas , including Soconusco , initially belonged to the Republic until 1824 , when Mexico annexed most of Chiapas and began its claims to Soconusco . The Republic lasted from 1823 to 1838 , when it disintegrated as a result of civil wars . </P> <Ul> <Li> Historic Coat of Arms of Central American Unions </Li> <Li> <P> The United Provinces of Central America </P> </Li> <Li> <P> United Provinces of Central America </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Federal Republic of Central America </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Greater Republic of Central America </P> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Coat of Arms of modern Central America </Li> <Li> <P> Guatemala </P> </Li> <Li> <P> El Salvador </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Honduras </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nicaragua </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Costa Rica </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Panama </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Belize </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> The territory that now makes up Belize was heavily contested in a dispute that continued for decades after Guatemala achieved independence ( see History of Belize ( 1506 -- 1862 ) . Spain , and later Guatemala , considered this land a Guatemalan department . In 1862 , Britain formally declared it a British colony and named it British Honduras . It became independent as Belize in 1981 . </P> <P> Panama , situated in the southernmost part of Central America on the Isthmus of Panama , has for most of its history been culturally linked to South America . Panama was part of the Province of Tierra Firme from 1510 until 1538 when it came under the jurisdiction of the newly formed Audiencia Real de Panama . Beginning in 1543 , Panama was administered as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru , along with all other Spanish possessions in South America . Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1739 , when it was transferred to the Viceroyalty of New Granada , the capital of which was located at Santa Fé de Bogotá . Panama remained as part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada until the disestablishment of that viceroyalty in 1819 . A series of military and political struggles took place from that time until 1822 , the result of which produced the republic of Gran Colombia . After the dissolution of Gran Colombia in 1830 , Panama became part of a successor state , the Republic of New Granada . From 1855 until 1886 , Panama existed as Panama State , first within the Republic of New Granada , then within the Granadine Confederation , and finally within the United States of Colombia . The United States of Colombia was replaced by the Republic of Colombia in 1886 . As part of the Republic of Colombia , Panama State was abolished and it became the Isthmus Department . Despite the many political reorganizations , Colombia was still deeply plagued by conflict , which eventually led to the secession of Panama on 3 November 1903 . Only after that time did some begin to regard Panama as a North or Central American entity . </P> <P> By the 1930s the United Fruit Company owned 3.5 million acres of land in Central America and the Caribbean and was the single largest land owner in Guatemala . Such holdings gave it great power over the governments of small countries . That was one of the factors that led to the coining of the phrase Banana Republic . </P> <P> After more than two hundred years of social unrest , violent conflict and revolution , Central America today remains in a period of political transformation . Poverty , social injustice and violence are still widespread . Nicaragua is the second poorest country in the western hemisphere ( only Haiti is poorer ) . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> See also : Geography of Belize , Geography of Costa Rica , Geography of El Salvador , Geography of Guatemala , Geography of Honduras , Geography of Nicaragua , Geography of Panama , List of islands of Central America , and List of mountain peaks of Central America The seven countries of Central America and their capitals <P> Central America is the tapering isthmus of southern North America , with unique and varied geographic features . The Pacific Ocean lies to the southwest , the Caribbean Sea lies to the northeast , and the Gulf of Mexico lies to the north . Some physiographists define the Isthmus of Tehuantepec as the northern geographic border of Central America , while others use the northwestern borders of Belize and Guatemala . From there , the Central American land mass extends southeastward to the Isthmus of Panama , where it connects to the Pacific Lowlands in northwestern South America . </P> <P> Of the many mountain ranges within Central America , the longest are the Sierra Madre de Chiapas , the Cordillera Isabelia and the Cordillera de Talamanca . At 4,220 meters ( 13,850 ft ) , Volcán Tajumulco is the highest peak in Central America . Other high points of Central America are as listed in the table below : </P> <P> High points in Central America </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Elevation ( meters ) </Th> <Th> Range </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> Doyle 's Delight </Td> <Td> 1124 </Td> <Td> Cockscomb Range </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> Cerro Chirripó </Td> <Td> 3820 </Td> <Td> Cordillera de Talamanca </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> Cerro El Pital </Td> <Td> 2730 </Td> <Td> Sierra Madre de Chiapas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> Volcán Tajumulco </Td> <Td> 4220 </Td> <Td> Sierra Madre de Chiapas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> Cerro Las Minas </Td> <Td> 2780 </Td> <Td> Cordillera de Celaque </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> Mogotón </Td> <Td> 2107 </Td> <Td> Cordillera Isabelia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> Volcán Barú </Td> <Td> 3474 </Td> <Td> Cordillera de Talamanca </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Between the mountain ranges lie fertile valleys that are suitable for the raising of livestock and for the production of coffee , tobacco , beans and other crops . Most of the population of Honduras , Costa Rica and Guatemala lives in valleys . </P> <P> Trade winds have a significant effect upon the climate of Central America . Temperatures in Central America are highest just prior to the summer wet season , and are lowest during the winter dry season , when trade winds contribute to a cooler climate . The highest temperatures occur in April , due to higher levels of sunlight , lower cloud cover and a decrease in trade winds . </P> <H2> Biodiversity ( edit ) </H2> See also : Central America bioregion El Chorreron in El Salvador <P> Central America is part of the Mesoamerican biodiversity hotspot , boasting 7 % of the world 's biodiversity . The Pacific Flyway is a major north - south flyway for migratory birds in the Americas , extending from Alaska to Tierra del Fuego . Due to the funnel - like shape of its land mass , migratory birds can be seen in very high concentrations in Central America , especially in the spring and autumn . As a bridge between North America and South America , Central America has many species from the Nearctic and the Neotropic ecozones . However the southern countries ( Costa Rica and Panama ) of the region have more biodiversity than the northern countries ( Guatemala and Belize ) , meanwhile the central countries ( Honduras , Nicaragua and El Salvador ) have the least biodiversity . The table below shows recent statistics : </P> <P> Biodiversity in Central America ( number of different species of terrestrial vertebrate animals and vascular plants ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Amphibian species </Th> <Th> Bird species </Th> <Th> Mammal species </Th> <Th> Reptile species </Th> <Th> Total terrestrial vertebrate species </Th> <Th> Vascular plants species </Th> <Th> Biodiversity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 544 </Td> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> 877 </Td> <Td> 2894 </Td> <Td> 3771 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 183 </Td> <Td> 838 </Td> <Td> 232 </Td> <Td> 258 </Td> <Td> 1511 </Td> <Td> 12119 </Td> <Td> 13630 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 434 </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> 707 </Td> <Td> 2911 </Td> <Td> 3618 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 684 </Td> <Td> 193 </Td> <Td> 236 </Td> <Td> 1246 </Td> <Td> 8681 </Td> <Td> 9927 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> 699 </Td> <Td> 201 </Td> <Td> 213 </Td> <Td> 1214 </Td> <Td> 5680 </Td> <Td> 6894 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 632 </Td> <Td> 181 </Td> <Td> 178 </Td> <Td> 1052 </Td> <Td> 7590 </Td> <Td> 8642 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> 904 </Td> <Td> 241 </Td> <Td> 242 </Td> <Td> 1569 </Td> <Td> 9915 </Td> <Td> 11484 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Over 300 species of the region 's flora and fauna are threatened , 107 of which are classified as critically endangered . The underlying problems are deforestation , which is estimated by FAO at 1.2 % per year in Central America and Mexico combined , fragmentation of rainforests and the fact that 80 % of the vegetation in Central America has already been converted to agriculture . </P> <P> Efforts to protect fauna and flora in the region are made by creating ecoregions and nature reserves . 36 % of Belize 's land territory falls under some form of official protected status , giving Belize one of the most extensive systems of terrestrial protected areas in the Americas . In addition , 13 % of Belize 's marine territory are also protected . A large coral reef extends from Mexico to Honduras : the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System . The Belize Barrier Reef is part of this . The Belize Barrier Reef is home to a large diversity of plants and animals , and is one of the most diverse ecosystems of the world . It is home to 70 hard coral species , 36 soft coral species , 500 species of fish and hundreds of invertebrate species . So far only about 10 % of the species in the Belize barrier reef have been discovered . </P> <H3> Flora ( edit ) </H3> One of the hanging bridges of the skywalk at the Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve in Monteverde , Costa Rica disappearing into the clouds <P> From 2001 to 2010 , 5,376 square kilometers ( 2,076 sq mi ) of forest were lost in the region . In 2010 Belize had 63 % of remaining forest cover , Costa Rica 46 % , Panama 45 % , Honduras 41 % , Guatemala 37 % , Nicaragua 29 % , and El Salvador 21 % . Most of the loss occurred in the moist forest biome , with 12,201 square kilometers ( 4,711 sq mi ) . Woody vegetation loss was partially set off by a gain in the coniferous forest biome with 4,730 square kilometers ( 1,830 sq mi ) , and a gain in the dry forest biome at 2,054 square kilometers ( 793 sq mi ) . Mangroves and deserts contributed only 1 % to the loss in forest vegetation . The bulk of the deforestation was located at the Caribbean slopes of Nicaragua with a loss of 8,574 square kilometers ( 3,310 sq mi ) of forest in the period from 2001 to 2010 . The most significant regrowth of 3,050 square kilometers ( 1,180 sq mi ) of forest was seen in the coniferous woody vegetation of Honduras . </P> <P> The Central American pine - oak forests ecoregion , in the tropical and subtropical coniferous forests biome , is found in Central America and southern Mexico . The Central American pine - oak forests occupy an area of 111,400 square kilometers ( 43,000 sq mi ) , extending along the mountainous spine of Central America , extending from the Sierra Madre de Chiapas in Mexico 's Chiapas state through the highlands of Guatemala , El Salvador , and Honduras to central Nicaragua . The pine - oak forests lie between 600 -- 1,800 metres ( 2,000 -- 5,900 ft ) elevation , and are surrounded at lower elevations by tropical moist forests and tropical dry forests . Higher elevations above 1,800 metres ( 5,900 ft ) are usually covered with Central American montane forests . The Central American pine - oak forests are composed of many species characteristic of temperate North America including oak , pine , fir , and cypress . </P> <P> Laurel forest is the most common type of Central American temperate evergreen cloud forest , found in almost all Central American countries , normally more than 1,000 meters ( 3,300 ft ) above sea level . Tree species include evergreen oaks , members of the laurel family , and species of Weinmannia , Drimys , and Magnolia . The cloud forest of Sierra de las Minas , Guatemala , is the largest in Central America . In some areas of southeastern Honduras there are cloud forests , the largest located near the border with Nicaragua . In Nicaragua , cloud forests are situated near the border with Honduras , but many were cleared to grow coffee . There are still some temperate evergreen hills in the north . The only cloud forest in the Pacific coastal zone of Central America is on the Mombacho volcano in Nicaragua . In Costa Rica , there are laurel forests in the Cordillera de Tilarán and Volcán Arenal , called Monteverde , also in the Cordillera de Talamanca . </P> <P> The Central American montane forests are an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests biome , as defined by the World Wildlife Fund . These forests are of the moist deciduous and the semi-evergreen seasonal subtype of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests and receive high overall rainfall with a warm summer wet season and a cooler winter dry season . Central American montane forests consist of forest patches located at altitudes ranging from 1,800 -- 4,000 metres ( 5,900 -- 13,100 ft ) , on the summits and slopes of the highest mountains in Central America ranging from Southern Mexico , through Guatemala , El Salvador , and Honduras , to northern Nicaragua . The entire ecoregion covers an area of 13,200 square kilometers ( 5,100 sq mi ) and has a temperate climate with relatively high precipitation levels . </P> <H3> Fauna ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of Central American mammals and List of Central American monkey species <P> Ecoregions are not only established to protect the forests themselves but also because they are habitats for an incomparably rich and often endemic fauna . Almost half of the bird population of the Talamancan montane forests in Costa Rica and Panama are endemic to this region . Several birds are listed as threatened , most notably the resplendent quetzal ( Pharomacrus mocinno ) , three - wattled bellbird ( Procnias tricarunculata ) , bare - necked umbrellabird ( Cephalopterus glabricollis ) , and black guan ( Chamaepetes unicolor ) . Many of the amphibians are endemic and depend on the existence of forest . The golden toad that once inhabited a small region in the Monteverde Reserve , which is part of the Talamancan montane forests , has not been seen alive since 1989 and is listed as extinct by IUCN . The exact causes for its extincition are unknown . Global warming may have played a role , because the development of fog that is typical for this area may have been compromised . Seven small mammals are endemic to the Costa Rica - Chiriqui highlands within the Talamancan montane forest region . Jaguars , cougars , spider monkeys , as well as tapirs , and anteaters live in the woods of Central America . The Central American red brocket is a brocket deer found in Central America 's tropical forest . </P> <H2> Geology ( edit ) </H2> Central America and the Caribbean Plate See also : Central America Volcanic Arc , List of earthquakes in Costa Rica , List of earthquakes in El Salvador , List of earthquakes in Guatemala , and List of earthquakes in Nicaragua <P> Central America is geologically very active , with volcanic eruptions and earthquakes occurring frequently , and tsunamis occurring occasionally . Many thousands of people have died as a result of these natural disasters . </P> <P> Most of Central America rests atop the Caribbean Plate . This tectonic plate converges with the Cocos , Nazca , and North American plates to form the Middle America Trench , a major subduction zone . The Middle America Trench is situated some 60 -- 160 kilometers ( 37 -- 99 mi ) off the Pacific coast of Central America and runs roughly parallel to it . Many large earthquakes have occurred as a result of seismic activity at the Middle America Trench . For example , subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate at the Middle America Trench is believed to have caused the 1985 Mexico City earthquake that killed as many as 40,000 people . Seismic activity at the Middle America Trench is also responsible for earthquakes in 1902 , 1942 , 1956 , 1982 , 1992 , 2001 , 2007 , 2012 , 2014 , and many other earthquakes throughout Central America . </P> <P> The Middle America Trench is not the only source of seismic activity in Central America . The Motagua Fault is an onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough which forms part of the tectonic boundary between the North American Plate and the Caribbean Plate . This transform fault cuts right across Guatemala and then continues offshore until it merges with the Middle America Trench along the Pacific coast of Mexico , near Acapulco . Seismic activity at the Motagua Fault has been responsible for earthquakes in 1717 , 1773 , 1902 , 1976 , 1980 , and 2009 . </P> <P> Another onshore continuation of the Cayman Trough is the Chixoy - Polochic Fault , which runs parallel to , and roughly 80 kilometers ( 50 mi ) to the north , of the Motagua Fault . Though less active than the Motagua Fault , seismic activity at the Chixoy - Polochic Fault is still thought to be capable of producing very large earthquakes , such as the 1816 earthquake of Guatemala . </P> <P> Managua , the capital of Nicaragua , was devastated by earthquakes in 1931 and 1972 . </P> <P> Volcanic eruptions are also common in Central America . In 1968 the Arenal Volcano , in Costa Rica , erupted killing 87 people as the 3 villages of Tabacon , Pueblo Nuevo and San Luis were buried under pyroclastic flows and debris . Fertile soils from weathered volcanic lava have made it possible to sustain dense populations in the agriculturally productive highland areas . </P> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> See also : Ethnic groups in Central America and Latin Americans <P> The population of Central America is estimated at 47,448,333 as of 2016 . With an area of 523,780 square kilometers ( 202,230 sq mi ) , it has a population density of 81 per square kilometer ( 210 / sq mi ) . </P> <Table> Countries of Central America <Tr> <Th> Name of territory , with flag </Th> <Th> Area ( km2 ) </Th> <Th> Population ( 2016 est . ) </Th> <Th> Population density ( per km2 ) </Th> <Th> Capital </Th> <Th> Official language </Th> <Th> Human Development Index </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 7004229660000000000 ♠ 22,966 </Td> <Td> 366,954 </Td> <Td> 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 </Td> <Td> Belmopan </Td> <Td> English </Td> <Td> 0,715 High </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 7004511000000000000 ♠ 51,100 </Td> <Td> 4,857,274 </Td> <Td> 7001820000000000000 ♠ 82 </Td> <Td> San José </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> 0,766 High </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 7004210400000000000 ♠ 21,040 </Td> <Td> 6,344,722 </Td> <Td> 7002292000000000000 ♠ 292 </Td> <Td> San Salvador </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> 0,666 Medium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 7005108890000000000 ♠ 108,890 </Td> <Td> 16,582,469 </Td> <Td> 7002129000000000000 ♠ 129 </Td> <Td> Guatemala City </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> 0,627 Medium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 7005112090000000000 ♠ 112,090 </Td> <Td> 9,112,867 </Td> <Td> 7001670000000000000 ♠ 67 </Td> <Td> Tegucigalpa </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> 0,606 Medium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 7005130373000000000 ♠ 130,373 </Td> <Td> 6,149,928 </Td> <Td> 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 </Td> <Td> Managua </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> 0,631 Medium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 7004782000000000000 ♠ 78,200 </Td> <Td> 4,034,119 </Td> <Td> 7001440000000000000 ♠ 44 </Td> <Td> Panama City </Td> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> 0,780 High </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 7005523780000000000 ♠ 523,780 </Td> <Td> 7007474483330000000 ♠ 47,448,333 </Td> <Td> 7001800000000000000 ♠ 80 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Largest metropolitan areas in Central America <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> Census Year </Th> <Th> % of National population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 1 ) Guatemala City </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 5,700,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 2 ) San Salvador </Td> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 2,415,217 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> 39 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 3 ) Managua </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 1,918,000 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 34 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 4 ) Tegucigalpa </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 1,819,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 5 ) San Pedro Sula </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 1,600,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 % + 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 6 ) Panama City </Td> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 1,400,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 7 ) San José </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 1,275,000 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 30 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Languages ( edit ) </H3> Linguistic variations of classic Central American Spanish . See also : Central American Spanish <P> The official language majority in all Central American countries is Spanish , except in Belize , where the official language is English . Mayan languages constitute a language family consisting of about 26 related languages . Guatemala formally recognized 21 of these in 1996 . Xinca and Garifuna are also present in Central America . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> Languages in Central America ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pos . </Th> <Th> Countries </Th> <Th> Population </Th> <Th> % Spanish </Th> <Th> % Mayan languages </Th> <Th> % English </Th> <Th> % Xinca </Th> <Th> % Garifuna </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 17,284,000 </Td> <Td> 64.7 % </Td> <Td> 34.3 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.7 % </Td> <Td> 0.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 8,447,000 </Td> <Td> 97.1 % </Td> <Td> 2.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 6,108,000 </Td> <Td> 99.0 % </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 6,028,000 </Td> <Td> 87.4 % </Td> <Td> 7.1 % </Td> <Td> 5.5 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 4,726,000 </Td> <Td> 97.2 % </Td> <Td> 1.8 % </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Panamá </Td> <Td> 3,652,000 </Td> <Td> 86.8 % </Td> <Td> 9.2 % </Td> <Td> 4.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 334,000 </Td> <Td> 52.1 % </Td> <Td> 8.9 % </Td> <Td> 37.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 2.0 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ethnic groups ( edit ) </H3> Central America map of indigenous people before European contact <P> This region of the continent is very rich in terms of ethnic groups . The majority of the population is mestizo , with sizable Mayan and White populations present , including Xinca and Garifuna minorities . The immigration of Arabs , Jews , Chinese , Europeans and others brought additional groups to the area . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> Ethnic groups in Central America ( 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Country </Td> <Td> Population </Td> <Td> % Amerindian </Td> <Td> % White </Td> <Td> % Mestizo / Mixed </Td> <Td> % Black </Td> <Td> % Other </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 324,528 </Td> <Td> 6.3 % </Td> <Td> 5.0 % </Td> <Td> 49.6 % </Td> <Td> 32.0 % </Td> <Td> 4.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 4,301,712 </Td> <Td> 4.0 % </Td> <Td> 65.8 % </Td> <Td> 13.8 % </Td> <Td> 7.2 % </Td> <Td> 9.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 6,340,889 </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> <Td> 12.0 % </Td> <Td> 86.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 15,700,000 </Td> <Td> 38.5 % </Td> <Td> 18.5 % </Td> <Td> 40.0 % </Td> <Td> 1.0 % </Td> <Td> 2.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 8,143,564 </Td> <Td> 6.0 % </Td> <Td> 5.5 % </Td> <Td> 82.0 % </Td> <Td> 6.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 5,815,500 </Td> <Td> 5.0 % </Td> <Td> 17.0 % </Td> <Td> 69.0 % </Td> <Td> 9.0 % </Td> <Td> 0.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 3,474,562 </Td> <Td> 6.0 % </Td> <Td> 10.0 % </Td> <Td> 65.0 % </Td> <Td> 14.0 % </Td> <Td> 5.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 42,682,190 </Td> <Td> 16.24 % </Td> <Td> 20.18 % </Td> <Td> 58.05 % </Td> <Td> 4.43 % </Td> <Td> 1.17 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Religious groups ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Anglican Church in Central America , Bahá'í Faith in Central America , Buddhism in Central America , and Roman Catholicism in North America <P> The predominant religion in Central America is Christianity ( 95.6 % ) . Beginning with the Spanish colonization of Central America in the 16th century , Roman Catholicism became the most popular religion in the region until the first half of the 20th century . Since the 1960s , there has been an increase in other Christian groups , particularly Protestantism , as well as other religious organizations , and individuals identifying themselves as having no religion . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Countries </Th> <Th> % Roman Catholicism ( 2010 ) </Th> <Th> % Protestantism ( 2010 ) </Th> <Th> % Non-affiliated ( 2010 ) </Th> <Th> % Other ( 2010 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 40 % </Td> <Td> 31 % </Td> <Td> 15 % </Td> <Td> 14 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 69 % </Td> <Td> 17 % </Td> <Td> 11 % </Td> <Td> 3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 46 % </Td> <Td> 29 % </Td> <Td> 24 % </Td> <Td> 1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 47 % </Td> <Td> 39 % </Td> <Td> 12 % </Td> <Td> 2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 52 % </Td> <Td> 35 % </Td> <Td> 10 % </Td> <Td> 3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 58 % </Td> <Td> 23 % </Td> <Td> 13 % </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 77 % </Td> <Td> 14 % </Td> <Td> 6 % </Td> <Td> 3 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Central American music </Li> <Li> Central American cuisine </Li> <Li> List of cuisines of the Americas -- Central American cuisine </Li> </Ul> <H3> Sport ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Central American Games </Li> <Li> Central American and Caribbean Games <Ul> <Li> 1926 Central American and Caribbean Games -- the first time this event occurred </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Central American Football Union </Li> <Li> Surfing </Li> </Ul> <H2> Politics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Central American Integration ( edit ) </H3> Place <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Central American Integration System Sistema de Integración Centroamericana </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Coat of arms </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : `` Peace , Development , Liberty and Democracy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : La Granadera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Countries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 560,988 km ( 216,599 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 50,807,778 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 91 / km ( 230 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : Central American Integration System <P> Central America is currently undergoing a process of political , economic and cultural transformation that started in 1907 with the creation of the Central American Court of Justice . </P> <P> In 1951 the integration process continued with the signature of the San Salvador Treaty , which created the ODECA , the Organization of Central American States . However , the unity of the ODECA was limited by conflicts between several member states . </P> <P> In 1991 , the integration agenda was further advanced by the creation of the Central American Integration System ( Sistema para la Integración Centroamericana , or SICA ) . SICA provides a clear legal basis to avoid disputes between the member states . SICA membership includes the 7 nations of Central America plus the Dominican Republic , a state that is traditionally considered part of the Caribbean . </P> <Ul> <Li> Central American flags </Li> <Li> <P> Guatemala </P> </Li> <Li> <P> El Salvador </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Honduras </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nicaragua </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Costa Rica </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Panama </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Belize </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> On 6 December 2008 SICA announced an agreement to pursue a common currency and common passport for the member nations . No timeline for implementation was discussed . </P> <P> Central America already has several supranational institutions such as the Central American Parliament , the Central American Bank for Economic Integration and the Central American Common Market . </P> <P> On 22 July 2011 President Mauricio Funes of El Salvador became the first president pro tempore to SICA . El Salvador also became the headquarters of SICA with the inauguration of a new building . </P> <H3> Foreign relations ( edit ) </H3> See also : China -- Latin America relations <P> Until recently , all Central American countries have maintained diplomatic relations with Taiwan instead of China . President Óscar Arias of Costa Rica , however , established diplomatic relations with China in 2007 , severing formal diplomatic ties with Taiwan . After breaking off relations with the Republic of China in 2017 , Panama established diplomatic relations with the People 's Republic of China . </P> <H3> Central American Parliament ( edit ) </H3> Flag of the Central American Parliament Main article : Central American Parliament <P> The Central American Parliament ( also known as PARLACEN ) is a political and parliamentary body of SICA . The parliament started around 1980 , and its primary goal was to resolve conflicts in Nicaragua , Guatemala , and El Salvador . Although the group was disbanded in 1986 , ideas of unity of Central Americans still remained , so a treaty was signed in 1987 to create the Central American Parliament and other political bodies . Its original members were Guatemala , El Salvador , Nicaragua and Honduras . The parliament is the political organ of Central America , and is part of SICA . New members have since then joined including Panama and the Dominican Republic . Costa Rica is not a member State of the Central American Parliament and its adhesion remains as a very unpopular topic at all levels of the Costa Rican society due to existing strong political criticism towards the regional parliament , since it is regarded by Costa Rican as a menace to democratic accountability and effectiveness of integration efforts . Excessively high salaries for its members , legal immunity of jurisdiction from any member State , corruption , lack of a binding nature and effectiveness of the regional parliament 's decisions , high operative costs and immediate membership of Central American Presidents once they leave their office and presidential terms , are the most common reasons invoked by Costa Ricans against the Central American Parliament . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> See also : Economy of Belize , Economy of Costa Rica , Economy of El Salvador , Economy of Guatemala , Economy of Honduras , Economy of Nicaragua , and Economy of Panama <P> Signed in 2004 , the Central American Free Trade Agreement ( CAFTA ) is an agreement between the United States , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua , and the Dominican Republic . The treaty is aimed at promoting free trade among its members . </P> <P> Guatemala has the largest economy in the region . Its main exports are coffee , sugar , bananas , petroleum , clothing , and cardamom . Of its 10.29 billion dollar annual exports , 40.2 % go to the United States , 11.1 % to neighboring El Salvador , 8 % to Honduras , 5.5 % to Mexico , 4.7 % to Nicaragua , and 4.3 % to Costa Rica . </P> <P> Economic growth in Central America is projected to slow slightly in 2014 -- 15 , as country - specific domestic factors offset the positive effects from stronger economic activity in the United States . </P> <Table> Economy size for Latin American countries per Gross domestic product <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> GDP ( nominal ) </Th> <Th> GDP ( nominal ) per capita </Th> <Th> GDP ( PPP ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 1,552 </Td> <Td> $4,602 </Td> <Td> 2,914 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 44,313 </Td> <Td> $10,432 </Td> <Td> 57,955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 24,421 </Td> <Td> $3,875 </Td> <Td> 46,050 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 50,303 </Td> <Td> $3,512 </Td> <Td> 78,012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 18,320 </Td> <Td> $2,323 </Td> <Td> 37,408 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 7,695 </Td> <Td> $1,839 </Td> <Td> 19,827 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 34,517 </Td> <Td> $10,838 </Td> <Td> 55,124 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Tourism ( edit ) </H3> See also : Tourism in Guatemala , Tourism in Belize , Tourism in Costa Rica , Ecotourism in Costa Rica , and Tourism in Panama The Great Blue Hole off the coast of Belize is a prime ecotourism destination . It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site Semuc Champey , Guatemala . <P> Tourism in Belize has grown considerably in more recent times , and it is now the second largest industry in the nation . Belizean Prime Minister Dean Barrow has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country . The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural , commercial , and finance industries , as well as the construction industry . The results for Belize 's tourism - driven economy have been significant , with the nation welcoming almost one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2012 . Belize is also the only country in Central America with English as its official language , making this country a comfortable destination for English - speaking tourists . </P> <P> Costa Rica is the most visited nation in Central America . Tourism in Costa Rica is one of the fastest growing economic sectors of the country , having become the largest source of foreign revenue by 1995 . Since 1999 , tourism has earned more foreign exchange than bananas , pineapples and coffee exports combined . The tourism boom began in 1987 , with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988 , through 1.03 million in 1999 , to a historical record of 2.43 million foreign visitors and $1.92 - billion in revenue in 2013 . In 2012 tourism contributed with 12.5 % of the country 's GDP and it was responsible for 11.7 % of direct and indirect employment . </P> <P> Tourism in Nicaragua has grown considerably recently , and it is now the second largest industry in the nation . Nicaraguan President Daniel Ortega has stated his intention to use tourism to combat poverty throughout the country . The growth in tourism has positively affected the agricultural , commercial , and finance industries , as well as the construction industry . The results for Nicaragua 's tourism - driven economy have been significant , with the nation welcoming one million tourists in a calendar year for the first time in its history in 2010 . </P> <H2> Transport ( edit ) </H2> See also : Transport in Belize , Transport in Costa Rica , Transport in El Salvador , Transport in Guatemala , Transport in Honduras , Transport in Nicaragua , and Transport in Panama <H3> Roads ( edit ) </H3> See also : Roads in Belize <P> The Inter-American Highway is the Central American section of the Pan-American Highway , and spans 5,470 kilometers ( 3,400 mi ) between Nuevo Laredo , Mexico , and Panama City , Panama . Because of the 87 kilometers ( 54 mi ) break in the highway known as the Darién Gap , it is not possible to cross between Central America and South America in an automobile . </P> <H3> Waterways ( edit ) </H3> See also : Category : Water transport in Belize , Category : Water transport in Costa Rica , Category : Water transport in Guatemala , Category : Water transport in Honduras , Category : Water transport in Nicaragua , Category : Water transport in Panama , List of rivers of Belize , List of rivers of Costa Rica , List of rivers of El Salvador , List of rivers of Guatemala , List of rivers of Honduras , List of rivers of Nicaragua , List of rivers of Panama , Ecocanal , Nicaragua Canal , and Panama Canal <H3> Ports and harbors ( edit ) </H3> See also : Ports of Belize , Category : Ports and harbours of Guatemala , and Category : Ports and harbours of Panama <H3> Airports ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of airports in Belize , List of airports in Costa Rica , List of airports in El Salvador , List of airports in Guatemala , List of airports in Honduras , List of airports in Nicaragua , and List of airports in Panama <H3> Railways ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Rail transport in Central America See also : Rail transport in Belize , Rail transport in Costa Rica , Rail transport in El Salvador , Rail transport in Guatemala , Rail transport in Honduras , Rail transport in Nicaragua , and Rail transport in Panama City rail in La Ceiba , Honduras is one of the few remaining passenger train services in Central America <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Architecture schools in Central America </Li> <Li> List of universities in Belize </Li> <Li> List of universities in Costa Rica </Li> <Li> List of universities in El Salvador </Li> <Li> List of universities in Guatemala </Li> <Li> List of universities in Honduras </Li> <Li> List of universities in Nicaragua </Li> <Li> List of universities in Panama </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> North America portal </Li> <Li> Latin America portal </Li> <Li> Geography portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Americas ( terminology ) </Li> <Li> Central American Seaway </Li> <Li> List of largest cities in Central America <Ul> <Li> List of cities in Belize </Li> <Li> List of cities in Costa Rica </Li> <Li> List of cities in El Salvador </Li> <Li> List of places in Guatemala </Li> <Li> List of cities in Honduras </Li> <Li> List of cities in Nicaragua </Li> <Li> List of cities in Panama </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Index of Central America - related articles <Ul> <Li> Index of Belize - related articles </Li> <Li> Index of Costa Rica - related articles </Li> <Li> Index of El Salvador - related articles </Li> <Li> Index of Guatemala - related articles </Li> <Li> Index of Honduras - related articles </Li> <Li> Index of Nicaragua - related articles </Li> <Li> Index of Panama - related articles </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Values listed in millions USD . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hubbard , K ( 2015 ) . `` The biggest cities in Central America '' . Central America statistics , facts & figures for every country . New York City : About.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : IBP , Inc ( 2009 ) . Central America Economic Integration and Cooperation Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information , Organizations and Programs . p. 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4387 - 4280 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Index Mundi ( 2012 ) . `` Population -- Central America & the Caribbean '' . Index Mundi . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations Statistics Division ( 2013 ) . `` Composition of macro geographical ( continental ) regions , geographical sub-regions , and selected economic and other groupings '' . New York City : United Nations Statistics Division . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Augelli , JP ( 1962 ) . `` The Rimland - Mainland concept of culture areas in Middle America '' . Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 52 ( 2 ) : 119 -- 29 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 8306.1962. tb00400. x . JSTOR 2561309 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Central America '' . central-america.org . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Central America is located between North and South America and consists of multiple countries . Central America is not a continent but a subcontinent since it lies within the continent America . It borders on the northwest to the Pacific Ocean and in the northeast to the Caribbean Sea . The countries that belong to the subcontinent of Central America are Belize , Costa Rica , El Salvador , Guatemala , Honduras , Nicaragua and Panama . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Central America '' . Merriam - Webster 's collegiate dictionary . Merriam-Webster.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burchfield , RW ( 2004 ) . Fowler 's modern English usage ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 48 . ISBN 978 - 0198610212 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( 2014 ) . World economic outlook October 2014 : legacies , clouds , uncertainties ( PDF ) . World economic and financial surveys . Washington , D.C. : International Monetary Fund . ISBN 978 - 1 - 48438 - 0 - 666 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Daily Telegraph https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/nationalities-that-work-the-longest-hours/ . Retrieved 24 February 2017 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoopes , John W. and Oscar Fonseca Z. ( 2003 ) . Goldwork and Chibchan Identity : Endogenous Change and Diffuse Unity in the Isthmo - Colombian Area ( PDF ) . Washington , DC : Dumbarton Oaks . ISBN 0 - 82631 - 000 - 1 . Archived from the original ( Online text reproduction ) on 25 February 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Livingstone , Grace ( 2013 ) . America 's Backyard : The United States and Latin America from the Monroe Doctrine to the War on Terror . Zed Books Ltd. p. 31 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84813 - 611 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Argueta , O ; Huhn , S ; Kurtenbach , S ; Peetz , P ( 2011 ) . `` Blocked democracies in Central America '' ( PDF ) . GIGA Focus International Edition . Hamburg , Germany : GIGA German Institute of Global and Area Studies ( 5 ) : 1 -- 8 . ISSN 1862 - 3581 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Extreme poverty increases in Nicaragua in 2013 , study finds '' . American Free Press . 13 November 2014 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IBP , Inc. ( 2015 ) . Central American Countries Mineral Industry Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Regulations . pp. 7 , 8 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 329 - 09114 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , MA ; Alfaro , EJ ( 2005 ) . `` Central America and the Caribbean , Climate of '' . In Oliver , JE . Encyclopedia of world climatology . Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Springer Science & Business Media . pp. 183 -- 9 . doi : 10.1007 / 1 - 4020 - 3266 - 8_37 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 3264 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( PDF ) https://web.archive.org/web/20141006185346/http://www.webng.com/jerbarker/home/eia-toolkit/downloads/Van04/RojasVancouver.pdf . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 8 December 2016 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Belize forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Costa Rica forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` El Salvador forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Guatemala forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Honduras forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Nicaragua forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , RA ( 2006 ) . `` Panama forest information and data '' . Tropical rainforests : deforestation rates tables and charts . Menlo Park , California : Mongabay.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey , CA ; Komar , O ; Chazdon , R ; Ferguson , BG ( 2008 ) . `` Integrating agricultural landscapes with biodiversity conservation in the Mesoamerican hotspot '' ( PDF ) . Conservation Biology . 22 ( 1 ) : 8 -- 15 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1523 - 1739.2007. 00863. x . PMID 18254848 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramos , A ( 2 July 2010 ) . `` Belize protected areas 26 % -- not 40 - odd percent '' . Amandala . Belize City . Archived from the original on 14 May 2011 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Belize Barrier Reef case study . Westminster.edu . Retrieved on 21 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Redo , DJ ; Grau , HR ; Aide , TM ; Clark , ML ( 2012 ) . `` Asymmetric forest transition driven by the interaction of socioeconomic development and environmental heterogeneity in Central America '' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 109 ( 23 ) : 8839 -- 44 . Bibcode : 2012PNAS ... 109.8839 R . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 1201664109 . PMC 3384153 . PMID 22615408 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Central American pine - oak forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Talamancan montane forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Central American montane forests '' . Terrestrial Ecoregions . World Wildlife Fund . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Astiz , L ; Kanamori , H ; Eissler , H ( 1987 ) . `` Source characteristics of earthquakes in the Michoacan seismic gap in Mexico '' ( PDF ) . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 77 ( 4 ) : 1326 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , RA ( 1985 ) . `` The Guatemala earthquake of 1816 on the Chixoy - Polochic fault '' . Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America . 75 ( 2 ) : 455 -- 73 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World Population Prospects : The 2017 Revision '' . ESA.UN.org ( custom data acquired via website ) . United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs , Population Division . Retrieved 10 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2014 ) . `` The world factbook '' . Washington , D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christianity in its Global Context Archived 29 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holland , CL ( November 2005 ) . Ethnic and religious diversity in Central America : a historical perspective ( PDF ) . 2005 Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion . pp. 1 -- 34 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Central American leaders agree on common currency '' . France 24 . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ British Embassy San Salvador ( 10 June 2013 ) . `` Extra-Regional Observer of Central American Integration System '' . Strengthening UK relationships with El Salvador . London : Government Digital Service . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taiwan cuts ties with Costa Rica over recognition for China '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://america.cgtn.com/2017/06/12/panama-establishes-diplomatic-relations-with-china In historic move , Panama and China establish diplomatic relations </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( 2012 ) . `` Report for selected countries and subjects '' . World economic outlook database , April 2012 . Washington , D.C. : International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : International Monetary Fund ( 2012 ) . `` Gross domestic product based on purchasing - power - parity ( PPP ) valuation of country GDP '' . World economic outlook database , April 2012 . Washington , D.C. : International Monetary Fund . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2014 ) . `` World exports by country '' . The world factbook . Washington , D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency ( 2014 ) . `` Export partners of Guatemala '' . The world factbook . Washington , D.C. : Central Intelligence Agency . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Data mostly refers to IMF staff estimates for the year 2013 , made in April 2014 . World Economic Outlook Database - April 2014 , International Monetary Fund . Accessed on 9 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Data refers mostly to the year 2012 . World Development Indicators database , World Bank . Database updated on 18 December 2013 . Accessed on 18 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cuellar , M ( 1 March 2013 ) . `` Foreign direct investments and tourism up '' . Channel 5 Belize . Belize : Great Belize Productions Ltd . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2012 : a remarkable year for Belize 's tourism industry '' . The San Pedro Sun . San Pedro , Belize. 8 February 2013 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Belize Tours & Activities -- Project Expedition '' . Project Expedition . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rodríguez , A ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Costa Rica registró la llegada de más de 2 , 4 millones de turistas en 2013 '' ( Costa Rica registered the arrival of more than 2.4 million tourists in 2013 ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José , Costa Rica . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rojas , JE ( 29 December 2004 ) . `` Turismo , principal motor de la economía durante el 2004 '' ( Tourism , the principal engine of the economy in 2004 ) . La Nación ( in Spanish ) . San José , Costa Rica . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Inman , C ( 1997 ) . `` Impacts on developing countries of changing production and consumption patterns in developed countries : the case of ecotourism in Costa Rica '' ( PDF ) . Alajuela , Costa Rica : INCAE Business School . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Departamento de Estadísticas ICT ( 2006 ) . `` Anuário estadísticas de demanda 2006 '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Intituto Costarricense de Turismo . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jennifer Blanke and Thea Chiesa , Editors ( 2013 ) . `` Travel & tourism competitiveness report 2013 '' ( PDF ) . World Economic Forum , Geneva , Switzerland . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 14 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carroll , R ( 6 January 2007 ) . `` Ortega banks on tourism to beat poverty '' . The Guardian . London : theguardian.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.sify.com/news/nicaragua-exceeds-one-mn-foreign-tourists-for-first-time-news-international-km4ladiidea.html Nicaragua exceeds one mn foreign tourists for first time </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Central America . Columbia Encyclopedia , 6th ed. 2001 -- 6 . New York : Columbia University Press . </Li> <Li> American Heritage Dictionaries , Central America . </Li> <Li> WordNet Princeton University : Central America . </Li> <Li> Central America . Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online . 2006 . New York : Columbia University Press . </Li> <Li> Hernández , Consuelo ( 2009 ) . Reconstruyendo a Centroamérica a través de la poesía . Voces y perspectivas en la poesia latinoamericana del siglo XX . Madrid : Visor . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutCentral Americaat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Travel guide from Wikivoyage </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Central America Video Links from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives </Li> <Li> Central America country pages </Li> <Li> Teaching Central America </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Central America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Music of Central America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Garifuna </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Central American volcanoes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Guatemala </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acatenango </Li> <Li> Agua </Li> <Li> Almolonga </Li> <Li> Atitlán </Li> <Li> Chicabal </Li> <Li> Cuilapa - Barbarena </Li> <Li> Fuego </Li> <Li> Jumay </Li> <Li> Moyuta </Li> <Li> Pacaya </Li> <Li> Santa María / Santiaguito </Li> <Li> San Pedro </Li> <Li> Santo Tomás </Li> <Li> Siete Orejas </Li> <Li> Tacaná </Li> <Li> Tajumulco </Li> <Li> Tecuamburro </Li> <Li> Tolimán </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> El Salvador </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chinameca </Li> <Li> Chingo </Li> <Li> Conchagua </Li> <Li> Izalco </Li> <Li> Santa Ana </Li> <Li> San Miguel </Li> <Li> San Salvador </Li> <Li> San Vicente </Li> <Li> Usulután </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nicaragua </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apoyeque </Li> <Li> Cerro Negro </Li> <Li> Concepción </Li> <Li> Cosigüina </Li> <Li> Maderas </Li> <Li> Masaya </Li> <Li> Mombacho </Li> <Li> Momotombo </Li> <Li> San Cristóbal </Li> <Li> Telica </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Costa Rica </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arenal </Li> <Li> Irazú </Li> <Li> Laguna Poco Sol </Li> <Li> Miravalles </Li> <Li> Platanar </Li> <Li> Poás </Li> <Li> Rincón de la Vieja </Li> <Li> Turrialba </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Panama </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Barú </Li> <Li> La Yeguada </Li> <Li> El Valle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Note : volcanoes are ordered from north - west to south - east . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Central American and Caribbean Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Mexico City 1926 </Li> <Li> Havana 1930 </Li> <Li> San Salvador 1935 </Li> <Li> Panama City 1938 </Li> <Li> Barranquilla 1946 </Li> <Li> Guatemala City 1950 </Li> <Li> Mexico City 1954 </Li> <Li> Caracas 1959 </Li> <Li> Kingston 1962 </Li> <Li> San Juan 1966 </Li> <Li> Panama City 1970 </Li> <Li> Santo Domingo 1974 </Li> <Li> Medellín 1978 </Li> <Li> Havana 1982 </Li> <Li> Santiago de los Caballeros 1986 </Li> <Li> Mexico City 1990 </Li> <Li> Ponce 1993 </Li> <Li> Maracaibo 1998 </Li> <Li> San Salvador 2002 </Li> <Li> Cartagena 2006 </Li> <Li> Mayagüez 2010 </Li> <Li> Veracruz 2014 </Li> <Li> Baranquilla 2018 </Li> <Li> Panama City 2022 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Latin American cuisine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caribbean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> St. Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> St. Lucia </Li> <Li> St. Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mexico </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Dependencies not included . Defined as a semi-autonomous territory . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Latin American culture </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caribbean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> St. Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> St. Lucia </Li> <Li> St. Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mexico </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Uruguay </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Dependencies not included . Defined as a semi-autonomous territory . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of the world </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guinea region <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cape Lopez </Li> <Li> Mayombe </Li> <Li> Igboland <Ul> <Li> Mbaise </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maputaland </Li> <Li> Pool Malebo </Li> <Li> Congo Basin </Li> <Li> Chad Basin </Li> <Li> Congolese rainforests </Li> <Li> Ouaddaï highlands </Li> <Li> Ennedi Plateau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Great Lakes <Ul> <Li> Albertine Rift </Li> <Li> East African Rift </Li> <Li> Great Rift Valley </Li> <Li> Gregory Rift </Li> <Li> Rift Valley lakes </Li> <Li> Swahili coast </Li> <Li> Virunga Mountains </Li> <Li> Zanj </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Horn of Africa <Ul> <Li> Afar Triangle </Li> <Li> Al - Habash </Li> <Li> Barbara </Li> <Li> Danakil Alps </Li> <Li> Danakil Desert </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Highlands </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tadjoura </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indian Ocean islands <Ul> <Li> Comoros Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maghreb <Ul> <Li> Barbary Coast </Li> <Li> Bashmur </Li> <Li> Ancient Libya </Li> <Li> Atlas Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Nile Valley <Ul> <Li> Cataracts of the Nile </Li> <Li> Darfur </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Lower Egypt </Li> <Li> Lower Nubia </Li> <Li> Middle Egypt </Li> <Li> Nile Delta </Li> <Li> Nuba Mountains </Li> <Li> Nubia </Li> <Li> The Sudans </Li> <Li> Upper Egypt </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Western Sahara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pepper Coast </Li> <Li> Gold Coast </Li> <Li> Slave Coast </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Cape Palmas </Li> <Li> Cape Mesurado </Li> <Li> Guinea region <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Niger Basin </Li> <Li> Guinean Forests of West Africa </Li> <Li> Niger Delta </Li> <Li> Inner Niger Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Madagascar <Ul> <Li> Central Highlands ( Madagascar ) </Li> <Li> Northern Highlands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rhodesia <Ul> <Li> North </Li> <Li> South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thembuland </Li> <Li> Succulent Karoo </Li> <Li> Nama Karoo </Li> <Li> Bushveld </Li> <Li> Highveld </Li> <Li> Fynbos </Li> <Li> Cape Floristic Region </Li> <Li> Kalahari Desert </Li> <Li> Okavango Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Macro-regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aethiopia </Li> <Li> Arab world </Li> <Li> Commonwealth realm </Li> <Li> East African montane forests </Li> <Li> Eastern Desert </Li> <Li> Equatorial Africa </Li> <Li> Françafrique </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Islands of Africa </Li> <Li> List of countries where Arabic is an official language </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Basin </Li> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> <Li> Mittelafrika </Li> <Li> Negroland </Li> <Li> Northeast Africa </Li> <Li> Portuguese - speaking African countries </Li> <Li> Sahara </Li> <Li> Sahel </Li> <Li> Sub-Saharan Africa </Li> <Li> Sudan ( region ) </Li> <Li> Sudanian Savanna </Li> <Li> Tibesti Mountains </Li> <Li> Tropical Africa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Asia </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East </Li> <Li> Aral Sea <Ul> <Li> Aralkum Desert </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Galilee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Transoxiana <Ul> <Li> Turan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greater Khorasan </Li> <Li> Ariana </Li> <Li> Khwarezm </Li> <Li> Sistan </Li> <Li> Kazakhstania </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe <Ul> <Li> Asian Steppe </Li> <Li> Kazakh Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> <Li> Wild Fields <Ul> <Li> Yedisan </Li> <Li> Muravsky Trail </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ural <Ul> <Li> Ural Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Volga region </Li> <Li> Idel - Ural </Li> <Li> Kolyma </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Pryazovia </Li> <Li> Bjarmaland </Li> <Li> Kuban </Li> <Li> Zalesye </Li> <Li> Ingria </Li> <Li> Novorossiya </Li> <Li> Gornaya Shoriya </Li> <Li> Tulgas </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Pamir Mountains </Li> <Li> Tian Shan </Li> <Li> Badakhshan </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Mount Imeon </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Western Regions </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Northeast </Li> <Li> Far East <Ul> <Li> Russian Far East </Li> <Li> Okhotsk - Manchurian taiga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Extreme North </Li> <Li> Siberia <Ul> <Li> Baikalia ( Lake Baikal ) </Li> <Li> Transbaikal </Li> <Li> Khatanga Gulf </Li> <Li> Baraba steppe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kamchatka Peninsula </Li> <Li> Amur Basin </Li> <Li> Yenisei Gulf </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Sikhote - Alin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Japanese archipelago <Ul> <Li> Northeastern Japan Arc </Li> <Li> Sakhalin Island Arc </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Korean Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gobi Desert </Li> <Li> Taklamakan Desert </Li> <Li> Greater Khingan </Li> <Li> Mongolian Plateau </Li> <Li> Inner Asia </Li> <Li> Inner Mongolia </Li> <Li> Outer Mongolia </Li> <Li> China proper </Li> <Li> Manchuria <Ul> <Li> Outer Manchuria </Li> <Li> Inner Manchuria </Li> <Li> Northeast China Plain </Li> <Li> Mongolian - Manchurian grassland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North China Plain <Ul> <Li> Yan Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kunlun Mountains </Li> <Li> Liaodong Peninsula </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Tibetan Plateau <Ul> <Li> Tibet </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tarim Basin </Li> <Li> Northern Silk Road </Li> <Li> Hexi Corridor </Li> <Li> Nanzhong </Li> <Li> Lingnan </Li> <Li> Liangguang </Li> <Li> Jiangnan </Li> <Li> Jianghuai </Li> <Li> Guanzhong </Li> <Li> Huizhou </Li> <Li> Wu </Li> <Li> Jiaozhou </Li> <Li> Zhongyuan </Li> <Li> Shaannan </Li> <Li> Ordos Loop <Ul> <Li> Loess Plateau </Li> <Li> Shaanbei </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hamgyong Mountains </Li> <Li> Central Mountain Range </Li> <Li> Japanese Alps </Li> <Li> Suzuka Mountains </Li> <Li> Leizhou Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Yangtze River Delta </Li> <Li> Pearl River Delta </Li> <Li> Yenisei Basin </Li> <Li> Altai Mountains </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater Middle East <Ul> <Li> MENA </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Middle East </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Red Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Mediterranean Sea </Li> <Li> Zagros Mountains </Li> <Li> Persian Gulf <Ul> <Li> Pirate Coast </Li> <Li> Strait of Hormuz </Li> <Li> Greater and Lesser Tunbs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Al - Faw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Oman </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aqaba </Li> <Li> Gulf of Aden </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Najd </Li> <Li> Hejaz </Li> <Li> Tihamah </Li> <Li> Eastern Arabia </Li> <Li> South Arabia <Ul> <Li> Hadhramaut </Li> <Li> Arabian Peninsula coastal fog desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Tigris -- Euphrates </Li> <Li> Mesopotamia <Ul> <Li> Upper Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Lower Mesopotamia </Li> <Li> Sawad </Li> <Li> Nineveh plains </Li> <Li> Akkad ( region ) </Li> <Li> Babylonia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Canaan </Li> <Li> Aram </Li> <Li> Eber - Nari </Li> <Li> Suhum </Li> <Li> Eastern Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Mashriq </Li> <Li> Kurdistan </Li> <Li> Levant <Ul> <Li> Southern Levant </Li> <Li> Transjordan </Li> <Li> Jordan Rift Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Levantine Sea </Li> <Li> Golan Heights </Li> <Li> Hula Valley </Li> <Li> Galilee </Li> <Li> Gilead </Li> <Li> Judea </Li> <Li> Samaria </Li> <Li> Arabah </Li> <Li> Anti-Lebanon Mountains </Li> <Li> Sinai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Arabian Desert </Li> <Li> Syrian Desert </Li> <Li> Fertile Crescent </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Palestine </Li> <Li> Iranian Plateau </Li> <Li> Armenian Highlands </Li> <Li> Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Caucasus Mountains <Ul> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Lesser Caucasus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> South Caucasus <Ul> <Li> Kur - Araz Lowland </Li> <Li> Lankaran Lowland </Li> <Li> Alborz </Li> <Li> Absheron Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anatolia </Li> <Li> Cilicia </Li> <Li> Cappadocia </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greater India </Li> <Li> Indian subcontinent </Li> <Li> Himalayas </Li> <Li> Hindu Kush </Li> <Li> Western Ghats </Li> <Li> Eastern Ghats </Li> <Li> Ganges Basin </Li> <Li> Ganges Delta </Li> <Li> Pashtunistan </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Balochistan </Li> <Li> Kashmir <Ul> <Li> Kashmir Valley </Li> <Li> Pir Panjal Range </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Thar Desert </Li> <Li> Indus Valley </Li> <Li> Indus River Delta </Li> <Li> Indus Valley Desert </Li> <Li> Indo - Gangetic Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern coastal plains </Li> <Li> Western Coastal Plains </Li> <Li> Meghalaya subtropical forests </Li> <Li> MENASA </Li> <Li> Lower Gangetic plains moist deciduous forests </Li> <Li> Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows </Li> <Li> Doab </Li> <Li> Bagar tract </Li> <Li> Great Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Little Rann of Kutch </Li> <Li> Deccan Plateau </Li> <Li> Coromandel Coast </Li> <Li> Konkan </Li> <Li> False Divi Point </Li> <Li> Hindi Belt </Li> <Li> Ladakh </Li> <Li> Aksai Chin </Li> <Li> Gilgit - Baltistan <Ul> <Li> Baltistan </Li> <Li> Shigar Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Saltoro Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> <Li> Bay of Bengal </Li> <Li> Gulf of Khambhat </Li> <Li> Gulf of Kutch </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mannar </Li> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Lakshadweep </Li> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Islands <Ul> <Li> Andaman Islands </Li> <Li> Nicobar Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maldive Islands </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mainland <Ul> <Li> Indochina </Li> <Li> Malay Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maritime <Ul> <Li> Peninsular Malaysia </Li> <Li> Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Greater Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Lesser Sunda Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indonesian Archipelago </Li> <Li> Timor </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Bonis Peninsula </Li> <Li> Papuan Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Gulf </Li> <Li> Bird 's Head Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gazelle Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippine Archipelago <Ul> <Li> Luzon </Li> <Li> Visayas </Li> <Li> Mindanao </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Leyte Gulf </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> East Indies </Li> <Li> Nanyang </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Asia - Pacific </Li> <Li> Tropical Asia </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nordic </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Scandinavia </Li> <Li> Scandinavian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fennoscandia </Li> <Li> Baltoscandia </Li> <Li> Sápmi </Li> <Li> West Nordic </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Gulf of Finland </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danubian countries </Li> <Li> Prussia </Li> <Li> Galicia </Li> <Li> Volhynia </Li> <Li> Donbass </Li> <Li> Sloboda Ukraine </Li> <Li> Sambia Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Amber Coast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Curonian Spit </Li> <Li> Izyum Trail </Li> <Li> Lithuania Minor </Li> <Li> Nemunas Delta </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Vyborg Bay </Li> <Li> Karelia <Ul> <Li> East Karelia </Li> <Li> Karelian Isthmus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lokhaniemi </Li> <Li> Southeastern <Ul> <Li> Balkans </Li> <Li> Aegean Islands </Li> <Li> Gulf of Chania </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Kabardia </Li> <Li> European Russia <Ul> <Li> Southern Russia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Alpine states </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> <Li> Mitteleuropa </Li> <Li> Visegrád Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benelux </Li> <Li> Low Countries </Li> <Li> Northwest </Li> <Li> British Isles </Li> <Li> English Channel </Li> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Cotentin Peninsula </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Brittany </Li> <Li> Gulf of Lion </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pyrenees </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Italian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Insular Italy </Li> <Li> Tuscan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Aegadian Islands </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Southeastern </Li> <Li> Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Crimea </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Germanic </Li> <Li> Celtic </Li> <Li> Slavic countries </Li> <Li> Uralic </Li> <Li> European Plain </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> <Li> Wild Fields </Li> <Li> Pannonian Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Little Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern Slovak Lowland </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Canada </Li> <Li> Western Canada </Li> <Li> Canadian Prairies </Li> <Li> Central Canada </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Atlantic Canada </Li> <Li> The Maritimes </Li> <Li> French Canada </Li> <Li> English Canada </Li> <Li> Acadia <Ul> <Li> Acadian Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor </Li> <Li> Peace River Country </Li> <Li> Cypress Hills </Li> <Li> Palliser 's Triangle </Li> <Li> Canadian Shield </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Newfoundland ( island ) </Li> <Li> Vancouver Island </Li> <Li> Gulf Islands </Li> <Li> Strait of Georgia </Li> <Li> Canadian Arctic Archipelago </Li> <Li> Labrador Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gaspé Peninsula </Li> <Li> Avalon Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Bay de Verde Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brodeur Peninsula </Li> <Li> Melville Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bruce Peninsula </Li> <Li> Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) </Li> <Li> Cook Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Georgian Bay </Li> <Li> Hudson Bay </Li> <Li> James Bay </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Inland Northwest </Li> <Li> Northeast <Ul> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Commonwealth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West <Ul> <Li> Midwest </Li> <Li> Upper Midwest </Li> <Li> Mountain States </Li> <Li> Intermountain West </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail </Li> <Li> Mormon Corridor </Li> <Li> Calumet Region </Li> <Li> Southwest <Ul> <Li> Old Southwest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Llano Estacado </Li> <Li> Central United States <Ul> <Li> Tallgrass prairie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> South Central </Li> <Li> Deep South </Li> <Li> Upland South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Four Corners </Li> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> Gulf Coast </Li> <Li> Third Coast </Li> <Li> Eastern United States <Ul> <Li> Appalachia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> Great North Woods </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Interior Plains </Li> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Great Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Basin Desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Ozarks </Li> <Li> Ark - La - Tex </Li> <Li> Waxhaws </Li> <Li> Siouxland </Li> <Li> Twin Tiers </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> Palouse </Li> <Li> Piedmont </Li> <Li> Atlantic coastal plain </Li> <Li> Outer Lands </Li> <Li> Black Dirt Region </Li> <Li> Blackstone Valley </Li> <Li> Piney Woods </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> The Dakotas </Li> <Li> The Carolinas </Li> <Li> Shawnee Hills </Li> <Li> San Fernando Valley </Li> <Li> Tornado Alley </Li> <Li> North Coast </Li> <Li> Lost Coast </Li> <Li> Emerald Triangle </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Bay </Li> <Li> North Bay </Li> <Li> East Bay </Li> <Li> Silicon Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Lower Colorado River Valley </Li> <Li> Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta </Li> <Li> Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta </Li> <Li> Colville Delta </Li> <Li> Arkansas Delta </Li> <Li> Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi River Delta </Li> <Li> Columbia River Estuary </Li> <Li> Great Basin </Li> <Li> High Desert </Li> <Li> Monterey Peninsula </Li> <Li> Upper Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Lower Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Virginia Peninsula </Li> <Li> Keweenaw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Middle Peninsula </Li> <Li> Delmarva Peninsula </Li> <Li> Alaska Peninsula </Li> <Li> Kenai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Niagara Peninsula </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Belt regions <Ul> <Li> Bible Belt </Li> <Li> Black Belt </Li> <Li> Corn Belt </Li> <Li> Cotton Belt </Li> <Li> Frost Belt </Li> <Li> Rice Belt </Li> <Li> Rust Belt </Li> <Li> Sun Belt </Li> <Li> Snow Belt </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Northern Mexico </Li> <Li> Baja California Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of California <Ul> <Li> Colorado River Delta </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Soconusco </Li> <Li> Tierra Caliente </Li> <Li> La Mixteca </Li> <Li> La Huasteca </Li> <Li> Bajío </Li> <Li> Valley of Mexico </Li> <Li> Mezquital Valley </Li> <Li> Sierra Madre de Oaxaca </Li> <Li> Yucatán Peninsula </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> <Li> Western Caribbean Zone </Li> <Li> Isthmus of Panama </Li> <Li> Gulf of Panama <Ul> <Li> Pearl Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Azuero Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mosquito Coast </Li> <Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> Antilles <Ul> <Li> Greater Antilles </Li> <Li> Lesser Antilles <Ul> <Li> Leeward </Li> <Li> Leeward Antilles </Li> <Li> Windward </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lucayan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Southern Caribbean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Aridoamerica </Li> <Li> Mesoamerica </Li> <Li> Oasisamerica </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Middle </Li> <Li> Anglo </Li> <Li> Latin <Ul> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Hispanic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Cordillera </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Oceania </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australasia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> Zealandia <Ul> <Li> Kula Gulf </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Australia <Ul> <Li> Capital Country </Li> <Li> Eastern Australia </Li> <Li> Lake Eyre basin </Li> <Li> Murray -- Darling basin </Li> <Li> Northern Australia </Li> <Li> Nullarbor Plain </Li> <Li> Outback </Li> <Li> Southern Australia <Ul> <Li> Maralinga </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sunraysia </Li> <Li> Great Victoria Desert </Li> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> Gulf St Vincent </Li> <Li> Lefevre Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fleurieu Peninsula </Li> <Li> Yorke Peninsula </Li> <Li> Eyre Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mornington Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bellarine Peninsula </Li> <Li> Mount Henry Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melanesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Islands Region <Ul> <Li> Bismarck Archipelago </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands <Ul> <Li> North Solomon Islands </Li> <Li> Solomon Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> New Caledonia </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> <Li> Republic of West Papua </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vanuatu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Micronesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caroline Islands <Ul> <Li> Federated States of Micronesia </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kiribati </Li> <Li> Mariana Islands <Ul> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> Wake Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Polynesia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Easter Island </Li> <Li> Hawaiian Islands </Li> <Li> Cook Islands </Li> <Li> French Polynesia <Ul> <Li> Austral Islands </Li> <Li> Gambier Islands </Li> <Li> Mangareva Islands </Li> <Li> Marquesas Islands </Li> <Li> Society Islands </Li> <Li> Tuamotu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kermadec Islands </Li> <Li> New Zealand <Ul> <Li> South Island </Li> <Li> North 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<Ul> <Li> Aral Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Salton Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> GND : 4079486 - 6 </Li> <Li> NARA : 10046200 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00573917 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 315128178 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_America&oldid=845413165 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Central America </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles containing Spanish - language text </Li> <Li> All articles with failed 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Central_America&oldid=845413165 | -2,933,422,456,367,425,000 |
Big Apple - wikipedia <H1> Big Apple </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Big Apple ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section contains information that is not included elsewhere in the article . If the information is appropriate for the lead of the article , this information should also be included in the body of the article . ( May 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may contain indiscriminate , excessive , or irrelevant examples . Please improve the article by adding more descriptive text and removing less pertinent examples . See Wikipedia 's guide to writing better articles for further suggestions . ( May 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( May 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> `` Big Apple Corner '' at 54th Street and Broadway , in Manhattan 's Theater District <P> `` Big Apple '' is a nickname for New York City . It was first popularized in the 1920s by John J. Fitz Gerald , a sports writer for the New York Morning Telegraph . Its popularity since the 1970s is due in part to a promotional campaign by the New York tourist authorities . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin of the name </Li> <Li> 2 Racing context </Li> <Li> 3 Popularity </Li> <Li> 4 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin of the name ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although the history of Big Apple was once thought a mystery , a clearer picture of the term 's history has emerged due to the work of amateur etymologist Barry Popik , and Gerald Cohen of Missouri University of Science and Technology . A number of false theories had previously existed , including a claim that the term derived from a woman named Eve who ran a brothel in the city . This was subsequently exposed as a hoax . </P> <P> The earliest known usage of ' big apple ' appears in the book The Wayfarer in New York ( 1909 ) , in which author Edward S. Martin writes : </P> <P> Kansas is apt to see in New York a greedy city ... It inclines to think that the big apple gets a disproportionate share of the national sap . </P> <P> William Safire considered this the coinage , but the Random House Dictionary of American Slang has described the usage as `` metaphorical or perhaps proverbial , rather than a concrete example of the later slang term '' . </P> <H2> Racing context ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section relies largely or entirely upon a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Big Apple was popularized as a name for New York City by John J. Fitz Gerald in a number of horse - racing articles for the New York Morning Telegraph in the 1920s . The earliest of these was a casual reference on 3rd May , 1921 : </P> <P> J.P. Smith , with Tippity Witchet and others of the L.T. Bauer string , is scheduled to start for `` the big apple '' to - morrow after a most prosperous Spring campaign at Bowie and Havre de Grace . </P> <P> Fitz Gerald referred to the `` big apple '' frequently thereafter . He explained his use in a column dated 18th February , 1924 , under the headline `` Around the Big Apple '' : </P> <P> The Big Apple . The dream of every lad that ever threw a leg over a thoroughbred and the goal of all horsemen . There 's only one Big Apple . That 's New York . </P> <P> Fitz Gerald 's reference to `` dusky '' stable hands suggests the term 's origin may lie in African - American culture . Evidence for this may be found in the Chicago Defender , an African - American newspaper that had a national circulation . Writing for the Defender on 16th September 1922 , `` Ragtime '' Billy Tucker used the name `` big apple '' to refer to New York in a non-horse - racing context : </P> <P> I trust your trip to ' the big apple ' ( New York ) was a huge success and only wish that I had been able to make it with you . </P> <P> Tucker had also earlier used `` big apple '' as a reference to Los Angeles . It is possible that he simply understood `` big apple '' as a nickname for any large city : </P> <P> Dear Pal , Tony : No , Ragtime Billy Tucker has n't dropped completely out of existence , but is still in the ' Big Apple ' , Los Angeles . </P> <H2> Popularity ( edit ) </H2> The New York Mets Home Run Apple located in Citi Field . <P> By the late 1920s , New York writers other than Fitz Gerald were starting to use `` Big Apple '' and were using it in contexts other than horse - racing . `` The Big Apple '' was a popular song and dance in the 1930s . Walter Winchell and other writers continued to use the term in the 1940s and 1950s , but by the 1960s it had generally come to be known as an old name for New York . </P> <P> In the early 1970s , however , the New York Convention and Visitors Bureau ( now NYC & Company , New York City 's official marketing and tourism organization ) began to promote the city 's `` Big Apple '' nickname under the leadership of its president , Charles Gillett . It has remained popular since then . </P> <P> Mayor Rudolph W. Giuliani in 1997 signed legislation designating as `` Big Apple Corner '' the southwest corner of West 54th Street and Broadway , the corner on which John J. Fitz Gerald lived from 1934 to 1963 . As part of the celebrations following as his election as President of the United States in 2016 , Donald Trump hosted a party which he named ' The Big Apple Ball ' and which featured themed decorations and cut - outs of New York landmarks in honor of his home city . </P> <P> Today the name enjoys exclusive ubiquity in literature and speech referring to New York City , and is used with regularity by journalists and news - headline writers across the English - speaking world . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term `` big apple '' was used by Frank Sinatra in conversation with opera singer Dorothy Kirsten on an episode of the NBC radio program Light Up Time on 28th March , 1950 . </P> <P> In Evita , Buenos Aires is referred to as `` B.A. , Buenos Aires , Big Apple '' in the song Eva , Beware of the City . This line , produced by lyricist Tim Rice , does not appear to reflect any pre-existing usage . </P> <P> The New York Mets baseball team have featured a `` Home Run Apple '' that rises whenever a Mets player hits a home run . It has become a symbol of the Mets baseball team , recognized throughout Major League Baseball as an iconic feature of the Mets ' stadiums . It first appeared in Shea Stadium , and the original can still be seen on display at Citi Field , outside the Jackie Robinson Rotunda . Citi Field now uses a new apple , one that is much larger than original . </P> <P> Uses of the term abound elsewhere in the names of cultural products and events in or concerning New York , including the Big Apple Anime Fest , the Big Apple Theater Festival , Jess Teong 's The Kid from the Big Apple and Kajagoogoo 's Big Apple , and playful uses of the nickname have been seen , such as Patrick Downey 's 2008 historical study of New York City 's criminal underworld , entitled Bad Seeds in the Big Apple . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Why is New York called the Big Apple ? , The Straight Dope February 18 , 1977 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Big Apple . Research by Barry Popik and others with the text of contemporary examples . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gerald Cohen , Origin of New York City 's Nickname `` The Big Apple '' ( 1991 ) , ISBN 3 - 631 - 43787 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ False Etymologies </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Why Is New York City Called `` The Big Apple '' ? Wayback Machine archive of earlier version of web page . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Big Apple Whore Hoax ( 1800s ! ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salwen , Peter . `` Why Is New York City Called `` The Big Apple '' ? `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Safire , William ( September 17 , 2000 ) , `` Big Applesource '' , The New York Times Magazine </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Safire , William ( 2004 ) , The Right Word in the Right Place at the Right Time , p. p. 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ First `` Big Apple '' : May 3 , 1921 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Numerous 1920s `` Big Apple '' citations in the New York Morning Telegraph . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ First `` Big Apple '' explanation : February 18 , 1924 . See also the original article image . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Big Apple '' antedating ; 1920s Vaudeville / Ragtime `` Big Apple '' Citations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1920s Non-Horseracing `` Big Apple '' Citations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Apple '' song by Bob Emmerich . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Apple '' in the 1930s ( Two clubs , plus song and dance ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Apple '' in the 1940s - 1950s </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kurt Vonnegut , Slaughterhouse - Five 265 ( 1969 ; Delta Trade Paperbacks ed. 1999 ) ( `` That 's what they used to call New York '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ About NYC and Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Big Apple 1970s Revival : Charlie Gillett and Lew Rudin . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Words and Their Stories : Nicknames for New York City '' . Voice of America . February 23 , 2010 . Archived from the original on April 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mayor 's Press Office , Release No. 082 - 97 , Mayor Giuliani Signs Legislation Creating `` Big Apple Corner '' in Manhattan ( Feb. 12 , 1997 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donald Trump to hold an NYC - themed inauguration party dubbed the ' Big Apple Ball ' '' . www.nydailynews.com . New York Daily News . January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Malcolm Turnbull 's big day out in the Big Apple ahead of Donald Trump meeting '' . www.smh.com.au . The Sydney Morning Herald . May 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Apple picnics : Enjoy New York like a local '' . www.usatoday.com . USA Today . April 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Taking a bite out of the Big Apple '' . www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk . Manchester Evening News . May 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Apple benefits from falling overseas interest in London commercial real estate '' . www.scmp.com . South China Morning Post . August 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` big apple and frank sinatra - Google Scholar '' . scholar.google.com . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official New York Mets Site '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Major League Baseball Site '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A new Home Run Apple grows at Citi Field '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 03 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up Big Apple in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Giuliani creates Big Apple Corner from the February 1997 Archives of the Mayor 's Press Office </Li> <Li> The Big Apple Research on the term 's history from amateur etymologist Barry Popik </Li> <Li> Straight Dope article </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_Apple&oldid=804109808 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Culture of New York City </Li> <Li> Symbols of New York City </Li> <Li> Etymologies </Li> <Li> Slang </Li> <Li> American slang </Li> <Li> City nicknames </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia introduction cleanup from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Pages missing lead section </Li> <Li> Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify </Li> <Li> Articles with too many examples </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from May 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from January 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 October 2017 , at 20 : 14 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Draft ( hull ) - wikipedia <H1> Draft ( hull ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Draft marks on a ship 's bow <P> The draft or draught of a ship 's hull is the vertical distance between the waterline and the bottom of the hull ( keel ) , with the thickness of the hull included ; in the case of not being included the draft outline would be obtained . Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate . The draft can also be used to determine the weight of the cargo on board by calculating the total displacement of water and then using Archimedes ' principle . A table made by the shipyard shows the water displacement for each draft . The density of the water ( salt or fresh ) and the content of the ship 's bunkers has to be taken into account . The closely related term `` trim '' is defined as the difference between the forward and aft drafts . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Drafts of a ship <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Variations of the draft </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Draft scale </Li> <Li> 3 The implications of draft <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Large ships </Li> <Li> 3.2 Pleasure boats </Li> <Li> 3.3 Submarines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Drafts of a ship ( edit ) </H2> Metric bow scale English system in Roman numeration of the bow scale English system used on the stern of the Cutty Sark Graphical representation of the dimensions used to describe a ship . Dimension `` d '' is the draft . <Ul> <Li> The draft aft ( stern ) is measured in the perpendicular of the stern . </Li> <Li> The draft forward ( bow ) is measured in the perpendicular of the bow . </Li> <Li> The mean draft is obtained by calculating from the averaging of the stern and bow drafts , with correction for water level variation and value of the position of F with respect to the average perpendicular . </Li> <Li> The trim of a ship is the difference between the forward and aft draft . When the aft draft is greater the vessel is deemed to have a negative trim , and it has a positive trim when the forward draft is the greater . In such a case it is often referred to as being down - by - the - head . </Li> </Ul> <P> In commercial ship operations , the ship will usually quote the mean draft as the vessel 's draft . However in navigational situations , the maximum draft , usually the aft draft , will be known on the bridge and will be shared with the pilot . </P> <H3> Variations of the draft ( edit ) </H3> <P> The draft of a ship can be affected by multiple factors , not considering the rise and fall of the ship by displacement : </P> <Ul> <Li> Variation by trim </Li> <Li> Variation by list </Li> <Li> Variation by water level change </Li> <Li> Allowance of fresh water draft variation by passage from fresh to sea water or vice versa </Li> <Li> Heat variation in navigating shallow waters </Li> <Li> Variation as a result of a ship moving in shallow waters , or squat </Li> </Ul> <H2> Draft scale ( edit ) </H2> <P> The drafts are measured with a `` banded '' scale , from bow and to stern , and for some ships , the average perpendicular measurement is also used . The scale may use traditional English units or metric units . If the English system is used , the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet and markings are 6 inches high . In metric marking schemes , the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high . </P> <H2> The implications of draft ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Large ships ( edit ) </H3> <P> Larger ships try to maintain an average water draft when they are light ( without cargo ) , in order to make a better sea crossing and reduce the effects of the wind ( high center of velic force ) . In order to achieve this they use sailing ballasts to stabilize the ship , following the unloading of cargo . </P> <P> The water draft of a large ship has little direct link with its stability because stability depends solely on the respective positions of the metacenter of the hull and the center of gravity . It is also true however , that a `` light '' ship has quite high stability which can lead to implying too much rolling of the ship ( due to memory ) . A fully laden ship ( with a large draft ) can have either a strong or weak stability , depending upon the manner by which the ship is loaded ( height of the center of gravity ) . </P> <P> The draft of ships can be increased when the ship is in motion in shallow water , a phenomenon known as squat ( nautical term for the hydrodynamic effect of lower pressure pulling the ship down as it moves ) . </P> <P> Draft is a significant factor limiting navigable waterways , especially for large vessels . This includes many shallow coastal waters and reefs , but also some major shipping lanes . Panamax class ships -- the largest ships able to transit the Panama Canal -- do have a draft limit ( and an `` air draft '' limit for passing under bridges ) but are usually limited by beam , or sometimes length overall , for fitting into locks . However , ships can be longer , wider and higher in the Suez Canal , the limiting factor for Suezmax ships is draft . Some supertankers are able to transit the Suez Canal when unladen or partially laden , but not when fully laden . </P> <P> Canals are not the only draft - limited shipping lanes . A Malaccamax ship , is the deepest draft able to transit the very busy but relatively shallow Strait of Malacca . The Strait only allows ships to have . 4 m ( 1.3 ft ) more draft than the Suez Canal . Capesize , Ultra Large Crude Carriers and a few Chinamax carriers , are some of the ships that have too deep a draft when laden , for either the Strait of Malacca or the Suez Canal . </P> <H3> Pleasure boats ( edit ) </H3> <P> A small draft allows pleasure boats to navigate through shallower water . This makes it possible for these boats to access smaller ports , to travel along rivers and even to ' beach ' the boat . </P> <P> A large draft ensures a good level of stability in strong wind , as the center of gravity is lower ( ballast over the keel of the boat ) . For example : Ballasts placed very low in the keel of a boat such as a dragon boat with a draft of 1.20 m for a length of 8.90 m . </P> <P> A boat like a catamaran can mitigate the problem by retrieving good stability in a small draft , but the width of the boat increases . </P> <H3> Submarines ( edit ) </H3> <P> For submarines , which can submerge to different depths at sea , a term called keel depth is used , specifying the current distance from the water surface to the bottom of the submarine 's keel . It is used in navigation to avoid underwater obstacles and hitting the ocean floor , and as a standard point on the submarine for depth measurements . </P> <P> Submarines usually also have a specified draft used while operating on the surface , for navigating in harbors and at docks . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Air draft </Li> <Li> Hull ( watercraft ) </Li> <Li> Naval architecture </Li> <Li> Waterline </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Shipbuilding Terms S-Z '' . US Navy Naval History and Heritage Command . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derrett , Captain DR ( 2006 ) . `` 12 '' . Ship Stability for Masters and Mates . Sixth : Elsevier . pp. 143 -- 144 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Hayler , William B. ; Keever , John M. ( 2003 ) . American Merchant Seaman 's Manual . Cornell Maritime Prress . ISBN 0 - 87033 - 549 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Turpin , Edward A. ; McEwen , William A. ( 1980 ) . Merchant Marine Officers ' Handbook ( 4th ed . ) . Centreville , MD : Cornell Maritime Press . ISBN 0 - 87033 - 056 - X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Draft marks . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Ship measurements </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Length overall </Li> <Li> Length between perpendiculars </Li> <Li> Length at the waterline </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Breadth </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Depth </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Draft </Li> <Li> Moulded depth </Li> <Li> Freeboard </Li> <Li> Waterline ( Plimsoll Line ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volume </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Worldwide </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tonnage </Li> <Li> Gross tonnage </Li> <Li> Compensated gross tonnage </Li> <Li> Net tonnage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specialized </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Panama Canal / Universal Measurement System </Li> <Li> Thames measurement tonnage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Archaic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gross register tonnage </Li> <Li> Net register tonnage </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capacity </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deadweight tonnage </Li> <Li> Twenty - foot equivalent unit ( Intermodal containers ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Archaic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Builder 's Old Measurement ( sailing vessels ) </Li> <Li> Moorsom System ( steamships ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Displacement </Li> <Li> Loaded displacement </Li> <Li> Standard displacement </Li> <Li> Light displacement </Li> <Li> Normal displacement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stability </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inclining test </Li> <Li> List </Li> <Li> Angle of loll </Li> <Li> Metacentric height ( GM ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Limits </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aframax </Li> <Li> Baltimax </Li> <Li> Capesize </Li> <Li> Chinamax </Li> <Li> Handymax / Supramax </Li> <Li> Handysize </Li> <Li> Malaccamax </Li> <Li> Panamax and Neopanamax </Li> <Li> Péniche </Li> <Li> Q - Max ( Qatar - max ) </Li> <Li> Seawaymax </Li> <Li> Suezmax </Li> <Li> VLCC and ULCC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Draft_(hull)&oldid=820245546 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Nautical terminology </Li> <Li> Navigation </Li> <Li> Ship measurements </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2010 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> Navigation </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Plattdüütsch </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 13 January 2018 , at 21 : 43 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Jeopardy ! contestants - wikipedia <H1> List of Jeopardy ! contestants </H1> <P> Jeopardy ! is an American television game show . Its format is a quiz competition in which contestants are presented with general knowledge clues in the form of answers , and must phrase their responses in question form . Many contestants throughout the show 's history have received significant media attention because of their success on Jeopardy ! , particularly Brad Rutter , who has won the most money on the show , and Ken Jennings , who has the show 's longest winning streak ; Rutter and Jennings also hold the first - and second - place records respectively for most money ever won on American game shows . Other contestants went on to great accomplishments , including future U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Fleming era ( 1964 -- 79 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Burns Cameron </Li> <Li> 1.2 John McCain </Li> <Li> 1.3 Red Gibson </Li> <Li> 1.4 Jay Wolpert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Trebek era ( 1984 -- present ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Jerry Frankel </Li> <Li> 2.2 Chuck Forrest </Li> <Li> 2.3 Bob Verini </Li> <Li> 2.4 Richard Cordray </Li> <Li> 2.5 Mark Lowenthal </Li> <Li> 2.6 Tom Cubbage </Li> <Li> 2.7 Eric Newhouse </Li> <Li> 2.8 Bob Blake </Li> <Li> 2.9 Frank Spangenberg </Li> <Li> 2.10 Jerome Vered </Li> <Li> 2.11 Ryan Holznagel </Li> <Li> 2.12 Michael George Dupée </Li> <Li> 2.13 Bob Harris </Li> <Li> 2.14 Arthur Phillips </Li> <Li> 2.15 Eddie Timanus </Li> <Li> 2.16 Pam Mueller </Li> <Li> 2.17 Brad Rutter </Li> <Li> 2.18 Ken Jennings </Li> <Li> 2.19 David Madden </Li> <Li> 2.20 Larissa Kelly </Li> <Li> 2.21 Roger Craig </Li> <Li> 2.22 Watson </Li> <Li> 2.23 Colby Burnett </Li> <Li> 2.24 Arthur Chu </Li> <Li> 2.25 Julia Collins </Li> <Li> 2.26 Matt Jackson </Li> <Li> 2.27 Alex Jacob </Li> <Li> 2.28 Buzzy Cohen </Li> <Li> 2.29 Seth Wilson </Li> <Li> 2.30 Cindy Stowell </Li> <Li> 2.31 Austin Rogers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Fleming era ( 1964 -- 79 ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Burns Cameron ( edit ) </H3> <P> Burns Cameron ( born December 11 , 1938 ) won a total of $11,110 in his appearances on Jeopardy ! , including a then - record five - game total of $7,070 in December 1965 . Cameron was also the winner of the third annual Tournament of Champions in 1966 , in which he won $4,040 . A still picture of Cameron receiving a `` dummy '' check still exists , as well as a still of him being greeted by Mel Brooks as the 2000 - year - old man on the Fleming era 2000th show . Cameron is cited as one of the best players of the Art Fleming era of the show . In 1990 , when Jeopardy ! creator Merv Griffin produced Super Jeopardy ! , a separate weekly prime time network version based on the Trebek version of Jeopardy ! to air Saturday nights in the summer on ABC , he invited Cameron to compete as the only player to represent the Fleming era . Cameron competed in the fifth quarterfinal game , where he finished in second ( by one point ) and won $5,000 . </P> <H3> John McCain ( edit ) </H3> <P> U.S. senator and presidential candidate John McCain was a one - day champion in 1965 before he became a senator . </P> <H3> Red Gibson ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hutton `` Red '' Gibson won the 1968 Tournament of Champions . Gibson later became a prominent sedevacantist and conspiracy theorist ; his son , Mel Gibson , later became an actor . </P> <H3> Jay Wolpert ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jay Wolpert won the 1969 Tournament of Champions . He later became known as a producer of game shows . </P> <H2> Trebek era ( 1984 -- present ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Jerry Frankel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jerry Frankel , ( February 10 , 1953 -- July 13 , 1987 ) a musician and composer from Buffalo , New York , was a five - time undefeated champion during Jeopardy 's first season , winning $32,650 on the program . He became that version 's first ever Tournament of Champions winner , earning the $100,000 grand prize by defeating Bruce Fauman and Steve Rogitz in the two game final . Frankel died of AIDS less than 2 years after his victory . </P> <H3> Chuck Forrest ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chuck Forrest ( born June 3 , 1961 ) held the record for the largest non-tournament cash winnings total from 1985 to 1989 , and the largest all - time winnings from 1986 to 1990 . The producers of the show regarded him as one of the best and most memorable contestants of the 1980s . Forrest is widely regarded by other elite Jeopardy ! players to be one of the most formidable contestants to ever play . Forrest won five consecutive games from September 30 to October 4 , 1985 , winning a then - record $72,800 and qualifying for the 1986 Tournament of Champions , which he won , earning another $100,000 . Forrest later played on the Super Jeopardy ! tournament , the Million Dollar Masters tournament , the Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the Battle of the Decades tournament . Forrest implemented a strategy known as the `` Forrest Bounce '' to confuse opponents : the strategy involved picking each clue from a different category instead of taking the clues in order . With Mark Lowenthal , Forrest co-wrote the 1992 book Secrets of the Jeopardy ! Champions . </P> <H3> Bob Verini ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bob Verini was a five - time champion in 1987 and won the 1987 Tournament of Champions , using the money to finance several theatrical productions . He was then the runner - up in Super Jeopardy ! and finished third in the Million Dollar Masters . He also appeared in both the Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the Battle of the Decades , both times losing his first game . Prior to Ken Jennings , Verini held the record for most matches appeared in . Verini 's career earnings on Jeopardy ! and Super Jeopardy ! are $276,802 . </P> <H3> Richard Cordray ( edit ) </H3> <P> Richard Cordray ( born May 3 , 1959 ) was a five - time Jeopardy ! champion in 1987 , while still serving as a law clerk , and also appeared in the 1987 Tournament of Champions . Cordray parleyed his success on Jeopardy ! into political office , serving as an Ohio State Legislator , Attorney General of Ohio , and later as the first director of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau . He was a participant in the Battle of the Decades Tournament , but was defeated in the first match and declined the prize money due to his office . </P> <H3> Mark Lowenthal ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mark M. Lowenthal won the 1988 Tournament of Champions . He also appeared on Super Jeopardy ! , the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , and the Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades , beating Spangenberg in his initial game . Lowenthal is the co-author ( along with Season 2 record - setting five - time champion and Tournament of Champions winner Chuck Forrest ) of the 1992 book Secrets of the Jeopardy ! Champions , and has also written a college textbook on intelligence and national security . </P> <H3> Tom Cubbage ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tom Cubbage is the only contestant in Jeopardy ! history to win both the show 's College Championship and the Tournament of Champions . Cubbage became the first ever winner of the College Championship when the format made its debut in May 1989 , winning $26,600 . In November of that same year , he was the $100,000 grand prize winner of the 1989 Tournament of Champions . He also appeared on Super Jeopardy ! in 1990 , and earned $5,000 for appearing as a quarterfinalist. 15 years later , in 2005 , Cubbage competed in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . In the first round , he lost his game , finishing in second place behind Bob Harris . In 2014 , Cubbage returned to Jeopardy ! to compete in the show 's Battle of the Decades . In his first game of the tournament , he scored a victory over fellow Jeopardy ! alumni Bob Verini and Jerome Vered . Cubbage lost his second game to Ken Jennings , but he finished the game with $19,500 , allowing him to secure a wild - card spot in the next round . In the semifinals , Cubbage lost again , finishing in third place behind Leszek Pawlowicz and eventual tournament winner Brad Rutter . </P> <H3> Eric Newhouse ( edit ) </H3> <P> Eric Newhouse first appeared on Jeopardy ! when he won the 1989 Teen Tournament . He was both a semifinalist in the 1989 Tournament of Champions and Super Jeopardy ! After winning the 1998 Teen Reunion Tournament , Newhouse was invited to the Million Dollar Masters , where he placed second to Brad Rutter . Newhouse was one of nine players who advanced directly to the second round of the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , but lost his initial game . </P> <H3> Bob Blake ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bob Blake , an actuary from Vancouver , British Columbia , appeared on Jeopardy in September 1989 , won five games ( which until 2003 , contestants were retired after five appearances ) , and broke Chuck Forrest 's then five - day record with $82,501 . Because Bob 's winnings were higher than the then - limit of $75,000 , $7,501 of his winnings were donated to his selected charity , Oxfam . He also competed in Super Jeopardy ! in which he was a Semi-Finalist . He was also the winner of the 1990 Tournament of Champions winning him in the process $100,000 . He also competed in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions in 2005 . He was initially invited to compete in the Battle of the Decades tournament but declined because of conflicts with international travel . </P> <H3> Frank Spangenberg ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lieutenant Frank Spangenberg ( born July 26 , 1957 ) garnered fame in 1990 when he set the five - day cumulative winnings record , becoming the first person to win more than $100,000 in five days on the show . He has been called one of the `` veritable legends '' of the show . He was also the first to exceed $30,000 ( winning $30,600 ) in a single day . </P> <P> Spangenberg , at the time a member of the New York City Transit Police Department ( now the Transit Bureau of the New York City Police Department ) , won $102,597 in five days . Prior to 2003 , winners were retired after five consecutive victories and due to a winnings cap in place on Jeopardy ! at the time , Spangenberg was only able to keep $75,000 of his total winnings ; he donated the remaining $27,597 to the Gift of Love Hospice , a facility operated by the Missionaries of Charity . The $102,597 record stands as the all - time net five - day record because of 2001 rule changes regarding clue values , and the 2003 abolition of the five - day limit restricts the record to a contestant 's first five days . </P> <P> Spangenberg also won Jeopardy ! 's 10th Anniversary Tournament in 1993 , winning $41,800 , and previously appeared in the 1990 Tournament of Champions , Super Jeopardy ! earlier that year , and later competed in the 2002 Million Dollar Masters tournament , the 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions and the 2014 Battle of the Decades tournament . </P> <H3> Jerome Vered ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jerome Vered ( born March 13 , 1958 ) appeared on Jeopardy ! in 1992 and won $96,801 as a five - day champion and retired undefeated . His total winnings at the time were second to Frank Spangenberg 's $102,597 . During that run , he shattered the one - day record for dollar winnings , earning $34,000 in one episode . After his five - day run , Vered returned for the 1992 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions , finishing in third place In the 2005 Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions , Vered won five games to advance to a three - game final match against fellow Jeopardy ! legends Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter . Vered finished in third place , earning $250,000 . Behind Rutter and Jennings , respectively , he is the third highest - earning contestant in Jeopardy ! history , having won a total of $496,602 . He competed in the 2014 Battle of the Decades but lost to Tom Cubbage . </P> <H3> Ryan Holznagel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ryan `` Fritz '' Holznagel is the editor - in - chief of Who2 Biographies and the winner of Jeopardy 's Tournament of Champions in 1995 . Holznagel also represented the U.S. at the show 's first ever Olympic tournament in 1996 . He later participated in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions in 2005 , and again in the Battle of the Decades in 2014 . </P> <H3> Michael George Dupée ( edit ) </H3> <P> Michael George Dupee ( born October 23 , 1966 ) originally appeared on Jeopardy ! in 1996 , and won the Tournament of Champions that same year . In 2005 , Dupée participated in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions . He won his first match , but was defeated by Robert Slaven in his second game of the tournament . Nine years later , in 2014 , Dupée competed in the Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades tournament , where he was defeated in the first round by Brad Rutter . Dupée 's total winnings on Jeopardy ! is $203,901 , including $66,401 won during his original five - day run ; $100,000 for winning the Tournament of Champions in 1996 ; $32,500 from the Ultimate Tournament of Champions ; and $5,000 from the show 's Battle of the Decades . Ken Jennings praised Dupée 's book , How to Get on Jeopardy ! and Win ! , claiming it was the best preparation for competing on Jeopardy ! In this book , which he wrote following his success on Jeopardy ! , Dupée wrote about his experience on the show and also provided practice questions for aspiring contestants . </P> <H3> Bob Harris ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bob Harris ( born October 15 , 1963 ) is a multi-time contestant on Jeopardy ! Harris first appeared as a contestant in 1997 and won $58,000 as a five - time champion on the show . The following year , Harris finished in third place in the Tournament of Champions behind Kim Worth and Dan Melia . In the first round of the Jeopardy ! Million Dollar Masters tournament in 2002 , Harris scored an upset victory over Rachael Schwartz and Frank Spangenberg . He would lose in the semifinals , however , to Eric Newhouse . In 2005 , Harris competed again on the show , this time in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . He won $24,400 and defeated fellow Jeopardy ! alumni Frank Epstein and Tom Cubbage in Round 1 of the tournament , but lost in Round 2 to fellow contestants Bruce Borchardt and Michael Daunt . In 2014 , Harris competed in the Battle of the Decades . In his match , he finished in third place behind Shane Whitlock and Robin Carroll . Harris has written a book about his experiences on Jeopardy ! called Prisoner of Trebekistan . Besides appearing on Jeopardy ! , Harris has competed on other game shows . In 2000 , he participated in a million - dollar winning team on Greed , winning $200,000 for himself . He was also a successful $250,000 phone - a-friend answer for a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire . </P> <H3> Arthur Phillips ( edit ) </H3> <P> American novelist Arthur Phillips ( born April 23 , 1969 ) appeared on Jeopardy ! in 1997 . According to his biography , Phillips was a 5 - time undefeated champion , winning $63,003 in the process . The following year , Phillips competed in the 1998 Tournament of Champions , but lost his quarterfinal match to Teen Tournament winner Sahir Islam . Seven years later , in 2005 , Phillips competed in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . He won his first match , winning $8,800 . However , he lost his second round match , finishing behind Eric Terzuolo and former College Championship winner Pam Mueller , and was subsequently eliminated . </P> <H3> Eddie Timanus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Eddie Timanus ( born August 9 , 1968 ) was the first blind contestant to compete on the show , appearing in October 1999 . He won five consecutive games -- the limit at that time -- and earned $69,700 and two cars . He subsequently appeared in the Million Dollar Masters , the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , and the Battle of the Decades . </P> <H3> Pam Mueller ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pam Mueller is a former winner of the College Championship . Mueller also participated in the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , advancing all the way to the Sweet Six round before losing her match , finishing behind Frank Spangenberg and Jerome Vered . In 2014 , Mueller competed in the show 's Battle of the Decades . The story about her first match in this tournament , which saw her compete against fellow Jeopardy ! champions Dan Melia and Ryan ( Fritz ) Holznagel , was featured on Who2 Biographies . </P> <H3> Brad Rutter ( edit ) </H3> <P> Brad Rutter ( born January 31 , 1978 ) is the biggest all - time money winner on Jeopardy ! and briefly held the record for biggest cumulative game show winnings for any U.S. game show contestant . Rutter retained the record for Jeopardy ! winnings with either $4,255,102 or $4,270,102 , and a pair of Chevrolet Camaros . Rutter became a five - day undefeated champion on Jeopardy ! in 2000 , with a total of $55,102 . He subsequently won an unprecedented four Jeopardy ! tournament titles : the 2001 Tournament of Champions , the 2002 Million Dollar Masters Tournament , the 2005 Ultimate Tournament of Champions , and the 2014 Battle of the Decades . In twenty games against humans only , Rutter has never lost an official Jeopardy ! match , though he was defeated in an exhibition match by the Watson supercomputer and Ken Jennings ( who outpointed Rutter in the two - game match ) . </P> <H3> Ken Jennings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ken Jennings ( born May 23 , 1974 ) first appeared on Jeopardy ! on June 2 , 2004 , a time shortly after producers of the game show relaxed the limit on the number of times a contestant could appear on the show . Because the five - game limit was removed , Jennings continued to win and eventually broke the winnings record set by Tom Walsh , who had won $186,900 in eight games earlier in 2004 . </P> <P> Jennings continued to win and eventually set a record of 74 wins before he was defeated by Nancy Zerg in his seventy - fifth appearance . Jennings 's total winnings from the program amount to $3,022,700 , which includes $2,522,700 won in his initial appearances and an additional $500,000 for his second - place finish in the Jeopardy ! Ultimate Tournament of Champions . In addition , at the end of Season 20 , he set a then - new one - day record of $75,000 ( which would later be broken by Roger Craig , see below ) . </P> <P> During his first run of Jeopardy ! appearances , Jennings earned the record for the highest American game show winnings . His total was later surpassed by Brad Rutter , who defeated Jennings in the finals of the Ultimate Tournament of Champions , adding $2,000,000 to his earlier Jeopardy ! winnings . Jennings regained the record after appearing on several other game shows , including appearances on 1 vs. 100 and Grand Slam , culminating in an appearance on Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader ? in which he won $500,000 . However , Rutter retains the Jeopardy ! record by defeating Jennings in the finals of the Battle of the Decades tournament . </P> <P> After his success on Jeopardy ! , Jennings wrote of his experience and explored American trivia history and culture in Brainiac : Adventures in the Curious , Competitive , Compulsive World of Trivia Buffs , published in 2006 . </P> <P> Jennings returned to Jeopardy ! finishing runner - up to the Watson Supercomputer ( splitting $300,000 with a charity ) and again for the Battle of the Decades where he finished runner - up to Brad Rutter ( winning $100,000 ) . Jennings ' total winnings amount to $3,422,700 . </P> <H3> David Madden ( edit ) </H3> <P> David Madden ( born June 13 , 1981 ) won the third - highest number of games on Jeopardy ! in non-tournament gameplay . Between July 5 and September 19 , 2005 , Madden won 19 games , a total exceeded only by Ken Jennings and Julia Collins in regular play . His total winnings of $442,400 ( adding $10,000 for the 2006 Tournament of Champions ) is the sixth all - time highest , behind Brad Rutter , Ken Jennings , Jerome Vered , Julia Collins , and Roger Craig . In terms of regular game winnings , Madden ranks third behind Jennings and Julia Collins ; but his dollar winnings in regular games are still the second - highest , after Jennings and slightly ahead of Collins . Madden was invited to take part in 2014 's Battle of the Decades Jeopardy ! event , but declined to participate due to contractual issues . </P> <H3> Larissa Kelly ( edit ) </H3> <P> Larissa Kelly ( born February 10 , 1980 ) won a total of $222,597 over six games and $1,000 third place consolation prize in her seventh game , with her last appearance airing May 28 , 2008 . At the time of her run on the program , Kelly was the highest - winning female contestant and ranked fifth in all - time in Jeopardy ! earnings ( excluding tournament winnings ) . </P> <P> In addition to being the highest - winning female contestant in regular play , Kelly broke Ken Jennings ' record for most money won in a contestant 's first five days by winning $179,797 . This record was one of two Roger Craig broke during his reign as champion , as he won $195,801 in his first five games . Craig also topped Jennings ' single - game record of $75,000 . Kelly is also the second - highest - winning female contestant in any single game in Jeopardy ! 's history . Kelly 's $45,200 performance narrowly trails Maria Wenglinsky , who won $46,600 on November 1 , 2005 . </P> <H3> Roger Craig ( edit ) </H3> <P> Roger Craig set the one - day Jeopardy ! winnings record of $77,000 during his second appearance on the show in September 2010 . Craig won the Tournament of Champions the following year , and in the process set the record for largest daily double ( unadjusted ) in Jeopardy ! history . </P> <H3> Watson ( edit ) </H3> <P> Watson is a `` deep question answering system '' built by IBM to play Jeopardy ! Watson was entered into a two - game , three - day exhibition match against Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter aired February 14 -- 16 , 2011 . Watson won the match with a total of $77,147 . </P> <H3> Colby Burnett ( edit ) </H3> <P> Colby Burnett is the first Jeopardy ! contestant to have won both the Teachers Tournament and the Tournament of Champions . Burnett , who 's a teacher at Fenwick High School in Oak Park , Illinois , won the Teachers Tournament in November 2012 . Later , in February 2013 , Burnett won the show 's Tournament of Champions , taking home the $250,000 grand prize . He later appeared on season 3 of TBS 's reality game show King of the Nerds . </P> <H3> Arthur Chu ( edit ) </H3> <P> Arthur Chu ( born January 30 , 1984 ) first appeared on Jeopardy ! on January 28 , 2014 and almost immediately became a lightning rod because of his unusual playing style . His game theory , `` Forrest Bounce , '' and furiously pressing his signaling device have made him one of the show 's most controversial contestants . As of October 21 , 2015 , Chu is currently ranked fifth on the list of all - time highest - earning Jeopardy ! non-tournament champions , with an eleven - day total of $297,200 . His winning streak came to a close when he lost in his twelfth game but won $1,000 for finishing in third place , leaving Chu with a final total of $298,200 . After his initial appearance on the show , Chu competed in the 2014 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions , where he finished second to Ben Ingram , an IT consultant from South Carolina . Chu won $100,000 for his second - place finish , bringing his overall winnings to $398,200 . </P> <H3> Julia Collins ( edit ) </H3> <P> Julia Collins ( born 1982 ) has the second greatest number of wins , with a total of 20 wins and $429,100 . She is also the female contestant with the most wins and greatest money total . In the 2014 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions she finished second in her quarterfinal game against Joshua Brakhage and 2013 College Champion Jim Coury , but reached the semifinals as a wild card . She then won her semifinal game , advancing to the finals , where she finished third , behind Ben Ingram and second - place finisher Arthur Chu . </P> <H3> Matt Jackson ( edit ) </H3> <P> Matt Jackson ( born June 24 , 1992 ) , 13 - time champion , surpassed Arthur Chu 's 11 - game winning streak with his 12th win on October 12 , 2015 . He has also beat Chu in regular season cash earnings with a total of $413,612 . He competed in the 2015 Jeopardy ! Tournament of Champions , where he finished second to Alex Jacob . </P> <H3> Alex Jacob ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alex Jacob ( born October 27 , 1984 ) , is a former professional poker player who lives in Chicago , Illinois , and worked as a currency trader for the Gelber Group . In 2015 , Jacob won six games , and later won the 2015 Tournament of Champions . In a Final Jeopardy round where Jacob did not need any additional money to win the game , he humorously wrote `` What is Aleve ? '' mimicking the slogan of one of the show 's regular advertisers . </P> <H3> Buzzy Cohen ( edit ) </H3> <P> Austin `` Buzzy '' Cohen ( born 1984 or 1985 ) is a recording music industry executive from Los Angeles , California who won $164,603 over nine games in April and May 2016 . Many of his victories were lopsided contests that were decided before the Final Jeopardy ! round , which allowed Cohen to wager nothing and use his final response to make sarcastic remarks toward Alex Trebek , a humorous style that earned him both praise and disdain from Jeopardy ! fans . He later returned for the 2017 Tournament of Champions , which he won , collecting the grand prize of $250,000 . </P> <H3> Seth Wilson ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seth Wilson is a Ph. D. candidate and adjunct professor formerly from Chicago now from Nacogdoches , Texas who won $265,002 over twelve games in September and October 2016 , making him the contestant with the fifth - highest number of consecutive wins in the show 's history beating Arthur Chu 's number of winning games . He later returned for the 2017 Tournament of Champions , but failed to win his first match , taking home a consolation prize of $5,000 . </P> <H3> Cindy Stowell ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cindy Stowell ( c. 1975 -- December 5 , 2016 ) was a science content developer from Austin , Texas who was diagnosed with untreatable terminal colon cancer after qualifying for the show but before she interviewed for a contestant 's seat . Stowell was a lifelong fan of the show and requested that producers rush her into taping as soon as possible because of her condition , a stipulation the producers honored . She was under pain management and experienced fever and stomachache throughout her run , during which she managed to win six games and $105,803 in winnings , which were donated to cancer charities . Her fellow contestants were unaware of her terminal illness . Stowell died eight days before her first episode aired ; she did get to watch the first three of her episodes when producers provided her with an advance DVD . Stowell was posthumously recognized in the 2017 Tournament of Champions , where an additional $10,000 donation to the cancer charities was announced . The contestants all wore ribbons to honor her . At the end of the Jeopardy ! credits on December 21 , 2016 , Alex Trebek gave a tribute to Cindy Stowell & said , `` For the past six Jeopardy ! programs , you folks have been getting to know the talented champion CIndy Stowell . Appearing on our show was the fulfillment of a lifelong ambition . What you did not know is that when we taped these programs she was suffering from Stage IV cancer . And sadly , on December 5th , Cindy Stowell passed away . So from all of us here at Jeopardy ! , our sincere condolences to her family & her friends . '' Then was followed by `` IN MEMORIAM Cindy Stowell 2016 . '' </P> <H3> Austin Rogers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Austin Rogers is a bartender from New York City who earned $413,000 over the course of 13 shows , winning 12 . Described by one account as `` Krameresque '' and by Trebek himself as `` outside the box , completely different from what many viewers expect a ' Jeopardy ! ' contestant to be , '' Rogers is known for his flair and quirky poses , pantomiming humorous actions ( such as taking a phone call or pouring himself a drink ) while he is being introduced . Although he does not own a television set , he prepared for qualification by watching a lot of Jeopardy ! episodes and knowing its tricks . He is the only contestant with two of the top ten one - day totals , $69,000 on October 3 , 2017 ( third place ) and $65,600 on October 2 , 2017 ( seventh place ) . In the 2017 Tournament of Champions , Rogers finished third behind Buzzy Cohen and second - place finisher Alan Lin . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alex Trebek and Peter Barsocchini , The Jeopardy ! Book ( HarperPerennial , 1990 ) , p. 129 : `` When you survey Jeopardy ! contestants , fans , producers , and staff on the subject of the best players ever seen on the show , two names continually emerge : Burns Cameron from the original show and Chuck Forrest from the new show . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eisenberg , Harry ( 1993 ) . Inside `` Jeopardy ! '' : What Really Goes on at TV 's Top Quiz Show ( first ed . ) . Salt Lake City , Utah : Northwest Publishing Inc . pp. 270 -- 271 . ISBN 1 - 56901 - 177 - X . And so nine additional invitations went out including one to Burns Cameron , the biggest - ever money winner on the old ' JEOPARDY ! ' whom Merv thought it would be a good idea to have as well . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fouhy , Beth ( June 30 , 2008 ) . `` McCain recalls loss on Jeopardy ! '' . USA Today . Retrieved June 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Many episodes of the Art Fleming -- era of Jeopardy ! do not survive . The shows featuring Hutton `` Red '' Gibson and Jay Wolpert are among these lost episodes . However , records indicating Gibson 's and Wolpert 's appearances may be found in the NBC Master Books daily broadcast log , available on microfilm at the Library of Congress Motion Picture and Television Reading Room . A summary of those records may be found here Archived January 19 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine ... Still photographs of Wolpert receiving the championship trophy also still exist . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Show # 315 , aired 1985 - 11 - 22 '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Biederman , Patricia Ward ( January 29 , 1989 ) . `` Backstage At Jeopardy ! ; Tune in for the nervous hopefuls , the hard - working researchers , the well - dressed host and the amazing winners on the smart set 's favorite game show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trebek & Barsocchini , p. 68 : `` The contestant everyone still remembers from the new version of the game is Chuck Forrest , the 1985 Tournament of Champions winner . He was so good that he basically intimidated the other contestants in the tournament ; you could hear them backstage talking about who might take second place , because they just about assumed Chuck would win it all . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dupée , Michael ( 1998 ) . How to Get on Jeopardy and Win ! . Citadel Press . p. 36 . ISBN 0806519916 . Mr. Forrest was so brilliant that he did not need to use much strategy to crush his opponents . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Forrest 's Tournament of Champions Final '' . J ! Archive . Retrieved August 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Forrest , Chuck and Lowenthal , Mark ( 1992 ) . Secrets of the Jeopardy Champions . Grand Central Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 446 - 39352 - 2 , ISBN 0 - 446 - 39352 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Soviet and East European Performance '' . 10 -- 11 . 1991 : 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley Kaplan ( 2001 ) . Stanley H. Kaplan , Test Pilot : How I Broke Testing Barriers for Millions of Students and Caused a Sonic Boom in the Business of Education . Simon & Schuster . p. 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Theater Week '' . 3 . 1990 : 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ray Richmond ( 2004 ) . This is Jeopardy ! : celebrating America 's favorite quiz show . pp. 60 , 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dr. Mark M. Lowenthal Archived January 7 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , The Masy Group website , accessed August 20 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Tom Cubbage '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4712 , aired February 15 , 2005 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6770 , aired February 7 , 2014 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6834 , aired May 8 , 2014 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6837 , aired May 13 , 2014 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jim Jenkins ( 2002 - 05 - 04 ) . `` Sioux Cityan cashes in on Jeopardy '' . Sioux City Journal . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Bob Blake '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Bob Blake '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive - Bob Blake '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Final ' Jeopardy ! ' For Ace City Cop '' . New York Daily News . May 19 , 2005 . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Spangenberg , 47 , came up short in the TV quiz show 's `` Ultimate Tournament of Champions '' semifinal round , losing to Los Angeles screenwriter Jerome Vered ... In 1990 , Spangenberg won more than $100,000 on `` Jeopardy ! '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynn Elber . Associated Press . `` Book details joy of ' Jeopardy ! ' '' . Milwaukee Journal Sentinel . October 11 , 2006 . 8B . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ JEOPARDY.com Champion updates Archived September 3 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Go to Frank Spangenberg 's `` Extended champ 's story '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` After the Headlines ; Fame , Fleeting Fame , Found These New Yorkers . Then What Happened ? '' . The New York Times . December 27 , 1998 . Retrieved October 19 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Wharton . `` And the Question Is ... Will a Studio City Writer Top the ' Jeopardy ! ' Winnings Total Tonight ? '' . Los Angeles Times . May 22 , 1992 . p. 19A </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Veronique de Turenne . `` Jeopardy winners say it 's nice work if you can get it '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . November 27 , 1992 . p. 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence Van Gelder ( May 27 , 2005 ) . `` Arts , Briefly : ' Jeopardy ! ' Titans Battle '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 4 , 2010 . Mr. Jennings 's second - place finish paid him $500,000 , and the third place finisher , Jerome Vered , received $250,000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Who2 Biographies '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Fritz Holznagel '' . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Michael Dupée '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4717 , aired February 22 , 2005 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4760 , aired April 22 , 2005 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6790 , aired March 7 , 2014 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Hall of Fame : $50,000 Plus Winners '' . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2014 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Interview of Ken Jennings in Business Insider '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dupée , Michael ( 1998 ) . How to Get on Jeopardy and Win ! . Citadel Press . ISBN 0806519916 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris , Bob ( September 5 , 2009 ) . `` Six Degrees of Trivia and Knowledge '' . New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J ! Archive : Bob Harris '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4078 , aired May 1 , 2002 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4083 , aired May 8 , 2002 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Round 2 : Borchardt / Harris / Daunt , April 18 , 2005 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 6788 , aired March 5 , 2014 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prisoner of Trebekistan by Bob Harris '' . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trivia Hall of Fame Interview : Bob Harris '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob Harris gives the fastest Millionaire Phone - A-Friend answer ever '' . YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arthur Phillips : Biography '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Arthur Phillips '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 3099 , aired February 5 , 1998 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Archive : Show # 4710 , aired February 11 , 2005 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Round 2 : Terzuolo / Mueller / Phillips , May 2 , 2005 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jackman , Tom ( October 24 , 1999 ) . `` 1st Blind Player Wins Big on ' Jeopardy ! ' '' . The Washington Post . p. C. 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Answer : Loyola student Pam Mueller , Page 1 '' . Chicago Tribune . November 12 , 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Answer : Loyola student Pam Mueller , Page 2 '' . Chicago Tribune . November 12 , 2001 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pam Mueller '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jeopardy ! Battle of the Decades , 1990s contestants : Pam Mueller '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inside the Brain of a Jeopardy ! Contestant '' . Who2 Biographies . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cindy Stauffer . `` Manheim Twp . man back in ' Jeopardy ! ' in Million Dollar Masters Tournament '' . Lancaster New Era . May 1 , 2002 . B4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Toland . `` A : He beat the best . Q : Who is Brad Rutter ? '' Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . May 27 , 2005 . A1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J ! Archive Ken Jennings player page </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grad student makes ' Jeopardy ! ' history '' . United Press International . May 29 , 2008 . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 04 . In addition to being the `` winningest '' female champion in the quiz show 's 24 seasons , she also has become the third biggest money winner behind all - time `` Jeopardy ! '' champ Ken Jennings , who went home with $2.5 million , and David Madden , who won $430,400 , representatives for the series said . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Her winning way , The Boston Globe ( subscription required ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cal student makes history on ' Jeopardy ' -- East Bay Times '' . Retrieved December 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Record Set on Jeopardy ! '' . New York Times . September 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roger Craig 's Unbelievable Double Daily Doubles On `` Jeopardy ! '' `` . Huffington Post . November 16 , 2011 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Colby Burnett '' . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oak Park teacher Colby Burnett wins Jeopardy ! Teachers Tournament '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fenwick teacher wins `` Jeopardy ! '' tournament , pockets $250,000 `` . Chicago Sun - Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` King of the Nerds , Season 3 : Meet Colby '' . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Ten List of Jeopardy ! Winners ( and Money Won ) All - Time '' . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hatmaker , Julia ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' : Julia Collins remains undefeated ; midstater claims second place '' . pennlive.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Matt Jackson tied Arthur Chu 's 11 - game streak with his win today . Can he go for # 12 Monday ? '' . Jeopardy !. 9 October 2015 . Retrieved 9 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gelber trader wins 6 Jeopardy ! episodes '' . Retrieved December 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anstey , Evan . `` Confident 9 - day Jeopardy ! champion causes divide among viewers '' . WIVB . Retrieved 27 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ We need to talk about Buzzy Cohen , divisive reigning Jeopardy ! champ . TheWrap.com . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ People are losing their minds over this `` Jeopardy ! '' champion . BuzzFeed . Retrieved May 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Swartz , Tracy ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Did Former North Sider Seth Wilson Win His 13th Episode of ' Jeopardy ? ' '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved October 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen , Keith ( December 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' contestant who died before show aired keeps win streak going '' . CNN . Retrieved December 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Victor , Daniel . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' Run Ends for Cindy Stowell , Cancer - Stricken Champion '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 22 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lovable genius Austin Rogers ' reign on ' Jeopardy ! ' comes to an end '' . Cleveland Plain Dealer . October 12 , 2017 . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neuman , Scott ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jeopardy ! ' Champion Goes Viral With Quirky Style , Big Bets '' . NPR . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elkins , Kathleen ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` Bartender wins ' Jeopardy ' 8 times -- here 's what he 's doing with his $300,000 winnings '' . CNBC . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The biggest one - day totals in Jeopardy ! history '' . The Final Wager . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Jeopardy ! </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tournament of Champions </Li> <Li> Teen Tournament </Li> <Li> College Championship </Li> <Li> Ultimate Tournament of Champions </Li> <Li> Teachers Tournament </Li> <Li> Battle of the Decades </Li> <Li> Other tournaments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable references in culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Lost on Jeopardy '' </Li> <Li> `` What Is ... Cliff Clavin ? '' </Li> <Li> White Men Ca n't Jump </Li> <Li> Celebrity Jeopardy ! ( Saturday Night Live ) </Li> <Li> `` Miracle on Evergreen Terrace '' </Li> <Li> `` Little Expressionless Animals '' </Li> <Li> `` I Take Thee Quagmire '' </Li> <Li> Ellen 's Energy Adventure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jep ! </Li> <Li> Rock & Roll Jeopardy ! </Li> <Li> Sports Jeopardy ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alex Trebek </Li> <Li> Audition process </Li> <Li> Broadcast information </Li> <Li> List of notable contestants </Li> <Li> Merchandising </Li> <Li> Watson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : Jeopardy ! </Li> <Li> Category : Jeopardy ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Jeopardy!_contestants&oldid=851216595 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Jeopardy ! contestants </Li> <Li> American television - related lists </Li> <Li> Lists of people by activity </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> All pages needing factual verification </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from December 2010 </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2012 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 July 2018 , at 21 : 03 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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NBA playoffs - wikipedia <H1> NBA playoffs </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> NBA playoffs <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Upcoming season or competition : 2018 NBA Playoffs </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sport </Th> <Td> Basketball </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1946 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of teams </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most recent champion ( s ) </Th> <Td> Golden State Warriors ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most titles </Th> <Td> Boston Celtics ( 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV partner ( s ) </Th> <Td> ESPN / ABC TNT NBA TV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official website </Th> <Td> National Basketball Association </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The NBA playoffs are a best - of - seven elimination tournament annually held after the National Basketball Association 's regular season to determine the league 's champion . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Format </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 2006 NBA playoffs controversy </Li> <Li> 2.2 Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Team roster </Li> <Li> 4 Records and statistics </Li> <Li> 5 Playoff appearances <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Appearances by active teams </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Format ( edit ) </H2> The previous NBA playoffs logo , which was used until 2017 . <P> In September 2015 , the NBA announced changes to the formula used to determine the format of the 2016 NBA Playoffs . The top eight teams in each conference ( East and West ) , ranked in order by win - loss records , qualify for the playoffs . The tie - break criteria for playoff seeding and home - court advantage have also changed ; head - to - head results between the tied teams is the first tie - breaker , and whether a team won its division championship is the second tie - breaker . </P> <P> These seedings are used to create a bracket that determines the match - ups throughout the series . Once the playoffs start , the bracket is fixed ; teams are never `` reseeded '' , unlike in the National Football League ( NFL ) and Major League Soccer ( MLS ) where the strongest remaining teams face the weakest teams in subsequent rounds . The first round of the NBA playoffs , or conference quarterfinals , consists of four match - ups in each conference based on the seedings ( 1 -- 8 , 2 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , and 4 -- 5 ) . The four winners advance to the second round , or conference semifinals , with a match - up between the 1 -- 8 and 4 -- 5 winners and a match - up between the 2 -- 7 and 3 -- 6 winners . The two winners advance to the third round , or conference finals . The winner from each conference will advance to the final round , or the NBA Finals . </P> <P> All rounds are best - of - seven series . Series are played in a 2 -- 2 -- 1 -- 1 -- 1 format , meaning the team with home - court advantage hosts games 1 , 2 , 5 , and 7 , while their opponent hosts games 3 , 4 , and 6 , with games 5 -- 7 being played if needed . This format has been used since 2014 , after NBA team owners unanimously voted to change from a 2 -- 3 -- 2 format on October 23 , 2013 . </P> <P> The most common criticism of the current structure is related to parity of conferences . On numerous occasions , Eastern Conference teams with losing records qualified for the playoffs , while Western Conference teams with winning records ended up missing them , including the 2011 , 2013 and the 2015 NBA Playoffs . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The National Basketball Association was established in 1949 by merger of the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) and National Basketball League but it recognizes the three BAA seasons as part of its own history . In all of its three years the BAA champion was finally determined in a best - of - seven series but its first two tournaments , the 1947 and 1948 BAA Playoffs , were otherwise quite different from the third , which 21st - century NBA playoffs nearly match . In 1947 and 1948 , the Eastern and Western Division champions were matched in a best - of - seven series following the regular season , whose winner advanced to the championship round . Meanwhile , four runners - up played best - of - three series to determine the other finalist : the two second - place teams were matched in one short series and the two third - place teams in another ; the winners of those two series played another one . In 1947 the Philadelphia Warriors won the runners - up bracket and beat the Western champion Chicago Stags four games to one , which the NBA recognizes as its first championship ; in 1948 Baltimore won the runners - up and beat Eastern champion Philadelphia in the final . Both tournaments generated one finalist from the Eastern and one from the Western Division , but only by chance . </P> <P> In 1949 the third and last BAA tournament matched Eastern teams exclusively and Western teams exclusively , necessarily generating Eastern and Western playoff champions to meet in the final . At the same time , the number of playoff teams was increased from three to four from each Division ; two rounds of best - of - three series were played , followed by a best - of - seven championship . The main idea was retained by the NBA . Even the 1950 tournament , following a transitional season with three divisions rather than two , initially determined one playoff champion from each division . The Central champion Minneapolis Lakers became the first league champion under the NBA name by defeating Anderson from the West in a best - of - three , with Syracuse from the East idle , and then knocking off the Syracuse Nationals in six games . </P> <P> The 1951 through 1953 playoffs changed the division finals into a best - of - five playoff . With only nine league members in 1953 -- 54 , the NBA cut its postseason tournament field from eight teams to six ( from 1954 through 1966 , the period of eight to nine league members ) . Round robins were played in 1954 , uniquely in NBA history -- a three - team round robin among the three playoff teams in each division . From 1955 to 1966 , the first - place team in each division was idle while its two runners - up faced played a best - of - three . Division finals were expanded to best - of - seven in 1958 and division semifinals to best - of - five in 1961 . </P> <P> With ten league members again for the 1966 -- 67 season , eight teams were again admitted to the tournament , providing a simple three - round knockout ( 8 - team bracket ) . A year later , the division semifinals were changed to best - of - seven playoff . Then , in 1975 and 1977 , respectively , a fifth and sixth team were added to each Division , necessitating an additional first round of best - of - three series . </P> <P> Finally in 1984 , the tournament expanded to its present 16 - team , four - round knockout , and the now - complete set of first - round series were expanded to a best - of - five . In 2003 the first round was changed to also be best - of - seven . ( Thus all playoff teams from 2003 to present , same as the two Division champions in 1947 and 1948 , continue to play at the close of the regular season without idle team ( `` bye '' ) and may be certain of four playoff games including two at home . ) </P> <P> Beginning with the 2004 season , with the addition of the thirtieth NBA franchise , the Charlotte Bobcats , the NBA realigned its divisions . The result was that each conference would have three divisions of five teams each , and the winner of each division was guaranteed a top - three playoff seed . This would change slightly after the 2005 -- 06 season ; while division winners still receive automatic playoff berths , they are guaranteed a top - four seed , as described below . </P> <H3> 2006 NBA playoffs controversy ( edit ) </H3> <P> The previous playoff format , in place for the 2004 -- 05 and 2005 -- 06 NBA playoffs , after the NBA was re-aligned into six divisions , created controversy during the 2005 -- 06 season and playoffs , and would be changed prior to the 2006 -- 07 NBA season . </P> <P> Prior to 2005 , NBA division champions were seeded higher than the other teams in their conference , regardless of their record . Prior to 2004 , when the NBA was aligned into two conferences with two divisions each , the division champions were guaranteed the top two seeds . This meant that top two teams in a conference ( by record ) would be seeded either first and second ( if they were in opposite divisions ) or first and third ( if they were in the same division ) . Because of the NBA playoffs ' preset matchups in the second round , this meant that the top two teams in a conference could never meet until the conference finals , assuming they both made it to that round . </P> <P> After the NBA realigned its two conferences into three divisions each , the seeding rules remained largely unchanged . The top three seeds would now be reserved for division champions . However , this meant that if the top two teams ( by record ) in a conference were in the same division , they would be seeded first and fourth . Assuming no first - round upsets , this raised the prospect that the top two teams in the conference would face each other in the conference semifinals , instead of the conference finals . </P> <P> In the second year of this format , the 2005 -- 06 NBA season , the two teams with the best records in the Western Conference , the San Antonio Spurs and Dallas Mavericks of the Southwest Division , did just that . The Mavericks had the second - best record in the Western Conference and the third - best record in the entire league , behind the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio . However , they were seeded fourth because they finished second in the Southwest behind the Spurs . This turn of events led to the playoff format being criticized by many . Besides the prospect of a team losing earlier in the playoffs than its regular - season record or seeding would suggest , critics claimed that it also created an unfair advantage for teams in the 2 - 7 / 3 - 6 half of the Western Conference playoff bracket , who could advance to the conference finals without playing either of the two best teams in the conference in an earlier round . </P> <P> The Phoenix Suns , winners of the Pacific Division and possessors of the third best record , were seeded second , while the Denver Nuggets , winners of the Northwest Division and tied for only the seventh - best record in the conference , were seeded third . </P> <P> The Memphis Grizzlies and Los Angeles Clippers met in the second - to - last game of the regular season , after the top four seeds had been clinched . The two teams were already determined to be the fifth and sixth seeds , and had only to determine which rank higher . The fifth seed would likely need to defeat the best two teams in the conference without home - court advantage to advance to the conference finals , as it would face fourth - seeded Dallas in the first round and likely face first - seeded San Antonio if it managed to defeat Dallas . The sixth seed would play third - seeded Denver in the first round , but would have home - court advantage ( since the Grizzlies had the fourth - best record in the conference and the Clippers had the fifth - best ) , and would not have to face either San Antonio or Dallas until the conference finals at the earliest . </P> <P> This led to speculation about whether the Grizzlies or the Clippers would have much commitment to winning their match - up in the second - to - last game of the season , since it was clearly most advantageous to lose the game in order to obtain the 6th seed . The Clippers eventually lost to Memphis without much evidence to support the speculation that the Clippers had lost intentionally . In the first round of the playoffs , the Clippers defeated the Nuggets in five games , while Memphis was swept by Dallas . Ultimately , Dallas and San Antonio did meet in the second round , with Dallas winning in seven games and advancing all the way to the NBA finals . </P> <H3> Timeline ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 1947 : The playoffs were instituted with a three - stage tournament , similar to the Stanley Cup playoffs of the 1930s ; the two first - place teams qualified directly to one semifinal where they played each other in a best - of - 7 series . Teams finishing second & third qualified for the best - of - 3 quarterfinals , where the two second - placed teams were paired in one quarterfinal , as were the two third - placed teams , and the two quarterfinal winners played each other in a best - of - three semifinal . The two semifinal winners played each other in the Basketball Association of America ( BAA ) best - of - 7 final series . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Quarterfinals Best - of - 3 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals Best - of - 3 ( one series ) <P> Best - of - 7 ( one series ) </P> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> BAA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There were no byes , or idle time , for the division champions -- as there would be for higher - seeded playoff teams 1955 -- 66 and 1975 -- 83 . All six 1947 participants played their first tournament games on Wednesday , April 2 ; in 1948 the two Eastern runners - up ( E2 , E3 in the figure ) were idle for a few days only because there was a three - way Western tie to break . Both winners of the runners - up bracket , Philadelphia in 1947 and Baltimore in 1948 , reached the final series having played fewer tournament games than their final opponents , Chicago in 1947 and Philadelphia in 1948 , had played in the best - of - 7 pairings of division champions . And both winners of the runners - up bracket won the final series . The `` postseason '' actually comprised 11 games played in a span of 21 days for the 1947 Chicago Stags and 13 games in 30 days for 1948 Philadelphia Warriors , the finalists who emerged from the pairing of division champions . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1949 : The playoffs were reorganized to match Eastern Division teams exclusively , and Western Division teams exclusively -- in two halves of the bracket , so to speak . Thus the BAA tournament generated a playoff champion in each Division . ( So did the NBA in each of three 1950 divisions , and so it has done in each half of the league since then . ) The top four teams from each of the two divisions qualified . The quarterfinals and semifinals were renamed division semifinals and division finals , respectively , and both rounds were best - of - 3 . Thus any playoff team might be eliminated in two games , one home game . The best - of - 7 final was unchanged . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Division semifinals Best - of - 3 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Division finals Best - of - 3 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> BAA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Eastern Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Western Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 1950 : The BAA was renamed as the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . With a three - division setup , 12 teams now qualified for the playoffs , with the top four teams from each division meeting in the best - of - 3 division semifinals . The winners met in the best - of - 3 division finals . With three teams remaining , the surviving team with the best regular season record qualified directly for the finals while the other two teams met in a best - of - 3 NBA semifinals . </Li> <Li> 1951 : With the NBA reverting to a two - division setup ; the division semifinals reverted to its original 1949 format with only eight teams qualifying . The division finals was extended to a best - of - 5 format . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Division semifinals Best - of - 3 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Division finals Best - of - 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Eastern Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Western Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 1954 : With only nine league members ( soon to be eight ) , the number of playoff teams was cut down to six . The division semifinals was changed to a double round - robin format within the division , with the top three teams from each division qualifying ( each team played four games ) . Following the round - robin games , the top two teams qualified for the best - of - three division finals , followed by the best - of - seven finals . </Li> <Li> 1955 : The number of playoff teams remained at six , but the initial round - robin was dropped after one year in favor of giving the first - place team in each division a bye to the best - of - five division finals . Teams which placed second and third played a best - of - three division semifinal . In 1955 the byes provided five and six extra days idle for the first - place teams . </Li> <Li> 1958 : The division finals was extended to a best - of - seven format . </Li> <Li> 1961 : The division semifinals were extended to a best - of - five format . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Division semifinals Best - of - 3 ( 1955 -- 1960 ) , <P> Best - of - 5 ( 1961 -- 1966 ) </P> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Division finals Best - of - 5 ( 1955 -- 1957 ) , <P> Best - of - 7 ( 1958 -- 1966 ) </P> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Eastern Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Western Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 1961 to 1966 tournaments alone combined initial byes for seeded teams with best - of - five initial series for unseeded teams . The 1961 byes provided five and seven extra days idle for the first - place teams . By 1966 the schedule provided more rest for the first - round participants with byes of 11 and eight extra days idle . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1967 : The number of playoff teams was expanded to eight once more . The division semifinals now included the fourth - best team in each conference . The first - placed teams no longer received a bye . They were matched against the fourth - placed teams in the best - of - 5 division semifinals . </Li> <Li> 1968 : The division semifinals was extended to a best - of - seven format . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Division semifinals Best - of - 5 ( 1967 ) , <P> Best - of - 7 ( 1968 -- 1970 ) </P> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Division finals Best - of - 7 ( 1968 -- 1970 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Eastern Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Western Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 1970 : With an increased number of teams , the divisions were upgraded into conferences , which were then split into two divisions . Eight teams still qualified , four from each conference . The two division winners were guaranteed at least a # 2 seed , and the two best non-division winners from each conference qualified as third and fourth seeds . Hence , the division semifinals and division finals came to be known as conference semifinals and conference finals , respectively . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Eastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Western Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 1975 : The number of playoff teams was expanded from eight to ten . A first round was introduced which matched the fourth and fifth seeds in each conference in a best - of - 3 first round series , while the top three seeds received a bye . This is similar to the system used in the NFL from 1978 to 1989 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Best - of - 3 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Eastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Western Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 1977 : The number of playoff teams was expanded from 10 to 12 . The first round now included the sixth best team in each conference , which was matched against the third seed . Only the division winners received byes to the next round . This is similar to the format currently used by the NFL . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> First Round Best - of - 3 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Eastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Western Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 1983 tournament is the latest to incorporate first - round byes for seeded teams . The first - round best - of - three series tapped off on Tuesday and Wednesday , April 19 and 20 ; the second - round best - of - sevens on Sunday to the following Wednesday , April 27 . Counting from Tuesday the byes provided five to eight extra days idle . </P> <Ul> <Li> 1984 : The playoffs were expanded from 12 teams to 16 teams . All teams now participated in the first round , which was extended to a best - of - five series . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference quarterfinals Best - of - 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Eastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Western Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 2003 : The first round was extended to a best - of - seven series . This change arguably benefitted the higher seeds as it reduced the likelihood of an upset by a lower seed . It also meant that a team that swept their series 4 -- 0 might have to wait up to two weeks to play their next series against a team that had won 4 -- 3 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference quarterfinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Eastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Western Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 2005 : Each conference was realigned into three divisions with each division winner qualifying for a top - three seed regardless of record . The next best five teams from each conference also qualify for the playoffs . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference quarterfinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Eastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Western Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 2007 : To address the criticisms of having each division champion guaranteed a top - three seed , regardless of record , the rules were changed such that the division winners are now only guaranteed a top - four seed . The team with the second - best record in the conference is now guaranteed the second seed , even if it finishes second in its own division . This ensures that the two best teams in the conference can not meet until the conference finals at the earliest . The previous system raised the prospect of the two best teams in the conference being seeded 1 and 4 if they play in the same division , thus forcing them to play each other in the second round ( given no upsets ) . <Ul> <Li> Note : In the example below , the East 's # 2 seed is not a division champion . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference quarterfinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference semifinals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> NBA finals Best - of - 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E4 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Eastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E3 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> E7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W1 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W4 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Western Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W3 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W2 * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> W7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> 2016 : While the playoff bracketing did not change , qualification criteria were changed . The teams with the eight best records in each conference receive playoff berths , with no automatic berths nor guaranteed top - four seed placement for division champions . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Team roster ( edit ) </H2> <P> Playoff teams must identify their postseason roster before the playoffs begin . They are allowed up to 15 players and can designate two as inactive for each game . Players are eligible to be on a team 's playoff roster provided they were on the team for at least one regular season game , and were not on another NBA team 's roster after March 1 . Previously , playoff rosters were limited to 12 players who were named before the playoffs began . </P> <H2> Records and statistics ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Only five 8th seeded teams have managed to win a series versus the number 1 seeded team : The Denver Nuggets eliminated the Seattle SuperSonics 3 -- 2 in 1994 . The New York Knicks eliminated the Miami Heat 3 -- 2 in 1999 . The Golden State Warriors defeated the Dallas Mavericks 4 -- 2 in the 2007 Western Conference First Round ( becoming the first 8 seed to beat a 1 seed in the best of 7 format ) . In 2011 , the Memphis Grizzlies beat the San Antonio Spurs , 4 -- 2 and in 2012 , the Philadelphia 76ers beat the Chicago Bulls 4 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> The 1999 Knicks are the only 8th seeded team ever to reach the NBA finals . No 8th seeded team has won the NBA finals . </Li> <Li> The 1956 -- 57 St. Louis Hawks , 1958 -- 59 Minneapolis Lakers and the 1980 -- 81 Houston Rockets are the only teams with losing records ( 34 - 38 , 33 -- 39 and 40 -- 42 , respectively ) to make it to the NBA finals . In 1981 the Houston Rockets ' opponent in the Western Conference Finals , the Kansas City Kings , also had a losing record ( 40 -- 42 ) . </Li> <Li> The 1994 -- 95 Houston Rockets , a sixth seed with a record of 47 -- 35 , were the lowest seeded team to win the NBA finals . In the NBA finals , the Rockets swept the Orlando Magic ( 57 -- 25 ) in four games . In doing so , the Rockets defeated four teams that had won 50 or more games during the regular season ( Utah Jazz at 60 -- 22 , Phoenix Suns at 59 -- 23 , San Antonio Spurs at 62 -- 20 and Orlando at 57 -- 25 ) , which had never been done before . They are also the only team to have won an NBA title without having home - court advantage during any round of the playoffs . </Li> <Li> The Golden State Warriors own the longest NBA playoff winning streak for a single postseason with 15 straight wins in the 2017 playoffs . </Li> <Li> Of all the teams with multiple NBA finals appearances , the Chicago Bulls are the only team to have never lost in the finals , winning 6 . </Li> <Li> The Boston Celtics possess the most overall NBA finals series wins with an overall record of 17 -- 4 . The Los Angeles / Minneapolis Lakers have played in the most NBA finals series ( 31 ) with an overall record of 16 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> The longest active playoff appearance streak currently belongs to the San Antonio Spurs with 21 consecutive appearances in the playoffs , beginning in the 1997 -- 98 NBA season . The longest ever streak of playoffs appearances in a row belongs to the Syracuse Nationals / Philadelphia 76ers , who made the playoffs 22 straight years from the 1949 -- 50 season to the 1970 -- 71 season . </Li> <Li> In 1983 , under the bye - 7 - 7 - 7 system , the Philadelphia 76ers attained the best record of 12 - 1 , having only lost in Game 4 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Milwaukee Bucks . </Li> <Li> In 2001 , under the best of 5 - 7 - 7 - 7 system , the Los Angeles Lakers attained the best record of 15 - 1 , having only lost in Game 1 of the Finals against the Philadelphia 76ers . </Li> <Li> In 2017 , under the best of 7 - 7 - 7 - 7 system , the Golden State Warriors attained the best record of 16 - 1 , having only lost in Game 4 of the Finals against the Cleveland Cavaliers . The Warriors and Cavaliers came into the Finals with a combined record of 24 - 1 , with the Cavaliers having only lost in Game 3 of the Eastern Conference Finals against the Boston Celtics . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Playoff appearances ( edit ) </H2> <P> Current as of 2018 NBA Playoffs </P> <H3> Appearances by active teams ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Appearances </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlanta Hawks </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Antonio Spurs </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chicago Bulls </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden State Warriors </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston Rockets </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma City Thunder </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix Suns </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sacramento Kings </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington Wizards </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utah Jazz </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana Pacers </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denver Nuggets </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cleveland Cavaliers </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dallas Mavericks </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brooklyn Nets </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orlando Magic </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlotte Hornets </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toronto Raptors </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota Timberwolves </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Orleans Pelicans </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Minneapolis Lakers ( 1947 -- 1960 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Syracuse Nationals ( 1946 -- 1963 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Tri-Cities Blackhawks ( 1946 -- 1951 ) , the Milwaukee Hawks ( 1951 -- 1955 ) , and the St. Louis Hawks ( 1955 -- 1968 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Fort Wayne Pistons ( 1949 -- 1957 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Does not include appearances in the American Basketball Association ( ABA ) playoffs . Per the conditions of the ABA -- NBA merger , the NBA does not officially recognize the ABA history , playoffs and records . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Philadelphia Warriors ( 1946 -- 1962 ) and the San Francisco Warriors ( 1962 -- 1971 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the San Diego Rockets ( 1967 -- 1971 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As part of the 2008 relocation settlement with the City of Seattle , the Thunder officially shares its history with that of the Seattle SuperSonics ( 1967 -- 2008 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Rochester Royals ( 1948 -- 1957 ) , the Cincinnati Royals ( 1957 -- 1972 ) , the Kansas City - Omaha Kings ( 1972 -- 1975 ) , and the Kansas City Kings ( 1975 -- 1985 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Chicago Packers ( 1961 -- 1962 ) , the Chicago Zephyrs ( 1962 -- 1963 ) , the Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 -- 1973 ) , the Capital Bullets ( 1973 -- 1974 ) , and the Washington Bullets ( 1974 -- 1997 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Orleans Jazz ( 1974 -- 1979 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the New Jersey Nets ( 1977 -- 2012 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Includes appearances as the Buffalo Braves ( 1970 -- 1978 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The New Orleans Pelicans were originally named the Charlotte Hornets , and moved to New Orleans in 2002 . A new team , the Charlotte Bobcats , was then established in 2004 . When the Charlotte team reclaimed the Hornets name in a 2014 agreement , the Charlotte team also reclaimed the history of the original Hornets ; as such , the New Orleans Pelicans were established in 2002 , and the Bobcats / Hornets rejoined the NBA in 2004 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NBA Conference Finals </Li> <Li> NBA Finals </Li> <Li> NBA D - League Playoffs </Li> <Li> NBA D - League Finals </Li> <Li> List of NBA playoff series </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA to seed conference playoff teams by record '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . September 8 , 2015 . Retrieved September 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA owners change Finals format to 2 - 2 - 1 - 1 - 1 '' . NBA.com. 2013 - 10 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1946 -- 47 BAA Season Summary '' . `` 1947 -- 48 BAA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . Select `` Next Season '' from the heading for 1947 -- 48 , and so on . Select `` Finals '' from League Playoffs for the daily schedule of the final series , and so on . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1948 -- 49 BAA Season Summary '' . `` 1949 -- 50 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN -- NBA announces postseason seeding format change -- NBA '' . ESPN.com. 2006 - 08 - 02 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No losers here ? Grizzlies win , Clippers get home court '' . ESPN . 2006 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1954 - 55 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1960 - 61 NBA Season Summary '' . `` 1966 - 66 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1982 -- 83 NBA Season Summary '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 01 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pastuszek , Jon ( April 9 , 2013 ) . `` Pastuszek : Could Yi Jianlian Help an NBA Playoff Team ? '' . SheridanHoops.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Winderman : Still time to add good player ( or Eddy Curry ) to playoff roster '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Franchise History '' . NBA.com . February 17 , 2015 . Retrieved February 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Details of settlement between Bennett , Seattle revealed '' . ESPN.com . August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charlotte Hornets Name Returns to Carolinas '' . Charlotte Hornets . May 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 20 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NBA official website </Li> <Li> Playoff Seeding Criteria NBA.com </Li> <Li> NBA Playoffs InsideHoops.com coverage </Li> <Li> Basketball-Reference.com Index of NBA playoffs seasons </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NBA playoffs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of playoff series </Li> <Li> Conference Finals </Li> <Li> Finals </Li> <Li> 60 Greatest Playoff Moments </Li> <Li> Game sevens </Li> <Li> Streaks </Li> <Li> Droughts </Li> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Scoring Leaders </Li> <Li> Assists Leaders </Li> <Li> 3 Pt Leaders </Li> <Li> Rebound Leaders </Li> <Li> WNBA playoffs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> 1948 </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> 1969 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Basketball Association </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Boston Celtics </Dd> <Dd> Brooklyn Nets </Dd> <Dd> New York Knicks </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia 76ers </Dd> <Dd> Toronto Raptors </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Chicago Bulls </Dd> <Dd> Cleveland Cavaliers </Dd> <Dd> Detroit Pistons </Dd> <Dd> Indiana Pacers </Dd> <Dd> Milwaukee Bucks </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Atlanta Hawks </Dd> <Dd> Charlotte Hornets </Dd> <Dd> Miami Heat </Dd> <Dd> Orlando Magic </Dd> <Dd> Washington Wizards </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Northwest </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Denver Nuggets </Dd> <Dd> Minnesota Timberwolves </Dd> <Dd> Oklahoma City Thunder </Dd> <Dd> Portland Trail Blazers </Dd> <Dd> Utah Jazz </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Golden State Warriors </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Clippers </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Lakers </Dd> <Dd> Phoenix Suns </Dd> <Dd> Sacramento Kings </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southwest </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Dallas Mavericks </Dd> <Dd> Houston Rockets </Dd> <Dd> Memphis Grizzlies </Dd> <Dd> New Orleans Pelicans </Dd> <Dd> San Antonio Spurs </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual events </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Draft <Dl> <Dd> Eligibility </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Summer League </Dd> <Dd> Christmas Day </Dd> <Dd> All - 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coaches </Dd> <Dd> Champions </Dd> <Dd> Foreign coaches </Dd> <Dd> NBCA </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Owners </Dd> <Dd> Referees </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards and honors </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Larry O'Brien Trophy </Dd> <Dd> NBA Awards <Dl> <Dd> NBA MVP </Dd> <Dd> Finals MVP </Dd> <Dd> All - Star Game MVP </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Hall of Fame <Dl> <Dd> Members </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> NBA Silver Anniversary Team </Dd> <Dd> NBA 35th Anniversary Team </Dd> <Dd> 50 Greatest Players </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Arenas </Dd> <Dd> Business <Dl> <Dd> Collective bargaining agreement </Dd> <Dd> Salary cap </Dd> <Dd> NBA Store </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Culture <Dl> <Dd> Cheerleading </Dd> <Dd> Mascots </Dd> <Dd> Dress code </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> G League </Dd> <Dd> Midwest Division </Dd> <Dd> Media <Dl> <Dd> TV </Dd> <Dd> NBA TV </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Rivalries </Dd> <Dd> Teams <Dl> <Dd> Defunct </Dd> <Dd> Expansion </Dd> <Dd> Relocated </Dd> <Dd> Timeline </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> WNBA </Dd> <Dd> Basketball in the United States </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Portal </Dd> <Dd> 2017 -- 18 season </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_playoffs&oldid=843519784 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> National Basketball Association playoffs </Li> <Li> Recurring sporting events established in 1947 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with vague or ambiguous time </Li> <Li> Vague or ambiguous time from April 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 May 2018 , at 17 : 37 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Large - signal model - Wikipedia <H1> Large - signal model </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2007 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Large - signal modeling is a common analysis method . used in electronics engineering to describe nonlinear devices in terms of the underlying nonlinear equations . In circuits containing nonlinear elements such as transistors , diodes , and vacuum tubes , under `` large signal conditions '' , AC signals have high enough magnitude that nonlinear effects must be considered . </P> <P> `` Large signal '' is the opposite of `` small signal '' , which means that the circuit can be reduced to a linearized equivalent circuit around its operating point with sufficient accuracy . </P> <H2> Differences between small signal and large signal ( edit ) </H2> <P> A small signal model takes a circuit and based on an operating point ( bias ) and linearizes all the components . Nothing changes because the assumption is that the signal is so small that the operating point ( gain , capacitance , etc . ) does n't change . </P> <P> A large signal model , on the other hand , takes into account the fact that the large signal actually affects the operating point , as well as that elements are non-linear and circuits can be limited by power supply values . A small signal model ignores simultaneous variations in the gain and supply values . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Diode modelling </Li> <Li> Transistor models # Large - signal nonlinear models </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This electronics - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Large-signal_model&oldid=825642944 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Electronic device modeling </Li> <Li> Electrical circuits </Li> <Li> Electronics stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from March 2007 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 15 : 23 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of World War II battles involving the United States - wikipedia <H1> List of World War II battles involving the United States </H1> <P> This is a list of all battles involving the United States during World War II . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Start Date </Th> <Th> End Date </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Campaign </Th> <Th> U.S. Casualties </Th> <Th> Opposing Force </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of the Atlantic </Td> <Td> September 13 , 1941 </Td> <Td> May 8 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Atlantic Ocean , North Sea , Irish Sea , Labrador Sea , Gulf of St. Lawrence , Caribbean Sea , Gulf of Mexico , Outer Banks , Arctic Ocean </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Around 18,000 sailors and merchant seamen killed </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> Japan ( Possibly ) , Currently unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operation Torch </Td> <Td> November 8 , 1942 </Td> <Td> November 10 , 1942 </Td> <Td> Morocco and Algeria </Td> <Td> North African Campaign </Td> <Td> 1,200 ( 479 killed , 720 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of the Kasserine Pass </Td> <Td> February 19 , 1943 </Td> <Td> February 25 , 1943 </Td> <Td> Kasserine Pass , Tunisia </Td> <Td> Tunisia Campaign </Td> <Td> 6,500 ( 1,000 + killed ) </Td> <Td> Germany and Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of El Guettar </Td> <Td> March 23 , 1943 </Td> <Td> April 7 , 1943 </Td> <Td> El Guettar , Tunisia </Td> <Td> Tunisia Campaign </Td> <Td> ~ 5,000 </Td> <Td> Germany and Kingdom of Italy </Td> <Td> 9,195 ( 2,572 killed , 5,946 wounded and 1,012 captured or missing ) </Td> <Td> Germany and Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Salerno </Td> <Td> September 9 , 1943 </Td> <Td> September 16 , 1943 </Td> <Td> Salerno , Italy </Td> <Td> Italian Campaign </Td> <Td> 4,870 </Td> <Td> Germany and Italy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Monte Cassino </Td> <Td> January 17 , 1944 </Td> <Td> May 18 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Monte Cassino , Italy </Td> <Td> Italian Campaign </Td> <Td> 100,000 + ( Total allied casualties ) </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Anzio </Td> <Td> January 22 , 1944 </Td> <Td> June 5 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Anzio and Nettuno , Italy </Td> <Td> Italian Campaign </Td> <Td> 23,173 ( 5,538 killed , 15,558 wounded and 2,947 captured or missing ) </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Normandy </Td> <Td> June 6 , 1944 </Td> <Td> July 24 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Normandy , France </Td> <Td> Operation Overlord </Td> <Td> 63,360 ( 16,293 killed , 43,221 wounded and 6,180 captured or missing ) </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle for Brest </Td> <Td> August 7 , 1944 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Brittany , France </Td> <Td> Operation Overlord </Td> <Td> ~ 4,000 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operation Dragoon </Td> <Td> August 15 , 1944 </Td> <Td> September 14 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Southern France </Td> <Td> Operation Overlord </Td> <Td> 15,574 ( 7,301 killed , 5,804 wounded , 3,098 captured or missing ) </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Metz </Td> <Td> September , 1944 </Td> <Td> December , 1944 </Td> <Td> Metz , France </Td> <Td> Siegfried Line campaign </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Nancy </Td> <Td> September 5 , 1944 </Td> <Td> September 15 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Nancy , France </Td> <Td> Siegfried Line campaign </Td> <Td> 2,851 + </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operation Market Garden </Td> <Td> September 17 , 1944 </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1944 </Td> <Td> The Netherlands </Td> <Td> Siegfried Line campaign </Td> <Td> 3,974 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Hürtgen Forest </Td> <Td> September 19 , 1944 </Td> <Td> February 10 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Hurtgen Forest , German - Belgian border </Td> <Td> Siegfried Line campaign </Td> <Td> 33,000 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Aachen </Td> <Td> October 2 , 1944 </Td> <Td> October 21 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Aachen , Germany </Td> <Td> Siegfried Line campaign </Td> <Td> 5,000 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of the Bulge </Td> <Td> December 16 , 1944 </Td> <Td> January 25 , 1945 </Td> <Td> The Ardennes , Belgium , Luxembourg , and Germany </Td> <Td> Siegfried Line campaign </Td> <Td> 89,500 ( 19,000 killed , 47,500 wounded , 23,000 missing ) </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operation Nordwind </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1945 </Td> <Td> January 25 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Alsace and Lorraine , France </Td> <Td> Siegfried Line campaign </Td> <Td> 12,000 ( 3,000 killed , 9,000 wounded or missing ) </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colmar Pocket </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1945 </Td> <Td> February 9 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Alsace , France </Td> <Td> Siegfried Line campaign </Td> <Td> 8,000 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ruhr Pocket </Td> <Td> March 7 , 1945 </Td> <Td> April 21 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Ruhr Area , Germany </Td> <Td> Western Allied invasion of Germany </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Operation Varsity </Td> <Td> March 24 , 1945 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wesel , Germany </Td> <Td> Western Allied invasion of Germany </Td> <Td> 2,700 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spring 1945 offensive in Italy </Td> <Td> April 6 , 1945 </Td> <Td> May 2 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Northern Italy </Td> <Td> Italian Campaign </Td> <Td> 16,258 ( 1,288 killed , 15,453 wounded and 93 missing ) </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Attack on Pearl Harbor </Td> <Td> December 7 , 1941 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pearl Harbor , Hawaii , United States </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3,592 ( 2,345 killed and 1,247 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Wake Island </Td> <Td> December 8 , 1941 </Td> <Td> December 23 , 1941 </Td> <Td> Wake Island </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 627 ( 130 killed , 49 wounded and 448 captured ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Bataan </Td> <Td> January 7 , 1942 </Td> <Td> April 9 , 1942 </Td> <Td> Bataan Peninsula , Philippines </Td> <Td> Philippines Campaign ( 1941 -- 1942 ) </Td> <Td> 15,000 captured and interned </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doolittle Raid </Td> <Td> April 18 , 1942 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tokyo and other Japanese cities </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 killed and 8 later died in captivity / executed </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of the Coral Sea </Td> <Td> May 4 , 1942 </Td> <Td> May 8 , 1942 </Td> <Td> Coral Sea , between Australia , New Guinea , and the Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> New Guinea campaign </Td> <Td> 656 killed </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Midway </Td> <Td> June 3 , 1942 </Td> <Td> June 7 , 1942 </Td> <Td> Near Midway Atoll </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 307 killed </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Guadalcanal </Td> <Td> August 7 , 1942 </Td> <Td> February 9 , 1943 </Td> <Td> Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> Solomon Islands campaign </Td> <Td> ~ 6,000 ( 1,600 killed , 4,400 wounded and missing ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands </Td> <Td> October 25 , 1942 </Td> <Td> October 27 , 1942 </Td> <Td> Santa Cruz Islands , Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> Solomon Islands campaign </Td> <Td> 266 killed </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Tarawa </Td> <Td> November 20 , 1943 </Td> <Td> November 23 , 1943 </Td> <Td> Betio , Tarawa Atoll </Td> <Td> Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign </Td> <Td> 3,296 ( 1,000 killed and 2,296 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Kwajalein </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1944 </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Kwajalein Atoll , Marshall Islands </Td> <Td> Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign </Td> <Td> 1,964 ( 372 killed and 1,592 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Saipan </Td> <Td> June 15 , 1944 </Td> <Td> July 9 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Saipan , Mariana Islands </Td> <Td> Mariana and Palau Islands campaign </Td> <Td> 13,313 ( 2,949 killed and 10,364 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Guam ( 1944 ) </Td> <Td> July 21 , 1944 </Td> <Td> August 8 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Guam , Mariana Islands </Td> <Td> Mariana and Palau Islands campaign </Td> <Td> 7,800 ( 1,747 killed and 6,053 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Peleliu </Td> <Td> September 15 , 1944 </Td> <Td> November 27 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Peleliu , Palau Islands </Td> <Td> Mariana and Palau Islands campaign </Td> <Td> 9,804 ( 1,794 killed and 8,010 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Angaur </Td> <Td> September 17 , 1944 </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Angaur , Palau Islands </Td> <Td> Mariana and Palau Islands campaign </Td> <Td> 260 killed </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Leyte Gulf </Td> <Td> October 23 , 1944 </Td> <Td> October 26 , 1944 </Td> <Td> Leyte Gulf , The Philippines </Td> <Td> Philippines campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) </Td> <Td> ~ 1,500 killed </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Luzon </Td> <Td> January 9 , 1945 </Td> <Td> August 15 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Luzon , Philippines </Td> <Td> Philippines campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) </Td> <Td> ~ 37,870 ( 8,310 killed and 29,560 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Manila </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1945 </Td> <Td> March 3 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Manila , Philippines </Td> <Td> Philippines campaign ( 1944 -- 45 ) </Td> <Td> 6,575 ( 1,010 killed and 5,565 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Iwo Jima </Td> <Td> February 19 , 1945 </Td> <Td> March 26 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Iwo Jima , Japan </Td> <Td> Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign </Td> <Td> 26,038 ( 6,821 killed and 19,217 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Battle of Okinawa </Td> <Td> April 1 , 1945 </Td> <Td> June 22 , 1945 </Td> <Td> Okinawa , Japan </Td> <Td> Volcano and Ryukyu Islands campaign </Td> <Td> 51,429 ( 12,513 killed and 38,916 wounded ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.usmm.org/casualty.html U.S. Merchant Marine Casualties during World War II </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/ww2_statistics.htm#active_enl US Navy Personnel in World War II : Service and Casualty Statistics </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : References in the article </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history.do?action=Article&id=6712 History.com </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zaloga , S , ( 2005 ) , Kasserine Pass 1943 : Rommel 's Last Victory . Osprey Publishing </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=2 Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle deaths in World War II p. 93 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ tduvall . `` Salerno : Conclusion '' . www.history.army.mil . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/p4013coll8&CISOPTR=130&REC=2 Army Battle Casualties and Nonbattle deaths in World War II p. 92 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=24591 United States Department of Defense </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith and Clark , Riviera To The Rhine , p. 527 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USN/USN-CN-Midway/USN-CN-Midway-13.html#our The Battle of Midway </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shaw , A , ( 2002 ) , World War II : Day by Day . Grange Books , p. 105 </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States in World War II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Home front </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American music during World War II </Li> <Li> United States aircraft production during World War II </Li> <Li> Arizona during World War II </Li> <Li> Nevada during World War II </Li> <Li> New Mexico during World War II </Li> <Li> Greatest Generation </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> American women </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Women Airforce Service Pilots </Li> <Li> Women 's Army Corps </Li> <Li> Woman 's Land Army of America </Li> <Li> Rosie the Riveter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minorities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hispanic Americans in World War II </Li> <Li> Native Americans and World War II </Li> <Li> Puerto Ricans in World War II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Military participation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Army ( Uniforms ) </Li> <Li> Army Air Force </Li> <Li> Marine Corps </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> <Li> Service medals ( Medal of Honor recipients ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Events </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of battles </Li> <Li> Attack on Pearl Harbor </Li> <Li> Normandy landings </Li> <Li> Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minorities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Americans ( Tuskegee Airmen ) </Li> <Li> Asian Americans <Ul> <Li> Chinese Americans </Li> <Li> Japanese Americans </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jewish Americans </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diplomatic participation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lend - Lease </Li> <Li> Destroyers for Bases Agreement </Li> <Li> Project Hula </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_War_II_battles_involving_the_United_States&oldid=854819689 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Battles and operations of World War II </Li> <Li> United States in World War II - related lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from June 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 August 2018 , at 00 : 52 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Walt Disney Animation Studios - wikipedia <H1> Walt Disney Animation Studios </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Walt Disney Animation Studios <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The studio 's headquarters at the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank in 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formerly called </Th> <Td> Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio ( 1923 -- 29 ) Walt Disney Productions ( 1929 -- 85 ) Walt Disney Feature Animation ( 1986 -- 2006 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Division </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Motion pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> Laugh - O - Gram Studio Walt Disney Cartoons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> October 16 , 1923 ; 94 years ago ( 1923 - 10 - 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founder </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney </Li> <Li> Roy O. Disney </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> 2100 W. Riverside Drive , Burbank , California , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edwin Catmull ( President ) </Li> <Li> John Lasseter ( Chief Creative Officer ) </Li> <Li> Andrew Millstein ( President and General Manager ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Animated films </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of employees </Th> <Td> 800 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Studios ( The Walt Disney Company ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Divisions </Th> <Td> DisneyToon Studios Skellington Productions ( now defunct ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.disneyanimation.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Walt Disney Animation Studios ( WDAS ) , also referred to as Disney Animation , headquartered at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California , is an American animation studio that creates animated feature films , short films , and television specials for The Walt Disney Company . Founded on October 16 , 1923 , it is a division of The Walt Disney Studios . The studio has produced 56 feature films , from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) to Moana ( 2016 ) . </P> <P> It was founded as the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in 1923 and incorporated as Walt Disney Productions in 1929 . The studio was exclusively dedicated to producing short films until it expanded into feature production in 1934 . In 1983 , Walt Disney Productions named its live - action film studio Walt Disney Pictures . During a corporate restructuring in 1986 , Walt Disney Productions was renamed The Walt Disney Company and the animation division , renamed Walt Disney Feature Animation , became a subsidiary of its film division , The Walt Disney Studios . In 2007 , Walt Disney Feature Animation took on its current name , Walt Disney Animation Studios after Pixar Animation Studios was acquired by Disney in the same year . </P> <P> For much of its existence , the studio was recognized as the premier American animation studio ; it developed many of the techniques , concepts , and principles that became standard practices of traditional animation . The studio also pioneered the art of storyboarding , which is now a standard technique used in both animated and live - action filmmaking . The studio 's catalog of animated features is among Disney 's most notable assets , with the stars of its animated shorts -- Mickey Mouse , Donald Duck , Goofy , and Pluto -- becoming recognizable figures in popular culture and mascots for The Walt Disney Company as a whole . </P> <P> Walt Disney Animation Studios continues to produce films using both traditional animation and computer - generated imagery ( CGI ) . At the present , Andrew Millstein is the general manager of the studio for day - to - day business affairs , under the direction of Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter who also oversee Pixar . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 1923 -- 29 : Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio </Li> <Li> 1.2 1929 -- 40 : Reincorporation , Silly Symphonies and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs </Li> <Li> 1.3 1940 -- 48 : New features , strike , World War II </Li> <Li> 1.4 1948 -- 59 : Return of features , end of shorts , layoffs </Li> <Li> 1.5 1959 -- 66 : Reduced feature animation , Walt Disney 's final years </Li> <Li> 1.6 1967 -- 83 : Decline in popularity , Don Bluth 's entrance and departure , `` rock bottom '' </Li> <Li> 1.7 1984 -- 89 : Michael Eisner takeover , restructuring , return to prominence </Li> <Li> 1.8 1989 -- 94 : Beginning of the Disney Renaissance , successful releases , impact on the animation industry </Li> <Li> 1.9 1994 -- 99 : End of the Disney Renaissance , declining returns </Li> <Li> 1.10 2000 -- 06 : Slump , downsizing and conversion to computer animation , corporate issues </Li> <Li> 1.11 2006 -- 09 : Rebound , Disney 's acquisition of Pixar , renaming </Li> <Li> 1.12 2010 -- present : Continued resurgence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Studio <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Management </Li> <Li> 2.2 Locations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Productions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Feature films </Li> <Li> 3.2 Short films </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Collaborations <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Parks and resorts </Li> <Li> 4.2 Video games </Li> <Li> 4.3 Associated productions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Documentary films about Disney animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 1923 -- 29 : Disney Brothers cartoon studio ( edit ) </H3> The building on Kingswell Avenue in Los Feliz which was home to the studio from 1923 to 1926 <P> Kansas City , Missouri , natives Walt Disney and Roy O. Disney founded the Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio in Los Angeles in 1923 and got their start producing a series of silent Alice Comedies short films featuring a live - action child actress in an animated world . The Alice Comedies were distributed by Margaret J. Winkler 's Winkler Pictures , which later also distributed a second Disney short subject series , the all - animated Oswald the Lucky Rabbit , through Universal Pictures starting in 1927 . Upon relocating to California , the Disney brothers initially started working in their uncle Robert Disney 's garage at 4406 Kingswell Avenue in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles , then in October 1923 formally launched their studio in a small office on the rear side of a real estate agency 's office at 4651 Kingswell Avenue . In February 1924 , the studio moved next door to office space of its own at 4649 Kingswell Avenue . In 1925 , Disney put down a deposit on a new location at 2719 Hyperion Avenue in the nearby Silver Lake neighborhood , which came to be known as the Hyperion Studio to distinguish it from the studio 's other locations , and in January 1926 the studio moved there and took on the name the Walt Disney Studio . </P> <P> Meanwhile , after the first year 's worth of Oswalds , Walt Disney attempted to renew his contract with Winkler Pictures , but Charles Mintz , who had taken over Margaret Winkler 's business after marrying her , wanted to force Disney to accept a lower advance payment for each Oswald short . Disney refused , and as Universal owned the rights to Oswald rather than Disney , Mintz set up his own animation studio to produce Oswald cartoons . Most of Disney 's staff was hired away by Mintz to move over , once Disney 's Oswald contract was done in mid-1928 . </P> <P> Working in secret while the rest of the staff finished the remaining Oswalds on contract , Disney and his head animator Ub Iwerks led a small handful of loyal staffers in producing cartoons starring a new character named Mickey Mouse . The first two Mickey Mouse cartoons , Plane Crazy and The Galloping Gaucho , were previewed in limited engagements during the summer of 1928 . For the third Mickey cartoon , however , Disney produced a soundtrack , collaborating with musician Carl Stalling and businessman Pat Powers , who provided Disney with his bootlegged `` Cinephone '' sound - on - film process . Subsequently , the third Mickey Mouse cartoon , Steamboat Willie , became Disney 's first cartoon with synchronized sound and was a major success upon its November 1928 debut at the West 57th Theatre in New York City . The Mickey Mouse series of sound cartoons , distributed by Powers through Celebrity Productions , quickly became the most popular cartoon series in the United States . A second Disney series of sound cartoons , the Silly Symphonies , debuted in 1929 with The Skeleton Dance . </P> <H3> 1929 -- 40 : reincorporation , Silly Symphonies and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1930 , disputes over finances between Disney and Powers led to Disney 's studio , reincorporated on December 16 , 1929 , as Walt Disney Productions , signing a new distribution contract with Columbia Pictures . Powers in return signed away Ub Iwerks , who began producing cartoons at his own studio . </P> <P> Columbia distributed Disney 's shorts for two years before the Disney studio entered a new distribution deal with United Artists in 1932 . The same year , Disney signed a two - year exclusive deal with Technicolor to utilize its new 3 - strip color film process , which allowed for fuller - color reproduction where previous color film processors could not . The result was the Silly Symphony Flowers and Trees , the first film commercially released in full Technicolor . Flowers and Trees was a major success , and all Silly Symphonies were subsequently produced in Technicolor . </P> <P> By the early 1930s , Walt Disney had realized that the success of animated films depended upon telling emotionally gripping stories that would grab the audience and not let go , and this realization led him to create a separate `` story department '' with storyboard artists dedicated to story development . With well - developed characters and an interesting story , the 1933 Technicolor Silly Symphony cartoon Three Little Pigs became a major box office and pop culture success , with its theme song `` Who 's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf ? '' becoming a popular chart hit . </P> <P> In 1934 , Walt Disney gathered several key staff members and announced his plans to make his first feature animated film . Despite derision from most of the film industry , who dubbed the production `` Disney 's Folly , '' Disney proceeded undaunted into the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , which would become the first animated feature in English and Technicolor . Considerable training and development went into the production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , and the studio greatly expanded with established animators , artists from other fields , and recent college graduates joining the studio to work on the film . The training classes , supervised by the head animators such as Les Clark , Norm Ferguson , and Art Babbit and taught by Donald W. Graham , an art teacher from the nearby Chouinard Art Institute , had begun at the studio in 1932 and were greatly expanded into orientation training and continuing education classes . In the course of teaching the classes , Graham and the animators created or formalized many of the techniques and processes that became the key tenets and principles of traditional animation . Silly Symphonies such as The Goddess of Spring ( 1934 ) and The Old Mill ( 1937 ) served as experimentation grounds for new techniques such as the animation of realistic human figures , special effects animation , the use of the multiplane camera , an invention which split animation artwork layers into several planes , allowing the camera to appear to move dimensionally through an animated scene . </P> Walt Disney introduces each of the Seven Dwarfs in a scene from the original 1937 Snow White theatrical trailer . <P> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs cost Disney a then - expensive sum of $1.4 million to complete ( including $100,000 on story development alone ) and was an unprecedented success when released in February 1938 by RKO Radio Pictures , which had assumed distribution of Disney product from United Artists in 1937 . It was briefly the highest - grossing film of all time before the success of Gone with the Wind two years later , grossing over $8 million on its initial release , the equivalent of $139,082,740 in 1999 dollars . </P> <P> During the production of Snow White , work had continued on the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series of shorts . Mickey Mouse switched to Technicolor in 1935 , by which time the series had added several major supporting characters , among them Mickey 's dog Pluto and their friends Donald Duck and Goofy . Donald , Goofy , and Pluto would all be appearing in series of their own by 1940 , and the Donald Duck cartoons eclipsed the Mickey Mouse series in popularity . The Silly Symphonies , which garnered seven Academy Awards , ended in 1939 . </P> <H3> 1940 -- 48 : new features , strike , World War II ( edit ) </H3> <P> The success of Snow White allowed Disney to build a new , larger studio on Buena Vista Street in Burbank , where The Walt Disney Company remains headquartered to this day . Walt Disney Productions had its initial public offering on April 2 , 1940 , with Walt Disney as president and chairman and Roy Disney as CEO . </P> <P> The studio launched into the production of new animated features , the first of which was Pinocchio , released in February 1940 . Pinocchio was not initially a box office success . The box office returns from the film 's initial release were both below Snow White 's unprecedented success and the studio 's expectations . Of the film 's $2.289 million cost -- twice of Snow White -- Disney only recouped $1 million by late 1940 , with studio reports of the film 's final original box office take varying between $1.4 million and $1.9 million . However , Pinocchio was a critical success , winning the Academy Award for Best Original Song and Best Original Score , making it the first film of the studio to win not only either Oscar , but both at the same time . </P> Walt Disney acts out a storyboarded scene in The Sorcerer 's Apprentice , a segment of Fantasia ( 1940 ) , for its on - screen stars , host Deems Taylor and conductor Leopold Stokowski . <P> Fantasia , an experimental film produced to an accompanying orchestral arrangement conducted by Leopold Stokowski , was released in November 1940 by Disney itself in a series of limited - seating roadshow engagements . The film cost $2 million to produce , and although the film earned $1.4 million in its roadshow engagements , the high cost ( $85,000 per theater ) of installing Fantasound placed Fantasia at an even greater loss than Pinocchio . RKO assumed distribution of Fantasia in 1941 , later reissuing it in severely edited versions over the years . Despite its financial failure , Fantasia was the subject of two Academy Honorary Awards on February 26 , 1942 -- one for the development of the innovative Fantasound system used to create the film 's stereoscopic soundtrack , and the other for Stokowski and his contributions to the film . </P> <P> Much of the character animation on these productions and all subsequent features until the late 1970s was supervised by a brain - trust of animators Walt Disney dubbed the `` Nine Old Men , '' many of whom also served as directors and later producers on the Disney features : Frank Thomas , Ollie Johnston , Woolie Reitherman , Les Clark , Ward Kimball , Eric Larson , John Lounsbery , Milt Kahl , and Marc Davis . Other head animators at Disney during this period included Norm Ferguson , Bill Tytla , and Fred Moore . The development of the feature animation department created a caste system at the Disney studio : lesser animators ( and feature animators in - between assignments ) were assigned to work on the short subjects , while animators higher in status such as the Nine Old Men worked on the features . Concern over Walt Disney accepting credit for the artists ' work as well as debates over compensation led to many of the newer and lower - ranked animators seeking to unionize the Disney studio . </P> <P> A bitter union strike began in May 1941 , which was resolved without the angered Walt Disney 's involvement in July and August of that year . As Walt Disney Productions was being set up as a union shop , Walt Disney and several studio employees were sent by the US government on a Good Neighbor policy trip to Central and South America . The Disney strike and its aftermath led to an exodus of several animation professionals from the studio , from top - level animators such as Art Babbitt and Bill Tytla to artists better known for their work outside the Disney studio such as Frank Tashlin , Maurice Noble , Walt Kelly , Bill Meléndez , and John Hubley . Hubley , with several other Disney strikers , went on to found the United Productions of America studio , Disney 's key animation rival in the 1950s . </P> <P> Dumbo , in production during the midst of the animators ' strike , premiered in October 1941 and proved to be a financial success . The simple film only cost $950,000 to produce , half the cost of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , less than a third of the cost of Pinocchio , and two - fifths of the cost of Fantasia . Dumbo eventually grossed $1.6 million during its original release . In August 1942 , Bambi was released , and as with Pinocchio and Fantasia , did not perform well at the box office . Out of its $1.7 million budget , it only grossed $1.64 million . </P> <P> Production of full - length animated features was temporarily suspended after the release of Bambi . Given the financial failures of some of the recent features and World War II cutting off much of the overseas cinema market , the studio 's financiers at the Bank of America would only loan the studio working capital if it temporarily restricted itself to shorts production . Then in - production features such as Peter Pan , Alice in Wonderland , and Lady and the Tramp were therefore put on hold until after the war . Other issues affecting the studio at the time included the drafting of several Disney animators to fight in World War II , and the necessity for the studio to focus on producing wartime content for the U.S. Army , particularly military training , and civilian propaganda films . From 1942 to 1943 , 95 percent of the studio 's animation output was for the military . During the war , Disney produced the live - action / animated military propaganda feature Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) , and a series of Latin culture - themed shorts resulting from the 1941 Good Neighbor trip were compiled into two features , Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) and The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) . </P> <P> Saludos and Caballeros set the template for several other 1940s Disney releases of `` package films '' : low - budgeted films composed of animated short subjects with animated or live - action bridging material . These films were Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) , Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) , Melody Time ( 1948 ) , and The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) . The studio also produced two features , Song of the South ( 1946 ) and So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) , which used more expansive live - action stories which still included animated sequences and sequences combining live - action and animated characters . Shorts production continued during this period as well , with Donald Duck , Goofy , and Pluto cartoons being the main output accompanied by cartoons starring Mickey Mouse , Figaro , and in the 1950s , Chip ' n ' Dale and Humphrey the Bear . </P> <P> In addition , Disney began reissuing the previous features , beginning with re-releases of Snow White in 1944 , Pinocchio in 1945 , and Fantasia in 1946 . This led to a tradition of reissuing the Disney films every seven years , which lasted into the 1990s before being translated into the studio 's handling of home video releases . </P> <H3> 1948 -- 59 : return of features , end of shorts , layoffs ( edit ) </H3> The original Animation Building at the Walt Disney Studios in Burbank , California , the headquarters of the animation department from 1940 to 1984 . <P> In 1948 , Disney returned to the production of full - length features with Cinderella , a full - length film based on the fairy tale by Charles Perrault . At a cost of nearly $3 million , the future of the studio depended upon the success of this film . Upon its release in 1950 , Cinderella proved to be a box - office success , with the profits from the film 's release allowing Disney to carry on producing animated features throughout the 1950s . Following its success , production on the in - limbo features Alice in Wonderland , Peter Pan , and Lady and the Tramp was resumed . In addition , an ambitious new project , an adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale `` Sleeping Beauty '' set to Tchaikovsky 's classic score , was begun but took much of the rest of the decade to complete . </P> <P> Alice in Wonderland , released in 1951 , met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp critical disappointment in its initial release . Peter Pan , released in 1953 , was , on the other hand , a commercial success and the highest - grossing film of the year . In 1955 , Lady and the Tramp was released to higher box office success than any other Disney feature from the studio since Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , earning an estimated $7.5 million in rentals at the North American box office in 1955 . Lady is significant as Disney 's first widescreen animated feature , produced in the CinemaScope process , and was the first Disney animated feature to be released by Disney 's own distribution company , Buena Vista Distribution . </P> <P> By the mid-1950s , with Walt Disney 's attention primarily set on new endeavours such as live - action films , television , and the Disneyland theme park , production of the animated films was left primarily in the hands of the `` Nine Old Men '' trust of head animators and directors . This led to several delays in approvals during the production of Sleeping Beauty , which was finally released in 1959 . At $6 million , it was Disney 's most expensive film to date , produced in a heavily stylized art style devised by artist Eyvind Earle and presented in large - format Super Technirama 70 with six - track stereophonic sound . However , the film 's large production costs and underperformance at the box office resulted in the studio posting its first annual loss in a decade for fiscal year 1960 , leading to massive layoffs throughout the studio . </P> <P> By the end of the decade , the Disney short subjects were no longer being produced on a regular basis , with many of the shorts divisions ' personnel either leaving the company or begin reassigned to work on Disney television programs such as The Mickey Mouse Club and Disneyland . While the Disney shorts had dominated the Academy Award for Best Short Subject ( Cartoons ) during the 1930s , its reign over the award had been ended by MGM 's Tom and Jerry cartoons , Warner Bros ' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies , and the works of United Productions of America ( UPA ) , whose flat art style and stylized animation techniques were lauded as more modern alternatives to the older Disney style . During the 1950s , only one Disney short , the stylized Toot , Whistle , Plunk and Boom , won the Best Short Subject ( Cartoons ) Oscar . </P> <P> The Mickey Mouse , Pluto , and Goofy shorts had all ceased regular production by 1953 , with Donald Duck and Humphrey continuing and converting to widescreen CinemaScope before the shorts division was shut down in 1956 . After that , all future shorts were produced by the feature films division until 1969 . The last Disney short of the golden age of animation was It 's Tough to Be a Bird . Disney shorts would only be produced on a sporadic basis from this point on , with notable later shorts including Runaway Brain ( 1995 , starring Mickey Mouse ) and Paperman ( 2012 ) . </P> <H3> 1959 -- 66 : reduced feature Animation , Walt Disney 's final years ( edit ) </H3> <P> Despite the 1959 layoffs and competition for Walt Disney 's attention from the company 's grown live - action film , TV , and theme park departments , production continued on feature animation productions at a reduced level . In 1961 , the studio released One Hundred and One Dalmatians , an animated feature which popularized the use of xerography during the process of inking and painting traditional animation cels . Using xerography , animation drawings could be photochemically transferred rather than traced from paper drawings to the clear acetate sheets ( `` cels '' ) used in final animation production . The resulting art style -- a scratchier line which revealed the construction lines in the animators ' drawings -- typified Disney films into the 1980s . The film was a success , being the tenth highest - grossing film of 1961 with rentals of $6.4 million . </P> <P> The Disney animation training program started at the studio before the development of Snow White in 1932 eventually led to Walt Disney helping found the California Institute of the Arts ( CalArts ) . This university , formed via the merger of Chouinard Art Institute and the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music , included a Disney - developed animation program of study among its degree offerings . CalArts became the alma mater of many of the animators who would work at Disney and other animation studios from the 1970s to the present . </P> <P> The Sword in the Stone was released in 1963 and was the sixth highest - grossing film of the year in North America with estimated rentals of $4.75 million . A featurette adaptation of one of A.A. Milne 's Winnie - the - Pooh stories , Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree , was released in 1966 , to be followed by several other Pooh featurettes over the years and a full - length compilation feature , The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh , which was released in 1977 . </P> <P> Walt Disney died in December 1966 , ten months before the studio 's next film The Jungle Book , was completed and released . The film was a success , finishing 1967 as the fourth highest - grossing film of the year . </P> <H3> 1967 -- 83 : decline in popularity , Don Bluth 's entrance and departure , `` rock bottom '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> Following Walt Disney 's passing , Wolfgang Reitherman continued as both producer and director of the features . The studio began the 1970s with the release of The Aristocats , the last film project to be approved by Walt Disney . In 1971 , Roy O. Disney , the studio co-founder , died and Walt Disney Productions was left in the hands of Donn Tatum and Card Walker , who alternated as chairman and CEO in overlapping terms for the rest of the decade . The next feature , Robin Hood ( 1973 ) , was produced with a significantly reduced budget and animation repurposed from previous features . Both The Aristocats and Robin Hood were minor box office and critical successes . </P> <P> The Rescuers , released in 1977 , was a success exceeding the achievements of the previous two Disney features . Receiving broad critical acclaim , commercial returns , and an Academy Award nomination , it ended up being the third highest - grossing film of the year and the most successful and acclaimed Disney animated film since The Jungle Book . The film was reissued in 1983 , accompanied by a new Disney featurette , Mickey 's Christmas Carol . </P> <P> The production of The Rescuers signaled the beginning of a changing of the guard process in the personnel at the Disney animation studio : as veterans such as Milt Kahl and Les Clark retired , they were gradually replaced by new talents such as Don Bluth , Ron Clements , John Musker , and Glen Keane . The new animators , culled from the animation program at CalArts and trained by Eric Larson , Frank Thomas , Ollie Johnston , and Woolie Reitherman got their first chances to prove themselves as a group with the animated sequences in Disney 's live - action / animated hybrid feature Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) , the animation for which was directed by Don Bluth . In September 1979 , dissatisfied with what they felt was a stagnation in the development of the art of animation at Disney , Bluth and several of the other new guard animators quit to start their own studio , Don Bluth Productions , which became Disney 's chief competitor in the animation field during the 1980s . </P> <P> Delayed half a year by the defection of the Bluth group , The Fox and the Hound was released in 1981 after four years in production . The film was considered a financial success by the studio , and development continued on The Black Cauldron , a long - gestating adaptation of the Chronicles of Prydain series of novels by Lloyd Alexander produced in Super Technirama 70 . </P> <P> The Black Cauldron was intended to expand the appeal of Disney animated films to older audiences and to showcase the talents of the new generation of Disney animators from CalArts . Besides Keane , Musker , and Clements , this new group of artists included other promising animators such as Andreas Deja , Mike Gabriel , John Lasseter , and Tim Burton . Lasseter was fired from Disney in 1983 for pushing the studio to explore computer animation production , but went on to become the creative head of Pixar , a pioneering computer animation studio that would begin a close association with Disney in the late 1980s . Similarly , Burton was fired in 1984 after producing a live - action short shelved by the studio , Frankenweenie , then went on to become a high - profile producer and director of live - action and stop - motion features for Disney and other studios . Some of Burton 's high - profile projects for Disney would include the stop - motion The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) , a live - action adaptation of Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) , and a stop - motion feature remake of Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) . </P> <H3> 1984 -- 89 : Michael Eisner takeover , restructuring , return to prominence ( edit ) </H3> Roy E. Disney ( Chairman , 1985 -- 2003 ) , nephew of Walt Disney , was a key figure in restructuring the animation department following the reorganization of the Disney company in 1984 . <P> Ron Miller , Walt Disney 's son - in - law , became president of Walt Disney Productions in 1980 and CEO in 1983 . That year , he expanded the company 's film and television production divisions , creating the Walt Disney Pictures banner under which future films from the feature animation department would be released . After a series of corporate takeover attempts in 1984 , Roy E. Disney , son of Roy O. and nephew of Walt , resigned from the company 's board of directors and launched a campaign called `` SaveDisney , '' successfully convincing the board to fire Miller . Roy E. Disney brought in Michael Eisner as Disney 's new CEO and Frank Wells as president . Eisner in turn named Jeffrey Katzenberg chairman of the film division , The Walt Disney Studios . Near completion when the Eisner regime took over Disney , The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) would come to represent what would later be referred to as the `` rock bottom '' point for Disney animation . The studio 's most expensive feature to that point at $44 million , The Black Cauldron was a critical and commercial failure . The film 's $21 million box office gross led to a loss for the studio , putting the future of the animation division in jeopardy . </P> <P> Between the 1950s and 1980s , the significance of animation to Disney 's bottom line was significantly reduced as the company expanded into further live - action production , television , and theme parks . As new CEO , Michael Eisner strongly considered shuttering the feature animation studio and outsourcing future animation . Roy E. Disney intervened , offering to head the feature animation division and turn its fortunes around , while Eisner established the Walt Disney Pictures Television Animation Group to produce lower - cost animation for television . Named Chairman of feature animation by Eisner , Roy E. Disney appointed Peter Schneider president of animation to run the day - to - day operations in 1985 . </P> <P> On February 1 , 1985 , Disney executives moved the animation division from the Disney studio lot in Burbank to a variety of warehouses , hangars , and trailers located about two miles east ( 3.2 kilometers ) in nearby Glendale , California . The animation division 's first feature animation at its new location was The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) , begun by John Musker and Ron Clements as Basil of Baker Street after both left production of The Black Cauldron . The film was enough of a critical and commercial success to instill executive confidence in the animation studio . Later the same year , however , Universal Pictures and Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment released Don Bluth 's An American Tail , which outgrossed The Great Mouse Detective at the box office and became the highest - grossing first - issue animated film to that point . </P> <P> Katzenberg , Schneider , and Roy Disney set about changing the culture of the studio , increasing staffing and production so that a new animated feature would be released every year instead of every two to four . The first of the releases on the accelerated production schedule was Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) , which featured an all - star cast including Billy Joel and Bette Midler and an emphasis on a modern pop soundtrack . Oliver & Company opened in the theaters on the same day as another Bluth / Amblin / Universal animated film , The Land Before Time ; however , Oliver outgrossed Time and went on to become the most successful animated feature to that date . </P> 1400 Flower Street in Glendale , California , one of several buildings used by Walt Disney Feature Animation between 1985 and 1995 . 1400 Air Way , another Glendale building used by Walt Disney Feature Animation between 1985 and 1995 . <P> At the same time in 1988 , Disney 's started entering into Australia 's long - standing animation industry , by purchasing Hanna - Barbera 's Australian studio to start Disney Animation Australia . </P> <P> While Oliver & Company and the next feature The Little Mermaid were in production , Disney collaborated with Steven Spielberg 's Amblin Entertainment and master animator Richard Williams to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit , a groundbreaking live - action / animation hybrid directed by Robert Zemeckis , which featured licensed animated characters from other animation studios . Disney set up a new animation studio under Williams ' supervision in London to create the cartoon characters for Roger Rabbit , with many of the artists from the California studio traveling to England to work on the film . A significant critical and commercial success , Roger Rabbit won three Academy Awards for technical achievements . and was key in renewing mainstream interest in American animation . Other than the film itself , the studio also produced three Roger Rabbit shorts during the late 1980s and early 1990s . </P> <H3> 1989 -- 94 : beginning of the Disney Renaissance , successful releases , impact on the Animation industry ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Disney Renaissance <P> A second satellite studio , Walt Disney Feature Animation Florida , opened in 1989 with 40 employees . Its offices were located within the Disney - MGM Studios theme park at Walt Disney World in Bay Lake , Florida , and visitors were allowed to tour the studio and observe animators at work . That same year , the studio released The Little Mermaid , which became a keystone achievement in Disney 's history as its largest critical and commercial success in decades . Directed by John Musker and Ron Clements , who 'd been co-directors on The Great Mouse Detective , The Little Mermaid earned $84 million at the North American box office , a record for the studio . The film was built around a score from Broadway songwriters Alan Menken and Howard Ashman , who was also a co-producer and story consultant on the film . The Little Mermaid won two Academy Awards , for Best Original Song and for Best Original Score . </P> <P> The Little Mermaid vigorously relaunched a profound new interest in the animation and musical film genres . The film was also the first to feature the use of Disney 's Computer Animation Production System ( CAPS ) . Developed for Disney by Pixar , which had grown into a commercial computer animation and technology development company , CAPS would become significant in allowing future Disney films to more seamlessly integrate computer - generated imagery and achieve higher production values with digital ink and paint and compositing techniques . The Little Mermaid was the first of a series of blockbusters that would be released over the next decade by Walt Disney Feature Animation , a period later designated by the term Disney Renaissance . </P> <P> Accompanied in theaters by the Mickey Mouse featurette The Prince and the Pauper , The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) was Disney 's first animated feature sequel and the studio 's first film to be fully colored and composited via computer using the CAPS system . However , the film did not duplicate the success of The Little Mermaid . The next Disney animated feature , Beauty and the Beast , had begun production in London but was moved back to Burbank after Disney decided to shutter the London satellite office and retool the film into a musical - comedy format similar to The Little Mermaid . Alan Menken and Howard Ashman were retained to write the song score , though Ashman died before production was completed . </P> <P> Debuting first in a work - in - progress version at the 1991 New York Film Festival before its November 1991 wide release , Beauty and the Beast , directed by Kirk Wise & Gary Trousdale , was an unprecedented critical and commercial success , and would later be seen as one of the studio 's best films . The film earned six Academy Award nominations , including one for Best Picture , a first for an animated work , winning for Best Song and Best Original Score . Its $145 million box office gross set new records and merchandising for the film -- including toys , cross-promotions , and soundtrack sales -- was also lucrative . </P> <P> The successes of The Little Mermaid and Beauty and the Beast established the template for future Disney releases during the 1990s : a musical - comedy format with Broadway - styled songs and tentpole action sequences , buoyed by cross-promotional marketing and merchandising , all carefully designed to pull audiences of all ages and types into theatres . In addition to John Musker , Ron Clements , Kirk Wise , and Gary Trousdale , the new guard of Disney artists creating these films included story artists / directors Roger Allers , Rob Minkoff , Chris Sanders , and Brenda Chapman , and lead animators Glen Keane , Andreas Deja , Eric Goldberg , Nik Ranieri , Will Finn , and many others . </P> <P> Aladdin , released in November 1992 , continued the upward trend in Disney 's animation success , earning $504 million worldwide at the box office , and two more Oscars for Best Song and Best Score . Featuring songs by Menken , Ashman , and Tim Rice ( who replaced Ashman after his passing ) and starring the voice of Robin Williams , Aladdin also established the trend of hiring celebrity actors and actresses to provide the voices of Disney characters , which had been explored to some degree with The Jungle Book and Oliver & Company , but now became standard practice . </P> <P> In June 1994 , Disney released The Lion King , directed by Roger Allers and Rob Minkoff . An all - animal adventure set in Africa , The Lion King featured an all - star voice cast which included James Earl Jones , Matthew Broderick , and Jeremy Irons , with songs written by Tim Rice and pop star Elton John . The Lion King earned $768 million at the worldwide box office , to this date a record for a traditionally animated film , earning millions more in merchandising , promotions , and record sales for its soundtrack . </P> 622 / 610 Circle 7 Drive ( the Hart - Dannon Building ) , another Glendale building used by Walt Disney Feature Animation during the early 1990s . <P> Aladdin and The Lion King had been the highest - grossing films worldwide in each of their respective release years . Between these in - house productions , Disney diversified in animation methods and produced The Nightmare Before Christmas with former Disney animator Tim Burton . With animation becoming again an increasingly important and lucrative part of Disney 's business , the company began to expand its operations . The flagship California studio was split into two units and expanded , and ground was broken on a new Disney Feature Animation building adjacent to the main Disney lot in Burbank , which was dedicated in 1995 . The Florida satellite , officially incorporated in 1992 , was expanded as well , and one of Disney 's television animation studios in the Paris , France suburb of Montreuil -- the former Brizzi Brothers studio -- became Walt Disney Feature Animation Paris , where A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) and significant parts of later Disney films were produced . Also , Disney began producing lower cost direct to video sequels for its successful animated films using the services of its television animation studios under the name Disney MovieToons . The Return of Jafar ( 1994 ) , a sequel to Aladdin and a pilot for the Aladdin television show spin - off , was the first of these productions . Walt Disney Feature Animation was also heavily involved in the adaptations of both Beauty and the Beast in 1994 and The Lion King in 1997 into Broadway musicals . </P> <P> Jeffrey Katzenberg and the Disney story team were heavily involved in the development and production of Toy Story , the first fully computer - animated feature ever produced . Toy Story was produced for Disney by Pixar and directed by former Disney animator John Lasseter , whom Peter Schneider had unsuccessfully tried to hire back after his success with Pixar shorts such as Tin Toy ( 1988 ) . Released in 1995 , Toy Story opened to critical acclaim and commercial success , leading to Pixar signing a five - film deal with Disney , which bore critically and financially successful computer animated films such as A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) , Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) , and Monsters , Inc. ( 2001 ) . </P> <P> In addition , the successes of Aladdin and The Lion King spurred a significant increase in the number of American - produced animated features throughout the rest of the decade , with the major film studios establishing new animation divisions such as Fox Animation Studios , Turner Feature Animation , and Warner Bros. Animation being formed to produce films in a Disney-esque musical - comedy format such as Thumbelina ( 1994 ) , The Swan Princess ( 1994 ) , Cats Do n't Dance ( 1997 ) , Anastasia ( 1997 ) , Quest for Camelot ( 1998 ) and The King and I ( 1999 ) . </P> <H3> 1994 -- 99 : end of the Disney Renaissance , declining returns ( edit ) </H3> Walt Disney Feature Animation logo , used from 1997 to 2006 . <P> Concerns arose internally at Disney , particularly from Roy E. Disney , about studio chief Jeffrey Katzenberg taking too much credit for the success of Disney 's early 1990s releases . Disney president Frank Wells was killed in a helicopter accident in 1994 , and Katzenberg lobbied CEO Michael Eisner for the vacant president position . Instead , tensions between Katzenberg , Eisner , and Disney resulted in Katzenberg being forced to resign from the company that August 24 , with Joe Roth taking his place . On October 12 , 1994 , Katzenberg went on to become one of the founders of DreamWorks SKG , whose animation division became Disney 's key rival in feature animation with both computer animated films such as Antz ( 1998 ) , and traditionally animated films such as The Prince of Egypt ( 1998 ) . In December 1994 , the Animation Building in Burbank was completed for the animation division . </P> <P> In contrast to the early 1990s productions , the mid-1990s Disney animated features presented a trend of diminishing returns . Pocahontas , released in summer 1995 , was a critical and commercial disappointment compared to its predecessors , earning $346 million worldwide while still winning two Academy Awards for its music by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz . The next film , The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) , partially produced at the Paris studio , performed better critically and grossed $325 million worldwide . The following summer , Hercules , grossed $252 million worldwide and received positive reviews , but it was responsible for beginning the decline of traditional animated films . The declining box office success became doubly concerning inside the studio as wage competition from DreamWorks had significantly increased the studio 's overhead , with production costs increasing from $79 million in total costs ( production , marketing , and overhead ) for The Lion King in 1994 to $179 million for Hercules three years later . Moreover , Disney depended upon the popularity of its new features in order to develop merchandising , theme park attractions , direct - to - video sequels , and television programming in its other divisions . The production schedule was scaled back , and a larger number of creative executives were hired to more closely supervise production , a move that was not popular among the animation staff . </P> <P> Mulan ( 1998 ) , the first film produced primarily at the Florida studio , earned $305 million in worldwide box office . The next summer 's Tarzan , directed by Kevin Lima and Chris Buck , had a high production cost of $130 million , but earned $448 million at the box office . The Tarzan song score by pop star Phil Collins resulted in significant record sales and an Academy Award for Best Song . </P> <P> In October 1999 , Dream Quest Images , a special effects studio previously purchased by The Walt Disney Company in April 1996 to replace Buena Vista Visual Effects , was merged with the computer - graphics operation of Walt Disney Feature Animation to form a division called The Secret Lab . The Secret Lab produced one feature film , Dinosaur , which was released in May 2000 and featured CGI prehistoric creatures against filmed live - action backgrounds . The $128 million production earned $349 million worldwide , below studio expectations , and the Secret Lab was closed in 2001 . </P> <H3> 2000 -- 06 : slump , downsizing and conversion to computer Animation , corporate issues ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fantasia 2000 , a sequel to the 1940 film that had been a pet - project of Roy E. Disney 's since 1990 , was released on January 1 , 2000 . Produced in pieces when artists were available between productions , Fantasia 2000 was the first animated feature produced for and released in IMAX format . A standard theatrical release followed in June , but the film 's $90 million worldwide box office total against its $90 million production cost resulted in it losing $100 million for the studio . Peter Schneider left his post as president of Walt Disney Feature Animation in 1999 to become president of The Walt Disney Studios under Joe Roth . Thomas Schumacher , who had been Schneider 's vice president of animation for several years , became the new president of Walt Disney Feature Animation . By this time , competition from other studios had driven animators ' incomes to all - time highs , making traditionally animated features even more costly to produce . Schumacher was tasked with cutting costs , and massive layoffs began to cut salaries and bring the studio 's staff -- which peaked at 2,200 people in 1999 -- down to approximately 1,200 employees . </P> <P> In December 2000 , The Emperor 's New Groove was released . It had been a musical epic called Kingdom of the Sun before being revised mid-production into a smaller comedy , The film earned $169 million worldwide when released , though it was well - reviewed and performed better on video . Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) , an attempt to break the Disney formula by moving into action - adventure , received mixed reviews and earned $186 million worldwide against production costs of $120 million . </P> <P> By 2001 , the notable successes of computer - animated films from Pixar and DreamWorks such as Monsters , Inc. and , Shrek , respectively , against Disney 's lesser returns for The Emperor 's New Groove and Atlantis : The Lost Empire led to a growing perception that hand - drawn animation was becoming outdated and falling out of fashion . In March 2002 , just after the successful release of Blue Sky Studios ' computer - animated feature Ice Age , Disney laid off most of the employees at the Feature Animation studio in Burbank , downsizing it to one unit and beginning plans to move into fully computer animated films . A handful of employees were offered positions doing computer animation . Morale plunged to a low not seen since the start of the studio 's ten - year exile to Glendale in 1985 . The Paris studio was also closed in 2003 . </P> <P> The Burbank studio 's remaining hand - drawn productions , Treasure Planet and Home on the Range , continued production . Treasure Planet , an outer space retelling of Robert Louis Stevenson 's Treasure Island , was a pet project of writer - directors Ron Clements and John Musker . It received an IMAX release and generally positive reviews but was financially unsuccessful upon its November 2002 release , resulting in a $74 million write - down for The Walt Disney Company in fiscal year 2003 . The Burbank studio 's 2D departments closed at the end of 2002 following completion of Home on the Range , a long - in - production feature that had been known as Sweating Bullets . </P> <P> Meanwhile , hand - drawn feature animation production continued at the Feature Animation Florida studio , where the films could be produced at lower costs . Lilo & Stitch , an offbeat comedy written and directed by Chris Sanders and Dean DeBlois , became the studio 's first bonafide hit since Tarzan upon its summer 2002 release , earning $273 million worldwide against a $80 million production budget . </P> <P> Most of the Disney features from the 1990s had been spun off into direct - to - video sequels , television series , or both , produced by the Disney Television Animation unit . Beginning with the February 2002 release of Return to Never Land , a sequel to Peter Pan ( 1953 ) , Disney began releasing lower - budgeted sequels to earlier films , which had been intended for video premieres , in theaters , a process derided by some of the Disney animation staff and fans of the Disney films . </P> <P> In 2003 , Tom Schumacher was appointed president of Buena Vista Theatrical Group , Disney 's stageplay and musical theater arm , and David Stainton , then president of Walt Disney Television Animation , was appointed as his replacement . Stainton continued to oversee Disney 's direct - to - video division , DisneyToon Studios , which had been part of the television animation department , though transferred at this time to Walt Disney Feature Animation management . </P> <P> Under Stainton , the Florida studio completed Brother Bear , which did not perform as well as Lilo & Stitch critically or financially . Disney announced the closing of the Florida studio on January 12 , 2004 , with the then in - progress feature My Peoples left unfinished when the studio closed two months later . Upon the unsuccessful April 2004 release of Home on the Range , Disney , led by executive Bob Lambert , officially announced its conversion of Walt Disney Feature Animation into a fully CGI studio -- a process begun two years prior -- now with a staff of 600 people and began selling off all of its traditional animation equipment . </P> <P> Just after Brother Bear 's November 2003 release , Feature Animation chairman Roy E. Disney had resigned from The Walt Disney Company , launching with business partner Stanley Gold a second external `` SaveDisney '' campaign similar to the one that had forced Ron Miller out in 1984 , this time to force out Michael Eisner . Two of their arguing points against Eisner included his handling of Feature Animation and the souring of the studio 's relationship with Pixar . </P> <P> Talks between Michael Eisner and Pixar CEO Steve Jobs over renewal terms for the highly lucrative Pixar - Disney distribution deal broke down in January 2004 . Jobs in particular disagreed with Eisner 's insistence that sequels such as the then in - development Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) would not count against the number of films required in the studio 's new deal . To that end , Disney announced the launching of Circle 7 Animation , a division of Feature Animation which would have produced sequels to the Pixar films , while Pixar began shopping for a new distribution deal . </P> <P> In 2005 , Disney released its first fully computer - animated feature , Chicken Little . The film was a moderate success at the box office , earning $315 million worldwide , but was not well - received critically . Later that year , after two years of Roy E. Disney 's `` SaveDisney '' campaign , Michael Eisner announced that he would resign and named Bob Iger , then president of The Walt Disney Company , his successor as chairman and CEO . </P> <H3> 2006 -- 09 : rebound , Disney 's acquisition of Pixar , renaming ( edit ) </H3> John Lasseter ( Chief Creative Officer , left ) and Edwin Catmull ( President , right ) came to Disney following its acquisition of Pixar and dedicated themselves to revitalizing Walt Disney Animation Studios after the studio 's unsuccessful early 2000s period . <P> With Iger in place as the new CEO of Disney , Steve Jobs resumed negotiations for Pixar with Disney . On January 24 , 2006 , Disney announced that it would acquire Pixar for $7.4 billion , with the deal closing that May. and the Circle 7 studio launched to produce Toy Story 3 was shut down , with most of its employees returning to Feature Animation and Toy Story 3 returning to Pixar 's control . As part of the acquisition , Edwin Catmull and John Lasseter were named President and Chief Creative Officer , respectively , of Feature Animation as well as Pixar . </P> <P> While Disney executives had discussed closing Feature Animation as redundant , Catmull and Lasseter refused and instead resolved to try to turn things around at the studio . Lasseter said `` we were n't going to let that ( closure ) happen on our watch . We were determined to save the legacy of Walt Disney 's amazing studio and bring it back up to the creative level it had to be . Saving this heritage was squarely on our shoulders . '' Lasseter and Catmull set about rebuilding the morale of the Feature Animation staff , and rehired a number of its 1980s `` new guard '' generation of star animators who had left the studio , including Ron Clements , John Musker , Eric Goldberg , Mark Henn , Andreas Deja , Bruce W. Smith , and Chris Buck . To maintain the separation of Feature Animation and Pixar despite their now common ownership and management , Catmull and Lasseter `` drew a hard line '' that each studio was solely responsible for its own projects and would not be allowed to borrow personnel from or lend tasks out to the other . Catmull said that he and Lasseter `` make sure the studios are quite distinct from each other . We do n't want them to merge ; that would definitely be the wrong approach . Each should have its own personality . '' </P> <P> Catmull and Lasseter also brought to Feature Animation the Pixar model of a `` filmmaker - driven studio '' as opposed to an `` executive - driven studio '' ; they abolished Disney 's prior system of requiring directors to respond to `` mandatory '' notes from development executives ranking above the producers in favor of a system roughly analogous to peer review , in which non-mandatory notes come primarily from fellow producers , directors , and writers . Most of the layers of `` gatekeepers '' ( midlevel executives ) were stripped away , and Lasseter established a routine of personally meeting weekly with filmmakers on all projects in the last year of production and delivering feedback on the spot . The studio 's team of top creatives who work together closely on the development of its films is known as the Disney Story Trust ; it is somewhat similar to the Pixar Braintrust , but its meetings are reportedly `` more polite '' than those of its Pixar counterpart . </P> <P> In 2007 , Lasseter renamed Walt Disney Feature Animation to Walt Disney Animation Studios , and re-positioned the studio as an animation house that produced both traditional and computer - animated projects . In order to keep costs down on hand - drawn productions , animation , design , and layout were done in - house at Disney while clean - up animation and digital ink - and - paint were farmed out to vendors and freelancers . </P> <P> The studio released Meet the Robinsons in 2007 , its second all - CGI film , earning $169.3 million worldwide . That same year , DisneyToon Studios was also restructured and began to operate as a separate unit under Lasseter and Catmull 's control . Lasseter 's direct intervention with the studio 's next film , American Dog , resulted in the departure of director Chris Sanders , who went on to become a director at DreamWorks Animation . The film was retooled by new directors Byron Howard and Chris Williams as Bolt , which was released in 2008 and had the best critical reception of any Disney animated feature since Lilo & Stitch , and became a moderate financial success . </P> <P> The Princess and the Frog , directed by Ron Clements and John Musker , was the studio 's first hand - drawn animated film in five years . A return to the musical - comedy format of the 1990s with songs by Randy Newman , the film was released in 2009 to a positive critical reception and was also nominated for three Academy Awards , including two for Best Song . The box office performance of The Princess and the Frog -- a total of $267 million earned worldwide against a $105 million production budget -- was seen as an underperformance due to competition with Avatar . In addition , the `` Princess '' aspect of the title was blamed , resulting in future Disney films then in production about princesses being given neutral / symbolic titles : Rapunzel became Tangled and The Snow Queen became Frozen . In 2014 , Disney animator Tom Sito compared the film 's box office performance to that of The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) , which was a step - up from the theatrical run of the 1985 film The Black Cauldron . In 2009 , the studio also produced the computer - animated Prep & Landing holiday special for the ABC television network . </P> <P> At the D23 Expo in 2009 , Guillermo del Toro 's Double Dare You production company and Disney announced a production deal for a line of darker animated films . The label was announced with one original animated project , Trollhunters . However , del Toro moved his deal to DreamWorks in late 2010 . </P> <H3> 2010 -- present : continued resurgence ( edit ) </H3> <P> After The Princess and the Frog , the studio released Tangled , a musical CGI adaptation of the Brothers Grimm fairy tale `` Rapunzel '' with songs by Alan Menken and Glenn Slater . In active development since 2002 under Glen Keane , Tangled , directed by Byron Howard and Nathan Greno , was released in 2010 and became a significant critical and commercial success , and was nominated for several accolades . The film earned $591 million in worldwide box office revenue , becoming the studio 's third most successful release to date . </P> <P> The hand - drawn feature Winnie the Pooh , a new feature film based on the A.A. Milne characters , followed in 2011 to positive reviews , but underperformed at the box office ; it remains to date the studio 's most recent hand - drawn feature . Wreck - It Ralph , directed by Rich Moore , was released in 2012 , to critical acclaim and commercial success . A comedy - adventure about a video - game villain who redeems himself as a hero , it won numerous awards , including the Annie , Critics ' Choice , and Kids ' Choice Awards for Best Animated Feature Film and received Golden Globe and Academy Award nominations . The film earned $471 million in worldwide box office revenue . In addition , the studio won its first Academy Award for a short film in forty - four years with Paperman , which was released in theaters with Wreck - It Ralph . Directed by John Kahrs , Paperman utilized new software developed in - house at the studio called Meander , which merges hand - drawn and computer animation techniques within the same character to create a unique `` hybrid . '' According to Producer Kristina Reed , the studio is continuing to develop the technique for future projects , including an animated feature . </P> <P> In 2013 , the studio laid off nine of its hand - drawn animators , including Nik Ranieri and Ruben A. Aquino , leading to speculation on animation blogs that the studio was abandoning traditional animation , an idea that the studio dismissed . That same year , Frozen , a CGI musical film inspired by Hans Christian Andersen 's `` The Snow Queen '' , was released to widespread acclaim and became a blockbuster hit . Directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee with songs by the Broadway team of Robert Lopez & Kristen Anderson - Lopez , it was the first Disney animated film to earn over $1 billion in worldwide box office revenue and is currently the highest - grossing animated film of all time , surpassing Pixar 's Toy Story 3 . Frozen also became the first film from Walt Disney Animation Studios to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature ( a category started in 2001 ) , as well as the first feature - length motion picture from the studio to win an Academy Award since Tarzan and the first to win multiple Academy Awards since Pocahontas . It was released in theaters with Get a Horse ! , a new Mickey Mouse cartoon combining black - and - white hand - drawn animation and full - color CGI animation . </P> <P> The studio 's next feature , Big Hero 6 , a CGI comedy - adventure film inspired by the Marvel Comics series of the same name , was released in 2014 . For the film , the studio developed new light rendering software called Hyperion , which the studio continued to use on all subsequent films . Big Hero 6 received critical acclaim and was the highest - grossing animated film of 2014 , also winning the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . The film was accompanied in theaters by the animated short Feast , which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film . In March 2016 , the studio released Zootopia , a CGI buddy - comedy film set in a modern world inhabited by anthropomorphic animals . The film was a critical and commercial success , grossing over $1 billion worldwide , and won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature . </P> <P> Moana , a CGI fantasy - adventure film , was released in November 2016 . The film was shown in theaters with the animated short Inner Workings . Moana was another commercial and critical success for the studio , grossing over $600 million worldwide and receiving two Academy Award nominations . </P> <P> In December 2017 , it was announced that given the proposed acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney , 20th Century Fox 's computer animation studio Blue Sky Studios will become a sister studio to both Pixar and Disney Animation . </P> <H2> Studio ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Management ( edit ) </H3> <P> Walt Disney Animation Studios is currently managed by Edwin Catmull ( President , Walt Disney and Pixar Animation Studios ) , John Lasseter ( Chief Creative Officer ) and Andrew Millstein ( President ) . Since 2006 , while continuing to live in the San Francisco Bay Area ( where they manage Pixar ) , Catmull and Lasseter have regularly commuted to Burbank every week to spend at least two days ( usually Tuesdays and Wednesdays ) at Disney Animation . They initially appointed Millstein as general manager and executive vice president to handle day - to - day business operations on their behalf . Millstein was promoted to the title of president in November 2014 , along with his counterpart at Pixar , general manager Jim Morris . Both Millstein and Morris continue to report to Catmull , who retains the title of president of both studios . </P> <P> Former presidents of the studio include David Stainton ( January 2003 -- January 2006 ) , Thomas Schumacher ( January 2000 -- December 2002 ) and Peter Schneider ( 1985 -- December 1999 ) . </P> <P> Other Disney executives who also exercised much influence within the studio were Roy E. Disney ( 1985 -- 2003 , Chairman , Walt Disney Feature Animation ) , Jeffrey Katzenberg ( 1984 -- 94 , Chairman , The Walt Disney Studios ) , Michael Eisner ( 1984 -- 2005 , CEO , The Walt Disney Company ) , and Frank Wells ( 1984 -- 94 , President and COO , The Walt Disney Company ) . Following Roy Disney 's passing in 2009 , the WDAS headquarters in Burbank was re-dedicated as The Roy E. Disney Animation Building in May 2010 . </P> <H3> Locations ( edit ) </H3> The south side of the Roy E. Disney Animation Building , as seen from the public park that separates it from the Ventura Freeway . <P> Since 1995 , Walt Disney Animation Studios has been headquartered in the Roy E. Disney Animation Building in Burbank , California , across Riverside Drive from The Walt Disney Studios , where the original Animation building ( now housing corporate offices ) is located . The Disney Animation Building 's lobby is capped by a large version of the famous hat from the Sorcerer 's Apprentice segment of Fantasia ( 1940 ) , and the building is informally called the `` hat building '' for that reason . Disney Animation shares its site with ABC Studios , whose building is located immediately to the west . </P> <P> Until the mid-1990s , Disney Animation previously operated out of the Air Way complex , a cluster of old hangars , office buildings , and trailers in the Grand Central Business Centre , an industrial park on the site of the former Grand Central Airport about two miles ( 3.2 km ) east in the city of Glendale . Today , the DisneyToon Studios unit is currently based in Glendale . Disney Animation 's archive , formerly known as `` the morgue '' ( based on an analogy to a morgue file ) and today known as the Animation Research Library , is also located in Glendale . Unlike the Burbank buildings , DisneyToon Studios and the ARL are located in nondescript office buildings near Disney 's Grand Central Creative Campus . The 12,000 - square - foot ARL is home to over 64 million items of animation artwork going back to 1924 ; because of its importance to the company , it requires visitors to agree to not disclose its exact location within Glendale . </P> <P> Previously , feature animation satellite studios were located around the world in Montreuil , Seine - Saint - Denis , France ( a suburb of Paris ) , and in Bay Lake , Florida ( near Orlando , at Disney 's Hollywood Studios , one of the four theme parks at Walt Disney World ) . The Paris studio was shut down in 2002 , while the Florida studio was shut down in 2004 . The Florida animation building survives as an office building , while the former Magic of Disney Animation section of the building is home to Star Wars Launch Bay . </P> <P> In November 2014 , Disney Animation commenced a 16 - month upgrade of the Roy E. Disney Animation Building , in order to fix what Catmull had called its `` dungeon - like '' interior . For example , the interior was so cramped that it could not easily accommodate `` town hall '' meetings with all employees in attendance . Disney did not disclose the renovation 's cost , but Lasseter revealed that `` ( t ) he whole center of the second floor will have an atrium that will go up two stories ( ; ) we want to make this building so beautiful that it 's worthy of the artistic talent that 's there . '' In addition , it was revealed that the large sorcerer 's hat would become the building 's main entrance . Lasseter stated , `` There will be a gorgeous stairway that goes up into the hat , it 's a really great symbol like you 're entering the building through the magic of Mickey Mouse 's hat . '' Due to the renovation , the studio 's employees were temporarily moved from Burbank into the closest available Disney - controlled studio space -- the DisneyToon Studios building in the industrial park in Glendale and the old Imagineering warehouse in North Hollywood under the western approach to Bob Hope Airport ( the Tujunga Building ) . Director Don Hall analogized the studio 's relocation to the end of The Empire Strikes Back , where `` you know they 're going to get back together . '' The renovation was completed in October 2016 . </P> <H2> Productions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Feature films ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Walt Disney Animation Studios films <P> Walt Disney Animation Studios has produced animated features in a series of animation techniques , including traditional animation , computer animation , and animation combined with live - action scenes . The studio 's first film , Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , was released on December 21 , 1937 , and their most recent film , Moana , was released on November 23 , 2016 . </P> <H3> Short films ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Disney animated shorts <P> Since Alice Comedies in the 1920s , Walt Disney Animation Studios has produced a series of prominent short films , including the Mickey Mouse cartoons and the Silly Symphonies series . Many of these shorts provided a medium for the studio to experiment with new technologies that they would use in their filmmaking process , such as the synchronization of sound in Steamboat Willie ( 1928 ) , the integration of the three - strip Technicolor process in Flowers and Trees ( 1932 ) , the multiplane camera in The Old Mill ( 1937 ) , the xerography process in Goliath II ( 1960 ) , and the hand - drawn / CGI hybrid animation in Off His Rockers ( 1992 ) , Paperman ( 2012 ) , and Get a Horse ! ( 2013 ) . </P> <P> On August 18 , 2015 , Disney released twelve short animation films entitled : Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection which includes among many others Tick Tock Tale ( 2010 ) directed by Dean Wellins and Prep & Landing Stocking Stuffer ( 2009 ) directed by Kevin Deters . On March 22 , 2017 the set is running on Netflix Watch Instantly . </P> <H2> Collaborations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Parks and resorts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Walt Disney Animation Studios has occasionally collaborated with Walt Disney Creative Entertainment and Walt Disney Imagineering to create attractions for various Disney theme parks and resorts . Some of these attractions are : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Making of Me , at Epcot </Li> <Li> Cranium Command , at Epcot </Li> <Li> Circle of Life : An Environmental Fable , at Epcot </Li> <Li> Gran Fiesta Tour Starring The Three Caballeros , at Epcot </Li> <Li> Mickey 's PhilharMagic , at the Magic Kingdom , Hong Kong Disneyland , and Tokyo Disneyland </Li> <Li> Stitch 's Great Escape ! , at the Magic Kingdom </Li> <Li> Stitch Encounter , at Hong Kong Disneyland , Tokyo Disneyland , and Walt Disney Studios Park as `` Stitch Live ! '' </Li> <Li> Fantasmic ! , at Disneyland , Disney 's Hollywood Studios and Tokyo DisneySea </Li> <Li> World of Color , at Disney California Adventure </Li> <Li> Disney Dreams ! , at Disneyland Park Paris </Li> <Li> Seven Dwarfs Mine Train , at the Magic Kingdom </Li> <Li> Frozen Ever After , at Epcot </Li> <Li> Jingle Bell , Jingle BAM ! at Disney 's Hollywood Studios </Li> <Li> Happily Ever After at Magic Kingdom </Li> </Ul> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <P> Walt Disney Animation Studios has also collaborated and put input through the company 's Disney Interactive unit for several games . Some of these games are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Disney Infinity series ( Developed by Avalanche Software ) </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hearts III ( Co-Published / Developed by Square Enix ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Associated Productions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Walt Disney Animation Studios has occasionally collaborated with other studios to assist in the production of some animated and live - action features . These films are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Hollywood Party , providing the animated segments </Li> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon , providing the animated segments </Li> <Li> Victory Through Air Power , providing the animated segments </Li> <Li> Song of the South , providing the animated segments </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart , providing the animated segments </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins , providing the animated segments </Li> <Li> Bedknobs and Broomsticks , providing the animated segments </Li> <Li> Pete 's Dragon , providing animation </Li> <Li> The Brave Little Toaster , providing development </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit , providing animation , layout , animatics and storyboards ( animation unit only ) , and special effects </Li> <Li> The Nightmare Before Christmas , providing second - layering traditional animation ; originally labeled under the WDFA banner </Li> <Li> A Goofy Movie , providing story , development , pre-production , as well as clean - up </Li> <Li> Toy Story , providing development </Li> <Li> James and the Giant Peach , providing second - layering traditional animation </Li> <Li> Saving Mr. Banks , providing animation for a short scene recreating an episode of the Disneyland TV series </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book , providing the hand drawn animated Disney logo . </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins Returns , providing the animated segments </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Disney portal </Li> <Li> Film portal </Li> <Li> Animation portal </Li> <Li> United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney </Li> <Li> Disney 's Nine Old Men </Li> <Li> 12 basic principles of animation </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Treasures </Li> <Li> Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life </Li> <Li> Modern animation in the United States : Disney </Li> <Li> Animation studios owned by The Walt Disney Company </Li> </Ul> <H3> Documentary films about Disney animation ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> A Trip Through the Walt Disney Studios ( 1937 , short ) </Li> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 , a staged `` mockumentary '' ) </Li> <Li> Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Walt Disney Studios '' . The Walt Disney Company . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Contact '' . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Graser , Marc ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Walt Disney Animation , Pixar Promote Andrew Millstein , Jim Morris to President '' . Variety . Retrieved November 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Godfrey , Leigh ( January 3 , 2003 ) . `` David Stainton Named President , Disney Feature Animation '' . AWN News . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Amidi , Amid ( January 24 , 2006 ) . `` David Stainton Out ! '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved December 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Baisley , Sarah ( June 16 , 2003 ) . `` DisneyToon Studios Builds Slate Under New Name and Homes for Needy '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved February 26 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our Studio '' . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Walt Disney . Retrieved November 24 , 2017 . Combining masterful artistry and storytelling with groundbreaking technology , Walt Disney Animation Studios is a filmmaker - driven animation studio responsible for creating some of the most beloved films ever made . Located in Burbank , WDAS continues to build on its rich legacy of innovation and creativity , stretching from the first fully - animated feature film , 1937 's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , to 2013 's Academy Award ® - winning Frozen , the biggest animated film of all time . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney Animation Studios -- Our studio '' . Walt Disney Animation Studios . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New iPad App Goes Behind the Scenes of Disney 's Animated Features '' . The Hollywood Reporter . August 8 , 2013 . Retrieved August 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cavalier , Stephen ( 2011 ) . The World History of Animation . Berkeley , California : University of California Press . pp. 14 -- 16 . 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Archived from the original on June 27 , 2014 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabler 2006 , p. 109 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Famous Train Ride '' . Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gabler 2006 , p. 128 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabler 2006 , p. 129 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solomon , Charles . `` The Golden Age of Mickey Mouse '' . Disney . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2007 . Retrieved May 21 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Skeleton Dance Premieres '' . Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ <Ul> <Li> The Disney Touch , by Ron Grover , 1991 . </Li> <Li> Disneyana : Walt Disney Collectibles , by Cecil Munsey , 1974 . Pg. 31 . </Li> <Li> Holliss , Richard ; Brian Sibley ( 1988 ) . The Disney Studio Story . </Li> <Li> Building a Company -- Roy O. Disney and the Creation of an Entertainment Empire , by Bob Thomas , 1998 . Pg. 137 . </Li> <Li> Walt Disney -- The Triumph of the American Imagination , by Neal Gabler , 2006 . Pg. 330 . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WaltandRoy Sign a New Deal '' . Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ub Iwerks Resigns '' . Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Color Coming '' . Walt Disney Family Museum . Retrieved June 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : FilmmakerIQ : The History and Science of Color Film : From Isaac Newton to the Coen Brothers ( Digital video ) . YouTube . 2013 . Event occurs at 11 : 40 . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flowers and Trees '' . Walt Disney Family Museum . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2015 . 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Walt Disney : The Triumph of the American Imagination . New York : Random House . pp. 476 -- 478 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 679 - 75747 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shostak , Stu ( 03 - 28 - 2012 ) . `` Interview with Floyd Norman '' . Stu 's Show . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' The Top Box Office Hits of 1951 ' , Variety , January 2 , 1952 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Newcomb , Horace ( 2000 ) . Television : The Critical View . Oxford University Press . p. 27 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 511927 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' The Top Box - Office Hits of 1955 ' , Variety Weekly , January 25 , 1956 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabler 2006 , pp. 518 -- 520 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thomas , Bob ( 1994 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original . New York : Hyperion Press . pp. 294 -- 295 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6027 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1976 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original ( 1994 ed . ) . New York : Hyperion Press . pp. 294 -- 295 . 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Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart 2005 , p. 363 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Disney - Pixar split heightens pressure for new hits '' . The Hour . Associated Press . January 30 , 2004 . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lloyd , Christopher ( June 19 , 2002 ) . `` Lilo 's Creators : Orlando animators bring back watercolors for Lilo & Stitch '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Retrieved June 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lund , Dan ( 2005 ) . `` The ' Meeting ' Sequence : Super Sized '' . Bonus features for Dream On Silly Dreamer ( Documentary film ) DVD release . Orlando , Florida : WestLund Productions . 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Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stewart 2005 , pp. 319 , 479 -- 480 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chicken Little ( 2005 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chicken Little ( 2005 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eller , Claudia ( January 26 , 2006 ) . `` Deal Ends Quarrel Over Pixar Sequels '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Disney buying Pixar for $7.4 billion '' . NBC News . AP . January 1 , 2006 . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daly , Steve ( June 16 , 2006 ) . `` Woody : The Untold Story '' . Entertainment Weekly Magazine . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eller , Claudia ; Richard Verrier ( March 16 , 2005 ) . `` Disney Plans Life After Pixar With Sequel Unit '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Disney animation chief David Stainton , to whom the sequels unit reports , declined to comment on its plans . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney Closes Unit Devoted to Pixar Sequels '' . Los Angeles Times . March 21 , 2006 . Retrieved October 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes , Brooks ( March 4 , 2014 ) . `` At Disney , a Celebration That Was a Long Time Coming '' . New York Times . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wloszczyna , Susan ( October 31 , 2012 ) . `` ' Wreck - It Ralph ' is a Disney animation game - changer '' . USA Today . Retrieved April 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Williams , Christopher ( March 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' The world is a better place with Disney animation in it ' : John Lasseter tells the Telegraph how he saved Disney Animation Studios from the doldrums '' . The Daily Telegraph . 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Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : MacQuarrie , Jim ( November 2 , 2012 ) . `` Disney 's Paperman Is a Perfect Short Film '' . Wired . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2013 . Retrieved June 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amidi , Amid ( April 11 , 2013 ) . `` BREAKING : Disney Just Gutted Their Hand - Drawn Animation Division ( UPDATED ) '' . Cartoon Brew . Retrieved June 30 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Disney is reanimated with films such as ' Big Hero 6 , ' ' Frozen ' '' . latimes.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zuckerman , Esther ( November 4 , 2013 ) . `` Is ' Frozen ' a New , Bona Fide Disney Classic ? '' . The Atlantic Wire . Retrieved December 20 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Box Office Milestone : ' Frozen ' Crosses $1 Billion Worldwide '' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved March 2 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richwine , Lisa . `` Disney 's ' Frozen ' wins animated feature Oscar '' . Reuters . Retrieved March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Breznican , Anthony ( August 22 , 2013 ) . `` Old - school Mickey Mouse gets future shock in Get a Horse ! -- First Look '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 22 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keegan , Rebecca ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` Exclusive : Disney Animation announces first Marvel movie , ' Big Hero 6 ′ '' . The Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller , Daniel ( February 20 , 2015 ) . `` Software behind ' Big Hero 6 ' pushes envelope on computer animation '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kinsey Lowe ( March 13 , 2015 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ′ : No. 1 Animated Movie Worldwide 2014 '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved March 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2015 : ' Birdman ' wins Best Picture '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 22 , 2015 . Retrieved February 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Reveals Next Three Animated Shorts '' . Variety . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Noelene ( February 22 , 2015 ) . `` Oscars 2015 : ' Feast ' wins for animated short '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 22 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( June 11 , 2015 ) . `` Watch : Disney 's ' Zootopia ' Trailer Introduces Animal - Run World '' . Variety . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Zootopia ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( March 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Box Office Success Proof of Disney Animation Renaissance '' . Variety . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coggan , Devin ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Zootopia hits $1 billion worldwide '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Zootopia ' Wins Oscar for Best Animated Feature Film '' . Variety . Retrieved February 26 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Khatchatourian , Maane ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` ' Moana ' : Polynesian Princess Not Impressed by Dwayne Johnson 's Maui in First Teaser '' . Variety . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snetiker , Marc ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` Go inside the human body in Disney 's new short film before Moana -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave McNary ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` Disney 's ' Moana ' Sails to $600 Million at Worldwide Box Office '' . Variety.com . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Oscars : ' La La Land ' Ties Record With 14 Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giardina , Carolyn ( 14 December 2017 ) . `` Disney Deal Could Redraw Fox 's Animation Business '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 15 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graser , Marc ( September 10 , 2008 ) . `` Millstein to head Disney Animation '' . Variety . Retrieved September 10 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lev - Ram , Michal ( December 31 , 2014 ) . `` A candid conversation with Pixar 's philosopher - king , Ed Catmull '' . Fortune . Time Inc . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Roy E Disney Feature Animation Building : Dedication and tribute open to limited number of guests '' . Inside the Magic. April 2013 . Retrieved November 19 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rea , Steven ( July 20 , 2003 ) . `` No - more - pencils animation '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . Interstate General Media . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2016 . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anonymous ( June 20 , 1997 ) . `` Disney Buys 96 Acres in Glendale '' . Los Angeles Times . The Times Mirror Company . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney Animation Research Library '' . ILoveLibraries.org . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McLean , Craig ( July 30 , 2013 ) . `` The Jungle Book : the making of Disney 's most troubled film '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved May 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Chris ( November 22 , 2014 ) . `` Roy E. Disney Animation Building Getting a Makeover '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Prometheus Global Media LLC . Retrieved December 8 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Frye , Jim ( Spring 2016 ) . `` Remodeling Disney Animation '' . Disney twenty - three . Burbank : Walt Disney Company . 8 ( 1 ) : 4 -- 9 . ISSN 2162 - 5492 . OCLC 698366817 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Catmull , Ed ; Amy Wallace ( 2014 ) . Creativity , Inc. : Overcoming the Unseen Forces That Stand in the Way of True Inspiration . New York : Random House . pp. 253 -- 254 . ISBN 978 - 0812993011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rottenberg , Josh ( February 7 , 2015 ) . `` Disney 's animation building getting a Pixar face - lift all its own '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Publishing Company . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Snetiker , Marc ( 24 November 2016 ) . `` Moana directors Ron Clements , John Musker talk four decades Disney movies '' . Entertainment Weekly . New York : Time Inc . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barrier , Michael . Hollywood Cartoons : American Animation in Its Golden Age . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 229 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516729 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lang , Brent ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Animation 's ' Zootopia , ' ' Moana ' Hitting Theaters in 2016 '' . Variety . Retrieved November 10 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Karl ( January 2000 ) . `` Milestones of the Animation Industry in the 20th Century '' . Animation World Magazine . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hinman , Catherine ( July 15 , 1992 ) . `` How The Disney Film Short ' Off His Rockers ' Made It to the Big Screen : A Little Project That ' blew Up . ' '' . Orlando Sentinel . Retrieved June 28 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Get Tangled up in Kingdom Hearts III '' . Disney Interactive . June 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts III to Include Big Hero 6 '' . Disney Interactive . August 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Salisbury , Mark ; Burton , Tim ( 2006 ) . Burton on Burton ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 115 -- 120 . ISBN 0 - 571 - 22926 - 3 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Polsson , Ken . `` Chronology of the Walt Disney Company '' . KPolsson.com . </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Gabler , Neal ( 2006 ) , Walt Disney : The Triumph of the American Imagination , New York : Random House , ISBN 0 - 679 - 43822 - X </Li> <Li> Stewart , James ( 2005 ) , DisneyWar , New York : Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 684 - 80993 - 1 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Walt Disney . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Animation Studios on YouTube </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Feature Animation on IMDbPro ( subscription required ) </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Animation Studios on IMDbPro ( subscription required ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Coordinates : 34 ° 09 ′ 20 '' N 118 ° 19 ′ 26 '' W / 34.155604 ° N 118.323979 ° W / 34.155604 ; - 118.323979 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Walt Disney Animation Studios </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> List of feature films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Dumbo ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Aristocats ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Robin Hood ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Pocahontas ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mulan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Tarzan ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Dinosaur ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Brother Bear ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Home on the Range ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Chicken Little ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bolt ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Zootopia ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Moana ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated productions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Song of the South ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Enchanted ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> People </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edwin Catmull </Li> <Li> Roy Conli </Li> <Li> Roy E. Disney </Li> <Li> Walt Disney </Li> <Li> Don Hahn </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Katzenberg </Li> <Li> John Lasseter </Li> <Li> Peter Schneider </Li> <Li> Thomas Schumacher </Li> <Li> David Stainton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disney 's Nine Old Men </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Les Clark </Li> <Li> Marc Davis </Li> <Li> Ollie Johnston </Li> <Li> Milt Kahl </Li> <Li> Ward Kimball </Li> <Li> Eric Larson </Li> <Li> John Lounsbery </Li> <Li> Wolfgang Reitherman </Li> <Li> Frank Thomas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney animators ' strike </Li> <Li> Disney Renaissance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Methods and technologies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 basic principles of animation </Li> <Li> Computer Animation Production System </Li> <Li> Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life </Li> <Li> Multiplane camera </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Documentaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Disney animation units </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney Television Animation </Li> <Li> DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) </Li> <Li> Lucasfilm Animation </Li> <Li> Marvel Animation </Li> <Li> Pixar Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Circle 7 ( defunct ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice Comedies </Li> <Li> Laugh - O - Gram Studio </Li> <Li> List of Disney animated shorts </Li> <Li> List of Disney theatrical animated features <Ul> <Li> unproduced </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oswald the Lucky Rabbit </Li> <Li> Mickey Mouse ( film series ) </Li> <Li> Silly Symphonies </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Walt Disney Company </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Company timeline </Li> <Li> Retlaw Enterprises </Li> <Li> Criticism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Company officials </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Founders </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walter Elias Disney </Li> <Li> Roy Oliver Disney </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bob Iger ( CEO ) </Li> <Li> Alan N. Braverman ( SEVP / GC ) </Li> <Li> Christine McCarthy ( CFO ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Board of directors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Susan Arnold </Li> <Li> John S. Chen </Li> <Li> Jack Dorsey </Li> <Li> Bob Iger ( Chairman ) </Li> <Li> Fred Langhammer </Li> <Li> Aylwin Lewis </Li> <Li> Monica C. Lozano </Li> <Li> Robert Matschullat </Li> <Li> Mark Parker </Li> <Li> Sheryl Sandberg </Li> <Li> Orin C. Smith ( Independent Lead ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Walt Disney Studios </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures </Li> <Li> Distribution <Ul> <Li> Touchstone Pictures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Disney Music Group </Li> <Li> Disney Theatrical Group </Li> <Li> Disneynature </Li> <Li> Home Entertainment </Li> <Li> Lucasfilm </Li> <Li> Marvel Studios </Li> <Li> Pixar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media Networks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney -- ABC TV Group <Ul> <Li> ABC Entertainment Group </Li> <Li> ABC TV Stations </Li> <Li> Disney Channel </Li> <Li> Hulu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ESPN ( 80 % ) </Li> <Li> A&E Networks ( 50 % ) </Li> <Li> BAMTech ( 75 % ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parks and Resorts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adventures by Disney </Li> <Li> Disney Cruise Line </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Imagineering </Li> <Li> Disneyland Resort </Li> <Li> Disney Regional Entertainment </Li> <Li> Disney Vacation Club </Li> <Li> Disneyland Paris </Li> <Li> Walt Disney World Resort </Li> <Li> Hong Kong Disneyland Resort </Li> <Li> Shanghai Disney Resort </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DCPI </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Licensing </Li> <Li> Disney Store </Li> <Li> Disney Publishing Worldwide <Ul> <Li> Disney English </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Disney Digital Network <Ul> <Li> Babble </Li> <Li> Disney Online </Li> <Li> Maker Studios </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Games and Interactive </Li> </Ul> <P> Experiences </P> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Disney Mobile </Li> <Li> The Muppets Studio </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> International </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> CIS </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> India <Ul> <Li> UTV Software Communications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Latin America </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other assets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Buena Vista </Li> <Li> Marvel Entertainment </Li> <Li> Reedy Creek Energy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Acquisition of 21st Century Fox ( pending ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Walt Disney Studios </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures </Li> <Li> Disneynature </Li> <Li> Lucasfilm </Li> <Li> Marvel Studios </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Animation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Animation Studios <Ul> <Li> DisneyToon Studios </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pixar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distribution </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures <Ul> <Li> Touchstone Pictures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> El Capitan complex <Ul> <Li> El Capitan Theatre </Li> <Li> Hollywood Masonic Temple </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disney Music Group </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Records </Li> <Li> Hollywood Records </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disney Theatrical Group </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney on Ice </Li> <Li> Disney Theatrical Productions ( Disney On Broadway ) </Li> <Li> New Amsterdam Theatre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio Production Services </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Golden Oak Ranch </Li> <Li> The Prospect Studios </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Studios ( Burbank ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former units </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caravan Pictures </Li> <Li> Circle 7 Animation </Li> <Li> Hollywood Pictures </Li> <Li> Miramax <Ul> <Li> Dimension Films </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sean Bailey </Li> <Li> Ed Catmull </Li> <Li> Kevin Feige </Li> <Li> Alan F. Horn </Li> <Li> Kathleen Kennedy </Li> <Li> John Lasseter </Li> <Li> Thomas Schumacher </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Feld Entertainment <Ul> <Li> Ice Follies And Holiday on Ice </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> UTV Motion Pictures </Li> <Li> Disney Television Animation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Parent : The Walt Disney Company </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney theatrical animated features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Walt Disney Animation Studios films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Dumbo ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Aristocats ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Robin Hood ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Pocahontas ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mulan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Tarzan ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Dinosaur ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Brother Bear ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Home on the Range ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Chicken Little ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bolt ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Zootopia ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Moana ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live - action films with animation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Song of the South ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Enchanted ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DisneyToon Studios films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi II ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Planes ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Disney units films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Strange Magic ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Unproduced films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> John Lasseter </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Cars ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Cars 2 ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Tin Toy ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Knick Knack ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Cars Toons ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Short films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Adventures of André and Wally B. ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Cars ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Cars 2 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Planes ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Pirate Fairy ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Luxo Jr. ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Red 's Dream ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Tin Toy ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Knick Knack ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Mater and the Ghostlight ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studios </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Pixar Animation Studios </Li> <Li> DisneyToon Studios </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other businesses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lasseter Family Winery </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Animation industry in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companies / studios </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Active </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 21st Century Fox <Ul> <Li> 20th Century Fox Animation </Li> <Li> Blue Sky Studios </Li> <Li> Fox Television Animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ace & Son </Li> <Li> Augenblick Studios </Li> <Li> Bento Box Entertainment </Li> <Li> Blur Studio </Li> <Li> CBS Corporation <Ul> <Li> CBS Animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Comcast <Ul> <Li> DreamWorks Animation <Ul> <Li> Big Idea Entertainment </Li> <Li> DreamWorks Classics </Li> <Li> Harvey Entertainment </Li> <Li> Jay Ward Productions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Illumination Entertainment </Li> <Li> Universal Animation Studios </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Curiosity Company </Li> <Li> DHX Media <Ul> <Li> WildBrain </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Disney <Ul> <Li> Disney Television Animation </Li> <Li> DisneyToon Studios </Li> <Li> Industrial Light & Magic </Li> <Li> Lucasfilm Animation </Li> <Li> Marvel Animation </Li> <Li> Pixar Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Animation Studios </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Film Roman </Li> <Li> Floyd County Productions </Li> <Li> Fred Wolf Films </Li> <Li> Frederator Studios <Ul> <Li> Frederator Films </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fuzzy Door Productions </Li> <Li> Hasbro <Ul> <Li> Hasbro Studios </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jim Henson 's Creature Shop </Li> <Li> Kinofilm </Li> <Li> Klasky Csupo </Li> <Li> Laika </Li> <Li> Little Airplane Productions </Li> <Li> Man of Action Studios </Li> <Li> Marza Animation Planet </Li> <Li> Mattel <Ul> <Li> HIT Entertainment </Li> <Li> Hot Animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer <Ul> <Li> Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer Animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mexopolis </Li> <Li> Mondo Media <Ul> <Li> 6 Point Harness </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> PorchLight Entertainment </Li> <Li> Powerhouse Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Prana Studios </Li> <Li> Radical Axis </Li> <Li> Reel FX Creative Studios </Li> <Li> Renegade Animation </Li> <Li> Rough Draft Studios </Li> <Li> SD Entertainment </Li> <Li> ShadowMachine </Li> <Li> Sony <Ul> <Li> Adelaide Productions </Li> <Li> Sony Pictures Animation </Li> <Li> Sony Pictures Imageworks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Splash Entertainment </Li> <Li> Sprite Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Spümcø </Li> <Li> Stoopid Monkey </Li> <Li> Threshold Entertainment </Li> <Li> Time Warner <Ul> <Li> Cartoon Network Productions <Ul> <Li> Cartoon Network Studios </Li> <Li> Williams Street </Li> <Li> Williams Street West </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. Animation <Ul> <Li> Hanna - Barbera </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Titmouse , Inc . </Li> <Li> United Plankton Pictures </Li> <Li> Vanguard Animation </Li> <Li> Viacom <Ul> <Li> MTV Animation </Li> <Li> Nick Digital </Li> <Li> Nickelodeon Animation Studio </Li> <Li> Paramount Animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wild Canary Animation </Li> <Li> World Events Productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 70 / 30 Productions </Li> <Li> Adventure Cartoon Productions </Li> <Li> Amblimation </Li> <Li> Animation Collective </Li> <Li> Animation Lab </Li> <Li> Animation Magic </Li> <Li> Cambria Productions </Li> <Li> Cartoon Pizza </Li> <Li> Circle 7 Animation </Li> <Li> Cookie Jar Group </Li> <Li> Crest Animation Productions </Li> <Li> Curious Pictures </Li> <Li> DePatie -- Freleng Enterprises </Li> <Li> DIC Entertainment </Li> <Li> DNA Productions </Li> <Li> Famous Studios </Li> <Li> Filmation </Li> <Li> Fleischer Studios </Li> <Li> Fox Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Golden Films </Li> <Li> Jetlag Productions </Li> <Li> Kroyer Films </Li> <Li> Laugh - O - Gram Studio </Li> <Li> Marvel Productions </Li> <Li> MGM Animation / Visual Arts </Li> <Li> MGM Cartoons </Li> <Li> MGM - Pathé Communications </Li> <Li> Pacific Data Images </Li> <Li> Rankin / Bass Productions </Li> <Li> Ruby - Spears </Li> <Li> Screen Gems Cartoons </Li> <Li> Skellington Productions </Li> <Li> Soup2Nuts </Li> <Li> Sullivan Bluth Studios </Li> <Li> Sunbow Entertainment </Li> <Li> Terrytoons </Li> <Li> United Productions of America </Li> <Li> Van Beuren Studios </Li> <Li> Walter Lantz Productions </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. Cartoons </Li> <Li> Will Vinton Studios </Li> <Li> Zodiac Entertainment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry associations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Animation Guild , I.A.T.S.E. 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios&oldid=824203531 | 2,298,788,441,630,803,200 |
Prudential Tower - wikipedia <H1> Prudential Tower </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the Prudential buildings in Newark , see Prudential Headquarters . For the buildings in Chicago , see One Prudential Plaza and Two Prudential Plaza . For the sports arena in New Jersey , see Prudential Center . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Prudential Tower </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vertical panoramic view of the Prudential Tower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Office , Observation , Restaurant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> 800 Boylston Street , Boston , Massachusetts , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 42 ° 20 ′ 49.78 '' N 71 ° 04 ′ 57.08 '' W / 42.3471611 ° N 71.0825222 ° W / 42.3471611 ; - 71.0825222 Coordinates : 42 ° 20 ′ 49.78 '' N 71 ° 04 ′ 57.08 '' W / 42.3471611 ° N 71.0825222 ° W / 42.3471611 ; - 71.0825222 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction started </Th> <Td> 1960 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Completed </Th> <Td> 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Height </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Antenna spire </Th> <Td> 907 feet ( 276 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roof </Th> <Td> 749 feet ( 228 m ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Technical details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Floor count </Th> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Floor area </Th> <Td> 1.2 million square feet ( 111,484 m2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Architect </Th> <Td> The Luckman Partnership </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer </Th> <Td> Boston Properties </Td> </Tr> </Table> The Prudential Tower as seen from the Back Bay , near the intersection of Commonwealth and Massachusetts Avenues <P> The Prudential Tower , also known as the Prudential Building or , colloquially , The Pru , is an International Style skyscraper in Boston , Massachusetts . The building , a part of the Prudential Center complex , currently stands as the 2nd - tallest building in Boston , behind 200 Clarendon Street , formerly the John Hancock Tower . The Prudential Tower was designed by Charles Luckman and Associates for Prudential Insurance . Completed in 1964 , the building is 749 feet ( 228 m ) tall , with 52 floors , and ( as of February 2018 ) is tied with others as the 96th - tallest in the United States . It contains 1,200,000 sq ft ( 110,000 m ) of commercial and retail space . Including its radio mast , the tower stands as the tallest building in Boston , rising to 907 feet ( 276 m ) in height . </P> <P> A restaurant , the Top of the Hub , occupies the 52nd floor . A 50th - floor observation deck , called the Skywalk Observatory , is currently the highest observation deck in New England open to the public , as the higher observation deck of 200 Clarendon Street has been closed since the terror attacks of September 11 , 2001 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 3 Ownership </Li> <Li> 4 Features and design <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Lighting </Li> <Li> 4.2 Prudential Center </Li> <Li> 4.3 Antenna and broadcast tenants </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 List of tenants </Li> <Li> 6 Gallery </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Unfinished Prudential Tower in 1963 , dwarfs the Old John Hancock building at left <P> The Prudential Tower began construction in 1960 with steel erection work by Donovan Steel . Upon its completion in 1964 , the Prudential was the tallest building in the world outside of New York City , surpassing the Terminal Tower in Cleveland , Ohio . It dwarfed the 1947 - John Hancock building . This spurred the insurance rival to build the 1975 John Hancock Tower , which is slightly taller at 790 feet ( 240 m ) . </P> <P> Today , the Prudential is no longer among the fifty tallest buildings in the USA in architectural height . Within Boston , in addition to the nearby John Hancock tower , many other tall buildings have since been built in the financial district , including the 614 - foot ( 187 m ) Federal Reserve Bank . The Prudential and John Hancock towers dominate the Back Bay skyline . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> Prudential Tower showing the `` GO SOX '' light pattern in support of the Boston Red Sox <P> When it was built , the Prudential Tower received mostly positive architectural reviews . The New York Times called it `` the showcase of the New Boston ( representing ) the agony and the ecstasy of a city striving to rise above the sordidness of its recent past '' . But Ada Louise Huxtable called it `` a flashy 52 - story glass and aluminum tower ... part of an over-scaled megalomaniac group shockingly unrelated to the city 's size , standards , or style . It is a slick developer 's model dropped into an urban renewal slot in Anycity , U.S.A. -- a textbook example of urban character assassination . '' Architect Donlyn Lyndon called it `` an energetically ugly , square shaft that offends the Boston skyline more than any other structure '' . In 1990 , Boston Globe architecture critic Robert Campbell commented : `` The Prudential Center has been the symbol of bad design in Boston for so long that we 'd probably miss it if it disappeared . '' </P> <H2> Ownership ( edit ) </H2> The Prudential Tower behind 111 Huntington Avenue , as seen from the South End <P> The Prudential Center is currently owned by Boston Properties . The building is one of several Prudential Centers built around the United States ( such as the tower in Chicago ) constructed as capital investments by Prudential Financial ( formerly , The Prudential Insurance Company of America ) . Preceding Prudential Financial 's demutualization , Prudential sold many of its real estate assets , for instance most of the air rights in Times Square , and the Prudential Center in Boston , to put cash on the corporate balance sheets . The Gillette Company , now a unit of Procter & Gamble , once occupied 40 percent of the space in the structure but has since vacated many of these floors . Boston - based law firm Ropes & Gray moved into much of this space , including the 37th through 49th , in fall 2010 . Other major tenants include Wall Street investment firm Home State Corporation , Partners HealthCare , Club Monaco , Exeter Group and Accenture . Boston Properties acquired the building in 1998 . However , Prudential Financial 's then head of global marketing , and Boston native , Michael Hines , suggested that the real estate deal only go through with the condition that Prudential retain the name and signage rights for the Prudential Center and Prudential Tower . Signage rights in Boston are very limited , and Prudential 's are grandfathered . The other notable backlit signs allowed above 100 feet ( 30 m ) include The Colonnade Hotel , Boston , State Street Bank sign , Sheraton sign , and Citgo Sign . Using similar negotiations , Prudential retains two notable signs in Times Square . </P> <H2> Features and design ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Lighting ( edit ) </H3> <P> The tradition of using the window lights to support local sports teams and events began at its inception in 1964 supporting the charity drive for the United Fund , a predecessor of the United Way . The building 's windows have been illuminated with `` GO B 's '' to support the Boston Bruins during the Stanley Cup playoffs and `` GO SOX '' or a `` 1 '' during important World Series and postseason games . </P> <P> In the 1999 , 2003 , 2004 , 2007 , and 2013 Major League Baseball playoffs , the building 's tenants turned on and off their lights to spell out `` GO SOX '' , providing a visual for Boston Red Sox fans at nearby Fenway Park . The tower appears in nearly all pictures of deep right field from the left field line , and is prominently featured in most broadcasts from the park . </P> <P> A normal display of 91 foot tall letters takes over 140 man - hours , covers 18 floors of the building , uses 165 additional window lights , and 260 window block out panels . </P> <P> On April 22 , 2013 , the City of Boston requested the lighting of the Prudential Tower with the number `` 1 '' in support of The One Fund Boston and those affected by the Boston Marathon bombings . The display was seen on the north side of the building , overlooking Boylston Street , where the tragedy occurred just a week earlier . </P> <P> Over the past few years , the Prudential Tower has been illuminated through light - emitting diodes ( LEDs ) , that have the capacity to create a glow near the top of the building . The lighting is used for special occasions and charitable events and can support nearly every color , including yellow , red , pink , blue , green , red , orange , gold , purple , and maroon . </P> <H3> Prudential Center ( edit ) </H3> Prudential Center courtyard , July 2006 <P> The Prudential Center , situated on 23 acres ( 93,000 m ) , is in the Back Bay neighborhood at 800 Boylston Street and houses a 620,000 - square - foot ( 58,000 m ) shopping mall , the Shops at Prudential Center , in the base . Known to locals as `` the Pru , '' it is bordered by Belvidere , Dalton , Boylston , and Exeter streets overlooking Huntington Avenue . Before the Prudential development , the site was a switch yard for the Boston and Albany Railroad . By 1965 , a part of the negotiations for the Massachusetts Turnpike extension included the construction of the roadway below parts of the Prudential complex . The Prudential still has its own ( eastbound only ) exit from the turnpike for this reason . </P> <P> The new skyscraper at 111 Huntington Avenue was completed in 2002 , directly across the street from The Colonnade Hotel , at 120 Huntington Avenue . The third tower of the Prudential Center , 101 Huntington Avenue , is , at a mere 25 stories , overshadowed by the other two . </P> <P> The Hynes Convention Center is connected to the complex , as well as the existing Sheraton Hotel Boston At Copley Place , which combined was considered the first mixed - use development in New England and awarded the Urban Land Institute 's Best Mixed Use Development Award in 2006 . By the fall of 2007 , another major development was completed along Boylston Street at the Prudential Center complex : the Mandarin Oriental , Boston hotel . In 2016 , 888 Boylston Street , a 17 - story LEED Platinum - certified office building , completed the last site of the Prudential Center complex . </P> <P> The complex has direct indoor connections to two MBTA stops , Prudential and Back Bay . Prudential is on the Huntington Avenue side of the building directly outside the Colonnade Hotel and is the first station on the Green Line `` E '' Branch after its split from the main line at Copley Square . Back Bay is a stop on the Orange Line and is accessible to the complex via the Copley Place mall , to which it is attached by a walkway over Huntington Avenue . Back Bay is also served by Amtrak , including the Acela high - speed train . </P> <P> The Prudential Center serves as one of three starting locales for the Boston Duck Tours , a popular tourist attraction in the city . </P> <P> In November 2016 , a 45,000 square foot Eataly location was opened , replacing the existing food court . </P> <H3> Antenna and broadcast tenants ( edit ) </H3> <P> The main rooftop mast supports two FM master antennas , and a top - mounted television antenna previously used by WBPX . The upper master antenna , manufactured by Electronics Research , Inc . ( ERI ) , serves WZLX 100.7 , WWBX 104.1 , WMJX 106.7 , and WXKS - FM 107.9 . The lower master antenna was installed in the late 1990s , also by ERI , and serves WBOS 92.9 , WBQT 96.9 , and WROR - FM 105.7 . The FM stations each transmit with approximately 22,000 watts ERP and in HD Radio . The roof also has a smaller tower with standby antennas for all of the FM broadcast tenants . </P> <P> The studios of FM station WBCN occupied space on the 50th floor for a period in the 1970s and WEEI ( AM 590 and FM 103.3 ) , when it was a CBS Radio O&O , had its offices and studios on the 44th floor in the second half of the 1960s . </P> <H2> List of tenants ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of tenants in the Prudential Center <Ul> <Li> Accenture </Li> <Li> Ropes & Gray , 17 floors , reception on 48th floor . </Li> <Li> Partners HealthCare , multiple floors ; head office is on the 11th </Li> <Li> SAS , 22nd floor </Li> <Li> Robins , Kaplan , Miller & Ciresi , L.L.P. , 25th floor </Li> <Li> Posternak , Blankstein & Lund LLP , 32nd - 33rd floors </Li> <Li> Morse , Barnes - Brown , & Pendleton P.C. , 35th floor </Li> <Li> St. Francis Chapel , ground floor of the Prudential Center Complex </Li> <Li> Eversource Energy </Li> <Li> MFS Investment Management ( a subsidiary of Sun Life Financial ) </Li> <Li> INTRASOFT International USA </Li> <Li> Advent International </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> A view of the Prudential Tower in Boston from the shops at the Prudential Center , December 2012 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Prudential Tower , 2013 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Prudential Center , 2013 </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Boston portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Shops at Prudential Center </Li> <Li> List of tallest buildings in Boston </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Burge , Kathleen ( 16 July 2006 ) . `` Made You Look ! '' . The Boston Globe . boston.com . p . C1 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . subscription required </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Feeney , Mark ( 3 February 1998 ) . `` The Homely Landmark 's a Skyscraper We Ca n't Stop Looking Down On , But in ' 65 , It Gave The City a Big Boost '' . The Boston Globe . p . C1 . ' The Pru ' everyone calls it : a resigned shrug of a name , as flat and uninflected as the wan moue its pronunciation requires . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fenton , John H. ( 18 April 1965 ) . `` Center in Boston To Be Dedicated '' . The New York Times . NYTimes.com . p . R1 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . subscription required </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huxtable , Ada Louise ( 19 April 1964 ) . `` Renewal in Boston : Good and Bad '' . The New York Times . architectmagazine.com . p . X24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lyndon , Donlyn ( 12 June 1982 ) . The City Observed : Boston . Vintage . ISBN 0 - 394 - 74894 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Robert ( 28 January 1990 ) . `` Rebuilding the Pru Disaster '' . The Boston Globe . boston.com . p . B33 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prudential Center '' . Boston Properties . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 1964 aerial photo of the Back Bay hanging in my office . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Small , Eddie ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) . `` Prudential To Throw Light on Nonprofits '' . The Boston Courant . Courant Publications , Inc . pp. 1 and 10 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prudential Center 's Sox cheer was a tall order for engineers '' . The Boston Globe . boston.com. 25 October 2007 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grillo , Thomas ( 22 April 2013 ) . `` Pru Tower to light up in memory of bombing victims '' . Boston Business Journal . bizjournals.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Prudential Tower will light up for the holidays '' . The Boston Globe . boston.com. 30 November 2009 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeCanio , Lisa ( 9 October 2011 ) . `` 15 Facts You Never Knew About the Pru '' . BostInno . Streetwise Media . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amenities '' . Boston Properties . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 399 Boylston Street / Warren Chambers Building '' . Urban Land Institute . 1986 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blanton , Kimberly ( 18 May 2005 ) . `` The lure of luxury leads to Boylston St '' . The Boston Globe . boston.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carlock , Catherine ( 25 September 2016 ) . `` Boston Properties wants 888 Boylston to be ' the most sustainable building in Boston ' '' . Boston Business Journal . bizjournals.com . Retrieved 7 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tickets '' . Boston Duck Tours . Archived from the original on 2013 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Locations : Accenture Office Directory '' . Accenture . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Find Us : United States '' . INTRASOFT International . 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I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) - wikipedia <H1> I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cover art for British vinyl releases </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Daryl Hall and John Oates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Private Eyes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Unguarded Minute '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> December 14 , 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 7 '' single </Li> <Li> 12 '' single </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> March 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> R&B , Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 09 ( album version ) 4 : 14 ( video edit ) 3 : 45 ( single edit ) 6 : 05 ( extended club mix ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> RCA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sara Allen </Li> <Li> Daryl Hall </Li> <Li> John Oates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hall & Oates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Daryl Hall and John Oates singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Private Eyes '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Did It in a Minute '' ( 1981 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Private Eyes '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Did It in a Minute '' ( 1981 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' is a song by the American duo Daryl Hall and John Oates . Written by Daryl Hall and John Oates , and co-written by Sara Allen , the song was released as the second single from their tenth studio album , Private Eyes ( 1981 ) . The song became the fourth number - one hit single of their career on the Billboard Hot 100 and the second hit single from Private Eyes . It features Charles DeChant on saxello . </P> <P> `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' is one of 14 Hall & Oates songs that have been played on the radio over one million times , according to BMI . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Composition </Li> <Li> 2 Personnel </Li> <Li> 3 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Weekly charts </Li> <Li> 3.2 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Awards and accolades <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Influence on `` Billie Jean '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Daryl Hall sketched out the basic song one evening at a music studio in New York City , in 1981 , after a recording session for the Private Eyes album . Hall began to play a bass line on a Korg organ , and sound engineer Neil Kernon recorded the result . Hall then came up with a guitar riff , which he and Oates worked on together . The next day , Hall , Oates and Sara Allen worked on the lyrics . </P> <P> Speaking about the meaning of the lyrics , John Oates has stated that while many listeners may assume the lyrics are about a relationship , in reality , the song `` is about the music business . That song is really about not being pushed around by big labels , managers , and agents and being told what to do , and being true to yourself creatively . '' This was done intentionally , he explained , to universalize the topic of the song into something everyone could relate to and ascribe personal meaning to in their own way . Naming `` Maneater '' as another example , he revealed that this was a common theme for the group 's songs . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Daryl Hall : lead vocals , backing vocals , keyboards , synthesizers , Roland CR - 78 drum machine </Li> <Li> John Oates : guitar , backing vocals </Li> <Li> Charles DeChant : saxophone </Li> <Li> Larry Fast : synthesizer programming </Li> <Li> Jimmy Maelen : percussion </Li> <Li> John Siegler : bass guitar </Li> </Ul> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> The single debuted at number 59 on the Hot 100 the week of November 14 , 1981 as the highest debut of the week and after eleven weeks , on January 30 , 1982 it reached the top of the chart , staying there for a week . `` I Ca n't Go for That '' ended a 10 - week run at the top of the Hot 100 by Olivia Newton - John 's song , `` Physical '' ( which had knocked out Hall & Oates ' `` Private Eyes '' from the top spot ) . The song also went to number one on the Hot Dance Club Play chart for one week in January 1982 . </P> <P> Thanks to heavy airplay on urban contemporary radio stations , `` I Ca n't Go for That '' also topped the US R&B chart , a rare feat for a white act . It was the only record by a white act to hit No. 1 on both the Hot 100 and R&B / Hip - Hop Songs charts during all of 1982 . The single was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments of 500,000 units on January 7 , 1982 . According to the Hall & Oates biography , Hall , upon learning that `` I Ca n't Go For That '' had gone to number one on the R&B chart , wrote in his diary , `` I 'm the head soul brother in the U.S. Where to now ? '' </P> <P> It also peaked at # 1 on the Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay chart on December 18 , 1981 staying at the top of the chart for six weeks and remaining on it for fifteen weeks , making it their biggest hit on the R&R airplay chart . This single was also the first top 10 hit for the duo in the UK peaking at number 8 in the UK Singles Chart . It was certified silver by the BPI on March 1 , 1982 for shipments of 200,000 units . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <H3> Weekly charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1981 -- 82 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Radio & Records CHR / Pop Airplay Chart </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1982 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia ( Kent Music Report ) </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Awards and accolades ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` I Ca n't Go for That '' was voted number six on VH1 's listof `` The 100 Greatest Songs of the ' 80s . '' </P> <H3> Influence on `` Billie Jean '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to Daryl Hall , during the recording of `` We Are the World '' , Michael Jackson approached him and admitted to lifting the bass line for `` Billie Jean '' from a Hall and Oates song , apparently referring to `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) . '' Hall says that he told Jackson that he had lifted the bass line from another song himself , and that it was `` something we all do . '' Van Halen would also do something similar by lifting the synthesizer used in Kiss On My List for their hit Jump . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one dance hits ( United States ) </Li> <Li> List of Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles of 1982 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Something Else ! ( 24 March 2014 ) . `` Hall and Oates ' ' I Ca n't Go For That ' is n't about what you think it 's about ; neither is ' Maneater ' '' . Something Else ! . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kauffman , Leah ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` John Oates on his new album , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction , and what ' I Ca n't Go For That ' is really about '' . Philly.com . Retrieved 27 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hot 100 '' . Billboard - November 14 , 1981 . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . p. 108 . Retrieved August 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Daryl Hall & John Oates Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' Billboard . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Disco Top 80 '' . Billboard - January 30 , 1982 . Billboard Magazine . Google Books . pp. 66 ( see `` last week position '' ) . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg , Steve ( November 30 , 2012 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's ' Thriller ' at 30 : How One Album Changed the World '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 17 . In fact , the only record to hit No. 1 on both the pop and black charts during all of 1982 was by a white act : `` I Ca n't Go For That '' by Hall & Oates . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Hall & Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Daryl Hall & John Oates -- Chart history ( CHR / Pop Airplay ) '' . wweb.uta.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Daryl Hall & John Oates : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 0460 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Daryl Hall & John Oates -- I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Daryl Hall & John Oates Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' Billboard . Retrieved July 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Hip - Hop Songs / R&B Songs Chart '' . Billboard . January 30 , 1982 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rock Music : Top Mainstream Rock Songs chart '' . Billboard . January 16 , 1982 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Chart Book '' . Austchartbook.com.au . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 05 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada '' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1982 / Top 100 Songs of 1982 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eskow , Gary ( April 1 , 2006 ) . `` Classic Tracks : Hall & Oates `` I Ca n't Go For That ( No Can Do ) '' `` . Mix Online . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Daryl ( July 10 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson Remembered : Daryl Hall on the Ultimate Video Star '' . The Rolling Stone . Retrieved October 15 , 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> <Li> Video on VH1 Classic website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Physical '' by Olivia Newton - John </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot 100 number - one single January 30 , 1982 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Centerfold '' by The J. Geils Band </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Turn Your Love Around '' by George Benson </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Soul Singles number - one single January 30 , 1982 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Call Me '' by Skyy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Wordy Rappinghood '' / `` Genius of Love '' by Tom Tom Club </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Dance Club Play number - one single January 23 , 1982 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` You 're the One for Me '' by D. Train </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Daryl Hall & John Oates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Daryl Hall </Li> <Li> John Oates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Whole Oats ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Abandoned Luncheonette ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> War Babies ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Bigger Than Both of Us ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty on a Back Street ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Along the Red Ledge ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> X-Static ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Voices ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Private Eyes ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> H O ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Big Bam Boom ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Ooh Yeah ! ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Change of Season ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Marigold Sky ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Do It for Love ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Our Kind of Soul ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Home for Christmas ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Livetime ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Live at the Apollo ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits Live ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No Goodbyes ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Rock ' n Soul Part 1 ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Atlantic Collection ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Playlist : The Very Best of Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Very Best of Daryl Hall & John Oates ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> VH1 Behind the Music : The Daryl Hall and John Oates Collection ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Ultimate Daryl Hall + John Oates ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Singles ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` She 's Gone '' ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> `` Sara Smile '' ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> `` Rich Girl '' ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> `` Wait for Me '' ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feelin ' '' ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> `` Kiss on My List '' ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> `` You Make My Dreams '' ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> `` Private Eyes '' ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> `` I Ca n't Go for That ( No Can Do ) '' ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> `` Did It in a Minute '' ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> `` Maneater '' ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> `` One on One '' ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> `` Family Man '' ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> `` Jingle Bell Rock '' ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> `` Say It Is n't So '' ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> `` Adult Education '' ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> `` Out of Touch '' ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> `` Method of Modern Love '' ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> `` A Nite at the Apollo Live ! The Way You Do the Things You Do / My Girl '' ( live ) ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> `` Everything Your Heart Desires '' ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> `` Love Train '' ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> `` So Close '' ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> `` Do It for Love '' ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> `` Someday We 'll Know '' ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> `` Getaway Car '' ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be Around '' ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` Without You '' ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> `` I Can Dream About You '' ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> `` Ooh Child '' ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> `` It Came Upon the Midnight Clear '' ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hall solo albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sacred Songs ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Three Hearts in the Happy Ending Machine ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Soul Alone ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Ca n't Stop Dreaming ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Laughing Down Crying ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oates solo albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Phunk Shui ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> John Oates : Live at the Historic Wheeler Opera House ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> John Oates Solo -- The Album , The Concert ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Interpreting the Masters Volume 1 : A Tribute to Daryl Hall and John Oates </Li> <Li> Live from Daryl 's House </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Can%27t_Go_for_That_(No_Can_Do)&oldid=816118557 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1981 singles </Li> <Li> 1981 songs </Li> <Li> Hall & Oates songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Dance Club Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by John Oates </Li> <Li> Songs written by Daryl Hall </Li> <Li> Songs written by Sara Allen </Li> <Li> RCA Records singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canadatopsingles </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname </Li> <Li> Singlechart making named ref </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 December 2017 , at 11 : 45 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Alien ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> Alien ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the 1979 science - fiction film . For its sequel , see Aliens ( film ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Alien </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster by Frankfurt Gips Balkind </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Ridley Scott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gordon Carroll </Li> <Li> David Giler </Li> <Li> Walter Hill </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Dan O'Bannon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dan O'Bannon </Li> <Li> Ronald Shusett </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Skerritt </Li> <Li> Sigourney Weaver </Li> <Li> Veronica Cartwright </Li> <Li> Harry Dean Stanton </Li> <Li> John Hurt </Li> <Li> Ian Holm </Li> <Li> Yaphet Kotto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Jerry Goldsmith </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Derek Vanlint </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Terry Rawlings </Li> <Li> Peter Weatherley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 20th Century Fox </Li> <Li> Brandywine - Ronald Shushett Productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> 20th Century Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> May 25 , 1979 ( 1979 - 05 - 25 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> September 6 , 1979 ( 1979 - 09 - 06 ) ( United Kingdom ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 117 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $9 -- 11 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $104.9 -- 203.6 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Alien is a 1979 science - fiction horror film directed by Ridley Scott , and starring Sigourney Weaver , Tom Skerritt , Veronica Cartwright , Harry Dean Stanton , John Hurt , Ian Holm and Yaphet Kotto . The film 's title refers to a highly aggressive extraterrestrial creature that stalks and attacks the crew of a spaceship . Dan O'Bannon , drawing upon previous works of science fiction and horror , wrote the screenplay from a story he co-authored with Ronald Shusett . The film was produced by Gordon Carroll , David Giler and Walter Hill through their company Brandywine Productions , and was distributed by 20th Century Fox . Giler and Hill revised and made additions to the script . Shusett was executive producer . The eponymous Alien and its accompanying elements were designed by the Swiss artist H.R. Giger , while concept artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss designed the more human aspects of the film . </P> <P> Alien was released on May 25 , 1979 in the United States and September 6 in the United Kingdom . It was met with critical acclaim and found box office success , winning the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects , three Saturn Awards ( Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Cartwright ) , and a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , along with numerous other nominations . It has been consistently praised in the years since its release , and is considered one of the greatest films of all time . In 2002 , Alien was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the Library of Congress and was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 2008 , it was ranked by the American Film Institute as the seventh - best film in the science fiction genre , and as the thirty - third greatest film of all time by Empire magazine . </P> <P> The success of Alien spawned a media franchise of novels , comic books , video games , and toys . It also launched Weaver 's acting career , providing her with her first lead role . The story of her character Ellen Ripley 's encounters with the Alien creatures became the thematic and narrative core of the sequels Aliens ( 1986 ) , Alien 3 ( 1992 ) and Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) . A crossover with the Predator franchise produced the Alien vs. Predator films , which includes Alien vs. Predator ( 2004 ) and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( 2007 ) . A prequel series includes Prometheus ( 2012 ) and Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Direction </Li> <Li> 3.3 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.4 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.5 Post-production </Li> <Li> 3.6 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Design <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Sets </Li> <Li> 4.2 Spaceships and planets </Li> <Li> 4.3 Creature effects </Li> <Li> 4.4 The Alien </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Marketing </Li> <Li> 6 Release <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6.2 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> <Li> 6.4 Home video </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Legacy <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Sequels , prequels and crossover films </Li> <Li> 7.2 Imitations </Li> <Li> 7.3 Analysis </Li> <Li> 7.4 Lasting critical praise </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Scholarship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The commercial spacecraft Nostromo is on a return trip to Earth with a seven - member crew in stasis : Captain Dallas ( Skerritt ) , Executive Officer Kane ( Hurt ) , Warrant Officer Ripley ( Weaver ) , Navigator Lambert ( Cartwright ) , Science Officer Ash ( Holm ) and two Engineers , Parker ( Kotto ) and Brett ( Stanton ) . Detecting a mysterious transmission from the nearby planetoid LV - 426 , the ship 's computer , Mother , awakens the crew . Company policy requires crews to investigate such transmissions so they land on the planetoid , sustaining damage from its atmosphere and rocky landscape . Parker and Brett repair the ship while Dallas , Kane and Lambert head out to investigate . They discover the signal comes from a derelict alien spacecraft and head inside it , losing communication with Ash . Inside , they find the remains of a large alien creature whose rib cage appears to have exploded from its inside . </P> <P> Mother speculates that the transmission may be a warning , not a distress call . In the alien ship , Kane discovers a chamber containing hundreds of large egg - like objects . When he touches one , it opens and a creature springs out and attaches to his face . Dallas and Lambert carry the unconscious Kane back to the Nostromo . As acting senior officer , Ripley refuses to let them aboard , citing quarantine regulations , but Ash ignores Ripley and lets them in . The crew unsuccessfully attempt to remove the creature from Kane 's face , discovering that its blood is an extremely corrosive acid . It later detaches on its own and dies . With the ship partly repaired , the crew lifts off . Kane awakens , dazed but otherwise unharmed . During a final crew meal before stasis , he chokes and convulses in pain before a small alien creature bursts from his chest , killing him , and escapes out into the ship . Wary of its corrosive blood , the crew attempts to locate it with a tracking device and capture it with nets , electric prods and flamethrowers . </P> <P> Brett follows the crew 's cat , Jones , into an engine room and the now fully - grown alien ( Badejo ) attacks him and disappears with his body into an air shaft . After heated discussion , the crew decide the creature must be in the air ducts . They plan to herd it into an airlock to jettison from the ship . Dallas enters and searches the Nostromo 's ventilation ducts , but the alien ambushes him . Lambert implores the others to abandon ship and escape in its small shuttle . Now in command , Ripley explains that the shuttle will not support four people and pushes to continue with Dallas ' plan of flushing the alien out . </P> <P> Now with access to Mother , Ripley discovers that Ash has been secretly ordered to return the alien to the company , with the crew deemed expendable . Ripley confronts Ash and he tries to choke her to death . Parker intervenes and clubs Ash , knocking off his head to reveal him to be an android . Parker reanimates Ash 's head and they learn he was assigned to the Nostromo to ensure the creature was returned for analysis at any expense , including the crew 's lives . Ash taunts them about their chances against the `` perfect organism . '' Ripley disconnects Ash and Parker burns his smashed remains with a flamethrower . </P> <P> Ripley , Lambert , and Parker agree to set the Nostromo to self - destruct and escape in the shuttle . The alien kills Parker and Lambert while they gather life - support supplies . Ripley initiates the self - destruct sequence and heads for the shuttle with Jones but finds the alien in her path . She retreats and attempts unsuccessfully to abort the self - destruct , so she tries again for the shuttle . The alien has gone and she narrowly escapes in the shuttle as the Nostromo explodes . </P> <P> As she prepares for stasis , Ripley finds the alien aboard the shuttle . She dons a spacesuit and opens the shuttle 's airlock , causing explosive decompression which forces the alien into the airlock doorway . She propels it into space by shooting it with a grappling hook , but the gun catches in the closing airlock , tethering the alien to the shuttle . It attempts to crawl into one of the engines but Ripley fires them to blast the alien into space . After recording the ship 's final log entry , she places herself and Jones into stasis for the voyage home to Earth . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> The principal cast members of Alien ( left to right : Holm , Stanton , Weaver , Kotto , Skerritt , Cartwright , and Hurt ) <Ul> <Li> Tom Skerritt as Dallas , the captain of the Nostromo . Skerritt had been approached early in the film 's development but declined as it did not yet have a director and had a very low budget . Later , when Scott was attached as director and the budget had been doubled , Skerritt accepted the role of Dallas . </Li> <Li> Sigourney Weaver as Ripley , the warrant officer aboard the Nostromo . Weaver , who had Broadway experience but was relatively unknown in film , impressed Scott , Giler , and Hill with her audition . She was the last actor to be cast for the film , and performed most of her screen tests in - studio as the sets were being built . The role of Ripley was Weaver 's first leading role in a motion picture , and earned her nominations for a Saturn Award for Best Actress and a BAFTA award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Role . </Li> <Li> Veronica Cartwright as Lambert , the Nostromo 's navigator . Cartwright had experience in horror and science fiction films , having acted as a child in The Birds ( 1963 ) and Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1978 ) . She originally read for the role of Ripley , and was not informed that she had instead been cast as Lambert until she arrived in London for wardrobe . She disliked the character 's emotional weakness , but nevertheless accepted the role : `` They convinced me that I was the audience 's fears ; I was a reflection of what the audience is feeling . '' Cartwright won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance . </Li> <Li> Harry Dean Stanton as Brett , the engineering technician . Stanton 's first words to Scott during his audition were `` I do n't like sci fi or monster movies . '' Scott was amused and convinced Stanton to take the role after reassuring him that Alien would actually be a thriller more akin to Ten Little Indians . </Li> <Li> John Hurt as Kane , the executive officer who becomes the host for the Alien . Hurt was Scott 's first choice for the role but was contracted on a film in South Africa during Alien 's filming dates , so Jon Finch was cast as Kane instead . However , Finch became ill during the first day of shooting and was diagnosed with severe diabetes , which had also exacerbated a case of bronchitis . Hurt was in London by this time , his South African project having fallen through , and he quickly replaced Finch . His performance earned him a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role . </Li> <Li> Ian Holm as Ash , the ship 's science officer who is revealed to be an android . Holm , a character actor who by 1979 had already been in twenty films , was the most experienced actor cast for Alien ( he was 46 at the time of filming ) . </Li> <Li> Yaphet Kotto as Parker , the chief engineer . Kotto , an African American , was chosen partly to add diversity to the cast and give the Nostromo crew an international flavor . Kotto was sent a script off the back of his recent success with Live and Let Die , although it took some time and deliberation between Kotto and his agent before he was offered the part . </Li> <Li> Bolaji Badejo as the Alien . Nigerian Badejo , while a 26 - year - old design student , was discovered in a bar by a member of the casting team , who put him in touch with Ridley Scott . Scott believed that Badejo , at 6 feet 10 inches ( 208 cm ) ( 7ft . inside the costume ) and with a slender frame , could portray the Alien and look as if his arms and legs were too long to be real , creating the illusion that there could not possibly be a human being inside the costume . Stuntmen Eddie Powell and Roy Scammell also portrayed the Alien in some scenes . </Li> <Li> Helen Horton as the voice of Mother , the Nostromo 's computer . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> Screenwriter Dan O'Bannon <P> While studying cinema at the University of Southern California , Dan O'Bannon had made a science - fiction comedy film , Dark Star , with director John Carpenter and concept artist Ron Cobb . The film featured an alien created by spray - painting a beach ball ; the experience left O'Bannon `` really wanting to do an alien that looked real . '' A `` couple of years '' later he began work on a similar story that would focus more on horror . `` I knew I wanted to do a scary movie on a spaceship with a small number of astronauts '' , he later recalled , `` Dark Star as a horror movie instead of a comedy . '' Ronald Shusett , meanwhile , was working on an early version of what would eventually become Total Recall . Impressed by Dark Star , he contacted O'Bannon and the two agreed to collaborate on their projects , choosing to work on O'Bannon's film first as they believed it would be less costly to produce . </P> <P> O'Bannon had written 29 pages of a script titled Memory , containing what would become the opening scenes of Alien : a crew of astronauts awaken to find that their voyage has been interrupted because they are receiving a signal from a mysterious planetoid . They investigate and their ship breaks down on the surface . He did not yet , however , have a clear idea as to what the alien antagonist of the story would be . </P> <P> O'Bannon soon accepted an offer to work on Alejandro Jodorowsky 's adaptation of Dune , a project which took him to Paris for six months . Though the project ultimately fell through , it introduced him to several artists whose work gave him ideas for his science - fiction story including Chris Foss , H.R. Giger , and Jean `` Moebius '' Giraud . O'Bannon was impressed by Foss 's covers for science fiction books , while he found Giger 's work `` disturbing '' : `` His paintings had a profound effect on me . I had never seen anything that was quite as horrible and at the same time as beautiful as his work . And so I ended up writing a script about a Giger monster . '' After the Dune project collapsed , O'Bannon returned to Los Angeles to live with Shusett and the two revived his Memory script . Shusett suggested that O'Bannon use one of his other film ideas , about gremlins infiltrating a B - 17 bomber during World War II , and set it on the spaceship as the second half of the story . The working title of the project was now Star Beast , but O'Bannon disliked this and changed it to Alien after noting the number of times that the word appeared in the script . He and Shusett liked the new title 's simplicity and its double meaning as both a noun and an adjective . Shusett came up with the idea that one of the crew members could be implanted with an alien embryo that would burst out of him ; he thought this would be an interesting plot device by which the alien could get aboard the ship . </P> Dan ( O'Bannon ) put his finger on the problem : what has to happen next is the creature has to get on the ship in an interesting way . I have no idea how , but if we could solve that , if it ca n't be that it just snuck in , then I think the whole movie will come into place . In the middle of the night , I woke up and I said , `` Dan I think I have an idea : the alien screws one of them ( ... ) it jumps on his face and plants its seed ! '' And Dan says , oh my god , we 've got it , we 've got the whole movie . `` '' -- Screenwriter Ron Shusett <P> In writing the script , O'Bannon drew inspiration from many previous works of science fiction and horror . He later stated that `` I did n't steal Alien from anybody . I stole it from everybody ! '' The Thing from Another World ( 1951 ) inspired the idea of professional men being pursued by a deadly alien creature through a claustrophobic environment . Forbidden Planet ( 1956 ) gave O'Bannon the idea of a ship being warned not to land , and then the crew being killed one by one by a mysterious creature when they defy the warning . Planet of the Vampires ( 1965 ) contains a scene in which the heroes discover a giant alien skeleton ; this influenced the Nostromo crew 's discovery of the alien creature in the derelict spacecraft . O'Bannon has also noted the influence of `` Junkyard '' ( 1953 ) , a short story by Clifford D. Simak in which a crew lands on an asteroid and discovers a chamber full of eggs . He has also cited as influences Strange Relations by Philip José Farmer ( 1960 ) , which covers alien reproduction , and various EC Comics horror titles carrying stories in which monsters eat their way out of people . </P> <P> With most of the plot in place , Shusett and O'Bannon presented their script to several studios , pitching it as `` Jaws in space . '' They were on the verge of signing a deal with Roger Corman 's studio when a friend offered to find them a better deal and passed the script on to Gordon Carroll , David Giler , and Walter Hill , who had formed a production company called Brandywine with ties to 20th Century Fox . O'Bannon and Shusett signed a deal with Brandywine , but Hill and Giler were not satisfied with the script and made numerous rewrites and revisions . This caused tension with O'Bannon and Shusett , since Hill and Giler had very little experience with science fiction ; according to Shusett , `` They were n't good at making it better , or , in fact , at not making it even worse . '' O'Bannon believed that Hill and Giler were attempting to justify taking his name off of the script and claiming his and Shusett 's work as their own . Hill and Giler did add some substantial elements to the story , however , including the android character Ash -- which O'Bannon felt was an unnecessary subplot but which Shusett later described as `` one of the best things in the movie ... That whole idea and scenario was theirs . '' Hill and Giler went through eight drafts of the script in total , concentrating largely on the Ash subplot but also making the dialogue more natural and trimming some sequences set on the alien planetoid . Despite the fact that the final shooting script was written by Hill and Giler , the Writers Guild of America awarded O'Bannon sole credit for the screenplay . </P> <P> Despite these rewrites , 20th Century Fox did not express confidence in financing a science - fiction film . However , after the success of Star Wars in 1977 the studio 's interest in the genre rose substantially . According to Carroll : `` When Star Wars came out and was the extraordinary hit that it was , suddenly science fiction became the hot genre . '' O'Bannon recalled that `` They wanted to follow through on Star Wars , and they wanted to follow through fast , and the only spaceship script they had sitting on their desk was Alien '' . Alien was greenlit by 20th Century Fox , with an initial budget of $4.2 million . Alien was funded by North Americans , but made by 20th Century - Fox 's British production subsidiary . </P> <H3> Direction ( edit ) </H3> Director Ridley Scott <P> O'Bannon had originally assumed that he would direct Alien , but 20th Century Fox instead asked Hill to direct . Hill declined due to other film commitments , as well as not being comfortable with the level of visual effects that would be required . Peter Yates , Jack Clayton , and Robert Aldrich were considered for the task , but O'Bannon , Shusett , and the Brandywine team felt that these directors would not take the film seriously and would instead treat it as a B monster movie . Giler , Hill , and Carroll had been impressed by Ridley Scott 's debut feature film The Duellists ( 1977 ) and made an offer to him to direct Alien , which Scott quickly accepted . Scott created detailed storyboards for the film in London , which impressed 20th Century Fox enough to double the film 's budget . His storyboards included designs for the spaceship and space suits , drawing on such films as 2001 : A Space Odyssey and Star Wars . However , he was keen on emphasizing horror in Alien rather than fantasy , describing the film as `` The Texas Chain Saw Massacre of science fiction '' . </P> Giger 's Necronom IV <P> O'Bannon introduced Scott to the artwork of H.R. Giger ; both of them felt that his painting Necronom IV was the type of representation they wanted for the film 's antagonist and began asking the studio to hire him as a designer . 20th Century Fox initially believed Giger 's work was too ghastly for audiences , but the Brandywine team were persistent and eventually won out . According to Gordon Carroll : `` The first second that Ridley saw Giger 's work , he knew that the biggest single design problem , maybe the biggest problem in the film , had been solved . '' Scott flew to Zürich to meet Giger and recruited him to work on all aspects of the Alien and its environment including the surface of the planetoid , the derelict spacecraft , and all four forms of the Alien from the egg to the adult . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> For more details on individual characters , see List of Alien characters . <P> Casting calls and auditions for Alien were held in both New York and London . With only seven human characters in the story , Scott sought to hire strong actors so he could focus most of his energy on the film 's visual style . He employed casting director Mary Selway , who had worked with him on The Duellists , to head the casting in the United Kingdom , while Mary Goldberg handled casting in the United States . In developing the story , O'Bannon had focused on writing the Alien first , putting off developing the other characters . He and Shusett had intentionally written all the roles generically : they made a note in the script that explicitly states `` The crew is unisex and all parts are interchangeable for men or women . '' This freed Scott , Selway , and Goldberg to interpret the characters as they pleased , and to cast accordingly . They wanted the Nostromo 's crew to resemble working astronauts in a realistic environment , a concept summarised as `` truckers in space '' . According to Scott , this concept was inspired partly by Star Wars , which deviated from the pristine future often depicted in science fiction films of the time . </P> <P> To assist the actors in preparing for their roles , Scott wrote several pages of backstory for each character explaining their histories . He filmed many of their rehearsals in order to capture spontaneity and improvisation , and tensions between some of the cast members , particularly towards the less - experienced Weaver ; this translated convincingly to film as tension between the characters . </P> <P> Roger Ebert notes that the actors in Alien were older than was typical in thriller films at the time , which helped make the characters more convincing : </P> <P> None of them were particularly young . Tom Skerritt , the captain , was 46 , Hurt was 39 but looked older , Holm was 48 , Harry Dean Stanton was 53 , Yaphet Kotto was 42 , and only Veronica Cartwright at 30 and Weaver at 29 were in the age range of the usual thriller cast . Many recent action pictures have improbably young actors cast as key roles or sidekicks , but by skewing older , Alien achieves a certain texture without even making a point of it : These are not adventurers but workers , hired by a company to return 20 million tons of ore to Earth . </P> <P> David McIntee , author of Beautiful Monsters : The Unofficial and Unauthorised Guide to the Alien and Predator Films , asserts that part of the film 's effectiveness in frightening viewers `` comes from the fact that the audience can all identify with the characters ... Everyone aboard the Nostromo is a normal , everyday , working Joe just like the rest of us . They just happen to live and work in the future . '' </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> Ridley Scott filming model shots of the Nostromo and its attached ore refinery . He made slow passes filming at 21⁄2 frames per second to give the models the appearance of motion . <P> Alien was filmed over fourteen weeks from July 5 to October 21 , 1978 . Principal photography took place at Shepperton Studios near London , while model and miniature filming was done at Bray Studios in Water Oakley , Berkshire . The production schedule was short due to the film 's low budget and pressure from 20th Century Fox to finish on time . </P> <P> A crew of over 200 craftspeople and technicians constructed the three principal sets : the surface of the alien planetoid , and the interiors of the Nostromo and the derelict spacecraft . Art Director Les Dilley created ⁄ - scale miniatures of the planetoid 's surface and derelict spacecraft based on Giger 's designs , then made moulds and casts and scaled them up as diagrams for the wood and fiberglass forms of the sets . Tons of sand , plaster , fiberglass , rock , and gravel were shipped into the studio to sculpt a desert landscape for the planetoid 's surface , which the actors would walk across wearing space suit costumes . The suits themselves were thick , bulky , and lined with nylon , had no cooling systems and , initially , no venting for their exhaled carbon dioxide to escape . Combined with a heat wave , these conditions nearly caused the actors to pass out : nurses had to be kept on - hand with oxygen tanks . </P> <P> For scenes showing the exterior of the Nostromo , a 58 - foot ( 18 m ) landing leg was constructed to give a sense of the ship 's size . Ridley Scott was not convinced that it looked large enough , so he had his two young sons and the son of Derek Vanlint ( the film 's cinematographer ) stand in for the regular actors , wearing smaller space suits to make the set - pieces seem larger . The same technique was used for the scene in which the crew members encounter the dead alien creature in the derelict spacecraft . The children nearly collapsed due to the heat of the suits ; oxygen systems were eventually added to help the actors breathe . Four identical cats were used to portray Jones , the crew 's pet . During filming , Sigourney Weaver discovered that she was allergic to the combination of cat hair and the glycerin placed on the actors ' skin to make them appear sweaty . By removing the glycerin she was able to continue working with the cats . </P> <P> Alien originally was to conclude with the destruction of the Nostromo while Ripley escapes in the shuttle Narcissus . However , Ridley Scott conceived of a `` fourth act '' to the film in which the Alien appears on the shuttle and Ripley is forced to confront it . He pitched the idea to 20th Century Fox and negotiated an increase in the budget to film the scene over several extra days . Scott had wanted the Alien to bite off Ripley 's head and then make the final log entry in her voice , but the producers vetoed this idea as they believed the Alien should die at the end of the film . </P> <H3> Post-production ( edit ) </H3> <P> Editing and post-production work on Alien took roughly 20 weeks to complete . Terry Rawlings served as editor , having previously worked with Scott on editing sound for The Duellists . Scott and Rawlings edited much of the film to have a slow pace to build suspense for the more tense and frightening moments . According to Rawlings : `` I think the way we did get it right was by keeping it slow , funny enough , which is completely different from what they do today . And I think the slowness of it made the moments that you wanted people to be sort of scared ... then we could go as fast as we liked because you 've sucked people into a corner and then attacked them , so to speak . And I think that 's how it worked . '' The first cut of the film was over three hours long ; further editing trimmed the final version to just under two hours . </P> <P> One scene that was cut from the film occurred during Ripley 's final escape from the Nostromo : she encounters Dallas and Brett who have been partially cocooned by the Alien . O'Bannon had intended the scene to indicate that Brett was becoming an alien egg while Dallas was held nearby to be implanted by the resulting facehugger . Production Designer Michael Seymour later suggested that Dallas had `` become sort of food for the alien creature '' , while Ivor Powell suggested that `` Dallas is found in the ship as an egg , still alive . '' Scott remarked that `` they 're morphing , metamorphosing , they are changing into ... being consumed , I guess , by whatever the Alien 's organism is ... into an egg . '' The scene was cut partly because it did not look realistic enough , but also because it slowed the pace of the escape sequence . Tom Skerritt remarked that `` The picture had to have that pace . Her trying to get the hell out of there , we 're all rooting for her to get out of there , and for her to slow up and have a conversation with Dallas was not appropriate . '' The footage was included with other deleted scenes as a special feature on the Laserdisc release of Alien , and a shortened version of it was re-inserted into the 2003 Director 's Cut which was re-released in theaters and on DVD . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Alien ( soundtrack ) Jerry Goldsmith composed the music for Alien . <P> The musical score for Alien was composed by Jerry Goldsmith , conducted by Lionel Newman , and performed by the National Philharmonic Orchestra . Ridley Scott had originally wanted the film to be scored by Isao Tomita , but 20th Century Fox wanted a more familiar composer and Goldsmith was recommended by then - President of Fox Alan Ladd , Jr . Goldsmith wanted to create a sense of romanticism and lyrical mystery in the film 's opening scenes , which would build throughout the film to suspense and fear . Scott did not like Goldsmith 's original main title piece , however , so Goldsmith rewrote it as `` the obvious thing : weird and strange , and which everybody loved . '' Another source of tension was editor Terry Rawlings ' choice to use pieces of Goldsmith 's music from previous films , including a piece from Freud : The Secret Passion , and to use an excerpt from Howard Hanson 's Symphony No. 2 ( `` Romantic '' ) for the end credits . </P> <P> Scott and Rawlings had also become attached to several of the musical cues they had used for the temporary score while editing the film , and re-edited some of Goldsmith 's cues and re-scored several sequences to match these cues and even left the temporary score in place in some parts of the finished film . Goldsmith later remarked that `` you can see that I was sort of like going at opposite ends of the pole with the filmmakers . '' Nevertheless , Scott praised Goldsmith 's score as `` full of dark beauty '' and `` seriously threatening , but beautiful . '' It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , a Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album , and a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music . The score has been released as a soundtrack album in several versions with different tracks and sequences . </P> <H2> Design ( edit ) </H2> H.R. Giger , who designed and worked on the Alien and its accompanying elements Carlo Rambaldi created the mechanical head - effects for the Alien <P> O'Bannon brought in artists Ron Cobb and Chris Foss ( with whom he had worked on Dark Star and Dune , respectively ) to work on designs for the human aspects of the film such as the spaceship and space suits . Cobb created hundreds of preliminary sketches of the interiors and exteriors of the ship , which went through many design concepts and possible names such as Leviathan and Snark as the script was developed . The final name of the ship was derived from the title of Joseph Conrad 's 1904 novel Nostromo , while the escape shuttle , called Narcissus in the script , was named after Conrad 's 1897 novella The Nigger of the ' Narcissus ' . The production team particularly praised Cobb 's ability to depict the interior settings of the ship in a realistic and believable manner . Under Ridley Scott 's direction the design of the Nostromo shifted towards an 800 - foot - long ( 240 m ) tug towing a refining platform 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) long and 1.5 miles ( 2.4 km ) wide . Cobb also created some conceptual drawings of the Alien , but these were not used . Moebius was attached to the project for a few days as well , and his costume renderings served as the basis for the final space suits created by costume designer John Mollo . </P> <H3> Sets ( edit ) </H3> <P> The sets of the Nostromo 's three decks were each created almost entirely in one piece , with each deck occupying a separate stage . The actors had to navigate through the hallways that connected the stages , adding to the film 's sense of claustrophobia and realism . The sets used large transistors and low - resolution computer screens to give the ship a `` used '' , industrial look and make it appear as though it was constructed of `` retrofitted old technology '' . Ron Cobb created industrial - style symbols and color - coded signs for various areas and aspects of the ship . The company that owns the Nostromo is not named in the film , and is referred to by the characters as `` the company '' . However , the name and logo of `` Weylan - Yutani '' appears on several set pieces and props such as computer monitors and beer cans . Cobb created the name to imply a business alliance between Britain and Japan , deriving `` Weylan '' from the British Leyland Motor Corporation and `` Yutani '' from the name of his Japanese neighbor . The 1986 sequel , Aliens , named the company as `` Weyland - Yutani '' , and it has remained a central aspect of the film franchise . </P> <P> Art Director Roger Christian used scrap metal and parts to create set pieces and props to save money , a technique he employed while working on Star Wars . For example , some of the Nostromo 's corridors were created from portions of scrapped bomber aircraft , and a mirror was used to create the illusion of longer corridors in the below - deck area . Special effects supervisors Brian Johnson and Nick Allder made many of the set pieces and props function , including moving chairs , computer monitors , motion trackers , and flamethrowers . </P> <P> H.R. Giger designed and worked on all of the alien aspects of the film , which he designed to appear organic and biomechanical in contrast to the industrial look of the Nostromo and its human elements . For the interior of the derelict spacecraft and egg chamber he used dried bones together with plaster to sculpt much of the scenery and elements . Veronica Cartwright described Giger 's sets as `` so erotic ... it 's big vaginas and penises ... the whole thing is like you 're going inside of some sort of womb or whatever ... it 's sort of visceral '' . The set with the deceased alien creature , which the production team nicknamed the `` space jockey '' , proved problematic as 20th Century Fox did not want to spend the money for such an expensive set that would only be used for one scene . Ridley Scott described the set as the cockpit or driving deck of the mysterious ship , and the production team was able to convince the studio that the scene was important to impress the audience and make them aware that this was not a B movie . To save money , only one wall of the set was created , and the `` space jockey '' sat atop a disc that could be rotated to facilitate shots from different angles in relation to the actors . Giger airbrushed the entire set and the `` space jockey '' by hand . </P> <P> The origin of the jockey creature was not explored in the film , but Scott later theorized that it might have been the ship 's pilot , and that the ship might have been a weapons - carrier capable of dropping alien eggs onto a planet so that the aliens could use the local lifeforms as hosts . In early versions of the script , the eggs were to be located in a separate pyramid structure which would be found later by the Nostromo crew and would contain statues and hieroglyphs depicting the alien reproductive cycle , contrasting the human , alien , and space jockey cultures . Cobb , Foss , and Giger each created concept artwork for these sequences , but they were eventually discarded due to budgetary concerns and the need to make the film shorter . Instead , the egg chamber was set inside the derelict ship and was filmed on the same set as the space - jockey scene ; the entire disc piece supporting the jockey and its chair were removed and the set was re-dressed to create the egg chamber . Light effects in the egg chamber were created by lasers borrowed from English rock band The Who . The band was testing the lasers for use in their stage show on the sound - stage next door . </P> <H3> Spaceships and planets ( edit ) </H3> I resent films that are so shallow they rely entirely on their visual effects , and of course science fiction films are notorious for this . I 've always felt that there 's another way to do it : a lot of effort should be expended toward rendering the environment of the spaceship , or space travel , whatever the fantastic setting of your story should be -- as convincingly as possible , but always in the background . That way the story and the characters emerge and they become more real . -- Ron Cobb on his designs for Alien <P> The spaceships and planets for the film were shot using models and miniatures . These included models of the Nostromo , its attached mineral refinery , the escape shuttle Narcissus , the alien planetoid , and the exterior and interior of the derelict spacecraft . Visual - effects supervisor Brian Johnson and supervising modelmaker Martin Bower and their team worked at Bray Studios , roughly 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Shepperton Studios . The designs of the Nostromo and its attachments were based on combinations of Ridley Scott 's storyboards and Ron Cobb 's conceptual drawings . The basic outlines of the models were made of wood and plastic , and most of the fine details were added from model kits of warships , tanks , and World War II bombers . </P> <P> Three models of the Nostromo were made : a 12 - inch ( 30 cm ) version for medium and long shots , a 4 - foot ( 1.2 m ) version for rear shots , and a 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) , 7 - short - ton ( 6.4 t ) rig for the undocking and planetoid surface sequences . Scott insisted on numerous changes to the models even as filming was taking place , leading to conflicts with the modeling and filming teams . The Nostromo was originally yellow , and the team filmed shots of the models for six weeks before Johnson left to work on The Empire Strikes Back . Scott then ordered it changed to gray , and the team had to begin shooting again from scratch . He asked that more and more pieces be added to the model such that the final version ( with the refinery ) required a metal framework so that it could be hoisted by a forklift . He also took a hammer and chisel to sections of the refinery , knocking off many of the spires that Bower had spent weeks creating . Scott also had disagreements with miniature - effects cinematographer Dennis Ayling over how to light the models . </P> <P> A separate model , approximately 40 feet ( 12 m ) long , was created for the Nostromo 's underside from which the Narcissus would detach and from which Kane 's body would be launched during the funeral scene . Bower carved Kane 's burial shroud out of wood ; it was launched through the hatch using a small catapult and filmed at high speed . The footage was slowed down in editing . Only one shot was filmed using blue - screen compositing : that of the shuttle racing past the Nostromo . The other shots were simply filmed against black backdrops , with stars added via double exposure . Though motion control photography technology was available at the time , the film 's budget would not allow for it . The team therefore used a camera with wide - angle lenses mounted on a drive mechanism to make slow passes over and around the models filming at 21⁄2 frames per second , giving them the appearance of motion . Scott added smoke and wind effects to enhance the illusion . For the scene in which the Nostromo detaches from the refinery , a 30 - foot ( 9.1 m ) docking arm was created using pieces from model railway kits . The Nostromo was pushed away from the refinery by a forklift covered in black velvet , causing the arm to extend out from the refinery . This created the illusion that the arm was pushing the ship forward . Shots of the ship 's exterior in which characters are seen moving around inside were filmed using larger models which contained projection screens displaying pre-recorded footage . </P> <P> A separate model was created for the exterior of the derelict alien spacecraft . Matte paintings were used to fill in areas of the ship 's interior as well as exterior shots of the planetoid 's surface . The surface as seen from space during the landing sequence was created by painting a globe white , then mixing chemicals and dyes onto transparencies and projecting them onto it . The planetoid was not named in the film , but some drafts of the script gave it the name Acheron after the river which in Greek mythology is described as the `` stream of woe '' ; it is a branch of the river Styx , and forms the border of Hell in Dante 's Inferno . The 1986 sequel Aliens named the planetoid as `` LV - 426 '' , and both names have been used for it in subsequent expanded - universe media such as comic books and video games . </P> <H3> Creature effects ( edit ) </H3> The `` facehugger '' was the first creature Giger designed for the film , giving it human - like fingers and a long tail . <P> The scene of Kane inspecting the egg was shot in post-production . A fiberglass egg was used so that actor John Hurt could shine his light on it and see movement inside , which was provided by Ridley Scott fluttering his hands inside the egg while wearing rubber gloves . The top of the egg was hydraulic , and the innards were a cow 's stomach and tripe . Test shots of the eggs were filmed using hen 's eggs , and this footage was used in early teaser trailers . For this reason the image of a hen 's egg was used on the poster , and has become emblematic of the franchise as a whole -- as opposed to the Alien egg that appears in the finished film . </P> <P> The `` facehugger '' and its proboscis , which was made of a sheep 's intestine , were shot out of the egg using high - pressure air hoses . The shot was reversed and slowed down in editing to prolong the effect and reveal more detail . The facehugger itself was the first creature that H.R. Giger designed for the film , going through several versions in different sizes before deciding on a small creature with humanlike fingers and a long tail . Dan O'Bannon , with help from Ron Cobb , drew his own version based on Giger 's design , which became the final version . Cobb came up with the idea that the creature could have a powerful acid for blood , a characteristic that would carry over to the adult Alien and would make it impossible for the crew to kill it by conventional means such as guns or explosives , since the acid would burn through the ship 's hull . For the scene in which the dead facehugger is examined , Scott used pieces of fish and shellfish to create its viscera . </P> The `` chestburster '' was shoved up through the table and a false torso by a puppeteer . The scene has been recognized as one of the film 's most memorable . <P> The design of the `` chestburster '' was inspired by Francis Bacon 's 1944 painting Three Studies for Figures at the Base of a Crucifixion . Giger 's original design , which was refined , resembled a plucked chicken . Screenwriter Dan O'Bannon credits his experiences with Crohn 's disease for inspiring the chest - busting scene . </P> <P> For the filming of the chestburster scene , the cast members knew that the creature would be bursting out of Hurt , and had seen the chestburster puppet , but they had not been told that fake blood would also be bursting out in every direction from high - pressure pumps and squibs . The scene was shot in one take using an artificial torso filled with blood and viscera , with Hurt 's head and arms coming up from underneath the table . The chestburster was shoved up through the torso by a puppeteer who held it on a stick . When the creature burst through the chest a stream of blood shot directly at Veronica Cartwright , shocking her enough that she fell over and went into hysterics . According to Tom Skerritt : `` What you saw on camera was the real response . She had no idea what the hell happened . All of a sudden this thing just came up . '' The creature then runs off - camera , an effect accomplished by cutting a slit in the table for the puppeteer 's stick to go through and passing an air hose through the puppet 's tail to make it whip about . </P> <P> The real - life surprise of the actors gave the scene an intense sense of realism and made it one of the film 's most memorable moments . During preview screenings the crew noticed that some viewers would move towards the back of the theater so as not to be too close to the screen during the sequence . The scene has frequently been called one of the most memorable moments in cinema history . In 2007 , Empire magazine named it as the greatest 18 - rated moment in film , ranking it above the decapitation scene in The Omen ( 1976 ) and the transformation sequence in An American Werewolf in London ( 1981 ) . </P> <P> For the scene in which Ash is revealed to be an android , a puppet was created of the character 's torso and upper body which was operated from underneath . During a preview screening of the film , this scene caused an usher to faint . In the following scene , Ash 's head is placed on a table and re-activated ; for portions of this scene , an animatronic head was made using a face cast of the actor , Ian Holm . However , the latex of the head shrank while curing and the result was not entirely convincing . For the bulk of the scene , Holm knelt under the table with his head coming up through a hole . Milk , caviar , pasta , fiber optics , and glass marbles were combined to form the android 's innards . </P> <H3> The Alien ( edit ) </H3> For more details on the creature , see Alien ( creature in Alien franchise ) . Bolaji Badejo in costume as the Alien . The suit was made of latex , with the head as a separate piece housing the moving parts which controlled the second mouth . <P> Giger made several conceptual paintings of the adult Alien before settling on the final version . He sculpted the creature 's body using plasticine , incorporating pieces such as vertebrae from snakes and cooling tubes from a Rolls - Royce . The creature 's head was manufactured separately by Carlo Rambaldi , who had worked on the aliens in Close Encounters of the Third Kind . Rambaldi followed Giger 's designs closely , making some modifications in order to incorporate the moving parts which would animate the jaw and inner mouth . A system of hinges and cables was used to operate the creature 's rigid tongue , which protruded from the its mouth and featured a second mouth at its tip with its own set of movable teeth . The final head had about 900 moving parts and points of articulation . Part of a human skull was used as the `` face '' , and was hidden under the smooth , translucent cover of the head . Rambaldi 's original Alien jaw is now on display in the Smithsonian Institution , while in April 2007 the original Alien suit was sold at auction . Copious amounts of K-Y Jelly were used to simulate saliva and to give the Alien an overall slimy appearance . The creature 's vocalizations were provided by Percy Edwards , a voice artist famous for providing bird sounds for British television throughout the 1960s and 1970s as well as the whale sounds for Orca : Killer Whale ( 1977 ) . </P> <P> For most of the film 's scenes the Alien was portrayed by Bolaji Badejo . A latex costume was made to fit Badejo 's slender 6 - foot - 10 - inch ( 208 cm ) frame by taking a full - body plaster cast . Scott later commented that the Alien `` takes on elements of the host -- in this case , a man . '' Badejo attended t'ai chi and mime classes in order to create convincing movements for the Alien . For some scenes , such as when the Alien lowers itself from the ceiling to kill Brett , the creature was portrayed by stuntmen Eddie Powell and Roy Scammell -- Powell , in costume , was suspended on wires and then lowered in an unfurling motion . </P> `` I 've never liked horror films before , because in the end it 's always been a man in a rubber suit . Well , there 's one way to deal with that . The most important thing in a film of this type is not what you see , but the effect of what you think you saw . '' -- Ridley Scott <P> Scott chose not to show the full Alien for most of the film , keeping most of its body in shadow in order to create a sense of terror and heighten suspense . The audience could thus project their own fears into imagining what the rest of the creature might look like : `` Every movement is going to be very slow , very graceful , and the Alien will alter shape so you never really know exactly what he looks like . '' The Alien has been referred to as `` one of the most iconic movie monsters in film history '' , and its biomechanical appearance and sexual overtones have been frequently noted . Roger Ebert remarked that `` Alien uses a tricky device to keep the alien fresh throughout the movie : It evolves the nature and appearance of the creature , so we never know quite what it looks like or what it can do ... The first time we get a good look at the alien , as it bursts from the chest of poor Kane ( John Hurt ) . It is unmistakably phallic in shape , and the critic Tim Dirks mentions its ' open , dripping vaginal mouth . ' '' </P> <H2> Marketing ( edit ) </H2> For more details on this topic , see Alien ( soundtrack ) and List of Alien , Predator and Alien vs. Predator games . <P> With the film 's release , a merchandising and media campaign was launched . This included a novelization by Alan Dean Foster , in both adult and `` junior '' versions , which was adapted from the film 's shooting script . Heavy Metal magazine published a comic strip adaptation of the film entitled Alien : The Illustrated Story , as well as a 1980 Alien calendar . Two behind - the - scenes books were released in 1979 to accompany the film . The Book of Alien contained many production photographs and details on the making of the film , while Giger 's Alien contained much of H.R. Giger 's concept artwork for the movie . A soundtrack album was released , featuring selections of Goldsmith 's score . Additionally , a single of the Main Theme was released in 1980 , and a disco single using audio excerpts from the film was released in 1979 on the UK label Bronze Records by a recording artist under the name Nostromo . A model kit of the Alien , 12 inches high , was released by the Model Products Corporation in the United States , and by Airfix in the United Kingdom . Kenner also produced a larger - scale Alien action figure , as well as a board game in which players raced to be first to reach the shuttle pod while Aliens roamed the Nostromo 's corridors and air shafts . Official Halloween costumes of the Alien were released in October 1979 . Several computer games based on the film were released , but not until several years after its theatrical run . </P> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> `` It was the most incredible preview I 've ever been in . I mean , people were screaming and running out of the theater . '' -- Editor Terry Rawlings describing the film 's screening in Dallas . <P> An initial screening of Alien for 20th Century Fox representatives in St. Louis was marred by poor sound . A subsequent screening in a newer theater in Dallas went significantly better , eliciting genuine fright from the audience . Two theatrical trailers were shown to the public . The first consisted of rapidly changing still images set to some of Jerry Goldsmith 's electronic music from Logan 's Run . The second used test footage of a hen 's egg set to part of Goldsmith 's Alien score . The film was previewed in various American cities in the spring of 1979 and was promoted with the tagline `` In space , no one can hear you scream . '' </P> <P> Alien was rated `` R '' in the United States , `` X '' in the United Kingdom , and `` M '' in Australia . In the UK , the British Board of Film Censors almost passed the film as an `` AA '' ( for ages 14 and over ) , although there were concerns over the prevalent sexual imagery . 20th Century Fox eventually relented in pushing for an AA certificate after deciding that an X rating would make it easier to sell as a horror film . </P> <P> Alien opened in American theaters on May 25 , 1979 . The film had no formal premiere , yet moviegoers lined up for blocks to see it at Grauman 's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood where a number of models , sets , and props were displayed outside to promote it during its first run . Religious zealots set fire to the model of the space jockey , believing it to be the work of the devil . In the United Kingdom , Alien premiered at a gala performance at the Edinburgh Film Festival on September 1 , 1979 , before starting an exclusive run at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on September 6 , 1979 , but it did not open widely in Britain until January 13 , 1980 . </P> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Critical reaction to the film was initially mixed . Some critics who were not usually favorable towards science fiction , such as Barry Norman of the BBC 's Film series , were positive about the film 's merits . Others , however , were not ; reviews by Variety , Sight and Sound , Vincent Canby and Leonard Maltin were mixed or negative . ( Maltin , however , reassessed the film upon the release of the Director 's Cut and gave Alien a positive review . ) A review by Time Out said the film was an `` empty bag of tricks whose production values and expensive trickery can not disguise imaginative poverty '' . In a 1980 episode of Sneak Previews discussing science fiction films of the 1950s and 1970s , critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert were critical of Alien . Ebert called it `` basically just an intergalactic haunted house thriller set inside a spaceship '' and one of several science fiction pictures that were `` real disappointments '' compared to Star Wars , Close Encounters of the Third Kind , and 2001 : A Space Odyssey , though he did compliment the early scene of the Nostromo 's crew exploring the alien planet as showing `` real imagination '' . However , the film later made it onto Ebert 's Great Movies list , where he gave it four stars and said `` Ridley Scott 's 1979 movie is a great original . '' </P> <P> As of 2017 the film holds a 97 % `` fresh '' rating on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 104 reviews , with the consensus reading : `` A modern classic , Alien blends science fiction , horror and bleak poetry into a seamless whole . '' </P> <H3> Box office ( edit ) </H3> <P> The film was a commercial success , making $78,900,000 in the United States and £ 7,886,000 in the United Kingdom during its first run . It ultimately grossed $80,931,801 in the United States , while international box office figures have varied from $24,000,000 to $122,700,000 . Its total worldwide gross has been listed within the range of $104,931,801 to $203,630,630 . </P> <P> According to 20th Century Fox accounts , however , by April 1980 when the film had earned a reported $100 million at the box office , after advertising , distribution fees , penalties and other costs were deducted , it was still recorded as having ' lost ' $2.4 million . This was seen as an example of Hollywood creative accounting and was much criticised . However , by August , Fox had started saying the film made $4 million in profit . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> Further information : List of accolades received by Alien <P> Alien won the 1979 Academy Award for Visual Effects and was also nominated for Best Art Direction ( for Michael Seymour , Leslie Dilley , Roger Christian , and Ian Whittaker ) . It won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , Best Direction for Ridley Scott , and Best Supporting Actress for Veronica Cartwright , and was also nominated in the categories of Best Actress for Sigourney Weaver , Best Make - up for Pat Hay , Best Special Effects for Brian Johnson and Nick Allder , and Best Writing for Dan O'Bannon . It was also nominated for British Academy of Film and Television Arts ( BAFTA ) awards for Best Costume Design for John Mollo , Best Editing for Terry Rawlings , Best Supporting Actor for John Hurt , and Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Role for Sigourney Weaver . It also won a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation and was nominated for a British Society of Cinematographers award for Best Cinematography for Derek Vanlint , as well as a Silver Seashell award for Best Cinematography and Special Effects at the San Sebastián International Film Festival . Jerry Goldsmith 's score received nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score , the Grammy Award for Best Soundtrack Album , and a BAFTA Award for Best Film Music . </P> <H3> Home video ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alien has been released in many home video formats and packages over the years . The first of these was a seventeen - minute Super-8 version for home projectionists . It was also released on both VHS and Betamax for rental , which grossed it an additional $40,300,000 in the United States alone . Several VHS releases were subsequently issued both separately and as boxed sets . LaserDisc and Videodisc versions followed , including deleted scenes and director commentary as bonus features . A VHS box set containing Alien and its sequels Aliens and Alien 3 was released in facehugger - shaped boxes , and included some of the deleted scenes from the Laserdisc editions . When Alien Resurrection premiered in theaters , another set of the first three films was released including a Making of Alien Resurrection tape . A few months later the set was re-released with the full version of Alien Resurrection taking the place of the making - of video . Alien was released on DVD in 1999 , both separately and , as The Alien Legacy , packaged with Aliens , Alien 3 and Alien Resurrection . This set , which was also released in a VHS version , included a commentary track by Ridley Scott . The first three films of the series have also been packaged as the Alien Triple Pack . </P> `` The traditional definition of the term ' Director 's Cut ' suggests the restoration of a director 's original vision , free of any creative limitations . It suggests that the filmmaker has finally overcome the interference of heavy - handed studio executives , and that the film has been restored to its original , untampered form . Such is not the case with Alien : The Director 's Cut . It 's a completely different beast . '' -- Ridley Scott <P> In 2003 , 20th Century Fox was preparing the Alien Quadrilogy DVD box set , which would include Alien and its three sequels . In addition , the set would also include alternate versions of all four films in the form of `` special editions '' and `` director 's cuts '' . Fox approached Ridley Scott to digitally restore and remaster Alien , and to restore several scenes which had been cut during the editing process for inclusion in an expanded version of the film . Upon viewing the expanded version , Scott felt that it was too long and chose to recut it into a more streamlined alternate version : </P> <P> Upon viewing the proposed expanded version of the film , I felt that the cut was simply too long and the pacing completely thrown off . After all , I cut those scenes out for a reason back in 1979 . However , in the interest of giving the fans a new experience with Alien , I figured there had to be an appropriate middle ground . I chose to go in and recut that proposed long version into a more streamlined and polished alternate version of the film . For marketing purposes , this version is being called `` The Director 's Cut . '' </P> <P> The `` Director 's Cut '' restored roughly four minutes of deleted footage while cutting about five minutes of other material , leaving it about a minute shorter than the theatrical cut . Many of the changes were minor , such as altered sound effects , while the restored footage included the scene in which Ripley discovers the cocooned Dallas and Brett during her escape of the Nostromo . Fox released the Director 's Cut in theaters on October 31 , 2003 . The Alien Quadrilogy box set was released December 2 , 2003 , with both versions of the film included along with a new commentary track featuring many of the film 's actors , writers , and production staff , as well as other special features and a documentary entitled The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . Each film was also released separately as a DVD with both versions of the film included . Scott noted that he was very pleased with the original theatrical cut of Alien , saying that `` For all intents and purposes , I felt that the original cut of Alien was perfect . I still feel that way '' , and that the original 1979 theatrical version `` remains my version of choice '' . He has since stated that he considers both versions `` director 's cuts '' , as he feels that the 1979 version was the best he could possibly have made it at the time . </P> <P> The Alien Quadrilogy set earned Alien a number of new awards and nominations . It won DVDX Exclusive Awards for Best Audio Commentary and Best Overall DVD , Classic Movie , and was also nominated for Best Behind - the - Scenes Program and Best Menu Design . It also won a Sierra Award for Best DVD , and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best DVD Collection and Golden Satellite Awards for Best DVD Extras and Best Overall DVD . In 2010 both the theatrical version and Director 's Cut of Alien were released on Blu - ray Disc , as a stand - alone release and as part of the Alien Anthology set . </P> <P> In 2014 , to mark the film 's 35th anniversary , a special re-release box set named Alien : 35th Anniversary Edition , containing the film on Blu - ray , a digital copy , a reprint of Alien : The Illustrated Story , and a series of collectible art cards containing artwork by H.R. Giger related to the film , was released . Also , the novelisation by Alan Dean Foster was re-printed . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Sequels , prequels and crossover films ( edit ) </H3> For more details on this topic , see Alien ( franchise ) . Sigourney Weaver became the star of the Alien films , reprising her role as Ripley in three sequels between 1986 and 1997 . She did not appear in either of the Alien vs. Predator crossovers of the 2000s , but has expressed interest in doing a fifth Alien film . <P> The success of Alien led 20th Century Fox to finance three direct sequels over the next eighteen years , each by different writers and directors . Sigourney Weaver remained the only recurring actor through all four films : the story of her character Ripley 's encounters with the Aliens became the thematic and narrative core of the series . James Cameron 's Aliens ( 1986 ) focused more on action and involved Ripley returning to the planetoid accompanied by marines to confront hordes of Aliens . David Fincher 's Alien 3 ( 1992 ) had nihilistic tones and found her on a prison planet battling another Alien , ultimately sacrificing herself to prevent her employers from acquiring the creatures . Jean - Pierre Jeunet 's Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) saw Ripley resurrected through cloning to battle more Aliens even further in the future . </P> <P> The success of the film series resulted in the creation of a media franchise with numerous novels , comic books , video games , toys , and other media and merchandise appearing over the years . A number of these began appearing under the Alien vs. Predator crossover imprint , which brought the Alien creatures together with the titular characters of the Predator franchise . A film series followed , with Alien vs. Predator in 2004 , and Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem in 2007 . </P> <P> Sigourney Weaver has expressed interest in reuniting with Ridley Scott to revive her character for another Alien film . In the 2003 commentary track for the Alien DVD included in the Alien Quadrilogy set , she and Scott both speculated on the possibility , with Weaver stating : `` There is an appetite for a fifth one , which is something I never expected ... it 's really hard to come up with a fifth story that 's new and fresh ... but I have wanted to go back into space ... I think outer space adventure is a good thing for us right now , ' cause Earth is so grim ... so we 've been talking about it , but very generally . '' Scott remarked that , if the series were to continue , the most logical course would be to explore the origins of the space jockey and the Aliens . Weaver supported this idea , saying `` I think it would be great to go back , because I 'm asked that question so many times : ' Where did the Alien come from ? ' People really want to know in a very visceral way . '' David Giler said that he , Walter Hill , and Gordon Carroll , the producers of the first four films in the series , would not be willing to produce another unless it was about the Aliens ' homeworld and Weaver was on board ( despite the fact that they were among the producers of Alien vs. Predator films ) . Weaver , in turn , indicated that she would only return to the franchise if either Scott or James Cameron were to direct . Cameron had been working on a story for a fifth Alien film which would explore the origins of the creatures , but ceased work on it when he learned that Fox was pursuing Alien vs. Predator , which he felt would `` kill the validity of the franchise '' . </P> <P> In July 2009 , 20th Century Fox announced that Jon Spaihts had been hired to write a prequel to Alien , with Scott attached to direct . The script was subsequently re-worked by Scott and Damon Lindelof . Titled Prometheus , it went into production in May 2011 , and was released the following year . Scott said in a statement : `` While Alien was indeed the jumping - off point for this project , out of the creative process evolved a new , grand mythology and universe in which this original story takes place . The keen fan will recognize strands of Alien 's DNA , so to speak , but the ideas tackled in this film are unique , large and provocative . '' </P> <P> Variety reported on February 18 , 2015 that a new Alien film would be directed by Neill Blomkamp . On February 25 , it was confirmed that Sigourney Weaver would have a role in the film . </P> <H3> Imitations ( edit ) </H3> `` The 1979 Alien is a much more cerebral movie than its sequels , with the characters ( and the audience ) genuinely engaged in curiosity about this weirdest of lifeforms ... Unfortunately , the films it influenced studied its thrills but not its thinking . '' -- Film critic Roger Ebert on Alien 's cinematic impact . <P> Alien had both an immediate and long - term impact on the science fiction and horror genres . Shortly after its debut , Dan O'Bannon was sued by another writer named Jack Hammer for allegedly plagiarising a script entitled Black Space . However , O'Bannon was able to prove that he had written his Alien script first . In the wake of Alien 's success , a number of other filmmakers imitated or adapted some of its elements , sometimes by using `` Alien '' in titles . One of the first was The Alien Dead ( 1979 ) , which had its title changed at the last minute to cash in on Alien 's popularity . Contamination ( 1980 ) was initially going to be titled Alien 2 until 20th Century Fox 's lawyers contacted writer / director Luigi Cozzi and made him change it . The film built on Alien by having many similar creatures , which originated from large , slimy eggs , bursting from characters ' chests . An unauthorized sequel to Alien , titled Alien 2 : On Earth , was released in 1980 and included alien creatures which incubate in humans . Other science fiction films of the time that borrowed elements from Alien include Galaxy of Terror ( 1981 ) , Inseminoid ( 1981 ) , Forbidden World ( 1982 ) , Xtro ( 1982 ) , and Dead Space ( 1991 ) . </P> <P> The `` chestburster '' effect was parodied in Mel Brooks ' comedy Spaceballs . Near the end , in a diner , John Hurt does a cameo appearance as a customer who seems to be suffering indigestion . However , he turns out to have an `` alien '' in his gut , and moans , `` Oh , no ... not again ! '' The `` alien '' then does a song - and - dance , singing a line of `` Hello , Ma Baby '' , from the classic Warner Bros. cartoon One Froggy Evening . </P> <H3> Analysis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Critics have analyzed Alien 's sexual overtones . Following Barbara Creed 's analysis of the Alien creature as a representation of the `` monstrous - feminine as archaic mother '' , Ximena Gallardo C. and C. Jason Smith compared the facehugger 's attack on Kane to a male rape and the chestburster scene to a form of violent birth , noting that the Alien 's phallic head and method of killing the crew members add to the sexual imagery . Dan O'Bannon , who wrote the film 's screenplay , has argued that the scene is a metaphor for the male fear of penetration , and that the `` oral invasion '' of Kane by the facehugger functions as `` payback '' for the many horror films in which sexually vulnerable women are attacked by male monsters . McIntee claims that `` Alien is a rape movie as much as Straw Dogs ( 1971 ) or I Spit on Your Grave ( 1978 ) , or The Accused ( 1988 ) . On one level it 's about an intriguing alien threat . On one level it 's about parasitism and disease . And on the level that was most important to the writers and director , it 's about sex , and reproduction by non-consensual means . And it 's about this happening to a man . '' He notes how the film plays on men 's fear and misunderstanding of pregnancy and childbirth , while also giving women a glimpse into these fears . </P> <P> Film analyst Lina Badley has written that the Alien 's design , with strong Freudian sexual undertones , multiple phallic symbols , and overall feminine figure , provides an androgynous image conforming to archetypal mappings and imageries in horror films that often redraw gender lines . O'Bannon himself later described the sexual imagery in Alien as overt and intentional : `` One thing that people are all disturbed about is sex ... I said ' That 's how I 'm going to attack the audience ; I 'm going to attack them sexually . And I 'm not going to go after the women in the audience , I 'm going to attack the men . I am going to put in every image I can think of to make the men in the audience cross their legs . Homosexual oral rape , birth . The thing lays its eggs down your throat , the whole number . ' '' </P> Some have argued the film 's narrative details and visual design were inspired by those of the 1965 Italian film Planet of the Vampires , such as a scene in which the crew discovers a ruin containing giant alien skeletons . <P> Alien 's roots in earlier works of fiction have been analyzed and acknowledged extensively by critics . The film has been said to have much in common with B movies such as The Thing from Another World ( 1951 ) , Creature from the Black Lagoon ( 1954 ) , It ! The Terror from Beyond Space ( 1958 ) , Night of the Blood Beast ( 1958 ) , and Queen of Blood ( 1966 ) , as well as its fellow 1970s horror films Jaws ( 1975 ) and Halloween ( 1978 ) . Literary connections have also been suggested : Philip French of the Guardian has perceived thematic parallels with Agatha Christie 's And Then There Were None ( 1939 ) . Many critics have also suggested that the film derives in part from A.E. van Vogt 's The Voyage of the Space Beagle ( 1950 ) , particularly its stories `` The Black Destroyer '' , in which a cat - like alien infiltrates the ship and hunts the crew ; and `` Discord in Scarlet '' , in which an alien implants parasitic eggs inside crew members which then hatch and eat their way out . O'Bannon , however , denies that this was a source of his inspiration for Alien 's story . Van Vogt in fact initiated a lawsuit against 20th Century Fox over the similarities , but Fox settled out of court . </P> <P> Rick Sanchez of IGN has noted the `` striking resemblance '' of Alien to Mario Bava 's cult classic Planet of the Vampires ( 1965 ) , especially in a celebrated sequence in which the crew discovers a ruin containing the skeletal remains of long dead giant beings , and in the design and shots of the ship itself . Despite these similarities , O'Bannon and Scott both claimed in a 1979 interview that they had not seen Planet of the Vampires . </P> <P> Writer David McIntee has also noted similarities to the Doctor Who episode `` The Ark in Space '' ( 1975 ) , in which an insectoid queen alien lays larvae inside humans which later eat their way out , a life cycle inspired by that of the ichneumon wasp . He has also noted similarities between the first half of the film , particularly in early versions of the script , to H.P. Lovecraft 's At the Mountains of Madness , `` not in storyline , but in dread - building mystery '' , and calls the finished film `` the best Lovecraftian movie ever made , without being a Lovecraft adaptation '' , due to its similarities in tone and atmosphere to Lovecraft 's works . In 2009 , O'Bannon said the film was `` strongly influenced , tone-wise , by Lovecraft , and one of the things it proved is that you ca n't adapt Lovecraft effectively without an extremely strong visual style ... What you need is a cinematic equivalent of Lovecraft 's prose . '' H.R. Giger has said he liked O'Bannon's initial Alien storyline `` because I found it was in the vein of Lovecraft , one of my greatest sources of inspiration . '' </P> <H3> Lasting critical praise ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alien has continued to receive critical acclaim over the years , particularly for its realism and unique environment , and is cited one of the best films of 1979 . It has a 97 % approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes , and 83 % on Metacritic . Critical interest in the film was re-ignited with the theatrical release of the `` Director 's Cut '' in 2003 . Despite having given Alien an unfavourable review in 1980 , Roger Ebert revised his opinion in 2003 . Ebert included the film in his `` Great Movies '' column , ranking it among `` the most influential of modern action pictures '' and praising its pacing , atmosphere , and settings : </P> <P> One of the great strengths of Alien is its pacing . It takes its time . It waits . It allows silences ( the majestic opening shots are underscored by Jerry Goldsmith with scarcely audible , far - off metallic chatterings ) . It suggests the enormity of the crew 's discovery by building up to it with small steps : The interception of a signal ( is it a warning or an SOS ? ) . The descent to the extraterrestrial surface . The bitching by Brett and Parker , who are concerned only about collecting their shares . The masterstroke of the surface murk through which the crew members move , their helmet lights hardly penetrating the soup . The shadowy outline of the alien ship . The sight of the alien pilot , frozen in his command chair . The enormity of the discovery inside the ship ( `` It 's full of ... leathery eggs ... '' ) . </P> <P> McIntee praises Alien as `` possibly the definitive combination of horror thriller with science fiction trappings . '' He notes , however , that it is a horror film first and a science fiction film second , since science fiction normally explores issues of how humanity will develop under other circumstances . Alien , on the other hand , focuses on the plight of people being attacked by a monster : `` It 's set on a spaceship in the future , but it 's about people trying not to get eaten by a drooling monstrous animal . Worse , it 's about them trying not to get raped by said drooling monstrous animal . '' Along with Halloween and Friday the 13th ( 1980 ) , he describes it as a prototype for the slasher film genre : `` The reason it 's such a good movie , and wowed both the critics , who normally frown on the genre , and the casual cinema - goer , is that it is a distillation of everything that scares us in the movies . '' He also describes how the film appeals to a variety of audiences : `` Fans of Hitchcockian thrillers like it because it 's moody and dark . Gorehounds like it for the chest - burster . Science fiction fans love the hard science fiction trappings and hardware . Men love the battle - for - survival element , and women love not being cast as the helpless victim . '' </P> <P> David Edelstein wrote , `` Alien remains the key text in the ' body horror ' subgenre that flowered ( or , depending on your viewpoint , festered ) in the seventies , and Giger 's designs covered all possible avenues of anxiety . Men traveled through vulva - like openings , got forcibly impregnated , and died giving birth to rampaging gooey vaginas dentate -- how 's that for future shock ? This was truly what David Cronenberg would call ' the new flesh , ' a dissolution of the boundaries between man and machine , machine and alien , and man and alien , with a psychosexual invasiveness that has never , thank God , been equaled . '' </P> <P> In 2002 , Alien was deemed `` culturally , historically or aesthetically significant '' by the National Film Preservation Board of the United States , and was inducted into the National Film Registry of the Library of Congress for historical preservation alongside other films of 1979 including All That Jazz , Apocalypse Now , The Black Stallion , and Manhattan . In 2008 , the American Film Institute ranked Alien as the seventh - best film in the science fiction genre as part of AFI 's 10 Top 10 , a CBS television special ranking the ten greatest movies in ten classic American film genres . The ranks were based on a poll of over 1,500 film artists , critics , and historians , with Alien ranking just above Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1991 ) and just below Ridley Scott 's other science fiction film Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . The same year , Empire magazine ranked it thirty - third on its list of the five hundred greatest movies of all time , based on a poll of 10,200 readers , critics , and members of the film industry . </P> <P> It is seen as one of the most influential science - fiction films . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of films featuring extraterrestrials </Li> <Li> List of monster movies </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://fox5sandiego.com/2017/05/18/alien-covenant/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/11145730/Alien-Ridley-Scott-poster.html </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pulleine , Tim ( 1979 ) . `` Alien '' . Monthly Film Bulletin . London : British Film Institute . 46 ( 540 ) : 191 . ISSN 0027 - 0407 . p.c -- 20th Century - Fox ( London ) , A Brandywine - Ronald Shushett production </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alien '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved August 25 , 2015 . Production Company : 20th Century - Fox Film Corp . Production Text : a Brandywine - Ronald Shusett production </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ALIEN '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alien - Box Office Data , DVD and Blu - ray Sales , Movie News , Cast and Crew Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alien ( 1979 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Official documentation for the film states that the budget was $11 million , but other sources give different numbers . Sigourney Weaver has stated that it was $14 million , while Ridley Scott , Ivor Powell , and Tom Skerritt have each recalled it being closer to $8.4 million . McIntee , 14 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Awards database '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 21 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alien : Awards '' . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Past Saturn Awards '' . The Academy of Science Fiction , Fantasy , & Horror Films . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alien ( 1979 ) - Awards '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Films Selected to the National Film Registry , Library of Congress , 1989 - 2007 '' . National Film Registry . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` National Film Preservation Board '' . National Film Preservation Board . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 : Top 10 Sci - Fi '' . American Film Institute . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2014 . Retrieved July 22 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Empire 's The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time '' . Empire magazine . September 25 , 2008 . Retrieved December 1 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ebert , Roger ( October 26 , 2003 ) . `` Great Movies : Alien ( 1979 ) '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved July 14 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Truckers in Space : Casting '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mcintee , 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 29 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 32 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dan O'Bannon ( Writer ) , Ridley Scott ( Director ) , Sigourney Weaver ( Actor ) ( 2003 ) . Alien ( DVD ( audio commentary track ) ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steve , Head . `` An Exclusive Interview with Yaphet Kotto . Parker talks Alien with IGNFF 's Steve Head . '' . IGN Movies . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2012 . Retrieved April 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Eighth Passenger : Creature Design '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Frederick S. ; Jones , Alan ( 1979 ) . `` Bolaji Bodejo : The Alien '' . Cinefantastique . Oak Park , Illinois , USA : Frederick S. Clark . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scanlon , Paul ; Michael Cross ( 1979 ) . The Book of Alien . London : Titan Books . ISBN 1 - 85286 - 483 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 30 -- 31 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Star Beast : Developing the Story '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 21 -- 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alien Evolution ( DVD ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc. 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alien Saga ( DVD ) . Prometheus Entertainment . 2002 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hays , Matthew ( October 23 , 2003 ) . `` A space odyssey '' . Montreal Mirror . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oliver , John ( 3 March 2015 ) . `` 10 great British sci - fi films '' . British Film Institute . Archived from the original on April 27 , 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Visualists : Direction and Design '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 26 -- 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 27 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , Ridley ( 2004 ) . The Force Is With Them : The Legacy of Star Wars ( Star Wars Trilogy DVD box set , audio commentary track ) . Los Angeles : Lucasfilm Ltd. and 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . Within the context of that fantasy ( George Lucas ) said people still have to wash behind their ears at night . That was another wonderful touch . It influenced me when I did Alien . I thought I better push it a bit further and make them truck drivers . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fear of the Unknown : Shepperton Studios , 1978 '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 41 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 33 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Darkest Reaches : Nostromo and Alien Planet '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 35 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Future Tense : Music and Editing '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alien ( Director 's Cut ) ( Alien Quadrilogy , DVD disc 1 ) . Los Angeles : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . December 2 , 2003 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Symphony 2 Howard Hanson '' . Ukonline.co.uk . Archived from the original on 2003 - 02 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Great American Composers '' . Classicalcdreview.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 38 -- 39 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mollo , John ; Ron Cobb . The Authorized Portfolio of Crew Insignias from the United States Commercial Spaceship Nostromo , Designs and Realizations . I wanted to imply that poor old England is back on its feet and has united with the Japanese , who have taken over the building of spaceships the same way they have now with cars and supertankers . In coming up with a strange company name I thought of British Leyland and Toyota , but we could n't use `` Leyland - Toyota '' in the film . Changing one letter gave me `` Weylan , '' and `` Yutani '' was a Japanese neighbor of mine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cameron , James ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Aliens ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 31 -- 32 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian ( September 17 , 2011 ) . Alien Vault : The Definitive Story of the Making of the Film . Voyageur Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Outward Bound : Visual Effects '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 36 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Horror ! The Horror ! Fright Flicks Finally Get Their Due '' . New York Observer . Retrieved August 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Making of Alien 's Chestburster Scene '' . The Guardian . October 13 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 30 , 2010 . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Green , Graeme ( December 10 , 2009 ) . `` John Hurt talks Harry Potter , Flamenco and Chestbursters '' . Metro . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alien named as top 18 - rated scene '' . BBC News . April 26 , 2007 . Retrieved September 7 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Nightmare Fulfilled : Reaction to the Film '' , The Beast Within : The Making of Alien . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Buy the 1979 Original Alien Suit By H.R. Giger '' . Gadgetmadness.com. April 2 , 2007 . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 18 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mackinder , Adrian ( January 1 , 2002 ) . `` Alien ( 1979 ) Movie Review '' . Future Movies . Retrieved July 2 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Discogs Entry Nostromo - Alien . Discogs.com . Retrieved on 2017 - 09 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 39 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alien '' . Allrovi . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2011 . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alien : BBFC classification report '' ( PDF ) . BBFC . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derek Malcolm ( September 6 , 1979 ) . `` Something nasty lurking amid the good old Alien corn : Derek Malcolm reviews the new films in London and Edinburgh '' . The Guardian . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 33rd Edinburgh International Film Festival '' . British Film Institute . BFI ( Online Database ) . Retrieved August 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anti Reviews on Movie - Film - Review '' . Christopher Tookey . Retrieved October 11 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher , Rob ( 2013 - 09 - 17 ) . `` Interview : Leonard Maltin Discusses 45 Years Of His Movie Guide '' . Chicagoist . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Halliwell , Leslie ; Walker ( editor ) , John ( 2001 ) . Halliwell 's Film & Video Guide 2001 ( 16th Edition ) . London : Harper Collins . p. 16 . ISBN 0 - 00 - 653219 - 5 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Invasion of the Outer Space Movies '' . Sneak Previews . Siskel&Ebert.org . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Chaz ( 2003 - 10 - 26 ) . `` Alien Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1979 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/alien/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ACCOUNTANTS PUT THE BITE ON ' ALIEN ' : ' ALIEN ' : A HIT BECOMES A MISS SCHREGER , CHARLES . Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) April 27 , 1980 : o1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MOVIES : ' ALIEN ' FILM EARNS PROFIT OF $4 MILLION , FOX REPORTS Los Angeles Times ( 1923 - Current File ) ( Los Angeles , Calif ) August 10 , 1980 : r29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 259 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sauter , Michael ( June 4 , 1999 ) . `` More `` Aliens '' come to VHS and DVD `` . Entertainment Weekly . EW.com . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ridley Scott ( Director ) ( December 2 , 2003 ) . Alien Quadrilogy ( DVD booklet ) . Los Angeles : 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alien Series Has A Blu - ray Release Date '' . Retrieved May 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alien : 35th Anniversary Blu - ray Edition '' . Blu-ray.com. 12 September 2014 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fincher , David ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Alien 3 ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeunet , Jean - Pierre ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Alien Resurrection ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Paul W.S. ( Director ) ( 2005 ) . Alien vs. Predator ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strause , Colin and Greg ( Directors ) ( 2008 ) . Aliens vs. Predator : Requiem ( DVD ) . Beverly Hills , California : 20th Century Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The date in which the events of Alien are set is not revealed in the film itself , but the first draft of the script gave the year as 2087 . McIntee , 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ridley Scott ( Director ) ( 2003 ) . Alien ( DVD ( audio commentary track ) ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . It 's a tough one , particularly with the success of four . I think if you close the lid it should be the end of the first chapter , and I think very simply what no one 's done is simply gone back to re-visit ' what was it ? ' No one 's ever said ' who 's the space jockey ? ' He was n't an Alien . What was that battleship ? Is it a battleship ? Is it an aircraft carrier ? Is it a bio-mechanoid weapon carrier ? ... Why did it land ? Did it crash - land , or did it settle there because it had engine trouble ? ... And how long ago ? ' Cause those eggs would sit there . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 264 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vespe , Eric `` Quint '' ( February 7 , 2006 ) . `` Holy Crap ! Quint Interviews James Cameron ! ! ! '' . Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2007 . Retrieved December 20 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davidson , Paul ( February 8 , 2006 ) . `` AVP Killed Alien 5 '' . IGN . Archived from the original on September 27 , 2008 . Retrieved September 6 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( July 30 , 2009 ) . `` ' Alien ' Prequel Takes Off '' . Variety . Retrieved August 3 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Rachel ( January 14 , 2011 ) . `` Rapace boards Ridley Scott 's Prometheus '' . Variety.com . Retrieved June 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Justin ( February 18 , 2015 ) . `` New ' Alien ' Movie Confirmed with Director Neill Blomkamp '' . Variety . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neill Blomkamp Discusses Ripley 's Return In New Alien Movie '' . Wegotthiscovered.com . Retrieved 2015 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 40 -- 41 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McIntee , 262 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Creed , Barbara . `` Alien and The Monstrous - Feminine . '' Alien Zone : Cultural Theory and Contemporary Science Fiction Cinema . Ed . Annette Kuhn . London : Verso , 1990 . 128 - 141 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallardo C. , Ximena and C. Jason Smith ( 2004 ) . Alien Woman : The Making of Lt. Ellen Ripley . `` Chapter 1 : Men , Women , and an Alien Baby '' 13 - 61 . Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1569 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gallardo C. , Ximena `` ' Who Are You ? : Alien / Woman as Posthuman Subject in Alien Resurrection ' '' . Reconstruction 4.3 ( Summer 2004 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kermode , Mark ( October 19 , 2003 ) . `` All Fright on the Night '' . The Observer . Retrieved May 29 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 43 -- 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Badley , Lina ( 1995 ) . Film , Horror , and the Body Fantastic : Contributions to the Study of Popular Culture . Westport , Connecticut : Greenwood Press . p. 120 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 27523 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dietle , David ( January 2 , 2011 ) . `` Alien : A Film Franchise Based Entirely on Rape '' . Cracked . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2011 . Retrieved February 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PopMatters - Building the Perfect Star Beast : The Antecedents of ' Alien ' '' . Retrieved January 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : French , Philip ( November 2 , 2003 ) . `` Alien ( review ) '' . The Guardian . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2008 . Retrieved July 15 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maçek III , J.C. `` Building the Perfect Star Beast : The Antecedents of ' Alien ' . '' PopMatters , November 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eggerston , Chris ( March 4 , 2010 ) . `` Not So Scary ... Top Ten Worst Movie Monsters ! '' . Bloody Disgusting . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Retrospective in Terror : An Interview with Curtis Harrington - April 2005 '' . The Terror Trap . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 19 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Voyage of the Space Beagle '' . My Science Fiction Life . BBC . Retrieved August 2 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanchez , Rick ( February 27 , 2002 ) . `` Planet of the Vampires '' . dvd review . San Francisco : IGN Entertainment , Inc. p. 1 . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frentzen , Jeffrey . Cinefantastique , Volume 8 , Number 4 , 1979 , pp. 24 -- 25 . `` Alien : It ! The Terror from Beyond the Planet of the Vampires '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carducci , Mark Patrick and Lovell , Glenn . Cinefantastique , Volume 9 , Number 1 , 1979 , pp. 10 -- 39 . `` Making Alien : Behind The Scenes '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan O'Bannon H.P. Lovecraft Film Festival 2009 Howie Award , PART 1 '' . YouTube . October 29 , 2009 . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levy , Frederic Albert . `` H.R. Giger - Alien Design '' ( PDF ) . Cinefantastique . littlegiger.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of 1979 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Best Films of 1979 list '' . Listal . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alien ( 1979 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2008 . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alien '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 8 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntee , 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edelstein , David ( June 8 , 2012 ) . `` Prometheus Review : More Than Just an Alien '' . vulture.com . Retrieved June 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Howell . `` Why Alien is one of the most influential movies ever made '' . The Toronto Star . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nolan Moore . `` Which films influenced `` Alien '' and how ? `` . Screen Prism . Retrieved November 24 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> De Lauzirika , Charles ( December 2 , 2003 ) . The Beast Within : The Making of Alien ( Alien Quadrilogy disc 2 ) . O'Bannon , Dan ( Writer ) , Ronald Shusett ( Executive producer / story ) , Ron Cobb ( Conceptual artist ) , Ivor Powell ( Associate producer ) , Gordon Carroll ( Producer ) , David Giler ( Producer ) , Alan Ladd , Jr. ( former President of 20th Century Fox ) , Ridley Scott ( Director ) , H.R. Giger ( Alien designer ) , Mary Selway ( Casting : UK ) , Sigourney Weaver ( Actor : Ripley ) , Veronica Cartwright ( Actor : Lambert ) , Tom Skerritt ( Actor : Dallas ) , Harry Dean Stanton ( Actor : Brett ) , John Hurt ( Actor : Kane ) , Roger Christian ( Art Director ) , Michael Seymour ( Production Designer ) , Derek Vanlint ( Cinematographer ) , Carlo Rambaldi ( Alien head effects ) , Terry Rawlings ( Editor ) , Jerry Goldsmith ( Composer ) , Brian Johnson ( Visual Effects Supervisor ) , Martin Bower ( Supervising modelmaker ) . 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , Inc . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Scholarship ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Anderson , Craig W. `` Alien . '' Science Fiction Films of the Seventies . Jefferson , N.C : McFarland , 1985 . Print . 217 - 224 . </Li> <Li> Bell - Meterau , Rebecca . `` Woman : The Other Alien in Alien . '' Women Worldwalkers : New Dimensions of Science Fiction and Fantasy . Ed . Weedman , Jane B. Lubbock , Tex : Texas Tech Press , 1985 . Print . 9 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Elkins , Charles , ed . `` Symposium on Alien . '' ( Jackie Byars , Jeff Gould , Peter Fitting , Judith Lowder Newton , Tony Safford , Clayton Lee ) . Science - Fiction Studies 22.3 ( Nov. 1980 ) : 278 - 304 . </Li> <Li> Gallardo C. , Ximena and C. Jason Smith ( 2004 ) . Alien Woman : The Making of Lt. Ellen Ripley . Continuum . ISBN 0 - 8264 - 1569 - 5 </Li> <Li> Matheson , T.J. `` Triumphant Technology and Minimal Man : The Technological Society , Science Fiction Films , and Ridley Scott 's Alien . '' Extrapolation 33 . 3 : 215 - 229 . </Li> <Li> McIntee , David ( 2005 ) . Beautiful Monsters : The Unofficial and Unauthorized Guide to the Alien and Predator Films . Surrey : Telos Publishing . pp. 10 -- 44 , 208 , 251 , 258 -- 260 . ISBN 1 - 903889 - 94 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Torry , Robert . `` Awakening to the Other : Feminism and the Ego - Ideal in Alien . '' Women 's Studies 23 ( 1994 ) : 343 - 363 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alien ( film ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alien ( film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Alien on IMDb </Li> <Li> Alien at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Alien at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1970s portal </Li> <Li> Alien portal </Li> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> Horror portal </Li> <Li> Speculative fiction portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alien </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Main </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alien ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Aliens ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Alien 3 ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Alien Resurrection ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prequels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prometheus ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise media </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alien </Li> <Li> Aliens </Li> <Li> Alien 3 </Li> <Li> Alien : Resurrection </Li> <Li> Prometheus </Li> <Li> Alien : Covenant </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dark Horse line </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Superman / Aliens </Li> <Li> Batman / Aliens </Li> <Li> WildC. 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The Terror from Beyond Space </Li> <Li> Planet of the Vampires </Li> <Li> Alien 2 : On Earth </Li> <Li> Predator franchise </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Ridley Scott </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Duellists ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Alien ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Blade Runner ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Legend ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Someone to Watch Over Me ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Black Rain ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Thelma & Louise ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> 1492 : Conquest of Paradise ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> White Squall ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Gladiator ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Hannibal ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Black Hawk Down ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Matchstick Men ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Heaven ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> A Good Year ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> American Gangster ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Body of Lies ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Robin Hood ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Prometheus ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> The Counselor ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Exodus : Gods and Kings ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Martian ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Alien : Covenant ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> All the Money in the World ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other work </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boy and Bicycle ( 1965 ; short film ) </Li> <Li> 1984 ( 1984 ; advertisement ) </Li> <Li> Unrealized projects </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Incredible Shrinking Man ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> no award ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> The Twilight Zone ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> The Twilight Zone ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Twilight Zone ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Dr. Strangelove or : How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Menagerie '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> `` The City on the Edge of Forever '' ( Star Trek ) ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> News coverage of Apollo 11 ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> A Clockwork Orange ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Slaughterhouse - Five ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeper ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Young Frankenstein ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> A Boy and His Dog ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Star Wars ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Superman ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Alien ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> The Empire Strikes Back ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Blade Runner ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Return of the Jedi ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> 2010 ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Back to the Future ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Aliens ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess Bride ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Edward Scissorhands ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Terminator 2 : Judgment Day ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> `` The Inner Light '' ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Jurassic Park ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> `` All Good Things ... 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Alien_(film)&oldid=801247162 | 4,564,853,895,122,385,000 |
Standard 52 - card deck - wikipedia <H1> Standard 52 - card deck </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Two of hearts '' redirects here . For other uses , see Two of hearts ( disambiguation ) . `` Six of Hearts '' redirects here . For the EP by Kenny G , see Six of Hearts ( EP ) . `` Four of Diamonds '' redirects here . For the English girl group , see Four of Diamonds ( band ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . </Td> </Tr> </Table> A set of 52 playing cards of the Rouennais or English pattern by Piatnik & Söhne <P> The deck of 52 French playing cards is the most common deck of playing cards used today . It includes thirteen ranks of each of the four French suits : clubs ( ♣ ) , diamonds ( ) , hearts ( ♥ ) and spades ( ♠ ) , with reversible `` court '' or face cards . Some modern designs , however , have done away with reversible face cards . Each suit includes an ace , depicting a single symbol of its suit ; a king , queen and jack , each depicted with a symbol of its suit ; and ranks two through ten , with each card depicting that many symbols ( pips ) of its suit . Anywhere from one to six ( most often two or three since the mid-20th century ) jokers , often distinguishable with one being more colorful than the other , are added to commercial decks , as some card games require these extra cards . Modern playing cards carry index labels on opposite corners or in all four corners to facilitate identifying the cards when they overlap and so that they appear identical for players on opposite sides . The most popular stylistic pattern of the French deck is sometimes referred to as `` English '' or `` Anglo - American '' pattern . </P> <P> It has been shown that because of the large number of possibilities from shuffling a 52 - card deck , it is probable that no two fair card shuffles have ever yielded exactly the same order of cards . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 English pattern cards and nicknames </Li> <Li> 2 Size of the cards </Li> <Li> 3 Rank and color </Li> <Li> 4 Unicode </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> English pattern cards and nicknames ( edit ) </H2> For a comprehensive list of card nicknames , see List of playing card nicknames . <P> The fanciful design and manufacturer 's logo commonly displayed on the ace of spades began under the reign of James I of England , who passed a law requiring an insignia on that card as proof of payment of a tax on local manufacture of cards . Until August 4 , 1960 , decks of playing cards printed and sold in the United Kingdom were liable for taxable duty and the ace of spades carried an indication of the name of the printer and the fact that taxation had been paid on the cards . The packs were also sealed with a government duty wrapper . </P> <P> Though specific design elements of the court cards are rarely used in game play and many differ between designs , a few are notable . </P> <Ul> <Li> Face cards - jacks , queens , and kings are called `` face cards '' because the cards have pictures of their names . </Li> <Li> One - eyed Royals - the jack of spades and jack of hearts ( often called the `` one - eyed jacks '' ) and the king of diamonds are drawn in profile ; therefore , these cards are commonly referred to as `` one - eyed '' . The rest of the courts are shown in full or oblique face . </Li> <Li> The jack of diamonds is sometimes known as `` laughing boy '' . </Li> <Li> Wild cards - When deciding which cards are to be made wild in some games , the phrase `` acey , deucey or one - eyed jack '' ( or `` deuces , aces , one - eyed faces '' ) is sometimes used , which means that aces , twos , and the one - eyed jacks are all wild . </Li> <Li> The king of hearts is the only king with no mustache ; </Li> <Li> Suicide kings - The king of hearts is typically shown with a sword behind his head , making him appear to be stabbing himself . Similarly , the one - eyed king of diamonds is typically shown with an axe behind his head with the blade facing toward him . These depictions , and their blood - red color , inspired the nickname `` suicide kings '' . </Li> <Li> The king of diamonds is traditionally armed with an axe while the other three kings are armed with swords ; thus , the king of diamonds is sometimes referred to as `` the man with the axe '' . This is the basis of the trump `` one - eyed jacks and the man with the axe '' . </Li> <Li> The ace of spades , unique in its large , ornate spade , is sometimes said to be the death card or the picture card , and in some games is used as a trump card . </Li> <Li> The queen of spades usually holds a scepter and is sometimes known as `` the bedpost queen '' , though more often she is called `` black lady '' . </Li> <Li> In many decks , the queen of clubs holds a flower . She is thus known as the `` flower queen '' , though this design element is among the most variable ; the Bicycle Poker deck depicts all queens with a flower styled according to their suit . </Li> <Li> `` 2 '' cards are also known as deuces . </Li> <Li> `` 3 '' cards are also known as treys . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Size of the cards ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Imperial measure ( inches ) </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Metric measure ( mm ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Th> Width </Th> <Th> Length </Th> <Th> Width </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bridge size </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 ⁄ </Td> <Td> 2 ⁄ </Td> <Td> 88.9 </Td> <Td> 57.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Poker size </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 ⁄ </Td> <Td> 2 ⁄ </Td> <Td> 88.9 </Td> <Td> 63.50 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Modern playing cards are most commonly referred to as either ' poker ' or ' bridge ' sized ; nominal dimensions are summarized in the adjacent table . Notwithstanding these generally accepted dimensions , there is no formal requirement for precise adherence and minor variations are produced by various manufacturers . </P> <P> The more narrow cards are more suitable for games such as bridge in which a large number of cards must be held concealed in a player 's hand . Nevertheless , in most casino poker games , the bridge - sized card is used ; the use of less material reduces manufacturing costs and since a casino may use thousands of decks per day , the total savings are significant . Other sizes are also available , such as a smaller ' patience ' size ( usually 1 ⁄ × 2 ⁄ inches ( 44 × 60 mm ) ) for solitaire and larger ' jumbo ' ones for card tricks . </P> <P> The thickness and weight of modern playing cards is subject to numerous variables related to their purpose of use and associated material design for durability , stiffness , texture and appearance . </P> <H2> Rank and color ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some decks include additional design elements . Casino blackjack decks may include markings intended for a machine to check the ranks of cards , or shifts in rank location to allow a manual check via inlaid mirror . Many casino decks and solitaire decks have four indices instead of just two . Many modern decks have bar code markings on the edge of the face to enable them to be sorted by machine ( for playing duplicate bridge , especially simultaneous events where the same hands may be played at many different venues ) . Many decks have large indices , largely for use in stud poker games , where being able to read cards from a distance is a benefit and hand sizes are small . Some decks use four colors for the suits in order to make it easier to tell them apart : the most common set of colors is black ( spades ♠ ) , red ( hearts ♥ ) , blue ( diamonds ) and green ( clubs ♣ ) . Another common color set is borrowed from the German suits and uses green spades and yellow diamonds with red hearts and black clubs . </P> <P> When giving the full written name of a specific card , the rank is given first followed by the suit , e.g. , `` ace of spades '' . Shorthand notation may reflect this by listing the rank first , `` A ♠ '' ; this is common usage when discussing poker . Alternately , listing the suit first , as in `` ♠ K '' for a single card or `` ♠ AKQ '' for multiple cards , is common practice when writing about bridge ; this helps differentiate between the card ( s ) and the contract ( e.g. `` 4 ♥ '' , a contract of four hearts ) . Tens may be either abbreviated to T or written as 10 . </P> <Table> Example set of 52 playing cards ; 13 of each suit clubs , diamonds , hearts , and spades <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Ace </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> Jack </Th> <Th> Queen </Th> <Th> King </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clubs </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diamonds </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hearts </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spades </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Unicode ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of Unicode 7.0 playing cards are now represented . Note that the following chart ( `` Playing Cards '' , Range : 1F0A0 -- 1F0FF ) includes cards from the Tarot Nouveau deck as well as the standard 52 - card deck . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="17"> Playing Cards Official Unicode Consortium code chart ( PDF ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1F0Ax </Td> <Td> 🂠 </Td> <Td> 🂡 </Td> <Td> 🂢 </Td> <Td> 🂣 </Td> <Td> 🂤 </Td> <Td> 🂥 </Td> <Td> 🂦 </Td> <Td> 🂧 </Td> <Td> 🂨 </Td> <Td> 🂩 </Td> <Td> 🂪 </Td> <Td> 🂫 </Td> <Td> 🂬 </Td> <Td> 🂭 </Td> <Td> 🂮 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1F0Bx </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 🂱 </Td> <Td> 🂲 </Td> <Td> 🂳 </Td> <Td> 🂴 </Td> <Td> 🂵 </Td> <Td> 🂶 </Td> <Td> 🂷 </Td> <Td> 🂸 </Td> <Td> 🂹 </Td> <Td> 🂺 </Td> <Td> 🂻 </Td> <Td> 🂼 </Td> <Td> 🂽 </Td> <Td> 🂾 </Td> <Td> 🂿 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1F0Cx </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 🃁 </Td> <Td> 🃂 </Td> <Td> 🃃 </Td> <Td> 🃄 </Td> <Td> 🃅 </Td> <Td> 🃆 </Td> <Td> 🃇 </Td> <Td> 🃈 </Td> <Td> 🃉 </Td> <Td> 🃊 </Td> <Td> 🃋 </Td> <Td> 🃌 </Td> <Td> 🃍 </Td> <Td> 🃎 </Td> <Td> 🃏 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1F0Dx </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 🃑 </Td> <Td> 🃒 </Td> <Td> 🃓 </Td> <Td> 🃔 </Td> <Td> 🃕 </Td> <Td> 🃖 </Td> <Td> 🃗 </Td> <Td> 🃘 </Td> <Td> 🃙 </Td> <Td> 🃚 </Td> <Td> 🃛 </Td> <Td> 🃜 </Td> <Td> 🃝 </Td> <Td> 🃞 </Td> <Td> 🃟 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1F0Ex </Td> <Td> 🃠 </Td> <Td> 🃡 </Td> <Td> 🃢 </Td> <Td> 🃣 </Td> <Td> 🃤 </Td> <Td> 🃥 </Td> <Td> 🃦 </Td> <Td> 🃧 </Td> <Td> 🃨 </Td> <Td> 🃩 </Td> <Td> 🃪 </Td> <Td> 🃫 </Td> <Td> 🃬 </Td> <Td> 🃭 </Td> <Td> 🃮 </Td> <Td> 🃯 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1F0Fx </Td> <Td> 🃰 </Td> <Td> 🃱 </Td> <Td> 🃲 </Td> <Td> 🃳 </Td> <Td> 🃴 </Td> <Td> 🃵 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="17"> Notes <Dl> <Dd> 1. ^ As of Unicode version 10.0 </Dd> <Dd> 2. ^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> French playing cards </Li> <Li> Stripped decks come with fewer ranks </Li> <Li> 500 decks come with extra ranks </Li> <Li> Tarot Nouveau , the most common French - suited tarot game deck </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Stamp Act 1765 imposed a tax on playing cards . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ McLeod , John . Games played with French suited cards at pagat.com . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The English pattern at the International Playing - Card Society . Retrieved 17 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Amazing Truth About a Deck of Cards '' . KnowledgeNuts . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The poker size is associated with the B8 size according to ISO 216 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kem Cards official website . Narrow ( Bridge ) Size verses Wide ( Poker ) Size , retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In a sample of 95 bridge and poker card sets , lengths ranged from 87.50 mm to 89.50 mm . In a sample of 28 bridge sized cards , widths varied from 56.98 mm to 58.25 mm . In a sample of 67 poker sized cards , widths varied from 62.44 to 63.54 mm . Reference : Home Poker Tourney website . Playing Card Review , retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In a sample of 28 bridge sized cards , the weight of a card varied from 1.8 g to 2.48 g and thickness from 0.26 mm to 0.34 mm . In a sample of 67 poker sized cards , the weight of a card varied from 1.4 g to 2.78 g and thickness from 0.24 mm to 0.34 mm . Reference : Home Poker Tourney website . Playing Card Review , retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Playing cards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Standard 52 - card deck </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Suit / rank </Th> <Th> Ace </Th> <Th> King </Th> <Th> Queen </Th> <Th> Jack </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spades ♠ </Th> <Td> Ace </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Queen </Td> <Td> Jack </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hearts ♥ </Th> <Td> Ace </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Queen </Td> <Td> Jack </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diamonds </Th> <Td> Ace </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Queen </Td> <Td> Jack </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clubs ♣ </Th> <Td> Ace </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Queen </Td> <Td> Jack </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Face card </Li> <Li> Pip card </Li> <Li> Knight </Li> <Li> Joker </Li> <Li> Card nicknames </Li> <Li> Stripped deck </Li> <Li> Unicode </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Playing card decks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Italicized are not used for games at the present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By suit - system </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> French </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Standard 52 - card deck </Li> <Li> Four - color deck </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> <Li> Cego </Li> <Li> Industrie und Glück </Li> <Li> Tarot Nouveau </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germanic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Swiss </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Italian <Ul> <Li> Tarocco Bolognese </Li> <Li> Tarocco Piemontese </Li> <Li> Swiss 1JJ </Li> <Li> Tarot of Marseilles </Li> <Li> Trappola </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spanish <Ul> <Li> Aluette </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Portuguese <Ul> <Li> Tarocco Siciliano </Li> <Li> Minchiate </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Single - suited </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> As - Nas </Li> <Li> Gnav </Li> <Li> Kvitlech </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By geography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chinese <Ul> <Li> Zi pai </Li> <Li> Chess - suited : Four Color Cards , Tam cúc </Li> <Li> Money - suited : Madiao , Tổ tôm </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ganjifa <Ul> <Li> Ganjapa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Karuta <Ul> <Li> Hanafuda </Li> <Li> Kabufuda </Li> <Li> Uta - 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The Man Who Invented Christmas ( film ) - Wikipedia <H1> The Man Who Invented Christmas ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Man Who Invented Christmas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Bharat Nalluri </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert Mickelson </Li> <Li> Ian Sharples </Li> <Li> Paula Mazur </Li> <Li> Mitchell Kaplan </Li> <Li> Andrew Karpen </Li> <Li> Vadim Jean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Susan Coyne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> The Man Who Invented Christmas by Les Standiford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dan Stevens </Li> <Li> Christopher Plummer </Li> <Li> Jonathan Pryce </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Mychael Danna </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Ben Smithard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stephen O'Connell </Li> <Li> Jamie Pearson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parallel Films </Li> <Li> Rhombus Media </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elevation Pictures ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> Wildcard Distribution ( Ireland ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 10 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) ( Cork Film Festival ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 22 November 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 22 ) ( Canada ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 104 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $8.1 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Man Who Invented Christmas is a 2017 biographical drama film directed by Bharat Nalluri and written by Susan Coyne based on the book of the same name by Les Standiford . It stars Dan Stevens , Christopher Plummer , and Jonathan Pryce . The plot follows Charles Dickens ( Stevens ) at the time when he wrote A Christmas Carol , and how Dickens 's fictional character Ebenezer Scrooge ( Plummer ) was influenced by his real - life father , John Dickens ( Pryce ) . </P> <P> It was released by Bleecker Street in the United States on November 22 , 2017 and in the United Kingdom on December 1 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Release <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 3.2 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two years after the success of Oliver Twist , Charles Dickens ( Dan Stevens ) is suffering financial hardship from the failure of his last three books . Rejected by his publishers , he sets out to write a new book to restore his finances . Seeing inspiration around London , most notably a rich man 's funeral that is largely unattended , he begins writing A Christmas Carol , due in six weeks in order to be published by Christmas . As Charles begins to develop his story , he interacts with the characters he is writing about , most notably Ebenezer Scrooge ( Christopher Plummer ) . Helping Dickens is one of his servants , Tara , an Irish immigrant who is literate and able to provide advice . </P> <P> While writing his book , Charles is greeted by the arrival of his father , John Dickens ( Jonathan Pryce ) , who views him as immature and fiscally irresponsible . Charles 's relationship with his family is increasingly strained as he struggles to finish the book in time , as he is unable to resolve Scrooge 's story . Hearing that Charles intends to let Tiny Tim die , Tara suggests a resolution for Scrooge by having him save Tiny Tim instead . Charles rejects her help , and soon sends her away from his house in a fit of rage . Additionally , Charles has a falling out with his father and sends him away upon learning that he has been selling Charles 's signature . </P> <P> It is revealed that much of Charles 's animosity towards his father is from his childhood embarrassment of working in a blacking factory after his family was taken to debtor 's prison . Returning to the long - abandoned factory , Charles is forced to confront his own insecurities through Scrooge . Charles realizes that his story should be one of redemption , and races home to finish his manuscript . As he leaves to submit it to his illustrator , he encounters Tara , and invites her back . His wife suggests he do the same with his father , who is about to board a train to leave London . Reconnecting with his family , Charles submits the manuscript in time for publishing before Christmas . The film ends with the Dickens family celebrating the holidays , while a title text explains the overnight success of A Christmas Carol , and its lasting impact on the Christmas holiday . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Dan Stevens as Charles Dickens <Ul> <Li> Ely Solan as young Charles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Christopher Plummer as Ebenezer Scrooge </Li> <Li> Jonathan Pryce as John Dickens , Charles Dickens ' father </Li> <Li> Simon Callow as John Leech , an illustrator </Li> <Li> Donald Sumpter as Jacob Marley </Li> <Li> Miriam Margolyes as Mrs. Fisk </Li> <Li> Morfydd Clark as Kate Dickens </Li> <Li> Justin Edwards as John Forster / Ghost of Christmas Present </Li> <Li> Miles Jupp as William Makepeace Thackeray </Li> <Li> Ian McNeice as Edward Chapman </Li> <Li> Bill Paterson as Mr. Grimsby </Li> <Li> John Henshaw as Mr. Fezziwig </Li> <Li> Annette Badland as Mrs. Fezziwig </Li> <Li> Anna Murphy as Tara / Ghost of Christmas Past </Li> <Li> Jasper Hughes - Cotter as Walter Dickens </Li> <Li> Eddie Jackson as Scam Artist </Li> <Li> Neil Slevin as Italian Workman </Li> <Li> Paul Kealyn as Warren 's Foreman </Li> <Li> Aleah Lennon as Mamie Dickens </Li> <Li> Ger Ryan as Elizabeth Dickens </Li> <Li> Valeria Bandino as Tart </Li> </Ul> <H2> Release ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film was released in the United States in 500 theaters on 22 November 2017 . </P> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 80 % based on 149 reviews , with an average rating of 6 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` The Man Who Invented Christmas adds holiday magic to the writing of A Christmas Carol , putting a sweetly revisionist spin on the story behind a classic yuletide tale . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating to reviews , the film has a weighted average score 60 out of 100 , based 32 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Date of ceremony </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) and nominee ( s ) </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saturn Awards </Th> <Td> June 2018 </Td> <Td> Best International Film </Td> <Td> The Man Who Invented Christmas </Td> <Td> Pending </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Opening Gala : The Man Who Invented Christmas '' . 2017 . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE MAN WHO INVENTED CHRISTMAS ( PG ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hipes , Patrick . `` Dan Stevens & Christopher Plummer To Star In Charles Dickens Tale ' The Man Who Invented Christmas ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 10 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Invented Christmas UK Release Date Announced - Filmoria '' . www.filmoria.co.uk . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Alessandro , Anthony ( 20 November 2017 ) . `` Can ' Coco ' Whip ' Justice League ' For Top Spot Over Thanksgiving Stretch ? -- Box Office Preview '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Man Who Invented Christmas reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Man Who Invented Christmas on IMDb </Li> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Bharat Nalluri </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Downtime ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Killing Time ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Crow : Salvation ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Tsunami : The Aftermath ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Spooks : The Greater Good ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Charles Dickens </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Pickwick Papers </Li> <Li> Oliver Twist </Li> <Li> Nicholas Nickleby </Li> <Li> The Old Curiosity Shop </Li> <Li> Barnaby Rudge </Li> <Li> Martin Chuzzlewit </Li> <Li> Dombey and Son </Li> <Li> David Copperfield </Li> <Li> Bleak House </Li> <Li> Hard Times </Li> <Li> Little Dorrit </Li> <Li> A Tale of Two Cities </Li> <Li> Great Expectations </Li> <Li> Our Mutual Friend </Li> <Li> The Mystery of Edwin Drood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christmas books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> The Chimes </Li> <Li> The Cricket on the Hearth </Li> <Li> The Battle of Life </Li> <Li> The Haunted Man and the Ghost 's Bargain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short stories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Long Voyage '' </Li> <Li> `` The Signal - Man '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short story collections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sketches by Boz </Li> <Li> The Mudfog Papers </Li> <Li> Master Humphrey 's Clock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Notes </Li> <Li> Pictures from Italy </Li> <Li> The Life of Our Lord </Li> <Li> A Child 's History of England </Li> <Li> The Uncommercial Traveller </Li> <Li> Letters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Frozen Deep </Li> <Li> No Thoroughfare : A Drama : In Five Acts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Journalism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bentley 's Miscellany </Li> <Li> Master Humphrey 's Clock </Li> <Li> The Daily News </Li> <Li> Household Words </Li> <Li> All the Year Round </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Collaborations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` A House to Let '' </Li> <Li> `` The Haunted House '' </Li> <Li> `` A Message from the Sea '' </Li> <Li> `` Mugby Junction '' </Li> <Li> No Thoroughfare </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Catherine Dickens ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Epitaph of Charles Irving Thornton </Li> <Li> Bleak House </Li> <Li> Dickens and Little Nell ( statue ) </Li> <Li> Dickens of London ( 1976 miniseries ) </Li> <Li> Dickens in America ( 2005 documentary ) </Li> <Li> The Invisible Woman ( 2013 film ) </Li> <Li> Dickensian ( 2015 TV series ) </Li> <Li> The Man Who Invented Christmas ( 2017 film ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ebenezer Scrooge </Li> <Li> Bob Cratchit </Li> <Li> Mr. Fezziwig </Li> <Li> Ghost of Christmas Past </Li> <Li> Ghost of Christmas Present </Li> <Li> Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come </Li> <Li> Jacob Marley </Li> <Li> Tiny Tim </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scrooge , or , Marley 's Ghost </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1908 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Scrooge ( 1913 ) </Li> <Li> Scrooge ( 1935 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1938 ) </Li> <Li> Scrooge ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> It 's Never Too Late </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Scrooge ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> An American Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> Mickey 's Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> Scrooged </Li> <Li> The Muppet Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> A Diva 's Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> Christmas Carol : The Movie </Li> <Li> A Carol Christmas </Li> <Li> Springtime with Roo </Li> <Li> Chasing Christmas </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> A Dennis the Menace Christmas </Li> <Li> An American Carol </Li> <Li> Ghosts of Girlfriends Past </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Smurfs : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Christmas Carol '' ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Mister Magoo 's Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> A Carol for Another Christmas </Li> <Li> Rich Little 's Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> A Special Sesame Street Christmas </Li> <Li> The Stingiest Man in Town </Li> <Li> Bugs Bunny 's Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Blackadder 's Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> A Flintstones Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> Ebbie </Li> <Li> Ebenezer </Li> <Li> An All Dogs Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> An Easter Carol </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Karroll 's Christmas </Li> <Li> Bah , Humduck ! A Looney Tunes Christmas </Li> <Li> Nan 's Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> `` A Christmas Carol '' ( Doctor Who ) </Li> <Li> It 's Christmas , Carol ! </Li> <Li> Kelly Clarkson 's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scrooge ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Mrs. Bob Cratchit 's Wild Christmas Binge ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Fellow Passengers ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> A Klingon Christmas Carol ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soundtracks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Doctor Who : A Christmas Carol ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adaptations of A Christmas Carol </Li> <Li> Batman : Noël ( comic ) </Li> <Li> `` Green Christmas '' ( single ) </Li> <Li> The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins </Li> <Li> The Man Who Invented Christmas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This 2010s drama film -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Man_Who_Invented_Christmas_(film)&oldid=831953778 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> Bleecker Street films </Li> <Li> Films directed by Bharat Nalluri </Li> <Li> Films set in 1843 </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of Charles Dickens </Li> <Li> Films about writers </Li> <Li> Works about Charles Dickens </Li> <Li> 2010s drama films </Li> <Li> Irish films </Li> <Li> Canadian Christmas films </Li> <Li> Canadian films </Li> <Li> 2010s drama film stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Official website not in Wikidata </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 March 2018 , at 00 : 22 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Jersey Shore : Family Vacation - wikipedia <H1> Jersey Shore : Family Vacation </H1> This article is about the 2018 sequel series . For the 2009 -- 2012 original series , see Jersey Shore ( TV series ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Jersey Shore : Family Vacation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Reality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> SallyAnn Salsano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Paul DelVecchio Nicole Polizzi Michael Sorrentino Ronnie Ortiz - Magro Jennifer Farley Vinny Guadagnino Deena Nicole Cortese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opening theme </Th> <Td> `` Get Crazy '' by LMFAO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 16 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> SallyAnn Salsano Scott Jeffress Jacquelyn French </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 42 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> 495 Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> MTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 1080p ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preceded by </Th> <Td> Jersey Shore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> Snooki & Jwoww The Pauly D Project The Show with Vinny Floribama Shore Geordie Shore Warsaw Shore Gandía Shore Acapulco Shore Super Shore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Jersey Shore : Family Vacation is an American reality television series that premiered on MTV globally on April 5 , 2018 . The series follows seven housemates from the original Jersey Shore as they spend a month living together in Miami , Florida . On February 28 , 2018 , a second season was ordered ahead of the series premiere , which filmed in Las Vegas , Seaside Heights , Neptune City and Atlantic City . The season premiered on August 23 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main </Li> <Li> 1.2 Recurring </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Overview </Li> <Li> 3 Series overview </Li> <Li> 4 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Season 1 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 Season 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 4.3 Specials </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Production <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Development and filming </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Main ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Pauly D </Li> <Li> Snooki </Li> <Li> Michael Sorrentino </Li> <Li> Ronnie Ortiz - Magro </Li> <Li> JWoww </Li> <Li> Vinny Guadagnino </Li> <Li> Deena Nicole Cortese </Li> </Ul> <H3> Recurring ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Angelina Pivarnick </Li> </Ul> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the first season , the cast of Jersey Shore swore they would always do a vacation together . Five years , five kids , three marriages and who knows how many GTL sessions later , Nicole , Jenni , Mike , Pauly D , Vinny , Angelina , Deena and Ronnie are back together and on vacation in a swanky house in Miami Beach . In the second season , The gang kicks it off by heading to Las Vegas ; after partying through Sin City , they head back to the East Coast , celebrating milestones in Atlantic City and settling in for an extended summer stay at the Shore . </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` What 's in the Bag ? '' </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 2.41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Ring '' </Td> <Td> April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 2.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sunday Vinday '' </Td> <Td> April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1.68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Ron Ron Juice '' </Td> <Td> April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 1.73 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` About Last Night '' </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 1.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Meatball Down '' </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 1.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Baby Mama Drama '' </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Temptation of the Keto Guido '' </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 1.70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Umm , Hello '' </Td> <Td> May 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 1.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Meatball Training Day '' </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 31 ) </Td> <Td> 2.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Angelina Leaves Her Mark ! '' </Td> <Td> June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 1.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` JWoww vs. The Proposal '' </Td> <Td> June 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Future Mrs. Situation ? '' </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 1.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Final Supper '' </Td> <Td> June 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 1.64 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` It 's Complicated '' </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1.36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> After returning home from Miami , Ronnie 's girlfriend Jen gives birth to their child named Ariana . Things take a dramatic turn went they get into a nasty altercation and blast it over social media . Meanwhile , Pauly D decides to invite the roommates to Las Vegas to meet Ronnie 's child and party in Vegas . Meanwhile , Snooki goes to lunch with Angelina and invites her to come to Vegas with the rest of the roommates . Also , Jenni is upset with everyone when they did n't reach out to her on Mother 's Day . Deena reveals to Snooki and Jenni that she 's not going to Vegas because she is pregnant . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Oh Canada '' </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> While out eating dinner , the Mother 's day video comes up and Jenni reveals she was very hurt that none of her friends besides Mike participated and she thought about not coming to Vegas . Also Jenni tells Ron about the conversations she 's had with Jen . The following morning , Ron learns Jen 's flight was delayed and she wants to come out with them that night to which he is n't happy . While at a pool party , Ron acts strangely and when he receives a message from Jen he begins taking shots . Ron nearly causes a fight in the bathroom , security gets involved , and they decide to leave . Back at the hotel , Ron while crying explains that he is scared of losing his daughter and Jenni suggests he leave Jen and fight for his daughter . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Truth About Ronnie '' </Td> <Td> August 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Specials ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Special </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Hottest Hookups </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The cast looks back at all of the hook ups they have had in past seasons . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Biggest Blowups </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> The cast looks back at all of the fights and arguments they have had during the past six seasons . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Snookiest Moments </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Jenni , Ronnie , Snooki , Deena and Pauly count down Snooki 's 15 most hilarious , outrageous , and unforgettable meatball moments . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Road to Vacation : Jersey Shore 's Craziest Couplings </Td> <Td> March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> As it turns out , everyone fell in love at the Jersey Shore . Pauly , Deena , Jenni , Ronnie and Snooki break it all down in Jersey Shore 's 8 Craziest Couplings . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jersey Shore 's Most Jersiest Moments </Td> <Td> July 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 05 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Mike , Pauly , Ronnie and Vinny look back at the Jersiest moments of their Miami family vacation ; a review of the best spirals and roasts ; funniest pranks , grossest toilets and five never - before - released scenes . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development and filming ( edit ) </H3> <P> On November 27 , 2017 , MTV announced that the cast ( with the exception of Sammi ) would be reuniting in Miami , Florida for a new reunion season titled Jersey Shore : Family Vacation . The series premiered globally on April 5 , 2018 . According to MTV , it is considered a new series and not the seventh season of the original show . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` Snooki , JWoww and the Crew Return to MTV in Jersey Shore Family Vacation '' . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 -- via NYTimes.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jersey Shore Family Vacation Already Renewed for Season 2 '' . E ! Online . Retrieved April 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Viva Las Vegas ! Secrets Of The New Jersey Shore Season Revealed '' . Radar Online . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' dominates , ' Swamp People ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' stays on top , ' Atlanta ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 20 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Southern Charm ' rises , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : NFL Draft leads , ' Swamp People ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 4 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Atlanta ' ticks back up , ' Swamp People ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore Family Vacation ' ticks up , ' Atlanta ' finale dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 18 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Ex on the Beach ' and ' Siren ' hold steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( May 25 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' ticks up , ' Southern Charm ' holds steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 1 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Swamp People ' holds steady , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' ticks up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 8 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger ' premieres , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 15 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Marvel 's Cloak and Dagger ' falls , ' RuPaul 's Drag Race ' rises '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 22 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Shooter ' premieres down , NBA Draft leads the night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welch , Alex ( June 29 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Alone ' holds steady , ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( August 24 , 2018 ) . `` Thursday cable ratings : ' Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ' premieres down , ' Queen of the South ' stays steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jersey Shore : Family Vacation Episode schedule '' . MTV . Retrieved August 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( 28 November 2017 ) . `` Original Jersey Shore Cast Reuniting for Family Vacation Series in 2018 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Breaking News - Back by Popular Demand , MTV Greenlights `` Jersey Shore Family Vacation '' - Original Housemates Set to Return for New Series in 2018 - TheFutonCritic.com `` . thefutoncritic.com . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Jersey Shore Family Vacation on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Jersey Shore </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Angelina Pivarnick </Li> <Li> Jennifer Farley ( JWoww ) </Li> <Li> Michael Sorrentino ( The Situation ) </Li> <Li> Nicole Polizzi ( Snooki ) </Li> <Li> Paul DelVecchio ( Pauly D ) </Li> <Li> Ronnie Ortiz - Magro </Li> <Li> Sammi Giancola </Li> <Li> Vinny Guadagnino </Li> <Li> Deena Nicole Cortese </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episodes </Li> <Li> Controversies and criticism </Li> <Li> Jersey Shore </Li> <Li> Jersey Shore Shark Attack </Li> <Li> The Three Stooges </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spin - offs , Successors , and International versions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geordie Shore </Li> <Li> The Pauly D Project </Li> <Li> Snooki & Jwoww </Li> <Li> Gandía Shore </Li> <Li> The Show with Vinny </Li> <Li> Acapulco Shore </Li> <Li> Warsaw Shore </Li> <Li> Floribama Shore </Li> <Li> Jersey Shore : Family Vacation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> MTV original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Music series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MTV Unplugged ( since 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Total Request Live ( 1998 - 2008 ; since 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> News </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> True Life ( since 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reality </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Catfish : The TV Show ( since 2012 ) </Li> <Li> MTV Cribs ( since 2000 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) </Li> <Li> Ex on the Beach ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Floribama Shore ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jersey Shore : Family Vacation ( since 2018 ) </Li> <Li> My Super Sweet 16 ( since 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Ridiculousness ( since 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Siesta Key ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Mom OG ( since 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Mom 2 ( since 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Mum ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Teen Mom : Young and Pregnant ( since 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competitive </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Are You the One ? ( since 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Challenge ( since 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Challenge : Champs vs. Stars ( since 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Fear Factor ( since 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Talk </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Are You the One ? : The Aftermatch Live ( since 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scripted </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scream ( since 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comedy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Girl Code ( since 2013 ) ( now on MTV 's Snapchat Discover content ) </Li> <Li> Wild ' n Out ( since 2005 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> MTV Video Music Awards </Li> <Li> MTV Movie & TV Awards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> PostModern MTV ( 1980s -- 1990s ) </Li> <Li> MTV New Year 's ( 1981 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> We 're Dancin ' ( 1982 -- 1983 ) </Li> <Li> I.R.S. 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Joffrey Baratheon - wikipedia <H1> Joffrey Baratheon </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Joffrey Baratheon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A Song of Ice and Fire character Game of Thrones character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Novel : </Li> <Li> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Television : </Li> <Li> `` Winter Is Coming '' ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Novel : </Li> <Li> A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Television : </Li> <Li> `` Breaker of Chains '' ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> George R.R. Martin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Jack Gleeson ( Game of Thrones ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aliases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Joffrey the Illborn </Li> <Li> The Young Usurper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Gender </Th> <Td> Male </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King of the Andals , the Rhoynar , and the First Men </Li> <Li> Lord of the Seven Kingdoms </Li> <Li> Protector of the Realm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> House Lannister </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Margaery Tyrell ( unconsummated ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cersei Lannister ( mother ) </Li> <Li> Robert Baratheon ( legal father ) </Li> <Li> Jaime Lannister ( biological father ) </Li> <Li> Tommen Baratheon ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Myrcella Baratheon ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Tywin Lannister ( grandfather ) </Li> <Li> Joanna Lannister ( grandmother ) </Li> <Li> Tyrion Lannister ( uncle ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kingdom </Th> <Td> The Crownlands </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Joffrey Baratheon is a fictional character in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R.R. Martin , and its television adaptation Game of Thrones . </P> <P> Introduced in 1996 's A Game of Thrones , Joffrey is the eldest son of Cersei Lannister from the kingdom of Westeros . He subsequently appeared in Martin 's A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) and A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) . </P> <P> Joffrey is portrayed by Irish actor Jack Gleeson in the HBO television adaptation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Character description </Li> <Li> 3 Storylines <Ul> <Li> 3.1 A Game of Thrones </Li> <Li> 3.2 A Clash of Kings </Li> <Li> 3.3 A Storm of Swords </Li> <Li> 3.4 Later novels </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Family tree of House Lannister </Li> <Li> 5 TV adaptation <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Storylines <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Season 1 </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Season 2 </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Season 3 </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Season 4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Joffrey Baratheon is not a point of view character in the novels , so his actions are witnessed and interpreted through the eyes of other people , such as his mother Cersei Lannister , his uncle Tyrion Lannister and his one - time fiancée Sansa Stark . Joffrey is mostly a background character in the novels . He inherits his mother 's traditional Lannister looks , and has blond hair and green eyes , and is believed by many to be very handsome . </P> <H2> Character description ( edit ) </H2> <P> In public , Joffrey is allegedly the oldest son and heir of King Robert Baratheon and Queen Cersei Lannister , both of whom entered into a political marriage alliance after Robert took the throne by force from the ' Mad King ' Aerys II Targaryen . In reality , his biological father is his mother 's twin brother , Jaime Lannister . He has a younger sister , Myrcella , and a younger brother , Tommen , both of whom are also products of Jaime and Cersei 's incestuous relationship . Their sole biological grandparents , Tywin and Joanna Lannister , were also first cousins . </P> <P> Joffrey is an amoral sadist who disguises his cruelty with a thin veneer of charm . This is best epitomized by his response when his ( then ) betrothed offends him : Joffrey pronounces that his mother had taught him never to strike a woman , and so commissions a knight of the Kingsguard to hit her instead . He enjoys forcing people to fight to the death , and enforces cruel punishments for lesser crimes . He has no sense of personal responsibility , blaming failures on others . He lacks self - control and often insults his allies and family members . Joffrey is one of the story 's few characters to display no redeeming qualities whatsoever . </P> <P> Joffrey is 12 years old at the beginning of A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) . </P> <H2> Storylines ( edit ) </H2> Joffrey Baratheon 's personal coat of arms <H3> A Game of Thrones ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prince Joffrey is taken by his parents to Winterfell and is betrothed to Sansa Stark in order to create an alliance between House Baratheon and House Stark . At first , Joffrey is kind and polite to Sansa . However , he refuses to show sympathy with the family when Bran Stark falls from a tower ; this makes Joffrey 's uncle Tyrion have to physically punish him until he shows respect . While on the Kingsroad to King 's Landing , Joffrey and Sansa come across Arya Stark practicing swordplay with a commoner Mycah . Joffrey accuses Mycah of assaulting a noble girl and makes a cut on his face with a sword . This causes Arya to hit Joffrey , allowing Mycah to escape . Joffrey then turns on Arya , making her direwolf Nymeria attack Joffrey , injuring him . Later , Joffrey lies about the attack , saying it was unprovoked and demands Nymeria to be killed ; however , Sansa 's direwolf Lady is killed instead . He later orders his bodyguard and sworn sword Sandor `` The Hound '' Clegane to kill Mycah and bring him back his corpse , which he does . </P> <P> Later , Eddard Stark discovers that Joffrey is not King Robert 's son and rightful heir , by examining the family history and realizing that black hair is a dominant trait in the Baratheon line , hence the blonde hair can be attributed to the incestuous relationship of Queen Cersei and Ser Jaime . This causes Eddard to refuse to acknowledge Joffrey 's claim to the throne when King Robert dies . He is taken into custody and his guards and household are murdered . </P> <P> Sansa kneels and begs for Joffrey to spare her father 's life and give him a chance to confess the treason . Joffrey promises Sansa that if Eddard truly does confess , he would be merciful . Reluctant at first , Eddard begrudgingly accepts Joffrey as the rightful King in order to spare Sansa 's life . However , Joffrey , though pleased by Eddard 's `` confession '' , says that he has no acceptance for traitors and instead beheads Eddard and later forces Sansa to look upon her father 's head . </P> <H3> A Clash of Kings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Joffrey is briefly seen in A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) . He rules with whim and caprice , proving difficult for even his mother to control . Sansa becomes imprisoned to his will , and he frequently has his guards beat her when she displeases him . When Stannis Baratheon attacks King 's Landing , Joffrey leaves the battlefield , damaging the morale of his army . The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion 's use of wildfire and his grandfather Tywin 's last - minute counterattack aided by the forces of House Tyrell . </P> <H3> A Storm of Swords ( edit ) </H3> <P> Joffrey sets aside his earlier betrothal to Sansa Stark in favor of Margaery Tyrell , cementing an alliance between the Lannisters and House Tyrell . At Tyrion and Sansa 's wedding , he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage . Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king . Later after the events of the `` Red Wedding '' , Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother 's head , when Tyrion and Tywin are outraged . Tyrion threatens Joffrey once again , and later Joffrey turns on Tywin , who responds by commanding Joffrey to be sent to his room , much to Joffrey 's chagrin . During his wedding feast in the throne room , he presents an extremely offensive play of `` The War of the Five Kings , '' with each of the kings played by dwarves , to humiliate his uncle . He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa , forcing the former to be his cupbearer . At the conclusion of the dinner , however , Joffrey 's wine is poisoned , and he dies in an event known as `` The Purple Wedding , '' in which Tyrion is falsely accused and arrested by Cersei in A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) . It is later revealed that Lady Olenna Tyrell and Lord Petyr Baelish were the true perpetrators , with assistance from royal fool Ser Dontos Hollard , who successfully smuggles Tyrion 's wife Sansa out of King 's Landing before either of them can be caught and tried for Joffrey 's murder . </P> <H3> Later novels ( edit ) </H3> <P> Joffrey is mentioned a few times in the later novels . </P> <H2> Family tree of House Lannister ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Descendants of Tytos Lannister </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tytos </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Jeyne Marbrand </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Joanna </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tywin </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Emmon Frey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Genna </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Kevan </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Dorna Swyft </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tygett </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Darlessa Marbrand </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Gerion </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Briony </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Robert Baratheon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Cersei </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Jaime `` The Kingslayer '' </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tysha </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tyrion `` The Imp '' </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Sansa Stark </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Amerei Frey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Lancel </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Martyn </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Willem </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Janei </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tyrek </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Ermesande Hayford </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Joy Hill </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Joffrey Baratheon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Myrcella Baratheon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Margaery Tyrell </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tommen Baratheon </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tion Frey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> `` Red '' Walder Frey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Jeyne Darry </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Cleos Frey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Lyonel Frey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Melesa Crakehall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Tywin Frey </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Willem Frey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> References and notes : <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 1996 ) . `` Chapter 56 : Tyrion '' . A Game of Thrones . p. 593 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89784 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ; García Jr. , Elio M. ; Antonsson , Linda ( 2014 ) . The World of Ice & Fire . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 80544 - 4 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Lannister '' . A Game of Thrones . pp. 787 -- 788 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin ; García Jr. ; Antonsson . `` Appendix : Lannister Lineage '' . The World of Ice & Fire . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tyrion 's first wife was a peasant girl named Tysha . The marriage was later annulled by Lord Tywin 's order . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Chapter 28 : Sansa '' . A Storm of Swords . pp. 382 -- 393 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 89787 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 30 : Jaime '' . A Feast for Crows . pp. 501 -- 518 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90032 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin . `` Appendix : The King on the Iron Throne '' . A Storm of Swords . p. 1131 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin . `` Appendix : House Baratheon '' . A Game of Thrones . p. 783 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Though officially Robert 's children , Joffrey , Myrcella and Tommen are the products of an incestuous affair between Cersei and Jaime . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin . `` Appendix : The Queen Regent '' . A Feast for Crows . p. 782 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix : The Boy King '' . A Dance with Dragons . p. 1055 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 553 - 90565 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2000 ) . `` Appendix : House Lannister '' . A Storm of Swords . ISBN 0 - 553 - 10663 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Martin , George R.R. ( 2011 ) . `` Appendix : House Lannister '' . A Dance with Dragons . ISBN 978 - 0553801477 . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> TV adaptation ( edit ) </H2> <P> In January 2007 HBO secured the rights to adapt Martin 's series for television . Years later young actor Jack Gleeson was cast as Joffrey Baratheon . </P> <H3> Storylines ( edit ) </H3> Jack Gleeson plays the role of Joffrey Baratheon in the television series . <P> Joffrey Baratheon is the Crown Prince of the Seven Kingdoms . He is the eldest of Cersei Lannister 's children and heir to the Iron Throne . Evil , arrogant , vicious , and cruel , he has a short temper and believes he can do anything he wants . He is also a coward when confronted by those who are n't afraid of him . Joffrey is also unaware that King Robert is not his real father -- in reality , he is the son of Jaime Lannister . </P> Season 1 ( edit ) <P> After Robert 's death , the Lannisters make Joffrey King against his father 's will , and his mother uses him as a puppet . A cruel ruler , Joffrey makes a mistake when , against Cersei 's and Sansa 's wishes , he refuses to honor his promise of sparing Ned ; instead , Joffrey has him executed . </P> Season 2 ( edit ) <P> His act worsens the situation with the Lannisters ' war effort as his uncle Jaime is captured by the Starks and his uncles Renly and Stannis have challenged his claim to the Iron Throne . He frequently orders his Kingsguard to beat Sansa . His cruelty and ignorance of the commoners ' suffering makes him unpopular after he orders the City Watch to kill all of his father 's bastard children in King 's Landing which would later lead to a riot where he is almost killed . When Stannis attacks King 's Landing , Joffrey serves only as a figurehead and avoids the heavy fighting . When the battle eventually turns in Stannis ' favor , Cersei calls her son into the safety of the castle , damaging the morale of his army . The battle is only won by his uncle Tyrion and his grandfather Tywin , aided by the forces of House Tyrell . To cement the alliance between their families , Joffrey 's engagement to Sansa is annulled so he can marry Margaery Tyrell . </P> Season 3 ( edit ) <P> The marriage is yet to take place , and rifts are growing between Joffrey and his uncle and grandfather , who are ( in their respective ways ) rebutting his cruelty . He also seems to take little interest in his bride , but is amazed and altered by her ways of winning the people 's favor , in which he takes part . At Tyrion and Sansa 's wedding , he humiliates his uncle and is outraged when his uncle threatens him after he commands him to consummate their marriage . Tyrion only avoids punishment when his father Tywin assures Joffrey that his uncle was drunk and had no intention of threatening the king . Later after the events of the `` Red Wedding '' , Joffrey gleefully plans on serving Sansa her recently deceased brother 's head , when Tyrion and Tywin are outraged . Tyrion threatens Joffrey once again , and later Joffrey turns on Tywin , who responds by commanding Joffrey to be sent to his room , much to Joffrey 's chagrin . </P> Season 4 ( edit ) <P> Joffrey finally marries Margaery . During his wedding feast in the gardens of the Red Keep , he presents an extremely offensive play of `` The War of the Five Kings , '' with each of the kings played by dwarves , to humiliate his uncle . He also repeatedly torments Tyrion and Sansa , forcing the former to be his cupbearer . At the height of festivities Joffrey is suddenly overcome by poison , and he dies . His uncle Tyrion is accused and arrested . It is confirmed , however , he was poisoned by Olenna Tyrell , with assistance from Petyr Baelish and Dontos Hollard , as she wanted to protect Margaery from the physical and emotional abuse that Joffrey had very clearly inflicted on Sansa . Olenna later confides to Margaery that she would never have let her marry `` that monster '' . Following Joffrey 's funeral , his younger brother and heir , Tommen , is crowned King . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jack Gleeson has received positive reviews for his role as Joffrey Baratheon in the television series . In 2016 , Rolling Stone ranked the character # 4 in their list of the `` 40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time '' . Author Martin described Joffrey as similar to `` five or six people that I went to school with ... a classic bully ... incredibly spoiled '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher Hooton ( 16 April 2014 ) . `` King Joffrey : Jack Gleeson to retire from acting after Game of Thrones '' . The Independent . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Cast and Crew : Joffrey Baratheon played by Jack Gleeson '' . HBO . Retrieved December 25 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Website for the HBO Series Game of Thrones - Season 4 '' . HBO . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` From HBO '' . Archived from the original on 2016 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Game of Thrones Viewer 's Guide '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Radish , Christina ( 2013 ) . `` Producers David Benioff , Dan Weiss & George R.R. Martin Talk Game of Thrones Season 3 and 4 , Martin 's Cameo , the End of the Series , and More '' . Collider.com . Retrieved August 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Michael ( January 16 , 2007 ) . `` HBO turns Fire into fantasy series '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 16 , 2012 . Retrieved July 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Gleeson Was Not Originally Supposed To Play Joffrey On ' Game Of Thrones ' '' . The Huffington Post . 27 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins , Sean T. ( February 9 , 2016 ) . `` 40 Greatest TV Villains of All Time '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dent , Grace ( interviewer ) ; Martin , George R.R. ( 2012 - 06 - 12 ) . Game Of Thrones -- Interview with George R.R. Martin . YouTube . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> George R.R. Martin 's A Song of Ice and Fire </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> A Game of Thrones ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> A Clash of Kings ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> A Storm of Swords ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> A Feast for Crows ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> A Dance with Dragons ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Winds of Winter ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchise media </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novellas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tales of Dunk and Egg ( 1998 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Queen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Rogue Prince ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Sons of the Dragon ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Episodes <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Awards </Li> <Li> Characters </Li> <Li> Music <Ul> <Li> `` Game of Thrones Theme '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rains of Castamere '' </Li> <Li> `` The Bear and the Maiden Fair '' </Li> <Li> `` Light of the Seven '' </Li> <Li> Catch the Throne </Li> <Li> Live Concert Experience </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Soundtracks <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Title sequence </Li> <Li> After the Thrones </Li> <Li> Thronecast </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Game of Thrones : Genesis </Li> <Li> Game of Thrones ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Game of Thrones Ascent </Li> <Li> Game of Thrones ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The World of Ice & Fire ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Board game </Li> <Li> Card game ( Second edition ) </Li> <Li> Comic book series </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Petyr Baelish </Li> <Li> Joffrey Baratheon </Li> <Li> Renly Baratheon </Li> <Li> Robert Baratheon </Li> <Li> Stannis Baratheon </Li> <Li> Tommen Baratheon </Li> <Li> Ramsay Bolton </Li> <Li> Roose Bolton </Li> <Li> Bronn </Li> <Li> Gregor Clegane </Li> <Li> Sandor Clegane </Li> <Li> Khal Drogo </Li> <Li> Gendry </Li> <Li> Tormund Giantsbane </Li> <Li> Gilly </Li> <Li> Theon Greyjoy </Li> <Li> Cersei Lannister </Li> <Li> Jaime Lannister </Li> <Li> Tyrion Lannister </Li> <Li> Tywin Lannister </Li> <Li> Oberyn Martell </Li> <Li> Melisandre </Li> <Li> Missandei </Li> <Li> Jorah Mormont </Li> <Li> Daario Naharis </Li> <Li> Ellaria Sand </Li> <Li> Davos Seaworth </Li> <Li> Jon Snow </Li> <Li> High Sparrow </Li> <Li> Arya Stark </Li> <Li> Bran Stark </Li> <Li> Catelyn Stark </Li> <Li> Ned Stark </Li> <Li> Rickon Stark </Li> <Li> Robb Stark </Li> <Li> Sansa Stark </Li> <Li> Daenerys Targaryen </Li> <Li> Viserys Targaryen </Li> <Li> Samwell Tarly </Li> <Li> Brienne of Tarth </Li> <Li> Margaery Tyrell </Li> <Li> Olenna Tyrell </Li> <Li> Varys </Li> <Li> Ygritte </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Languages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dothraki </Li> <Li> Valyrian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Themes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iron Throne </Li> <Li> White Walker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fandom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joffrey_Baratheon&oldid=808768364 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> A Song of Ice and Fire characters </Li> <Li> Fictional assassinated people </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 1996 </Li> <Li> Fictional bullies </Li> <Li> Fictional child killers </Li> <Li> Fictional murderers </Li> <Li> Fictional nobility </Li> <Li> Fictional offspring of incestuous relationships </Li> <Li> Fictional kings </Li> <Li> Fictional princes </Li> <Li> Fictional domestic abusers </Li> <Li> Literary villains </Li> <Li> Narcissism in fiction </Li> <Li> Psychopathy in fiction </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Languages </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 November 2017 , at 01 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Iron Curtain - wikipedia <H1> Iron Curtain </H1> For other uses , see Iron Curtain ( disambiguation ) . The Iron Curtain depicted as a black line . Warsaw Pact countries on one side of the Iron Curtain appear shaded red ; NATO members on the other shaded blue ; militarily neutral countries shaded gray . The black dot represents West Berlin . Yugoslavia , although communist - ruled , remained largely independent of the two major blocs and is shaded green . Communist Albania broke off contacts with the Soviet Union in the early 1960s , aligning itself with the People 's Republic of China after the Sino - Soviet split ; it appears stripe - hatched with grey . <P> The Iron Curtain was the name for the boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991 . The term symbolizes the efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and its allied states . On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union , while on the west side were the countries that were allied to the United States or nominally neutral . Separate international economic and military alliances were developed on each side of the Iron Curtain : </P> <Ul> <Li> Member countries of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and the Warsaw Pact , with the Soviet Union as the leading state </Li> <Li> Member countries of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) and with the United States as the pre-eminent power </Li> </Ul> <P> Physically , the Iron Curtain took the form of border defences between the countries of Europe in the middle of the continent . The most notable border was marked by the Berlin Wall and its Checkpoint Charlie , which served as a symbol of the Curtain as a whole . </P> <P> The events that demolished the Iron Curtain started in discontent in Poland , and continued in Hungary , the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ) , Bulgaria , Czechoslovakia , and Romania . Romania became the only communist state in Europe to overthrow its totalitarian government with violence . </P> <P> The use of the term iron curtain as a metaphor for strict separation goes back at least as far as the early 19th century . It originally referred to fireproof curtains in theaters . Although its popularity as a Cold War symbol is attributed to its use in a speech Winston Churchill gave in 5 March 1946 in Fulton , Missouri , German Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels had already used the term in reference to the Soviet Union . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Pre -- Cold War usage </Li> <Li> 2 During the Cold War <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Building antagonism </Li> <Li> 2.2 Iron Curtain speech </Li> <Li> 2.3 Political , economic and military realities <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Eastern Bloc </Li> <Li> 2.3. 2 West of the Iron Curtain </Li> <Li> 2.3. 3 Further division in the late 1940s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Emigration restrictions </Li> <Li> 2.5 As a physical entity <Ul> <Li> 2.5. 1 Helmstedt - Marienborn crossing </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Fall of the Iron Curtain </Li> <Li> 4 Monuments </Li> <Li> 5 Analogous terms </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Pre -- Cold War usage ( edit ) </H2> Swedish book `` Behind Russia 's iron curtain '' from 1923 <P> Various usages of the term `` iron curtain '' ( Russian : Железный занавес Zheleznyj zanaves ; German : Eiserner Vorhang ; Georgian : რკინის ფარდა Rkinis pharda ; Czech and Slovak : Železná opona ; Hungarian : Vasfüggöny ; Romanian : Cortina de fier ; Italian : Cortina di ferro ; Serbian : Гвоздена завеса Gvozdena zavesa ; Estonian : Raudne eesriie ; Bulgarian : Желязна завеса Zhelyazna zavesä ) pre-date Churchill 's use of the phrase . The concept goes back to the Babylonian Talmud of the 3rd to 5th centuries CE , where Tractate Sota 38b refers to a `` mechitza shel barzel '' , an iron barrier or divider : `` אפילו מחיצה של ברזל אינה מפסקת בין ישראל לאביהם שבשמים '' ( Even an iron barrier can not separate ( the people of ) Israel from their heavenly father ) . </P> <P> The term `` iron curtain '' has since been used metaphorically in two rather different senses -- firstly to denote the end of an era and secondly to denote a closed geopolitical border . The source of these metaphors can refer to either the safety curtain deployed in theatres ( the first one was installed by the Theatre Royal , Drury Lane in 1794 ) or to roller shutters used to secure commercial premises . </P> <P> The first metaphorical usage of `` iron curtain '' , in the sense of an end of an era , perhaps should be attributed to British author Arthur Machen ( 1863 -- 1947 ) , who used the term in his 1895 novel The Three Impostors : `` ... the door clanged behind me with the noise of thunder , and I felt that an iron curtain had fallen on the brief passage of my life '' . The English translation of a Russian text shown immediately below repeats the use of `` clang '' with reference to an `` iron curtain '' , suggesting that the Russian writer , publishing 23 years after Machen , may have been familiar with the popular British author . </P> <P> Queen Elisabeth of the Belgians used the term `` Iron Curtain '' in the context of World War I to describe the political situation between Belgium and Germany in 1914 . </P> <P> The first recorded application of the term to Communist Russia , again in the sense of the end of an era , comes in Vasily Rozanov 's 1918 polemic The Apocalypse of Our Times , and it is possible that Churchill read it there following the publication of the book 's English translation in 1920 . The passage runs : </P> <P> With clanging , creaking , and squeaking , an iron curtain is lowering over Russian History . `` The performance is over . '' The audience got up . `` Time to put on your fur coats and go home . '' We looked around , but the fur coats and homes were missing . </P> <P> ( Incidentally , this same passage provides a definition of nihilism adopted by Raoul Vaneigem , Guy Debord and other Situationists as the intention of situationist intervention . ) </P> <P> The first English - language use of the term iron curtain applied to the border of communist Russia in the sense of `` an impenetrable barrier '' was used in 1920 by Ethel Snowden , in her book Through Bolshevik Russia . </P> <P> G.K. Chesterton used the phrase in a 1924 essay in The Illustrated London News . Chesterton , while defending Distributism , refers to `` that iron curtain of industrialism that has cut us off not only from our neighbours ' condition , but even from our own past '' . </P> <P> The term also appears in the 1933 satirical novel England , Their England ; used there to describe the way an artillery barrage protected the infantry from an enemy assault : `` ... the western sky was a blaze of yellow flame . The iron curtain was down '' . Sebastian Haffner used the metaphor in his book Germany : Jekyll & Hyde , published in London in 1940 , in introducing his discussion of the Nazi rise to power in Germany in 1933 : `` Back then to March 1933 . How , a moment before the iron curtain was wrung down on it , did the German political stage appear ? '' </P> <P> All German theatres had to install an iron curtain ( eiserner Vorhang ) as an obligatory precaution to prevent the possibility of fire spreading from the stage to the rest of the theatre . Such fires were rather common because the decor often was very flammable . In case of fire , a metal wall would separate the stage from the theatre , secluding the flames to be extinguished by firefighters . Douglas Reed used this metaphor in his book Disgrace Abounding : `` The bitter strife ( in Yugoslavia between Serb unionists and Croat federalists ) had only been hidden by the iron safety - curtain of the King 's dictatorship '' . </P> <P> A May 1943 article in Signal , a Nazi illustrated propaganda periodical published in many languages , bore the title `` Behind the Iron Curtain '' . It discussed `` the iron curtain that more than ever before separates the world from the Soviet Union '' . The German Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels wrote in his weekly newspaper Das Reich that if the Nazis should lose the war a Soviet - formed `` iron curtain '' would arise because of agreements made by Stalin , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill at the Yalta Conference : `` An iron curtain would fall over this enormous territory controlled by the Soviet Union , behind which nations would be slaughtered '' . The first recorded oral intentional mention of an Iron Curtain in the Soviet context occurred in a broadcast by Lutz von Krosigk to the German people on 2 May 1945 : `` In the East the iron curtain behind which , unseen by the eyes of the world , the work of destruction goes on , is moving steadily forward '' . </P> <P> Churchill 's first recorded use of the term `` iron curtain '' came in a 12 May 1945 telegram he sent to U.S. President Harry S. Truman regarding his concern about Soviet actions , stating `` ( a ) n iron curtain is drawn down upon their front . We do not know what is going on behind '' . He was further concerned about `` another immense flight of the German population westward as this enormous Muscovite advance towards the centre of Europe '' . Churchill concluded `` then the curtain will descend again to a very large extent , if not entirely . Thus a broad land of many hundreds of miles of Russian - occupied territory will isolate us from Poland '' . </P> <P> Churchill repeated the words in a further telegram to President Truman on 4 June 1945 , in which he protested against such a U.S. retreat to what was earlier designated as , and ultimately became , the U.S. occupation zone , saying the military withdrawal would bring `` Soviet power into the heart of Western Europe and the descent of an iron curtain between us and everything to the eastward '' . At the Potsdam Conference , Churchill complained to Stalin about an `` iron fence '' coming down upon the British Mission in Bucharest . </P> <P> The first American print reference to the `` Iron Curtain '' occurred when C.L. Sulzberger of The New York Times first used it in a dispatch published on 23 July 1945 . He had heard the term used by Vladko Maček , a Croatian politician , a Yugoslav opposition leader who had fled his homeland for Paris in May 1945 . Maček told Sulzberger , `` During the four years while I was interned by the Germans in Croatia I saw how the Partisans were lowering an iron curtain over Jugoslavia ( Yugoslavia ) so that nobody could know what went on behind it '' . </P> <P> The term was first used in the British House of Commons by Churchill on 16 August 1945 when he stated `` it is not impossible that tragedy on a prodigious scale is unfolding itself behind the iron curtain which at the moment divides Europe in twain '' . </P> <P> Allen Dulles used the term in a speech on 3 December 1945 , referring to only Germany , following his conclusion that `` in general the Russians are acting little better than thugs '' , had `` wiped out all the liquid assets '' , and refused to issue food cards to emigrating Germans , leaving them `` often more dead than alive '' . Dulles concluded that `` ( a ) n iron curtain has descended over the fate of these people and very likely conditions are truly terrible . The promises at Yalta to the contrary , probably 8 to 10 million people are being enslaved '' . </P> <H2> During the Cold War ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Building antagonism ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Origins of the Cold War and Cold War ( 1947 -- 1953 ) Remains of the `` iron curtain '' in Devínska Nová Ves , Bratislava ( Slovakia ) . Preserved part of `` iron curtain '' in the Czech Republic . <P> The antagonism between the Soviet Union and the West that came to be described as the `` iron curtain '' had various origins . </P> <P> During the summer of 1939 , after conducting negotiations both with a British - French group and with Nazi Germany regarding potential military and political agreements , the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed the German -- Soviet Commercial Agreement ( which provided for the trade of certain German military and civilian equipment in exchange for Soviet raw materials ) and the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact ( signed in late August 1939 ) , named after the foreign secretaries of the two countries ( Vyacheslav Molotov and Joachim von Ribbentrop ) , which included a secret agreement to split Poland and Eastern Europe between the two states . </P> <P> The Soviets thereafter occupied Eastern Poland ( September 1939 ) , Latvia ( June 1940 ) , Lithuania ( 1940 ) , northern Romania ( Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina , late June 1940 ) , Estonia ( 1940 ) and eastern Finland ( March 1940 ) . From August 1939 , relations between the West and the Soviets deteriorated further when the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany engaged in an extensive economic relationship by which the Soviet Union sent Germany vital oil , rubber , manganese and other materials in exchange for German weapons , manufacturing machinery and technology . Nazi -- Soviet trade ended in June 1941 when Germany broke the Pact and invaded the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa . </P> <P> In the course of World War II , Stalin determined to acquire a buffer area against Germany , with pro-Soviet states on its border in an Eastern bloc . Stalin 's aims led to strained relations at the Yalta Conference ( February 1945 ) and the subsequent Potsdam Conference ( August 1945 ) . People in the West expressed opposition to Soviet domination over the buffer states , and the fear grew that the Soviets were building an empire that might be a threat to them and their interests . </P> <P> Nonetheless , at the Potsdam Conference , the Allies assigned parts of Poland , Finland , Romania , Germany , and the Balkans to Soviet control or influence . In return , Stalin promised the Western Allies that he would allow those territories the right to national self - determination . Despite Soviet cooperation during the war , these concessions left many in the West uneasy . In particular , Churchill feared that the United States might return to its pre-war isolationism , leaving the exhausted European states unable to resist Soviet demands . ( President Franklin D. Roosevelt had announced at Yalta that after the defeat of Germany , U.S. forces would withdraw from Europe within two years . ) </P> <H3> Iron Curtain speech ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Iron Curtain Speech </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Winston Churchill 's `` Sinews of Peace '' address of 5 March 1946 , at Westminster College , used the term `` iron curtain '' in the context of Soviet - dominated Eastern Europe : </P> The Iron Curtain as described by Churchill at Westminster College . Note that Vienna ( center red regions , 3rd down ) is indeed behind the Curtain , as it was in the Austrian Soviet - occupied zone . <P> From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent . Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe . Warsaw , Berlin , Prague , Vienna , Budapest , Belgrade , Bucharest and Sofia ; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere , and all are subject , in one form or another , not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow . </P> <P> Much of the Western public still regarded the Soviet Union as a close ally in the context of the recent defeat of Nazi Germany and of Japan . Although not well received at the time , the phrase iron curtain gained popularity as a shorthand reference to the division of Europe as the Cold War strengthened . The Iron Curtain served to keep people in and information out , and people throughout the West eventually came to accept and use the metaphor . </P> <P> Churchill 's `` Sinews of Peace '' address was to strongly criticise the Soviet Union 's exclusive and secretive tension policies along with the Eastern Europe 's state form , Police State ( Polizeistaat ) . He expressed the Allied Nations ' distrust of the Soviet Union after the World War II . In September that year , US - Soviet Union cooperation collapsed due to the US disavowal of the Soviet Union 's opinion on the German problem in the Stuttgart Council , and then followed the announcement by US President , Harry S. Truman , of a hard line anti-Soviet , anticommunist policy . After that the phrase became more widely used as anti-Soviet term in the West . </P> <P> In addition , Churchill mentioned in his speech that regions under the Soviet Union 's control were expanding their leverage and power without any restriction . He asserted that in order to put a brake on this ongoing phenomenon , the commanding force of and strong unity between the UK and the US was necessary . </P> <P> Stalin took note of Churchill 's speech and responded in Pravda soon afterward . He accused Churchill of warmongering , and defended Soviet `` friendship '' with eastern European states as a necessary safeguard against another invasion . He further accused Churchill of hoping to install right - wing governments in eastern Europe with the goal of agitating those states against the Soviet Union . Andrei Zhdanov , Stalin 's chief propagandist , used the term against the West in an August 1946 speech : </P> <P> Hard as bourgeois politicians and writers may strive to conceal the truth of the achievements of the Soviet order and Soviet culture , hard as they may strive to erect an iron curtain to keep the truth about the Soviet Union from penetrating abroad , hard as they may strive to belittle the genuine growth and scope of Soviet culture , all their efforts are foredoomed to failure . </P> <H3> Political , economic and military realities ( edit ) </H3> Eastern Bloc ( edit ) A map of the Eastern Bloc . Main article : Eastern Bloc <P> While the Iron Curtain remained in place , much of Eastern Europe and parts of Central Europe ( except West Germany , Liechtenstein , Switzerland and Austria ) found themselves under the hegemony of the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union annexed : </P> <Ul> <Li> Estonia , </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> </Ul> <P> as Soviet Socialist Republics within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . </P> <P> Germany effectively gave Moscow a free hand in much of these territories in the Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 , signed before Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941 . </P> <P> Other Soviet - annexed territories included : </P> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Poland ( incorporated into Ukrainian and Byelorussian SSRs ) , </Li> <Li> Part of eastern Finland ( became part of the Karelo - Finnish SSR ) </Li> <Li> Northern Romania ( part of which became the Moldavian SSR ) . </Li> <Li> Kaliningrad Oblast , the northern half of East Prussia , taken in 1945 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Between 1945 and 1949 the Soviets converted the following areas into Soviet satellite states : </P> <Ul> <Li> The German Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> The People 's Republic of Bulgaria </Li> <Li> The People 's Republic of Poland </Li> <Li> The Hungarian People 's Republic </Li> <Li> The Czechoslovak Socialist Republic </Li> <Li> The People 's Republic of Romania </Li> <Li> The People 's Socialist Republic of Albania ( which re-aligned itself in the 1960s away from the Soviet Union and towards the People 's Republic of China ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Soviet - installed governments ruled the Eastern Bloc countries , with the exception of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia , which retained its full independence . </P> <P> The majority of European states to the east of the Iron Curtain developed their own international economic and military alliances , such as COMECON and the Warsaw Pact . </P> West of the Iron Curtain ( edit ) Fence along the East / West border in Germany ( near Witzenhausen - Heiligenstadt ) Sign warning of approach to within one kilometer of the inter-zonal German border , 1986 <P> To the west of the Iron Curtain , the countries of Western Europe , Northern Europe and Southern Europe -- along with Austria , West Germany , Liechtenstein and Switzerland -- operated market economies . With the exception of a period of fascism in Spain ( until 1975 ) and Portugal ( until 1974 ) and a military dictatorship in Greece ( 1967 -- 1974 ) , democratic governments ruled these countries . </P> <P> Most of the states of Europe to the west of the Iron Curtain -- with the exception of neutral Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Sweden , Finland , Malta and Republic of Ireland -- allied themselves with the United States and Canada within NATO . Economically , the European Community and the European Free Trade Association represented Western counterparts to COMECON . Most of the nominally neutral states were economically closer to the United States than they were to the Warsaw Pact . </P> Further division in the late 1940s ( edit ) Further information : Marshall Plan , Falsifiers of History , Berlin Airlift , and Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 <P> In January 1947 Harry Truman appointed General George Marshall as Secretary of State , scrapped Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) directive 1067 ( which embodied the Morgenthau Plan ) and supplanted it with JCS 1779 , which decreed that an orderly and prosperous Europe requires the economic contributions of a stable and productive Germany . '' Administration officials met with Soviet Foreign Minister Vyacheslav Molotov and others to press for an economically self - sufficient Germany , including a detailed accounting of the industrial plants , goods and infrastructure already removed by the Soviets . </P> <P> After five and a half weeks of negotiations , Molotov refused the demands and the talks were adjourned . Marshall was particularly discouraged after personally meeting with Stalin , who expressed little interest in a solution to German economic problems . The United States concluded that a solution could not wait any longer . In a 5 June 1947 speech , Marshall announced a comprehensive program of American assistance to all European countries wanting to participate , including the Soviet Union and those of Eastern Europe , called the Marshall Plan . </P> <P> Stalin opposed the Marshall Plan . He had built up the Eastern Bloc protective belt of Soviet controlled nations on his Western border , and wanted to maintain this buffer zone of states combined with a weakened Germany under Soviet control . Fearing American political , cultural and economic penetration , Stalin eventually forbade Soviet Eastern bloc countries of the newly formed Cominform from accepting Marshall Plan aid . In Czechoslovakia , that required a Soviet - backed Czechoslovak coup d'état of 1948 , the brutality of which shocked Western powers more than any event so far and set in a motion a brief scare that war would occur and swept away the last vestiges of opposition to the Marshall Plan in the United States Congress . </P> <P> Relations further deteriorated when , in January 1948 , the U.S. State Department also published a collection of documents titled Nazi - Soviet Relations , 1939 -- 1941 : Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office , which contained documents recovered from the Foreign Office of Nazi Germany revealing Soviet conversations with Germany regarding the Molotov - Ribbentrop Pact , including its secret protocol dividing eastern Europe , the 1939 German - Soviet Commercial Agreement , and discussions of the Soviet Union potentially becoming the fourth Axis Power . In response , one month later , the Soviet Union published Falsifiers of History , a Stalin - edited and partially re-written book attacking the West . </P> <P> After the Marshall Plan , the introduction of a new currency to Western Germany to replace the debased Reichsmark and massive electoral losses for communist parties , in June 1948 , the Soviet Union cut off surface road access to Berlin , initiating the Berlin Blockade , which cut off all non-Soviet food , water and other supplies for the citizens of the non-Soviet sectors of Berlin . Because Berlin was located within the Soviet - occupied zone of Germany , the only available methods of supplying the city were three limited air corridors . A massive aerial supply campaign was initiated by the United States , Britain , France and other countries , the success of which caused the Soviets to lift their blockade in May 1949 . </P> <H3> Emigration restrictions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Eastern Bloc emigration and defection Remains of Iron Curtain in former Czechoslovakia <P> One of the conclusions of the Yalta Conference was that the western Allies would return all Soviet citizens who found themselves in their zones to the Soviet Union . This affected the liberated Soviet prisoners of war ( branded as traitors ) , forced laborers , anti-Soviet collaborators with the Germans , and anti-communist refugees . </P> <P> Migration from east to west of the Iron Curtain , except under limited circumstances , was effectively halted after 1950 . Before 1950 , over 15 million people ( mainly ethnic Germans ) emigrated from Soviet - occupied eastern European countries to the west in the five years immediately following World War II . However , restrictions implemented during the Cold War stopped most East - West migration , with only 13.3 million migrations westward between 1950 and 1990 . More than 75 % of those emigrating from Eastern Bloc countries between 1950 and 1990 did so under bilateral agreements for `` ethnic migration . '' </P> <P> About 10 % were refugees permitted to emigrate under the Geneva Convention of 1951 . Most Soviets allowed to leave during this time period were ethnic Jews permitted to emigrate to Israel after a series of embarrassing defections in 1970 caused the Soviets to open very limited ethnic emigrations . The fall of the Iron Curtain was accompanied by a massive rise in European East - West migration . </P> <H3> As a physical entity ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Further information : Inner German border and Czechoslovakian border fortifications during the Cold War Preserved section of the border between East Germany and West Germany called the `` Little Berlin Wall '' at Mödlareuth . <P> The Iron Curtain took physical shape in the form of border defenses between the countries of western and eastern Europe . These were some of the most heavily militarised areas in the world , particularly the so - called `` inner German border '' -- commonly known as die Grenze in German -- between East and West Germany . The inner German border was marked in rural areas by double fences made of steel mesh ( expanded metal ) with sharp edges , while near urban areas a high concrete barrier similar to the Berlin Wall was built . The installation of the Wall in 1961 brought an end to a decade during which the divided capital of divided Germany was one of the easiest places to move west across the Iron Curtain . </P> <P> The barrier was always a short distance inside East German territory to avoid any intrusion into Western territory . The actual borderline was marked by posts and signs and was overlooked by numerous watchtowers set behind the barrier . The strip of land on the West German side of the barrier -- between the actual borderline and the barrier -- was readily accessible but only at considerable personal risk , because it was patrolled by both East and West German border guards . </P> Fence along the former East - West border in Germany <P> Several villages , many historic , were destroyed as they lay too close to the border , for example Erlebach . Shooting incidents were not uncommon , and a total of 28 East German border guards and several hundred civilians were killed between 1948 -- 1981 ( some may have been victims of `` friendly fire '' by their own side ) . </P> <P> Elsewhere along the border between West and East , the defense works resembled those on the intra-German border . During the Cold War , the border zone in Hungary started 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) from the border . Citizens could only enter the area if they lived in the zone or had a passport valid for traveling out . Traffic control points and patrols enforced this regulation . </P> <P> Those who lived within the 15 kilometres ( 9.3 mi ) border - zone needed special permission to enter the area within 5 kilometres ( 3.1 mi ) of the border . The area was very difficult to approach and heavily fortified . In the 1950s and 1960s , a double barbed - wire fence was installed 50 metres ( 160 ft ) from the border . The space between the two fences were laden with land mines . The minefield was later replaced with an electric signal fence ( about 1 kilometre ( 0.62 mi ) from the border ) and a barbed wire fence , along with guard towers and a sand strip to track border violations . </P> <P> Regular patrols sought to prevent escape attempts . They included cars and mounted units . Guards and dog patrol units watched the border 24 / 7 and were authorised to use their weapons to stop escapees . The wire fence nearest the actual border was irregularly displaced from the actual border , which was marked only by stones . Anyone attempting to escape would have to cross up to 400 metres ( 1,300 ft ) before they could cross the actual border . Several escape attempts failed when the escapees were stopped after crossing the outer fence . </P> <P> In parts of Czechoslovakia , the border strip became hundreds of meters wide , and an area of increasing restrictions was defined as the border was approached . Only people with the appropriate government permissions were allowed to get close to the border . </P> <P> The Soviet Union built a fence along the entire border to Norway and Finland . It is located one or a few kilometres from the border , and has automatic alarms detecting if someone climbs over it . </P> <P> In Greece , a highly militarised area called the `` Επιτηρούμενη Ζώνη '' ( `` Surveillance Area '' ) was created by the Greek Army along the Greek - Bulgarian border , subject to significant security - related regulations and restrictions . Inhabitants within this 25 km wide strip of land were forbidden to drive cars , own land bigger than 60 m and had to travel within the area with a special passport issued by Greek military authorities . Additionally , the Greek state used this area to encapsulate and monitor a non-Greek ethnic minority , the Pomaks , a Muslim and Bulgarian - speaking minority which was regarded as hostile to the interests of the Greek state during the Cold War because of its familiarity with their fellow Pomaks living on the other side of the Iron Curtain . </P> <P> The Hungarian outer fence became the first part of the Iron Curtain to be dismantled . After the border fortifications were dismantled , a section was rebuilt for a formal ceremony . On 27 June 1989 , the foreign ministers of Austria and Hungary , Alois Mock and Gyula Horn , ceremonially cut through the border defences separating their countries . </P> <P> The creation of these highly militarised no - man 's lands led to de facto nature reserves and created a wildlife corridor across Europe ; this helped the spread of several species to new territories . Since the fall of the Iron Curtain , several initiatives are pursuing the creation of a European Green Belt nature preserve area along the Iron Curtain 's former route . In fact , a long - distance cycling route along the length of the former border called the Iron Curtain Trail ( ICT ) exists as a project of the European Union and other associated nations . The trail is 6,800 km ( 4,200 mi ) long and spans from Finland to Greece . </P> <P> The term `` Iron Curtain '' was only used for the fortified borders in Europe ; it was not used for similar borders in Asia between communist and capitalist states ( these were , for a time , dubbed the Bamboo Curtain ) . The border between North Korea and South Korea is very comparable to the former inner German border , particularly in its degree of militarisation , but it has never conventionally been considered part of any Iron Curtain . </P> Helmstedt - Marienborn crossing ( edit ) Main article : Helmstedt - Marienborn border crossing <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Fall of the Iron Curtain ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Eastern Bloc , Revolutions of 1989 , Dissolution of the Soviet Union , and European integration East German border - guards look through a hole in the Berlin Wall in 1990 The dissolution of the Eastern Bloc . <P> Following a period of economic and political stagnation under Brezhnev and his immediate successors , the Soviet Union decreased its intervention in Eastern Bloc politics . Mikhail Gorbachev ( General Secretary from 1985 ) decreased adherence to the Brezhnev Doctrine , which held that if socialism were threatened in any state then other socialist governments had an obligation to intervene to preserve it , in favor of the `` Sinatra Doctrine '' . He also initiated the policies of glasnost ( openness ) and perestroika ( economic restructuring ) . A wave of Revolutions occurred throughout the Eastern Bloc in 1989 . </P> <P> In April 1989 the People 's Republic of Poland legalised the Solidarity organisation , which captured 99 % of available parliamentary seats in June . These elections , in which anti-communist candidates won a striking victory , inaugurated a series of peaceful anti-communist revolutions in Central and Eastern Europe that eventually culminated in the fall of communism . </P> <P> On 19 August 1989 , more than 600 East Germans attending the `` Pan-European Picnic '' on the Hungarian border broke through the Iron Curtain and fled into Austria . Hungarian border guards had threatened to shoot anyone crossing the border , but when the time came , they did not intervene and allowed the people to cross . In a historic session from 16 to 20 October , the Hungarian parliament adopted legislation providing for multi-party parliamentary elections and a direct presidential election . </P> <P> The legislation transformed Hungary from a People 's Republic into the Republic of Hungary , guaranteed human and civil rights , and created an institutional structure that ensured separation of powers among the judicial , legislative , and executive branches of government . In November 1989 , following mass protests in East Germany and the relaxing of border restrictions in Czechoslovakia , tens of thousands of East Berliners flooded checkpoints along the Berlin Wall , crossing into West Berlin . </P> <P> In the People 's Republic of Bulgaria , the day after the mass crossings across the Berlin Wall , leader Todor Zhivkov was ousted . In the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic , following protests of an estimated half - million Czechoslovaks , the government permitted travel to the west and abolished provisions guaranteeing the ruling Communist party its leading role , preceding the Velvet Revolution . </P> <P> In the Socialist Republic of Romania , on 22 December 1989 , the Romanian military sided with protesters and turned on Communist ruler Nicolae Ceauşescu , who was executed after a brief trial three days later . In the People 's Socialist Republic of Albania , a new package of regulations went into effect on 3 July 1990 entitling all Albanians over the age of 16 to own a passport for foreign travel . Meanwhile , hundreds of Albanian citizens gathered around foreign embassies to seek political asylum and flee the country . </P> <P> The Berlin Wall officially remained guarded after 9 November 1989 , although the inter-German border had become effectively meaningless . The official dismantling of the Wall by the East German military did not begin until June 1990 . In July 1990 , the day East Germany adopted the West German currency , all border - controls ceased and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl convinced Gorbachev to drop Soviet objections to a reunited Germany within NATO in return for substantial German economic aid to the Soviet Union . </P> <H2> Monuments ( edit ) </H2> Memorial in Budapest reads : `` Iron Curtain 1949 - 1989 '' . <P> There is an Iron Curtain monument in the southern part of the Czech Republic at approximately 48 ° 52 ′ 32 '' N 15 ° 52 ′ 29 '' E / 48.8755 ° N 15.87477 ° E / 48.8755 ; 15.87477 ( Iron Curtain monument ) . A few hundred meters of the original fence , and one of the guard towers , has remained installed . There are interpretive signs in Czech and English that explain the history and significance of the Iron Curtain . This is the only surviving part of the fence in the Czech Republic , though several guard towers and bunkers can still be seen . Some of these are part of the Communist Era defences , some are from the never - used Czechoslovak border fortifications in defence against Adolf Hitler , and some towers were , or have become , hunting platforms . </P> <P> Another monument is located in Fertőrákos , Hungary , at the site of the Pan-European Picnic . On the eastern hill of the stone quarry stands a metal sculpture by Gabriela von Habsburg . It is a column made of metal and barbed wire with the date of the Pan-European Picnic and the names of participants . On the ribbon under the board is the Latin text : `` In necessariis unitas -- in dubiis libertas -- in omnibus caritas . '' ( Unity in unavoidable matters -- freedom in doubtful matters -- love in all things . ) The memorial symbolises the iron curtain and recalls forever the memories of the border breakthrough in 1989 . </P> <P> Another monument is located in the village of Devín , now part of Bratislava , Slovakia , at the confluence of the Danube and Morava rivers . Another monument is located in Fertőrákos , Hungary , at the site of the Pan-European Picnic . On the eastern hill of the stone quarry stands a metal sculpture by Gabriela von Habsburg . It is a column made of metal and barbed wire with the date of the Pan-European Picnic and the names of participants . On the ribbon under the board is the Latin text : `` In necessariis unitas -- in dubiis libertas -- in omnibus caritas . '' ( Unity in unavoidable matters -- freedom in doubtful matters -- love in all things . ) The memorial symbolises the iron curtain and recalls forever the memories of the border breakthrough in 1989 . </P> <P> There are several open air museums in parts of the former inner German border , as for example in Berlin and in Mödlareuth , a village that has been divided for several hundred years . The memory of the division is being kept alive in many other places along the Grenze . </P> <H2> Analogous terms ( edit ) </H2> <P> Throughout the Cold War the term `` curtain '' would become a common euphemism for boundaries -- physical or ideological -- between communist and capitalist states . </P> <Ul> <Li> An analogue of the Iron Curtain , the Bamboo Curtain , surrounded the People 's Republic of China . As the standoff between the West and the countries of the Iron and Bamboo curtains eased with the end of the Cold War , the term fell out of any but historical usage . </Li> <Li> The short distance , 3.8 km ( 2.4 mi ) , between the Soviet Union ( Big Diomede ) and the U.S. ( Little Diomede Island , state of Alaska ) in the Bering Sea became known as the `` Ice Curtain '' during the Cold War . </Li> <Li> A field of cacti surrounding the U.S. Naval station at Guantanamo Bay planted by Cuba was occasionally termed the `` Cactus Curtain '' . </Li> <Li> The phrase `` Grass Curtain '' was used by South Sudanese during the First Sudanese Civil War to describe the oppression that hid political violence in Southern Sudan from wider attention . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cold War portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Berlin Wall </Li> <Li> Cold War </Li> <Li> Danube River Conference of 1948 </Li> <Li> Eastern Bloc </Li> <Li> Removal of Hungary 's border fence </Li> <Li> Revolutions of 1989 </Li> <Li> Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc </Li> <Li> Western betrayal </Li> <Li> Bamboo Curtain </Li> </Ul> <P> Post Cold War : </P> <Ul> <Li> European Green Belt , a body of conservationists preserving the former Iron Curtain security zone which has become a wildlife preserve </Li> <Li> Iron Curtain Trail , a long - distance cycling route within the European Green Belt </Li> </Ul> <P> Geography : </P> <Ul> <Li> Blue Banana at the west of the curtain </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archive : Freedom ! The Berlin Wall '' . Time . 20 November 1989 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sorin Antohi and Vladimir Tismăneanu , `` Independence Reborn and the Demons of the Velvet Revolution '' in Between Past and Future : The Revolutions of 1989 and Their Aftermath , Central European University Press . ISBN 963 - 9116 - 71 - 8 . p. 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyes , Roger ( 4 June 2009 ) . `` World Agenda : 20 years later , Poland can lead eastern Europe once again '' . The Times . Retrieved 4 June 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.umk.ro/images/documente/publicatii/Buletin20/the_end.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Piotr Sztompka , preface to Society in Action : the Theory of Social Becoming , University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 78815 - 6 . p. x . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Feuerlicht , Ignace ( October 1955 ) , `` A New Look at the Iron Curtain '' , American Speech , 30 ( 3 ) : 186 -- 189 , doi : 10.2307 / 453937 , JSTOR 453937 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Hinter dem eisernen Vorhang '' , Signal ( in German ) ( 9 ) , p. 2 , May 1943 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eighteenth - century theatre '' . History of theatres - Exploring Theatres . The Theatres Trust . Retrieved 16 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proust , Marcel ( 1929 ) , The Captive , translated by Scott Moncrieff , C.K. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Machen , Arthur ( 2005 ) , The Three Impostors , Los Angeles ( ? ) : Aegypan Press , p. 60 , ISBN 1 - 59818 - 437 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Queen Elisabeth of the Belgians to Pierre Loti in 1915 ( Loti , Pierre ( 1923 ) , L'Album de la Guerre ( L'Illustration ed . ) , Paris , p. 33 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rozanov , Vasily ( 1918 ) , The Apocalypse of our Times ( `` Апокалипсис нашего времени '' ) , 103 , p. 212 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vaneigem , Raoul ( 1967 ) , The Revolution of Everyday Life ( `` Traité de savoir - vivre à l'usage des jeunes générations '' ) , 176 : Red and Black , p. 279 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , J.M. ; Cohen , M.J. ( 1996 ) , New Penguin Dictionary of Quotations , Penguin Books , p. 726 , ISBN 0 - 14 - 051244 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snowden , Philip ( Ethel ) ( 1920 ) , Through Bolshevik Russia , London : Cassell , p. 32 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chesterton , G.K. ( 1990 ) , The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton : The Illustrated London News 1923 -- 1925 , Ignatius Press , p. 452 , ISBN 0 - 89870 - 274 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haffner , Sebastian ( 2008 ) , Germany : Jekyll & Hyde : A contemporary account of Nazi Germany , London : Abacus , p. 177 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 349 - 11889 - 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reed , Douglas ( 1939 ) , Disgrace Abounding , Jonathan Cape , p. 129 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goebbels , Joseph ( 25 February 1945 ) , `` Das Jahr 2000 '' , Das Reich ( in German ) , pp. 1 -- 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Krosigk 's Cry of Woe '' , The Times , p. 4 , 3 May 1945 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Churchill , Winston S. ( 1962 ) , `` 15 '' , The Second World War , Triumph and Tragedy , 2 , Bantam , pp. 489 , 514 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foreign Relations of the US , The Conference of Berlin ( Potsdam ) , 1 , US Dept of State , 1945 , p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Churchill 1962 , p. 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weintraub , Stanley ( 1995 ) , The Last Great Victory , New York : Truman Talley Books , p. 184 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Debate on the address , 413 , Hansard , House of Commons , 16 August 1945 , column 84 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , pp. 515 -- 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 668 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ericson 1999 , p. 57 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Day , Alan J. ; East , Roger ; Thomas , Richard . A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe , p. 405 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stalin offered troops to stop Hitler '' . London : NDTV . Press Trust of India . 19 October 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 March 2009 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ericson , Edward E. ( 1999 ) , Feeding the German Eagle : Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany , 1933 -- 1941 , Greenwood Publishing Group , pp. 1 -- 210 , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96337 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , pp. 598 -- 610 , ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alperovitz , Gar ( 1985 ) ( 1965 ) , Atomic Diplomacy : Hiroshima and Potsdam : The Use of the Atomic Bomb and the American Confrontation with Soviet Power , Penguin , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 008337 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Antony Beevor Berlin : The building of the Berlin Wall , p. 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Churchill , Winston ( 5 March 1946 ) . `` The Sinews of Peace ( ' Iron Curtain Speech ' ) '' . Winstonchurchill.org . International Churchill Society . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Authors such as Lewkowicz have underlined the importance played by the treatment of the German Question in the division of the continent into two ideological camps . See : The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 철 의 장막 : 지식 백과 '' ( in Korean ) . Terms.naver.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 철 의 장막 : 지식 백과 '' ( in Korean ) . Terms.naver.com . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stalin . `` Interview to `` Pravda '' Correspondent Concerning Mr. Winston Churchill 's Speech `` . Marxists.org . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/archive/zhdanovlit.htm </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wettig 2008 , p. 21 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Senn , Alfred Erich , Lithuania 1940 : Revolution from Above , Amsterdam , New York , Rodopi , 2007 ISBN 978 - 90 - 420 - 2225 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy - Pipe , Caroline , Stalin 's Cold War , New York : Manchester University Press , 1995 , ISBN 0 - 7190 - 4201 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts 2006 , p. 55 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shirer 1990 , p. 794 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wettig 2008 , pp. 96 -- 100 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Granville , Johanna , The First Domino : International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956 , Texas A&M University Press , 2004 . ISBN 1 - 58544 - 298 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grenville 2005 , pp. 370 -- 71 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook 2001 , p. 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beschloss 2003 , p. 277 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Miller 2000 , p. 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall , George C , The Marshal Plan Speech , 5 June 1947 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Airbridge to Berlin , `` Eye of the Storm '' chapter </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , p. 19 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Henig 2005 , p. 67 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Department of State 1948 , p. preface </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Roberts 2002 , p. 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Department of State 1948 , p. 78 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Department of State 1948 , pp. 32 -- 77 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Churchill 1953 , pp. 512 -- 524 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts 2002 , p. 96 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 25 -- 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Miller 2000 , pp. 6 -- 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hornberger , Jacob ( 1995 ) . `` Repatriation -- The Dark Side of World War II '' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Archived from the original on 14 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nikolai Tolstoy ( 1977 ) . The Secret Betrayal . Charles Scribner 's Sons . p. 360 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 15635 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Böcker 1998 , p. 207 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Böcker 1998 , p. 209 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krasnov 1985 , pp. 1&126 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keeling , Drew ( 2014 ) , business-of-migration.com `` Berlin Wall and Migration , '' Migration as a travel business </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lois Labrianidis , The impact of the Greek military surveillance zone on the Greek side of the Bulgarian - Greek borderlands , 1999 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Iron Curtain Trail '' . Ironcurtaintrail.eu . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crampton 1997 , p. 338 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ E. Szafarz , `` The Legal Framework for Political Cooperation in Europe '' in The Changing Political Structure of Europe : Aspects of International Law , Martinus Nijhoff Publishers . ISBN 0 - 7923 - 1379 - 8 . p. 221 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crampton 1997 , p. 392 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cavanaugh - O'Keefe , John ( January 2001 ) , Emmanuel , Solidarity : God 's Act , Our Response ( ebook ) , Xlibris Corporation , p. 68 , ISBN 0 - 7388 - 3864 - 0 , retrieved 6 July 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steger , Manfred B ( January 2004 ) , Judging Nonviolence : The Dispute Between Realists and Idealists ( ebook ) , Routledge ( UK ) , p. 114 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 93397 - 8 , retrieved 6 July 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenney , Padraic ( 2002 ) , A Carnival of Revolution : Central Europe 1989 , Princeton University Press , p. 15 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 11627 - 3 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 11627 - X , retrieved 17 January 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Padraic Kenney , Rebuilding Poland : Workers and Communists , 1945 -- 1950 , Cornell University Press , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 8014 - 3287 - 1 , Google Print , p. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Padraic Kenney ( 2002 ) , A Carnival of Revolution : Central Europe 1989 , Princeton University Press , pp. p. 2 , ISBN 0 - 691 - 05028 - 7 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Crampton 1997 , pp. 394 -- 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crampton 1997 , pp. 395 -- 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crampton 1997 , p. 398 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crampton 1997 , p. 400 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M.E. Murphy ; Rear Admiral ; U.S. Navy . `` The History of Guantanamo Bay 1494 -- 1964 : Chapter 18 , `` Introduction of Part II , 1953 -- 1964 '' `` . Retrieved 27 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hemisphere : Yankees Besieged '' . Time . 16 March 1962 . Retrieved 5 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wöndu , Steven ; Lesch , Ann Mosely ( 2000 ) . Battle for Peace in Sudan : An Analysis of the Abuja Conferences , 1992 - 1993 . Washington , DC : University Press of America ( Rowman & Littlefield ) . p. vii . ISBN 0761815163 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Beschloss , Michael R ( 2003 ) , The Conquerors : Roosevelt , Truman and the Destruction of Hitler 's Germany , 1941 -- 1945 , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6085 - 6 </Li> <Li> Böcker , Anita ( 1998 ) , Regulation of Migration : International Experiences , Het Spinhuis , ISBN 90 - 5589 - 095 - 2 </Li> <Li> Churchill , Winston ( 1953 ) , The Second World War , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt , ISBN 0 - 395 - 41056 - 8 </Li> <Li> Cook , Bernard A. ( 2001 ) , Europe Since 1945 : An Encyclopedia , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 0 - 8153 - 4057 - 5 </Li> <Li> Crampton , R.J. ( 1997 ) , Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 16422 - 2 </Li> <Li> Ericson , Edward E. ( 1999 ) , Feeding the German Eagle : Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany , 1933 -- 1941 , Greenwood Publishing Group , ISBN 0 - 275 - 96337 - 3 </Li> <Li> Grenville , John Ashley Soames ( 2005 ) , A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 28954 - 8 </Li> <Li> Grenville , John Ashley Soames ; Wasserstein , Bernard ( 2001 ) , The Major International Treaties of the Twentieth Century : A History and Guide with Texts , Taylor & Francis , ISBN 0 - 415 - 23798 - X </Li> <Li> Henig , Ruth Beatrice ( 2005 ) , The Origins of the Second World War , 1933 -- 41 , Routledge , ISBN 0 - 415 - 33262 - 1 </Li> <Li> Krasnov , Vladislav ( 1985 ) , Soviet Defectors : The KGB Wanted List , Hoover Press , ISBN 0 - 8179 - 8231 - 0 </Li> <Li> Lewkowicz , N. , ( 2008 ) The German Question and the Origins of the Cold War ( IPOC : Milan ) ISBN 88 - 95145 - 27 - 5 </Li> <Li> Miller , Roger Gene ( 2000 ) , To Save a City : The Berlin Airlift , 1948 -- 1949 , Texas A&M University Press , ISBN 0 - 89096 - 967 - 1 </Li> <Li> Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2006 ) , Stalin 's Wars : From World War to Cold War , 1939 -- 1953 , Yale University Press , ISBN 0 - 300 - 11204 - 1 </Li> <Li> Roberts , Geoffrey ( 2002 ) , Stalin , the Pact with Nazi Germany , and the Origins of Postwar Soviet Diplomatic Historiography , 4 ( 4 ) </Li> <Li> Shirer , William L. ( 1990 ) , The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich : A History of Nazi Germany , Simon and Schuster , ISBN 0 - 671 - 72868 - 7 </Li> <Li> Soviet Information Bureau ( 1948 ) , Falsifiers of History ( Historical Survey ) , Moscow : Foreign Languages Publishing House , 272848 </Li> <Li> Department of State ( 1948 ) , Nazi - Soviet Relations , 1939 -- 1941 : Documents from the Archives of The German Foreign Office , Department of State </Li> <Li> Watry , David M. Diplomacy at the Brink : Eisenhower , Churchill , and Eden in the Cold War . Baton Rouge : Louisiana State University Press , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Wettig , Gerhard ( 2008 ) , Stalin and the Cold War in Europe , Rowman & Littlefield , ISBN 0 - 7425 - 5542 - 9 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` Iron Curtain '' dated 2012 - 12 - 17 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron curtain . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up Iron Curtain in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Freedom Without Walls : German Missions in the United States Looking Back at the Fall of the Berlin Wall -- official homepage in English </Li> <Li> Information about the Iron Curtain with a detailed map and how to make it by bike </Li> <Li> `` Peep under the Iron Curtain '' , a cartoon first published on 6 March 1946 in Daily Mail </Li> <Li> Field research along the northern sections of the former German - German border , with detailed maps , diagrams , and photos . </Li> <Li> The Lost Border : Photographs of the Iron Curtain </Li> <Li> S - 175 `` Gardina ( The Curtain ) '' Main type of electronic security barrier on the Soviet borders or ( in Russian ) . </Li> <Li> Remnants of the Iron Curtain along the Greek - Bulgarian border , the Iron Curtain 's Southernmost part </Li> <Li> Iron Curtain </Li> <Li> Iron Curtain Information </Li> <Li> Historic film footage of Winston Churchill 's `` Iron Curtain '' speech ( from `` Sinews of Peace '' address ) at Westminster College , 1946 </Li> <Li> DIE NARBE DEUTSCHLAND is a 16 - hour - long experimental single shot documentary showing the former Iron Curtain running through Germany in its entirety from above , 2008 - 2014 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Secret police agencies in the Eastern Bloc </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Gulag </Li> <Li> Iron Curtain </Li> <Li> Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc </Li> <Li> Berlin Wall </Li> <Li> Inner German border </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soviet Union </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extraordinary Commission ( Cheka ) </Li> <Li> State Political Directorate ( GPU ) </Li> <Li> Joint State Political Directorate ( OGPU ) </Li> <Li> People 's Commissariat for 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] | who said an iron curtain had descended over europe | [
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Kentucky Wildcats football - wikipedia <H1> Kentucky Wildcats football </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Kentucky Wildcats football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2017 Kentucky Wildcats football team </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First season </Th> <Td> 1892 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Athletic director </Th> <Td> Mitch Barnhart </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach </Th> <Td> Mark Stoops 5th season , 24 -- 31 (. 436 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> Kroger Field ( Capacity : 62,000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Field surface </Th> <Td> Field Turf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Lexington , Kentucky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference </Th> <Td> Southeastern Conference </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Division </Th> <Td> Eastern </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - time record </Th> <Td> 597 -- 607 -- 44 (. 496 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bowl record </Th> <Td> 8 -- 8 (. 500 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Claimed nat'l titles </Th> <Td> 1 ( 1950 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference titles </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rivalries </Th> <Td> Louisville Cardinals Indiana Hoosiers Tennessee Volunteers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Consensus All - Americans </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colors </Th> <Td> Blue and White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fight song </Th> <Td> On , On , U of K , Kentucky Fight </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mascot </Th> <Td> Wildcat , Scratch The Wildcats play their home games at Kroger Field in Lexington , Kentucky and are currently led by head coach Mark Stoops . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> ukathletics.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Kentucky Wildcats football program represents the University of Kentucky in the sport of American football . The Wildcats compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision ( FBS ) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history ( 1881 -- 1945 ) </Li> <Li> 1.2 Paul `` Bear '' Bryant era ( 1946 -- 1953 ) </Li> <Li> 1.3 Blanton Collier era ( 1954 -- 1961 ) </Li> <Li> 1.4 Charlie Bradshaw era ( 1962 -- 1968 ) </Li> <Li> 1.5 John Ray era ( 1969 -- 1972 ) </Li> <Li> 1.6 Fran Curci era ( 1973 -- 1981 ) </Li> <Li> 1.7 Jerry Claiborne era ( 1982 -- 1989 ) </Li> <Li> 1.8 Bill Curry era ( 1990 -- 1996 ) </Li> <Li> 1.9 Hal Mumme era ( 1997 -- 2000 ) </Li> <Li> 1.10 Guy Morriss era ( 2001 -- 2002 ) </Li> <Li> 1.11 Rich Brooks era ( 2003 -- 2009 ) </Li> <Li> 1.12 Joker Phillips era ( 2010 -- 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 1.13 Mark Stoops era ( 2013 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Bowl games </Li> <Li> 3 Current coaching staff </Li> <Li> 4 Rivals <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Louisville </Li> <Li> 4.2 Tennessee </Li> <Li> 4.3 Indiana </Li> <Li> 4.4 Vanderbilt </Li> <Li> 4.5 Mississippi State </Li> <Li> 4.6 All - time record vs. current SEC schools </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Championships <Ul> <Li> 5.1 National championships </Li> <Li> 5.2 Conference championships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 All - Americans </Li> <Li> 7 First Team All - SEC </Li> <Li> 8 Current players in the National Football League </Li> <Li> 9 Hall of famers <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Pro </Li> <Li> 9.2 College </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Individual award winners <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Outland Trophy </Li> <Li> 10.2 Wuerffel Trophy </Li> <Li> 10.3 University of Kentucky 100th Anniversary Team </Li> <Li> 10.4 Retired numbers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Future opponents and schedules <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Conference and non-conference opponents <Ul> <Li> 11.1. 1 SEC West opponents </Li> <Li> 11.1. 2 Non-conference opponents </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11.2 Schedules <Ul> <Li> 11.2. 1 2018 schedule </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> For year - by - year results , see List of Kentucky Wildcats football seasons . <H3> Early history ( 1881 -- 1945 ) ( edit ) </H3> A.M. Miller , Kentucky 's first head football coach <P> Until about 1913 , the modern University of Kentucky was referred to as `` Kentucky State College '' and nearby Transylvania University was known as `` Kentucky University '' . In 1880 , Kentucky University and Centre College played the first intercollegiate football game in Kentucky . Kentucky State first fielded a football team in 1881 , playing three games against rival Kentucky University . The team was revived in 1891 . Both the inaugural 1881 squad and the revived 1891 squad have unknown coaches according to university records in winning two games and losing three . The 1891 team 's colors were blue and light yellow , decided before the Centre -- Kentucky game on December 19 . A student asked `` What color blue ? '' and varsity letterman Richard C. Stoll pulled off his necktie , and held it up . This is still held as the origin of Kentucky 's shade of blue . The next year light yellow was dropped and changed to white . The 1892 team was coached by A.M. Miller , and went 2 -- 4 -- 1 . </P> <P> The greatest UK team of this era was the 1898 squad , known simply to Kentuckians as `` The Immortals . '' To this day , the Immortals remain the only undefeated , untied , and unscored upon team in UK football history . The Immortals were coached by W.R. Bass and ended the year a perfect 7 -- 0 -- 0 , despite an average weight of 147 pounds per player . Victories came easily for this squad , as the Immortals raced by Kentucky University ( 18 - 0 ) , Georgetown ( 28 -- 0 ) , Company H of the 8th Massachusetts ( 59 -- 0 ) , Louisville Athletic Club ( 16 -- 0 ) , Centre ( 6 -- 0 ) , 160th Indiana ( 17 -- 0 ) and Newcastle Athletic Club ( 36 -- 0 ) . </P> <P> Head coach Jack Wright led the team to a 7 -- 1 record in 1903 , losing only to rival and southern champion Kentucky University . </P> <P> Fred Schacht posted a 15 -- 4 -- 1 record in two seasons but died unexpectedly after his second season . J. White Guyn also had success leading the Wildcats , posting a 17 -- 7 -- 1 record in his three years . </P> <P> Edwin Sweetland went 16 -- 3 in three seasons ( 1909 -- 1910 and 1912 ) but resigned due to poor health . Sweetland also served as Kentucky 's first athletics director . The 1909 team upset the Illinois Fighting Illini . Upon their welcome home , Philip Carbusier said that they had `` fought like wildcats , '' a nickname that stuck . </P> Doc Rodes . <P> John J. Tigert coached Kentucky for two seasons ( 1915 -- 1916 ) with each season having one loss . 1915 captain Charles C. Schrader was All - Southern . The 1916 team fought the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association ( SIAA ) co-champion Tennessee Volunteers to a scoreless tie . The year 's only a loss , 45 to 0 to the Irby Curry - led Vanderbilt Commodores , was the dedication of Stoll Field . Quarterbacks Curry and Kentucky 's Doc Rodes were both selected All - Southern at year 's end . Vanderbilt coach Dan McGugin stated `` If you would give me Doc Rodes , I would say he was a greater player than Curry . '' </P> <P> Coach Harry Gamage had a 32 -- 25 -- 5 record during his seven seasons from 1927 to 1933 . A.D. Kirwan , who would go on to be the president of the university , coached the Wildcats from 1938 to 1944 and posted a 24 -- 28 -- 4 record in those six seasons . </P> <P> Longtime athletics director Bernie Shively also served as Kentucky 's head football coach for the 1945 season . </P> <H3> Paul `` Bear '' Bryant era ( 1946 -- 1953 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coach Paul `` Bear '' Bryant was Kentucky 's head football coach for eight seasons . </P> <P> Bear Bryant came to Kentucky from Maryland . Under Bryant 's tutelage , the Wildcats won the 1947 Great Lakes Bowl , lost the 1950 Orange Bowl , won the 1951 Sugar Bowl and the 1952 Cotton Bowl Classic . In final AP polls , the Wildcats were ranked No. 11 in 1949 , No. 7 in 1950 , No. 15 in 1951 , No. 20 in 1952 and No. 16 in 1953 . The final 1950 poll was taken prior to the bowl games ; Kentucky then defeated undefeated and No. 1 ranked Oklahoma in the Sugar Bowl and finished with the number 1 ranking in 3 major polls , ending the Sooners 31 - game winning streak . Bryant won SEC Coach of the Year honors in 1950 and then left after eight seasons to accept the head football coach position at Texas A&M . </P> <P> Assistant coaches at Kentucky under Bryant who went on to become head coaches include Paul Dietzel , Frank Moseley , Jim Owens and Phil Cutchin . Notable players who played for Bryant at Kentucky include Howard Schnellenberger , Jim Mackenzie , Jerry Claiborne , Steve Meilinger , George Blanda , Vito Parilli , and Bob Gain . </P> <H3> Blanton Collier era ( 1954 -- 1961 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cleveland Browns assistant Blanton Collier was hired to replace Bryant as head football coach at Kentucky in late 1953 . After completing his first season at Kentucky , Collier was named SEC Coach of the Year after posting a 7 -- 2 record . Collier 's assistants during his tenure at Kentucky included the likes of Bill Arnsparger , Chuck Knox , Howard Schnellenberger , and Don Shula . </P> <P> Despite having a winning record , 41 -- 36 -- 3 in eight seasons , Collier was fired . Collier struggled to recruit for much of his tenure , about which frustrated fans wrote letters of complaint to the university . Collier is the last Kentucky head football coach to leave the Wildcats with a winning record . </P> <H3> Charlie Bradshaw era ( 1962 -- 1968 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Charlie Bradshaw , an Alabama assistant under Bear Bryant , was hired to replace the fired Collier . Despite all the hype about being a Bear Bryant assistant , Bradshaw 's tenure turned out to be a disappointment , as he was unable to have much success with the Wildcats . He had a 25 -- 41 -- 5 record in seven seasons . Bradshaw is the last Kentucky coach to defeat Tennessee twice in Knoxville , and the last Kentucky coach to defeat Auburn twice . He was also the last to defeat a No. 1 ranked team in the country until Rich Brooks in 2007 . </P> <P> Bradshaw , a harsh , brutal coach , was the head coach of the infamous Thin Thirty Kentucky team . Kentucky had 88 players when Bradshaw arrived , but by season 's end , only 30 players were on the team . The story of that team is told in the 2007 book The Thin Thirty by Shannon Ragland . Bradshaw also recruited Nate Northington , the first African American to play in an SEC athletic contest ( 1967 ) . </P> <H3> John Ray era ( 1969 -- 1972 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Notre Dame assistant John Ray took over as head football coach in late 1969 . Ray 's teams consistently had solid defenses , but struggled to produce on the offensive end . Ray 's teams failed to win more than three games in a single season , going a dismal 10 -- 33 overall in Ray 's four seasons . Ray 's contract was not renewed after the 1972 season . </P> <H3> Fran Curci era ( 1973 -- 1981 ) ( edit ) </H3> A football signed by Kentucky head coach Fran Curci and gifted to President Gerald Ford . <P> Kentucky hired Fran Curci away from Miami after Ray was let go . The 1976 Wildcats tallied their first winning season in 13 years and won the Peach Bowl , finishing No. 18 in the final AP poll . For all intents and purposes , however , Curci 's tenure ended soon afterward , when the NCAA slapped the Wildcats with two years ' probation for numerous recruiting and amateurism violations . They were banned from postseason play and live television in 1977 . The most damaging sanction in the long term , however , was being limited to only 25 scholarships in 1977 and 1978 . </P> <P> The 1977 Kentucky team went 10 -- 1 , went undefeated in SEC play , won a share of the SEC title and finished the season ranked No. 6 in the AP poll . Due to the sanctions , however , the Wildcats were not able to go to a bowl . Kentucky finished at No. 6 and Penn State at No. 5 despite the fact that Kentucky defeated Penn State at Penn State during the regular season . Curci was unable to put together another winning team as a result of the reduced scholarships , and was fired after the 1981 season . </P> <H3> Jerry Claiborne era ( 1982 -- 1989 ) ( edit ) </H3> Coach Claiborne <P> Coach Jerry Claiborne returned to his alma mater from Maryland . He led the Wildcats to the 1983 Hall of Fame Bowl and the 1984 Hall of Fame Bowl , defeating a Wisconsin team ranked No. 20 in the polls to finish the season with a 9 -- 3 record and a No. 19 ranking in the final AP and UPI polls . Claiborne also won SEC Coach of the Year honors in 1983 . The E.J. Nutter Training Facility was built in 1987 . Coach Claiborne and Kentucky experienced an era of constant change at the quarterback position following the 1987 season through his departure that included Ransdell , Wright , and High School All - American and two way starter ( Quarterback / Safety ) Ricky Lewis , prior to landing Mr. Kentucky Football Awardee Pookie Jones of Calloway County . Claiborne retired following the 1989 season and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a coach in 1999 . He is the last coach to defeat Florida and was the last coach to defeat Tennessee until Joker Phillips in 2011 . His final record at Kentucky is 41 -- 46 -- 3 . </P> <H3> Bill Curry era ( 1990 -- 1996 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Bill Curry surprised the college football world by leaving Alabama for Kentucky in late 1989 . Despite the high hopes that the Kentucky football program would rise under his leadership , Curry 's Wildcats teams never achieved much success . The Wildcats ' best season under Curry was 1993 , going on to play Clemson in the 1993 New Years Eve Peach Bowl . It would be his only winning season in seven years . On the other side of the spectrum , his 1994 team went 1 - 10 , the worst record in modern program history . Curry was asked to resign after seven seasons and just a . 33 winning percentage . Curry 's record at Kentucky was 26 -- 52 . </P> <H3> Hal Mumme era ( 1997 -- 2000 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Coach Hal Mumme came to Kentucky from Valdosta State and brought an exciting , high - scoring , pass - oriented offense known as the `` Air Raid '' . He led the Wildcats to the 1998 Outback Bowl and the 1999 Music City Bowl . Mumme achieved a 20 -- 26 record in his four seasons . Mumme coached star quarterback Tim Couch , the top overall pick in the 1999 NFL Draft . Mumme was popular among the Kentucky fans , but the program was hit with severe sanctions for NCAA violations involving cash payments from an assistant coach to prospective recruits . Although Mumme himself was not implicated in any violation , he resigned after the 2000 season . Assistant coaches under Mumme at Kentucky included Mike Leach and Sonny Dykes . </P> <H3> Guy Morriss era ( 2001 -- 2002 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Guy Morriss was promoted from offensive line coach to head coach of the Wildcats after Mumme 's resignation . Under coach Morriss , the Wildcats went 2 -- 9 in 2001 but improved to a 7 -- 5 record in 2002 . However , the Wildcats were not eligible for postseason play in 2002 due to NCAA sanctions from Mumme 's tenure . The most significant event of that season came in a loss to LSU ( See : Bluegrass Miracle ) . Morriss accepted an offer to become the head football coach at Baylor after the 2002 season . </P> <H3> Rich Brooks era ( 2003 -- 2009 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The team 's next head coach was former Oregon head coach Rich Brooks , who was hired in December 2002 . He led the team out of the probationary years to an 8 -- 5 regular season record in 2006 , including a memorable upset over the defending SEC champion Georgia , snapping a nine - game losing streak to the Bulldogs . Brooks also led the football team to its first bowl game since 1999 and its first bowl game victory since 1984 , as Kentucky defeated the Clemson University Tigers 28 -- 20 in the Music City Bowl . In 2007 , the Wildcats were ranked 8th in the nation before a loss to South Carolina on October 4 . After the loss to South Carolina , Kentucky bounced back on October 13 to defeat No. 1 LSU in a historic triple overtime game . </P> <P> Brooks took Kentucky to four consecutive bowl games , winning the first three . The 2007 Kentucky Wildcats football defeated the Florida State Seminoles 35 -- 28 in the 2007 Music City Bowl in Nashville , Tennessee , on December 31 , 2007 . Quarterback Andre ' Woodson was named the Music City Bowl MVP for the second year in a row . In 2008 the Wildcats opted to go to the Liberty Bowl instead of the Music City Bowl and defeated Conference USA champion East Carolina 25 -- 19 . In 2009 , Brooks and Kentucky returned to the Music City Bowl , losing in a rematch to Clemson 21 -- 13 . Brooks retired after seven seasons with a 39 -- 47 overall record . </P> <H3> Joker Phillips era ( 2010 -- 2012 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Former Wildcat wide receiver and longtime assistant coach Joker Phillips was formally named head coach January 6 , 2010 after Brooks ' retirement ; he had been Brooks ' designated successor since 2008 . Kentucky started off strong under Phillips with a win on the road against archrival Louisville . The 2010 squad snapped a long - standing losing streak to South Carolina Coach Steve Spurrier by defeating the Gamecocks at Kroger Field . However , they dropped games to both Ole Miss and Mississippi State , lost to a Florida team on a down year and once again failed to beat its other archrival Tennessee , having lost 26 in a row to the Vols , the longest losing streak by one team to another in college football . The Wildcats capped the season with a 27 -- 10 loss to Pittsburgh in the BBVA Compass Bowl . </P> <P> On November 26 , 2011 , Kentucky snapped the longest active FBS losing streak to any one team by defeating the Tennessee Vols 10 -- 7 at Kroger Field . </P> <P> On November 4 , 2012 , the day after a 40 - 0 home shutout by Vanderbilt resulting with a 1 -- 9 record , UK athletics director Mitch Barnhart released a public letter to Big Blue Nation announcing that Phillips would not return for the 2013 season , but that he would finish out the 2012 season as head coach . With Joker 's 5 - year contract only being 3 years complete at the end of the season , the university has to pay $2.55 Million over the final 2 years of the contract . </P> <H3> Mark Stoops era ( 2013 -- present ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Florida State defensive coordinator Mark Stoops , brother of legendary former Oklahoma head coach Bob Stoops , was hired as Kentucky 's head football coach in late 2012 . One of Stoops ' first moves was hiring offensive coordinator Neal Brown , who brought back the `` Air Raid '' offense . After nine months as the head coach of the Wildcats , Stoops and his staff signed the highest ranked recruiting class in program history . </P> <P> Stoops 's first season at Kentucky was a struggle , as the Wildcats duplicated the 2 -- 10 record from 2012 . Kentucky 's wins in 2013 were over a winless Miami ( OH ) and FCS opponent Alabama State . In Stoops 's second season , the Wildcats broke a 17 - game SEC losing streak when they beat Vanderbilt the fourth game into the season . The Wildcats finished the 2014 season with a 5 -- 7 record . After the season , offensive coordinator Neal Brown left to take the head coaching job at Troy . In 2015 , Stoops 's third season , the Wildcats duplicated their 5 -- 7 record from 2014 . They lost to Florida , Auburn , Mississippi State , Tennessee , Georgia , Vanderbilt , and Louisville , and they defeated Louisiana - Lafayette , South Carolina , Missouri , Eastern Kentucky and Charlotte . </P> <P> On December 18 , 2015 , offensive coordinator Shannon Dawson , who was hired to replace Neal Brown , announced he would not return to the program for the 2016 season as the offensive coordinator , a result of the team 's struggles over the previous few years . In his place Kentucky hired Cincinnati offensive coordinator Eddie Gran as the assistant head coach of offense at Kentucky . Cincinnati quarterbacks coach Darin Hinshaw has also joined the UK staff as quarterbacks coach and co-offensive coordinator . Kentucky began the 2016 season with a loss to Southern Miss by a score of 44 -- 35 , after blowing a 25 - point lead . Ironically , Shannon Dawson , who was fired by Kentucky as offensive coordinator just months earlier , had been hired to serve as Southern Miss ' offensive coordinator . Kentucky would finish 7 -- 6 ( 4 -- 4 SEC ) on the season , which included snapping a five - game losing streak to archrival Louisville by a score of 41 -- 38 , with a berth in the TaxSlayer Bowl , their first bowl berth since 2010 , a game they lost to Georgia Tech by a score of 33 -- 18 . </P> <P> In the 2017 - 2018 season , the Wildcats opened the season with a victory over Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg 24 - 17 . The next week , the Wildcats defeated the Eastern Kentucky Colonels in their home opener at the newly renamed Kroger Field in Lexington . Following a road victory over the South Carolina Gamecocks , they failed to defeat the Florida Gators , who they have not defeated since 1986 . This extended the longest losing streak in SEC history to 31 years . Responding to the criticized loss to Florida , the Wildcats defeated Eastern Michigan and Missouri at Kroger Field , improving their record to 5 - 1 . </P> <P> Following their bye week , the Kentucky Wildcats fell to ranked Mississippi State team in Starkville , Mississippi by a score of 45 - 7 . However , the Wildcats improved to 6 - 2 by defeating the Tennessee Volunteers by a score of 29 - 26 at Kroger Field in Lexington , KY . The victory over Tennessee was Kentucky 's second victory since 1984 over the Volunteers , and secured Kentucky in postseason eligiblity . This was followed by a loss to Ole Miss at home 37 - 34 on November 4th and a dominating road win over unranked Vanderbilt on November 11th , 44 - 21 . The Wildcats face the 9 - 1 Georgia Bulldogs in Athens , GA on November 18th . </P> <H2> Bowl games ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Kentucky Wildcats bowl games <P> UK has played in 16 bowl games , compiling a record of 8 -- 8 . Note that in the table below , the year references the season , and not the actual date the game was played . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Bowl Game </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Loser </Th> <Th> Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Great Lakes Bowl </Td> <Td> UK 24 </Td> <Td> Villanova 14 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> Orange Bowl </Td> <Td> Santa Clara 21 </Td> <Td> UK 13 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Sugar Bowl </Td> <Td> UK 13 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma 7 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td> UK 20 </Td> <Td> TCU 7 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Peach Bowl </Td> <Td> UK 21 </Td> <Td> North Carolina 0 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hall of Fame Classic </Td> <Td> West Virginia 20 </Td> <Td> UK 16 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 5 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Hall of Fame Classic </Td> <Td> UK 20 </Td> <Td> Wisconsin 19 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Peach Bowl </Td> <Td> Clemson 14 </Td> <Td> UK 13 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Outback Bowl </Td> <Td> Penn State 26 </Td> <Td> UK 14 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Music City Bowl </Td> <Td> Syracuse 20 </Td> <Td> UK 13 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Music City Bowl </Td> <Td> UK 28 </Td> <Td> Clemson 20 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Music City Bowl </Td> <Td> UK 35 </Td> <Td> Florida State 28 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Liberty Bowl </Td> <Td> UK 25 </Td> <Td> East Carolina 19 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Music City Bowl </Td> <Td> Clemson 21 </Td> <Td> UK 13 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> BBVA Compass Bowl </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh 27 </Td> <Td> UK 10 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> TaxSlayer Bowl </Td> <Td> Georgia Tech 33 </Td> <Td> UK 18 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Music City Bowl </Td> <Td> Northwestern </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Totals </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> <Th> 8 -- 8 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Current coaching staff ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Kentucky Wildcats football head coaches <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Stoops </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eddie Gran </Td> <Td> Offensive Coordinator / Associate Head Coach , RB Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Matt House </Td> <Td> Defensive Coordinator / Linebackers Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vince Marrow </Td> <Td> Tight Ends Coach / Recruiting Coordinator </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Clinkscale </Td> <Td> Secondary Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lamar Thomas </Td> <Td> Wide Receivers Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darin Hinshaw </Td> <Td> Co-Offensive Coordinator , Quarterbacks Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Schlarman </Td> <Td> Offensive Line Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Derrick LeBlanc </Td> <Td> Defensive Line Coach </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dean Hood </Td> <Td> LB Coach / Special Teams Coordinator </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Rivals ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Louisville ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Governor 's Cup ( Kentucky ) <P> First played in 1912 , Louisville - Kentucky football series was revived in 1994 after the success of the basketball series that restarted in 1983 . They played the first four games of the renewed series at Commonwealth Stadium ( now Kroger Field ) until Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium ( PJCS ) was completed in 1997 , at which time they began rotating the series between Louisville , Kentucky and Lexington , Kentucky . Kentucky leads the series at 15 -- 14 but trails the modern series 14 - 9 . Kentucky played Louisville in the Cardinals ' first 4 seasons and twice in the 1920s , holding the Cardinals scoreless in all contests . Kentucky then left the SIAA in 1922 to become a charter member of the Southeastern Conference and limited its play of in - state schools . It would be 70 years before these two in - state rivals faced each other again . </P> <P> In 2013 , it was announced that the game would be moved to the final game of the season following Louisville 's 2014 move to the ACC . This scheduling change fits with other end - of - year SEC vs. ACC rivalry games , such as Georgia vs. Georgia Tech , Florida vs. Florida State and South Carolina vs. Clemson . </P> <P> Kentucky upset the # 11 Louisville Cardinals 41 - 38 on November 26 , 2016 . The Wildcats were 27 point underdogs going into the game . </P> <H3> Tennessee ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Kentucky -- Tennessee rivalry <P> Tennessee and Kentucky have played each other 108 times over 114 years with Tennessee winning 75 games to 24 wins by Kentucky (. 736 ) . Tennessee has won the most games in Lexington , Kentucky with 35 wins to 14 by Kentucky (. 702 ) . Tennessee also has more wins than Kentucky in Knoxville , Tennessee with 45 wins to 10 (. 787 ) . Tennessee has the most wins in the series at Stoll Field with 19 wins to 11 Kentucky wins (. 621 ) . The Series is tied at 3 a piece at Baldwin Park . Tennessee leads the series at Neyland Stadium with 35 wins to 7 Kentucky wins (. 792 ) . Tennessee leads the series at Kroger Field with 17 wins to 3 Kentucky wins (. 850 ) . Like many college football rivalries , the Tennessee - Kentucky game had its own trophy for many years : a wooden beer barrel painted half blue and half orange . The trophy was awarded to the winner of the game every year from 1925 to 1997 . The Barrel was introduced in 1925 by a group of former Kentucky students who wanted to create a material sign of supremacy for the rivalry . It was rolled onto the field that year with the words `` Ice Water '' painted on it to avoid any outcries over a beer keg symbolizing a college rivalry . </P> <P> The barrel exchange was retired in 1998 after two Kentucky football players died in an alcohol - related crash . </P> <H3> Indiana ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Bourbon Barrel <P> More known for its basketball rivalry , the Indiana - Kentucky series was played annually from 1987 until 2005 in what was known as the `` Battle for the Bourbon Barrel '' game . The series rotated between Bloomington , Indiana and Lexington , Kentucky and the two teams played for a trophy called the `` Bourbon Barrel '' from 1987 until both schools mutually agreed to retire the trophy in 1999 following the alcohol - related death of two Kentucky football players . Indiana leads the series ( 18 -- 17 -- 1 ) . The two have n't played since 2005 . </P> <H3> Vanderbilt ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Kentucky -- Vanderbilt football rivalry <P> Having started in 1896 , the Kentucky - Vanderbilt football series has been played annually since 1953 . The two are divisional opponents in the SEC East . The series , which rotates between Nashville , Tennessee and Lexington , Kentucky , stands at 43 -- 42 -- 4 with Kentucky leading the series . The average score being Vanderbilt 17 - Kentucky 15.6 . </P> <H3> Mississippi State ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Kentucky -- Mississippi State football rivalry <P> The Mississippi State - Kentucky series became a rivalry when the SEC assigned cross-divisional opponents . The Bulldogs ( of the SEC West ) and Wildcats ( of the SEC East ) were assigned to each other . They play every year which rotates between Lexington , Kentucky and Starkville , Mississippi . Mississippi State has won 8 of their last 10 vs. Kentucky . Mississippi State leads the series 23 -- 22 . </P> <H3> All - time record vs. current SEC schools ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Won </Th> <Th> Lost </Th> <Th> Tied </Th> <Th> Percentage </Th> <Th> Streak </Th> <Th> First </Th> <Th> Last </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 063 </Td> <Td> Lost 6 </Td> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 571 </Td> <Td> Lost 1 </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 197 </Td> <Td> Lost 2 </Td> <Td> 1934 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 254 </Td> <Td> Lost 31 </Td> <Td> 1917 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 188 </Td> <Td> Lost 6 </Td> <Td> 1939 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LSU </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 289 </Td> <Td> Lost 2 </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> Won 1 </Td> <Td> 1914 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 625 </Td> <Td> Won 3 </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 345 </Td> <Td> Won 1 </Td> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 397 </Td> <Td> Won 4 </Td> <Td> 1937 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> . 261 </Td> <Td> Won 1 </Td> <Td> 1893 </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> Lost 1 </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vanderbilt </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 506 </Td> <Td> Won 1 </Td> <Td> 1896 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Totals </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> 404 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> . 310 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Championships ( edit ) </H2> <H3> National championships ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prior to the advent of the BCS in 1998 , national champions were primarily chosen by a combination of national ranking systems and nation media poll rankings . During the last 142 years , there have been more than 30 selectors of national champions using polls , historical research and mathematical rating systems . Beginning in 1936 , The Associated Press began the best - known and most widely circulated poll of sportswriters and broadcasters . Before 1936 , national champions were determined by historical research and retroactive ratings and polls . It is important to remember that from 1936 to 1964 , the Associated Press chose a `` national champion '' prior to bowl games . </P> <P> The NCAA has never officially recognized a national champion from among the bowl coalition institutions , but in 2004 the NCAA commissioned Jeff Sagarin to use his computer model to retroactively determine the highest ranked teams for the years prior to the BCS . His champion for the 1950 season is Kentucky . The polls for the 1950 national champion , taken before the bowl games were played , list either Oklahoma ( AP , Berryman , Helms , Litkenhous , UPI , Williamson ) , Princeton ( Boand , Poling ) , or Tennessee ( Billingsley , DeVold , Dunkel , Missouri , Don Faurot Football Research , National Championship Foundation , Sagarin ( ELO - Chess ) ) . Tennessee was the winner of the Cotton Bowl and the only team to beat Kentucky during the 1950 season . Oklahoma was named National Champion by AP and UPI Coaches ' Poll , both which awarded their titles before the bowl games . Kentucky would go on to beat Oklahoma in the Sugar Bowl . However , they are still not recognized as national champions for that year . </P> <H3> Conference championships ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Conference </Th> <Th> Coach </Th> <Th> Overall Record </Th> <Th> Conference Record </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> Paul `` Bear '' Bryant </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> Fran Curci </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Conference Titles : </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Denotes co-champions </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> ‡ Mississippi State forfeited their 1976 win over Kentucky , giving Kentucky an official 5 -- 1 conference record and a share of the SEC title with Georgia . </P> <Ul> <Li> Kentucky also finished the 1977 season with a 10 -- 1 ( 6 -- 0 SEC ) record , but were not eligible for a share of the SEC championship or for postseason play due to NCAA probation . </Li> </Ul> <H2> All - Americans ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Unanimous </Th> <Th> Consensus </Th> <Th> Selectors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clyde Johnson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1942 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> AP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Gain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1949 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> All - Players , NY Sun , NEA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Gain </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> AP , UPI , INS , Camp , NEA , CP , FWAA - Look , AAB , FD , NYNews </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Babe Parilli </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> AP , INS , Camp , Colliers , NY News , Sporting News , AA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Babe Parilli </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> UP , INS , Camp , NEA , CP , AAB , NY News , All - Player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doug Moseley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> AP , FWAA - Look </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Meilinger </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> AP , NEA , All - Player </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Meilinger </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> NEA , Colliers , AAB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ray Correll </Td> <Td> DG </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> FWAA - Look , Chicago Tribun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Howard Schnellenberger </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> AP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lou Michaels </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> UPI , NA , Camp , Colliers , NY News </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lou Michaels </Td> <Td> OT </Td> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> AP , NEA , Camp , FWAA - Look , Coaches , NY News , Sporting News </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irv Goode </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herschel Turner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sam Ball </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> UPI , NEA , Camp , FWAA - Look , Coaches , Time , Sporting New </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rodger Bird </Td> <Td> HB </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Time , NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rick Norton </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Time , NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elmore Stephens </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Time </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rick Nuzum </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> NEA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warrant Bryant </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Camp , Coaches </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Art Still </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> AP , UPI , NEA , Coaches , FWAA , Camp , Sporting News , Football News </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Pfeifer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Football News , Mizlou </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tim Couch </Td> <Td> QB </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Camp , FWAA , AAF </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Whalen </Td> <Td> TE </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> AP , Camp , FWAA , AAFF , CNN / SI , CBS SportsLine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Derek Abney </Td> <Td> KR </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> AP , FWAA , Camp , Sporting News , ESPN , CBS SportsLine , CNN / SI , College Football News </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glenn Pakulak </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> CBS SportsLine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Randall Cobb </Td> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> AP </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> First Team All - SEC ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Duece Howerton </Td> <Td> Running Back </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Marty Moore </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Melvin Johnson </Td> <Td> Free Safety </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Moe Williams </Td> <Td> Half Back </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> John Schlarman </Td> <Td> Offensive Guard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Kris Comstock </Td> <Td> Offensive Guard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Tim Couch </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Craig Yeast </Td> <Td> Wide Receiver </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Andy Smith </Td> <Td> Punter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Jeff Snedegar </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> James Whalen </Td> <Td> Tight End </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Derek Smith </Td> <Td> Tight End </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Omar Smith </Td> <Td> Offensive Tackle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Derek Abney </Td> <Td> Kick Returner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Dennis Johnson </Td> <Td> Defensive End </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Glenn Pakulak </Td> <Td> Punter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Derek Abney </Td> <Td> Kick Returner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Antonio Hall </Td> <Td> Offensive Tackle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Glenn Pakulak </Td> <Td> Punter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Artose Pinner </Td> <Td> Running Back </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Derek Abney </Td> <Td> Kick Returner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Antonio Hall </Td> <Td> Offensive Tackle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Rafael Little </Td> <Td> All - Purpose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Keenan Burton </Td> <Td> All - Purpose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Jacob Tamme </Td> <Td> Tight End </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Wesley Woodyard </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Jacob Tamme </Td> <Td> Tight End </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Wesley Woodyard </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Micah Johnson </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Trevard Lindley </Td> <Td> Defensive Back </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Tim Masthay </Td> <Td> Punter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Randall Cobb </Td> <Td> All - Purpose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Randall Cobb </Td> <Td> All - Purpose </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Danny Trevathan </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Danny Trevathan </Td> <Td> Linebacker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Alvin Dupree </Td> <Td> Defensive End </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Landon Foster </Td> <Td> Punter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Jon Toth </Td> <Td> Center </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Benny Snell Jr . </Td> <Td> Running Back </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Current players in the national football league ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of Kentucky Wildcats players in the NFL Draft <P> The following is a list of Kentucky players in the NFL . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pos . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Height </Th> <Th> Weight </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Draft Year </Th> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> Overall </Th> <Th> Current NFL Team </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Randall Cobb </Td> <Td> 5'11 '' </Td> <Td> 190 lbs . </Td> <Td> Alcoa , TN </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64th </Td> <Td> Green Bay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Bud Dupree </Td> <Td> 6'4 '' </Td> <Td> 270 lbs . </Td> <Td> Irwinton , GA </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22nd </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Josh Forrest </Td> <Td> 6'4 '' </Td> <Td> 240 lbs . </Td> <Td> Paducah , KY </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 190th </Td> <Td> Seattle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DB </Td> <Td> Winston Guy </Td> <Td> 6'1 '' </Td> <Td> 218 lbs . </Td> <Td> Lexington , KY </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 181st </Td> <Td> Free Agent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WR </Td> <Td> Steve Johnson </Td> <Td> 6'3 '' </Td> <Td> 210 lbs . </Td> <Td> San Francisco , CA </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 229th </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Chargers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DT </Td> <Td> Corey Peters </Td> <Td> 6'3 '' </Td> <Td> 295 lbs . </Td> <Td> Louisville , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 83rd </Td> <Td> Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Za'Darius Smith </Td> <Td> 6'6 '' </Td> <Td> 265 lbs . </Td> <Td> Greenville , AL </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 122nd </Td> <Td> Baltimore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Danny Trevathan </Td> <Td> 6'1 '' </Td> <Td> 235 lbs . </Td> <Td> Leesburg , FL </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 188th </Td> <Td> Chicago </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> OG </Td> <Td> Larry Warford </Td> <Td> 6'3 '' </Td> <Td> 332 lbs . </Td> <Td> Richmond , KY </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 65th </Td> <Td> New Orleans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Avery Williamson </Td> <Td> 6'1 '' </Td> <Td> 238 lbs . </Td> <Td> Milan , TN </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 151st </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LB </Td> <Td> Wesley Woodyard </Td> <Td> 6'1 '' </Td> <Td> 230 lbs . </Td> <Td> LaGrange , GA </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> UD </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Hall of famers ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pro ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Inductee </Th> <Th> Position ( s ) </Th> <Th> Class </Th> <Th> Team ( s ) , Years </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Blanda </Td> <Td> Quarterback Placekicker </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Chicago Bears , 1949 , 1950 -- 58 Baltimore Colts , 1950 Houston Oilers , 1960 -- 66 Oakland Raiders , 1967 -- 75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dermontti Dawson </Td> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers , 1988 -- 2000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> College ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Inductee </Th> <Th> Position ( s ) </Th> <Th> Class </Th> <Th> Years </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Art Still </Td> <Td> Defensive End </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1977 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul `` Bear '' Bryant </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jerry Claiborne </Td> <Td> Head Coach </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Gain </Td> <Td> Guard Tackle </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steve Meilinger </Td> <Td> Defensive Line </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lou Michaels </Td> <Td> Tackle </Td> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Babe Parilli </Td> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 51 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Individual award winners ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Outland Trophy ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bob Gain -- 1950 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Wuerffel Trophy ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Courtney Love -- 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H3> University of Kentucky 100th Anniversary Team ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chosen in 1990 by Kentucky Newspapers </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lexington Herald - Leader </Li> <Li> Offense </Li> <Li> OE -- Tom Hutchinson </Li> <Li> OE -- Steve Meilinger </Li> <Li> OL -- Sam Ball </Li> <Li> OL -- Warren Bryant </Li> <Li> OL -- Irv Goode </Li> <Li> OL -- Ray Correl </Li> <Li> OL -- Doug Mosely </Li> <Li> QB -- Babe Parilli </Li> <Li> RB -- Sonny Collins </Li> <Li> RB -- Rodger Bird </Li> <Li> RB -- Shipwreck Kelly </Li> <Li> PK -- Joe Worley </Li> <Li> Defense </Li> <Li> DE -- Art Still </Li> <Li> DT -- Bob Gain </Li> <Li> MG -- Dave Roller </Li> <Li> DT -- Lou Michaels </Li> <Li> DE -- Jeff Van Note </Li> <Li> LB -- Joe Federspiel </Li> <Li> LB -- Jay Rhodemyer </Li> <Li> DB -- Paul Calhoun </Li> <Li> DB -- Jerry Claiborne </Li> <Li> DB -- Darryl Bishop </Li> <Li> DB -- Mike Siganos </Li> <Li> KR -- Dicky Lyons Sr . </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Courier - Journal ( Louisville ) </Li> <Li> Offense </Li> <Li> OE -- Tom Hutchinson </Li> <Li> OE -- Steve Mellinger </Li> <Li> OT -- Sam Ball </Li> <Li> OT -- Warren Bryant </Li> <Li> OG -- Gene Donaldson </Li> <Li> OG -- Dermontti Dawson </Li> <Li> OC -- Jay Rhodemyer </Li> <Li> QB -- Babe Parilli </Li> <Li> RB -- Sonny Collins </Li> <Li> RB -- Bob Davis </Li> <Li> RB -- Mark Higgs </Li> <Li> PK -- Joe Worley </Li> <Li> Defense </Li> <Li> DL -- Art Still </Li> <Li> DL -- Bob Gain </Li> <Li> DL -- Dave Correl </Li> <Li> DL -- Lou Michaels </Li> <Li> DL -- Jeff Van Note </Li> <Li> LB -- Joe Federspiel </Li> <Li> LB -- Jim Kovach </Li> <Li> LB -- Frank LeMaster </Li> <Li> DB -- Paul Calhoun </Li> <Li> RB -- Rodger Bird </Li> <Li> DB -- Mike Siganos </Li> <Li> P -- Ralph Kercheval </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Retired numbers ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> No. 21 : Calvin Bird </Li> <Li> No. 22 : Mark Higgs </Li> </Ul> <H2> Future opponents and Schedules ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Conference and non-conference opponents ( edit ) </H3> SEC West opponents ( edit ) <P> Kentucky plays Mississippi State as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the West division among the other six schools . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Year </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> LSU </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AWAY </Td> <Td> HOME </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> HOME </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AWAY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> HOME </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AWAY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AWAY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> HOME </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2021 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> HOME </Td> <Td> AWAY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2022 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> HOME </Td> <Td> AWAY </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2023 </Td> <Td> HOME </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AWAY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2024 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AWAY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> HOME </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2025 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> AWAY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> HOME </Td> </Tr> </Table> Non-conference opponents ( edit ) <P> Announced schedules as of September 3 , 2017 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> 2020 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 / 01 -- Central Michigan </Td> <Td> 8 / 31 -- Toledo </Td> <Td> 9 / 05 -- Eastern Michigan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 / 15 -- Murray State </Td> <Td> 9 / 07 -- at Eastern Michigan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 / 17 -- Middle Tennessee </Td> <Td> 11 / 23 -- UT Martin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 / 24 -- at Louisville </Td> <Td> 11 / 30 -- Louisville </Td> <Td> 11 / 28 -- at Louisville </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H3> Schedules ( edit ) </H3> 2018 Schedule ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Site </Th> <Th> TV </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Attendance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Central Michigan * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kroger Field Lexington , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ben Hill Griffin Stadium Gainesville , FL </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Murray State * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kroger Field Lexington , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kroger Field Lexington , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kroger Field Lexington , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Texas A&M </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kyle Field College Station , TX </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vanderbilt </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kroger Field Lexington , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October 27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Missouri </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Faurot Field Columbia , MO </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 3 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kroger Field Lexington , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Tennessee </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neyland Stadium Knoxville , TN </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Middle Tennessee * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kroger Field Lexington , KY </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> at Louisville * </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Papa John 's Cardinal Stadium Louisville , KY ( Governor 's Cup ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> * Non-conference game . Homecoming . Rankings from Coaches ' Poll released prior to game . All times are in Eastern Time . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCAA Football Award Winners '' ( PDF ) . National Collegiate Athletic Association . 2014 . pp. 13 -- 18 . Retrieved December 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ University of Kentucky Athletics Brand Identity Guidelines . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats Official Athletic Site -- Football '' . Ukathletics.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kentucky Football Media Guide , p. 177 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Kentucky Wildcats Official Athletic Site -- Football '' . ukathletics.com . Archived from the original on October 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Leo Donovan , Yankees to Fighting Irish : What 's Behind Your Favorite Team 's Name ( Taylor Trade Publications , 2004 ) , p107 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Players who served in the Military '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bear Bryant '' . College Football at Sports-Reference.com . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 100 years of Bear Bryant ; 100 facts you may not know '' . AL.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coaching Tree : Bear Bryant '' . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rickerd , Brian ( October 14 , 2013 ) . `` University of Kentucky football great Meilinger has only one regret about Hall of Fame -- Frankfort & Franklin County , Kentucky '' . State-journal.com . 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Saturday Down South . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky gets three years probation '' . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2010 . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Smart Football '' . smartfootball.blogspot.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Elevates Ex-eagle Morriss '' . philly - archives . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2001 - Kentucky Wildcats Football Statistics and Results - Totalfootballstats.com '' . totalfootballstats.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats 2002 Football Schedule '' . nationalchamps.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived February 12 , 2002 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Henderson 's ' Bluegrass Miracle ' Stuns UK , 33 -- 30 '' . LSUsports.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Baylor University -- Media Communications -- News '' . Baylor University -- Media Communications . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brooks hired to coach Kentucky '' . TuscaloosaNews.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats 2006 Football Schedule '' . nationalchamps.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Georgia Bulldogs ' last five matchups vs. Kentucky Wildcats '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Tennessean - Dickson '' . The Tennessean . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats vs South Carolina Gamecocks -- Preview '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LSU Tigers vs Kentucky Wildcats -- Recap '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Brooks Retires at Kentucky '' . ukathletics.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats vs Florida State Seminoles -- Recap '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived February 19 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats vs East Carolina Pirates -- Recap '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Music City Bowl : Clemson Beats Kentucky , 21 -- 13 '' . The Huffington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phillips introduced as UK football coach '' . wkyt.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 Kentucky Wildcats Football Schedule '' . FBSchedules.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pittsburgh Panthers vs Kentucky Wildcats -- Recap '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 5 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joker Phillips Fired : Kentucky Fires Football Coach '' . The Huffington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ + Scott Anderson . `` Firing Joker Phillips Was n't Cheap '' . Nation of Blue . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mark Stoops on brother Bob Stoops : ' Bob truly represents what is good about college football ' '' . June 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mark Stoops , Florida State Seminoles defensive coordinator , hired as head coach of Kentucky Wildcats '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neal Brown Named Offensive Coordinator , Quarterbacks Coach '' . ukathletics.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SethBurchett . `` UK football : Mark Stoops -- Altering perceptions and expectations '' . A Sea of Blue . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 2013 Kentucky Wildcats Football Schedule '' . FBSchedules.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alabama State vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - November 2 , 2013 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky tops Vanderbilt 17 -- 7 , ends SEC drought '' . Yahoo Sports . September 27 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A ( December 1 , 2014 ) . `` Stoops : Wildcats progressed despite 5 -- 7 finish '' . Usatoday.com . Retrieved May 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jason Marcum . `` Troy hires Kentucky 's Neal Brown as head coach '' . SBNation.com . Vox Media . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Florida vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - September 19 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Auburn vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - October 15 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky vs. Mississippi State - Game Recap - October 24 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tennessee vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - October 31 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky vs. Georgia - Game Recap - November 7 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky vs. Vanderbilt - Game Recap - November 14 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Louisville vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - November 28 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Louisiana vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - September 5 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky vs. South Carolina - Game Recap - September 12 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Missouri vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - September 26 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eastern Kentucky vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - October 3 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charlotte vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - November 21 , 2015 - ESPN '' . ESPN.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hale , Jon ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Shannon Dawson out as Kentucky OC '' . The Courier - Journal . Louisville . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Jennifer ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` Kentucky 's Shannon Dawson wo n't return next season '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hale , Jon ( December 19 , 2014 ) . `` Gran , Hinshaw join Kentucky football staff '' . The Courier - Journal . Louisville . Retrieved April 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Jennifer ( December 29 , 2015 ) . `` UK football hires Cincinnati 's Eddie Gran to be assistant head coach of the offense '' . Lexington Herald - Leader . Retrieved December 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Southern Mississippi vs. Kentucky - Game Recap - September 3 , 2016 '' . ESPN . 2016 - 09 - 04 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shannon Dawson to be Southern Miss offensive coordinator '' . Usatoday.com. 2016 - 02 - 11 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky vs. Louisville - Game Recap - November 26 , 2016 '' . ESPN . 2016 - 11 - 26 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Georgia Tech survives Kentucky comeback bid in chippy TaxSlayer Bowl - College Football Nation Blog '' . ESPN . 2016 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oh , Four Oh Four '' . idsnews.com . Archived from the original on January 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` mcubed.net : NCAAF Football : Series records : Kentucky vs. Vanderbilt '' . mcubed.net . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Past Division I-A Football National Champions '' . 2008 - 03 - 25 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SEC Future Football Schedule Rotation Announced '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kentucky Wildcats Football Schedules and Future Schedules '' . fbschedules.com . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Kentucky Wildcats football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stoll Field / McLean Stadium ( 1916 -- 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Kroger Field ( 1973 -- present ) </Li> <Li> E.J. 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Transformation ( Genetics ) - wikipedia <H1> Transformation ( Genetics ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with an unrelated process called malignant transformation which occurs in the progression of cancer . In this image , a gene from bacterial cell 1 is moved from bacterial cell 1 to bacterial cell 2 . This process of bacterial cell 2 taking up new genetic material is called transformation . <P> In molecular biology , transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation of exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane ( s ) . For transformation to take place , the recipient bacteria must be in a state of competence , which might occur in nature as a time - limited response to environmental conditions such as starvation and cell density , and may also be induced in a laboratory . </P> <P> Transformation is one of three processes for horizontal gene transfer , in which exogenous genetic material passes from bacterium to another , the other two being conjugation ( transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells in direct contact ) and transduction ( injection of foreign DNA by a bacteriophage virus into the host bacterium ) . In transformation , the genetic material passes through the intervening medium , and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium . </P> <P> As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation , about evenly divided between Gram - positive and Gram - negative bacteria ; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers . </P> <P> `` Transformation '' may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells , including animal and plant cells ; however , because `` transformation '' has a special meaning in relation to animal cells , indicating progression to a cancerous state , the process is usually called `` transfection '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Definitions </Li> <Li> 3 Natural competence and transformation <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Natural transformation </Li> <Li> 3.2 Transformation , as an adaptation for DNA repair </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Methods and mechanisms of transformation in laboratory <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Bacterial </Li> <Li> 4.2 Yeast </Li> <Li> 4.3 Plants </Li> <Li> 4.4 Animals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Practical aspects of transformation in molecular biology <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Selection and screening in plasmid transformation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Transformation in bacteria was first demonstrated in 1928 by British bacteriologist Frederick Griffith . Griffith discovered that a strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae could be made virulent after being exposed to heat - killed virulent strains . Griffith hypothesized that some `` transforming principle '' from the heat - killed strain was responsible for making the harmless strain virulent . In 1944 this `` transforming principle '' was identified as being genetic by Oswald Avery , Colin MacLeod , and Maclyn McCarty . They isolated DNA from a virulent strain of S. pneumoniae and using just this DNA were able to make a harmless strain virulent . They called this uptake and incorporation of DNA by bacteria `` transformation '' ( See Avery - MacLeod - McCarty experiment ) . According to the textbook entitled , Microbiology an Introduction tenth edition ; states `` Griffith was interested in determining whether injections of heat - killed bacteria of the encapsulated strain could be used to vaccinate mice against pneumonia . As he expected injections of living encapsulated bacteria killed the mouse . Injections of living nonencapsulated bacteria or injections of dead encapsulated bacteria did not kill the mouse . However , when the dead encapsulated bacteria were mixed with live nonencapsulated bacteria and injected into the mice , many of the mice died '' . Subsequent investigations based on Griffith 's research revealed that bacterial transformation could be carried out without mice. ( ( . ) ) The results of Avery et al. 's experiments were at first skeptically received by the scientific community and it was not until the development of genetic markers and the discovery of other methods of genetic transfer ( conjugation in 1947 and transduction in 1953 ) by Joshua Lederberg that Avery 's experiments were accepted . </P> <P> It was originally thought that Escherichia coli , a commonly used laboratory organism , was refractory to transformation . However , in 1970 , Morton Mandel and Akiko Higa showed that E. coli may be induced to take up DNA from bacteriophage λ without the use of helper phage after treatment with calcium chloride solution . Two years later in 1972 , Stanley Norman Cohen , Annie Chang and Leslie Hsu showed that CaCl 2 treatment is also effective for transformation of plasmid DNA . The method of transformation by Mandel and Higa was later improved upon by Douglas Hanahan . The discovery of artificially induced competence in E. coli created an efficient and convenient procedure for transforming bacteria which allows for simpler molecular cloning methods in biotechnology and research , and it is now a routinely used laboratory procedure . </P> <P> Transformation using electroporation was developed in the late 1980s , increasing the efficiency of in - vitro transformation and increasing the number of bacterial strains that could be transformed . Transformation of animal and plant cells was also investigated with the first transgenic mouse being created by injecting a gene for a rat growth hormone into a mouse embryo in 1982 . In 1907 a bacterium that caused plant tumors , Agrobacterium tumefaciens , was discovered and in the early 1970s the tumor - inducing agent was found to be a DNA plasmid called the Ti plasmid . By removing the genes in the plasmid that caused the tumor and adding in novel genes , researchers were able to infect plants with A. tumefaciens and let the bacteria insert their chosen DNA into the genomes of the plants . Not all plant cells are susceptible to infection by A. tumefaciens , so other methods were developed , including electroporation and micro-injection . Particle bombardment was made possible with the invention of the Biolistic Particle Delivery System ( gene gun ) by John Sanford in the 1980s . </P> <H2> Definitions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Transformation is one of three forms of horizontal gene transfer that occur in nature among bacteria , in which DNA encoding for a trait passes from one bacterium to another and is integrated into the recipient genome by homologous recombination ; the other two are transduction , carried out by means of a bacteriophage , and conjugation , in which a gene is passed through direct contact between bacteria . In transformation , the genetic material passes through the intervening medium , and uptake is completely dependent on the recipient bacterium . </P> <P> Competence refers to a temporary state of being able to take up exogenous DNA from the environment ; it may be induced in a laboratory . </P> <P> It appears to be an ancient process inherited from a common prokaryotic ancestor that is a beneficial adaptation for promoting recombinational repair of DNA damage , especially damage acquired under stressful conditions . Natural genetic transformation appears to be an adaptation for repair of DNA damage that also generates genetic diversity . </P> <P> Transformation has been studied in medically important Gram - negative bacteria species such as Helicobacter pylori , Legionella pneumophila , Neisseria meningitidis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Haemophilus influenzae and Vibrio cholerae . It has also been studied in Gram - negative species found in soil such as Pseudomonas stutzeri , Acinetobacter baylyi , and Gram - negative plant pathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum and Xylella fastidiosa . Transformation among Gram - positive bacteria has been studied in medically important species such as Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcus mutans , Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus sanguinis and in Gram - positive soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis . It has also been reported in at least 30 species of Proteobacteria distributed in the classes alpha , beta , gamma and epsilon . The best studied Proteobacteria with respect to transformation are the medically important human pathogens Neisseria gonorrhoeae ( class beta ) , Haemophilus influenzae ( class gamma ) and Helicobacter pylori ( class epsilon ) </P> <P> `` Transformation '' may also be used to describe the insertion of new genetic material into nonbacterial cells , including animal and plant cells ; however , because `` transformation '' has a special meaning in relation to animal cells , indicating progression to a cancerous state , the process is usually called `` transfection '' . </P> <H2> Natural competence and transformation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Natural competence <P> As of 2014 about 80 species of bacteria were known to be capable of transformation , about evenly divided between Gram - positive and Gram - negative bacteria ; the number might be an overestimate since several of the reports are supported by single papers . </P> <P> Naturally competent bacteria carry sets of genes that provide the protein machinery to bring DNA across the cell membrane ( s ) . The transport of the exogenous DNA into the cells may require proteins that are involved in the assembly of type IV pili and type II secretion system , as well as DNA translocase complex at the cytoplasmic membrane . </P> <P> Due to the differences in structure of the cell envelope between Gram - positive and Gram - negative bacteria , there are some differences in the mechanisms of DNA uptake in these cells , however most of them share common features that involve related proteins . The DNA first binds to the surface of the competent cells on a DNA receptor , and passes through the cytoplasmic membrane via DNA translocase . Only single - stranded DNA may pass through , the other strand being degraded by nucleases in the process . The translocated single - stranded DNA may then be integrated into the bacterial chromosomes by a RecA - dependent process . In Gram - negative cells , due to the presence of an extra membrane , the DNA requires the presence of a channel formed by secretins on the outer membrane . Pilin may be required for competence , but its role is uncertain . The uptake of DNA is generally non-sequence specific , although in some species the presence of specific DNA uptake sequences may facilitate efficient DNA uptake . </P> <H3> Natural transformation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Natural transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer that depends on the expression of numerous bacterial genes whose products appear to be responsible for this process . In general , transformation is a complex , energy - requiring developmental process . In order for a bacterium to bind , take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its chromosome , it must become competent , that is , enter a special physiological state . Competence development in Bacillus subtilis requires expression of about 40 genes . The DNA integrated into the host chromosome is usually ( but with rare exceptions ) derived from another bacterium of the same species , and is thus homologous to the resident chromosome . </P> <P> In B. subtilis the length of the transferred DNA is greater than 1271 kb ( more than 1 million bases ) . The length transferred is likely double stranded DNA and is often more than a third of the total chromosome length of 4215 kb . It appears that about 7 - 9 % of the recipient cells take up an entire chromosome . </P> <P> The capacity for natural transformation appears to occur in a number of prokaryotes , and thus far 67 prokaryotic species ( in seven different phyla ) are known to undergo this process . </P> <P> Competence for transformation is typically induced by high cell density and / or nutritional limitation , conditions associated with the stationary phase of bacterial growth . Transformation in Haemophilus influenzae occurs most efficiently at the end of exponential growth as bacterial growth approaches stationary phase . Transformation in Streptococcus mutans , as well as in many other streptococci , occurs at high cell density and is associated with biofilm formation . Competence in B. subtilis is induced toward the end of logarithmic growth , especially under conditions of amino acid limitation . </P> <P> By releasing intact host and plasmid DNA , certain bacteriophages are thought to contribute to transformation . </P> <H3> Transformation , as an adaptation for DNA repair ( edit ) </H3> <P> Competence is specifically induced by DNA damaging conditions . For instance , transformation is induced in Streptococcus pneumoniae by the DNA damaging agents mitomycin C ( a DNA crosslinking agent ) and fluoroquinolone ( a topoisomerase inhibitor that causes double - strand breaks ) . In B. subtilis , transformation is increased by UV light , a DNA damaging agent . In Helicobacter pylori , ciprofloxacin , which interacts with DNA gyrase and introduces double - strand breaks , induces expression of competence genes , thus enhancing the frequency of transformation Using Legionella pneumophila , Charpentier et al. tested 64 toxic molecules to determine which of these induce competence . Of these only six , all DNA damaging agents , caused strong induction . These DNA damaging agents were mitomycin C ( which causes DNA inter-strand crosslinks ) , norfloxacin , ofloxacin and nalidixic acid ( inhibitors of DNA gyrase that cause double - strand breaks ) , bicyclomycin ( causes single - and double - strand breaks ) , and hydroxyurea ( induces DNA base oxidation ) . UV light also induced competence in L. pneumophila . Charpentier et al. suggested that competence for transformation probably evolved as a DNA damage response . </P> <P> Logarithmically growing bacteria differ from stationary phase bacteria with respect to the number of genome copies present in the cell , and this has implications for the capability to carry out an important DNA repair process . During logarithmic growth , two or more copies of any particular region of the chromosome may be present in a bacterial cell , as cell division is not precisely matched with chromosome replication . The process of homologous recombinational repair ( HRR ) is a key DNA repair process that is especially effective for repairing double - strand damages , such as double - strand breaks . This process depends on a second homologous chromosome in addition to the damaged chromosome . During logarithmic growth , a DNA damage in one chromosome may be repaired by HRR using sequence information from the other homologous chromosome . Once cells approach stationary phase , however , they typically have just one copy of the chromosome , and HRR requires input of homologous template from outside the cell by transformation . </P> <P> To test whether the adaptive function of transformation is repair of DNA damages , a series of experiments were carried out using B. subtilis irradiated by UV light as the damaging agent ( reviewed by Michod et al. and Bernstein et al . ) The results of these experiments indicated that transforming DNA acts to repair potentially lethal DNA damages introduced by UV light in the recipient DNA . The particular process responsible for repair was likely HRR . Transformation in bacteria can be viewed as a primitive sexual process , since it involves interaction of homologous DNA from two individuals to form recombinant DNA that is passed on to succeeding generations . Bacterial transformation in prokaryotes may have been the ancestral process that gave rise to meiotic sexual reproduction in eukaryotes ( see Evolution of sexual reproduction ; Meiosis . ) </P> <H2> Methods and mechanisms of transformation in laboratory ( edit ) </H2> Schematic of bacterial transformation -- for which artificial competence must first be induced . <H3> Bacterial ( edit ) </H3> <P> Artificial competence can be induced in laboratory procedures that involve making the cell passively permeable to DNA by exposing it to conditions that do not normally occur in nature . Typically the cells are incubated in a solution containing divalent cations ( often calcium chloride ) under cold conditions , before being exposed to a heat pulse ( heat shock ) . Calcium chloride partially disrupts the cell membrane , which allows the recombinant DNA enter the host cell . Cells that are able to take up the DNA are called competent cells . </P> <P> It has been found that growth of Gram - negative bacteria in 20 mM Mg reduces the number of protein - to - lipopolysaccharide bonds by increasing the ratio of ionic to covalent bonds , which increases membrane fluidity , facilitating transformation . The role of lipopolysaccharides here are verified from the observation that shorter O - side chains are more effectively transformed -- perhaps because of improved DNA accessibility . </P> <P> The surface of bacteria such as E. coli is negatively charged due to phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides on its cell surface , and the DNA is also negatively charged . One function of the divalent cation therefore would be to shield the charges by coordinating the phosphate groups and other negative charges , thereby allowing a DNA molecule to adhere to the cell surface . </P> <P> DNA entry into E. coli cells is through channels known as zones of adhesion or Bayer 's junction , with a typical cell carrying as many as 400 such zones . Their role was established when cobalamine ( which also uses these channels ) was found to competitively inhibit DNA uptake . Another type of channel implicated in DNA uptake consists of poly ( HB ) : poly P : Ca . In this poly ( HB ) is envisioned to wrap around DNA ( itself a polyphosphate ) , and is carried in a shield formed by Ca ions . </P> <P> It is suggested that exposing the cells to divalent cations in cold condition may also change or weaken the cell surface structure , making it more permeable to DNA . The heat - pulse is thought to create a thermal imbalance across the cell membrane , which forces the DNA to enter the cells through either cell pores or the damaged cell wall . </P> <P> Electroporation is another method of promoting competence . In this method the cells are briefly shocked with an electric field of 10 - 20 kV / cm , which is thought to create holes in the cell membrane through which the plasmid DNA may enter . After the electric shock , the holes are rapidly closed by the cell 's membrane - repair mechanisms . </P> <H3> Yeast ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most species of yeast , including Saccharomyces cerevisiae , may be transformed by exogenous DNA in the environment . Several methods have been developed to facilitate this transformation at high frequency in the lab . </P> <Ul> <Li> Yeast cells may be treated with enzymes to degrade their cell walls , yielding spheroplasts . These cells are very fragile but take up foreign DNA at a high rate . </Li> <Li> Exposing intact yeast cells to alkali cations such as those of cesium or lithium allows the cells to take up plasmid DNA . Later protocols adapted this transformation method , using lithium acetate , polyethylene glycol , and single - stranded DNA . In these protocols , the single - stranded DNA preferentially binds to the yeast cell wall , preventing plasmid DNA from doing so and leaving it available for transformation . </Li> <Li> Electroporation : Formation of transient holes in the cell membranes using electric shock ; this allows DNA to enter as described above for bacteria . </Li> <Li> Enzymatic digestion or agitation with glass beads may also be used to transform yeast cells . </Li> </Ul> <P> Efficiency -- Different yeast genera and species take up foreign DNA with different efficiencies . Also , most transformation protocols have been developed for baker 's yeast , S. cerevisiae , and thus may not be optimal for other species . Even within one species , different strains have different transformation efficiencies , sometimes different by three orders of magnitude . For instance , when S. cerevisiae strains were transformed with 10 ug of plasmid YEp13 , the strain DKD - 5D - H yielded between 550 and 3115 colonies while strain OS1 yielded fewer than five colonies . </P> <H3> Plants ( edit ) </H3> <P> A number of methods are available to transfer DNA into plant cells . Some vector - mediated methods are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Agrobacterium - mediated transformation is the easiest and most simple plant transformation . Plant tissue ( often leaves ) are cut into small pieces , e.g. 10x10mm , and soaked for 10 minutes in a fluid containing suspended Agrobacterium . The bacteria will attach to many of the plant cells exposed by the cut . The plant cells secrete wound - related phenolic compounds which in turn act to upregulate the virulence operon of the Agrobacterium . The virulence operon includes many genes that encode for proteins that are part of a Type IV secretion system that exports from the bacterium proteins and DNA ( delineated by specific recognition motifs called border sequences and excised as a single strand from the virulence plasmid ) into the plant cell through a structure called a pilus . The transferred DNA ( called T - DNA ) is piloted to the plant cell nucleus by nuclear localization signals present in the Agrobacterium protein VirD2 , which is covalently attached to the end of the T - DNA at the Right border ( RB ) . Exactly how the T - DNA is integrated into the host plant genomic DNA is an active area of plant biology research . Assuming that a selection marker ( such as an antibiotic resistance gene ) was included in the T - DNA , the transformed plant tissue can be cultured on selective media to produce shoots . The shoots are then transferred to a different medium to promote root formation . Once roots begin to grow from the transgenic shoot , the plants can be transferred to soil to complete a normal life cycle ( make seeds ) . The seeds from this first plant ( called the T1 , for first transgenic generation ) can be planted on a selective ( containing an antibiotic ) , or if an herbicide resistance gene was used , could alternatively be planted in soil , then later treated with herbicide to kill wildtype segregants . Some plants species , such as Arabidopsis thaliana can be transformed by dipping the flowers or whole plant , into a suspension of Agrobacterium tumefaciens , typically strain C58 ( C = Cherry , 58 = 1958 , the year in which this particular strain of A. tumefaciens was isolated from a cherry tree in an orchard at Cornell University in Ithaca , New York ) . Though many plants remain recalcitrant to transformation by this method , research is ongoing that continues to add to the list the species that have been successfully modified in this manner . </Li> <Li> Viral transformation ( transduction ) : Package the desired genetic material into a suitable plant virus and allow this modified virus to infect the plant . If the genetic material is DNA , it can recombine with the chromosomes to produce transformant cells . However , genomes of most plant viruses consist of single stranded RNA which replicates in the cytoplasm of infected cell . For such genomes this method is a form of transfection and not a real transformation , since the inserted genes never reach the nucleus of the cell and do not integrate into the host genome . The progeny of the infected plants is virus - free and also free of the inserted gene . </Li> </Ul> <P> Some vector-less methods include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Gene gun : Also referred to as particle bombardment , microprojectile bombardment , or biolistics . Particles of gold or tungsten are coated with DNA and then shot into young plant cells or plant embryos . Some genetic material will stay in the cells and transform them . This method also allows transformation of plant plastids . The transformation efficiency is lower than in Agrobacterium - mediated transformation , but most plants can be transformed with this method . </Li> <Li> Electroporation : Formation of transient holes in cell membranes using electric pulses of high field strength ; this allows DNA to enter as described above for bacteria . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Animals ( edit ) </H3> <P> Introduction of DNA into animal cells is usually called transfection , and is discussed in the corresponding article . </P> <H2> Practical aspects of transformation in molecular biology ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Transformation efficiency <P> The discovery of artificially induced competence in bacteria allow bacteria such as Escherichia coli to be used as a convenient host for the manipulation of DNA as well as expressing proteins . Typically plasmids are used for transformation in E. coli . In order to be stably maintained in the cell , a plasmid DNA molecule must contain an origin of replication , which allows it to be replicated in the cell independently of the replication of the cell 's own chromosome . </P> <P> The efficiency with which a competent culture can take up exogenous DNA and express its genes is known as transformation efficiency and is measured in colony forming unit ( cfu ) per μg DNA used . A transformation efficiency of 1 × 10 cfu / μg for a small plasmid like pUC19 is roughly equivalent to 1 in 2000 molecules of the plasmid used being transformed . </P> <P> In calcium chloride transformation , the cells are prepared by chilling cells in the presence of Ca 2 + ( in CaCl 2 solution ) , making the cell become permeable to plasmid DNA . The cells are incubated on ice with the DNA , and then briefly heat - shocked ( e.g. , at 42 ° C for 30 -- 120 seconds ) . This method works very well for circular plasmid DNA . Non-commercial preparations should normally give 10 to 10 transformants per microgram of plasmid ; a poor preparation will be about 10 / μg or less , but a good preparation of competent cells can give up to ~ 10 colonies per microgram of plasmid . Protocols , however , exist for making supercompetent cells that may yield a transformation efficiency of over 10 . The chemical method , however , usually does not work well for linear DNA , such as fragments of chromosomal DNA , probably because the cell 's native exonuclease enzymes rapidly degrade linear DNA . In contrast , cells that are naturally competent are usually transformed more efficiently with linear DNA than with plasmid DNA . </P> <P> The transformation efficiency using the CaCl 2 method decreases with plasmid size , and electroporation therefore may be a more effective method for the uptake of large plasmid DNA . Cells used in electroporation should be prepared first by washing in cold double - distilled water to remove charged particles that may create sparks during the electroporation process . </P> <H3> Selection and screening in plasmid transformation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Because transformation usually produces a mixture of relatively few transformed cells and an abundance of non-transformed cells , a method is necessary to select for the cells that have acquired the plasmid . The plasmid therefore requires a selectable marker such that those cells without the plasmid may be killed or have their growth arrested . Antibiotic resistance is the most commonly used marker for prokaryotes . The transforming plasmid contains a gene that confers resistance to an antibiotic that the bacteria are otherwise sensitive to . The mixture of treated cells is cultured on media that contain the antibiotic so that only transformed cells are able to grow . Another method of selection is the use of certain auxotrophic markers that can compensate for an inability to metabolise certain amino acids , nucleotides , or sugars . This method requires the use of suitably mutated strains that are deficient in the synthesis or utility of a particular biomolecule , and the transformed cells are cultured in a medium that allows only cells containing the plasmid to grow . </P> <P> In a cloning experiment , a gene may be inserted into a plasmid used for transformation . However , in such experiment , not all the plasmids may contain a successfully inserted gene . Additional techniques may therefore be employed further to screen for transformed cells that contain plasmid with the insert . Reporter genes can be used as markers , such as the lacZ gene which codes for β - galactosidase used in blue - white screening . This method of screening relies on the principle of α - complementation , where a fragment of the lacZ gene ( lacZα ) in the plasmid can complement another mutant lacZ gene ( lacZΔM15 ) in the cell . Both genes by themselves produce non-functional peptides , however , when expressed together , as when a plasmid containing lacZ - α is transformed into a lacZΔM15 cells , they form a functional β - galactosidase . The presence of an active β - galactosidase may be detected when cells are grown in plates containing X-gal , forming characteristic blue colonies . However , the multiple cloning site , where a gene of interest may be ligated into the plasmid vector , is located within the lacZα gene . Successful ligation therefore disrupts the lacZα gene , and no functional β - galactosidase can form , resulting in white colonies . Cells containing successfully ligated insert can then be easily identified by its white coloration from the unsuccessful blue ones . </P> <P> Other commonly used reporter genes are green fluorescent protein ( GFP ) , which produces cells that glow green under blue light , and the enzyme luciferase , which catalyzes a reaction with luciferin to emit light . The recombinant DNA may also be detected using other methods such as nucleic acid hybridization with radioactive RNA probe , while cells that expressed the desired protein from the plasmid may also be detected using immunological methods . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnston C , Martin B , Fichant G , Polard P , Claverys JP ( March 2014 ) . `` Bacterial transformation : distribution , shared mechanisms and divergent control '' . Nature Reviews . Microbiology. 12 ( 3 ) : 181 -- 96 . doi : 10.1038 / nrmicro3199 . 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CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Birnboim HC , Doly J ( November 1979 ) . `` A rapid alkaline extraction procedure for screening recombinant plasmid DNA '' ( PDF ) . Nucleic Acids Research . 7 ( 6 ) : 1513 -- 23 . doi : 10.1093 / nar / 7.6. 1513 . PMC 342324 . PMID 388356 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 21 December 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bacterial Transformation ( a Flash Animation ) </Li> <Li> `` Ready , aim , fire ! 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United States Presidential election , 1884 - wikipedia <H1> United States Presidential election , 1884 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> United States presidential election , 1884 <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 1880 </Td> <Td> November 4 , 1884 </Td> <Td> 1888 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> All 401 electoral votes of the Electoral College 201 electoral votes needed to win </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Turnout </Th> <Td> 77.5 % 0.5 pp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> James G. Blaine </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Party </Th> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Home state </Th> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> Maine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running mate </Th> <Td> Thomas A. Hendricks </Td> <Td> John A. Logan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electoral vote </Th> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States carried </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Popular vote </Th> <Td> 4,914,482 </Td> <Td> 4,856,905 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Percentage </Th> <Td> 48.9 % </Td> <Td> 48.3 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential election results map . Blue denotes those won by Cleveland / Hendricks , red denotes states won by Blaine / Logan . Numbers indicate the number of electoral votes allotted to each state . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> President before election <P> Chester A. Arthur Republican </P> </Td> <Td> Elected President <P> Grover Cleveland Democratic </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States presidential election of 1884 was the 25th quadrennial presidential election , held on Tuesday , November 4 , 1884 . It saw the first election of a Democrat as President of the United States since the Civil War . Governor Grover Cleveland of New York defeated Republican James G. Blaine of Maine . </P> <P> Cleveland won the presidential nomination on the second ballot of the 1884 Democratic National Convention . President Chester A. Arthur had acceded to the presidency in 1881 following the assassination of James A. Garfield , but he was unsuccessful in his bid for nomination to a full term . Blaine , who had served as Secretary of State under President Garfield , defeated Arthur and other candidates on the fourth ballot of the 1884 Republican National Convention . A group of reformist Republicans known as `` Mugwumps '' abandoned Blaine 's candidacy , viewing him as corrupt . The campaign was marred by exceptional political acrimony and personal invective . Blaine 's reputation for public corruption and his inadvertent alienation of Catholic voters proved decisive . </P> <P> In the election , Cleveland won 48.9 % of the nationwide popular vote and 219 electoral votes , carrying the Solid South and several key swing states . Blaine won 48.3 % of the popular vote and 182 electoral votes . Cleveland won his home state by just 1,047 votes ; had he lost New York , he would have lost the election . Two third - party candidates , John St. John of the Prohibition Party and Benjamin Butler of the Greenback Party and the Anti-Monopoly Party , each won less than 2 % of the popular vote . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Nominations <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Republican Party nomination </Li> <Li> 1.2 Democratic Party nomination </Li> <Li> 1.3 Other parties and candidates <Ul> <Li> 1.3. 1 Anti-Monopoly Party nomination </Li> <Li> 1.3. 2 Greenback Party nomination </Li> <Li> 1.3. 3 American Prohibition Party nomination </Li> <Li> 1.3. 4 Prohibition Party nomination </Li> <Li> 1.3. 5 Equal Rights Party nomination </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 General election <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Campaign </Li> <Li> 2.2 Results </Li> <Li> 2.3 Geography of results <Ul> <Li> 2.3. 1 Cartographic gallery </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.4 Results by state </Li> <Li> 2.5 Close states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 5 References <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Nominations ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Republican Party nomination ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 1884 Republican National Convention <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="30"> Republican Party Ticket , 1884 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> James G. Blaine </Th> <Th> John A. Logan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> for President </Td> <Td> for Vice President </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27th Speaker of the House ( 1869 -- 1875 ) </Td> <Td> U.S. Senator from Illinois ( 1871 -- 1877 & 1879 -- 1886 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 1884 Republican National Convention was held in Chicago , Illinois , on June 3 -- 6 , with former Speaker of the House James G. Blaine from Maine , President Arthur , and Senator George F. Edmunds from Vermont as the frontrunners . Though he was still popular , Arthur did not make a serious bid for a full - term nomination , knowing that his increasing health problems meant he would probably not survive a second term ( he ultimately died in November 1886 ) . Blaine led on the first ballot , with Arthur second , and Edmunds third . This order did not change on successive ballots as Blaine increased his lead , and he won a majority on the fourth ballot . After nominating Blaine , the convention chose Senator John A. Logan from Illinois as the vice-presidential nominee . Blaine remains the only Presidential nominee ever to come from Maine . </P> <P> Famed Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman was considered a possible Republican candidate , but ruled himself out with what has become known as the Sherman pledge : `` If drafted , I will not run ; if nominated , I will not accept ; if elected , I will not serve . '' Robert Todd Lincoln , Secretary of War of the United States , and son of the past President Abraham Lincoln , was also strongly courted by politicians and the media of the day to seek the presidential or vice-presidential nomination . Lincoln however was as averse to the nomination as Sherman was . </P> <H3> Democratic Party nomination ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 1884 Democratic National Convention <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="30"> Democratic Party Ticket , 1884 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grover Cleveland </Th> <Th> Thomas A. Hendricks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> for President </Td> <Td> for Vice President </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28th Governor of New York ( 1883 -- 1885 ) </Td> <Td> 16th Governor of Indiana ( 1873 -- 1877 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Campaign </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Democrats convened in Chicago on July 8 -- 11 , 1884 , with New York Governor Grover Cleveland as clear frontrunner , the candidate of northern reformers and sound - money men ( as opposed to inflationists ) . Although Tammany Hall bitterly opposed his nomination , the machine represented a minority of the New York delegation . Its only chance to block Cleveland was to break the unit rule , which mandated that the votes of an entire delegation be cast for only one candidate , and this it failed to do . Daniel N. Lockwood from New York placed Cleveland 's name in nomination . But this rather lackluster address was eclipsed by the seconding speech of Edward S. Bragg from Wisconsin , who roused the delegates with a memorable slap at Tammany . `` They love him , gentlemen , '' Bragg said of Cleveland , `` and they respect him , not only for himself , for his character , for his integrity and judgment and iron will , but they love him most of all for the enemies he has made . '' As the convention rocked with cheers , Tammany boss John Kelly lunged at the platform , screaming that he welcomed the compliment . </P> <P> On the first ballot , Cleveland led the field with 392 votes , more than 150 votes short of the nomination . Trailing him were Thomas F. Bayard from Delaware , 170 ; Allen G. Thurman from Ohio , 88 ; Samuel J. Randall from Pennsylvania , 78 ; and Joseph E. McDonald from Indiana , 56 ; with the rest scattered . Randall then withdrew in Cleveland 's favor . This move , together with the Southern bloc scrambling aboard the Cleveland bandwagon , was enough to put him over the top of the second ballot , with 683 votes , to 81.5 for Bayard and 45.5 for Thomas A. Hendricks from Indiana . Hendricks was nominated unanimously for vice-president on the first ballot after John C. Black , William Rosecrans , and George Washington Glick withdrew their names from consideration . </P> <H3> Other parties and candidates ( edit ) </H3> Anti-Monopoly Party nomination ( edit ) <P> Anti-Monopoly candidates : </P> <Ul> <Li> Benjamin F. Butler from Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Allen G. Thurman from Ohio </Li> <Li> James B. Weaver from Iowa ( Declined to be Nominated ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The Anti-Monopoly National Convention assembled in the Hershey Music Hall in Chicago , Illinois . The party had been formed to express opposition to the business practices of the emerging nationwide companies . There were around 200 delegates present from 16 states , but 61 of those delegates had come from Michigan and Illinois . </P> <P> Alson Streeter was the temporary chairman and John F. Henry was the permanent chairmen . </P> <P> Benjamin F. Butler was nominated for president on the first ballot . Delegates from New York , Washington D.C. and Maryland bolted the convention when it appeared that no discussion of other candidates would be allowed . Allen Thurman and James Weaver were put forward as alternatives to Butler , but Weaver declined , not wishing to run another national campaign for political office , and Thurman 's name failed to generate much enthusiasm . Butler , while far from opposed to the nomination , hoped to be nominated by the Democratic or Republican parties , or at least in the case of the former , to influence the party platform into being more favorable to greenbacks . Ultimately however , only the Greenback Party would endorse his candidacy . </P> <P> The convention chose not to nominate a candidate for vice-president , hoping that other conventions would endorse a similar platform and name a suitable vice-presidential nominee . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential Ballot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballot </Th> <Th> 1st </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Benjamin F. Butler </Th> <Th> 124 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Allen G. Thurman </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solon Chase </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Source : US President - A-M Convention . Our Campaigns . ( February 14 , 2012 ) . </P> Greenback Party nomination ( edit ) <P> Greenback candidates : </P> <Ul> <Li> Benjamin F. Butler from Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Party Chairman Jesse Harper from Illinois </Li> </Ul> <P> The 3rd Greenback Party National Convention assembled in English 's Opera House in Indianapolis , Indiana . Delegates from 28 states and the District of Columbia were in attendance . The convention nominated Benjamin F. Butler for president over its Party Chairman Jesse Harper on the first ballot . Absolom M. West was nominated unanimously for vice-president , and subsequently was also endorsed by the Anti-Monopoly Party . </P> <P> Butler had initially hoped to form a number of fusion slates with the `` minority party '' in each state , Democratic or Republican , and for his supporters of various parties to come together under a single `` People 's Party '' . Many in the two major parties however , while maybe agreeing with Butler 's message and platform , were unwilling to place their support beyond the party line . In a number of places however , Iowa in particular , fusion slates were nominated ; essentially , Butler 's and Cleveland 's votes would both be added together for the total vote of the fusion slate , allowing them to carry the state even if neither were to carry a plurality , with the electoral vote being divided according to the percentage of the vote each party net . </P> <P> Interestingly however , even if Fusion were carried out in every state in which it were considered possible ( Indiana , Nebraska , Wisconsin , Illinois ) , it would not have changed the end result , none of the states flipping from Blaine to Cleveland , with Butler winning a single electoral vote from Indiana . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential Ballot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballot </Th> <Th> 1st </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Benjamin F. Butler </Th> <Th> 323 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jesse Harper </Th> <Th> 98 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edward Phelps Allis </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solon Chase </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> David Davis </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Source : US President - G Convention . Our Campaigns . ( February 11 , 2012 ) . </P> American Prohibition Party nomination ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Samuel C. Pomeroy from Kansas ( Withdrew Aug 27 , 1884 ) ( Endorsed John St. John ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The American Prohibition Party held its national convention in the YMCA building in Chicago , Illinois . There were 150 delegates , including many non-voting delegates . The party sought to merge the reform movements of anti-masonry , prohibition , anti-polygamy , and direct election of the president into a new party . Jonathan Blanchard was a major figure within the party . He traveled throughout northern states in the spring and gave an address entitled `` The American Party - Its Principles and Its Claims . '' </P> <P> During the convention , the party name was changed from the American Party to the American Prohibition Party . The party had been known as the Anti-Masonic Party in 1880 . Many of the delegates at the convention were initially interested in nominating John St. John , the former Governor of Kansas , but it was feared that such a nomination might cost him that of the Prohibition Party , which he was actively seeking . Party leaders met with Samuel C. Pomeroy , a former Senator from the same state who was the convention 's runner - up for the nomination , and at Pomeroy 's suggestion they agreed to withdraw the ticket from the race should St. John win the Prohibition Party nomination . Nominated alongside Pomeroy was John A. Conant from Connecticut . </P> <P> John St. John would later unanimously win the Prohibition Party nomination , with Pomeroy and Conant withdrawing from the Presidential Contest and endorsing his candidacy . The New York Times speculated that the endorsement would `` give him 40,000 votes '' . </P> <P> </P> Prohibition Party nomination ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> John St. John from Kansas </Li> </Ul> <P> The fourth Prohibition Party National Convention assembled in Lafayette Hall , Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . There were 505 delegates from 31 states and territories at the convention . The national ticket was nominated unanimously : John St. John for president and William Daniel for vice-president . The straightforward single - issue Prohibition Party platform advocated the criminalization of alcoholic beverages . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Presidential Ballot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ballot </Th> <Th> 1st </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> John St. John </Th> <Th> 505 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <P> Source : US President - P Convention . Our Campaigns . ( February 11 , 2012 ) . </P> Equal Rights Party nomination ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Lawyer and Suffragette Belva Ann Lockwood from Washington , D.C. </Li> </Ul> <P> Dissatisfied with resistance by the men of the major parties to women 's suffrage , a small group of women announced the formation in 1884 of the Equal Rights Party . </P> <P> The Equal Rights Party held its national convention in San Francisco , California on September 20 . The convention nominated Belva Ann Lockwood , an attorney in Washington , D.C. , for President . Chairman Marietta Stow , the first woman to preside over a national nominating convention , was nominated for vice-president . </P> <P> Lockwood agreed to be the party 's presidential candidate , even though most women in the United States did not yet have the right to vote . She said , `` I can not vote but I can be voted for . '' She was the first woman to run a full campaign for the office ( Victoria Woodhull conducted a more limited campaign in 1872 ) . The Equal Rights Party had no treasury , but Lockwood gave lectures to pay for campaign travel . She received approximately 4,194 votes nationally . </P> <H2> General election ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Campaign ( edit ) </H3> Campaign poster attacking Cleveland 's morals <P> The issue of personal character was paramount in the 1884 campaign . Blaine had been prevented from getting the Republican presidential nomination during the previous two elections because of the stigma of the `` Mulligan letters '' : in 1876 , a Boston bookkeeper named James Mulligan had located some letters showing that Blaine had sold his influence in Congress to various businesses . One such letter ended with the phrase `` burn this letter '' , from which a popular chant of the Democrats arose - `` Burn , burn , burn this letter ! '' In just one deal , he had received $110,150 ( over $1.5 million in 2010 dollars ) from the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad for securing a federal land grant , among other things . Democrats and anti-Blaine Republicans made unrestrained attacks on his integrity as a result . Cleveland , on the other hand , was known as `` Grover the Good '' for his personal integrity ; in the space of the three previous years he had become successively the mayor of Buffalo , New York , and then the governor of the state of New York , cleaning up large amounts of Tammany Hall 's graft . </P> This campaign poster purports to show the area of land grants to railroads <P> Commentator Jeff Jacoby notes that , `` Not since George Washington had a candidate for president been so renowned for his rectitude . '' In July the Republicans found a refutation buried in Cleveland 's past . Aided by sermons from a minister named George H. Ball , they charged that Cleveland had fathered an illegitimate child while he was a lawyer in Buffalo . When confronted with the scandal , Cleveland 's immediately instructed his supporters to `` Above all , tell the truth . '' Cleveland admitted to paying child support in 1874 to Maria Crofts Halpin , the woman who claimed he fathered her child , named Oscar Folsom Cleveland . Halpin was involved with several men at the time , including Cleveland 's friend and law partner , Oscar Folsom , for whom the child was named . Cleveland did not know which man was the father ; he assumed responsibility because he was the only bachelor among them . Shortly before election day , The Republican media published an affidavit from Halpin in which she stated that until she met Cleveland her `` life was pure and spotless '' , and `` there is not , and never was , a doubt as to the paternity of our child , and the attempt of Grover Cleveland , or his friends , to couple the name of Oscar Folsom , or any one else , with that boy , for that purpose is simply infamous and false . '' Republican cartoonists across the land had a field day . </P> <P> Cleveland 's campaign decided that candor was the best approach to this scandal : it admitted that Cleveland had formed an `` illicit connection '' with the mother and that a child had been born and given the Cleveland surname . They also noted that there was no proof that Cleveland was the father , and claimed that , by assuming responsibility and finding a home for the child , he was merely doing his duty . Finally , they showed that the mother had not been forced into an asylum ; her whereabouts were unknown . Blaine 's supporters condemned Cleveland in the strongest of terms , singing `` Ma , Ma , Where 's my Pa ? '' ( After Cleveland 's victory , Cleveland supporters would respond to the taunt with : `` Gone to the White House , Ha , Ha , Ha . '' ) However , the Cleveland campaign 's damage control worked well enough and the race remained a tossup through Election Day . The greatest threat to the Republicans came from reformers called `` Mugwumps '' who were angrier at Blaine 's public corruption than at Cleveland 's private affairs . </P> Results by county explicitly indicating the percentage of the winning candidate in each county . Shades of blue are for Cleveland ( Democratic ) , shades of red are for Blaine ( Republican ) , shades of green are for Butler ( Straight Greenback ) , and shades of yellow are for bolting electors ( Whig Republican ) . <P> In the final week of the campaign , the Blaine campaign suffered a catastrophe . At a Republican meeting attended by Blaine , a group of New York preachers castigated the Mugwumps . Their spokesman , Reverend Dr. Samuel Burchard , made this fatal statement : `` We are Republicans , and do n't propose to leave our party and identify ourselves with the party whose antecedents have been rum , Romanism , and rebellion . '' Blaine did not notice Burchard 's anti-Catholic slur , nor did the assembled newspaper reporters , but a Democratic operative did , and Cleveland 's campaign managers made sure that it was widely publicized . The statement energized the Irish and Catholic vote in New York City heavily against Blaine , costing him New York state and the election by the narrowest of margins . </P> <P> In addition to Rev. Dr. Samuel Burchard 's statement , it is also believed that John St. John 's campaign was responsible for winning Cleveland the election in New York . Since Prohibitionists tended to ally more with Republicans , the Republican Party attempted to convince John St. John to drop out . When they failed , they resorted to slandering him . Because of this , he redoubled his efforts in upstate New York , where Blaine was vulnerable on his prohibition stance , and took votes away from the Republicans . </P> <H3> Results ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Burke County , Georgia , 895 votes were cast for bolting `` Whig Republican '' electors for president ( they were not counted for Blaine ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Presidential candidate </Th> <Th> Party </Th> <Th> Home state </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Popular vote </Th> <Th> Electoral vote </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Running mate </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Count </Th> <Th> Percentage </Th> <Th> Vice-presidential candidate </Th> <Th> Home state </Th> <Th> Electoral vote </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 4,914,482 </Td> <Td> 48.85 % </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> <Td> Thomas A. Hendricks </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 219 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James G. Blaine </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> 4,856,903 </Td> <Td> 48.28 % </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> <Td> John A. Logan </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 182 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John St. John </Td> <Td> Prohibition </Td> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 147,482 </Td> <Td> 1.50 % </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> William Daniel </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin Franklin Butler </Td> <Td> Greenback / Anti-Monopoly </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 134,294 </Td> <Td> 1.33 % </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Absolom M. West </Td> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Other </Td> <Td> 3,576 </Td> <Td> 0.04 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Other </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Total </Th> <Td> 10,049,754 </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 401 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> 401 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Needed to win </Th> <Td> 201 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> 201 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Source ( Popular Vote ) : Leip , David . `` 1884 Presidential Election Results '' . Dave Leip 's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections . Retrieved July 27 , 2005 . </P> <P> Source ( Electoral Vote ) : `` Electoral College Box Scores 1789 -- 1996 '' . National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved July 31 , 2005 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Popular vote </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 48.85 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Blaine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 48.28 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> St. John </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1.50 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Butler </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1.33 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Others </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.04 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Electoral vote </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cleveland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 54.61 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Blaine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 45.39 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Geography of results ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> <P> Results by county , shaded according to winning candidate 's percentage of the vote </P> </Li> </Ul> Cartographic gallery ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> <P> Map of presidential election results by county </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Map of Democratic presidential election results by county </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Map of Republican presidential election results by county </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Map of `` other '' presidential election results by county </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Results by state ( edit ) </H3> <P> Source : Data from Walter Dean Burnham , Presidential ballots , 1836 - 1892 ( Johns Hopkins University Press , 1955 ) pp 247 -- 57 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> States won by Cleveland / Hendricks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> States won by Blaine / Logan </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Grover Cleveland Democratic </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> James Blaine Republican </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> John St. John Prohibition </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Benjamin Butler Greenback </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Margin </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> State Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Th> electoral votes </Th> <Th> # </Th> <Th> % </Th> <Th> electoral votes </Th> <Th> # </Th> <Th> % </Th> <Th> electoral votes </Th> <Th> # </Th> <Th> % </Th> <Th> electoral votes </Th> <Th> # </Th> <Th> % </Th> <Th> electoral votes </Th> <Th> # </Th> <Th> % </Th> <Th> # </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 92,736 </Td> <Td> 60.37 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 59,444 </Td> <Td> 38.69 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 610 </Td> <Td> 0.40 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 762 </Td> <Td> 0.50 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 33,292 </Td> <Td> 21.67 </Td> <Td> 153,624 </Td> <Td> AL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 72,734 </Td> <Td> 57.83 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 51,198 </Td> <Td> 40.70 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,847 </Td> <Td> 1.47 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 21,536 </Td> <Td> 17.12 </Td> <Td> 125,779 </Td> <Td> AR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 89,288 </Td> <Td> 45.33 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 102,369 </Td> <Td> 51.97 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 2,965 </Td> <Td> 1.51 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 2,037 </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 13,081 </Td> <Td> - 6.64 </Td> <Td> 196,988 </Td> <Td> CA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27,723 </Td> <Td> 41.68 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 36,084 </Td> <Td> 54.25 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 756 </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,956 </Td> <Td> 2.94 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 8,361 </Td> <Td> - 12.57 </Td> <Td> 66,519 </Td> <Td> CO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 67,182 </Td> <Td> 48.95 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 65,898 </Td> <Td> 48.01 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 2,493 </Td> <Td> 1.82 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,684 </Td> <Td> 1.23 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,284 </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> <Td> 137,257 </Td> <Td> CT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16,957 </Td> <Td> 56.55 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12,953 </Td> <Td> 43.20 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 0.21 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0.03 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 4,004 </Td> <Td> 13.35 </Td> <Td> 29,984 </Td> <Td> DE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31,769 </Td> <Td> 52.96 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28,031 </Td> <Td> 46.73 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 0.12 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 3,738 </Td> <Td> 6.23 </Td> <Td> 59,990 </Td> <Td> FL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 94,667 </Td> <Td> 65.92 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 48,603 </Td> <Td> 33.84 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 195 </Td> <Td> 0.14 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> 0.10 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 46,064 </Td> <Td> 32.08 </Td> <Td> 143,610 </Td> <Td> GA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 312,351 </Td> <Td> 46.43 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 337,469 </Td> <Td> 50.17 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 12,074 </Td> <Td> 1.79 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 10,776 </Td> <Td> 1.60 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 25,118 </Td> <Td> - 3.73 </Td> <Td> 672,670 </Td> <Td> IL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 245,005 </Td> <Td> 49.46 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 238,489 </Td> <Td> 48.15 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 3,028 </Td> <Td> 0.61 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 8,810 </Td> <Td> 1.78 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 6,516 </Td> <Td> 1.32 </Td> <Td> 495,332 </Td> <Td> IN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 177,316 </Td> <Td> 47.01 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 197,089 </Td> <Td> 52.25 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 1,499 </Td> <Td> 0.40 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 19,773 </Td> <Td> - 5.24 </Td> <Td> 377,201 </Td> <Td> IA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 90,132 </Td> <Td> 33.90 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 154,406 </Td> <Td> 58.08 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 4,495 </Td> <Td> 1.69 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 16,346 </Td> <Td> 6.15 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 64,274 </Td> <Td> - 24.18 </Td> <Td> 265,848 </Td> <Td> KS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 152,961 </Td> <Td> 55.32 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 118,690 </Td> <Td> 42.93 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 3,139 </Td> <Td> 1.14 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,691 </Td> <Td> 0.61 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 34,271 </Td> <Td> 12.40 </Td> <Td> 276,481 </Td> <Td> KY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 62,594 </Td> <Td> 57.22 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 46,347 </Td> <Td> 42.37 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 338 </Td> <Td> 0.31 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> 0.11 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 16,247 </Td> <Td> 14.85 </Td> <Td> 109,399 </Td> <Td> LA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 52,153 </Td> <Td> 39.97 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 72,217 </Td> <Td> 55.34 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 2,160 </Td> <Td> 1.66 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 3,955 </Td> <Td> 3.03 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 20,064 </Td> <Td> - 15.38 </Td> <Td> 130,491 </Td> <Td> ME </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 96,866 </Td> <Td> 52.07 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 85,748 </Td> <Td> 46.10 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 2,827 </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 578 </Td> <Td> 0.31 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 11,118 </Td> <Td> 5.98 </Td> <Td> 186,019 </Td> <Td> MD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 122,352 </Td> <Td> 40.33 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 146,724 </Td> <Td> 48.36 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 9,923 </Td> <Td> 3.27 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 24,382 </Td> <Td> 8.04 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 24,372 </Td> <Td> - 8.03 </Td> <Td> 303,383 </Td> <Td> MA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 189,361 </Td> <Td> 47.20 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 192,669 </Td> <Td> 48.02 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 18,403 </Td> <Td> 4.59 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 753 </Td> <Td> 0.19 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 3,308 </Td> <Td> - 0.82 </Td> <Td> 401,186 </Td> <Td> MI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 70,065 </Td> <Td> 36.87 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 111,685 </Td> <Td> 58.78 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 4,684 </Td> <Td> 2.47 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 3,583 </Td> <Td> 1.89 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 41,620 </Td> <Td> - 21.90 </Td> <Td> 190,017 </Td> <Td> MN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 77,653 </Td> <Td> 64.34 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 43,035 </Td> <Td> 35.66 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 34,618 </Td> <Td> 28.68 </Td> <Td> 120,688 </Td> <Td> MS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 236,023 </Td> <Td> 53.49 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 203,081 </Td> <Td> 46.02 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 2,164 </Td> <Td> 0.49 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 32,942 </Td> <Td> 7.47 </Td> <Td> 441,268 </Td> <Td> MO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 54,391 </Td> <Td> 40.53 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 76,912 </Td> <Td> 57.31 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 2,899 </Td> <Td> 2.1600 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 22,521 </Td> <Td> - 16.78 </Td> <Td> 134,202 </Td> <Td> NE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5,578 </Td> <Td> 43.59 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 7,193 </Td> <Td> 56.21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 0.20 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 1,615 </Td> <Td> - 12.62 </Td> <Td> 12,797 </Td> <Td> NV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 39,198 </Td> <Td> 46.34 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 43,254 </Td> <Td> 51.14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,580 </Td> <Td> 1.87 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 554 </Td> <Td> 0.65 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 4,056 </Td> <Td> - 4.80 </Td> <Td> 84,586 </Td> <Td> NH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 127,798 </Td> <Td> 48.98 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 123,440 </Td> <Td> 47.31 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 6,159 </Td> <Td> 2.36 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 3,496 </Td> <Td> 1.34 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 4,358 </Td> <Td> 1.67 </Td> <Td> 260,921 </Td> <Td> NJ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 563,154 </Td> <Td> 48.25 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 562,005 </Td> <Td> 48.15 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 25,006 </Td> <Td> 2.14 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 17,004 </Td> <Td> 1.46 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,149 </Td> <Td> 0.10 </Td> <Td> 1,167,169 </Td> <Td> NY </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 142,905 </Td> <Td> 53.25 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 125,021 </Td> <Td> 46.59 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 430 </Td> <Td> 0.16 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 17,884 </Td> <Td> 6.66 </Td> <Td> 268,356 </Td> <Td> NC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 368,280 </Td> <Td> 46.94 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 400,082 </Td> <Td> 50.99 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 11,069 </Td> <Td> 1.41 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 5,179 </Td> <Td> 0.66 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 31,802 </Td> <Td> - 4.05 </Td> <Td> 784,610 </Td> <Td> OH </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24,604 </Td> <Td> 46.70 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 26,860 </Td> <Td> 50.99 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 492 </Td> <Td> 0.93 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 726 </Td> <Td> 1.38 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 2,256 </Td> <Td> - 4.28 </Td> <Td> 52,682 </Td> <Td> OR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 392,785 </Td> <Td> 43.46 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 478,804 </Td> <Td> 52.97 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 15,283 </Td> <Td> 1.69 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 16,992 </Td> <Td> 1.88 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 86,019 </Td> <Td> - 9.52 </Td> <Td> 903,864 </Td> <Td> PA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12,391 </Td> <Td> 37.81 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 19,030 </Td> <Td> 58.07 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 928 </Td> <Td> 2.83 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 422 </Td> <Td> 1.29 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 6,639 </Td> <Td> - 20.26 </Td> <Td> 32,771 </Td> <Td> RI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 69,845 </Td> <Td> 75.25 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 21,730 </Td> <Td> 23.41 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 48,115 </Td> <Td> 51.84 </Td> <Td> 92,812 </Td> <Td> SC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 133,770 </Td> <Td> 51.45 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 124,101 </Td> <Td> 47.74 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 1,150 </Td> <Td> 0.44 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 957 </Td> <Td> 0.37 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 9,669 </Td> <Td> 3.72 </Td> <Td> 259,978 </Td> <Td> TN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 225,309 </Td> <Td> 69.26 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 93,141 </Td> <Td> 28.63 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 3,534 </Td> <Td> 1.09 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 3,321 </Td> <Td> 1.02 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 132,168 </Td> <Td> 40.63 </Td> <Td> 325,305 </Td> <Td> TX </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17,331 </Td> <Td> 29.18 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 39,514 </Td> <Td> 66.52 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1,753 </Td> <Td> 2.95 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 785 </Td> <Td> 1.32 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 22,183 </Td> <Td> - 37.34 </Td> <Td> 59,401 </Td> <Td> VT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 145,491 </Td> <Td> 51.05 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 139,356 </Td> <Td> 48.90 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> 0.05 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 6,135 </Td> <Td> 2.15 </Td> <Td> 284,977 </Td> <Td> VA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 67,311 </Td> <Td> 50.94 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 63,096 </Td> <Td> 47.75 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 939 </Td> <Td> 0.71 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 799 </Td> <Td> 0.60 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 4,215 </Td> <Td> 3.19 </Td> <Td> 132,145 </Td> <Td> WV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 146,453 </Td> <Td> 45.79 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 161,135 </Td> <Td> 50.38 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 7,649 </Td> <Td> 2.39 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> 4,598 </Td> <Td> 1.44 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - 14,682 </Td> <Td> - 4.59 </Td> <Td> 319,835 </Td> <Td> WI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TOTALS : </Th> <Th> 401 </Th> <Th> 4,914,482 </Th> <Th> 48.85 </Th> <Th> 219 </Th> <Th> 4,856,903 </Th> <Th> 48.28 </Th> <Th> 182 </Th> <Th> 150,890 </Th> <Th> 1.50 </Th> <Th> - </Th> <Th> 134,294 </Th> <Th> 1.33 </Th> <Th> - </Th> <Th> 57,579 </Th> <Th> 0.57 </Th> <Th> 10,060,145 </Th> <Td> US </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Close States ( edit ) </H3> <P> Margin of victory less than 5 % ( 172 electoral votes ) : </P> <Ol> <Li> New York , 0.10 % </Li> <Li> Michigan , 0.82 % </Li> <Li> Connecticut , 0.94 % </Li> <Li> Indiana , 1.32 % </Li> <Li> New Jersey , 1.67 % </Li> <Li> Virginia , 2.15 % </Li> <Li> West Virginia , 3.19 % </Li> <Li> Tennessee , 3.72 % </Li> <Li> Illinois , 3.73 % </Li> <Li> Ohio , 4.05 % </Li> <Li> Oregon , 4.28 % </Li> <Li> Wisconsin , 4.59 % </Li> <Li> New Hampshire , 4.80 % </Li> </Ol> <P> Margin of victory between 5 % and 10 % ( 104 electoral votes ) : </P> <Ol> <Li> Iowa , 5.24 % </Li> <Li> Maryland , 5.98 % </Li> <Li> Florida , 6.23 % </Li> <Li> California , 6.64 % </Li> <Li> North Carolina , 6.66 % </Li> <Li> Missouri , 7.47 % </Li> <Li> Massachusetts , 8.03 % </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania , 9.52 % </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> Dance card cover depicting the candidates <Ul> <Li> American election campaigns in the 19th century </Li> <Li> History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) </Li> <Li> First inauguration of Grover Cleveland </Li> <Li> United States House elections , 1884 </Li> <Li> United States Senate elections , 1884 </Li> <Li> President of the United States </Li> <Li> Third Party System </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Voter Turnout in Presidential Elections '' . The American Presidency Project . UC Santa Barbara . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' What States do Presidents Come From ? ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William DeGregorio , The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents , Gramercy 1997 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FUSION AND CONFUSION . - View Article - NYTimes.com '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ourcampaigns.com '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WITHDRAWS IN FAVOR OF ST . JOHN . - View Article - NYTimes.com '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ourcampaigns.com '' . Ourcampaigns.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Soden , Suzanne . Belva A. Lockwood Collection ( 1830 - 1917 ) . The College of Saint Rose . February , 1997 . http://www.nysl.nysed.gov/msscfa/sc21041.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeff Jacoby , `` ' Grover the good ' -- the most honest president of them all , '' Boston Globe Feb. 15 . 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry F. Graff ( 2002 ) . Grover Cleveland : The American Presidents Series : The 22nd and 24th President , 1885 - 1889 and 1893 - 1897 . Henry Holt and Company . pp. 61 -- 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lachman , Charles ( 2014 ) . A Secret Life . Skyhorse Publishing . pp. 285 -- 288 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glen Jeansonne , `` Caricature and Satire in the Presidential Campaign of 1884 . '' Journal of American Culture ( 1980 ) 3 # 2 pp : 238 - 244 . Online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maria Halpin 's Affidavit '' ( PDF ) . Democrat and Chronicle ( Rochester , NY ) . Oct 31 , 1884 . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daily Gazette ( Fort Wayne , Indiana ) Nov. 1 , 1884 . p. 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Topeka Daily Capital ( Topeka , Kansas ) Nov. 1 , 1884 . p. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` That Scandal '' . Wichita Daily Eagle ( Wichita , Kansas ) . Nov 2 , 1884 . p. 2 . Retrieved July 30 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cedar Rapids Evening Gazette , ( Cedar Rapids , Iowa ) . October 31 , 1884 . p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tugwell , 90 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geoffrey T. Blodgett , `` The Mind of the Boston Mugwump . '' Mississippi Valley Historical Review ( 1962 ) : 614 - 634 . in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HarpWeek Elections 1884 Overview '' . Elections.harpweek.com . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An American Almanac and Treasury of Facts , Statistical , Financial , and Political , for the year 1886. , Ainsworth R. Spofford , https://books.google.com/books?id=1ZcYAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ( pg. 207 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1884 Presidential General Election Data - National '' . Retrieved May 7 , 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Davies , Gareth , and Julian E. Zelizer , eds . America at the Ballot Box : Elections and Political History ( 2015 ) pp. 74 -- 97 . </Li> <Li> Hirsch , Mark . `` Election of 1884 , '' in History of Presidential Elections : Volume III 1848 - 1896 , ed . Arthur Schlesinger and Fred Israel ( 1971 ) , 3 : 1578 . </Li> <Li> Josephson , Matthew ( 1938 ) . The Politicos : 1865 -- 1896 . </Li> <Li> Keller , Morton ( 1977 ) . Affairs of State : Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America . </Li> <Li> Kleppner , Paul ( 1979 ) . The Third Electoral System 1853 - 1892 : Parties , Voters , and Political Cultures . </Li> <Li> Lynch , G. Patrick `` U.S. Presidential Elections in the Nineteenth Century : Why Culture and the Economy Both Mattered . '' Polity 35 # 1 ( 2002 ) pp 29 -- 50 . in JSTOR , focus on voting behavior in 1884 </Li> <Li> Norgren , Jill . Belva Lockwood : The Woman Who Would be President ( 2007 ) . online version , focus on 1884 </Li> <Li> Morgan , H. Wayne ( 1969 ) . From Hayes to McKinley : National Party Politics , 1877 -- 1896 . </Li> <Li> Rhodes , James Ford ( 1920 ) . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Roosevelt - Taft Administration ( 8 vols . ) format = requires url = ( help ) . </Li> <Li> Summers , Mark Wahlgren . Rum , Romanism , and Rebellion : The Making of a President , 1884 ( 2000 ) online version </Li> <Li> `` 1884 Election Cleveland v. Blaine Overview '' , HarpWeek , July 26 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Roberts , North ( 2004 ) . Encyclopedia of Presidential Campaigns , Slogans , Issues , and Platforms . </Li> <Li> Thomas , Harrison Cook , The return of the Democratic Party to power in 1884 ( 1919 ) online </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Republican Campaign Text Book for 1884 . Republican Congressional Committee . 1882 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States presidential election , 1884 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> United States presidential election of 1884 at Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Presidential Election of 1884 : A Resource Guide from the Library of Congress </Li> <Li> 1884 popular vote by counties </Li> <Li> How close was the 1884 election ? -- Michael Sheppard , Massachusetts Institute of Technology </Li> <Li> Rines , George Edwin , ed. ( 1920 ) . `` Rum , Romanism and Rebellion '' . Encyclopedia Americana . </Li> <Li> Election of 1884 in Counting the Votes </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ( 1880 ← ) United States presidential election , 1884 ( 1888 → ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Republican Party Convention </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James G. Blaine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John A. Logan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chester A. Arthur </Li> <Li> George F. Edmunds </Li> <Li> John A. Logan </Li> <Li> John Sherman </Li> <Li> Joseph R. Hawley </Li> <Li> William T. Sherman </Li> <Li> Philip Sheridan </Li> <Li> Robert T. Lincoln </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Democratic Party Convention </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grover Cleveland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thomas A. Hendricks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thomas F. Bayard </Li> <Li> Thomas A. Hendricks </Li> <Li> Allen G. Thurman </Li> <Li> Samuel J. Randall </Li> <Li> Joseph E. McDonald </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Third party and independent candidates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greenback / Anti-Monopoly </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benjamin Butler </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Absolom M. West </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allen G. Thurman </Li> <Li> James B. Weaver </Li> <Li> Jesse Harper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prohibition Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John St. John </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Daniel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National Equal Rights Party </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Belva Ann Lockwood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> VP nominee </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marietta Stow </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Other 1884 elections : House </Li> <Li> Senate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States presidential elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections by year </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1788 -- 89 </Li> <Li> 1792 </Li> <Li> 1796 </Li> <Li> 1800 </Li> <Li> 1804 </Li> <Li> 1808 </Li> <Li> 1812 </Li> <Li> 1816 </Li> <Li> 1820 </Li> <Li> 1824 </Li> <Li> 1828 </Li> <Li> 1832 </Li> <Li> 1836 </Li> <Li> 1840 </Li> <Li> 1844 </Li> <Li> 1848 </Li> <Li> 1852 </Li> <Li> 1856 </Li> <Li> 1860 </Li> <Li> 1864 </Li> <Li> 1868 </Li> <Li> 1872 </Li> <Li> 1876 </Li> <Li> 1880 </Li> <Li> 1884 </Li> <Li> 1888 </Li> <Li> 1892 </Li> <Li> 1896 </Li> <Li> 1900 </Li> <Li> 1904 </Li> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2020 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections by state </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primaries and caucuses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iowa caucuses </Li> <Li> New Hampshire primary </Li> <Li> South Carolina primary </Li> <Li> Super Tuesday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nominating conventions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brokered convention </Li> <Li> Convention bounce </Li> <Li> Superdelegate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electoral College and Popular vote </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Results <Ul> <Li> Summary </Li> <Li> Elections in which the winner lost the popular vote </Li> <Li> Electoral College margins </Li> <Li> Electoral College results by state </Li> <Li> Electoral vote changes between elections </Li> <Li> Electoral vote recipients </Li> <Li> Popular vote margins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Contingent election </Li> <Li> Faithless elector </Li> <Li> Unpledged elector </Li> <Li> Voter turnout </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Campaign slogans </Li> <Li> Historical election polling </Li> <Li> Election Day </Li> <Li> Major party tickets </Li> <Li> Major party losers </Li> <Li> Presidential debates </Li> <Li> October surprise </Li> <Li> Red states and blue states </Li> <Li> Swing state </Li> <Li> Election recount </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> House elections </Li> <Li> Senate elections </Li> <Li> Gubernatorial elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_presidential_election,_1884&oldid=826362925 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> United States presidential election , 1884 </Li> <Li> Presidencies of Grover Cleveland </Li> <Li> James G. Blaine </Li> <Li> History of the United States ( 1865 -- 1918 ) </Li> <Li> November 1884 events </Li> <Li> 1884 in American politics </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from November 2013 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Elections using electoral votes </Li> <Li> Pages using bar box without float left or float right </Li> <Li> Pages using citations with format and no URL </Li> <Li> Articles with Encyclopædia Britannica links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the Encyclopedia Americana with a Wikisource reference </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 February 2018 , at 18 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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History of the Panama canal - wikipedia <H1> History of the Panama canal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Miraflores Locks in 2004 <P> The idea of the Panama canal dates back to the 1513 discovery of the isthmus by Vasco Núñez de Balboa . The narrow land bridge between North and South America houses the Panama Canal , a water passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans . The earliest European colonists recognized this potential , and several proposals for a canal were made . </P> <P> By the late nineteenth century , technological advances and commercial pressure allowed construction to begin in earnest . Noted canal engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps led an initial attempt by France to build a sea - level canal . Beset by cost overruns due to the severe underestimation of the difficulties in excavating the rugged Panama land , heavy personnel losses in Panama due to tropical diseases , and political corruption in France surrounding the financing of the massive project , the project succeeded in only partially completing the canal . </P> <P> Interest in a U.S. - led canal effort picked up as soon as France abandoned the project . Initially , the Panama site was politically unfavorable in the U.S. for a variety of reasons , including the taint of the failed French efforts and the Colombian government 's unfriendly attitude towards the U.S. continuing the project . The U.S. first sought to construct a completely new canal through Nicaragua instead . </P> <P> French engineer and financier Philippe - Jean Bunau - Varilla played a key role in changing U.S. attitudes . Bunau - Varilla had a large stake in the failed French canal company , and stood to make money on his investment only if the Panama Canal was completed . Extensive lobbying of U.S. lawmakers coupled with his support of a nascent independence movement among the Panamanian people led to a simultaneous revolution in Panama and the negotiation of the Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty which secured both independence for Panama and the right for the U.S. to lead a renewed effort to construct the canal . Colombia 's response to the Panamanian independence movement was tempered by U.S. military presence ; the move is often cited as a classic example of the era of gunboat diplomacy . </P> <P> U.S. success hinged on two factors . First was converting the original French sea - level plan to a more realistic lock - controlled canal . The second was controlling disease which decimated workers and management alike under the original French attempt . Initial chief engineer John Frank Stevens built much of the infrastructure necessary for later construction ; slow progress on the canal itself led to his replacement by George Washington Goethals . Goethals oversaw the bulk of the excavation of the canal , including appointing Major David du Bose Gaillard to oversee the most daunting project , the Culebra Cut through the roughest terrain on the route . Almost as important as the engineering advances was the healthcare advances made during the construction , led by William C. Gorgas , an expert in controlling tropical diseases such as yellow fever and malaria . Gorgas was one of the first to recognize the role of mosquitoes in the spread of these diseases , and by focusing on controlling the mosquitoes greatly improved worker conditions . </P> <P> On 7 January 1914 the French crane boat Alexandre La Valley became the first to make the traverse , and on 1 April 1914 the construction was officially completed with the hand - over of the project from the construction company to the Canal Zone government . The outbreak of World War I caused the cancellation of any official `` grand opening '' celebration , and the canal officially opened to commercial traffic on 15 August 1914 with the transit of the SS Ancon . </P> <P> During World War II , the canal proved a vital part of the U.S. military strategy , allowing ships to transfer easily between the Atlantic and Pacific . Politically , the Canal remained a territory of the United States until 1977 , when the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties began the process of transferring territorial control of the Panama Canal Zone to Panama , a process completed on 31 December 1999 . </P> <P> The Panama Canal continues to be a viable commercial venture and a vital link in world shipping , and continues to be periodically updated and maintained . The Panama Canal expansion project started construction in 2007 and began commercial operation on 26 June 2016 . The new locks allow transit of larger Post-Panamax and New Panamax ships , which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks could accommodate . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 French project <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Conception </Li> <Li> 1.2 Construction </Li> <Li> 1.3 New Panama Canal Company </Li> <Li> 1.4 Results </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Nicaraguan canal </Li> <Li> 3 United States <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Takeover </Li> <Li> 3.2 Workforce </Li> <Li> 3.3 Living conditions </Li> <Li> 3.4 US construction </Li> <Li> 3.5 Culebra Cut </Li> <Li> 3.6 Dams </Li> <Li> 3.7 Locks </Li> <Li> 3.8 Opening </Li> <Li> 3.9 Summary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Third - lane plans </Li> <Li> 5 Transfer to Panama </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Notes </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Contemporary magazines </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> French project ( edit ) </H2> 1888 German map of a projected Panama Canal ( above ) and an alternate Nicaragua route ( below ) <P> The idea of a canal across Central America was revived during the early 19th century . In 1819 , the Spanish government authorized the construction of a canal and the creation of a company to build it . </P> <P> Although the project stalled for some time , a number of surveys were made between 1850 and 1875 . They indicated that the two most - favorable routes were across Panama ( then part of Colombia ) and Nicaragua , with a third route across the Isthmus of Tehuantepec in Mexico another option . The Nicaraguan route was surveyed . </P> <H3> Conception ( edit ) </H3> Part de Fondateur of the Compagnie Universelle du Canal Interocéanique de Panama , issued 29 . November 1880 <P> After the 1869 completion of the Suez Canal , France thought that an apparently - similar project to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans could be carried out with little difficulty . In 1876 an international company , La Société internationale du Canal interocéanique , was created to undertake its construction ; two years later , it obtained a concession from the Colombian government ( since Panama was a Colombian province ) to dig a canal across the isthmus . </P> <P> Ferdinand de Lesseps , who was in charge of the Suez Canal construction , headed the project . His enthusiastic leadership and his reputation as the man who had built the Suez Canal persuaded speculators and ordinary citizens to invest nearly $400 million in the project . </P> <P> However , despite his previous success de Lesseps was not an engineer . The Suez Canal , essentially a ditch dug through a flat , sandy desert , presented few challenges . Although Central America 's mountainous spine has a low point in Panama , it is still 110 meters ( 360.9 ft ) above sea level at its lowest crossing point . The sea - level canal proposed by de Lesseps would require a great deal of excavation through a variety of rock , rather than Suez ' sand . </P> <P> Less - obvious barriers were the rivers crossing the canal , particularly the Chagres ( which flows strongly during the rainy season ) . Since the water would be a hazard to shipping if it drained into the canal , a sea - level canal would require the river 's diversion . </P> <P> The most serious problem was tropical disease , particularly malaria and yellow fever , whose methods of transmission were unknown at the time . The legs of hospital beds were placed in cans of water to keep insects from crawling up them , but the stagnant water was an ideal breeding place for mosquitoes ( carriers of the diseases ) . </P> <P> The project was plagued by a lack of engineering expertise . In May 1879 , an international engineering congress led by de Lesseps convened in Paris . Of its 136 delegates , only 42 were engineers ; the others were speculators , politicians and friends of de Lesseps . </P> <P> He was convinced that a sea - level canal , dug through the mountainous spine of Central America , could be completed at least as easily as the Suez Canal . The engineering congress estimated the project 's cost at $214 million ; on February 14 , 1880 , an engineering commission revised the estimate to $168.6 million . De Lesseps reduced this estimate twice , with no apparent justification : on February 20 to $131.6 million and on March 1 to $120 million . The congress estimated seven or eight years as the time required to complete the canal ; de Lesseps reduced this estimate to six years ( the Suez Canal required ten ) . </P> <P> The proposed sea - level canal would have a uniform depth of 9 meters ( 29.5 ft ) , a bottom width of 22 meters ( 72.2 ft ) and a width at water level of about 27.5 meters ( 90.2 ft ) ; the excavation estimate was 120,000,000 m ( 157,000,000 cu yd ) . A dam was proposed at Gamboa to control flooding of the Chagres River , with channels to drain water away from the canal . However , the Gamboa dam was later found impracticable and the Chagres River problem was left unsolved . </P> <H3> Construction ( edit ) </H3> The Culebra Cut in 1885 <P> Construction of the canal began on January 1 , 1881 , with digging at Culebra beginning on January 22 . A large labor force was assembled , numbering about 40,000 in 1888 ( nine - tenths of whom were afro - Caribbean workers from the West Indies ) . Although the project attracted good , well - paid French engineers , retaining them was difficult due to disease . The death toll from 1881 to 1889 was estimated at over 22,000 , of whom as many as 5,000 were French citizens . </P> <P> By 1885 it had become clear to many that a sea - level canal was impractical , and an elevated canal with locks was preferable ; de Lesseps resisted , and a lock canal plan was not adopted until October 1887 . By this time increasing mortality rates , as well as financial and engineering problems coupled with frequent floods and mudslides , indicated that the project was in serious trouble . Work continued under the new plan until May 15 , 1889 , when the company went bankrupt and the project was suspended . After eight years the canal was about two - fifths completed , and about $234.8 million had been spent . </P> Construction of the canal <P> The company 's collapse was a scandal in France , and the antisemitic Edouard Drumont exploited the role of two Jewish speculators in the affair . One hundred and four legislators were found to have been involved in the corruption , and Jean Jaurès was commissioned by the French parliament to conduct an inquiry which was completed in 1893 . </P> <H3> New Panama canal company ( edit ) </H3> <P> It soon became clear that the only way to recoup expenses for the stockholders was to continue the project . A new concession was obtained from Colombia , and in 1894 the Compagnie Nouvelle du Canal de Panama was created to finish the canal . To comply with the terms of the contract , work began immediately on the Culebra excavation while a team of engineers began a comprehensive study of the project . They eventually settled on a plan for a two - level , lock - based canal . </P> <P> The new effort never gained traction , mainly because of US speculation that a canal through Nicaragua would render one through Panama useless . The most men employed on the new project was 3,600 ( in 1896 ) , primarily to comply with the terms of the concession and to maintain the existing excavation and equipment in saleable condition . The company had already begun looking for a buyer , with an asking price of $109 million . </P> <P> In the US , a congressional Isthmian Canal Commission was established in 1899 to examine possibilities for a Central American canal and recommend a route . In November 1901 , the commission reported that a US canal should be built through Nicaragua unless the French were willing to sell their holdings for $40 million . The recommendation became law on June 28 , 1902 , and the New Panama Canal Company was compelled to sell at that price . </P> <H3> Results ( edit ) </H3> <P> Although the French effort was , to a large extent , doomed to failure from the beginning due to disease and a lack of understanding of the engineering difficulties , it was not entirely futile . The old and new companies excavated 59,747,638 m ( 78,146,960 cu yd ) of material , of which 14,255,890 m ( 18,646,000 cu yd ) was taken from the Culebra Cut . The old company dredged a channel from Panama Bay to the port at Balboa , and the channel dredged on the Atlantic side ( known as the French canal ) was useful for bringing in sand and stone for the locks and spillway concrete at Gatún . </P> <P> Detailed surveys and studies ( particularly those carried out by the new canal company ) and machinery , including railroad equipment and vehicles , aided the later American effort . The French lowered the summit of the Culebra Cut along the canal route by five meters ( 17 ft ) , from 64 to 59 metres ( 210 to 194 ft ) . An estimated 22,713,396 m ( 29,708,000 cu yd ) of excavation , valued at about $25.4 million , and equipment and surveys valued at about $17.4 million were usable by the Americans . </P> <H2> Nicaraguan canal ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Nicaragua Canal <P> The 1848 discovery of gold in California and the rush of would - be miners stimulated US interest in building a canal between the oceans . In 1887 , a United States Army Corps of Engineers regiment surveyed canal possibilities in Nicaragua . Two years later , the Maritime Canal Company was asked to begin a canal in the area and chose Nicaragua . The company lost money in the panic of 1893 , and its work in Nicaragua ceased . In 1897 and 1899 , the United States Congress charged a canal commission with researching possible construction ; Nicaragua was chosen as the location both times . </P> <P> Although the Nicaraguan canal proposal was made redundant by the American takeover of the French Panama Canal project , increases in shipping volume and ship sizes have revived interest in the project . A canal across Nicaragua accommodating post-Panamax ships or a rail link carrying containers between ports on either coast have been proposed . </P> <H2> United States ( edit ) </H2> See also : Panama -- Colombia separation and Gunboat diplomacy <P> Theodore Roosevelt believed that a US - controlled canal across Central America was a vital strategic interest of the country . This idea gained wide circulation after the destruction of the USS Maine in Cuba on February 15 , 1898 . Reversing a Walker Commission decision in favor of a Nicaraguan canal , Roosevelt encouraged the acquisition of the French Panama Canal effort . George S. Morison was the only commission member who argued for the Panama location . The purchase of the French - held land for $40 million was authorized by the June 28 , 1902 Spooner Act . Since Panama was then part of Colombia , Roosevelt began negotiating with that country to obtain the necessary rights . In early 1903 the Hay -- Herrán Treaty was signed by both nations , but the Senate of Colombia failed to ratify the treaty . </P> <P> Roosevelt implied to Panamanian rebels that if they revolted , the US Navy would assist their fight for independence . Panama declared its independence on November 3 , 1903 , and the USS Nashville impeded Colombian interference . The victorious Panamanians gave the United States control of the Panama Canal Zone on February 23 , 1904 , for $10 million in accordance with the November 18 , 1903 Hay -- Bunau - Varilla Treaty . </P> <H3> Takeover ( edit ) </H3> 1923 elevation map of the canal , showing the region 's topography <P> The United States took control of the French property connected to the canal on May 4 , 1904 , when Lieutenant Jatara Oneel of the United States Army was presented with the keys during a small ceremony . The new Panama Canal Zone Control was overseen by the Isthmian Canal Commission ( ICC ) during construction . </P> <P> The first step taken by the US government was to place all the canal workers under the new administration . The operation was maintained at minimum strength to comply with the canal concession and keep the machinery in working order . The US inherited a small workforce and an assortment of buildings , infrastructure and equipment , much of which had been neglected for fifteen years in the humid jungle environment . There were no facilities in place for a large workforce , and the infrastructure was crumbling . </P> <P> Cataloguing assets was a large job ; it took many weeks to card - index available equipment . About 2,150 buildings had been acquired , many of which were uninhabitable ; housing was an early problem , and the Panama Railway was in a state of decay . However , much equipment ( such as locomotives , dredges and other floating equipment ) was still serviceable . </P> General George Washington Goethals <P> Although chief engineer John Findley Wallace was pressured to resume construction , red tape from Washington stifled his efforts to obtain heavy equipment and caused friction between Wallace and the ICC . He and chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas were frustrated by delay , and Wallace resigned in 1905 . He was replaced by John Frank Stevens , who arrived on July 26 , 1905 . Stevens quickly realized that serious investment in infrastructure was necessary and determined to upgrade the railway , improve sanitation in Panama City and Colón , renovate the old French buildings and build hundreds of new ones for housing . He then began the difficult task of recruiting the large labor force required for construction . Stevens ' approach was to press ahead first and obtain approval later . He improved drilling and dirt - removal equipment at the Culebra Cut for greater efficiency , revising the inadequate provisions in place for soil disposal . </P> <P> No decision had been made about whether the canal should be a lock or a sea - level one ; the ongoing excavation would be useful in either case . In late 1905 , President Roosevelt sent a team of engineers to Panama to investigate the relative merits of both types in cost and time . Although the engineers voted eight to five in favor of a sea - level canal , Stevens and the ICC opposed the plan ; Stevens ' report to Roosevelt was instrumental in convincing the president of the merits of a lock canal and Congress concurred . In November 1906 Roosevelt visited Panama to inspect the canal 's progress , the first trip outside the United States by a sitting president . </P> <P> Whether contract employees or government workers would build the canal was controversial . Bids for the canal 's construction were opened in January 1907 , and Knoxville , Tennessee - based contractor William J. Oliver was the low bidder . Stevens disliked Oliver , and vehemently opposed his choice . Although Roosevelt initially favored the use of a contractor , he eventually decided that army engineers should carry out the work and appointed Major George Washington Goethals as chief engineer ( under Stevens ' direction ) in February 1907 . Stevens , frustrated by government inaction and the army involvement , resigned and was replaced by Goethals . </P> <H3> Workforce ( edit ) </H3> <P> The US relied on a stratified workforce to build the canal . High - level engineering jobs , clerical positions , skilled labor and jobs in supporting industries were generally reserved for white Americans , with manual labor primarily by cheap immigrant labor . These jobs were initially filled by Europeans , primarily from Spain , Italy and Greece , many of whom were radical and militant due to political turmoil in Europe . The US then decided to recruit primarily from the British and French West Indies , and these workers provided most of the manual labor on the canal . </P> <H3> Living conditions ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Health measures during the construction of the Panama Canal <P> The Canal Zone originally had minimal facilities for entertainment and relaxation for the canal workers apart from saloons ; as a result , alcohol abuse was a great problem . The inhospitable conditions resulted in many American workers returning home each year . </P> <P> A program of improvements was implemented . Clubhouses were built , managed by the YMCA , with billiard , assembly and reading rooms , bowling alleys , darkrooms for camera clubs , gymnastic equipment , ice cream parlors , soda fountains and a circulating library . Member dues were ten dollars a year , with the remaining upkeep ( about $7,000 at the larger clubhouses ) paid by the ICC . The commission built baseball fields and arranged rail transportation to games ; a competitive league soon developed . Semimonthly Saturday - night dances were held at the Hotel Tivoli , which had a spacious ballroom . </P> <P> These measures influenced life in the Canal Zone ; alcohol abuse fell , with saloon business declining by 60 percent . The number of workers leaving the project each year dropped significantly . </P> <H3> US construction ( edit ) </H3> Culebra Cut in 1907 <P> The work done thus far was preparation , rather than construction . By the time Goethals took over , the construction infrastructure had been created or overhauled and expanded from the French effort and he was soon able to begin construction in earnest . </P> <P> Goethals divided the project into three divisions : Atlantic , Central and Pacific . The Atlantic Division , under Major William L. Sibert , was responsible for construction of the breakwater at the entrance to Limon Bay , the Gatún locks and their 5.6 km ( 3.5 mi ) approach channel , and the Gatun Dam . The Pacific Division ( under Sydney B. Williamson , the only civilian division head ) was responsible for the Pacific entrance to the canal , including a 4.8 km ( 3.0 mi ) breakwater in Panama Bay , the approach channel , and the Miraflores and Pedro Miguel locks and their associated dams . The Central Division , under Major David du Bose Gaillard , was responsible for everything in between . It had arguably the project 's greatest challenge : excavating the Culebra Cut ( known as the Gaillard Cut from 1915 to 2000 ) , which involved cutting 8 miles ( 13 km ) through the continental divide down to 12 meters ( 40 ft ) above sea level . </P> <P> By August 1907 , 765,000 m3 ( 1,000,000 cubic yards ) per month was being excavated ; this set a record for the rainy season ; soon afterwards this doubled , before increasing again . At the peak of production , 2,300,000 m3 ( 3,000,000 cubic yards ) were being excavated per month ( the equivalent of digging a Channel Tunnel every 31⁄2 months ) . </P> <H3> Culebra Cut ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Culebra Cut 1923 diagram illustrating the elevations through which the canal cuts across the isthmus <P> One of the greatest barriers to a canal was the continental divide , which originally rose to 110 metres ( 360.9 ft ) above sea level at its highest point . The effort to cut through this barrier of rock was one of the greatest challenges faced by the project . </P> <P> Goethals arrived at the canal with Major David du Bose Gaillard of the US Army Corps of Engineers . Gaillard was placed in charge of the canal 's Central Division , which stretched from the Pedro Miguel locks to the Gatun Dam , and dedicated himself to getting the Culebra Cut ( as it was then known ) excavated . </P> <P> The scale of the work was massive . Six thousand men worked in the cut , drilling holes in which a total of 27,000 t ( 60,000,000 lb ) of dynamite were placed to break up the rock ( which was then removed by as many as 160 trains per day ) . Landslides were frequent , due to the oxidation and weakening of the rock 's underlying iron strata . Although the scale of the job and the frequent , unpredictable slides generated chaos , Gaillard provided quiet , clear - sighted leadership . </P> <P> On May 20 , 1913 , Bucyrus steam shovels made a passage through the Culebra Cut at the level of the canal bottom . The French effort had reduced the summit to 59 metres ( 193.6 ft ) over a relatively narrow width ; the Americans had lowered this to 12 metres ( 39.4 ft ) above sea level over a greater width , and had excavated over 76,000,000 m ( 99,000,000 cu yd ) of material . About 23,000,000 m ( 30,000,000 cu yd ) of this material in addition to the planned excavation , in the form of landslides . Dry excavation ended on September 10 , 1913 ; a January slide had added 1,500,000 m ( 2,000,000 cu yd ) of earth , but it was decided that this loose material would be removed by dredging when the cut was flooded . </P> <H3> Dams ( edit ) </H3> <P> Two artificial lakes are key parts of the canal : Gatun and Miraflores Lakes . Four dams were constructed to create them . Two small dams at Miraflores impound Miraflores Lake , and a dam at Pedro Miguel encloses the south end of the Culebra Cut ( essentially an arm of Lake Gatun ) . The Gatun Dam is the main dam blocking the original course of the Chagres River , creating Gatun Lake . </P> <P> The Miraflores dams are an 825 - metre ( 2,707 ft ) earth dam connecting the Miraflores Locks in the west and a 150 - metre ( 492 ft ) concrete spillway dam east of the locks . The concrete dam has eight floodgates , similar to those on the Gatun spillway . The earthen , 430 - metre ( 1,411 ft ) Pedro Miguel dam extends from a hill in the west to the lock . Its face is protected by rock riprap at the water level . The largest and most challenging of the dams is the Gatun Dam . This earthen dam , 640 metres ( 2,100 ft ) thick at the base and 2,300 metres ( 7,546 ft ) long along the top , was the largest of its kind in the world when the canal opened . </P> <H3> Locks ( edit ) </H3> Pedro Miguel Locks under construction during the early 1910s , looking north , showing the center wall and intakes Main article : Panama Canal locks <P> Building the locks began with the first concrete laid at Gatun on August 24 , 1909 . The Gatun locks are built into a cutting into a hill bordering the lake , requiring the excavation of 3,800,000 m ( 4,970,212 cu yd ) of material ( mostly rock ) . The locks were made of 1,564,400 m ( 2,046,158 cu yd ) of concrete , with an extensive system of electric railways and cable cars transporting concrete to the lock - construction sites . </P> <P> The Pacific - side locks were finished first : the single flight at Pedro Miguel in 1911 , and Miraflores in May 1913 . The seagoing tugboat Gatun , an Atlantic - entrance tug used to haul barges , traversed the Gatun locks on September 26 , 1913 . The trip was successful , although the valves were controlled manually ; the central control board was not yet ready . </P> <H3> Opening ( edit ) </H3> <P> On October 10 , 1913 , the dike at Gamboa which had kept the Culebra Cut isolated from Gatun Lake was demolished ; the detonation was made telegraphically by President Woodrow Wilson in Washington . On January 7 , 1914 , the Alexandre La Valley , an old French crane boat , became the first ship to make a complete transit of the Panama Canal under its own steam after working its way across during the final stages of construction . </P> <P> As construction wound down , the canal team began to disperse . Thousands of workers were laid off , and entire towns were disassembled or demolished . Chief sanitary officer William C. Gorgas , who left to fight pneumonia in the South African gold mines , became surgeon general of the Army . On April 1 , 1914 the Isthmian Canal Commission disbanded , and the zone was governed by a Canal Zone Governor ; the first governor was George Washington Goethals . </P> <P> Although a large celebration was planned for the canal 's opening , the outbreak of World War I forced the cancellation of the main festivities and it became a modest local affair . The Panama Railway steamship SS Ancon , piloted by Captain John A. Constantine ( the canal 's first pilot ) , made the first official transit on August 15 , 1914 . With no international dignitaries in attendance , Goethals followed the Ancon 's progress by railroad . </P> <H3> Summary ( edit ) </H3> International Space Station photo showing ( right to left ) the Miraflores locks , Miraflores Lake , the Pedro Miguel locks and the Centennial Bridge <P> The canal was a technological marvel and an important strategic and economic asset to the US . It changed world shipping patterns , removing the need for ships to navigate the Drake Passage and Cape Horn . The canal saves a total of about 7,800 miles ( 12,600 km ) on a sea trip from New York to San Francisco . </P> <P> Its anticipated military significance of the canal was proven during World War II , when the canal helped restore the devastated United States Pacific Fleet . Some of the largest ships the United States had to send through the canal were aircraft carriers , particularly Essex class ; they were so large that although the locks could accommodate them , the lampposts along the canal had to be removed . </P> <P> The Panama Canal cost the United States about $375 million , including $10 million paid to Panama and $40 million paid to the French company . Although it was the most expensive construction project in US history to that time , it cost about $23 million less than the 1907 estimate despite landslides and an increase in the canal 's width . An additional $12 million was spent on fortifications . </P> Missouri traverses the Panama Canal en route to the United States in October 1945 <P> A total of over 75,000 people worked on the project ; at the peak of construction , there were 40,000 workers . According to hospital records , 5,609 workers died from disease and accidents during the American construction era . </P> <P> A total of 182,610,550 m ( 238,845,582 cu yd ) of material was excavated in the American effort , including the approach channels at the canal ends . Adding the work by the French , the total excavation was about 204,900,000 m ( 268,000,000 cu yd ) ( over 25 times the volume excavated in the Channel Tunnel project ) . </P> <P> Of the three presidents whose terms spanned the construction period , Theodore Roosevelt is most associated with the canal and Woodrow Wilson presided over its opening . However , William Howard Taft may have given the canal its greatest impetus for the longest time . Taft visited Panama five times as Roosevelt 's secretary of war and twice as president . He hired John Stevens and later recommended Goethals as Stevens ' replacement . Taft became president in 1909 , when the canal was half finished , and was in office for most of the remainder of the work . However , Goethals later wrote : `` The real builder of the Panama Canal was Theodore Roosevelt '' . </P> <P> The following words by Roosevelt are displayed in the rotunda of the canal 's administration building in Balboa : </P> <P> It is not the critic who counts , not the man who points out how the strong man stumbled , or where the doer of deeds could have done them better . The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena ; whose face is marred by dust and sweat and blood ; who strives valiantly , who errs and comes short again and again ; who knows the great enthusiasms , the great devotions , and spends himself in a worthy cause ; who , at the best , knows in the end the triumph of high achievement ; and who , at the worst , if he fails , at least fails while daring greatly , so that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls who know neither victory nor defeat . </P> <P> David du Bose Gaillard died of a brain tumor in Baltimore on December 5 , 1913 , at age 54 . Promoted to colonel only a month earlier , Gaillard never saw the opening of the canal whose creation he directed . The Culebra Cut ( as it was originally known ) was renamed the Gaillard Cut on April 27 , 1915 , in his honor . A plaque commemorating Gaillard 's work stood over the cut for many years ; in 1998 it was moved to the administration building , near a memorial to Goethals . </P> <H2> Third - lane plans ( edit ) </H2> <P> As the situation in Europe deteriorated during the late 1930s , the US again became concerned about its ability to move warships between the oceans . The largest US battleships already had problems with the canal locks , and there were concerns about the locks being incapacitated by bombing . </P> <P> These concerns led Congress to pass a resolution on May 1 , 1936 , authorizing a study of improving the canal 's defenses against attack and expanding its capacity to handle large vessels . A special engineering section was created on July 3 , 1937 , to carry out the study . The section reported to Congress on February 24 , 1939 , recommending work to protect the existing locks and the construction of a new set of locks capable of carrying larger vessels than the existing locks could accommodate . On August 11 , Congress authorized the work . </P> <P> Three new locks were planned , at Gatún , Pedro Miguel and Miraflores , parallel to the existing locks with new approach channels . The new locks would add a traffic lane to the canal , with each chamber 1,200 ft ( 365.76 m ) long , 140 ft ( 42.67 m ) wide and 45 ft ( 13.72 m ) deep . They would be ⁄ mi ( 805 m ) east of the existing Gatún locks and ⁄ mi ( 402 m ) west of the Pedro Miguel and Miraflores locks . </P> <P> The first excavations for the new approach channels at Miraflores began on July 1 , 1940 , following the passage by Congress of an appropriations bill on June 24 , 1940 . The first dry excavation at Gatún began on February 19 , 1941 . Considerable material was excavated before the project was abandoned , and the approach channels can still be seen paralleling the original channels at Gatún and Miraflores . </P> <P> In 2006 , the Autoridad del Canal de Panamá ( the Panama Canal Authority , or ACP ) proposed a plan creating a third lane of locks using part of the abandoned 1940s approach canals . Following a referendum , work began in 2007 and the expanded canal began commercial operations on June 26 , 2016 . After a two - year delay , the new locks allow the transit of Panamax ships ( which have a greater cargo capacity than the original locks can handle ) . The first ship to cross the canal through the third set of locks was a Panamax container ship , the Chinese - owned Cosco Shipping Panama . The cost of the expansion was estimated at $5.25 billion . </P> <H2> Transfer to Panama ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing Play media Jimmy Carter 's speech upon signing the Panama Canal treaty , September 7 , 1977 Statement on the Panama Canal treaty signing Audio - only version </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> After construction , the canal and the Canal Zone surrounding it were administered by the United States . On September 7 , 1977 , US President Jimmy Carter signed the Torrijos - Carter Treaty setting in motion the process of transferring control of the canal to Panama . The treaty became effective on October 1 , 1979 , providing for a 20 - year period in which Panama would have increasing responsibility for canal operations before complete US withdrawal on December 31 , 1999 . Since then , the canal has been administered by the Panama Canal Authority ( Autoridad de Canal de Panama , or ACP ) . </P> <P> The treaty was controversial in the US , and its passage was difficult . The controversy was largely generated by contracts to manage two ports , at either end of the canal , which were awarded by Panama to Hong Kong - based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa . According to US Republicans , the company has close ties to the Chinese government and the Chinese military . However , the United States Department of State said that it found no evidence of connections between Hutchison Whampoa and Beijing . Some Americans were wary of placing the strategic waterway under the protection of Panamanian security forces . </P> Jimmy Carter and Omar Torrijos shake hands moments after the signing of the Torrijos -- Carter Treaties . <P> Although concerns existed in the US and the shipping industry about the canal after the transfer , Panama has exercised good stewardship . According to ACP figures , canal income increased from $769 million in 2000 ( the first year under Panamanian control ) to $1.4 billion in 2006 . Traffic through the canal increased from 230 million tons in 2000 to nearly 300 million tons in 2006 . The number of accidents has decreased from an average of 28 per year in the late 1990s to 12 in 2005 . Transit time through the canal averages about 30 hours , about the same as during the late 1990s . Canal expenses have increased less than revenue , from $427 million in 2000 to $497 million in 2006 . On October 22 , 2006 , Panamanian citizens approved a referendum to expand the canal . </P> <P> Former US Ambassador to Panama Linda Watt , who served from 2002 to 2005 , said that the canal operation in Panamanian hands has been `` outstanding '' . `` The international shipping community is quite pleased '' , Watt added . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Corozal `` Silver '' Cemetery -- a cemetery near Panama City dedicated to workers on the Panama Canal . </Li> <Li> United States and South and Central America </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ The French Failure , from CZ Brats </Li> <Li> ^ DuVal , Miles P. ( 1947 ) And the Mountains Will Move : The Story of the Building of the Panama Canal . Stanford University Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Robert H. Zieger . `` Builders and Dreamers . '' Reviews in American History 38 , no . 3 ( 2010 ) : 513 -- 519 . </Li> <Li> ^ For an excellent book on these early years see : Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . </Li> <Li> ^ On the Panama Scandal , speech by Jean Jaurès , 1893 ( at Marxists.org Internet Archive ) </Li> <Li> ^ The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 - 1914 , David McCullough , Simon & Schuster , 1978 ( a comprehensive history of the building of the canal ) </Li> <Li> ^ The Panama Canal , what it is , what it means , J. Barrett , 1913 </Li> <Li> ^ The Panama Canal : The Crisis in Historical Perspective , Walter LaFeber , Oxford , 1990 ( a survey of U.S. diplomatic , legal , political , economic , and military involvement with the canal ) </Li> <Li> ^ The Panama Canal , Frederic J. Haskin </Li> <Li> ^ Enlarging the Panama Canal , Alden P. Armagnac , CZ Brats </Li> <Li> ^ Enlarging the Panama Canal for Bigger Battleships , notes from CZ Brats </Li> <Li> ^ Prize Possession : The United States and the Panama Canal 1903 -- 1979 , John Major , Cambridge University Press , 1993 ( a comprehensive history of U.S. policy , from Teddy Roosevelt to Jimmy Carter ) </Li> <Li> ^ China company grabs power over Panama Canal , Rowan Scarborough , The Washington Times ( at The Conservative Caucus ) </Li> <Li> ^ Transfer heavy on symbolism , light on change , Steve Nettleton , CNN Interactive </Li> <Li> ^ At Last , Terrorist Threat to Panama Canal is Recognized , at The Conservative Caucus </Li> <Li> ^ Huge Panama Canal Is Carved Out of the Jungle , from Engineering News - Record </Li> <Li> ^ A History of the Panama Canal , from the Panama Canal Authority </Li> <Li> ^ The Case Of The Traveling Plaque , about the plaque dedicated to Colonel David du Bose Gaillard </Li> <Li> ^ Panama delivers a lesson to isolationists by Andrés Oppenheimer </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Lydia . `` Panama Canal 100th Anniversary '' . International Business Times . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Associated Press ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) . `` Panama Canal Opens $5 B Locks , Bullish Despite Shipping Woes '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 -- 1914 , David McCullough , Simon & Schuster , 1978 ( a comprehensive history of the building of the canal ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=M6JAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2598&lpg=PA2598&dq=2148+buildings+panama+canal&source=bl&ots=dFkpYoqYC_&sig=_KnYM4ss4TsR3guH8eH1wZHerY8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=1DQtVcS_C8WtyATiwoHACQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=2148%20buildings%20panama%20canal&f=false </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Collin , Richard H. Theodore Roosevelt 's Caribbean : The Panama Canal , the Monroe Doctrine , & the Latin American Context ( Louisiana State U. Press , 1990 ) , 520pp </Li> <Li> Greene , Julie . ( 2009 ) . The Canal Builders : Making America 's Empire at the Panama Canal . New York : The Penguin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59420 - 201 - 8 </Li> <Li> Lafeber , Walter . The Panama Canal : The Crisis in Historical Perspective ( 3rd ed. 1990 ) , the standard scholarly account of diplomacy </Li> <Li> Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers , OCLC 138568 </Li> <Li> Mellander , Gustavo A. , Mellander , Nelly , `` Charles Edward Magoon : The Panama Years . '' Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> McCullough , David . ( 1977 ) . The Path Between the Seas : The Creation of the Panama Canal , 1870 - 1914 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 22563 - 4 </Li> <Li> Parker , Matthew . ( 2008 ). Panama Fever : The Epic Story of One of the Greatest Human Achievements of All Time -- The Building of the Panama Canal . Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0385515344 </Li> <Li> Williams , Mary Wilhelmine . Anglo - American Isthmian Diplomacy , 1815 -- 1915 ( 1916 ) online </Li> </Ul> <H3> Contemporary magazines ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Lyle , Jr. , Eugene P. ( November 1905 ) . `` The Real Conditions at Panama '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XI : 6858 -- 6892 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . Includes c. 1905 construction photos . </Li> <Li> Thorp , William ( March 1904 ) . `` The Control of the Approach to the Panama Canal '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . VII : 4594 -- 4599 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Vose , Edward Neville ( August 1912 ) . `` How Panama Will Alter Trade : The Shift Of Routes Of Ocean Traffic '' . The World 's Work : A History of Our Time . XXIV : 418 -- 433 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 10 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Archives of Japan : Report of the Foreign Resident , photos ( 1913 ) </Li> <Li> 1904 Convention Between the United States and the Republic of Panama ( the Hay - Bunau - Varilla Treaty ) </Li> <Li> Open Collections Program : Contagion , Tropical Diseases and the Construction of the Panama Canal , 1904 -- 1914 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Panama Canal </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Management </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Panama Canal Authority </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Structures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Locks <Ul> <Li> Panamax </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gatun Dam </Li> <Li> Gatun Lake </Li> <Li> Chagres River </Li> <Li> Culebra Cut </Li> <Li> Centennial Bridge </Li> <Li> Bridge of the Americas </Li> <Li> Panama Canal Railway </Li> <Li> Atlantic Bridge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Locations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Colón <Ul> <Li> Cristóbal port </Li> <Li> Rainbow City </Li> <Li> Limon Bay </Li> <Li> Enrique Adolfo Jiménez Airport </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gatún </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Passage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gatun Lake </Li> <Li> Culebra Cut </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific side </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balboa <Ul> <Li> Albrook Airport </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gamboa </Li> <Li> Panama City </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Expansion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2006 referendum </Li> <Li> Atlantic Bridge </Li> <Li> New Panamax / Post-Panamax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Philippe - Jean Bunau - Varilla </Li> <Li> John G. 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Names of the Philippines - wikipedia <H1> Names of the Philippines </H1> For a description of the island state , see Philippines . The nation 's Coat of Arms showing its official name in Filipino , one of its official languages . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article contains special characters . Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks , boxes , or other symbols . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The name of the Philippines ( Filipino : Pilipinas ( pɪlɪˈpinɐs ) ; Spanish : Filipinas ) is a truncated form of Philippine Islands , derived from the King Philip II of Spain in the 16th century . During the expedition of Ruy López de Villalobos to the islands , Spanish sailor Bernardo de la Torre used the name Las Islas Filipinas in honor of the then - Prince of Asturias , originally referring to the islands of Leyte and Samar . Despite the presence of other names , the name Filipinas ( `` Philippines '' ) was eventually adopted as the name of the entire archipelago . </P> <P> The official name of the Philippines , however , has changed throughout the course of its history . During the Philippine Revolution , the state officially called itself República Filipina , now referred to as the First Philippine Republic . From the period of the Spanish -- American War and the Philippine -- American War until the Commonwealth period , United States colonial authorities referred to the Philippines as the Philippine Islands , a direct translation of the original Spanish . It was during the American Period that the name Philippines began to appear , a name that was officially adopted . The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property ( ICCROM ) , an international organization in aid to UNESCO , has cited that the translation of the country name , Philippi from then Prince Felipe of Asturias and Nes , derived from the Greek nésos ( νῆσος ) , meaning `` Islands '' , directly means Islands of Prince Philip II of Asturias , denoting that the ruler of the archipelago is the Spanish prince , who later became the Spanish king . </P> <P> Due to the colonial origin and direct meaning of the country 's current name , proposals for name change have surfaced since the late 19th century up to present time . Among the proposed names that have surfaced include Sovereign Tagalog Nation ( Haring Bayang Katagalugan ) , Katipunan ( Assembly / Gathering ) , Kapatiran ( Brotherhood ) , Luzviminda ( Luzon , Visayas , and Mindanao ) , Luzvimindas ( Luzon , Visayas , Mindanao , and eastern Sabah ) , Mahárlika ( Nobility ) , Rizalia , Rizaline Republic ( República Rizalina ) , and Dayaw Republic ( Repúblikang Dayaw ) . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical names <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Disputed </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Proposed names </Li> <Li> 3 Provincial names </Li> <Li> 4 In other languages </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Printed sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Historical names ( edit ) </H2> The Philippines was named in the late 1500s after Philip , Prince of Asturias ( 1527 -- 1598 ) , later Philip II of Spain and other territories ( 1556 -- 1598 ) . <P> In addition to the Philippines , the islands have historically had numerous other names . </P> <Ul> <Li> Ma - i . According to the Zhao Rugua 's ( 趙汝适 ) book Zhu Fan Zhi ( 诸 蕃 志 ) written around the 13th century during the Song Dynasty , there was a group of islands found in southern South China Sea called Ma - i ( 麻 逸 , Pinyin : Máyì ) . The islands groups were later invaded and renamed and identified by the Spanish to be the island of Mindoro . This was further proved by Ferdinand Blumentritt in his 1882 book , Versuch einer Ethnographie der Philippinen ( An Attempt to the Study of Ethnography of the Philippines ) that Ma - i , which means `` country of the Blacks '' was the Chinese local name of present - day Mindoro . On the other hand , historians claimed that Ma - i was not an island , but all the south of South Sea islands groups and Manila itself , which was known to be an overseas Chinese settlement which was in constant contact with the Chinese mainland as early as the 9th century AD . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Ma - i consists of the Sānzhōu ( 三洲 , `` Three islands '' ) group of islands : Kia - ma - yen ( 卡拉 棉 , Calamian ) , Bālāwàng ( 巴 拉 望 , Palawan ) and Pa - ki - nung ( 布 桑 加 , Busuanga ) . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Aside from Sānzhōu , Ma - i also consists of the islands of Pai - p'u - yen ( 巴 布 延 , Babuyan ) , P'u - li - lu ( 波 利 略 , Polillo ) , Lim - kia - tung ( 林 加 延 , Lingayen ) , Liu - sung ( 呂 宋 , Luzon ) and Li - ban ( 盧 邦 , Lubang ) . It was said that these islands had contacts with Chinese traders from Canton ( Guangdong ) as early as 982 AD . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Lei was the name given by the Chinese to the present - day island of Luzon , originated from the Tagalog word lusong , a wooden mortar that is used to pound rice . When the Spanish produced maps of the Philippines during early 17th century , they called the island Luçonia which was later respelled as Luzonia , then Luzon . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Las islas de San Lázaro ( St. Lazarus ' Islands ) . Named by Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he reached the islands of Homonhon in Samar ( now Eastern Samar ) on the feast day of Saint Lazarus of Bethany . </Li> <Li> Las islas de Poniente ( Islands to the West ) . Another name from Ferdinand Magellan in 1521 when he learned that the Las islas de San Lázaro also included Cebu and Leyte islands . However , various sources claimed that Magellan was not the one who renamed the area , but his chroniclers instead . The name came from the fact that the islands were reached from Spain en route approaching the left part of the globe . Conversely , the Portuguese called the archipelago Ilhas do oriente ( Islands to the East ) because they approached the islands from the east of Portugal in late 1540s . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> The Portuguese referred the whole island of Luzon as ilhas Luções , or Luzones Islands . </Li> <Li> Mindanao was formerly called ilhas de Liquíos Celebes because of the existence of Celebes Sea south of Mindanao . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Las islas Felipinas ( Philippine Islands / Islands belonging to Philip ) . Named by Ruy López de Villalobos in 1543 to Samar and Leyte , honoring the Prince of Asturias , the then Philip II of Spain . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Caesarea Caroli was the name given by Villalobos to the island of Mindanao when he reached the sea near it . This was named after the Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire ( and I of Spain ) . </Li> <Li> The southern island of Sarangani was renamed by Villalobos as Antonia , in honor of Antonio de Mendoza y Pacheco , the Viceroy of New Spain who commissioned Villalobos expedition to the Philippines . </Li> <Li> Villalobos also named the littoral zone between the islands of Samar and Leyte as Tendaya . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Las islas Filipinas , or simply Filipinas ( Philippines ) . Vernacular corruption of Las islas Felipenas ; irrevocably became the archipelago 's name . </Li> <Li> Pearl of the Orient / Pearl of the Orient Seas ( Spanish : Perla de oriente / Perla del mar de oriente ) is the sobriquet of the Philippines . The term originated from the idea of Spanish Jesuit missionary Fr . Juan J. Delgado in 1751 . In his last poem Mi último adiós , Dr. José Rizal referred the country with this name . In the 1960 revision of Lupang Hinirang , the Philippine national anthem , the Tagalog version of this phrase was included as the translation from the original Spanish . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mi último adiós , original Spanish ( 1896 , first stanza ) </Th> <Th> English translation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Adios , Patria adorada , region del sol querida , Perla del Mar de Oriente , nuestro perdido Eden ! A darte voy alegre la triste mustia vida , Y fuera más brillante más fresca , más florida , Tambien por tí la diera , la diera por tu bien . </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Farewell , my adored Land , region of the sun caressed , Pearl of the Orient Sea , our Eden lost , With gladness I give you my Life , sad and repressed ; And were it more brilliant , more fresh and at its best , I would still give it to you for your welfare at most . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> `` Lupang Hinirang '' , official Filipino lyrics ( 1958 , rev . 1960s , first stanza ) </Th> <Th> Original Spanish lyrics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Bayang magiliw , Perlas ng Silanganan Alab ng puso , Sa Dibdib mo'y buhay . </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Tierra adorada , hija del sol de Oriente , su fuego ardiente en ti latiendo está . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Philippine Islands . This was the anglicized form of the original Spanish name , used under direct American rule and the succeeding Commonwealth Era . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Disputed ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Maniolas . According to Fr . Francisco Colin in 1663 , a Jesuit friar and an early historian of the Philippines , Maniolas was the name used by Claudius Ptolemy to refer to the group of islands south of China ( i.e. Luzon ) . Colin quoted Ptolemy 's writings speaking about the Maniolas islands , which is probably Manila . This theory was further supported by José Rizal and Pedro A. Paterno . Rizal also said that the country was recorded to Ptolemy 's maps when a sailor named Hippalus told him the existence of `` beautiful islands '' in southeastern Far East . However , Trinidad Pardo de Tavera rejected this notion on his 1910 book , Notas para una cartografia de Filipinas ( Notes for the Philippine Cartography ) . </Li> <Li> Baroussai . Along with Maniolas is the Baroussai which was also quoted from Ptolemy . Barrousai is believed to be the Visayas with Mindanao , thus , composing majority of the now Philippine archipelago . </Li> <Li> Ophir ( Hebrew : אוֹפִיר ) is a region of islands mentioned in the Bible , most famous for its wealth . Accounts mention that King Solomon received the riches of the region every three years . At the emergence of the hydrography of Spanish colonies in Asia in the early 17th century , Dominican Gregorio García wrote that Ophir was indeed located in the Moluccas and the Philippines . In 1609 , Juan de Pineda wrote a diverse collection of literature relating Biblical accounts of Solomon , Ophir and the islands . Former Prime Minister Pedro A. Paterno said in one of his works on conjectural anthropology that Ophir is the Philippines because the scented wood Solomon received from Ophir also exists in the Islands . This notion was however , later dismissed by modern historians as merely alluding and comparing the Philippines ' position to the Spanish economy with that of Ophir to Solomon 's kingdom -- the sudden discovery and colonisation of the Islands bringing wealth and prosperity to the realm . </Li> <Li> Tawalisi , was an ancient kingdom in Southeast Asia reached by explorer Ibn Battuta . He reached the kingdom when he left Sumatra and headed towards China . According to the historical accounts of the explorer , he met Urduja , a legendary warrior princess from Pangasinan . However , according to William Henry Scott , Tawilisi and its warrior - princess Urduja are `` fabulous , fairy - tale , fiction '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Proposed names ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Haring Bayang Katagalugan ( Sovereign Tagalog Nation ) . Andrés Bonifacio 's suggested name for the Filipino nation , intended to be governed by the 1896 -- 1897 Republika ng Katagalugan ( Tagalog Republic ) , although unrecognized by non-Tagalog Filipinos . This was later used by Macario Sakay for his 1902 -- 1906 government that was suppressed by the Americans . </Li> <Li> Kapatiran ( `` Brotherhood '' ) , or its semi-equivalent Katipunan ( `` Assembly '' / `` Gathering '' ) . </Li> <Li> Luzviminda . A portmanteau of the first syllables of the country 's three major island groups : Luzon ; Visayas ; and Mindanao . The term has sometimes been interchanged with Luzvimindas , due to the territorial claim of the country on eastern Sabah in Borneo . </Li> <Li> Mahárlika ( Sanskrit : mahardhikka , `` nobility '' ) . In Pre-Hispanic Philippines , the mahárlika was the `` noble warrior '' class whose members were essentially the same as common freedmen , distinguished by their duty to serve the ruler in battle . In 1978 , then - President Ferdinand Marcos supported a House Bill mandating the country 's renaming to Mahárlika . The bill did not pass since the term was seen by numerous ethnic groups as imperial in nature . </Li> <Li> Rizalia . Named after national hero José Rizal , in a similar fashion to Bolivia being named after Simón Bolivar . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> República Rizalina ( `` Rizaline Republic '' ) . While exiled in Japan , former revolutionary general Artemio Ricarte proposed the name and had already drafted a constitution for this attempt at a revolutionary government . The term has been pushed by many pro-Rizal Filipinos , however , the term itself is criticized by many as Rizal was not in favor of Philippine independence during the Philippine revolution against Spain . </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Dayaw Republic ( Repúblikang Dayaw ) . The name was coined through the indigenous term , dayaw , which is prevalent in various languages throughout the archipelago . The term means ' praise ' in Waray , ' to take pride ' in Hiligaynon , ' respect ' in Ilokano , and ' bodily adornment ' in Tagalog . In other languages in the country , the term also means ' to present with pride what is distinctly and essentially inherent to oneself ' , ' to show one 's best with pride and dignity coupled with excitement ' , and ' honor ' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Provincial names ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Philippine provincial name etymologies <H2> In other languages ( edit ) </H2> The obverse of a 1944 one centavo coin . `` Filipinas '' is printed on the lower ring . <P> The 1987 constitution provides that Filipino and English be official languages of the Philippines . The constitution does not contain a provision specifically designating an official name for the country ; however , `` Republic of the Philippines '' is used consistently throughout its provisions ( in English ) . Article XIV , section 8 of the constitution also mandates that the constitution be also promulgated in Filipino but no such official Filipino version exists . `` Republika ng Pilipinas '' is the de facto name of the country used in Filipino . When standing alone in English , the country 's name is always preceded by the article the . However , the definite article ang does not precede the name in Filipino contexts . </P> <P> The country has throughout its history been known as Filipinas . In the 1930s , the scholar Lope K. Santos introduced the abakada alphabet for writing Tagalog which no longer used the letter F as this sound was absent and was usually pronounced by speakers of several Philippine languages as `` P '' . The abakada alphabet also subsequently spread to other Philippine languages ( which had been using spelling systems based on the Spanish abecedario ) . Thus , the form Pilipinas propagated and came into general use . </P> <P> The Commission on the Filipino Language and National Artist , Virgilio S. Almario urges the usage of Filipinas as the country 's official name to reflect its origin and history , and to be inclusive to all the languages in the country that already have the new 8 letters of the modern Filipino alphabet ( officially used since 1987 ) which includes the letter F . </P> <P> Unlike Ireland which uses the name `` Éire / Ireland '' to identify itself at international meetings , the English name usually appears to identify the Philippines ( e.g. , when there are meetings in the United Nations or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations ) in this setting . This is also the tradition even if the meeting is held within the Philippines . </P> <P> In many Philippine languages such as Tagalog , Pilipinas is used ; while some other languages , including Ilocano and Chavacano , use Filipinas . Though the name Philippines is the official name that is used by the country 's government for international and domestic businesses , numerous major languages of the world still use their own translation or transliteration of the name Philippines to refer to it . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Th> Name ( Pilipinas ) </Th> <Th> Transliteration </Th> <Th> Official Name ( Republika ng Pilipinas ) </Th> <Th> Transliteration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Afrikaans </Td> <Td> Filippyne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republiek van die Filippyne </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Albanian </Td> <Td> Filipinet </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republika e Filipineve </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amharic </Td> <Td> ፊሊፒንስ </Td> <Td> Filipins </Td> <Td> ፊሊፒንስ ሪፐብሊክ </Td> <Td> Filipins Ripäblik </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arabic </Td> <Td> الفلبين </Td> <Td> Al Filibīn </Td> <Td> جمهورية الفلبين </Td> <Td> Jumhūrīyyat Al Filibīn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Armenian </Td> <Td> Ֆիլիպիններ </Td> <Td> Filipinner </Td> <Td> Ֆիլիպիններում Հանրապետություն </Td> <Td> Filippinerum Hanrapetut'yun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Azerbaijani </Td> <Td> Filippin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filippin Respublikası </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Basque </Td> <Td> Filipinetan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filipinetako Errepublikako </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belarusian </Td> <Td> Філіпіны </Td> <Td> Filipiny </Td> <Td> Рэспубліка Філіпіны </Td> <Td> Respublika Filipiny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bengali </Td> <Td> ফিলিপাইন </Td> <Td> Filipain </Td> <Td> ফিলিপাইন প্রজাতন্ত্র </Td> <Td> Filipain Projatôntro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bulgarian </Td> <Td> Филипини </Td> <Td> Filipini </Td> <Td> Република Филипини </Td> <Td> Republika Filipini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Catalan </Td> <Td> Filipines </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> República de les Filipines </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chinese </Td> <Td> 菲律賓 ( Tr . ) 菲律宾 ( Sp . ) </Td> <Td> Fēilǜbīn </Td> <Td> 菲律賓 共和國 ( Tr . ) 菲律宾 共和国 ( Sp . ) </Td> <Td> Fēilǜbīn Gònghéguó </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Croatian </Td> <Td> Filipini </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republika Filipini </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Czech </Td> <Td> Filipíny </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filipínská Republika </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Danish </Td> <Td> Filippinerne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republikken Filippinerne </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dutch </Td> <Td> Filipijnen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republiek der Filipijnen </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> English </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republic of the Philippines </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Estonian </Td> <Td> Filipiinid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filipiini Vabariik </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finnish </Td> <Td> Filippiinit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filippiinien Tasavalta </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fijian </Td> <Td> Filipin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Matanitu Tugalala o Filipin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> République des Philippines </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgian </Td> <Td> ფილიპინები </Td> <Td> P'ilipinebi </Td> <Td> ფილიპინების რესპუბლიკის </Td> <Td> P'ilipinebis respublikis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German </Td> <Td> Philippinen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republik der Philippinen </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greek </Td> <Td> Φιλιππίνες </Td> <Td> Filippínes </Td> <Td> Δημοκρατία των Φιλιππίνων </Td> <Td> Di̱mokratía to̱n Filippíno̱n </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Haryanvi </Td> <Td> फ़िलिपीण </Td> <Td> Filippínn </Td> <Td> फ़िलिपीण गणराज्य </Td> <Td> Filippínn Gannrājya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hebrew </Td> <Td> פיליפינים </Td> <Td> Filipinim </Td> <Td> הרפובליקה של הפיליפינים </Td> <Td> Ha'republika Filipinim </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hindi </Td> <Td> फ़िलीपीन्स </Td> <Td> Filipīns </Td> <Td> फ़िलीपींस गणराज्य </Td> <Td> Filīpīns Gaṇarājya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hokkien </Td> <Td> 菲律賓 呂 宋 </Td> <Td> Huili̍ppin Lūsòng </Td> <Td> 菲律賓 共和國 </Td> <Td> Huili̍ppin kiōnghôkok </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hungarian </Td> <Td> Fülöp - szigetek </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fülöp - szigeteki Köztársaság </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Icelandic </Td> <Td> Filippseyjar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lýðveldið Filippseyjar </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indonesian </Td> <Td> Filipina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republik Filipina </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish </Td> <Td> Na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Phoblacht na hOileáin Fhilipíneacha </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian </Td> <Td> Filippine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Repubblica delle Filippine </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japanese </Td> <Td> フィリピン </Td> <Td> Firipin </Td> <Td> フィリピン 共和国 </Td> <Td> Firipin kyōwakoku </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kazakh </Td> <Td> Филиппиндер </Td> <Td> Filippinder </Td> <Td> Филиппин Республикасы </Td> <Td> Filippin Respublikasy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Khmer </Td> <Td> ប្រទេស ហ្វីលីពីន </Td> <Td> Filippin </Td> <Td> សាធារណរដ្ឋ ហ្វីលីពីន </Td> <Td> Sathéaranakrâth Filippin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korean </Td> <Td> 필리핀 </Td> <Td> Pillipin </Td> <Td> 필리핀 공화국 </Td> <Td> Pillipin Gonghwaguk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kurdish </Td> <Td> Filîpîn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Komara Filîpînan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lao </Td> <Td> ຟີລິບປິນ </Td> <Td> Filipin </Td> <Td> ສາທາລະນະລັດຟີລິບປິນ </Td> <Td> Sāthālanalat Filipin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latin </Td> <Td> Philippinae </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Respublica Philippinarum </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Latvian </Td> <Td> Filipīnas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filipīnu Republika </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithuanian </Td> <Td> Filipinai </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filipinų Respublika </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Macedonian </Td> <Td> Филипини </Td> <Td> Filipini </Td> <Td> Република Филипини </Td> <Td> Republika Filipini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Malaysian </Td> <Td> Filipina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republik Filipina </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maltese </Td> <Td> Filippini </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Repubblika tal - Filippini </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marathi </Td> <Td> फिलिपिन्स </Td> <Td> Filipins </Td> <Td> फिलिपिन्सचे प्रजासत्ताक </Td> <Td> Filipinsce prajāsattāk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norwegian </Td> <Td> Filippinene </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republikken Filippinene </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Persian </Td> <Td> فیلیپین </Td> <Td> Filipin </Td> <Td> جمهوری فیلیپین </Td> <Td> Jomhuri Filipin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Polish </Td> <Td> Filipiny </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republika Filipin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portuguese </Td> <Td> Filipinas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> República das Filipinas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Romanian </Td> <Td> Filipine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republica Filipine </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Russian </Td> <Td> Филиппины </Td> <Td> Filipiny </Td> <Td> Республика Филиппины </Td> <Td> Respublika Filipiny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serbian </Td> <Td> Филипини </Td> <Td> Filipini </Td> <Td> Република Филипини </Td> <Td> Republika Filipini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sinhala </Td> <Td> පිලිපීනය </Td> <Td> Pilipinaya </Td> <Td> පිලිපීනය ජනරජය </Td> <Td> Pilipinaya Janarajaya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovak </Td> <Td> Filipíny </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filipínska Republika </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Slovene </Td> <Td> Filipini </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republika Filipini </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Somali </Td> <Td> Filibiin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jamhuuriyada Filibiin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spanish </Td> <Td> Filipinas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> República de las Filipinas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swahili </Td> <Td> Ufilipino </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jamhuri ya Ufilipino </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swedish </Td> <Td> Filippinerna </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Republiken Filippinerna </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamil </Td> <Td> பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் </Td> <Td> Pilippaiṉs </Td> <Td> பிலிப்பைன்ஸ் குடியரசு </Td> <Td> Pilippaiṉs kuṭiyaracu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thai </Td> <Td> ฟิลิปปินส์ </Td> <Td> Filippin </Td> <Td> สาธารณรัฐ ฟิลิปปินส์ </Td> <Td> Sāthāranarat Filippin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkish </Td> <Td> Filipinler </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filipinler Cumhuriyeti </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Turkmen </Td> <Td> Filippinler </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filippinler Respublikasy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ukrainian </Td> <Td> Філіпіни </Td> <Td> Filippiny </Td> <Td> Республіка Філіппіни </Td> <Td> Respublika Filippiny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Urdu </Td> <Td> فلپائن </Td> <Td> Filipāʾin </Td> <Td> جمہوریہ فلپائن </Td> <Td> Jamhūriya Filipāʾin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Uzbek </Td> <Td> Filippin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Filippin Respublikasi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vietnamese </Td> <Td> Phi Luật Tân </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cộng hoà Phi Luật Tân </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Welsh </Td> <Td> Philipinau </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gweriniaeth Ynysoedd y Philipinau </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Catálogo alfabético de apellidos </Li> <Li> Filipino </Li> <Li> Juan de la Cruz </Li> <Li> Philippine name </Li> <Li> Epistle to the Philippians -- Greece </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott 1994 , p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Factbook -- Philippines . CIA . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4220 - 0227 - 8 . Retrieved 2009 - 03 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OpenSeadragon '' . openseadragon.github.io . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beautifully Designed Map Shows the Literal Translations of Country Names : `` Place of Abundant Fish '' ( Panama ) , `` Land of Many Rabbits '' ( Spain ) , and More `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OpenSeadragon '' . openseadragon.github.io . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beautifully Designed Map Shows the Literal Translations of Country Names : `` Place of Abundant Fish '' ( Panama ) , `` Land of Many Rabbits '' ( Spain ) , and More `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guerrero , Encarnacion & Villegas 1996 , pp. 3 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guerrero & Schumacher 1998 , p. 95 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Maharlika : AsianWeek '' . 2008 - 09 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 29 . 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Retrieved 17 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines '' . The LawPhil Project . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Last Poem of Rizal '' . Jose Rizal University . Retrieved 17 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palma , José ( 1912 ) . Melancólicas : coleccion de poesías . Manila , Philippines : Liberería Manila Filatélica . ( Digital copy found online at HathiTrust Digital Library on 2010 - 03 - 31 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of the Name `` Philippines '' `` . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carunungan , Celso Al ( December 23 , 1987 ) . `` What 's in a Name ? '' . Manila Standard Today . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Morga 2004 , p. 298 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mojares 2006 , pp. 174 -- 175 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rizal : `` Ptolemy also mentions ... five Baroussai ( Mindanao , Leite , Sebu , etc . ) . '' See : https://archive.org/stream/historyofthephil07001gut/7phip10.txt </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makmak ( 10 February 2011 ) . `` domingo : Name of the Philippines '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sheehan 2008 , p. 398 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mojares 2006 , p. 85 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Truxillo 2001 , p. 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Henry Scott , Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History , ISBN 971 - 10 - 0226 - 4 , p. 83 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guerrero , Encarnacion & Villegas 1996 , pp. 3 -- 12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guerrero & Schumacher 1998 , p. 95 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodis , Rodel ( 2 September 2008 ) . `` ' Maharlika ' Reconsidered '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . 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( 2004 ) , Philippine History , Rex Bookstore , ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 3934 - 9 ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 3934 - 9 </Li> <Li> Guerrero , Milagros ; Encarnacion , Emmanuel ; Villegas , Ramon ( 1996 ) , `` Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution '' , Sulyap Kultura , National Commission for Culture and the Arts , 1 ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Guerrero , Milagros ; Schumacher , John ( 1998 ) , Reform and Revolution , Kasaysayan : The History of the Filipino People , 5 , Asia Publishing Company Limited , ISBN 978 - 962 - 258 - 228 - 6 </Li> <Li> Halili , M.C. ( 2008 ) , Struggle for Freedom , Rex Bookstore , ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 5045 - 0 ISBN 978 - 971 - 23 - 5045 - 0 </Li> <Li> Hirth , Friedrich ; Rockhill , W.W. ( 1911 ) , Chau Ju - Kua : His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries entitled Chu - fan - chi , Imperial Academy of Sciences </Li> <Li> Keat , Gin Ooi ( 2004 ) , Southeast Asia : A Historical Encyclopedia , from Angkor Wat to East Timor , ABC - CLIO , ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 770 - 2 </Li> <Li> Mojares , Resil B. ( 2006 ) , Brains of the Nation : Pedro Paterno , T.H. 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Elizabeth Daily - wikipedia <H1> Elizabeth Daily </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Elizabeth Daily </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Daily at the San Diego Comic - Con International in July 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Elizabeth Ann Guttman ( 1961 - 09 - 11 ) September 11 , 1961 ( age 56 ) Los Angeles , California , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other names </Th> <Td> E.G. Daily </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress , voice actress , singer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1979 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rick Salomon ( m . 1995 ; div. 2000 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Elizabeth Ann Guttman ( born September 11 , 1961 ) , known professionally as Elizabeth Daily and E.G. Daily , is an American voice , onscreen actress and singer known for her portrayal of voicing Tommy Pickles in the Nickelodeon series Rugrats and its spin - off All Grown Up ! and in the Rugrats film series and Buttercup in Cartoon Network 's The Powerpuff Girls . Daily also provided the voice of the title pig in the live - action feature film Babe : Pig in the City . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Acting career <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Voice acting </Li> <Li> 1.2 Live acting </Li> <Li> 1.3 Stand - up comic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Singing career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 The Voice </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Short subjects </Li> <Li> 4.3 Television </Li> <Li> 4.4 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Discography <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Albums </Li> <Li> 5.2 Singles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Acting career ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Voice Acting ( edit ) </H3> <P> She has voiced television characters such as Tommy Pickles in Rugrats and its spin - off All Grown Up ! and in the Rugrats film series , Buttercup in The Powerpuff Girls , Rudy Tabootie in ChalkZone , and Freefall / Roxy Spaulding in the film Gen13 and Private Isabel `` Dizzy '' Flores in Roughnecks : Starship Troopers Chronicles . She provided the voice for the title role in the live - action feature film Babe : Pig in the City , replacing Christine Cavanaugh . More recently in 2013 , she began doing the voice of Julius Jr. on the self - titled Nick Jr. television show . </P> <P> In a 2000 article from LA Weekly , in reference to how she portrays Buttercup on The Powerpuff Girls , Daily says : `` Spicy Buttercup is feisty . She 's passionate about things , and a little bit aggressive I get to rage out every now and then . You have to be pretty contained a lot of the time , and Buttercup sometimes gets a little leaky . '' </P> <H3> Live Acting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Besides doing voice - overs , Daily has acted in film and on TV . She played Sandy Burns on the PBS series The Righteous Apples from 1980 to 1981 . In 1985 , she starred as Dottie in Pee - wee 's Big Adventure as well as Loryn in Valley Girl and as a singer in the comedy Better Off Dead . She also appeared on such shows as Laverne & Shirley , CHiPs , Fame and Friends . She was also in the video for Rod Stewart 's song `` Young Turks '' as Patti , one of the runaway teens . She has been cast in several Rob Zombie films , most recently in 2015 as Sex - Head in Rob Zombie 's 31 , the woman on the side of Torsten Voges , who plays Death - Head . </P> <H3> Stand - up comic ( edit ) </H3> <P> Daily created and performed a one - woman stand - up comedy tour about the ups and downs of her career and life . </P> <H2> Singing career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Daily signed with A&M Records in 1985 , working with Madonna 's frequent collaborators John `` Jellybean '' Benitez and Stephen Bray . In 1986 , that label released the R&B / Rock single `` Say It , Say It '' . The song made it to No. 70 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and the No. 1 spot on the Hot Dance Music / Club Play chart . ( Other versions of the song appeared as early as 1981 ) . Her songs `` Shake It Up '' and `` I 'm Hot Tonight '' were included in the soundtrack to the film Scarface . Those same songs were later included in the lineup of fictional radio station Flashback 95.6 FM in the Grand Theft Auto III video game . They were also included in the Scarface : The World Is Yours video game , based on the 1983 film . Her hit `` Love in the Shadows '' was featured in the films Thief of Hearts and Circuit . </P> <P> Also in 1985 , she provided back - up vocals for The Human League front - man Philip Oakey 's debut solo album , Philip Oakey & Giorgio Moroder . That same year , she appeared in the comedy film Better Off Dead , singing the songs `` One Way Love ( Better Off Dead ) '' and `` A Little Luck '' as a member of a band performing at a high school dance . Both songs were included on the soundtrack album credited to E.G. Daily . She performed a song on The Breakfast Club soundtrack called `` Waiting '' . </P> <P> In 1987 , she released the song `` Mind Over Matter '' , which is featured in the film Summer School . Daily plays guitar , harmonica , keyboards , and percussion instruments . In her 1988 song , `` Some People '' , from her Lace Around the Wound album , produced by Lotti Golden and Tommy Faragher , she plays guitar and harmonica . In 1999 , she released her third studio album Tearing Down the Walls . </P> <P> Daily released a song titled `` Changing Faces '' in 2003 . The song was used on the end credits of Rugrats Go Wild . She also released a single titled `` Beautiful '' which she made available through iTunes on April 29 , 2008 . She also sang the song `` Dawn 's Theme '' , which was used at the end of the movie Streets . From 2003 to 2011 , Daily did the voice - over of Jake Harper singing the Two and a Half Men song . </P> <P> Her genres are country , dance , pop and rock . </P> <H3> The voice ( edit ) </H3> <P> In fall 2013 , Daily sang as a contestant on the fifth season of the NBC reality show The Voice . In the blind audition broadcast on September 24 , 2013 , she sang `` Breathe '' from Faith Hill . Two of the four judges on the show , Blake Shelton and Cee Lo Green , turned around their chairs for her . She chose to be on Team Blake . </P> <P> Daily proceeded to win her battle in the shows battle round 's singing the song `` Something to Talk About '' . She lost in the Knockout Rounds , with a performance of Bonnie Raitt 's , `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' . </P> <H2> Personal life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Daily was dating actor Jon - Erik Hexum of the television show Cover Up at the time of his death in 1984 . She was rumored to have dated actor and comedian Paul Reubens while filming Pee - wee 's Big Adventure , and has also been in a brief relationship with actor Brad Pitt . </P> <P> Daily was married to Rick Salomon from 1995 to 2000 . They had two daughters , Hunter ( born in 1996 ) and Tyson ( born in 1998 ) . Daily also owns 2 dogs which are a chihuahua and a rottweiler . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Jukebox </Td> <Td> Audition Dancer </Td> <Td> Credited as Elizabeth Guttman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Street Music </Td> <Td> Sadie Deleward </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> One Dark Night </Td> <Td> Leslie Winslow </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Escape Artist </Td> <Td> Sandra </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wacko </Td> <Td> Bambi </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ladies and Gentlemen , The Fabulous Stains </Td> <Td> Motel Maid </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Funny Money </Td> <Td> Cass </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Valley Girl </Td> <Td> Loryn </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Streets of Fire </Td> <Td> Baby Doll </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No Small Affair </Td> <Td> Susan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Fandango </Td> <Td> Judy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pee - wee 's Big Adventure </Td> <Td> Dottie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Better Off Dead </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bad Dreams </Td> <Td> Lana </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Loverboy </Td> <Td> Linda </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Dutch </Td> <Td> Hailey </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dogfight </Td> <Td> Marcie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Lorenzo 's Oil </Td> <Td> Vocal effects for Lorenzo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Little Rascals </Td> <Td> Dubbing voice of Froggy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Flintstones </Td> <Td> Dubbing voice of Bamm - Bamm </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> A Goofy Movie </Td> <Td> Additional Voices </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jungle Cubs </Td> <Td> Bagheera </Td> <Td> First season only </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> The Rugrats Movie </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Babe : Pig in the City </Td> <Td> Babe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Gen13 </Td> <Td> Freefall </Td> <Td> Unreleased in US , but direct - to - video in Europe and Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Bob 's Video </Td> <Td> V.C. </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet the Wolfman </Td> <Td> Nathan </Td> <Td> Direct - to - video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Scooby - Doo ! and the Witch 's Ghost </Td> <Td> Additional Voices </Td> <Td> Direct - to - video </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rugrats in Paris : The Movie </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Recess : School 's Out </Td> <Td> Cap'n Sticky </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Trumpet of the Swan </Td> <Td> Ella </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> The Making and Meaning of ' We Are Family ' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Documentary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Powerpuff Girls Movie </Td> <Td> Buttercup </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Country Bears </Td> <Td> Beary Barrington ( singing voice ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Rugrats Go Wild </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Potheads : The Movie </Td> <Td> Mrs. B Johnson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Devil 's Rejects </Td> <Td> Candy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Cutting Room </Td> <Td> Joanne Kramer </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mustang Sally </Td> <Td> Mustang Sally </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Happy Feet </Td> <Td> Baby Mumble </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Lampoon 's Pledge This ! </Td> <Td> Catherine Johnson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> White Air </Td> <Td> Alex 's Mother </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Gnomes and Trolls : The Secret Chamber </Td> <Td> Junior </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> My Sister 's Keeper </Td> <Td> Nurse Susan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cats & Dogs : The Revenge of Kitty Galore </Td> <Td> Catherine 's Niece , Patches & Scrumptious ( voice ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gnomes and Trolls : The Forest Trial </Td> <Td> Junior </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Boy Toy </Td> <Td> Helen </Td> <Td> Video credited as `` E.G. Daily </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Happy Feet Two </Td> <Td> Erik ( vocals ) / Additional Voices </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Yellow </Td> <Td> Aunt Netty </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wreck - It Ralph </Td> <Td> Additional Voices </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> I Know That Voice </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Documentary film on voice acting </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> The Hero of Color City </Td> <Td> Ben </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Toy Soldier </Td> <Td> Young Logan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Sex - Head </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pizza Mouse </Td> <Td> Alice Mouse </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mothers and Daughters </Td> <Td> Momma Quinn </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> The Emoji Movie </Td> <Td> Additional Voices </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Short subjects ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> The Orkly Kid </Td> <Td> Carrissa </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stop That Cycle </Td> <Td> Mom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wait </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Up - In - Down Town </Td> <Td> Binko ( voice ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Father Mud </Td> <Td> Mary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toy Soldier </Td> <Td> Young Logan ( voice ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2020 </Td> <Td> Underlings </Td> <Td> Arthur </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Film </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> CHiPs </Td> <Td> Caroll Sweeney </Td> <Td> Season 5 , Episode 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Saturday Night Live </Td> <Td> Herself ( as E.G. Daily ) </Td> <Td> Musical guest ( episode 212 , May 17 , 1986 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Popples </Td> <Td> Potato Chip </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Live - action pilot </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Camp Candy </Td> <Td> Rick / Alex / Binky </Td> <Td> Season 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Rugrats </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles , Baby Stu Pickles , Various Voices </Td> <Td> 172 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Darkwing Duck </Td> <Td> Lightwave </Td> <Td> Episode : The Frequency Fiends </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 -- 97 </Td> <Td> Eek ! The Cat </Td> <Td> Wendy Elizabeth ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 30 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles </Td> <Td> Quarx ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Star Child '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 -- 97 </Td> <Td> Duckman </Td> <Td> Mambo ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 15 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Bump in the Night </Td> <Td> Germ Girls ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 96 </Td> <Td> What - a-Mess </Td> <Td> Voice </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 -- 97 </Td> <Td> The What - A-Cartoon ! Show </Td> <Td> Buttercup ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Timon & Pumbaa </Td> <Td> Girl ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Shopping Mauled / Library Brouhaha '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cave Kids </Td> <Td> Bamm - Bamm Rubble ( singing voice ) </Td> <Td> 8 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jungle Cubs </Td> <Td> Bagheera ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 13 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 -- 97 </Td> <Td> Quack Pack </Td> <Td> Louie ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 39 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Friends </Td> <Td> Leslie ( as E.G. Daily ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The One with Phoebe 's Ex-Partner '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spicy City </Td> <Td> Nisa , Darleen ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Love is a Download '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 98 </Td> <Td> The Crayon Box </Td> <Td> Piggy Banks ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Voice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> Recess </Td> <Td> Various Voices </Td> <Td> 4 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> The New Batman Adventures </Td> <Td> Thrift Store Manager ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Beware the Creeper '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> The Powerpuff Girls </Td> <Td> Buttercup , Various Voices </Td> <Td> 81 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Roughnecks : Starship Troopers Chronicles </Td> <Td> Private Isabelle `` Dizzy '' Flores ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 40 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 -- 2002 </Td> <Td> The New Woody Woodpecker Show </Td> <Td> Knothead ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 15 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 02 </Td> <Td> Baby Blues </Td> <Td> Zoe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 03 </Td> <Td> Clifford the Big Red Dog </Td> <Td> Cousin Laura ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 -- 07 </Td> <Td> What 's with Andy ? </Td> <Td> Additional Voices </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 -- 08 </Td> <Td> ChalkZone </Td> <Td> Rudy Tabootie ( voice ) , Various Voices </Td> <Td> 42 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 08 </Td> <Td> All Grown Up ! </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles ( voice ) , Various Voices </Td> <Td> 52 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 -- 10 </Td> <Td> Two and a Half Men </Td> <Td> Jake Harper ( voice -- opening theme song ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Game Over </Td> <Td> Billy Smashenburn , Zenna </Td> <Td> 6 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Danger Rangers </Td> <Td> Bobby , Kid , and Sparky </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> Curious George </Td> <Td> Steve , Various Voices </Td> <Td> 44 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> The Land Before Time </Td> <Td> Rhett , Shorty ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episodes : `` The Brave Longneck Scheme '' ( as Rhett ) , `` The Big Longneck Test '' ( as Shorty ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Random ! Cartoons </Td> <Td> Victor , One - Eyed Bird , Co-Worker No. 1 ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Victor '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 -- 08 </Td> <Td> Ni Hao , Kai - Lan </Td> <Td> Mr. Hoppy ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Rahan </Td> <Td> The Shadow Queen </Td> <Td> 26 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 12 </Td> <Td> The Avengers : Earth 's Mightiest Heroes </Td> <Td> Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird / Veranke </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Pound Puppies </Td> <Td> Dolly , Mom ( 2 ) , Tipper , Scout , Various Voices </Td> <Td> 22 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> The Voice </Td> <Td> Herself / Contestant </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Julius Jr . </Td> <Td> Julius Junior ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 51 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> TripTank </Td> <Td> Anthony , Sean , Kids 2 - 6 ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Avengers : Ultron Revolution </Td> <Td> Moonstone / Meteorite ( voice ) </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Middle </Td> <Td> Daphne </Td> <Td> Episode : `` The Wisdom Teeth '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Adam Ruins Everything </Td> <Td> Student ( voice ) </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Adam Ruins What We Learned in School '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Video game </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Stonekeep </Td> <Td> Sweetie Surly </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Duckman : The Graphic Adventures of a Private Dick </Td> <Td> Mambo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Rugrats Adventure Game </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles , Parade Lady </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rugrats : Search for Reptar </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Rugrats in Paris : The Movies </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Nicktoons Racing </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Powerpuff Girls : Mojo Jojo 's Pet Project </Td> <Td> Buttercup </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Powerpuff Girls : Chemical X-traction </Td> <Td> Buttercup </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Rugrats : Royal Ransom </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> The Powerpuff Girls : Relish Rampage </Td> <Td> Buttercup , Male Child 5 , Female Child 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Rugrats Go Wild ! </Td> <Td> Tommy Pickles </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The Incredibles </Td> <Td> Helen Parr / Elastigirl </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Baten Kaitos Origins </Td> <Td> Wacho </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Downhill Jam </Td> <Td> Fei Liu </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Happy Feet </Td> <Td> Toddler Mumble , Toddler Gloria </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Speed Racer : The Videogame </Td> <Td> Rosey Blaze </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Cartoon Network Universe : FusionFall </Td> <Td> Buttercup </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marvel : Ultimate Alliance 2 </Td> <Td> Spider - Woman ( Jessica Drew ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Skylanders : Giants </Td> <Td> Sprocket </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Skylanders : Swap Force </Td> <Td> Sprocket </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Skylanders : Trap Team </Td> <Td> Sprocket </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Skylanders : SuperChargers </Td> <Td> Sprocket </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fire Emblem Fates </Td> <Td> Hinoka , Peri , Selkie </Td> <Td> credited as `` Lizzy Hunter '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Doom </Td> <Td> UAC Facility voice , additional voices </Td> <Td> credited as `` E.G. Daily '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Albums ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Album details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wild Child </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : 1985 </Li> <Li> Label : A&M </Li> <Li> Formats : CD , LP , cassette </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lace Around the Wound </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : May 25 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Label : A&M </Li> <Li> Formats : CD , LP , cassette </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tearing Down the Walls </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : April 13 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Label : EGDP </Li> <Li> Formats : CD </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Changing Faces </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Released : 2008 </Li> <Li> Label : EGDP </Li> <Li> Formats : CD </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Singles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Single </Th> <Th_colspan="9"> Peak chart positions </Th> <Th> Album </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US </Th> <Th> US Club </Th> <Th> US Dance </Th> <Th> US R&B </Th> <Th> CAN </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> IT </Th> <Th> NL </Th> <Th> NZ </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Th> `` Say It , Say It '' </Th> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Wild Child </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Love in the Shadows '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> `` Mind Over Matter '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Summer School soundtrack </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Th> `` Some People '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Lace Around the Wound </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> `` This Time '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Th> `` Do n't Even Care '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Tearing Down the Walls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Breath of Heaven '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Th> `` Changing Faces '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Changing Faces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Th> `` Beautiful '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> `` Somebody 's Loving You '' </Th> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Non-album single </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one dance hits ( United States ) </Li> <Li> List of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ E.G. Daily 's interview from LA Weekly 's review on The Powerpuff Girls </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Official site of EG Daily -- Film and TV Archived July 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 80 ′ s Babe and Voice Actor Joins Rob Zombie 's ' 31 ′ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ More Footage of Rob Zombie Prepping ' 31 ′ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giorgio Moroder Discography </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pam Anderson Weds Rick Salomon '' . US Magazine . October 7 , 2007 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2007 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 01 . Among the guests were ... his daughters Hunter , 11 , and Tyson , 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ I Know That Voice. 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blazenhoff , Rusty ( 2013 - 10 - 03 ) . `` I Know That Voice , A Documentary About the World of Voice Acting '' . Laughing Squid . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vicarious Visions . Skylanders : SuperChargers . Activision . Scene : Closing credits , 7 : 13 in , Voice Actors . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Elizabeth Daily on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Voice ( U.S. ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Javier Colon </Li> <Li> Jermaine Paul </Li> <Li> Cassadee Pope </Li> <Li> Danielle Bradbery </Li> <Li> Tessanne Chin </Li> <Li> Josh Kaufman </Li> <Li> Craig Wayne Boyd </Li> <Li> Sawyer Fredericks </Li> <Li> Jordan Smith </Li> <Li> Alisan Porter </Li> <Li> Sundance Head </Li> <Li> Chris Blue </Li> <Li> Chloe Kohanski </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winner 's singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Stitch by Stitch '' </Li> <Li> `` I Believe I Can Fly '' </Li> <Li> `` Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` Born to Fly '' </Li> <Li> `` Tumbling Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Set Fire to the Rain '' </Li> <Li> `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' </Li> <Li> `` Please '' </Li> <Li> `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' </Li> <Li> `` Down That Road '' </Li> <Li> `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' </Li> <Li> `` Money on You '' </Li> <Li> `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Runners - up </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dia Frampton </Li> <Li> Juliet Simms </Li> <Li> Terry McDermott </Li> <Li> Michelle Chamuel </Li> <Li> Jacquie Lee </Li> <Li> Jake Worthington </Li> <Li> Matt McAndrew </Li> <Li> Meghan Linsey </Li> <Li> Emily Ann Roberts </Li> <Li> Adam Wakefield </Li> <Li> Billy Gilman </Li> <Li> Lauren Duski </Li> <Li> Addison Agen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other notable artists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vicci Martinez </Li> <Li> Frenchie Davis </Li> <Li> Rebecca Loebe </Li> <Li> Xenia </Li> <Li> Tje Austin </Li> <Li> Beverly McClellan </Li> <Li> Raquel Castro </Li> <Li> Nakia </Li> <Li> Serabee </Li> <Li> Casey Desmond </Li> <Li> Justin Grennan </Li> <Li> The Thompson Sisters </Li> <Li> Jared Blake </Li> <Li> Casey Weston </Li> <Li> RaeLynn </Li> <Li> Jesse Campbell </Li> <Li> Chris Mann </Li> <Li> Tony Lucca </Li> <Li> Gwen Sebastian </Li> <Li> Kim Yarbrough </Li> <Li> Angel Taylor </Li> <Li> Pip </Li> <Li> Katrina Parker </Li> <Li> Erin Martin </Li> <Li> Moses Stone </Li> <Li> Jordis Unga </Li> <Li> Naia Kete </Li> <Li> Charlotte Sometimes </Li> <Li> Tony Vincent </Li> <Li> Mathai </Li> <Li> Lex Land </Li> <Li> Nicholas David </Li> <Li> Amanda Brown </Li> <Li> Melanie Martinez </Li> <Li> MacKenzie Bourg </Li> <Li> Collin McLoughlin </Li> <Li> Suzanna Choffel </Li> <Li> Jordan Pruitt </Li> <Li> Rod Michael </Li> <Li> Chris Trousdale </Li> <Li> Anita Antoinette </Li> <Li> Cupid </Li> <Li> The Swon Brothers </Li> <Li> Sasha Allen </Li> <Li> Judith Hill </Li> <Li> Kris Thomas </Li> <Li> Jeff Lewis </Li> <Li> Julie Roberts </Li> <Li> Holly Tucker </Li> <Li> Will Champlin </Li> <Li> James Wolpert </Li> <Li> Cole Vosbury </Li> <Li> Josh Logan </Li> <Li> E.G. Daily </Li> <Li> Holly Henry </Li> <Li> Donna Allen </Li> <Li> Dominic Scott Kay </Li> <Li> Christina Grimmie </Li> <Li> Sisaundra Lewis </Li> <Li> Paula DeAnda </Li> <Li> Lindsay Pagano </Li> <Li> Chris Jamison </Li> <Li> Taylor John Williams </Li> <Li> Andy Cherry </Li> <Li> MEGG </Li> <Li> Koryn Hawthorne </Li> <Li> Barrett Baber </Li> <Li> Jeffery Austin </Li> <Li> Madi Davis </Li> <Li> Amy Vachal </Li> <Li> Viktor Király </Li> <Li> Keith Semple </Li> <Li> Alex Kandel </Li> <Li> Tyler Dickerson </Li> <Li> Mary Sarah </Li> <Li> Daniel Passino </Li> <Li> Owen Danoff </Li> <Li> Emily Keener </Li> <Li> Tamar Davis </Li> <Li> Chase Walker </Li> <Li> Chris Cron </Li> <Li> Josh Hoyer </Li> <Li> Brennley Brown </Li> <Li> Hunter Plake </Li> <Li> Mark Isaiah </Li> <Li> Brooke Simpson </Li> <Li> Esera Tuaolo </Li> <Li> Katrina Rose </Li> <Li> Natalie Stovall </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Contestants </Li> <Li> The Voice : Neon Dreams </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Powerpuff Girls </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Characters <Ul> <Li> Blossom , Bubbles , and Buttercup </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> episodes </Li> <Li> soundtracks </Li> <Li> The Powerpuff Girls Movie </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bad Mojo Jojo </Li> <Li> Paint the Townsville Green </Li> <Li> Chemical X-traction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Powerpuff Girls Z <Ul> <Li> characters </Li> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2016 reboot <Ul> <Li> characters <Ul> <Li> Bliss </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> What a Cartoon ! 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The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton - wikipedia <H1> The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Charles Augustus Milverton , 1904 illustration by Sidney Paget </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Arthur Conan Doyle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> The Return of Sherlock Holmes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> 1904 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' is one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Sir Arthur Conan Doyle . It is one of 13 stories in the cycle collected as The Return of Sherlock Holmes and was published in 1904 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Timeline </Li> <Li> 2 Plot </Li> <Li> 3 Adaptations </Li> <Li> 4 The real master blackmailer : Charles Augustus Howell </Li> <Li> 5 Literary inspirations </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Timeline ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to William S. Baring - Gould 's timeline of the Sherlock Holmes canon , the events of `` Milverton '' occurred in 1899 . This was nine years after the strange death of Charles Augustus Howell , the real - life inspiration for the character of Milverton ( see below ) . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> ( l. to r . ) Watson , Holmes and Charles Augustus Milverton . <P> Holmes is hired by the débutante Lady Eva Blackwell to retrieve compromising letters from a blackmailer : Milverton , who causes Holmes more revulsion than any of the 50 - odd murderers in his career . Milverton is `` the king of blackmailers '' . He demands £ 7,000 ( over £ 800,000 in 2015 ) for the letters , which would cause a scandal that would end Lady Eva 's marriage engagement . Holmes offers £ 2,000 , all Lady Eva can pay , but Milverton insists on £ 7,000 . It is worth £ 7,000 to him to make an example of Lady Eva , ensuring his future blackmail victims would be more `` open to reason '' and pay him what he wants knowing he will destroy them if they do not . Holmes resolves to recover the letters by whatever means necessary , as Milverton has placed himself outside the bounds of morality . </P> <P> Holmes visits Milverton 's Hampstead house , disguised as a plumber , in order to learn the plan of the house and Milverton 's daily routine . He cultivates the acquaintance of Milverton 's housemaid and even becomes engaged to marry her . This rather shocks Watson , but Holmes assures him that he has a hated rival who will step in when the plumber disappears . Holmes has learned where Milverton keeps his blackmail papers ( a safe in his study ) , and plans to burgle Milverton 's house that night . Watson comes along . </P> <P> They break into the study and Holmes opens the safe . But just then Milverton , who should be in bed asleep , enters the study . Holmes and Watson hide behind a curtain , while Milverton has a midnight meeting with a supposed maidservant offering to sell letters that would compromise her mistress . </P> Milverton killed <P> The woman is actually one of Milverton 's former victims , whose broken - hearted husband died when she would n't pay Milverton and he revealed her secret . Now she avenges her husband by shooting Milverton to death , then stamps on his face . </P> <P> Watson instinctively begins to rush out and stop the shooting , but Holmes restrains him . Holmes understands , and Watson instantly realises , `` that it was no affair of ours ; that justice had overtaken a villain ... '' The woman runs away , and Milverton 's household is roused by the shots . Holmes takes the time to dump all of Milverton 's blackmail papers on the fire in the fireplace , despite the risk of being discovered and caught . </P> <P> Then Holmes and Watson escape through the garden and over the wall . Watson has to kick himself free from a pursuer who has grabbed his leg . </P> <P> The next morning , Inspector Lestrade calls at Baker Street to ask for Holmes ' help in investigating Milverton 's murder , which he ascribes to the two burglars seen escaping over the garden wall . He has a description of one of them : `` a middle - aged , strongly built man - square jaw , thick neck , moustache ... '' Holmes calls that vague . `` Why , it might be a description of Watson ! '' he says , which amuses Lestrade . But Holmes refuses Lestrade 's request : `` my sympathies are with the criminals , and I will not handle the case . '' </P> <P> Later , Holmes recognises the face of the woman who killed Milverton . He shows Watson her photograph displayed in a shop - window among those of other celebrities . Watson recognises the name of her famous husband , but Holmes signals silence with a finger to his lips . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <P> The story , along with `` The Disappearance of Lady Frances Carfax '' , `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' , and `` The Red - Headed League '' , provided the source material for the play The Return of Sherlock Holmes . </P> <P> The story was faithfully adapted in the 1965 BBC series Sherlock Holmes with Douglas Wilmer as Holmes , and Barry Jones as Milverton . The only difference from the story is the identity of Milverton 's killer . </P> <P> `` The Final Problem '' was dramatised for BBC Radio 4 in 1993 by Bert Coules as part of his complete radio adaptation of the canon , starring Clive Merrison as Holmes and Michael Williams as Watson , and featuring Peter Vaughan as Milverton . </P> <P> The Soviet TV series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson featured the case under the name `` The King of Blackmail '' . It was the first of the three episodes concerning Professor Moriarty . Apparently , Milverton was a member of the gang , since certain papers were recovered from his office which helped implicate the Professor . Also , the lady who killed him , as well as her husband , are given names in the series , and Holmes approaches the lady to obtain the papers which she took with her . Otherwise , it is quite faithful to the original . </P> <P> The story was much extrapolated when adapted by screenwriter Jeremy Paul for Granada Television series Sherlock Holmes starring Jeremy Brett . It became the 1992 feature - length episode The Master Blackmailer and featured Robert Hardy as the eponymous reptilian Milverton . Holmes 's relationship with the maid is expanded upon , allowing Brett to suggest Holmes ' buried tenderness and inability / unwillingness to indulge in matters of the heart . The violence of the villain 's end , including the grisly grinding of the avenger 's heel into the dead Milverton 's bespectacled face , is faithfully adapted , but Holmes and Watson do not at the end gaze upon Milverton 's killer 's portrait , as the murderess is identified . Deviating from the original story , Holmes holds a very different opinion about the case 's end . He requests Watson not to chronicle the case , deeming it to have unpleasant circumstances , whereas in the original story he 's slightly more cheerful , as shown by his joking to Lestrade . </P> <P> The 1945 film The Woman in Green with Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce is a loose adaptation of this story . Milverton is replaced by Moriarty . </P> <P> The `` Dead Man 's Switch '' episode of the CBS crime drama Elementary loosely adapts the story , with Milverton as a professional blackmailer who contacts his `` clients '' and prevents his own exposure by informing them that he has an accomplice who will distribute the damaging material if Milverton is arrested . Milverton is brought to Holmes 's attention when he blackmails the family of a rape victim , the family being known to Holmes 's addiction sponsor . The case is complicated when Holmes witnesses Milverton 's murder while infiltrating his house . Holmes is compelled to locate Milverton 's accomplice , who has access to all of Milverton 's material and instructions to post it on the Internet if Milverton is caught or killed . </P> <P> The third season of the BBC adaptation Sherlock features ' Charles Augustus Magnussen ' , portrayed by Lars Mikkelsen , as a primary antagonist . The episode `` His Last Vow '' aired 12 January 2014 . In it , it is revealed that Charles Magnussen keeps the information with which he blackmails his victims in his own mind palace ( inside his head ) , only occasionally acquiring hard copies when he has to . Despite Mycroft warning Sherlock to leave Magnussen alone as he is occasionally useful to the government , he is shot dead by Sherlock in order to free John from his power and guarantee Mary 's safety , as Sherlock realizes by using his mind palace he has no actual evidence in the event of his death . </P> <P> The episode `` The Adventure of the Portrait of a Teacher '' in the NHK puppetry Sherlock Holmes is loosely based on the story . In it , a portrait of history teacher Charles Augustus Milverton that Beppo draws in class is taken away by himself . Milverton is said to be the severest with pupils in Beeton School and Beppo requests Holmes to take it back . Holmes and Watson steal into the teacher 's room where they see a female pupil Agatha , who is tutored by Milverton privately because she is too nervous to attend class with other pupils . She tells them that he is kind and in fact they find Milverton , who goes back to his room shows an unexpected side . </P> <H2> The real Master blackmailer : Charles Augustus Howell ( edit ) </H2> <P> The character of Charles Augustus Milverton was based on a real blackmailer , Charles Augustus Howell . He was an art dealer who preyed upon an unknown number of people , including the artist Dante Gabriel Rossetti . </P> <P> Doyle 's literary inspiration often came from his natural interest in crime , and he had no tolerance for predators . Howell died in 1890 in circumstances as strange as any of Doyle 's novels : His body was found near a Chelsea public house with his throat posthumously slit , with a half - Sovereign coin in his mouth . The presence of the coin was known to be a criticism of those guilty of slander . </P> <H2> Literary inspirations ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In Donald Thomas 's collection of short stories , The Secret Cases of Sherlock Holmes , Watson `` admits '' that Milverton was , in fact , an alias used for the real Charles Augustus Howell . </Li> <Li> The story also serves as the basis for Thomas 's short story in the collection of the same name , `` The Execution of Sherlock Holmes '' , in which Milverton 's brother Henry ( and several other relatives of Holmes 's past adversaries ) kidnap Holmes and stage a kangaroo court , putting Holmes `` on trial '' for the murder of Milverton . </Li> <Li> In Gerald Lientz 's gamebook Death at Appledore Towers ( Sherlock Holmes Solo Mysteries number 3 ) Watson 's cousin , a protégé of Holmes , investigates Milverton 's murder after Holmes has refused to do so . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Redmond , Chris ( 2000 ) . Sherlockian.Net : William S. Baring - Gould . Retrieved from http://www.sherlockian.net/societies/baringgould.html . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bert Coules . `` The Return of Sherlock Holmes '' . The BBC complete audio Sherlock Holmes . Retrieved 12 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elementary - Episode 1.20 - Dead Man 's Switch - Press Release '' . 9 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Basbanes , Nicholas A. ( 1999 - 03 - 15 ) . A Gentle Madness : Bibliophiles , Bibliomanes , and the Eternal Passion for Books Holt Paperbacks , 15 March 1999 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6176 - 5 , pp 15 - 16 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Basbanes , Nicholas A. ( 1999 - 03 - 15 ) . A Gentle Madness : Bibliophiles , Bibliomanes , and the Eternal Passion for Books Holt Paperbacks , 15 March 1999 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 8050 - 6176 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Angeli , Helen ( 1971 ) . Pre-Raphaelite twilight : The story of Charles Augustus Howell Scholarly Press , 1971 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 403 - 01312 - 8 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The full text of The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton at Wikisource </Li> <Li> Media related to The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton public domain audiobook at LibriVox </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Return of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Empty House '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Norwood Builder '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Dancing Men '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Solitary Cyclist '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Priory School '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of Black Peter '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Six Napoleons '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Three Students '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Golden Pince - Nez '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Missing Three - Quarter '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Abbey Grange '' </Li> <Li> `` The Adventure of the Second Stain '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Arthur Conan Doyle bibliography </Li> <Li> Canon of Sherlock Holmes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Adventure_of_Charles_Augustus_Milverton&oldid=817219500 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Sherlock Holmes short stories by Arthur Conan Doyle </Li> <Li> 1904 short stories </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Use British English from November 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with LibriVox links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikisource </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 6 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 December 2017 , at 23 : 59 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Seven Deadly Sins ( Manga ) - wikipedia <H1> The Seven Deadly Sins ( Manga ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Nanatsu no Taizai '' redirects here . For Hobby Japan 's media franchise of the same name , see Seven Mortal Sins . <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Seven Deadly Sins </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> First volume of The Seven Deadly Sins , released in Japan by Kodansha on February 15 , 2013 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 七 つの 大罪 ( Nanatsu no Taizai ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Action , Adventure , Fantasy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Manga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Nakaba Suzuki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published by </Th> <Td> Kodansha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English publisher </Th> <Td> Kodansha Comics USA Crunchyroll ( digital ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographic </Th> <Td> Shōnen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magazine </Th> <Td> Weekly Shōnen Magazine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original run </Th> <Td> October 10 , 2012 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volumes </Th> <Td> 28 ( List of volumes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Manga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Mayoe ! The Seven Deadly Sins Academy ! </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Juichi Yamaki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published by </Th> <Td> Kodansha </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographic </Th> <Td> Shōnen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magazine </Th> <Td> Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original run </Th> <Td> August 9 , 2014 -- October 8 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Volumes </Th> <Td> 4 ( List of volumes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Tensai Okamura Takeshi Furuta ( season 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Shōtarō Suga Takao Yoshioka ( season 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Hiroyuki Sawano ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Takafumi Wada ( seasons 1 - 2 ) Kohta Yamamoto ( season 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> A-1 Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Licensed by </Th> <Td> Netflix ( streaming rights ) Funimation ( home video rights ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> JNN ( MBS ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English network </Th> <Td> Animax Asia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original run </Th> <Td> October 5 , 2014 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> 24 + 2 OVA ( List of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anime television series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Tomokazu Tokoro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nakaba Suzuki </Li> <Li> Yuniko Ayana </Li> <Li> Yuichiro Kido </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hiroyuki Sawano </Li> <Li> Takafumi Wada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> A-1 Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Licensed by </Th> <Td> Netflix ( streaming rights ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> JNN ( MBS , TBS ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> English network </Th> <Td> Animax Asia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original run </Th> <Td> August 28 , 2016 -- September 18 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> 4 ( List of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anime film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio </Th> <Td> A-1 Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anime and Manga portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Seven Deadly Sins ( Japanese : 七 つの 大罪 , Hepburn : Nanatsu no Taizai ) is a Japanese fantasy manga series written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki . It has been serialized in Kodansha 's Weekly Shōnen Magazine since October 2012 , with the chapters collected into twenty - eight tankōbon volumes as of October 17 , 2017 . The manga features a setting similar to the European Middle Ages , with its titular group of knights representing the seven deadly sins . </P> <P> As of January 2015 , The Seven Deadly Sins had sold over 10 million copies . It was adapted into a 24 - episode anime television series by A-1 Pictures that aired from October 2014 to March 2015 . The manga has been licensed by Kodansha Comics USA for English publication in North America , while the chapters are released digitally by Crunchyroll in over 170 countries as they are published in Japan . Netflix acquired the exclusive English streaming rights for the anime series while Funimation currently have the home video rights . A second season of the anime series is scheduled to air on January 6 , 2018 . An anime film is scheduled to premiere in 2018 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Media <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Manga </Li> <Li> 2.2 Anime </Li> <Li> 2.3 Other media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of The Seven Deadly Sins characters <P> The Seven Deadly Sins were once an active group of knights in the region of Britannia ( ブリタニア , Buritania ) , who disbanded after they supposedly plotted to overthrow the Liones Kingdom ( リオネス 王国 , Rionesu Ōkoku ) . Their supposed defeat came at the hands of the Holy Knights , but rumors continued to persist that they were still alive . Ten years later , the Holy Knights staged a coup d'état and captured the king , becoming the new , tyrannical rulers of the kingdom . The third princess , Elizabeth , then starts out on a journey to find the Seven Deadly Sins and enlist their help in taking back the kingdom . </P> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Manga ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of The Seven Deadly Sins chapters <P> Written and illustrated by Nakaba Suzuki , The Seven Deadly Sins began as a one - shot pilot chapter published on November 22 , 2011 in Weekly Shōnen Magazine 's 52 issue of the year . The manga started serialization in the magazine 's 45 issue of 2012 , released on October 10 , 2012 . The chapters have been collected into 28 tankōbon volumes as of October 17 , 2017 . The first of three planned story arcs was completed with chapter 100 and Suzuki has projected that the series will run for 20 to 30 volumes . </P> <P> A special issue of Weekly Shōnen Magazine , published on October 19 , 2013 , featured a small crossover between The Seven Deadly Sins and Hiro Mashima 's Fairy Tail , where each artist drew a yonkoma ( four - panel comic ) of the other 's series . An actual crossover chapter between the two ran in the magazine 's combined 4 / 5 issue of 2014 , which was released on December 25 , 2013 . A comedic spinoff series by Juichi Yamaki , titled Mayoe ! The Seven Deadly Sins Academy ! ( 迷え ! 七 つの 大罪 学園 ! , Mayoe ! Nanatsu no Taizai Gakuen ! ) and imagining the characters as high school students , ran from Bessatsu Shōnen Magazine 's September issue on August 9 , 2014 to its November issue on October 8 , 2016 . It was collected into four tankōbon volumes between February 17 , 2015 and November 17 , 2016 . </P> <P> Nakaba himself wrote a one - shot for the November 2014 issue of the shōjo manga magazine Nakayoshi , released on October 3 , 2014 . He also created a comedic one - shot depicting how Meliodas and Hawk first met that ran in the October 20 , 2014 issue of Magazine Special . From February 24 to May 10 , 2015 , two more spin - off manga by Nakaba were available on the smartphone and tablet application Manga Box . Naku na , Tomo yo ( 泣く な 友よ , `` Do Not Cry , My Friend '' ) is about Hendrickson and Dreyfus ' younger years , while Gilthunder no Shinjitsu ( ギル サンダー の 真実 , `` Gilthunder 's Truth '' ) is set after the Vaizel Fight Festival arc and follows Gilthunder . The Seven Deadly Sins Production ( 七 つの 大罪 プロダクション , Nanatsu no Taizai Purodakushon ) , a comedic spin - off by Chiemi Sakamoto that imagines the characters as actors performing in a live - action TV show , began in the January 2016 issue of Aria on November 28 , 2015 . A comedic yonkoma titled The Seven Deadly Sins : King 's Road to Manga ( 七 つの 大罪 キング の 漫画 道 , Nanatsu no Taizai Kingu no Manga Michi ) and written by Masataka Ono that depicts King as an aspiring manga artist , began on February 20 , 2016 in Magazine Special before transferring to the Manga Box app on February 1 , 2017 . A manga adaptation of Mamoru Iwasa 's novel Seven Days began in the February 2017 issue of Shōnen Magazine Edge on January 17 , 2017 . It is illustrated by Yō Kokukuji , titled The Seven Deadly Sins : Seven Days ~ The Thief and the Holy Girl ~ ( 七 つの 大罪 セブン デイズ ~ 盗賊 と 聖 少女 ~ , Nanatsu no Taizai : Seven Days ~ Tōzoku to Seishōjo ~ ) and shows how Ban and Elaine met in more detail . </P> <P> The series is licensed for English language release in North America by Kodansha Comics USA , who published the first volume on March 11 , 2014 . As the series is published in Japan , it is also released simultaneously in English digitally by Crunchyroll in over 170 countries . </P> <H3> Anime ( edit ) </H3> See also : List of The Seven Deadly Sins episodes <P> In April 2014 , the 20th issue of Weekly Shōnen Magazine announced that The Seven Deadly Sins was being adapted into an anime television series . The series debuted on MBS and other Japan News Network stations on October 5 , 2014 . The staff was revealed in the combined 36 / 37 issue of the year : created by A-1 Pictures , directed by Tensai Okamura , written by Shōtarō Suga ( Lagrange : The Flower of Rin - ne ) , with Keigo Sasaki ( Blue Exorcist ) providing character designs and Hiroyuki Sawano composing the music . The show 's first opening theme song is `` Netsujō no Spectrum '' ( 熱情 の スペクトラム , Netsujō no Supekutoramu , `` Spectrum of Passion '' ) performed by Ikimono - gakari for the first twelve episodes and the second opening theme is `` Seven Deadly Sins '' performed by Man with a Mission , while the first ending theme titled `` 7 - Seven '' is a collaboration between Flow and Granrodeo , the second ending theme from episode thirteen onwards is `` Season '' the major label debut of Alisa Takigawa . </P> <P> An original video animation ( OVA ) titled `` Ban 's Additional Chapter '' ( バン の 番外 編 , Ban no Bangai - hen ) was included with the limited edition of volume 15 of the manga , released on June 17 , 2015 . A second OVA composed of nine humorous shorts was shipped with the limited edition of the sixteenth volume of the manga , released on August 12 , 2015 . </P> <P> A second anime series was confirmed on September 27 , 2015 to air in 2016 . This turned out to be a four - week anime television special featuring an original story by Nakaba Suzuki , titled The Seven Deadly Sins : Signs of Holy War ( 七 つの 大罪 聖戦 の 予兆 , Nanatsu no Taizai : Seisen no Shirushi ) , that began airing on August 28 , 2016 on MBS and TBS . The special was produced by A-1 Pictures , directed by Tomokazu Tokoro , and written by Yuniko Ayana and Yuichiro Kido , featuring character designs by Keigo Sasaki . The music was composed by Hiroyuki Sawano and Takafumi Wada . Its opening theme song is `` Classic '' by the rock band Mucc and its ending theme is `` Iroasenai Hitomi '' ( 色褪せ ない 瞳 ) by Alisa Takigawa . A commercial following the final episode confirmed a second anime series has been green - lit . </P> <P> The first The Seven Deadly Sins anime series was licensed for English release by Netflix as its second exclusive anime , following their acquisition of Knights of Sidonia . All 24 episodes were released on November 1 , 2015 in both subtitled or English dub formats . The television special , labeled as `` Season 2 '' , has also been licensed by Netflix and was released on February 17 , 2017 . On February 14 , 2017 , Funimation announced that they acquired the first anime for home video distribution for US and Canada and will release the series on Blu - ray and DVD later this year . </P> <P> A second season , titled The Seven Deadly Sins : Revival of the Commandments ( 七 つの 大罪 戒め の 復活 , Nanatsu no Taizai : Imashime no Fukkatsu ) , was announced at the `` Nanatsu no Taizai FES '' event in July 2017 and is scheduled to air in January 2018 . Takeshi Furuta and Takao Yoshioka are replacing Tensai Okamura and Shōtarō Suga as director and series composer , respectively , while the other main staff members are returning from the first season to reprise their roles . An anime film was also announced at the event for a Q3 2018 debut . </P> <H3> Other media ( edit ) </H3> <P> Three light novels based on The Seven Deadly Sins have been published ; The Seven Deadly Sins - Gaiden - The Seven Wishes of the Royal City from Old Times ( 七 つの 大罪 ― 外伝 ― 昔日 の 王 都 七 つの 願い , Nanatsu no Taizai - Gaiden - Sekijitsu no Ōto Nanatsu no Negai ) by Shuka Matsuda on December 17 , 2014 ; The Seven Deadly Sins : Seven Days ( 七 つの 大罪 セブン デイズ , Nanatsu no Taizai Sebun Deizu ) by Mamoru Iwasa on December 26 , 2014 ; and The Seven Deadly Sins - Gaiden - The Seven Scars Left Behind ( 七 つの 大罪 ― 外伝 ― 彼ら が 残し た 七 つの 傷跡 , Nanatsu no Taizai - Gaiden - Karera ga Nokoshita Nanatsu no Kizuato ) by Shuka Matsuda on October 16 , 2015 . Vertical plans to release The Seven Scars Left Behind in North America in May 2017 . </P> <P> An illustration collection titled Rainbow of Sin ( 七色 の 罪 , Nanairo no Tsumi ) and an official fan book were both released on February 17 , 2015 , while a guidebook for the anime called Ani - Sin ( アニ 罪 , Ani - Tsumi ) was released on April 17 , 2015 . </P> <P> A video game titled Seven Deadly Sins : Unjust Sin ( 七 つの 大罪 真実 の 冤罪 , Nanatsu no Taizai Shinjitsu no Enzai ) was developed by Bandai Namco Games and released for the Nintendo 3DS on February 11 , 2015 . </P> <P> A video game titled The Seven Deadly Sins : Knights of Britannia ( Nanatsu no Taizai : Britannia no Tabibito ) is being developed by Bandai Namco Entertainment and will be released on the PlayStation 4 . It will release in North America and Europe in 2018 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> As of August 2014 , the collected volumes of The Seven Deadly Sins had 5 million copies in circulation . By January 2015 , this number had grown to 10 million sold . The first collected volume of the series sold 38,581 copies in its first week , ranking number 13 on the Oricon manga chart . Its second volume ranked 5 selling 106,829 in its first week , while its third debuted at number 4 with 135,164 copies . The thirteenth volume had the manga 's best debut week to date , selling 442,492 for first place on the chart . The series was the ninth best - selling manga of 2014 , with over 4.6 million copies sold that year . For the first half of 2015 , The Seven Deadly Sins was the number one best - selling series . It finished the year in second place with over 10.3 million copies sold , behind only One Piece . It was the sixth best - selling of 2016 , with over 5 million copies sold , and the seventh of 2017 , with close to 3.6 million copies sold . The 2014 edition of Kono Manga ga Sugoi ! , which surveys people in the manga and publishing industry , named The Seven Deadly Sins the fifth best manga series for male readers . The title was named Best Shōnen Manga at the 39th Kodansha Manga Awards alongside Yowamushi Pedal . It was also nominated for the 2014 Manga Taishō award and as Best Youth Comic at the 42nd Angoulême International Comics Festival in France . </P> <P> The North American releases of volumes two and four charted on The New York Times Manga Best Seller list at number seven and nine respectively . Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network ( ANN ) gave the first volume a B grade , calling the art interesting and the story a `` neat take on the basic knights - in - shining - armor . '' She saw influence from Akira Toriyama in Meliodas and 1970s shōjo manga in the female characters . However , Silverman felt the art had issues with perspective and commented that Elizabeth lacked character development . Both Silverman and Danica Davidson of Otaku USA warned that Meliodas ' perverted actions towards Elizabeth , which are used for comedic relief , could possibly be misinterpreted by some readers . In a brief review , Jason Thompson claimed that the series follows common shōnen manga elements , making its plot twists and dialog predictable . He did however like the art and the series ' European setting . </P> <P> The first DVD volume of the anime debuted at number one on Oricon 's Japanese animation DVD chart with 3,574 copies sold . With 32,762 copies sold of the five volumes released at the time , The Seven Deadly Sins was the 30th best - selling anime of the first half of 2015 . Reviewing the first anime for ANN , Theron Martin felt that the series has a slow start with generic shonen action fare but the storytelling picks up significantly in the second half . He had strong praise for the music and enjoyed the main cast and their interactions , but not the common archetypal villains . Martin noted that the art has a `` semi-cartoonish look '' that one would expect in a series that `` skews a bit younger , '' but The Seven Deadly Sins ' graphic violence and minimal fan service prove its `` anything but a kiddie show . '' </P> <P> The novel The Seven Deadly Sins - Gaiden - Sekijitsu no Ōto Nanatsu no Negai was the 33rd best - selling light novel of the first half of 2015 , with 61,939 copies sold . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 52 2011 年 11 月 22 日 ( 火 ) 発売 '' ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 七 つの 大罪 ( in Japanese ) . Kodansha . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga 's 1st of 3 Planned Arcs Ends '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 01 - 19 . 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Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga Gets Comedy 1 - Shot Story '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 09 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins ' 2nd New Spinoff Manga by Creator Posted '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 02 - 26 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Seven Deadly Sins '' Inspires Shoujo Parody Spin - Off `` . Crunchyroll. 2015 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins ' 4 - Panel Spinoff Reimagines King as Aspiring Manga Creator '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2016 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` King no Manga Michi Manga Spinoff of The Seven Deadly Sins Moves to Magazine Pocket '' . Anime News Network . 2017 - 01 - 22 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven Deadly Sins Spinoff Novel About Ban & Elaine Gets Manga '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 12 - 16 . 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Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime Commercial Streamed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's Game , Cast , Staff Announced '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 08 - 01 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 03 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Deadly Sins Anime 's Theme Songs , Game Detailed '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 08 - 12 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Man With A Mission , Alisa Takigawa Perform The Seven Deadly Sins ' New Songs '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 12 - 21 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga to Bundle OVA Episode About Ban '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 03 - 16 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2nd Seven Deadly Sins OVA to Compile 9 Short Stories '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 11 . 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Anime News Network . July 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Romano , Sal ( July 3 , 2017 ) . `` The Seven Deadly Sins : Knights of Britannia coming to Europe in early 2018 '' . Gematsu . Retrieved July 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga 's 1st of 3 Planned Arcs Ends '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 01 - 19 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , February 11 -- 17 '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 02 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , April 15 -- 21 '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 04 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , June 17 -- 23 '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japanese Comic Ranking , February 16 -- 22 '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2014 '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2015 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2015 '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 11 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2016 '' . Anime News Network . 2016 - 11 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Manga in Japan by Series : 2017 '' . Anime News Network . 2017 - 12 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Manga Ranked by Kono Manga ga Sugoi 2014 Voters '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 12 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yowamushi Pedal , The Seven Deadly Sins Win 39th Kodansha Manga Awards '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 2015 - 05 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 10 Titles Nominated for 7th Manga Taisho Awards '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Akira 's Katsuhiro Otomo Wins Angoulême 's Top Prize '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , May 11 -- 17 '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 05 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New York Times Manga Best Seller List , September 14 -- 20 '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 26 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Seven Deadly Sins GN 1 - Review '' . Anime News Network . 2014 - 05 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins Manga # 1 '' . Otaku USA . 2014 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` House of 1000 Manga - Crunchyroll Manga '' . Anime News Network . 2013 - 11 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Japan 's Animation DVD Ranking , January 26 - February 1 '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Animation in Japan by Title : 2015 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Seven Deadly Sins - Review '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top - Selling Light Novels in Japan by Volume : 2015 ( First Half ) '' . Anime News Network . 2015 - 06 - 02 . Retrieved 2015 - 06 - 29 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official page at Weekly Shōnen Magazine </Li> <Li> Official anime website </Li> <Li> Official video game website </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( manga ) at Anime News Network 's encyclopedia </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Series currently running in Weekly Shōnen Magazine </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Ace of Diamond Act II </Li> <Li> Ahiru no Sora </Li> <Li> Aho - Girl </Li> <Li> Baby Steps </Li> <Li> Days </Li> <Li> Domestic Girlfriend </Li> <Li> Fire Force </Li> <Li> Fuuka </Li> <Li> Hajime no Ippo </Li> <Li> The Kindaichi Case Files </Li> <Li> Seitokai Yakuindomo </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins </Li> <Li> To Your Eternity </Li> <Li> Tsuredure Children </Li> <Li> UQ Holder ! </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website : www.shonenmagazine.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Kodansha Manga Award -- Shōnen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Capeta by Masahito Soda ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Air Gear by Oh ! great ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei by Kōji Kumeta and Dear Boys : Act 2 by Hiroki Yagami ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Saikyō ! 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Overhead power line - wikipedia <H1> Overhead power line </H1> This article is about power lines for general transmission of electrical power . For overhead lines used to power road and rail vehicles , see Overhead line . `` Power line '' redirects here . For other uses , see Power line ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( August 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit electrical energy along large distances . It consists of one or more conductors ( commonly multiples of three ) suspended by towers or poles . Since most of the insulation is provided by air , overhead power lines are generally the lowest - cost method of power transmission for large quantities of electric energy . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Construction </Li> <Li> 2 Classification by operating voltage </Li> <Li> 3 Structures <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Circuits </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Insulators </Li> <Li> 5 Conductors <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Bundle conductors </Li> <Li> 5.2 Ground wires </Li> <Li> 5.3 Insulated conductors and cable </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Compact transmission lines </Li> <Li> 7 Low voltage </Li> <Li> 8 Train power </Li> <Li> 9 Further applications </Li> <Li> 10 Use of area under overhead power lines </Li> <Li> 11 Aviation accidents </Li> <Li> 12 History </Li> <Li> 13 Mathematical analysis <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Short and medium line model </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 See also </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 Further reading </Li> <Li> 17 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Construction ( edit ) </H2> Overhead power line in Gloucestershire , England . A man working on powerlines in Nauru ( 2007 ) <P> Towers for support of the lines are made of wood ( as - grown or laminated ) , steel or aluminum ( either lattice structures or tubular poles ) , concrete , and occasionally reinforced plastics . The bare wire conductors on the line are generally made of aluminum ( either plain or reinforced with steel , or composite materials such as carbon and glass fiber ) , though some copper wires are used in medium - voltage distribution and low - voltage connections to customer premises . A major goal of overhead power line design is to maintain adequate clearance between energized conductors and the ground so as to prevent dangerous contact with the line , and to provide reliable support for the conductors , resilience to storms , ice loads , earthquakes and other potential damage causes . Today overhead lines are routinely operated at voltages exceeding 765,000 volts between conductors , with even higher voltages possible in some cases . </P> <H2> Classification by operating voltage ( edit ) </H2> High - and medium - voltage power lines in Łomża , Poland <P> Overhead power transmission lines are classified in the electrical power industry by the range of voltages : </P> <Ul> <Li> Low voltage ( LV ) -- less than 1000 volts , used for connection between a residential or small commercial customer and the utility . </Li> <Li> Medium voltage ( MV ; distribution ) -- between 1000 volts ( 1 kV ) and 69 kV , used for distribution in urban and rural areas . </Li> <Li> High voltage ( HV ; subtransmission less than 100 kV ; subtransmission or transmission at voltages such as 115 kV and 138 kV ) , used for sub-transmission and transmission of bulk quantities of electric power and connection to very large consumers . </Li> <Li> Extra high voltage ( EHV ; transmission ) -- from 345 kV , up to about 800 kV , used for long distance , very high power transmission . </Li> <Li> Ultra high voltage ( UHV ) -- higher than 800 kV . The Financial Times reported UHV lines are a `` game changer '' , making a global electricity grid potentially feasible . StateGrid said that compared to conventional lines , UHV enables the transmission of five time more power , over six times the distance . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Structures ( edit ) </H2> See also : Transmission tower <P> Structures for overhead lines take a variety of shapes depending on the type of line . Structures may be as simple as wood poles directly set in the earth , carrying one or more cross-arm beams to support conductors , or `` armless '' construction with conductors supported on insulators attached to the side of the pole . Tubular steel poles are typically used in urban areas . High - voltage lines are often carried on lattice - type steel towers or pylons . For remote areas , aluminum towers may be placed by helicopters . Concrete poles have also been used . Poles made of reinforced plastics are also available , but their high cost restricts application . </P> <P> Each structure must be designed for the loads imposed on it by the conductors . The weight of the conductor must be supported , as well as dynamic loads due to wind and ice accumulation , and effects of vibration . Where conductors are in a straight line , towers need only resist the weight since the tension in the conductors approximately balances with no resultant force on the structure . Flexible conductors supported at their ends approximate the form of a catenary , and much of the analysis for construction of transmission lines relies on the properties of this form . </P> <P> A large transmission line project may have several types of towers , with `` tangent '' ( `` suspension '' or `` line '' towers , UK ) towers intended for most positions and more heavily constructed towers used for turning the line through an angle , dead - ending ( terminating ) a line , or for important river or road crossings . Depending on the design criteria for a particular line , semi-flexible type structures may rely on the weight of the conductors to be balanced on both sides of each tower . More rigid structures may be intended to remain standing even if one or more conductors is broken . Such structures may be installed at intervals in power lines to limit the scale of cascading tower failures . </P> <P> Foundations for tower structures may be large and costly , particularly if the ground conditions are poor , such as in wetlands . Each structure may be stabilized considerably by the use of guy wires to counteract some of the forces applied by the conductors . </P> low - profile power lines near an airfield <P> Power lines and supporting structures can be a form of visual pollution . In some cases the lines are buried to avoid this , but this `` undergrounding '' is more expensive and therefore not common . </P> <P> For a single wood utility pole structure , a pole is placed in the ground , then three crossarms extend from this , either staggered or all to one side . The insulators are attached to the crossarms . For an `` H '' - type wood pole structure , two poles are placed in the ground , then a crossbar is placed on top of these , extending to both sides . The insulators are attached at the ends and in the middle . Lattice tower structures have two common forms . One has a pyramidal base , then a vertical section , where three crossarms extend out , typically staggered . The strain insulators are attached to the crossarms . Another has a pyramidal base , which extends to four support points . On top of this a horizontal truss - like structure is placed . </P> <P> A grounded wire is sometimes strung along the tops of the towers to provide lightning protection . An optical ground wire is a more advanced version with embedded optical fibers for communication . Overhead wire markers can be mounted on the ground wire to meet International Civil Aviation Organization recommendations . Some markers include flashing lamps for night - time warning . </P> <H3> Circuits ( edit ) </H3> <P> A single - circuit transmission line carries conductors for only one circuit . For a three - phase system , this implies that each tower supports three conductors . </P> <P> A double - circuit transmission line has two circuits . For three - phase systems , each tower supports and insulates six conductors . Single phase AC - power lines as used for traction current have four conductors for two circuits . Usually both circuits operate at the same voltage . </P> <P> In HVDC systems typically two conductors are carried per line , but in rare cases only one pole of the system is carried on a set of towers . </P> <P> In some countries like Germany most power lines with voltages above 100 kV are implemented as double , quadruple or in rare cases even hextuple power line as rights of way are rare . Sometimes all conductors are installed with the erection of the pylons ; often some circuits are installed later . A disadvantage of double circuit transmission lines is that maintenance can be difficult , as either work in close proximity of high voltage or switch - off of two circuits is required . In case of failure , both systems can be affected . </P> <P> The largest double - circuit transmission line is the Kita - Iwaki Powerline . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> A single - circuit line </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A double - circuit line </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Parallel single - circuit lines </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Four circuits on one tower line </P> </Li> <Li> <P> six circuits of three different types </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Various powerlines ( 110 / 220 kV ) in Germany with double and quadruple circuits </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Insulators ( edit ) </H2> Medium - voltage power lines with ceramic insulators in California Modular suspension insulators are used for high - voltage lines . <P> Insulators must support the conductors and withstand both the normal operating voltage and surges due to switching and lightning . Insulators are broadly classified as either pin - type , which support the conductor above the structure , or suspension type , where the conductor hangs below the structure . The invention of the strain insulator was a critical factor in allowing higher voltages to be used . </P> <P> At the end of the 19th century , the limited electrical strength of telegraph - style pin insulators limited the voltage to no more than 69,000 volts . Up to about 33 kV ( 69 kV in North America ) both types are commonly used . At higher voltages only suspension - type insulators are common for overhead conductors . </P> <P> Insulators are usually made of wet - process porcelain or toughened glass , with increasing use of glass - reinforced polymer insulators . However , with rising voltage levels , polymer insulators ( silicone rubber based ) are seeing increasing usage . China has already developed polymer insulators having a highest system voltage of 1100 kV and India is currently developing a 1200 kV ( highest system voltage ) line which will initially be charged with 400 kV to be upgraded to a 1200 kV line . </P> <P> Suspension insulators are made of multiple units , with the number of unit insulator disks increasing at higher voltages . The number of disks is chosen based on line voltage , lightning withstand requirement , altitude , and environmental factors such as fog , pollution , or salt spray . In cases where these conditions are suboptimal , longer insulators must be used . Longer insulators with longer creepage distance for leakage current , are required in these cases . Strain insulators must be strong enough mechanically to support the full weight of the span of conductor , as well as loads due to ice accumulation , and wind . </P> <P> Porcelain insulators may have a semi-conductive glaze finish , so that a small current ( a few milliamperes ) passes through the insulator . This warms the surface slightly and reduces the effect of fog and dirt accumulation . The semiconducting glaze also ensures a more even distribution of voltage along the length of the chain of insulator units . </P> <P> Polymer insulators by nature have hydrophobic characteristics providing for improved wet performance . Also , studies have shown that the specific creepage distance required in polymer insulators is much lower than that required in porcelain or glass . Additionally , the mass of polymer insulators ( especially in higher voltages ) is approximately 50 % to 30 % less than that of a comparative porcelain or glass string . Better pollution and wet performance is leading to the increased use of such insulators . </P> <P> Insulators for very high voltages , exceeding 200 kV , may have grading rings installed at their terminals . This improves the electric field distribution around the insulator and makes it more resistant to flash - over during voltage surges . </P> <H2> Conductors ( edit ) </H2> Sample cross-section of ACSR power line <P> The most common conductor in use for transmission today is aluminum conductor steel reinforced ( ACSR ) . Also seeing much use is all - aluminum - alloy conductor ( AAAC ) . Aluminum is used because it has about half the weight of a comparable resistance copper cable ( though larger diameter due to lower specific conductivity ) , as well as being cheaper . Copper was more popular in the past and is still in use , especially at lower voltages and for grounding . </P> <P> While larger conductors may lose less energy due to lower electrical resistance , they are more costly than smaller conductors . An optimization rule called Kelvin 's Law states that the optimum size of conductor for a line is found when the cost of the energy wasted in the conductor is equal to the annual interest paid on that portion of the line construction cost due to the size of the conductors . The optimization problem is made more complex by additional factors such as varying annual load , varying cost of installation , and the discrete sizes of cable that are commonly made . </P> <P> Since a conductor is a flexible object with uniform weight per unit length , the geometric shape of a conductor strung on towers approximates that of a catenary . The sag of the conductor ( vertical distance between the highest and lowest point of the curve ) varies depending on the temperature and additional load such as ice cover . A minimum overhead clearance must be maintained for safety . Since the temperature of the conductor increases with increasing heat produced by the current through it , it is sometimes possible to increase the power handling capacity ( uprate ) by changing the conductors for a type with a lower coefficient of thermal expansion or a higher allowable operating temperature . </P> Conventional ACSR ( left ) and modern carbon core ( right ) conductors <P> Two such conductors that offer reduced thermal sag are known as composite core conductors ( ACCR and ACCC conductor ) . In lieu of steel core strands that are often used to increase overall conductor strength , the ACCC conductor uses a carbon and glass fiber core that offers a coefficient of thermal expansion about 1 / 10 of that of steel . While the composite core is nonconductive , it is substantially lighter and stronger than steel , which allows the incorporation of 28 % more aluminum ( using compact trapezoidal - shaped strands ) without any diameter or weight penalty . The added aluminum content helps reduce line losses by 25 to 40 % compared to other conductors of the same diameter and weight , depending upon electric current . The carbon core conductor 's reduced thermal sag allows it to carry up to twice the current ( `` ampacity '' ) compared to all - aluminum conductor ( AAC ) or ACSR . </P> <P> The power lines and their surroundings must be maintained by linemen , sometimes assisted by helicopters with pressure washers or circular saws which may work three times faster . However this work often occurs in the dangerous areas of the Helicopter height -- velocity diagram , and the pilot must be qualified for this `` human external cargo '' method . </P> <H3> Bundle conductors ( edit ) </H3> A bundle conductor <P> For transmission of power across long distances , high voltage transmission is employed . Transmission higher than 132 kV poses the problem of corona discharge , which causes significant power loss and interference with communication circuits . To reduce this corona effect , it is preferable to use more than one conductor per phase , or bundled conductors . </P> <P> Bundle conductors consist of several parallel cables connected at intervals by spacers , often in a cylindrical configuration . The optimum number of conductors depends on the current rating , but typically higher - voltage lines also have higher current . American Electric Power is building 765 kV lines using six conductors per phase in a bundle . Spacers must resist the forces due to wind , and magnetic forces during a short - circuit . </P> Spacer damper for four - conductor bundles Bundle conductor attachment <P> Bundled conductors reduce the voltage gradient in the vicinity of the line . This reduces the possibility of corona discharge . At extra high voltage , the electric field gradient at the surface of a single conductor is high enough to ionize air , which wastes power , generates unwanted audible noise and interferes with communication systems . The field surrounding a bundle of conductors is similar to the field that would surround a single , very large conductor -- this produces lower gradients which mitigates issues associated with high field strength . The transmission efficiency is improved as loss due to corona effect is countered . </P> <P> Bundled conductors cool themselves more efficiently due to the increased surface area of the conductors , further reducing line losses . When transmitting alternating current , bundle conductors also avoid the reduction in ampacity of a single large conductor due to the skin effect . A bundle conductor also has lower reactance , compared to a single conductor . </P> <P> While wind resistance is higher , wind - induced oscillation can be damped at bundle spacers . The ice and wind loading of bundled conductors will be greater than a single conductor of the same total cross section , and bundled conductors are more difficult to install than single conductors . </P> <H3> Ground wires ( edit ) </H3> Aluminum conductor crosslinked polyethylene insulation wire . It is used for 6600V power lines . <P> Overhead power lines are often equipped with a ground conductor ( shield wire , static wire , or overhead earth wire ) . The ground conductor is usually grounded ( earthed ) at the top of the supporting structure , to minimize the likelihood of direct lightning strikes to the phase conductors . In circuits with earthed neutral , it also serves as a parallel path with the earth for fault currents . Very high - voltage transmission lines may have two ground conductors . These are either at the outermost ends of the highest cross beam , at two V - shaped mast points , or at a separate cross arm . Older lines may use surge arresters every few spans in place of a shield wire ; this configuration is typically found in the more rural areas of the United States . By protecting the line from lightning , the design of apparatus in substations is simplified due to lower stress on insulation . Shield wires on transmission lines may include optical fibers ( optical ground wires / OPGW ) , used for communication and control of the power system . </P> HVDC Fenno - Skan with ground wires used as electrode line <P> At some HVDC converter stations , the ground wire is used also as the electrode line to connect to a distant grounding electrode . This allows the HVDC system to use the earth as one conductor . The ground conductor is mounted on small insulators bridged by lightning arrestors above the phase conductors . The insulation prevents electrochemical corrosion of the pylon . </P> <P> Medium - voltage distribution lines may also use one or two shield wires , or may have the grounded conductor strung below the phase conductors to provide some measure of protection against tall vehicles or equipment touching the energized line , as well as to provide a neutral line in Wye wired systems . </P> <P> On some power lines for very high voltages in the former Soviet Union , the ground wire is used for PLC - radio systems and mounted on insulators at the pylons . </P> <H3> Insulated conductors and cable ( edit ) </H3> <P> Overhead insulated cables are rarely used , usually for short distances ( less than a kilometer ) . Insulated cables can be directly fastened to structures without insulating supports . An overhead line with bare conductors insulated by air is typically less costly than a cable with insulated conductors . </P> <P> A more common approach is `` covered '' line wire . It is treated as bare cable , but often is safer for wildlife , as the insulation on the cables increases the likelihood of a large - wing - span raptor to survive a brush with the lines , and reduces the overall danger of the lines slightly . These types of lines are often seen in the eastern United States and in heavily wooded areas , where tree - line contact is likely . The only pitfall is cost , as insulated wire is often costlier than its bare counterpart . Many utility companies implement covered line wire as jumper material where the wires are often closer to each other on the pole , such as an underground riser / pothead , and on reclosers , cutouts and the like . </P> <H2> Compact transmission lines ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A compact overhead transmission line requires a smaller right of way than a standard overhead powerline . Conductors must not get too close to each other . This can be achieved either by short span lengths and insulating crossbars , or by separating the conductors in the span with insulators . The first type is easier to build as it does not require insulators in the span , which may be difficult to install and to maintain . </P> <P> Examples of compact lines are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lutsk compact overhead powerline 50 ° 46 ′ 29 '' N 25 ° 23 ′ 07 '' E / 50.774673 ° N 25.385215 ° E / 50.774673 ; 25.385215 ( Startpoint of Lutsk Compact Overhead Powerline ) </Li> <Li> Hilpertsau - Weisenbach compact overhead line 48 ° 44 ′ 16 '' N 8 ° 21 ′ 20 '' E / 48.737898 ° N 8.355660 ° E / 48.737898 ; 8.355660 ( Startpoint of Hilpertsau - Weisenbach Powerline ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Compact transmission lines may be designed for voltage upgrade of existing lines to increase the power that can be transmitted on an existing right of way . </P> <H2> Low voltage ( edit ) </H2> Aerial bundled cable in Old Coulsdon , Surrey <P> Low voltage overhead lines may use either bare conductors carried on glass or ceramic insulators or an aerial bundled cable system . The number of conductors may be anywhere between two ( most likely a phase and neutral ) up to as many as six ( three phase conductors , separate neutral and earth plus street lighting supplied by a common switch ) ; a common case is four ( three phase and neutral , where the neutral might also serve as a protective earthing conductor ) . </P> <H2> Train power ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Overhead line <P> Overhead lines or overhead wires are used to transmit electrical energy to trams , trolleybuses or trains . Overhead line is designed on the principle of one or more overhead wires situated over rail tracks . Feeder stations at regular intervals along the overhead line supply power from the high - voltage grid . For some cases low - frequency AC is used , and distributed by a special traction current network . </P> <H2> Further applications ( edit ) </H2> <P> Overhead lines are also occasionally used to supply transmitting antennas , especially for efficient transmission of long , medium and short waves . For this purpose a staggered array line is often used . Along a staggered array line the conductor cables for the supply of the earth net of the transmitting antenna are attached on the exterior of a ring , while the conductor inside the ring , is fastened to insulators leading to the high - voltage standing feeder of the antenna . </P> <H2> Use of area under overhead power lines ( edit ) </H2> <P> Use of the area below an overhead line is limited because objects must not come too close to the energized conductors . Overhead lines and structures may shed ice , creating a hazard . Radio reception can be impaired under a power line , due both to shielding of a receiver antenna by the overhead conductors , and by partial discharge at insulators and sharp points of the conductors which creates radio noise . </P> <P> In the area surrounding the overhead lines it is dangerous to risk interference ; e.g. flying kites or balloons , using ladders or operating machinery . </P> <P> Overhead distribution and transmission lines near airfields are often marked on maps , and the lines themselves marked with conspicuous plastic reflectors , to warn pilots of the presence of conductors . </P> <P> Construction of overhead power lines , especially in wilderness areas , may have significant environmental effects . Environmental studies for such projects may consider the effect of bush clearing , changed migration routes for migratory animals , possible access by predators and humans along transmission corridors , disturbances of fish habitat at stream crossings , and other effects . </P> <H2> Aviation accidents ( edit ) </H2> An aviation obstruction marker on a high - voltage overhead transmission line reminds pilots of the presence of an overhead line . Some markers are lit at night or have strobe lights . <P> General aviation , hang gliding , paragliding , skydiving , balloon , and kite flying must avoid accidental contact with power lines . Nearly every kite product warns users to stay away from power lines . Deaths occur when aircraft crash into power lines . Some power lines are marked with obstruction makers , especially near air strips or over waterways that may support floatplane operations . The placement of power lines sometimes use up sites that would otherwise be used by hang gliders . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first transmission of electrical impulses over an extended distance was demonstrated on July 14 , 1729 by the physicist Stephen Gray . The demonstration used damp hemp cords suspended by silk threads ( the low resistance of metallic conductors not being appreciated at the time ) . </P> <P> However the first practical use of overhead lines was in the context of telegraphy . By 1837 experimental commercial telegraph systems ran as far as 20 km ( 13 miles ) . Electric power transmission was accomplished in 1882 with the first high - voltage transmission between Munich and Miesbach ( 60 km ) . 1891 saw the construction of the first three - phase alternating current overhead line on the occasion of the International Electricity Exhibition in Frankfurt , between Lauffen and Frankfurt . </P> <P> In 1912 the first 110 kV - overhead power line entered service followed by the first 220 kV - overhead power line in 1923 . In the 1920s RWE AG built the first overhead line for this voltage and in 1926 built a Rhine crossing with the pylons of Voerde , two masts 138 meters high . </P> <P> In 1953 , the first 345 kV line was put into service by American Electric Power in the United States . In Germany in 1957 the first 380 kV overhead power line was commissioned ( between the transformer station and Rommerskirchen ) . In the same year the overhead line traversing of the Strait of Messina went into service in Italy , whose pylons served the Elbe crossing 1 . This was used as the model for the building of the Elbe crossing 2 in the second half of the 1970s which saw the construction of the highest overhead line pylons of the world . Earlier , in 1952 , the first 380 kV line was put into service in Sweden , in 1000 km ( 625 miles ) between the more populated areas in the south and the largest hydroelectric power stations in the north . Starting from 1967 in Russia , and also in the USA and Canada , overhead lines for voltage of 765 kV were built . In 1982 overhead power lines were built in Soviet Union between Elektrostal and the power station at Ekibastuz , this was a three - phase alternating current line at 1150 kV ( Powerline Ekibastuz - Kokshetau ) . In 1999 , in Japan the first powerline designed for 1000 kV with 2 circuits were built , the Kita - Iwaki Powerline . In 2003 the building of the highest overhead line commenced in China , the Yangtze River Crossing . </P> <H2> Mathematical analysis ( edit ) </H2> <P> An overhead power line is one example of a transmission line . At power system frequencies , many useful simplifications can be made for lines of typical lengths . For analysis of power systems , the distributed resistance , series inductance , shunt leakage resistance and shunt capacitance can be replaced with suitable lumped values or simplified networks . </P> <H3> Short and medium line model ( edit ) </H3> <P> A short length of a power line ( less than 80 km ) can be approximated with a resistance in series with an inductance and ignoring the shunt admittances . This value is not the total impedance of the line , but rather the series impedance per unit length of line . For a longer length of line ( 80 -- 250 km ) , a shunt capacitance is added to the model . In this case it is common to distribute half of the total capacitance to each side of the line . As a result , the power line can be represented as a two - port network , such as ABCD parameters . </P> <P> The circuit can be characterized as </P> <Dl> <Dd> Z = z l = ( R + j ω L ) l ( \ displaystyle Z = zl = ( R + j \ omega L ) l ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where </P> <Ul> <Li> Z is the total series line impedance </Li> <Li> z is the series impedance per unit length </Li> <Li> l is the line length </Li> <Li> ω ( \ displaystyle \ omega \ ) is the sinusoidal angular frequency </Li> </Ul> <P> The medium line has an additional shunt admittance </P> <Dl> <Dd> Y = y l = j ω C l ( \ displaystyle Y = yl = j \ omega Cl ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where </P> <Ul> <Li> Y is the total shunt line admittance </Li> <Li> y is the shunt admittance per unit length </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Short length of power line </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Medium length of power line </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Aerial cable </Li> <Li> Conductor marking lights </Li> <Li> CU project controversy </Li> <Li> Overhead cable </Li> <Li> Overhead line </Li> <Li> Raptor conservation </Li> <Li> Third rail </Li> <Li> Operation Outward </Li> <Li> Powerline river crossings in the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Wireless monitoring of overhead power lines </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Donald G. Fink and H. Wayne Beaty , Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers , Eleventh Edition , McGraw - Hill , New York , 1978 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 020974 - X , Chapter 14 Overhead Power Transmission </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gönen , T. ( 2014 ) . Electrical Power Transmission System Engineering : Analysis and Design ( 3rd ed . ) . CRC Press . ISBN 9781482232233 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kynge , James ( 8 June 2018 ) . `` China 's global power play '' . Financial Times . Retrieved 10 June 2018 . ( Registration required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Powering Up - Vertical Magazine - The Pulse of the Helicopter Industry '' . verticalmag.com . Archived from the original on 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sunrise Powerlink Helicopter Operations on YouTube </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chapter 6 . Visual aids for denoting obstacles '' ( PDF ) . Annex 14 Volume I Aerodrome design and operations . International Civil Aviation Organization . 2004 - 11 - 25 . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . 6.2. 8 ... spherical ... diameter of not less than 60 cm ... 6.2. 10 ... should be of one colour . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NGK - Locke Polymer insulator manufacturer </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ABB Energizes Transformer At Record 1.2 Mln Volts '' . World Energy News . Retrieved 7 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Advanced Rubber Products - Suspension Insulators </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Head , Elan ( April 2015 ) . `` High - value cargo '' . Vertical Magazine . pp. 80 -- 90 . Archived from the original on 19 April 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maher , Guy R. ( April 2015 ) . `` A cut above '' . Vertical Magazine . pp. 92 -- 98 . Archived from the original on 12 May 2015 . Retrieved 11 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harnesk , Tommy . `` Helikoptermonterad motorsåg snabbkapar träden '' Ny Teknik , 9 January 2015 . Accessed : 12 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weger , Travis ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) . `` WAPA Helicopters : Saving Time and Money '' . TDWorld . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grainger , John J. and W.D. Stevenson Jr . Power System Analysis and Design , 2nd edition . McGraw Hill ( 1994 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freimark , Bruce ( October 1 , 2006 ) . `` Six Wire Solution ) '' . Transmission & Distribution World . Retrieved March 6 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Art and Science of Lightning Protection . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beaty , H. Wayne ; Fink , Donald G. , Standard Handbook for Electrical Engineers ( 15th Edition ) McGraw - Hill , 2007 978 - 0 - 07 - 144146 - 9 pages 14 - 105 through 14 - 106 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aircraft Accidents Due to Overhead Power Lines </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pacific Gas and Electric Company Reminds Customers About Flying Kites Safely . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Glover , M. Sarma , and T. Overbye , Power System Analysis and Design , Fifth Edition , Cengage Learning , Connecticut , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 111 - 42577 - 7 , Chapter 5 Transmission Lines : Steady - State Operation </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> William D. Stevenson , Jr . Elements of Power System Analysis Third Edition , McGraw - Hill , New York ( 1975 ) ISBN 0 - 07 - 061285 - 4 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Overhead power lines at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Electricity delivery </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Availability factor </Li> <Li> Automatic Generation Control </Li> <Li> Backfeeding </Li> <Li> Base load </Li> <Li> Black start </Li> <Li> Capacity factor </Li> <Li> Demand factor </Li> <Li> Droop speed control </Li> <Li> Economic dispatch </Li> <Li> Electric power </Li> <Li> Demand management </Li> <Li> EROEI </Li> <Li> Fault </Li> <Li> Home energy storage </Li> <Li> Grid storage </Li> <Li> Intermittency </Li> <Li> Load factor </Li> <Li> Load following </Li> <Li> Nameplate capacity </Li> <Li> Peak demand </Li> <Li> Power quality </Li> <Li> Power - flow study </Li> <Li> Repowering </Li> <Li> Utility frequency </Li> <Li> Variability </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sources </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Nonrenewable </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coal </Li> <Li> Fossil fuel power station </Li> <Li> Natural gas </Li> <Li> Petroleum </Li> <Li> Nuclear </Li> <Li> Oil shale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Renewable </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biomass </Li> <Li> Biofuel </Li> <Li> Geothermal </Li> <Li> Hydro </Li> <Li> Marine <Ul> <Li> Current </Li> <Li> Osmotic </Li> <Li> Thermal </Li> <Li> Tidal </Li> <Li> Wave </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Solar </Li> <Li> Wind </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AC power </Li> <Li> Cogeneration </Li> <Li> Combined cycle </Li> <Li> Cooling tower </Li> <Li> Induction generator </Li> <Li> Micro CHP </Li> <Li> Microgeneration </Li> <Li> Rankine cycle </Li> <Li> Three - 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current device ( GFI ) </Li> <Li> Power - system protection </Li> <Li> Protective relay </Li> <Li> Digital protective relay </Li> <Li> Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economics and policies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Carbon offset </Li> <Li> Cost of electricity by source </Li> <Li> Ecotax </Li> <Li> Energy subsidies </Li> <Li> Feed - in tariff </Li> <Li> Fossil - fuel phase - out </Li> <Li> Net metering </Li> <Li> Pigovian tax </Li> <Li> Renewable Energy Certificates </Li> <Li> Renewable energy payments </Li> <Li> Renewable energy policy </Li> <Li> Spark / Dark / Quark / Bark spread </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statistics and Production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of electricity sectors </Li> <Li> Electric energy consumption </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Categories </Dt> <Dd> Electric power distribution </Dd> <Dd> Electricity economics </Dd> <Dd> Power station technology </Dd> <Dt> Portals </Dt> <Dd> Energy </Dd> <Dd> Renewable energy </Dd> <Dd> Sustainable development </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overhead_power_line&oldid=856743115 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Overhead power lines </Li> <Li> Electric power distribution </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with login required references or sources </Li> <Li> Articles lacking in - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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English orthography - wikipedia <H1> English orthography </H1> <P> English orthography is the system of writing conventions used to represent spoken English in written form that allows readers to connect spelling to sound to meaning . </P> <P> Like the orthography of most world languages , English orthography has a broad degree of standardization . However , unlike with most languages , there are multiple ways to spell nearly every phoneme ( sound ) , and most letters also have multiple pronunciations depending on their position in a word and the context . Several orthographic mistakes are common even among native speakers . This is mainly due to the large number of words that have been borrowed from a large number of other languages throughout the history of the English language , without successful attempts at complete spelling reforms . Most of the spelling conventions in Modern English were derived from the phonetic spelling of a variety of Middle English , and generally do not reflect the sound changes that have occurred since the late 15th century ( such as the Great Vowel Shift ) . </P> <P> Despite the various English dialects spoken from country to country and within different regions of the same country , there are only slight regional variations in English orthography , the two most recognized variations being British and American spelling , and its overall uniformity helps facilitate international communication . On the other hand , it also adds to the discrepancy between the way English is written and spoken in any given location . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Function of the letters <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Phonemic representation </Li> <Li> 1.2 Word origin </Li> <Li> 1.3 Homophone differentiation </Li> <Li> 1.4 Marking sound changes in other letters </Li> <Li> 1.5 Multiple functionality </Li> <Li> 1.6 Underlying representation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Diacritics </Li> <Li> 3 Ligatures </Li> <Li> 4 Phonic irregularities </Li> <Li> 5 Spelling irregularities <Ul> <Li> 5.1 History </Li> <Li> 5.2 `` Ough '' words </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Spelling patterns <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Spelling - to - sound correspondences <Ul> <Li> 6.1. 1 Vowels </Li> <Li> 6.1. 2 Combinations of vowel letters </Li> <Li> 6.1. 3 Consonants </Li> <Li> 6.1. 4 Combinations of vowel letters and `` r '' </Li> <Li> 6.1. 5 Combinations of other consonant and vowel letters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6.2 Sound - to - spelling correspondences <Ul> <Li> 6.2. 1 Consonants </Li> <Li> 6.2. 2 Vowels </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Orthographies of English related languages </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Function of the letters ( edit ) </H2> <P> Note : In the following discussion , only one or two common pronunciations of American and British English varieties are used in this article for each word cited . Other regional pronunciations may be possible for some words , but indicating all possible regional variants in the article is impractical . </P> <H3> Phonemic representation ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Phonemic orthography <P> Letters in English orthography usually represent a particular sound ( phoneme ) . For example , the word cat / ˈkæt / consists of three letters ⟨ c ⟩ , ⟨ a ⟩ , and ⟨ t ⟩ , in which ⟨ c ⟩ represents the sound / k / , ⟨ a ⟩ the sound / æ / , and ⟨ t ⟩ the sound / t / . </P> <P> Sequences of letters may perform this role as well as single letters . Thus , in the word ship ( pronounced / ˈʃɪp / ) , the digraph ⟨ sh ⟩ ( two letters ) represents the sound / ʃ / . In the word ditch , the trigraph ⟨ tch ⟩ represent the sound / tʃ / . </P> <P> Less commonly , a single letter can represent multiple successive sounds . The most common example is the letter ⟨ x ⟩ , which normally represents the consonant cluster / ks / ( for example , in the word six , pronounced / ˈsɪks / ) . </P> <P> The same letter ( or sequence of letters ) may be pronounced in different ways when it occurs in different positions within a word . For instance , the digraph ⟨ gh ⟩ represents the sound / f / at the end of some words , such as rough / ˈrʌf / . At the beginning of syllables ( i.e. the syllable onset ) , the digraph ⟨ gh ⟩ is pronounced / ɡ / , as in the word ghost ( pronounced / ˈɡoʊst / ) . Conversely , the digraph ⟨ gh ⟩ is never pronounced / f / in syllable onsets and is almost never pronounced / ɡ / in syllable codas ( the proper name Pittsburgh is an exception ) . </P> <P> Some words contain silent letters , which do not represent any sound in modern English pronunciation . Examples include the ⟨ b ⟩ in doubt , debt , dumb , etc. , the ⟨ p ⟩ in psychology and pneumatic , and the commonly encountered silent ⟨ e ⟩ ( discussed further below ) . </P> <H3> Word origin ( edit ) </H3> See also : Hard and soft C , Hard and soft G , Silent k , and Palatalization ( phonetics ) <P> Another type of spelling characteristic is related to word origin . For example , when representing a vowel , the letter ⟨ y ⟩ represents the sound / ɪ / in some words borrowed from Greek ( reflecting an original upsilon ) , whereas the letter usually representing this sound in non-Greek words is the letter ⟨ i ⟩ . Thus , the word myth / ˈmɪθ / is of Greek origin , while pith / ˈpɪθ / is a Germanic word . Other examples include ⟨ ph ⟩ pronounced / f / ( which is usually spelt ⟨ f ⟩ ) , and ⟨ ch ⟩ pronounced / k / ( which is usually spelt ⟨ c ⟩ or ⟨ k ⟩ ) -- the use of these spellings for these sounds often mark words that have been borrowed from Greek . </P> <P> Some researchers , such as Brengelman ( 1970 ) , have suggested that , in addition to this marking of word origin , these spellings indicate a more formal level of style or register in a given text , although Rollings ( 2004 ) finds this point to be exaggerated as there would be many exceptions where a word with one of these spellings , such as ⟨ ph ⟩ for / f / ( like telephone ) , could occur in an informal text . </P> <H3> Homophone differentiation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spelling may also be useful to distinguish between homophones ( words with the same pronunciation but different meanings ) , although in most cases the reason for the difference is historical and was not introduced for the purpose of making a distinction . For example , the words heir and air are pronounced identically in most dialects , but in writing they are distinguished from each other by their different spellings . Another example is the pair of homophones pain and pane , where both are pronounced / ˈpeɪn / but have two different spellings of the vowel / eɪ / . Often this is because of the historical pronunciation of each word where , over time , two separate sounds become the same but the different spellings remain : pain used to be pronounced as / ˈpain / , with a diphthong , and pane as / ˈpeːn / , but the diphthong / ai / merged with the long vowel / eː / in pane , making pain and pane homophones ( pane -- pain merger ) . Later / eː / became a diphthong / eɪ / . </P> <P> In written language , this may help to resolve potential ambiguities that would arise otherwise ( cf . He 's breaking the car vs. He 's braking the car ) . Nevertheless , many homophones remain that are unresolved by spelling ( for example , the word bay has at least five fundamentally different meanings ) . </P> <H3> Marking sound changes in other letters ( edit ) </H3> See also : Silent e and Double letter <P> Some letters in English provide information about the pronunciation of other letters in the word . Rollings ( 2004 ) uses the term `` markers '' for such letters . Letters may mark different types of information . For instance , the letter ⟨ e ⟩ in the word cottage / ˈkɒtɪdʒ / indicates that the preceding ⟨ g ⟩ is pronounced / dʒ / , rather than the more common value of ⟨ g ⟩ in word - final position as the sound / ɡ / , such as in tag / ˈtæɡ / . The letter ⟨ e ⟩ also often marks an altered pronunciation of a preceding vowel . In the pair ban and bane , the ⟨ a ⟩ of ban has the value / æ / , whereas the ⟨ a ⟩ of bane is marked by the ⟨ e ⟩ as having the value / eɪ / . In this context , the ⟨ e ⟩ is not pronounced , and is referred to as `` silent e '' . A single letter may even fill multiple pronunciation - marking roles simultaneously . For example , in the word wage , the ⟨ e ⟩ marks not only the change of the ⟨ a ⟩ from / æ / to / eɪ / , but also of the ⟨ g ⟩ from / ɡ / to / dʒ / . </P> <P> Doubled consonants usually indicate that the preceding vowel is pronounced short . For example , the doubled ⟨ t ⟩ in latter indicates that the ⟨ a ⟩ is pronounced / æ / , while the single ⟨ t ⟩ of later gives / eɪ / . Doubled consonants only indicate any lengthening or gemination of the consonant sound itself when they come from different morphemes , as with the ⟨ nn ⟩ in unnatural = un + natural . </P> <H3> Multiple functionality ( edit ) </H3> <P> A given letter or ( letters ) may have dual functions . For example , the letter ⟨ i ⟩ in the word cinema has a sound - representing function ( representing the sound / ɪ / ) and a pronunciation - marking function ( marking the ⟨ c ⟩ as having the value / s / opposed to the value / k / ) . </P> <H3> Underlying representation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like many other alphabetic orthographies , English spelling does not represent non-contrastive phonetic sounds ( that is , minor differences in pronunciation which are not used to distinguish between different words ) . Although the letter ⟨ t ⟩ is pronounced by some speakers with aspiration ( th ) at the beginning of words , this is never indicated in the spelling , and , indeed , this phonetic detail is probably not noticeable to the average native speaker not trained in phonetics . However , unlike some orthographies , English orthography often represents a very abstract underlying representation ( or morphophonemic form ) of English words . </P> <P> ( T ) he postulated underlying forms are systematically related to the conventional orthography ... and are , as is well known , related to the underlying forms of a much earlier historical stage of the language . There has , in other words , been little change in lexical representation since Middle English , and , consequently , we would expect ... that lexical representation would differ very little from dialect to dialect in Modern English ... ( and ) that conventional orthography is probably fairly close to optimal for all modern English dialects , as well as for the attested dialects of the past several hundred years . </P> <P> In these cases , a given morpheme ( i.e. a component of a word ) has a fixed spelling even though it is pronounced differently in different words . An example is the past tense suffix - ⟨ ed ⟩ , which may be pronounced variously as / t / , / d / , or / ᵻd / ( for example , dip / ˈdɪp / , dipped / ˈdɪpt / , boom / ˈbuːm / , boomed / ˈbuːmd / , loot / ˈluːt / , looted / ˈluːtᵻd / ) . As it happens , these different pronunciations of - ⟨ ed ⟩ can be predicted by a few phonological rules , but that is not the reason why its spelling is fixed . </P> <P> Another example involves the vowel differences ( with accompanying stress pattern changes ) in several related words . For instance , the word photographer is derived from the word photograph by adding the derivational suffix - ⟨ er ⟩ . When this suffix is added , the vowel pronunciations change largely owing to the moveable stress : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Spelling </Th> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> photograph </Td> <Td> / ˈfoʊtəɡræf / or / ˈfoʊtəɡrɑːf / </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> photographer </Td> <Td> / fəˈtɒɡrəfər / </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> photographical </Td> <Td> / ˌfoʊtəˈɡræfɪkəl / </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <P> Other examples of this type are the - ⟨ ity ⟩ suffix ( as in agile vs agility , acid vs acidity , divine vs divinity , sane vs sanity ) . See also : Trisyllabic laxing . </P> <P> Another such class of words includes sign / ˈsaɪn / and bomb / ˈbɒm / with `` silent '' letters ⟨ g ⟩ and ⟨ b ⟩ , respectively . However , in the related words signature and bombard these letters are pronounced / ˈsɪɡnətʃər / and / bɒmˈbɑːrd / , respectively . Here it could be argued that the underlying representation of sign and bomb is saɪɡn and bɒmb , in which the underlying ɡ and b are only pronounced in the surface forms when followed by certain suffixes ( - ⟨ ature ⟩ , - ⟨ ard ⟩ ) . Otherwise , the ɡ and b are not realized in the surface pronunciation ( e.g. when standing alone , or when followed by suffixes like - ⟨ ing ⟩ or - ⟨ er ⟩ ) . In these cases , the orthography indicates the underlying consonants that are present in certain words but are absent in other related words . Other examples include the ⟨ t ⟩ in fast / ˈfɑːst / and fasten / ˈfɑːsən / , and the ⟨ h ⟩ in heir / ˈɛər / and inherit / ɪnˈhɛrɪt / . </P> <P> Another example includes words like mean / ˈmiːn / and meant / ˈmɛnt / . Here the vowel spelling ⟨ ea ⟩ is pronounced differently in the two related words . Thus , again the orthography uses only a single spelling that corresponds to the single morphemic form rather than to the surface phonological form . </P> <P> English orthography does not always provide an underlying representation ; sometimes it provides an intermediate representation between the underlying form and the surface pronunciation . This is the case with the spelling of the regular plural morpheme , which is written as either - ⟨ s ⟩ ( as in tick , ticks and mite , mites ) or - ⟨ es ⟩ ( as in box , boxes ) . Here the spelling - ⟨ s ⟩ is pronounced either / s / or / z / ( depending on the environment , e.g. ticks / ˈtɪks / and pigs / ˈpɪɡz / ) while - ⟨ es ⟩ is usually pronounced / ᵻz / ( e.g. boxes / ˈbɒksᵻz / ) . Thus , there are two different spellings that correspond to the single underlying representation z of the plural suffix and the three surface forms . The spelling indicates the insertion of / ᵻ / before the / z / in the spelling - ⟨ es ⟩ , but does not indicate the devoiced / s / distinctly from the unaffected / z / in the spelling - ⟨ s ⟩ . </P> <P> The abstract representation of words as indicated by the orthography can be considered advantageous since it makes etymological relationships more apparent to English readers . This makes writing English more complex , but arguably makes reading English more efficient . However , very abstract underlying representations , such as that of Chomsky & Halle ( 1968 ) or of underspecification theories , are sometimes considered too abstract to accurately reflect the communicative competence of native speakers . Followers of these arguments believe the less abstract surface forms are more `` psychologically real '' and thus more useful in terms of pedagogy . </P> <H2> Diacritics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : English terms with diacritical marks See also : British and American keyboards and keyboard layouts <P> English has some words that can be written with accent marks . These words have mostly been imported from other languages , usually French . As imported words become increasingly naturalised , there is an increasing tendency to omit the accent marks , even in formal writing . For example , words such as rôle and hôtel were first seen with accents when they were borrowed into English , but now the accent is almost never used . The words were originally considered foreign -- and some people considered that English alternatives were preferable -- but today their foreign origin is largely forgotten . Words most likely to retain the accent are those atypical of English morphology and therefore still perceived as slightly foreign . For example , café and pâté both have a pronounced final e , which would otherwise be silent under the normal English pronunciation rules . However café is now sometimes facetiously pronounced `` caff '' , while in pâté , the acute accent is helpful to distinguish it from pate . </P> <P> Further examples of words sometimes retaining diacritics when used in English are : Ångström ( partly because the scientific symbol for this unit of measurement is `` Å '' ) , appliqué , attaché , blasé , bric - à - brac , Brötchen , cliché , crème , crêpe , façade , fiancé ( e ) , flambé , naïve , naïveté , né ( e ) , papier - mâché , passé , piñata , protégé , résumé , risqué , über - , voilà . Italics , with appropriate accents , are generally applied to foreign terms that are uncommonly used in or have not been assimilated into English : for example , adiós , crème brûlée , pièce de résistance , raison d'être , über , vis - à - vis , and belles - lettres . </P> <P> It was formerly common in American English to use a diaeresis mark to indicate a hiatus : for example , coöperate , daïs , reëlect . The New Yorker and Technology Review magazines still use it for this purpose , even though it is increasingly rare in modern English . Nowadays the diaeresis is normally left out ( cooperate ) , or a hyphen is used ( co-operate ) if the hiatus is between two morphemes in a compound word . It is , however , still common in monomorphemic loanwords such as naïve and Noël . </P> <P> Written accents are also used occasionally in poetry and scripts for dramatic performances to indicate that a certain normally unstressed syllable in a word should be stressed for dramatic effect , or to keep with the metre of the poetry . This use is frequently seen in archaic and pseudoarchaic writings with the - ed suffix , to indicate that the e should be fully pronounced , as with cursèd . </P> <P> The acute and grave accents are occasionally used in poetry and lyrics : the acute to indicate stress overtly where it might be ambiguous ( rébel vs. rebél ) or nonstandard for metrical reasons ( caléndar ) ; the grave to indicate that an ordinarily silent or elided syllable is pronounced ( warnèd , parlìament ) . </P> <H2> Ligatures ( edit ) </H2> See also : American and British English spelling differences § ae and oe <P> In certain older texts ( typically British ) , the use of the ligatures æ and œ is common in words such as archæology , diarrhœa , and encyclopædia . Such words have Latin or Greek origin . Nowadays , the ligatures have been generally replaced in British English by the separated digraph ae and oe ( encyclopaedia , diarrhoea ) ; but usually economy , ecology , and in American English by e ( encyclopedia , diarrhea ; but usually paean , amoeba , oedipal , Caesar ) . In some cases , usage may vary ; for instance , both encyclopedia and encyclopaedia are current in the UK . </P> <H2> Phonic irregularities ( edit ) </H2> See also : English spelling reform <P> Partly because English has never had any official regulating authority for spelling , such as the Spanish Real Academia Española , the French Académie française , and the German Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung , English spelling , compared to many other languages , is quite irregular and complex . Although French , among other languages , presents a similar degree of difficulty when encoding ( writing ) , English is more difficult when decoding ( reading ) , as there are clearly many more possible pronunciations of a group of letters . For example , in French , the / u / sound ( as in `` food '' , but short ) , can be spelled ou , ous , out , or oux ( ou , nous , tout , choux ) , but the pronunciation of each of those sequences is always the same . In English , the / uː / sound can be spelled in up to 18 different ways ( see the Sound - to - spelling correspondences section below ) , including oo , u , ui , ue , o , oe , ou , ough , and ew ( food , truth , fruit , blues , to , shoe , group , through , grew ) , but all of these have other pronunciations as well ( e.g. as in flood , trust , build , bluest , go , hoe , grout , rough , sew ) . The Spelling - to - sound correspondences section below presents a summary of pronunciation variations . Thus , in unfamiliar words and proper nouns the pronunciation of some sequences , ough being the prime example , is unpredictable to even educated native English speakers . </P> <H2> Spelling irregularities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Attempts to regularize or reform the spelling of English have usually failed . However , Noah Webster popularized more phonetic spellings in the United States , such as flavor for British flavour , fiber for fibre , defense for defence , analyze for analyse , catalog for catalogue and so forth . These spellings already existed as alternatives , but Webster 's dictionaries helped make them standard in the US . See American and British English spelling differences for details . </P> <P> Besides the quirks the English spelling system has inherited from its past , there are other idiosyncrasies in spelling that make it tricky to learn . English contains , depending on dialect , 24 -- 27 separate consonant phonemes and 13 -- 20 vowels . However , there are only 26 letters in the modern English alphabet , so there is not a one - to - one correspondence between letters and sounds . Many sounds are spelled using different letters or multiple letters , and for those words whose pronunciation is predictable from the spelling , the sounds denoted by the letters depend on the surrounding letters . For example , the digraph th represents two different sounds ( the voiced dental fricative and the voiceless dental fricative ) ( see Pronunciation of English th ) , and the voiceless alveolar sibilant can be represented by the letters s and c . </P> <P> It is , however , not the shortage of letters which makes English spelling irregular . Its irregularities are caused mainly by the use of many different spellings for some of its sounds , such as the sounds / uː / , / iː / and / oʊ / ( too , true , shoe , flew , through ; sleeve , leave , even , seize , siege ; stole , coal , bowl , roll , old , mould ) , and the use of identical sequences for spelling different sounds ( over , oven , move ) . </P> <P> Furthermore , English no longer makes any attempt to anglicise the spellings of loanwords , but preserves the foreign spellings , even when they employ exotic conventions like the Polish cz in Czech ( rather than * Check ) or the Norwegian fj in fjord ( although fiord was formerly the most common spelling ) . In early Middle English , until roughly 1400 , most imports from French were respelt according to English rules ( e.g. bataille -- battle , bouton -- button , but not double , or trouble ) . Instead of loans being respelled to conform to English spelling standards , sometimes the pronunciation changes as a result of pressure from the spelling . One example of this is the word ski , which was adopted from Norwegian in the mid-18th century , although it did not become common until 1900 . It used to be pronounced / ʃiː / , which is similar to the Norwegian pronunciation , but the increasing popularity of the sport after the middle of the 20th century helped the / skiː / pronunciation replace it . </P> <P> There was also a period when the spelling of a small number of words was altered in what is now regarded as a misguided attempt to make them conform to what were perceived to be the etymological origins of the words . For example , the letter b was added to debt ( originally dette ) in an attempt to link it to the Latin debitum , and the letter s in island is a misplaced attempt to link it to Latin insula instead of the Old English word īġland , which is the true origin of the English word . The letter p in ptarmigan has no etymological justification whatsoever , only seeking to invoke Greek despite being a Gaelic word . </P> <P> The spelling of English continues to evolve . Many loanwords come from languages where the pronunciation of vowels corresponds to the way they were pronounced in Old English , which is similar to the Italian or Spanish pronunciation of the vowels , and is the value the vowel symbols ( a ) , ( e ) , ( i ) , ( o ) , and ( u ) have in the International Phonetic Alphabet . As a result , there is a somewhat regular system of pronouncing `` foreign '' words in English , and some borrowed words have had their spelling changed to conform to this system . For example , Hindu used to be spelled Hindoo , and the name Maria used to be pronounced like the name Mariah , but was changed to conform to this system . </P> <P> Commercial advertisers have also had an effect on English spelling . They introduced new or simplified spellings like lite instead of light , thru instead of through , smokey instead of smoky ( for `` smokey bacon '' flavour crisps ) , and rucsac instead of rucksack . The spellings of personal names have also been a source of spelling innovations : diminutive versions of women 's names that sound the same as men 's names have been spelled differently : Nikki and Nicky , Toni and Tony , Jo and Joe . </P> <P> As examples of the idiosyncratic nature of English spelling , the combination ou can be pronounced in at least nine different ways : / aʊ / in out , / oʊ / in soul , / uː / in soup , / ʌ / in touch , / ʊ / in could , / ɔː / in four , / ɜː / in journal , / ɒ / in cough , and / ə / in famous . See the section Spelling - to - sound correspondences for a comprehensive treatment . In the other direction , the vowel sound / iː / in me can be spelt in at least 18 or 21 different ways : be ( cede ) , ski ( machine ) , bologna ( GA ) , algae , quay , beach , bee , deceit , people , key , volleyed , field ( hygiene ) , amoeba , chamois , dengue , beguine , guyot , and city . See the section Sound - to - spelling correspondences below . ( These examples assume a more - or-less standard non-regional British English accent . Other accents will vary . ) </P> <P> Sometimes everyday speakers of English change a counterintuitive pronunciation simply because it is counterintuitive . Changes like this are not usually seen as `` standard '' , but can become standard if used enough . An example is the word miniscule , which still competes with its original spelling of minuscule , though this might also be because of analogy with the word mini . A further example is the modern pronunciation of tissue . </P> <H3> History ( edit ) </H3> <P> Inconsistencies and irregularities in English pronunciation and spelling have gradually increased in number throughout the history of the English language . There are a number of contributing factors . First , gradual changes in pronunciation , such as the Great Vowel Shift , account for a tremendous number of irregularities . Second , relatively recent loan words from other languages generally carry their original spellings , which are often not phonetic in English . The Romanization of languages ( e.g. , Chinese ) using alphabets derived from the Latin alphabet has further complicated this problem , for example when pronouncing Chinese proper names ( of people or places ) . </P> <P> The regular spelling system of Old English was swept away by the Norman Conquest , and English itself was supplanted in some spheres by Norman French for three centuries , eventually emerging with its spelling much influenced by French . English had also borrowed large numbers of words from French , which naturally kept their French spellings as there was no reason or mechanism to change them . The spelling of Middle English , such as in the writings of Geoffrey Chaucer , is very irregular and inconsistent , with the same word being spelled in different ways , sometimes even in the same sentence . However , these were generally much better guides to the then pronunciation than modern English spelling is . </P> <P> For example , the sound / ʌ / , normally written u , is spelled with an o in son , love , come , etc. , due to Norman spelling conventions which prohibited writing u before v , m , n due to the graphical confusion that would result . ( v , u , n were identically written with two minims in Norman handwriting ; w was written as two u letters ; m was written with three minims , hence mm looked like vun , nvu , uvu , etc . ) Similarly , spelling conventions also prohibited final v. Hence the identical spellings of the three different vowel sounds in love , grove and prove are due to ambiguity in the Middle English spelling system , not sound change . </P> <P> In 1417 Henry V began using English for official correspondence , which had no standardized spelling , instead of Latin or French which had standardized spelling . For example , for the word right , Latin had one spelling , rectus ; Old French as used in English law had 6 spellings , Middle English had 77 spellings . English , now used as the official replacement language for Latin and French , motivated writers to standardize spellings , an effort which lasted about 500 years . </P> <P> There was also a series of linguistic sound changes towards the end of this period , including the Great Vowel Shift , which resulted in the i in mine , for example , changing from a pure vowel to a diphthong . These changes for the most part did not detract from the rule - governed nature of the spelling system ; but in some cases they introduced confusing inconsistencies , like the well - known example of the many pronunciations of ough ( rough , through , though , trough , plough , etc . ) . Most of these changes happened before the arrival of printing in England . However , the arrival of the printing press froze the current system , rather than providing the impetus for a realignment of spelling with pronunciation . Furthermore , it introduced further inconsistencies , partly because of the use of typesetters trained abroad , particularly in the Low Countries . For example , the h in ghost was influenced by Dutch . The addition and deletion of a silent e at the ends of words was also sometimes used to make the right - hand margin line up more neatly . </P> <P> By the time dictionaries were introduced in the mid 17th century , the spelling system of English had started to stabilise . By the 19th century , most words had set spellings , though it took some time before they diffused throughout the English - speaking world . In The Mill on the Floss ( 1860 ) , English novelist George Eliot satirized the attitude of the English rural gentry of the 1820s towards orthography : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Mr. Tulliver did not willingly write a letter , and found the relation between spoken and written language , briefly known as spelling , one of the most puzzling things in this puzzling world . Nevertheless , like all fervid writing , the task was done in less time than usual , and if the spelling differed from Mrs. Glegg 's , -- why , she belonged , like himself , to a generation with whom spelling was a matter of private judgment . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The modern English spelling system , with its national variants , spread together with the expansion of public education later in the 19th century . </P> <H3> `` Ough '' words ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ough ( orthography ) <P> The most notorious group of letters in the English language , ough , is commonly pronounced in at least ten different ways , six of which are illustrated in the construct , Though the tough cough and hiccough plough him through , which is quoted by Robert A. Heinlein in The Door into Summer to illustrate the difficulties facing automated speech transcription and reading . Ough , usually representing a pronunciation of roughly / ʊx / , is in fact a word in its own right , though rarely known or used : an exclamation of disgust similar to ugh . The following are recorded throughout Englishes of the world : </P> <Ul> <Li> / oʊ / ( as in toe ) for though and dough </Li> <Li> / ʌf / ( as in cuff ) for tough , rough , enough , and the name Hough </Li> <Li> / ɒf / ( as in off ) for trough , cough , and Gough </Li> <Li> / uː / ( as in blue ) for through </Li> <Li> / ɔː / ( as in caught ) for thought , ought , sought , nought , brought , etc . </Li> <Li> / ə / ( as in comma ) for thorough , borough , and names ending in - borough ; however , American English pronounces this as / oʊ / </Li> <Li> / aʊ / ( as in cow ) as in bough , sough , drought , plough ( plow in North America ) , doughty , and the names Slough and Doughty </Li> </Ul> <P> The following pronunciations are found in uncommon single words : </P> <Ul> <Li> hough : / ɒk / ( more commonly spelt `` hock '' now ) </Li> <Li> hiccough ( a now uncommon variant of hiccup ) : / ʌp / as in up ( unique ) </Li> <Li> lough : / ɒx / with a velar fricative like the ch in loch , of which lough is an anglicized spelling </Li> </Ul> <P> The place name Loughborough uses two different pronunciations of ough : the first ough has the sound as in cuff and the second rhymes with thorough . </P> <H2> Spelling patterns ( edit ) </H2> See also : Help : IPA / English <H3> Spelling - to - sound correspondences ( edit ) </H3> Vowels ( edit ) <P> In a generative approach to English spelling , Rollings ( 2004 ) identifies twenty main orthographic vowels of stressed syllables that are grouped into four main categories : `` Lax '' , `` Tense '' , `` Heavy '' , `` Tense - R '' . ( As this classification is based on orthography , not all orthographic `` lax '' vowels are necessarily phonologically lax . ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Letter </Th> <Th> Lax </Th> <Th> Tense </Th> <Th> Heavy </Th> <Th> Tense - R </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> / æ / man </Td> <Td> / eɪ / mane </Td> <Td> / ɑːr / mar </Td> <Td> / ɛər / mare </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> / ɛ / met </Td> <Td> / iː / mete </Td> <Td> / ɜːr / her </Td> <Td> / ɪər / here </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> i </Th> <Td> / ɪ / win </Td> <Td> / aɪ / wine </Td> <Td> / ɜːr / fir </Td> <Td> / aɪər / fire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> o </Th> <Td> / ɒ / mop </Td> <Td> / oʊ / mope </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> / ɔːr / for , fore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> u </Th> <Td> / ʌ / hug </Td> <Td> / juː / huge </Td> <Td> / ɜːr / cur </Td> <Td> / jʊər / cure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> u </Th> <Td> / ʊ / push </Td> <Td> / uː / rude </Td> <Td> / ɜːr / sur </Td> <Td> / ʊər / sure </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> For instance , the letter a can represent the lax vowel / æ / , tense / eɪ / , heavy / ɑː / , or ( often allophonically ) ( ɛə ) before r . Heavy and tense - r vowels are the respective lax and tense counterparts followed by the letter r . </P> <P> Tense vowels are distinguished from lax vowels with a `` silent '' e letter that is added at the end of words . Thus , the letter a in hat is lax / æ / , but when the letter e is added in the word hate the letter a is tense / eɪ / . Similarly , heavy and tense - r vowels pattern together : the letters ar in car are heavy / ɑːr / , the letters ar followed by silent e in the word care are / ɛər / . The letter u represents two different vowel patterns , one being / ʌ / , / juː / , / ə / , / jʊ / , the other / ʊ / , / uː / , / ʊ / . There is no distinction between heavy and tense - r vowels with the letter o , and the letter u in the / ʊ - uː - ʊ / pattern does not have a heavy vowel member . </P> <P> Besides silent e , another strategy for indicating tense and tense - r vowels , is the addition of another orthographic vowel forming a digraph . In this case , the first vowel is usually the main vowel while the second vowel is the `` marking '' vowel . For example , the word man has a lax a pronounced / æ / , but with the addition of i ( as the digraph ai ) in the word main the a is marked as tense and pronounced / eɪ / . These two strategies produce words that are spelled differently but pronounced identically , as in mane ( silent e strategy ) , main ( digraph strategy ) and Maine ( both strategies ) . The use of two different strategies relates to the function of distinguishing between words that would otherwise be homonyms . </P> <P> Besides the 20 basic vowel spellings , Rollings ( 2004 ) has a reduced vowel category ( representing the sounds / ə , ɪ / ) and a miscellaneous category ( representing the sounds / ɔɪ , aʊ , aɪ , aʊ / and / j / + V , / w / + V , V + V ) . </P> Combinations of vowel letters ( edit ) <P> To reduce dialectal difficulties , the sound values given here correspond to the conventions at Help : IPA / English . This table includes H , W and Y when they represent vowel sounds . If no information is given , it is assumed that the vowel is in a stressed syllable . </P> <P> Deriving the pronunciation of an English word from its spelling requires not only a careful knowledge of the rules given below ( many of which are not explicitly known even by native speakers : speakers merely learn the spelling of a word along with its pronunciation ) and their many exceptions , but also : </P> <Ul> <Li> a knowledge of which syllables are stressed and which are unstressed ( not derivable from the spelling : compare hallow and allow ) </Li> <Li> which combinations of vowels represent monosyllables and which represent disyllables ( ditto : compare waif and naif , creature and creator ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Spelling </Th> <Th> Major value ( IPA ) </Th> <Th> Examples of major value </Th> <Th> Minor values </Th> <Th> Examples of minor value </Th> <Th> Exceptions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before multiple consonants </Li> <Li> final vowel in word </Li> <Li> followed by 2 or more unstressed syllables </Li> <Li> next syllable contains / ɪ , ə / </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / æ / </Td> <Td> hatchet , banner , tally acrobat , cat national , camera , reality acid , granite , palace </Td> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> ache , ancient , chamber , pastry , bass , nationhood , scathingly , basis , aphasic , father </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> / ɒ / yacht </Li> <Li> ∅ sarsaparilla , forecastle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> RP : aft , ask , dance , past </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before final - nge , - ste </Li> <Li> before single consonant </Li> <Li> before cons + ( - le or r + vowel ) </Li> <Li> before heterosyllabic vowel </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> range , exchange , haste gave , opaque , savor , status table , hatred , April chaos , aorta , mosaic </Td> <Td> / æ / </Td> <Td> flange , caste ( GA ) have , plaque , manor , statue macle , sacrifice , theatrical </Td> <Td> / ɛ / many , any , ate ( RP ) / aɪ / naive </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> debacle , melange gala , lava , slalom , sonata </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before final r or r + cons . ( and in derived terms ) </Td> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> bar , cart barred , marring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ɛə / scarce / æ / sarsaparilla ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r + vowel </Td> <Td> / ɛ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> area , care , garish , wariness </Td> <Td> / æ / / ɑː / </Td> <Td> arid , parish , mariners , caraway aria , are , safaris , faraway </Td> <Td> / ɔː / quarantine ( GA ) / ɒ / waratah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> word - final ( stressed ) </Td> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> bra , cha - cha , schwa , spa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after / w / except before / k / , / ɡ / , / ŋ / </Td> <Td> / ɒ / ( / ɑː / ) </Td> <Td> want , watch , quality , squash swamp , wapiti , swastika , wallet </Td> <Td> / ɒ / ( / ɔː / ) / ɔː / / ɛ ( ə ) / / eɪ / </Td> <Td> wash , wasp , quarantine water , wall , walnut , waltz aware , square , wary , antiquarian persuade , wastage , swathe </Td> <Td> / ɑː / qualm , suave , swami / æ / swam , aquatic ( RP ) / ʌ / was , what ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after / w / before final r or r + cons . ( and in derived terms ) </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> war , award , dwarf warning , quarter , warring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ɑː / jaguar ( GA ) , quark / ɒ / warrior ( RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> about , an , salary , woman , blancmange , opera , via </Td> <Td> / ə / to ∅ / ɪ / / eɪ / </Td> <Td> artistically , ordinary , necessary chocolate , purchase , solace , probate , folate , kinase </Td> <Td> / i / karaoke , bologna ( GA ) / ɑː / retard ( n ) , canard ( RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed , in - age </Td> <Td> / ɪ , ə / </Td> <Td> damage , forage , garbage </Td> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> ( RP ) : garage , barrage </Td> <Td> / eɪ / teenage </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> aa , ah </Td> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> baa , aardvark , blah </Td> <Td> / ɛə / / ə / </Td> <Td> Aaron Isaac </Td> <Td> / eɪ / Quaalude </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ae </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> encyclopaedia , paediatrician </Td> <Td> / ɛ / </Td> <Td> aesthetic </Td> <Td> / eɪ / reggae , sundae , gaelic / aɪ / maestro / ə / Michael , polkaed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / ɛə / </Td> <Td> aerial , aeroplane </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> chimaera </Td> <Td> / ə / anaerobe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ai </Td> <Td> stressed </Td> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> daisy , laid , paisley , regain , waif </Td> <Td> / aɪ / / ɛ / / eɪ ɪ / </Td> <Td> aisle , bonsai , daimon , krait said , again , against dais , laic , mosaic , papain </Td> <Td> / æ / plaid , plaited , daiqiri / aɪiː / naif , caique / i ɪ / archaism </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / ɛə / </Td> <Td> cairn , millionaire , dairy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / aɪ / hetaira , zaire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ɪ , ə / </Td> <Td> bargain , mountain </Td> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> certain , coxswain , spritsail </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ao </Td> <Td> / aʊ / </Td> <Td> cacao , miaow , Taoism </Td> <Td> / eɪ / / eɪɒ / / eɪə / / ɔː / </Td> <Td> gaol kaon , chaos aorist , kaolin extraordinary </Td> <Td> / oʊ / pharaoh / eɪɔː / aorta / eɪoʊ / baobab / ioʊ / karaoke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> au </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> aura , cause , chauffer , slaughter </Td> <Td> / ɒ / / ɑː / ( / æ / ) / aʊ / / oʊ / </Td> <Td> because , laurel , leprechaun aunt , draught , laughter degauss , graupel , trauma ( GA ) chauffeur , gauche , mauve </Td> <Td> / eɪ / gauge / aʊə / gaur / ʌ / because ( GA ) / ə / aurora , meerschaum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> aw </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> awed , flaw , hawk , tawny </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ə / awry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ay </Td> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> bayonet , essays , grayer , hayride </Td> <Td> / aɪ / / ɛ / </Td> <Td> aye , bayou , kayak , papaya mayor , prayer , says </Td> <Td> / iː / cay , quay , parlay / əj / gayal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before single consonant </Li> <Li> before cons + r + vowel </Li> <Li> final , only vowel in word </Li> <Li> before heterosyllabic vowel </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> even , demon , fetal , recombine metre , secret , egret , secretion be , she museum , neon , theater ( GA ) </Td> <Td> / ɛ / </Td> <Td> ever , lemon , petal , recollect petrol , debris ( RP ) , discretion </Td> <Td> / eɪ / crepe , suede , ukulele / ɑː / or / ɒ / genre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> abbe , cafe ( GA ) , saute seance , rodeo , deity ( RP ) </Td> <Td> / ɛ / yeah ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before multiple consonants </Li> <Li> final vowel in word </Li> <Li> bef. 2 + unstressed syllables </Li> <Li> next syllable contains / ɪ / </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / ɛ / </Td> <Td> petty , lethargy , merry , treble get , watershed legacy , elegant , delicate metric , crevice , epic </Td> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> lethal , reflex , Stephen feces , axes ( plural of axis ) legally , devious , premium evil , scenic , strategic </Td> <Td> / ɪ / pretty , English / ɑː / or / ɒ / ennui , entourage / eɪ / eh / ʌ / feng shui </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before final r or r + other cons . ( and in derived terms ) </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> her , coerced , jerk , merchant erring , preferred </Td> <Td> / ɛ / </Td> <Td> berceuse error </Td> <Td> / ɑː / clerk , sergeant . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r + vowel </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> here , series , reremice , stereo </Td> <Td> / ɛə / / ɛ / / iː / </Td> <Td> compere , there , werewolf derelict , heresy , perish , very derail , reremind </Td> <Td> / ɜː / were , weregild </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> taken , decency , moment </Td> <Td> / ɪ , ə / </Td> <Td> hatchet , target , poet </Td> <Td> / ɪ / erase , erect ∅ halfpenny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ibid. , word - final and derivatives </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> discipline , recites , smile , limitrophe </Td> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> recipes , simile , apostrophe , deled </Td> <Td> / eɪ / latte , mores , protege </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ibid. , before heterosyllabic vowel </Td> <Td> / i / </Td> <Td> create , area , atheism , video </Td> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> fideism , realpolitik </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ea </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / iː / / ɛ / </Td> <Td> dreams , read , cleans , leaf , zeal dreamt , read , cleanse , deaf , zealot </Td> <Td> / eɪ / / ə / / ɪə / / iːə / / iːeɪ / </Td> <Td> break , eagre , great , yea hydrangea , likeable , ocean idea , ideal , real , realty urea , cereal , fealty , laureate creating , protease , reagent </Td> <Td> / ɑː / orgeat , / æ / poleax / ɔː / ealderman / ɪ / mileage , / iːɪ / lineage / ɛə / yeah , / eɪɑː / seance / iːæ / beatify , caveat , reality </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r + cons . </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> pearly , hearse , yearning , earth </Td> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> hearken , hearty , hearth </Td> <Td> / ɪə / beard , peart / eɪə / bearnaise , / i'ɑː / rearm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before final r or r + vowel ( and in derived terms ) </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> dearly , hears , yearling , tear </Td> <Td> / ɛə / / iːə / </Td> <Td> tear , bears , wearing linear , nuclear , stearin </Td> <Td> / ɜː / heard / iː / tearoom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> eau </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> bureau , plateau , tableau </Td> <Td> / juː / </Td> <Td> beauty </Td> <Td> / ɒ / bureaucracy / ə / bureaucrat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ee </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> bee , breech , feed , trainee </Td> <Td> / eɪ / / i / </Td> <Td> matinee , fiancees , nee bungee , coffee </Td> <Td> / ɪ / breeches , been ( GA ) / iːə / freest , weest / iːɛ / reecho , / iːɪ / reelect / ɛ / threepence ( also / ɪ / or / ʌ / ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> cheering , beer , eerie </Td> <Td> / iːə / </Td> <Td> freer , seers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ei , ey </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> veil , weight , heinous , obey </Td> <Td> / iː / / aɪ / / iːɪ / </Td> <Td> caffeine , seize , key , geyser either , height , heist , heinie , eye albeit , being , cysteine , deist </Td> <Td> / ɛ / heifer , leisure , seigneur / æ / reveille , serein / eɪ ɪ / fideist , / iˈaɪ / deice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after c </Td> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> deceive , ceiling , conceit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / æ / ceinture , enceinte / eɪɪ / glaceing / iːɪ / haecceity </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / ɛə / </Td> <Td> heir , madeira , their </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> weird , weir , eyrie </Td> <Td> / aɪ / oneiric , eirenic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ɪ , ə / </Td> <Td> foreign , counterfeit , forfeit </Td> <Td> / ə / / i / </Td> <Td> mullein , villein volleyed </Td> <Td> / ɪ / ageist , herein , ogreish / aɪ / walleyed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed , word - final </Td> <Td> / i / </Td> <Td> monkey , curtsey , jersey </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / eɪ / survey ( n ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> eo </Td> <Td> usually bisyllabic </Td> <Td> / iːɒ / / iːoʊ / / iːə / </Td> <Td> eon , geology , reoffer , teleost creole , geode , leonine , video galleon , leotard , peon , theory </Td> <Td> / ɛ / / iː / / ə / </Td> <Td> feoffee , jeopardy , leopard feoff , people luncheon , pigeon , embraceor </Td> <Td> / oʊ / yeoman , / ɛə / ceorl / juː / feodary , / uːi / geoduck / eɪoʊ / rodeo , teosinte / iˈa / meow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> eu ( e ) , ew ( e ) , ieu , iew </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / juː / </Td> <Td> deuce , feudal , queue , dew , ewe , view </Td> <Td> / ɜː / / uː / / iːə / </Td> <Td> berceuse , danseuse leukemia , lewd , lieu ( sic ) museum , pileus </Td> <Td> / oʊ / sew , shew / ɛf / lieutenant ( RP ) , / jɜː / milieu / iːuː / reuse , / iːʌ / reutters / ʌ / pileup , ∅ fauteuil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after / r / , / ʃ / , / ʒ / , / j / , cons. + / l / </Td> <Td> / uː / </Td> <Td> rheumatism , sleuth , jewel , blew </Td> <Td> / iːə / </Td> <Td> nucleus </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / jʊə / </Td> <Td> euro , liqueur , neural </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> masseur , voyeur </Td> <Td> / ʊə / pleurisy , / iːɜː / theurgy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed before r </Td> <Td> / ju ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> eurhythmic , neurotic </Td> <Td> / jə / / ə / </Td> <Td> aneurism , derailleur , grandeur amateur , chauffeur </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> i </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before single consonant </Li> <Li> before cons + ( - le or r + vowel ) </Li> <Li> before - nd , - ld , - gh , - gn </Li> <Li> final vowel in word </Li> <Li> before heterosyllabic vowel </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / aɪ / </Td> <Td> cited , dive , mica , rise , polite , shine idle , trifle , nitrous , mitres sighed , signage , wilder , remind alumni , alibi , radii vial , quiet , prior , pious </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> city , give , vicar , risen triple , citrus , giblets pighead , signal , bewilder , rescind </Td> <Td> / iː / police , elite , machine / iː / litres , in vitro / iː / chignon , Monsignor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> ski clientele , fiat , lien , skiing </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before multiple consonants </Li> <Li> final vowel in word </Li> <Li> bef. 2 + unstressed syllables </Li> <Li> next syllable contains / ɪ / </Li> <Li> before cons . + e / i + vowel </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> dissent , mislaid , slither kiss , sic , bit , inflict , hint , plinth litany , liberal , chivalry , misery finish , limit , minute ( n ) hideous , position , Sirius </Td> <Td> / aɪ / </Td> <Td> dissect , island , blithely indict , pint , ninth irony , libelous , rivalry , miserly whitish , writing shinier , tidied </Td> <Td> / æ / meringue / iː / artiste , chenille / iː / skis , chic , ambergris . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r + vowel ( except bef. 2 + unstressed syllables ) </Td> <Td> / aɪə / </Td> <Td> pirate , mired , virus , iris , wiring </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> mirage , virile , iridescent , spirit </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before final r or r + cons . ( and in derived terms ) </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> bird , fir , stirrer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ɪə / menhir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ɪ , ə / </Td> <Td> divide , permit ( n ) , livid , typical </Td> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> giraffe , pencil , cousin , Cheshire </Td> <Td> ∅ business , parliament , lieu , nostalgia / aɪ / director , minute ( adj ) / aɪə / sapphire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> usd , before heterosyllabic vowel </Td> <Td> / i / </Td> <Td> liaison , alien , radii , idiot </Td> <Td> / aɪ / </Td> <Td> biology , diameter </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ie </Td> <Td> finally </Td> <Td> / aɪ / </Td> <Td> belie , die , untie , vie </Td> <Td> / i / </Td> <Td> goalie , oldie , auntie , movie </Td> <Td> / eɪ / lingerie ( GA ) , / ieɪ / kyrie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> medially </Td> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> field , siege , rabies , skied </Td> <Td> / aɪ / / aɪə / / iə / to / jə / / iˈɛ / </Td> <Td> allied , pied , skies client , diet , science , sliest ambient , alien , oriel , ugliest orient ( v ) , acquiesce </Td> <Td> / ɪ / sieve , mischief , kerchief / ɛ / friend , hygienic ( GA ) / aɪˈɛ / biennial , / iːɒ / clientele / iˈiː / medieval , / iːə / lien </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> cashier , fierce , frontier , pier , </Td> <Td> / aɪ ( ə ) / / iə / to / jə / </Td> <Td> shier , fiery , hierarchy , plier busier , rapier , glacier , hosiery </Td> <Td> / iɛ ( ə ) / concierge , premiere / iˈeɪ / atelier , bustier , dossier / iːə / skier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> o </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before multiple consonants </Li> <Li> final vowel in word </Li> <Li> bef. 2 + unstressed syllables </Li> <Li> next syllable contains / ɪ / </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / ɒ / or / ɑː / </Td> <Td> doctor , bother , donkey dot , bomb , wonk , font opera , colonise , botany topic , solid , promise </Td> <Td> / ʌ / / oʊ / </Td> <Td> won , monkey , front gross , comb , wonted , both brokenly , probity , diplomacy meiosis , aerobic </Td> <Td> / uː / tomb , womb / ʊ / wolf / wʌ / once / ɔː / ( GA ) long , broth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before single consonant </Li> <Li> before cons + ( - le or r + vowel ) </Li> <Li> word - final </Li> <Li> before heterosyllabic vowel ( inc . unstressed ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> omen , grove , total noble , cobra banjo , go boa , poet , stoic cooperate , proactive </Td> <Td> / ɒ / / uː / / ʌ / / ə / </Td> <Td> proper , gone , shone ( RP ) to , who , move , doable come , love , done , colander purpose , Europe </Td> <Td> / ʊ / woman , bosom / ɪ / women / wʌ / one ∅ colonel , chocolate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> ford , boring , more </Td> <Td> / ɒ / </Td> <Td> forest , borrow , moral </Td> <Td> / ɜː / whorl / ʌ / borough / oʊ / forecastle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after w , before r </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> word , work , worst </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> worn , sword , swore </Td> <Td> / ʌ / worry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> eloquent , wanton , author </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ɒ / neuron , proton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oa </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> boat , coal , load , coaxing </Td> <Td> / oʊə / / oʊæ / / oʊˈeɪ / </Td> <Td> boa , inchoate coaxial , ogdoad oasis , cloaca </Td> <Td> / ɔː / broad / uːə / doable / oʊˈɒ / koala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> boar , coarse , keyboard , soaring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ə / cupboard , starboard / oʊˈɑː / coarctate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oe </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> amoeba , coelacanth , foetal , phoenix </Td> <Td> / oʊ / / uː / / oʊˈɛ / </Td> <Td> doeskin , woeful shoelace , canoeing poetic , soever , orthoepic </Td> <Td> / ɛ / foetid , roentgen / oʊˈiː / coeval , noesis / oʊˈɜː / coerce / oʊə / poetry , orthoepy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final vowels </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> foe , goes , toed , woe </Td> <Td> / uː / / oʊɛ / / oʊə / </Td> <Td> shoes , canoe coed , noel , phloem goer , loess , poem </Td> <Td> / ʌ / does / uːə / doeth , doer / ɜː / foehn / oʊiː / diploe , kalanchoe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> oedema , oesophagus </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> aloe , echoed , oboes , soloed </Td> <Td> / uː / hoopoe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> oeu </Td> <Td> / uː / </Td> <Td> manoeuvre </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> oeuvre </Td> <Td> / ɜr / hors d'oeuvre ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oi </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / ɔɪ / </Td> <Td> boing , moist , coin , envoi </Td> <Td> / oʊɪ / / wɑː / / ə / </Td> <Td> going , egoist , heroin , stoic bourgeois , coiffeur , patois connoisseur , porpoise , tortoise </Td> <Td> / uːɪ / doing / wæ / croissant ( RP ) / iː / chamois / oʊaɪ / ghettoise , oroide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / wɑː / </Td> <Td> reservoir , memoir , moire , soiree </Td> <Td> / ɔɪə / </Td> <Td> coir , loir </Td> <Td> / waɪə / choir / ə / avoirdupois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oo </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / uː / </Td> <Td> cool , sooth , boot , goosebumps </Td> <Td> / ʊ / </Td> <Td> wool , soot , foot , gooseberry </Td> <Td> / oʊ / brooch / oʊ ɒ / coopt , zoology </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before k , d </Td> <Td> / ʊ / </Td> <Td> cook , shook , wood , stood </Td> <Td> / uː / </Td> <Td> kook , spook , food , brood </Td> <Td> / ʌ / flood , blood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / ɔə / </Td> <Td> door , flooring </Td> <Td> / ʊə / </Td> <Td> poor , moor , roorback </Td> <Td> / ə / whippoorwill / oʊ ɔː / coordinate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ou </Td> <Td> stressed </Td> <Td> / aʊ / </Td> <Td> out , aloud , bough </Td> <Td> / uː / / ʌ / / oʊ / </Td> <Td> soup , you , through touch , trouble , country soul , dough , boulder </Td> <Td> / ʊ / could , should / ɒ / cough , fount ( printing ) / juː / ampoule , coupon ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> stressed before r </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> four , courtesan , discourse </Td> <Td> / aʊə / / ɜː / / ʊ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> hour , flour , scours journey , courtesy , scourge tour , courier , gourd , velour </Td> <Td> / ʌ / encourage , flourish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> camouflage , labour , nervous </Td> <Td> / u / / ʊ / </Td> <Td> entourage , bivouac , bedouin potpourri , detour </Td> <Td> / ʌ / hiccough / w / ratatouille , ouabaine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ow </Td> <Td> stressed </Td> <Td> / aʊ / </Td> <Td> owl , bow , row , sow , allow </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> own , bow , row , sow , alow </Td> <Td> / ɒ / acknowledge , rowlock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r </Td> <Td> / aʊə / </Td> <Td> dowry , cowries </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> cowrites , showroom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> yellow , teabowl , landowner </Td> <Td> / aʊ / </Td> <Td> peafowl , sundowner </Td> <Td> / əw / cassowary , toward ( RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> oy </Td> <Td> / ɔɪ / </Td> <Td> boy , doyenne , foyer , voyage </Td> <Td> / waɪ / </Td> <Td> voyeur , noyade </Td> <Td> / oʊj / oyez / aɪ / coyote ( GA ) / i / buoy ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> u </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before multiple consonants </Li> <Li> final vowel in word </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / ʌ / </Td> <Td> budding , cuckold , mullet , usher but , gull , Dutch , hush , fuss </Td> <Td> / ʊ / </Td> <Td> pudding , cuckoo , bullet , cushion put , full , butch , shush , puss </Td> <Td> / uː / truth , ruthless , brut / juː / butte , debut , fuchsia , tulle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before single consonant </Li> <Li> before cons + ( - le or r + vowel ) </Li> <Li> before heterosyllabic vowel </Li> <Li> word - final </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / juː / </Td> <Td> mute , student , puny , union , fuses bugle , hubris , nutrient ( RP ) duo , nuance , pursuant , ensuing menu , emu , impromptu ( RP ) </Td> <Td> / ʌ / / uː / . </Td> <Td> study , punish , bunion , buses butler , cutlery , subrogate super , lunar , absolute , revolution suet , lucrative , lugubrious hindu , tutu , tofu </Td> <Td> / ɪ / busy , business </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> above after / r / , / ʃ / , / ʒ / , / j / , cons. + / l / </Td> <Td> / uː / </Td> <Td> rule , chute , June , recluses scruples , rubric truant , fluent , cruelty flu , guru </Td> <Td> / ʌ / </Td> <Td> pluses , runaway , truculent runlet , clubroom , rumrunner </Td> <Td> / ʊ / sugar / juː / overuse , underused </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before final r or r + cons . ( and in derived terms ) </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> turn , occur , curdle , burr furry , demurral , blurred , recurring </Td> <Td> / ʌ / </Td> <Td> recurrent , occurrence </Td> <Td> / ʊ ( ə ) / langur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r + vowel </Td> <Td> / jʊ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> lure , purity , curing </Td> <Td> / ʊ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> allure , guru , Silurian </Td> <Td> / ɛ / bury , burial / jɔː / sure , assurance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> above after / r / , / ʃ / , / ʒ / , / j / , cons. + / l / </Td> <Td> / ʊ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> rural , jury , plural </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after g , before a vowel </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> guard , guest , guide , vaguer , languor </Td> <Td> / w / </Td> <Td> language , segue , distinguish </Td> <Td> / juː / jaguar ( RP ) , ambiguity </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after q </Td> <Td> / w / </Td> <Td> quail , conquest , banquet , quite </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> quay , conquer , bouquet , mosquito </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> support , industry , useful , medium </Td> <Td> / ju / / u / / jə / / ʌ / </Td> <Td> annual , evaluate , arduous , debut influence , plurality , fruition accurate , failure , tenure guffaw , unruly , upend , vulgarity </Td> <Td> / ɪ , ə / minute , lettuce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ue </Td> <Td> after g </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> league , tongue , vaguely , intrigued </Td> <Td> / juː / / ɛ / / ə / </Td> <Td> ague , argued guest , guessed , baguette guerrilla , beleaguered </Td> <Td> / weɪ / segued , / wɛ / guenon / wə / unguent , / wiː / ungues / juːə / arguer , / eɪ / merengue / iː / dengue , Portuguese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after r or cons. + l </Td> <Td> / uː / </Td> <Td> true , clue , gruesome , blues </Td> <Td> / uːə / </Td> <Td> influence , cruel , fluent , bluest </Td> <Td> / uːɪ / cruet , / uːɛ / influential </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> elsewhere ( except after q ) </Td> <Td> / juː / </Td> <Td> virtue , cue , valued , hue , muesli </Td> <Td> / juːə / / juːɛ / / uː / / uːə / </Td> <Td> fuel , constituent , rescuer innuendo , statuesque , minuet Sue , snafued ( GA : due , revenue ) GA : duel , pursuer </Td> <Td> / uːɪ / suet , / uːɛ / muezzin / juːiː / tenues , / juːeɪ / habitue / jʊə / puerile , / ʊ / muenster / weɪ / suede , Venezuelan / wɛ / pueblo , / wɪ / desuetude </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ui </Td> <Td> after g </Td> <Td> / wɪ / </Td> <Td> anguish , penguin , linguist , sanguine </Td> <Td> / aɪ / / ɪ / </Td> <Td> guide , guise , beguile guild , guitar , intriguing , roguish </Td> <Td> / iː / beguine , / wiː / linguine / juːɪ / arguing , aguish / juːə / contiguity , / uːi / GUI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after j , r , or cons. + l </Td> <Td> / uː / </Td> <Td> juice , cruise , sluice , fruiting </Td> <Td> / uːɪ / </Td> <Td> fruition , fluid , ruin , druid , truism </Td> <Td> / uːə / incongruity , / uːj / alleluia / ʊ / Cruickshank </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> elsewhere ( except after q ) </Td> <Td> / juːɪ / / ɪ / </Td> <Td> conduit , cuing , genuine , Buick , circuitous , Jesuit build , circuit , biscuit , pursuivant </Td> <Td> / uː / / juːə / / juː / / uːɪ / </Td> <Td> suit , suitable , nuisance ( GA ) intuitive ( RP ) , promiscuity nuisance ( RP ) , puisne suicide , tui , Inuit , Hinduism </Td> <Td> / aɪ / duiker , / ə / circuitry / wɪ / cuisine , suint / wiː / suite , ennui , tuille / uːaɪ / sui generis / weɪ / feng shui </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> uu </Td> <Td> / juə / </Td> <Td> continuum , residuum </Td> <Td> / uə / </Td> <Td> menstruum </Td> <Td> / uˈʌ / duumvir / juː / vacuum / uː / muumuu </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> uy </Td> <Td> / aɪ / </Td> <Td> buy , buyout , guyed </Td> <Td> / iː / / wi / </Td> <Td> guyot , cliquy , plaguy tuyere , obsequy , soliloquy </Td> <Td> / jʊɪ / toluyl / uːj / thuya , gruyere </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> y </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before multiple consonants </Li> <Li> bef. 2 + unstressed syllables </Li> <Li> next syllable contains / ɪ / </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> myth , cryptic , system , symbol cylinder , typical , pyramid , dynasty cynic , lyric , lytic , syringe </Td> <Td> / aɪ / </Td> <Td> cyclone , hyphen , psyche , python hydrogen , dynasty ( GA ) cyclist , hybrid , psychic , typist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before single consonant </Li> <Li> before cons + ( - le or r + vowel ) </Li> <Li> word - final , stressed </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> / aɪ / </Td> <Td> typing , style , paralyze , nylon cycle , cypress , hydrate , lycra awry , by , deny , sky , supply </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> byzantine , synod , synagogue , Cypriote , sycophantic . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before final r or r + cons . ( and in derived terms ) </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> myrtle , myrrh </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ɪ / pyrrhic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before r + vowel </Td> <Td> / aɪə / </Td> <Td> lyre , tyrant , gyrate </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> syrup , Pyrenees </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> bicycle , oxygen , polymer , dyslexia , physique , synonymous </Td> <Td> / ə / / aɪ / / i / </Td> <Td> sibyl , martyr , pyjamas dynamics , hypothesis , typhoon anyway , everything </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed , word - final </Td> <Td> / i / </Td> <Td> any , city , happy , only , supply ( adv ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / aɪ / ally ( n ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : In many if not most North American accents , / ær / is merged with / ɛr / . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The LOT and CLOTH lexical sets are pronounced with / ɑː / or / ɔː / respectively in GA , but are merged in / ɒ / in RP . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The BATH lexical set is pronounced with / æ / in GA . </Li> </Ol> Consonants ( edit ) See also : Digraph ( orthography ) <P> Notes : </P> <Ul> <Li> In the tables , the hyphen has two different meanings . A hyphen after the letter indicates that it must be at the beginning of a syllable , e.g. j - in jumper and ajar . A hyphen before the letter indicates that it can not be at the beginning of a word , e.g. - ck in sick and ticket . </Li> <Li> More specific rules take precedence over more general ones , e.g. `` c - before e , i or y '' takes precedence over `` c '' . </Li> <Li> Where the letter combination is described as `` word - final '' , inflectional suffixes may be added without changing the pronunciation , e.g. catalogues . </Li> <Li> The dialect used is RP . </Li> <Li> Isolated foreign borrowings are excluded . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Spelling </Th> <Th> Major value ( IPA ) </Th> <Th> Examples of major value </Th> <Th> Other values </Th> <Th> Examples of other values </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> b , bb </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / b / </Td> <Td> bit , ebb , limber , obtain , bombe </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> bdellium , debtor , subtle , combe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> finally after m ( and in derived terms ) </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> iamb , climber , numbing , bombed </Td> <Td> / b / </Td> <Td> iambic , nimb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> before e , i , y , ae , or oe </Td> <Td> / s / </Td> <Td> cellar , city , cyst , face , prince , nicer caesium , coelacanth </Td> <Td> / tʃ / / ʃ / / k / / ts / </Td> <Td> cello , vermicelli special , liquorice Celts , chicer , syncing letovicite </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> initially before n , t </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> cnidarian , ctenoid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> elsewhere </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> cat , cross , predict , opuscle , picture </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> blancmange , indict , muscle , victual </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> cc </Td> <Td> before e , i or y </Td> <Td> / ks / </Td> <Td> accept , eccentric , occidental </Td> <Td> / k / / tʃ / / s / </Td> <Td> soccer , recce , siccing bocce , breccia , cappuccino flaccid </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> elsewhere </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> account , accrue , occur , yucca </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ch </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / tʃ / </Td> <Td> chase , chin , attached , chore </Td> <Td> / k / / ʃ / / h / / dʒ / / x / ∅ </Td> <Td> ached , anchor , leprechaun machete , pistachio , welch chutzpah sandwich , Greenwich loch yacht , Crichton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greek - derived words </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> chasm , chimera , chord , lichen </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> drachm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French - derived words </Td> <Td> / ʃ / </Td> <Td> chaise , machine , cached , parachute </Td> <Td> / k / / tʃ / </Td> <Td> chemist , choir , machination chassis , cheque , chowder , niche ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ck </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> tack , ticket </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> d , dd , dh </Td> <Td> / d / </Td> <Td> dive , ladder , jodhpurs </Td> <Td> / t / / dʒ / ∅ </Td> <Td> ached , creased , iced , puffed , raked graduate , gradual ( both also / dj / in RP ) Wednesday , handsome , sandwich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> dg before e , i , or y </Td> <Td> / dʒ / </Td> <Td> lodger , pidgin , edgy </Td> <Td> / dɡ / </Td> <Td> headgear </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> f , - ff </Td> <Td> / f / </Td> <Td> fine , off </Td> <Td> / v / ∅ </Td> <Td> of halfpenny </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> g </Td> <Td> before e , i , y , ae , or oe </Td> <Td> / dʒ / </Td> <Td> gel , pager , gin , algae ( GA ) gentle , rage , gigantic , regimen </Td> <Td> / ɡ / / ʒ / </Td> <Td> get , eager , gig , algae ( RP ) genre , barrage , gigue , regime </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> in gm or gn </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> phlegmy , diaphragm gnome , signed , poignant , reign </Td> <Td> / ɡ / / ʒ / </Td> <Td> pigmy , signet , indignant judgment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> elsewhere </Td> <Td> / ɡ / </Td> <Td> go , great , guest , leg , margaric </Td> <Td> / dʒ / </Td> <Td> margarine , gaol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> gg </Td> <Td> / ɡ / </Td> <Td> dagger , smuggest , staggering </Td> <Td> / dʒ / / ɡdʒ / </Td> <Td> agger , suggest , exaggerate suggest ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> gh </Td> <Td> initially </Td> <Td> / ɡ / </Td> <Td> ghost , ghastly , ghetto </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> elsewhere </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> daughter , through , fraught , brougham eight , higher , straight , sighed </Td> <Td> / ə / or / oʊ / / x / or / k / / f / / ɡ / / ɡh / / p / </Td> <Td> burgh lough , saugh laughter , trough , draught , roughage burgher , ogham , yogh leghorn , pigheaded hiccough </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> h </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / h / </Td> <Td> honey , heist , house , manhandle doohickey , vehicular </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> honest , heir , hours , piranha annihilate , vehicle , dinghy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final or after r or ex </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> oh , rhubarb , rhyme , exhibit , exhaust </Td> <Td> / h / </Td> <Td> exhale , exhume ( in RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> j </Td> <Td> / dʒ / </Td> <Td> jump , ajar jonquil , Julian jalap , cajole bijugate </Td> <Td> / j / / ʒ / / h / ∅ </Td> <Td> Hallelujah , fjord jongleur , julienne , bijou jalapeno , fajita marijuana </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> k , kk , kh </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> key , bake , trekking , sheikh , weeknight </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> beknave , camiknickers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> initially before n </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> knee , knife , knock </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> knish , Knoebel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> l , ll </Td> <Td> / l / or / ɫ / </Td> <Td> valve , balcony , almost valley , flotilla line , colony </Td> <Td> ∅ / j / / r / </Td> <Td> halve , balk , salmon tortilla colonel ( in rhotic accents ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> m , mm </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / m / </Td> <Td> mine , hammer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> initially before n </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> mnemonic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> n , nn </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / n / </Td> <Td> nice , funny , anchovis monsignor , damnable </Td> <Td> / ŋ / ∅ </Td> <Td> anxiety monsieur , condemner , damningly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before / k / or / ɡ / </Td> <Td> / ŋ / </Td> <Td> inkling , bangle , anchor </Td> <Td> / n / </Td> <Td> incline , vanguard , mankind </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> finally after m </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> hymn , autumn , solemn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ng </Td> <Td> finally and in terms derived from ng - final words </Td> <Td> / ŋ / </Td> <Td> long , kingly , singer , clingy </Td> <Td> / ŋɡ / / ndʒ / </Td> <Td> longer , strongest stingy ( ungenerous ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> medially otherwise </Td> <Td> / ŋɡ / / ndʒ / </Td> <Td> congress , singly , finger , language binging , wharfinger , dingy , engaol </Td> <Td> / nɡ / / ŋ / / nʒ / </Td> <Td> congrats , engage , vanguard hangar , lingonberry , tongue ingenue , lingerie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> p , pp </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / p / </Td> <Td> pill , happy , soup , corpse , script </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> coup , corps , receipt , raspberry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> initially before n , s , t </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> pneumonia , psyche , ptomaine </Td> <Td> / p / </Td> <Td> psst </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ph , pph </Td> <Td> / f / </Td> <Td> photograph , sapphire </Td> <Td> / v / / pf / </Td> <Td> Stephen camphor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> q ( not before u ) </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> Iraq , Iqaluit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> r , rr , rh , rrh </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / ɹ / </Td> <Td> ray , parrot , rhyme , diarrhoea </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> iron , croissant ( RP ) , hors d'oeuvre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> before consonant </Li> <Li> finally </Li> <Li> before final e </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> ∅ in non-rhotic dialects like RP </Td> <Td> cart , hurt fir , walker , tear , burr , myrrh care </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> sarsaparilla , forecastle ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> See below for combinations of vowel letters and the letter r </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> s </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / s / </Td> <Td> song , ask , misled </Td> <Td> / z / / ʃ / / ʒ / ∅ </Td> <Td> is , lens , raspberry sugar , tension vision , closure island , aisle , debris , mesne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - s - between vowel sounds ( see also `` se '' below ) </Td> <Td> / z / </Td> <Td> phrases , prison , pleasing </Td> <Td> / s / </Td> <Td> bases , bison , leasing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> word - final - s morpheme after a voiceless sound </Td> <Td> / s / </Td> <Td> pets , shops </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> word - final - s morpheme after a lenis sound </Td> <Td> / z / </Td> <Td> beds , magazines </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> sc before e , i or y </Td> <Td> / s / </Td> <Td> scene , scepter , scissors , scythe </Td> <Td> / sk / / ʃ / / z / </Td> <Td> sceptic , scirrhus fascism crescent ( RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> sch </Td> <Td> / sk / </Td> <Td> school , scheme , schizoid , ischemia , eschar </Td> <Td> / ʃ / / s / / s tʃ / </Td> <Td> schedule ( RP ) , schist , eschalot schism ( RP ) mischief , eschew </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> sh </Td> <Td> / ʃ / </Td> <Td> shin , fashion , wish , Lewisham , foreshore , kinship </Td> <Td> / sh / / zh / / s ʃ / / ʃ h / </Td> <Td> mishap , mishit hogshead tranship threshold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ss </Td> <Td> / s / </Td> <Td> boss , assign , dresser , dissent , aggressors , finesse </Td> <Td> / ʃ / / z / / ss / </Td> <Td> tissue , aggression dessert , dissolve , scissors disseat , misspell , missort </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> sw </Td> <Td> / sw / </Td> <Td> swore , swan , swift </Td> <Td> / s / / zw / ∅ </Td> <Td> sword , answer menswear coxswain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> t , tt </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / t / </Td> <Td> ten , bitter , etiology , nastier , attune , piteous , cation , softer , wallet , gristmill , haste , dishearten </Td> <Td> / ʃ / / tʃ / / ʒ / ∅ / d / </Td> <Td> ration , martial , cautious bastion , nature , fortune , righteous equation soften , ballet , Christmas , mortgage kindergarten ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> in - sten and - stle </Td> <Td> ∅ </Td> <Td> hasten , listens , rustling , thistles </Td> <Td> / t / </Td> <Td> tungsten , listless </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> tch </Td> <Td> / tʃ / </Td> <Td> batch , kitchen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> th </Td> <Td> / θ / / ð / </Td> <Td> thin , both , north , absinthe the , bother , smooth , soothe </Td> <Td> / t / / tθ / / th / / tʃ / ∅ </Td> <Td> thyme eighth outhouse , potherb ( RP ) posthumous ( GA ) asthma </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> v , vv </Td> <Td> / v / </Td> <Td> vine , heavy , savvy , reveled , revved </Td> <Td> / f / </Td> <Td> fivepence , sovkhoz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> w </Td> <Td> / w / </Td> <Td> sward , swerve , wale </Td> <Td> ∅ / uː / / v / </Td> <Td> two , sword , answer , gunwale cwm Weltanschauung </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> wh - </Td> <Td> usually </Td> <Td> / w / </Td> <Td> wheel </Td> <Td> / f / </Td> <Td> whew ( RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before o </Td> <Td> / h / </Td> <Td> who , whole </Td> <Td> / w / </Td> <Td> whopping , whorl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> wr </Td> <Td> / r / </Td> <Td> wrong , wrist , awry </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> x </Td> <Td> initially </Td> <Td> / z / </Td> <Td> xylophone , xenon , xenophobia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> before stressed vowel </Td> <Td> / ɡz / </Td> <Td> example , exist , exotic , exult Alexander , auxiliary </Td> <Td> / ks / / z / / ɡʒ / , / kʒ / </Td> <Td> taxation , tuxedo , proximity , exogenous anxiety luxurious † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> elsewhere </Td> <Td> / ks / </Td> <Td> boxes , exercise , expect , jinxed , next , six , taxi </Td> <Td> / ɡz / / ɡʒ / / kʃ / / z / ∅ </Td> <Td> existential , exultation , exit † † luxury ( GA ) † anxious , luxury , sexual ( GA ) plateaux , chateaux faux - pas , roux </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> xc before e or i </Td> <Td> / ks / </Td> <Td> excellent , except , excited </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> xh </Td> <Td> / ɡz / </Td> <Td> exhaust , exhibit exhilarating , exhortation </Td> <Td> / ks / / ksh / </Td> <Td> exhibition , Vauxhall exhale , exhume , foxhole </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> y - </Td> <Td> / j / </Td> <Td> yes , young </Td> <Td> / ð / </Td> <Td> ye ( mock archaic ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> z , zz </Td> <Td> / z / </Td> <Td> gazump , seized , crazier , rhizophagous , pizzazz , zoo , quiz </Td> <Td> / ʒ / / ts / ∅ </Td> <Td> azure , seizure , brazier ( GA ) schizophrenic , pizzas rendezvous </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † Nearly 80 % of Americans pronounce `` luxurious '' with / ɡʒ / , while two thirds of British people use / kʒ / . Half the American speakers pronounce `` luxury '' as / ˈlʌɡʒəri / , the rest says / ˈlʌkʃəri / † † About half of both British and American speakers say / ˈɛksɪt / , the other half says / ˈɛɡzɪt / . </P> Combinations of vowel letters and `` r '' ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Spelling </Th> <Th> Major value ( IPA ) </Th> <Th> Examples of major value </Th> <Th> Minor values ( IPA ) </Th> <Th> Examples of minor value </Th> <Th> Exceptions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ar </Td> <Td> stressed </Td> <Td> / ɑːr / </Td> <Td> argyle , car , farce </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ɛə / scarce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ər / </Td> <Td> circular , pillar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> arV , are </Td> <Td> / ɛ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> area , care , garish , wariness </Td> <Td> / æ / / ɑː / </Td> <Td> arid , parish , mariners , caraway aria , are , safaris , faraway </Td> <Td> / ɔː / quarantine ( GA ) / ɒ / waratah </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> aer </Td> <Td> / ɛə / </Td> <Td> aerial , aeroplane </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> chimaera </Td> <Td> / ə / anaerobe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> air , aire </Td> <Td> / ɛə / </Td> <Td> cairn , millionaire , dairy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / aɪ / hetaira , zaire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> aor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> aur </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> awr </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> awer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ayr </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ayer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> layer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ayor </Td> <Td> / ɛər / </Td> <Td> mayor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> er </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> her , coerced , jerk , merchant erring , preferred </Td> <Td> / ɛ / </Td> <Td> berceuse error </Td> <Td> / ɑː / clerk , sergeant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> erV , ere </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> here , series , reremice , stereo </Td> <Td> / ɛə / / ɛ / / iː / </Td> <Td> compere , there , werewolf derelict , heresy , perish , very derail , reremind </Td> <Td> / ɜː / were , weregild </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ear </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> dearly , hears , yearling , tear </Td> <Td> / ɛə / / iːə / </Td> <Td> tear , bears , wearing linear , nuclear , stearin </Td> <Td> / ɜː / heard / iː / tearoom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> earC </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> pearly , hearse , yearning , earth </Td> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> hearken , hearty , hearth </Td> <Td> / ɪə / beard , peart / eɪə / bearnaise , / i'ɑː / rearm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> eer </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> cheering , beer , eerie </Td> <Td> / iːə / </Td> <Td> freer , seers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> eir </Td> <Td> / ɛə / </Td> <Td> heir , madeira , their </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> weird , weir , eyrie </Td> <Td> / aɪ / oneiric , eirenic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> eor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> eur </Td> <Td> / jʊə / </Td> <Td> euro , liqueur , neural </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> masseur , voyeur </Td> <Td> / ʊə / pleurisy , / iːɜː / theurgy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ewer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ir </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> bird , fir , stirrer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ɪə / menhir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> irV , ire </Td> <Td> / aɪə / </Td> <Td> pirate , mired , virus , iris , wiring </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> mirage , virile , iridescent , spirit </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ier </Td> <Td> / ɪə / </Td> <Td> cashier , fierce , frontier , pier , </Td> <Td> / aɪ ( ə ) / / iə / to / jə / </Td> <Td> shier , fiery , hierarchy , plier busier , rapier , glacier , hosiery </Td> <Td> / iɛ ( ə ) / concierge , premiere / iˈeɪ / atelier , bustier , dossier / iːə / skier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> or </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> ford , boring , more </Td> <Td> / ɒ / </Td> <Td> forest , borrow , moral </Td> <Td> / ɜː / whorl / ʌ / borough ∅ comfortable </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after w </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> word , work , worst </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> worn , sword , swore </Td> <Td> / ʌ / worry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> oar </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> boar , coarse , keyboard , soaring </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ə / cupboard , starboard / oʊˈɑː / coarctate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> oer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> oir </Td> <Td> / wɑː / </Td> <Td> reservoir , memoir , moire , soiree </Td> <Td> / ɔɪə / </Td> <Td> coir , loir , Moira </Td> <Td> / waɪə / choir / ə / avoirdupois </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> oor </Td> <Td> / ɔə / </Td> <Td> door , flooring </Td> <Td> / ʊə / </Td> <Td> poor , moor , roorback </Td> <Td> / ə / whippoorwill / oʊ ɔː / coordinate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> our </Td> <Td> stressed </Td> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> four , courtesan , discourse </Td> <Td> / aʊə / / ɜː / / ʊ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> hour , flour , scours journey , courtesy , scourge tour , courier , gourd , velour </Td> <Td> / ʌ / encourage , flourish </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed </Td> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> camouflage , labour , nervous </Td> <Td> / u / / ʊ / </Td> <Td> entourage , bivouac , bedouin potpourri , detour </Td> <Td> / ʌ / hiccough / w / ratatouille , ouabaine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> owr , ower </Td> <Td> / aʊə / </Td> <Td> dowry , cowries </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> cowrites , showroom </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ower </Td> <Td> / aʊə / </Td> <Td> flower , tower </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> lower , stower </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> oyr </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> oyer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ur </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> turn , occur , curdle , burr furry , demurral , blurred , recurring </Td> <Td> / ʌ / </Td> <Td> recurrent , occurrence </Td> <Td> / ʊ ( ə ) / langur </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> urV , ure </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / jʊ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> lure , purity , curing </Td> <Td> / ʊ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> allure , guru , Silurian </Td> <Td> / ɛ / bury , burial / jɔː / sure , assurance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after r , ʃ , ʒ , j , Cl </Td> <Td> / ʊ ( ə ) / </Td> <Td> rural , jury , plural </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> uer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> yr </Td> <Td> / ɜː / </Td> <Td> myrtle , myrrh </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> / ɪ / pyrrhic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> yrV , yre </Td> <Td> / aɪə / </Td> <Td> lyre , tyrant , gyrate </Td> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> syrup , Pyrenees </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Combinations of other consonant and vowel letters ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Spelling </Th> <Th> Major value ( IPA ) </Th> <Th> Examples of major value </Th> <Th> Minor values ( IPA ) </Th> <Th> Examples of minor value </Th> <Th> Exceptions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ah </Td> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> blah </Td> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> bar mitzvah </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> al </Td> <Td> / æl / </Td> <Td> pal , talcum , algae , alp </Td> <Td> / ɔːl / </Td> <Td> bald , falcon ( also : / æl / ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> alf </Td> <Td> / ɑːf / ( RP ) / æf / ( GA ) </Td> <Td> calf , half </Td> <Td> / æl / </Td> <Td> alfalfa , malfeasance </Td> <Td> / ɔlf / palfrey <P> / eɪ / halfpenny </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> alk </Td> <Td> / ɔːk / </Td> <Td> walk , chalking , talkative </Td> <Td> / ælk / </Td> <Td> alkaline , grimalkin </Td> <Td> / ɔlk / balkanise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> all </Td> <Td> / ɔːl / / æl / </Td> <Td> call , fallout , smaller shall , callus , fallow </Td> <Td> / ɒl / / ( ə ) l / </Td> <Td> wallet , swallow allow , dialled </Td> <Td> / ɛl / ( GA ) marshmallow , pall - mall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> alm </Td> <Td> / ɑːm / </Td> <Td> alms , balmy , calm , palmistry </Td> <Td> / ælm / / ɔːlm / </Td> <Td> palmate , salmonella , talmud almanac , almost , instalment </Td> <Td> / æm / salmon , / ɔːm / halm / ɑːlm / almond ( GA ) * / əlm / signalment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> alt </Td> <Td> / ɒlt / ( RP ) / ɔːlt / ( GA ) </Td> <Td> alter , malt , salty , basalt </Td> <Td> / ælt / / ɔːlt / </Td> <Td> alto , shalt , saltation altar , asphalt </Td> <Td> / ɑlt / gestalt ( GA ) / əlt / royalty , penalty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - ange </Td> <Td> / eɪndʒ / </Td> <Td> arrange , change , mange , strange </Td> <Td> / ændʒ / </Td> <Td> flange , phalange </Td> <Td> / ɑːnʒ / melange / ɒndʒ / blancmange / ɪndʒ / orange </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - aste </Td> <Td> / eɪst / </Td> <Td> chaste , lambaste , paste , taste </Td> <Td> / æst / </Td> <Td> cineaste , caste ( GA ) , pleonaste </Td> <Td> / ɑːst / ( out ) caste ( RP ) / əsteɪ / namaste </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed ci - before a vowel </Td> <Td> / ʃ / </Td> <Td> special , gracious </Td> <Td> / si / </Td> <Td> species </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - cqu </Td> <Td> / kw / </Td> <Td> acquaint , acquire </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> lacquer , racquet </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - ed after / t / or / d / </Td> <Td> / ɪd , əd / </Td> <Td> loaded , waited </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - ed after a voiceless sound </Td> <Td> / t / </Td> <Td> piped , enserfed , snaked </Td> <Td> / ɛd / </Td> <Td> biped , underfed </Td> <Td> / ɪd , əd / naked </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - ed after a lenis sound </Td> <Td> / d / </Td> <Td> limbed , enisled , unfeared </Td> <Td> / ɛd / </Td> <Td> imbed , misled , infrared </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> eh </Td> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> eh , prehniet , tempeh </Td> <Td> / ɛə / </Td> <Td> yeh </Td> <Td> / ɛ / feh / ə / , keffiyeh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - es after a fricative </Td> <Td> / ɪz , əz / </Td> <Td> mazes , washes , axes , bases , pieces </Td> <Td> / iːz / </Td> <Td> axes , bases , feces , oases </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed ex - before vowel or h </Td> <Td> / ɪɡz , əɡz / </Td> <Td> exist , examine , exhaust </Td> <Td> / ɛks / </Td> <Td> exhale </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> gu - before a </Td> <Td> / ɡw / </Td> <Td> bilingual , guano , language </Td> <Td> / ɡ / </Td> <Td> guard , guarantee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - le after a non-l consonant </Td> <Td> / əl / </Td> <Td> little , table </Td> <Td> / l / </Td> <Td> orle , isle </Td> <Td> / leɪ / boucle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - ( a ) isle </Td> <Td> / aɪl / </Td> <Td> aisle , isle , enisle , lisle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - ngue </Td> <Td> / ŋ / </Td> <Td> tongue , harangue , meringue </Td> <Td> / ŋɡeɪ / </Td> <Td> merengue , distingué </Td> <Td> / ŋɡi / dengue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oh , final or before a consonant </Td> <Td> / oʊ / </Td> <Td> oh , kohlrabi , ohm , pharaoh </Td> <Td> / ɒ / </Td> <Td> demijohn , johnny </Td> <Td> / ɔː / bohrium / ə / matzoh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> old </Td> <Td> / oʊld / </Td> <Td> blindfold , older , bold </Td> <Td> / əld / </Td> <Td> scaffold , kobold ( also / ɒld / </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> olk </Td> <Td> / oʊk / </Td> <Td> yolk , folklore </Td> <Td> / ɒlk / </Td> <Td> polka ( RP ) , kolkhoz </Td> <Td> / oʊlk / polka ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> oll </Td> <Td> / ɒl / </Td> <Td> dollhouse , pollen , trolley , holly </Td> <Td> / oʊl / </Td> <Td> tollhouse , swollen , troller , wholly </Td> <Td> / ɔː / atoll ( GA ) , / ɔɪ / cholla / əl / caroller , collide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> olm </Td> <Td> / ɒlm / </Td> <Td> olm , dolmen </Td> <Td> / oʊlm / </Td> <Td> enrolment , holmium </Td> <Td> / oʊm / holm ( oak ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ong </Td> <Td> / ɔːŋ / † / ɑːŋɡ / † </Td> <Td> songstress , along , strong , wronger congress , jongleur , bongo , conger </Td> <Td> / ɑːndʒ / † / ɑːŋ / † / ɔːŋɡ / † / ʌŋɡ / / ʌndʒ / </Td> <Td> congeries , longevity , pongee tonger , bong , dugong , tongs longer , strongest , elongate monger , humongous , mongrel sponger , longe , spongy </Td> <Td> / ʌŋ / among , tongue / ɑːnɡ / † ongoing , nongraded / ənɡ / congratulate , lemongrass / əndʒ / congeal , congestion / ɒnʒ / allonge / oʊnʒ / congé ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> qu - </Td> <Td> / kw / </Td> <Td> queen , quick </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> liquor , mosquito </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - que </Td> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> mosque , bisque </Td> <Td> / keɪ / </Td> <Td> manque , risqué </Td> <Td> / kjuː / barbeque / ki / pulque </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - re after a non-r consonant </Td> <Td> / ər / </Td> <Td> timbre , acre , ogre , centre </Td> <Td> / reɪ / , / ri / / rə / </Td> <Td> cadre ( GA ) , compadre , emigre genre , oeuvre , fiacre </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - ron after a vowel </Td> <Td> / rɒn / </Td> <Td> neuron , moron , interferon , aileron </Td> <Td> / rən / </Td> <Td> baron , heron , environ </Td> <Td> / ə ( r ) n / iron / roʊn / chaperon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed sci - before a vowel </Td> <Td> / ʃ / </Td> <Td> conscience , luscious , prosciutto </Td> <Td> / sai / </Td> <Td> sciatica , sciamachy , sciential </Td> <Td> / ʃi / conscientious ( RP ) , fasciated / sɪ / ( RP ) omniscient , prescience </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> - scle </Td> <Td> / səl / </Td> <Td> corpuscle , muscle </Td> <Td> / skəl / </Td> <Td> mascle </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - se after a vowel ( noun ) </Td> <Td> / s / </Td> <Td> house , excuse , moose , anise , geese </Td> <Td> / z / </Td> <Td> prose , nose , tease , guise , compromise </Td> <Td> / zeɪ / marchese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> final - se after a vowel ( verb ) </Td> <Td> / z / </Td> <Td> house , excuse , choose , arise , please </Td> <Td> / s / </Td> <Td> grouse , dose , lease , chase , promise </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed - si before a vowel </Td> <Td> / ʒ / </Td> <Td> vision , occasion , explosion , illusion </Td> <Td> / ʃ / / zi / </Td> <Td> pension , controversial , compulsion easier , enthusiasm , physiological </Td> <Td> / si / tarsier , Celsius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed - ssi before a vowel </Td> <Td> / ʃ / </Td> <Td> mission , passion , Russia , session </Td> <Td> / si / </Td> <Td> potassium , dossier , messier </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed - sure </Td> <Td> / ʒər / </Td> <Td> leisure , treasure </Td> <Td> / ʃər / </Td> <Td> tonsure , censure </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed - ti before a vowel </Td> <Td> / ʃ / </Td> <Td> cautious , patient , inertia , initial , ration </Td> <Td> / tʃ / / ti / / ʃi / </Td> <Td> question , Christian , suggestion patios , consortia , fiftieth , courtier ratios , minutia , initiate , negotiate </Td> <Td> / taɪ / cation , cationic / ʒ / equation / tj / rentier ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> unstressed - ture </Td> <Td> / tʃər / </Td> <Td> nature , picture </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * According to the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary , 75 % of Americans pronounce `` almond '' as / ˈɑːlmənd / . † Where GA distinguishes between / ɑː / and / ɔː / in the letter combination ong , RP only has the vowel / ɒ / </P> <H3> Sound - to - spelling correspondences ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following table shows for each sound the various spelling patterns used to denote it , starting with the prototypical pattern ( s ) followed by others in alphabetical order . Some of these patterns are very rare or unique ( such as `` gh '' for / p / , `` ph '' for / v / , `` i '' for / ɑː / ) . The symbol `` ... '' stands for an intervening consonant . </P> Consonants ( edit ) <P> In order of the IPA consonant tables </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Consonants </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IPA </Th> <Th> Spelling </Th> <Th> Examples </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / m / </Td> <Td> m , mm , chm , gm , lm , mb , mbe , me , mh , mme , mn , tm </Td> <Td> mine , hammer , drachm , phlegm , salmon , climb , combe , forme , mho , femme , autumn , tmesipteris </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / n / </Td> <Td> n , nn , cn , dn , gn , gne , kn , ln , mn , mp , nd , ne , ng , nh , nne , nt , pn , sne </Td> <Td> nice , inn , cnidarian , Wednesday , gnome , coigne , knee , Lincoln , mnemonic , comptroller , handsome , borne , studdingsail , piranha , tonne , topgallant - sail , pneumonia , mesne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ŋ / </Td> <Td> ng , n , nc , nd , ngh , ngue </Td> <Td> sing , link , charabanc , handkerchief , dinghy ( GA ) , tongue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / p / </Td> <Td> p , pp , gh , pe , ph , ppe </Td> <Td> pill , apps , hiccough , thorpe , diphthong ( UK ) * , shoppe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / b / </Td> <Td> b , bb , be , bh , pb , ( p ) </Td> <Td> bit , ebb , barbe , bhang , cupboard , ( thespian ( US ) * * ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / t / </Td> <Td> t , tt , bt , cht , ct , d , ed , ght , pt , te , th , tte , tw </Td> <Td> ten , sett , doubt , yacht , victual , iced , dressed , lighter , pterodactyl , forte , thyme , cigarette , two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / d / </Td> <Td> d , dd , de , dh , ed , ld , t , tt ( in some dialects ) </Td> <Td> dive , odd , bdellium , horde , dharma , abandoned , solder , kindergarten ( GA ) , ( flatter ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / k / </Td> <Td> c , k , cc , cch , ch , ck , cq , cqu , cque , cu , ke , kh , kk , lk , q , qu , que , x </Td> <Td> cat , key , account , zucchini , chord , tack , acquire , lacquer , sacque , biscuit , burke , khaki , trekker , polka - dotted , quorum , liquor , mosque , excitement </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɡ / </Td> <Td> g , gg , ckg , gge , gh , gu , gue </Td> <Td> gig , egg , blackguard , pogge , ghost , guard , catalogue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / s / </Td> <Td> s , ss , c , cc , ce , ps , sc , sce , sch ( in some dialects ) , se , sse , st , sth , sw , ts , tsw , tz , z </Td> <Td> song , mess , city , flaccid , ounce , psalm , scene , coalesce , ( schism ) , horse , finesse , listen , asthma ( RP ) , sword , tsunami , boatswain , waltz ( RP ) , quartz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / z / </Td> <Td> z , zz , cz , s , sc , se , sp , ss , sth , ts , tz , x , ze , c ( in some dialects ) </Td> <Td> zoo , fuzz , czar , has , crescent ( UK ) * * * , tease , raspberry , dissolve , asthma ( GA ) , tsarina , tzar , xylophone , breeze , ( electricity ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ʃ / </Td> <Td> sh , c , ce , ch , che , chi , chsi , ci , s , sc , sch , sci , she , shi , si , ss , ssi , ti </Td> <Td> shin , speciality , ocean , machine , quiche , marchioness , fuchsia , special , sugar , crescendo , schmooze , conscience , galoshe , cushion , expansion , tissue , mission , nation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ʒ / </Td> <Td> g , ge , j , s , si , ti , z , zh , zi </Td> <Td> genre , beige , bijou , leisure , division , equation , seizure , zhoosh , brazier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / f / </Td> <Td> f , ff , fe , ffe , gh , lf , ph , phe , pph , v , ve , ( u ) </Td> <Td> fine , chaff , carafe , gaffe , laugh , half , physical , ouphe , sapphire , sovkhoz , fivepence , ( lieutenant ( RP ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / v / </Td> <Td> v , vv , f , lve , ph , ve , w </Td> <Td> vine , savvy , of , halve , Stephen , have , weltanschauung </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / θ / </Td> <Td> th , the , chth , phth , tth </Td> <Td> thin , absinthe , chthonic , phthisis , Matthew </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ð / </Td> <Td> th , the , y </Td> <Td> them , breathe , ye ( mock archaic ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / j / </Td> <Td> y , i , j , ll , r </Td> <Td> yes , onion , hallelujah , tortilla , February † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / x / </Td> <Td> ch ( in Scottish English ) , gh ( in Irish English ) </Td> <Td> loch , lough </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / h / </Td> <Td> h , wh , j , ch , x </Td> <Td> he , who , fajita , chutzpah , Quixote </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɾ / </Td> <Td> In some dialects ( see flapping ) : tt , dd , t , d </Td> <Td> better , daddy , united , Cody </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / r / </Td> <Td> r , rr , l , re , rh , rre , rrh , rt , wr </Td> <Td> fur , burr , colonel , forewarn , rhyme , murre , myrrh , mortgage , wrong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / l / </Td> <Td> l , ll , le , lh , lle , ln ( In some dialects ) </Td> <Td> line , shall , aisle , pelham , gazelle , ( kiln ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / w / </Td> <Td> w , u , o , ou , we , wh ( in most dialects ) </Td> <Td> we , persuade , choir , Ouija board , awesome , what </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ʍ / </Td> <Td> wh ( in some dialects ) </Td> <Td> which </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / tʃ / </Td> <Td> ch , tch , c , cc , che , chi , cz , t , tche , te , th , ti , ts , tsch , tsh , tz , tzs , tzsch </Td> <Td> chop , batch , cello , bocce , niche ( GA ) , falchion , Czech , nature , escutcheon , righteous , posthumous ( GA ) , bastion ( GA ) , britska ( US ) , putsch , Wiltshire , britz ( s ) ka ( US ) , Nietzschean </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / dʒ / </Td> <Td> g , j , ch , d , dg , dge , di , dj , ge , gg , gi , t </Td> <Td> magic , jump , sandwich ( RP ) , graduate , judgment , bridge , soldier , adjust , barge , veggies , Belgian , congratulate ( US ) † † </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ks / </Td> <Td> x , cast , cc , chs , cks , cques , cs , cz , kes , ks , lks , ques , xc , xe , xs , xsc , xsw </Td> <Td> sax , forecastle , accent , tachs , backs , sacques , sacs , eczema , burkes , yaks , caulks , toques , excel , axe , exsert , exscind , coxswain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ǀ / </Td> <Td> tsk , tut </Td> <Td> tsk , tut </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * In 2008 , 61 % of British people pronounced `` diphthong '' as / ˈdɪpθɒŋ / , though phoneticians prefer / ˈdɪfθɒŋ / . </P> <P> * * In 2008 , 20 % of Americans pronounced `` thespian '' as / ˈθɛzbiən / . </P> <P> * * * The majority of British people , and the great majority of younger ones , pronounce `` crescent '' as / ˈkrɛzənt / . </P> <P> † In 2008 , 64 % of Americans and 39 % of British people pronounce `` February '' as / ˈfɛbjuɛri / . </P> <P> † † The majority of Americans , and the great majority of younger ones , pronounce `` congratulate '' as / kənˈɡrædʒəleɪt / . </P> Vowels ( edit ) <P> Sorted more or less from close to open sounds in the vowel diagram . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Vowels </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> IPA </Th> <Th> Spelling </Th> <Th> Examples </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / iː / </Td> <Td> e , e ... e , i , i ... e , a , ae , ay , ea , ee , ei , eo , ey , eye , ie , ie ... e , is , ix , oe , oi , ue , ui , uy , y </Td> <Td> be , cede , ski , machine , bologna , algae , quay , beach , bee , deceit , people , key , volleyed , field , hygiene , debris , prix , amoeba , chamois , dengue , beguine , guyot , city </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɪ / </Td> <Td> i , y , a , a ... e , ai , e , ea , ee , ei , i ... e , ia , ie , ii , o , oe , u , u ... e , ui </Td> <Td> bit , myth , orange , chocolate , bargain , pretty , mileage , breeches , counterfeit , medicine , carriage , sieve , shiitake , women , oedema , busy , minute ( RP ) , build </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / uː / </Td> <Td> u , u ... e , oo , eew , eu , ew , ieu , ioux , o , o ... e , oe , oeu , ooe , ou , ough , ougha , oup , ue , ui , uo , w , wo </Td> <Td> tutu , flute , too , sleuth , leeward , yew , lieu , Sioux , to , lose , shoe , manoeuvre , cooed , soup , through , brougham , coup , true , fruit , buoy ( GA ) , cwm , two </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ʊ / </Td> <Td> oo , u , o , or , ou , oul </Td> <Td> look , full , wolf , worsted , courier , should </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / eɪ / </Td> <Td> a , a ... e , aa , ae , ai , ai ... e , aig , aigh , ais , al , alf , ao , au , ay , aye , e ( é ) , e ... e , ea , eg , ee ( ée ) , eh , ei , ei ... e , eig , eigh , eighe , er , ere , es , et , ete , ey , eye , ez , ie , oeh , ue , uet </Td> <Td> bass , rate , quaalude , reggae , rain , cocaine , arraign , straight , palais , Ralph ( Br . ) , halfpenny , gaol , gauge , hay , played , ukulele ( café ) , crepe , steak , matinee ( soirée ) , thegn , eh , veil , beige , reign , eight , weighed , dossier , espaliered , demesne , ballet , crocheted , they , obeyed , chez , lingerie ( GA ) , boehmite ( GA ) , merengue , bouquet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ə / </Td> <Td> a , e , i , o , u , y , a ... e , ae , ah , ai , anc , au , ea , eau , eh , ei , eig , eo , eou , eu , gh , ie , o ... e , oa , oe , oh , oi , oo , op , ou , ough , u ... e , ua , ue , ui , uo </Td> <Td> tuna , oven , pencil , icon , opus , beryl , gunwale , anaerobe , Messiah , mountain , blancmange , aurora , Eleanor , bureaucrat , keffiyeh , mullein , foreign , truncheon , timeous , amateur ( RP ) , burgh , mischievous ( GA ) , awesome , starboard , biocoenosis , matzoh , porpoise , whipoorwill , topgallant , callous , borough ( RP ) , minute ( GA ) , piquant , guerillla , circuit ( GA ) , languor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / əʊ / ( RP ) / oʊ / ( GA ) </Td> <Td> o , o ... e , aoh , au , aux , eau , eaue , eo , ew , oa , oe , oh , oo , ore , ot , ou , ough , oughe , ow , owe </Td> <Td> so , bone , pharaoh , mauve , faux , beau , plateaued , yeoman , sew , boat , foe , oh , brooch , forecastle , depot , soul , though , furloughed , know , owe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɛ / </Td> <Td> e , a , ae , ai , ay , e ... e , ea , ee , eh , ei , eo , ie , ieu , oe , u , ue , ee ( one pronunciation ) </Td> <Td> met , many , aesthetic , said , says , there , deaf , threepence , feh , heifer , jeopardy , friend , lieutenant ( RP ) , foetid , bury , guess </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / æ / </Td> <Td> a , aa , ag , ah , ai , al , ar , au , ea , ei , i </Td> <Td> hand , Aaron , seraglio ( GA ) , Fahrenheit , plaid , salmon , sarsaparilla ( GA ) , laugh ( GA ) , poleax , enceinte , meringue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ʌ / </Td> <Td> u , o , o ... e , oe , oo , ou , uddi , wo , au ( some dialects ) , ee ( one pronunciation ) </Td> <Td> sun , son , come , does , flood , touch , studdingsail , twopence , ( because ) , ( threepence ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɔː / </Td> <Td> o , a , al , au , au ... e , augh , aughe , aw , awe , eo , oa , oh , oo , oss , ou , ough , u , uo </Td> <Td> flora , bald , talk , author , cause , caught , overslaughed , jaw , awe , ealdorman , broad , bohrium , flooring , crossjack , pouring , bought , surest ( RP ) , fluoridate ( RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɔː ( r ) / † </Td> <Td> or , ore , aor , ar , aur , aure , hors , oar , oare , oor , oore , our , oure , owar , ure </Td> <Td> or , fore , extraordinary , war , dinosaur , roquelaure , hors d'oeuvre , oar , soared , bohrium , door , floored , four , poured , toward ( GA ) , sure ( RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɒ / </Td> <Td> a , o , ach , au , eau , oh , ou , ow </Td> <Td> watch , lock , yacht , sausage , leprechaun ( GA ) , bureaucracy , demijohn , cough , acknowledge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɑː / </Td> <Td> a , a ... e , aa , aae , aah , aahe , ag , ah , au , e , ea , i , o </Td> <Td> father , garage , salaam , baaed , aah , aahed , seraglio ( RP ) , blah , aunt ( RP ) , sergeant , heart , lingerie ( GA ) , lot ( GA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɑː ( r ) / † </Td> <Td> ar , aar , alla , are , arr , arre , arrh , ear , er , uar , our ( some dialects ) </Td> <Td> car , bazaar , topgallant - sail , are , parr , bizarre , catarrh , heart , sergeant , guard , ( our ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / aɪ / </Td> <Td> i ... e , ae , ai , aie , aille , ais , ay , aye , ei , eigh , ey , eye , i , ia , ic , ie , ig , igh , ighe , is , oi , oy , ui , uy , uye , y , y ... e , ye </Td> <Td> fine , maestro , krait , shanghaied , canaille ( RP ) , aisle , kayak , aye , heist , height , geyser ( GA ) , eye , mic , diaper , indict , tie , sign , high , sighed , isle , choir , coyote ( GA ) , guide , buy , guyed , tryst , type , bye </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɔɪ / </Td> <Td> oi , oy , awy , eu , oll , oye , uoy , uoye </Td> <Td> avoid , toy , lawyer , Freudian , cholla , enjoyed , buoyant , buoyed ( RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / aʊ / </Td> <Td> ou , ow , ao , aow , aowe , au , ough , oughe , owe , ( eo ) </Td> <Td> out , now , cacao , miaow , miaowed , gauss , bough , ploughed , vowed , ( Macleod ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɛə ( r ) / </Td> <Td> are , aer , air , aire , ar , ayer , ayor , ayre , e'er , eah , ear , eir , eor , er , ere , err , erre , ert , ey 're , eyr </Td> <Td> bare , aerial , hair , millionaire , scarce , prayer , mayor , fayre , ne'er , yeah , bear , heir , ceorl , moderne , where , err ( variant ) , parterre , couvert , they 're , eyra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɪə ( r ) / </Td> <Td> ere , aer , e 're , ea , ear , eare , eer , eere , eir , eor , er , ers , eyr , ier , iere , ir , oea </Td> <Td> here , chimaera , we 're , idea ( RP ) , ear , feared , beer , peered , weird , theory ( RP ) , series , revers , eyrie , pier , premiere , souvenir , diarrhoea ( RP ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / ɜː ( r ) / </Td> <Td> er , ir , ur , ear , ere , err , erre , eur , eure , irr , irre , oeu , olo , or , ore , our , ueur , urr , urre , yr , yrrh </Td> <Td> defer , fir , fur , earl , were , err , interred , voyeur , chauffeured ( GA ) , birr , stirred , hors d'oeuvre , colonel , worst , wore , adjourn , liqueur , purr , murre , myrtle , myrrh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / juː / </Td> <Td> u , u ... e , ew , eau , eo , eu , ewe , ieu , iew , ou , ue , ueue , ui , ut </Td> <Td> music , use , few , beauty , feodary , feud , ewe , adieu , view , ampoule , cue , queue , nuisance , debut </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † Identical to previous vowel in non-rhotic dialects like RP . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> False etymology </Li> <Li> Spelling bee </Li> <Li> List of English homographs </Li> <Li> The Chaos -- a poem by Gerard Nolst Trenité demonstrating the irregularities of English spelling </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Conventions </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> English plural </Li> <Li> I before E except after C </Li> <Li> Three letter rule </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Variant spelling </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> American and British English spelling differences </Li> <Li> Misspelling <Ul> <Li> Satiric misspelling </Li> <Li> Sensational spelling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Spelling of disc </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Graphemes </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Apostrophe </Li> <Li> Eth </Li> <Li> Long s </Li> <Li> Thorn ( letter ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Phonetic orthographic systems </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> English spelling reform </Li> <Li> Interspel </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> English scripts </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> English alphabet ( Latin script ) </Li> <Li> American manual alphabet </Li> <Li> Two - handed manual alphabets </Li> <Li> English braille </Li> <Li> American braille </Li> <Li> New York Point </Li> <Li> Shavian alphabet </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Words in English </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Lists of English words </Li> <Li> Classical compound </Li> <Li> Ghoti </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> English phonology </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Regional accents of English <Ul> <Li> IPA chart for English dialects </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Stress and vowel reduction in English </Li> <Li> Initial - stress - derived noun </Li> <Li> Traditional English pronunciation of Latin </Li> </Ul> <H3> Orthographies of English related languages ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Germanic languages </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Dutch </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Icelandic </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Romance languages </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Italian </Li> <Li> Milanese </Li> <Li> Portuguese </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Celtic languages </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Irish </Li> <Li> Scottish Gaelic </Li> <Li> Welsh </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Historical languages </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Latin </Li> <Li> Old Norse </Li> <Li> Old English </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Artificial languages </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Esperanto </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Venezky , Richard L. ( 1967 ) , `` English orthography : Its graphical structure and its relation to sound '' , Reading Research Quarterly , 2 ( 3 ) : 75 -- 105 , doi : 10.2307 / 747031 , JSTOR 747031 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jared , Debra ; Seidenberg , Mark S. ( Dec 1991 ) , `` Does Word Identification Proceed From Spelling to Sound to Meaning ? '' , Journal of Experimental Psychology : General , 120 ( 4 ) : 358 -- 394 , doi : 10.1037 / 0096 - 3445.120. 4.358 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Assche , Eva ; Duyck , Wouter ; Hartsuiker , Robert J. ( 2013 ) , `` Phonological Recoding in Error Detection : A Cross-sectional Study in Beginning Readers of Dutch '' , PLOS ONE , 8 ( 12 ) : e85111 , doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0085111 , PMC 3875550 , PMID 24386453 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horton , Helena ( 2 December 2015 ) . `` Our 51 most commonly misused words and phrases '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 3 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Khansir , Ali Akbar ; Tajeri , Mojtaba ( Dec 2015 ) , `` The Relationship between Spelling and Pronunciation in English Language '' ( PDF ) , Language in India , 15 ( 12 ) : 66 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ English language . ( 2010 ) . In Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved November 23 , 2010 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Online : http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188048/English-language </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rollings 2004 : 16 - 19 ; Chomsky & Halle 1968 ; Chomsky 1970 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chomsky & Halle 1968 : 54 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The vowel of the suffixes - ⟨ ed ⟩ and - ⟨ es ⟩ may belong to the phoneme of either / ɪ / or / ə / depending on dialect , and ⟨ ᵻ ⟩ is a shorthand for `` either / ɪ / or / ə / '' . This usage of the symbol is borrowed from the Oxford English Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chomsky 1970 : 294 ; Rollings 2004 : 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rollings 2004 : 17 -- 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Common French words also common in English '' . The Good Life France . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Included in Webster 's Third New International Dictionary , 1981 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Algeo , John . `` The Effects of the Revolution on Language '' , in A Companion to the American Revolution . John Wiley & Sons , 2008 . p. 599 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minuscule or miniscule ? Oxford Dictionaries '' . Oxford Dictionaries English . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary '' . www.etymonline.com . Retrieved 2016 - 04 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stamper , Kory ( 2017 - 01 - 01 ) . Word by Word : The Secret Life of Dictionaries . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . pp. 38 -- 39 . ISBN 9781101870945 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Righting the Mother Tongue : From Olde English to Email , the Twisted Story of English Spelling , by David Wolman . Collins , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 136925 - 4 . `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to the Longman Pronunciation Dictionary , a majority of younger speakers in England pronounce `` sure '' and `` assure '' and derivatives . as / ʃɔː / , / əʃɔː / , etc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to Longman , 77 % of Americans pronounce `` suggest '' as / səɡˈdʒɛst / </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : or / hw / in Hiberno - English and Southern American English </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ / wr / in Scottish </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : J.C. Wells Longman Pronunciation Dictionary , 3rd edition , Pearson Education Limited , Harlow , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Longman , page 232 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Longman , page 820 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Longman , page 196 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Longman , page 301 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Longman , page 176 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dd> Albrow , K.H. ( 1972 ) . The English writing system : Notes towards a description . Schools Council Program in Linguistics and English Teaching , papers series 2 ( No. 2 ) . London : Longmans , for the Schools Council . </Dd> <Dd> Aronoff , Mark . ( 1978 ) . An English spelling convention . Linguistic Inquiry , 9 , 299 -- 303 . </Dd> <Dd> Bell , Masha ( 2004 ) , Understanding English Spelling , Cambridge , Pegasus . </Dd> <Dd> Bell , Masha ( 2007 ) , Learning to Read , Cambridge , Pegasus . </Dd> <Dd> Bell , Masha ( 2009 ) , Rules and Exceptions of English Spelling , Cambridge , Pegasus . </Dd> <Dd> Brengelman , Fred H. ( 1970 ) . Sounds and letters in American English . In The English language : An introduction for teachers ( pp. 77 -- 98 ) . Englewood Cliffs , NJ : Prentice - Hall . </Dd> <Dd> Brengelman , Fred H. ( 1970 ) . Generative phonology and the teaching of spelling . English Journal , 59 , 1113 -- 1118 . </Dd> <Dd> Brengelman , Fred H. ( 1971 ) . English spelling as a marker of register and style . English Studies , 52 , 201 -- 209 . </Dd> <Dd> Brengelman , Fred H. ( 1980 ) . Orthoepists , printers , and the rationalization of English spelling . Journal of English and German Philology , 79 , 332 -- 354 . </Dd> <Dd> Brooks , Greg . ( 2015 ) . Dictionary of the British English Spelling System . Cambridge , UK : Open Book Publishers . </Dd> <Dd> Carney , Edward . ( 1994 ) . A survey of English spelling . London : Routledge . </Dd> <Dd> Chomsky , Carol . ( 1970 ) . Reading , writing and phonology . Harvard Educational Review , 40 ( 2 ) , 287 -- 309 . </Dd> <Dd> Chomsky , Noam ; & Halle , Morris . ( 1968 ) . The sound pattern of English . New York : Harper and Row . ( Particularly pp. 46 , 48 -- 49 , 69 , 80n , 131n , 148 , 174n , 221 ) . </Dd> <Dd> Cook , Vivian ; & Ryan , Des. ( 2016 ) . ( eds . ) The Routledge Handbook of the English Writing System . Abingdon , Oxon : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 71597 - 3 . </Dd> <Dd> Cummings , D.W. ( 1988 ) . American English spelling : An informal description . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . ISBN 0801879566 </Dd> <Dd> Crystal , David . ( 2012 ) . Spell It Out : The Curious , Enthralling and Extraordinary Story of English Spelling . </Dd> <Dd> Derwing , Bruce ; Priestly , Tom ; Rochet , Bernard . ( 1987 ) . The description of spelling - to - sound relationships in English , French and Russian : Progress , problems and prospects . In P. Luelsdorff ( Ed . ) , Orthography and phonology . Amsterdam : John Benjamins . </Dd> <Dd> Dixon , Robert . ( 1977 ) . Morphographic spelling program . Eugene , OR : Engelman - Becker Press . </Dd> <Dd> Emerson , Ralph . ( 1997 ) . English spelling and its relation to sound . American Speech , 72 ( 3 ) , 260 -- 288 . </Dd> <Dd> Hanna , Paul ; Hanna , Jean ; Hodges , Richard ; & Rudorf , Edwin . ( 1966 ) . Phoneme -- grapheme correspondences as cues to spelling improvement . Washington , D.C. : US Department of Health , Education and Welfare . </Dd> <Dd> Jespersen , Otto . ( 1909 ) . A modern English grammar on historical principles : Sounds and spellings ( Part 1 ) . Heidelberg : C. Winter . </Dd> <Dd> Luelsdorff , Philip A. ( 1994 ) . Developmental morphographemics II . In W.C. Watt ( Ed . ) , Writing systems and cognition ( pp. 141 -- 182 ) . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . </Dd> <Dd> McCawley , James D. ( 1994 ) . Some graphotactic constraints . In W.C. Watt ( Ed . ) , Writing systems and cognition ( pp. 115 -- 127 ) . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers . </Dd> <Dd> Mencken , H.L. ( 1936 ) . The American language : An inquiry into the development of English in the United States ( 4th ed . ) . New York : A.A. Knopf . </Dd> <Dd> Rollings , Andrew G. ( 1998 ) . Marking devices in the spelling of English . Atlantis , 20 ( 1 ) , 129 -- 143 . </Dd> <Dd> Rollings , Andrew G. ( 1999 ) . Markers in English and other orthographies . In L. Iglesias Rábade & P. Nuñez Pertejo ( Eds . ) , Estudios de lingüística contrastiva ( pp. 441 -- 449 ) . Universidad de Santiago . </Dd> <Dd> Rollings , Andrew G. ( 2003 ) . System and chaos in English spelling : The case of the voiceless palato - alveolar fricative . English Language and Linguistics , 7 ( 2 ) , 211 -- 233 . </Dd> <Dd> Rollings , Andrew G. ( 2004 ) . The spelling patterns of English . LINCOM studies in English linguistics ( 04 ) . Muenchen : LINCOM EUROPA . </Dd> <Dd> Sampson , Geoffrey. ( 1985 ) . Writing systems : A linguistic introduction . London : Hutchinson . </Dd> <Dd> Seymour , P.H.K. ; Aro , M. ; & Erskine , J.M. ( 2003 ) . Foundation literacy acquisition in European orthographies . British Journal of Psychology , 94 ( 2 ) , 143 -- 174 . </Dd> <Dd> Simpson , J.A. ; & Weiner , E.S.C. ( Eds . ) . ( 1989 ) . Oxford English dictionary . Oxford : Clarendon Press . </Dd> <Dd> Steinberg , Danny . ( 1973 ) . Phonology , reading and Chomsky and Halle 's optimal orthography . Journal of Psycholinguistic Research , 2 ( 3 ) , 239 -- 258 . </Dd> <Dd> Stubbs , Michael . ( 1980 ) . Language and literacy : The sociolinguistics of reading and writing . London : Routledge & Kegan Paul . </Dd> <Dd> Upward , Christopher , & Davidson , George . ( 2011 ) . The History of English Spelling . </Dd> <Dd> Venezky , Richard L. ( 1967 ) . English orthography : Its graphical structure and its relation to sound . Reading Research Quarterly , 2 , 75 -- 105 . </Dd> <Dd> Venezky , Richard L. ( 1970 ) . The structure of English orthography . The Hague : Mouton . </Dd> <Dd> Venezky , Richard L. ( 1976 ) . Notes on the history of English spelling . Visible Language , 10 , 351 -- 365 . </Dd> <Dd> Venezky , Richard L. ( 1999 ) . The American way of spelling . New York : Guildford Press . </Dd> <Dd> Weir , Ruth H. ( 1967 ) . Some thoughts on spelling . In W. M Austin ( Ed . ) , Papers in linguistics in honor of Leon Dostert ( pp. 169 -- 177 ) . Janua Linguarum , Series Major ( No. 25 ) . The Hague : Mouton . </Dd> <Dd> Wijk , Axel. ( 1966 ) . Rules of Pronunciation for the English Language . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Rules for English Spelling : Adding Suffixes , QU Rule , i before e , Silent e , ' er ' vs. ' or ' </Li> <Li> Hou tu pranownse Inglish describes rules which predict a word 's pronunciation from its spelling with 85 % accuracy </Li> <Li> Free spelling information and Free spelling lessons in QuickTime movie format at The Phonics Page . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Description of the English language </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Grammar </Li> <Li> Phonology </Li> <Li> Stress and reduced vowels </Li> <Li> Orthography </Li> <Li> Alphabet </Li> <Li> Braille </Li> <Li> Dialects </Li> <Li> Language history </Li> <Li> Phonological history </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Orthographies of the world 's languages </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Abkhaz </Li> <Li> Albanian </Li> <Li> Arabic </Li> <Li> Azerbaijani </Li> <Li> Belarusian </Li> <Li> Bulgarian </Li> <Li> Catalan </Li> <Li> Chakma </Li> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Czech </Li> <Li> Danish </Li> <Li> Dutch </Li> <Li> English </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Semitic languages </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Estonian </Li> <Li> Faroese </Li> <Li> Filipino </Li> <Li> Finnish </Li> <Li> French </Li> <Li> Fula </Li> <Li> Georgian </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Greek </Li> <Li> Hawaiian </Li> <Li> Hebrew <Ul> <Li> Biblical </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hindustani <Ul> <Li> Urdu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hungarian </Li> <Li> Icelandic </Li> <Li> Irish </Li> <Li> Italian </Li> <Li> Japanese </Li> <Li> Korean </Li> <Li> Kazakh </Li> <Li> Kyrgyz </Li> <Li> Kurdish </Li> <Li> Latin </Li> <Li> Latvian </Li> <Li> Lithuanian </Li> <Li> Macedonian </Li> <Li> Malay </Li> <Li> Massachusett </Li> <Li> Mongolian </Li> <Li> Montenegrin </Li> <Li> Nahuatl </Li> <Li> Norwegian </Li> <Li> Ojibwe </Li> <Li> Okinawan </Li> <Li> Osage </Li> <Li> Papiamento </Li> <Li> Persian </Li> <Li> Polish </Li> <Li> Portuguese </Li> <Li> Romanian </Li> <Li> Russian </Li> <Li> Sami </Li> <Li> Scottish Gaelic </Li> <Li> Serbo - Croatian <Ul> <Li> Latin </Li> <Li> Cyrillic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sicilian </Li> <Li> Slovak </Li> <Li> Slovene </Li> <Li> Somali </Li> <Li> Sotho </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> <Li> Swedish </Li> <Li> Tajik </Li> <Li> Tamil </Li> <Li> Tatar </Li> <Li> Telugu </Li> <Li> Thai </Li> <Li> Turkish </Li> <Li> Turkmen </Li> <Li> Ukrainian </Li> <Li> Uyghur </Li> <Li> Uzbek </Li> <Li> Vai </Li> <Li> Vietnamese </Li> <Li> Welsh </Li> <Li> Yakut </Li> <Li> Yiddish </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_orthography&oldid=854218208 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> English spelling </Li> <Li> English language </Li> <Li> Latin - script orthographies </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2008 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles needing more detailed references </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from April 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 19 : 14 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Full communion - wikipedia <H1> Full communion </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Full communion is a communion or relationship of full understanding among different Christian denominations that they share certain essential principles of Christian theology . Views vary among denominations on exactly what constitutes full communion , but typically when two or more denominations are in full communion it enables services and celebrations , such as the Eucharist , to be shared among congregants or clergy of any of them with the full approval of each . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Definition and terminology </Li> <Li> 2 Protestant churches </Li> <Li> 3 Anglican Communion </Li> <Li> 4 Catholic Church <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Full and partial communion </Li> <Li> 4.2 Universal and particular Churches </Li> <Li> 4.3 List of Catholic churches in full communion </Li> <Li> 4.4 Churches in partial communion </Li> <Li> 4.5 Sharing in the Eucharist </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches and Church of the East </Li> <Li> 6 Other churches </Li> <Li> 7 Agreements between churches </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 Notes </Li> <Li> 10 References <Ul> <Li> 10.1 General references </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Definition and terminology ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the view of the World Council of Churches , an inter-church organization that includes `` most of the world 's Orthodox churches , scores of Anglican , Baptist , Lutheran , Methodist and Reformed churches , as well as many United and Independent churches '' , `` the goal of the search for full communion is realized when all the churches are able to recognize in one another the one , holy , catholic and apostolic church in its fullness '' , a communion `` given and expressed in the common confession of the apostolic faith ; a common sacramental life entered by the one baptism and celebrated together in one eucharistic fellowship ; a common life in which members and ministries are mutually recognized and reconciled ; and a common mission witnessing to all people to the gospel of God 's grace and serving the whole of creation '' . </P> <H2> Protestant churches ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several Protestant denominations base their idea of full communion on the Augsburg Confession which says that `` the true unity of the church '' is present where `` the gospel is rightly preached and sacraments rightly administered . '' They believe that full communion between two denominations is not a merger , they respect each other 's differences , but rather it 's when two denominations develop a relationship based on a mutual understanding and recognition of Baptism and sharing of the Lord 's Supper . They may worship together , exchange clergy , and share commitments to evangelism and service . </P> <P> Groups recognized as being in full communion with each other on this basis include the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , Reformed Church in America , United Church of Christ , The Episcopal Church ( United States ) , the Moravian Church , the Evangelical Lutheran Church , and the United Methodist Church . </P> <P> The United Church of Christ ( UCC ) defines full communion as meaning that `` divided churches recognize each others ' sacraments and provide for the orderly transfer of ministers from one denomination to another . '' Some of these go back to the 17th century Pilgrims in Holland ; other relationships are recent . The UCC is in full communion alliance with the members of the World Alliance of Reformed Churches , the Union of Evangelical Churches in Germany , the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , and several others in North America and elsewhere . </P> <H2> Anglican communion ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Anglican Communion distinguishes between full communion and intercommunion . It applies the first term to situations `` where between two Churches , not of the same denominational or confessional family , there is unrestricted communio in sacris including mutual recognition and acceptance of ministries '' , and the second term to situations `` where varying degrees of relation other than full communion are established by agreement between two such Churches '' . This distinction differs from the distinction that the Catholic Church makes between full and partial communion in that the Anglican concept of intercommunion implies a formal agreement entered into by the churches concerned . The Anglican understanding of full communion differs from that of the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Christianity , which consider that full communion between churches involves them becoming a single church , as in the case of the particular churches `` in which and formed out of which the one and unique Catholic Church exists '' , </P> <P> In addition the Anglican Communion recognizes the possibility of full communion between some of its member provinces or churches and other churches , without having the entire Anglican Communion share that relationship . An example is the Porvoo Communion . </P> <P> The Anglican Communion established full communion with the Old Catholic Churches on the basis of the 1931 Bonn Agreement , which established three principles : </P> <Ol> <Li> Each communion recognizes the catholicity and independence of the other and maintains its own . </Li> <Li> Each communion agrees to admit members of the other communion to participate in the sacraments . </Li> <Li> Full communion does not require from either communion the acceptance of all doctrinal opinion , sacramental devotion or liturgical practice characteristic of the other , but implies that each believes the other to hold all the essentials of the Christian faith . </Li> </Ol> <P> The Anglicans Online website provides a list of non-Anglican churches `` in full communion with the See of Canterbury '' and also indicates some important ecumenical agreements of local character ( i.e. , not involving the whole of the Anglican Communion ) with other non-Anglican churches . It also lists churches that , in spite of bearing names ( such as `` Anglican '' or `` Episcopal '' ) that might suggest a relationship with the Anglican Communion , are not in communion with it . </P> <H2> Catholic Church ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Full and partial communion ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Catholic Church makes a distinction between full and partial communion . Where full communion exists , there is but one church . Partial communion , on the other hand , exists where some elements of Christian faith are held in common , but complete unity on essentials is lacking . For instance , the Roman Catholic Church sees itself as in partial communion with Protestants and in much closer , but still incomplete , communion with the Orthodox churches . It has expressed this distinction in documents such as Unitatis redintegratio , the Second Vatican Council 's decree on ecumenism , which states : `` ... quite large communities came to be separated from full communion with the Catholic Church ... men who believe in Christ and have been truly baptized are in communion with the Catholic Church even though this communion is imperfect '' . </P> <P> The Catechism of the Catholic Church , citing the Second Vatican Council and Pope Paul VI , states : </P> <P> `` The Church knows that she is joined in many ways to the baptized who are honoured by the name of Christian , but do not profess the Catholic faith in its entirety or have not preserved unity or communion under the successor of Peter '' ( Lumen gentium 15 ) . Those `` who believe in Christ and have been properly baptized are put in a certain , although imperfect , communion with the Catholic Church '' ( Unitatis redintegratio 3 ) . With the Orthodox Churches , this communion is so profound `` that it lacks little to attain the fullness that would permit a common celebration of the Lord 's Eucharist '' ( Paul VI , Discourse , 14 December 1975 ; cf . Unitatis redintegratio 13 - 18 ) . </P> <P> Full communion involves completeness of `` those bonds of communion -- faith , sacraments and pastoral governance -- that permit the Faithful to receive the life of grace within the Church . '' </P> <H3> Universal and particular churches ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Catholicism , the `` universal Church '' means Catholicism itself , from the Greek adjective καθολικός ( katholikos ) , meaning `` universal '' . The term particular church denotes an ecclesiastical community headed by a bishop or equivalent , and this can includes both local dioceses as well as autonomous ( or sui juris ) particular churches , which include other rites such as the Latin Church and the Eastern Catholic Churches . </P> <P> The particular Churches that form the Catholic Church are each seen , not as a separate body that has entered into practical arrangements concerning its relations with the others , but as the embodiment in a particular region or culture of the one Catholic Church . </P> <P> A 1992 Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ( CDF ) letter to Catholic bishops expressed this idea as : `` the universal Church can not be conceived as the sum of the particular Churches , or as a federation of particular Churches . It is not the result of the communion of the Churches , but , in its essential mystery , it is a reality ontologically and temporally prior to every individual particular Church . '' </P> <H3> List of Catholic churches in full communion ( edit ) </H3> <P> The autonomous Catholic churches in full communion with the Holy See are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Of Alexandrian liturgical tradition : <Ul> <Li> Coptic Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Eritrean Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Catholic Church </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Of Antiochian liturgical tradition : <Ul> <Li> Maronite Church </Li> <Li> Syrian Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Syro - Malankara Catholic Church </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Of Armenian liturgical tradition : <Ul> <Li> Armenian Catholic Church </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Of Byzantine ( Constantinopolitan ) liturgical tradition : <Ul> <Li> Albanian Greek Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Belarusian Greek Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia </Li> <Li> Greek Byzantine Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Hungarian Greek Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Italo - Albanian Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Macedonian Greek Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Melkite Greek Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Romanian Greek Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Russian Byzantine Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Ruthenian Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Slovak Greek Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Of Chaldean or East Syrian tradition : <Ul> <Li> Chaldean Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Syro - Malabar Church </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Of Western liturgical tradition : <Ul> <Li> Latin Church </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Churches in partial communion ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Catholic Church sees itself as in partial , not full , communion with other Christian groups . `` With the Orthodox Churches , this communion is so profound ' that it lacks little to attain the fullness that would permit a common celebration of the Lord 's Eucharist . ' '' </P> <H3> Sharing in the Eucharist ( edit ) </H3> <P> As a practical matter for most Catholics , full communion means that a member of one Church may partake of the Eucharist celebrated in another , and for priests , that they may concelebrate the Eucharist with priests of another Church . </P> <P> For certain people taking up an office in their community in the name of the church , a specific `` profession of faith '' is required , demonstrating that they are in full communion with the Roman Catholic Church , even if they have been members of a separate church whose sacraments the Catholic Church considers to be valid . Being `` in full communion with the Catholic Church '' requires that they `` firmly accept '' its teaching on faith and morals . </P> <P> Intercommunion usually means an agreement between churches by which all members of each church ( clergy with clergy , or laity with laity , respectively ) may participate in the other 's Eucharistic celebrations or may hold joint celebrations . </P> <P> The Catholic Church in fact has entered into no such agreement . It allows no Eucharistic concelebration by its clergy with clergy of churches not in full communion with it . </P> <P> In fact , apart from exceptional circumstances , the Catholic Church sees full communion as an essential condition for sharing together in the Eucharist , in line with the 2nd - century practice witnessed to by Justin Martyr , who , in his First Apology , wrote : `` No one is allowed to partake ( of the Eucharist ) but the man who believes that the things which we teach are true , and who has been washed with the washing that is for the remission of sins , and unto regeneration , and who is so living as Christ has enjoined . '' </P> <P> The Directory for the Application of Principles and Norms on Ecumenism , indicates the limited circumstances in which Catholics may receive the Eucharist from clergy of churches not in full communion ( never if those churches are judged not to have valid apostolic succession and thus valid Eucharist ) , and in which Catholic clergy may administer the sacraments to members of other churches . </P> <P> The norms there indicated for the giving of the Eucharist to other Christians are summarized in canon 844 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law . </P> <P> The Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches ( CCEO ) indicates that the norms of the Directory apply also to the clergy and laity of the Eastern Catholic Churches . </P> <H2> Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches and Church of the East ( edit ) </H2> <P> Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians have an understanding of what full communion means that is very similar to that of the Catholic Church . Though they have no figure corresponding to that of the Roman Catholic Pope , performing a function like that of the Pope 's Petrine Office for the whole of their respective communions , they see each of their autocephalous churches as embodiments of , respectively , the One , Holy , Catholic and Apostolic Church . They too consider full communion an essential condition for common sharing in the Eucharist . The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople , as first among equals among the Eastern Orthodox autocephalous churches , though not having authority similar to that of the Roman Catholic Pope , serves as their spokesman . The Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria holds a somewhat similar position in Oriental Orthodoxy . </P> <P> For the autocephalous churches that form the Eastern Orthodox Church , see Eastern Orthodox Church organization . Their number is somewhat in dispute . </P> <P> The Oriental Orthodox churches are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Armenian Apostolic Church </Li> <Li> Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria </Li> <Li> Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church </Li> <Li> Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church </Li> <Li> Syriac Orthodox Church </Li> </Ul> <P> The Church of the East is currently divided into churches that are not in full communion with one another . The Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East divided in the 20th century over the former 's limitation of the post of patriarch to members of a single family and due to the adoption of the New Calendar by the former . There is movement towards reunity , but they are not in full communion with one another at present . The Chaldean Catholic Church shares a similar history with both , but is currently in full communion with neither . The Catholic Church , of which the Chaldean Church is part , allows its ministers to give the Eucharist to members of Eastern churches who seek it on their own accord and are properly disposed , and it allows its faithful who can not approach a Catholic minister to receive the Eucharist , when necessary or spiritually advantageous , from ministers of non-Catholic churches that have a recognised Eucharist . </P> <P> The Guidelines for Admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East explicitly apply these rules , which hold also for the Ancient Church of the East and all the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox churches , to the Assyrian Church of the East . `` When necessity requires , Assyrian faithful are permitted to participate and to receive Holy Communion in a Chaldean celebration of the Holy Eucharist ; in the same way , Chaldean faithful for whom it is physically or morally impossible to approach a Catholic minister , are permitted to participate and to receive Holy Communion in an Assyrian celebration of the Holy Eucharist '' . </P> <H2> Other churches ( edit ) </H2> <P> By definition , open communion denominations accept outsiders even without any arrangement of full communion authorising their members to participate in the Eucharist of the other church or churches involved , and still less involving interchangeability of ordained ministers . </P> <P> It is in the stronger sense of becoming a single church that in 2007 the Traditional Anglican Communion sought `` full communion '' with the Roman Catholic Church as a sui iuris ( particular Church ) jurisdiction , but in 2012 declined the possibility offered by Pope Benedict XVI to join a personal ordinariate for former Anglicans in full communion with the see of Rome . </P> <H2> Agreements between churches ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following groupings of churches have arrangements for or are working on arrangements for : </P> <Ul> <Li> mutual recognition of members </Li> <Li> joint celebration of the Lord 's Supper / Holy Communion / Eucharist ( these churches practice open communion ) </Li> <Li> mutual recognition of ordained ministers </Li> <Li> mutual recognition of sacraments </Li> <Li> a common commitment to mission . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Agreements completed </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> The Anglican Communion , the Old Catholic Church , the Mar Thoma Syrian Church of India , and the Philippine Independent Church </Li> <Li> The Churches of the Porvoo Communion . </Li> <Li> The Anglican Church of Canada and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada </Li> <Li> The Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and each of the following : the member churches of the Lutheran World Federation , the Episcopal Church in the United States of America , the Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , the Reformed Church in America , the United Church of Christ , the United Methodist Church and the Moravian Church in America . </Li> <Li> The Leuenberg Agreement , concluded in 1973 and adopted by 105 European Protestant churches , since renamed the Community of Protestant Churches in Europe . </Li> <Li> The Moravian Church and each of the following : the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America and the Episcopal Church USA . </Li> <Li> The United Methodist Church with the African Methodist Episcopal Church , the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church , the African Union Methodist Protestant Church , the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church , the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , the Union American Methodist Episcopal Church , and the Northern and Southern Provinces of the Moravian Church . </Li> <Li> The United Church of Christ and each of the following : the Christian Church ( Disciples of Christ ) , the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , Presbyterian Church ( USA ) , and the Reformed Church in America . </Li> <Li> The United Episcopal Church of North America and each of the following : the Anglican Catholic Church , the Anglican Province of Christ the King , and the Diocese of the Great Lakes . </Li> <Li> The Anglican Province of America has intercommunion with the Reformed Episcopal Church and the Church of Nigeria . </Li> <Li> The Church of Ireland and the Methodist Church in Ireland have established full communion and are working toward interchangeability of ministry . </Li> <Li> The Old Catholic Churches of the Union of Utrecht and the Church of Sweden are in full communion since the joint signature of the Uppsala Agreement in 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Agreements in progress </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> The United Methodist Council of Bishops have approved interim agreements for sharing the Eucharist with the Episcopal Church in the United States of America . </Li> <Li> The Methodist Church of Great Britain is currently working toward full communion with the Church of England and the United Reform Church . </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Christianity portal </Li> <Li> Religion portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Closed communion </Li> <Li> Communion ( Christian ) </Li> <Li> Ecclesiastical separatism </Li> <Li> Ecumenism </Li> <Li> Koinonia </Li> <Li> Open communion </Li> <Li> Personal ordinariate </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Of the various Latin liturgical rites used within the Latin particular Church , even those associated not with a religious order but with a geographical area do not constitute separate particular Churches . Thus there is no Ambrosian particular Church corresponding to the Ambrosian Rite in use in Milan and neighbouring areas of Italy and Switzerland , nor is there a Mozarabic particular Church in those parts of Spain where the Mozarabic Rite is practiced . In the Latin Church , governance is uniform , even where liturgical rite is not . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catholic priests are forbidden to concelebrate the Eucharist with priests or ministers of churches or ecclesial communities which do not have full communion with the Catholic Church </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ World Council of Churches , `` What Is the World Council of Churches '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seventh Assembly of the World Council of Churches ( 20 February 1991 ) . `` The unity of the Church : gift and calling - The Canberra Statement '' . oikoumene.org . Geneva : World Council of Churches . n . 2.1 . Archived from the original on 25 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Full Communion Partners '' . Evangelical Lutheran Churches in America . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ecumenical partnerships and relationships of full communion '' . ucc.org . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1958 Lambeth Conference , Resolution 14 '' ( PDF ) . Anglican Communion . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vatican II ( 21 November 1964 ) . Lumen gentium . vatican.va . n . 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` In Full Communion '' . Anglicans Online . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Meaning of Full Communion '' . Episcopal Church . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Churches in communion '' . anglicancommunion.org . London : Anglican Communion Office . Archived from the original on 13 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Not in the Communion '' . Anglicans Online . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vatican II ( 21 November 1964 ) . `` Unitatis redintegratio '' . vatican.va . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . n . 3 . Archived from the original on 6 March 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` CCC 838 '' . Catechism of the Catholic Church . Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 1993 . Archived from the original on 7 April 2015 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USSCB memo '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catholic '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . September 2005 . ( Subscription or UK public library membership required . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vatican II ( 21 November 1964 ) . `` Orientalium Ecclesiarum '' . vatican.va . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . Archived from the original on 1 September 2000 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith ( 28 May 1992 ) . `` Letter to the bishops of the Catholic Church on some aspects of the Church understood as communion '' . Libreria Editrice Vaticana . n . 9 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2010 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` RCIA and Confirmation Qualifications : On Participants in RCIA and Confirmation '' . bostoncatholic.org . Archdiocese of Boston . Archived from the original on 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNamara , Edward . `` When an Orthodox joins the Catholic Church '' . Zenit.org . Rome : Innovative Media Inc . Archived from the original on 31 August 2009 . Retrieved 8 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ratzinger , Joseph ; Bertone , Tarcisio ( 29 June 1998 ) . `` Doctrinal Commentary on the Concluding Formula of the Professio fidei '' . Libreria Editrice Vatican . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gribble , Richard ( 18 November 2010 ) . `` Part IV : Roman Catholic Theology '' . The Everything Guide to Catholicism : A complete introduction to the beliefs , traditions , and tenets of the Catholic Church from past to present . Avon , Massacnusetts : Everything Books . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4405 - 0409 - 9 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CIC 1983 , c. 908 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CCEO 1990 , c. 702 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justin Martyr ( 1870 ) . `` The First Apology of Justin Martyr '' . In Roberts , Alexander ; Donaldson , James ; Coxe , A. Cleveland . The writings of Justin Martyr and Athenagoras . The Ante - Nicene Fathers : the writings of the fathers down to A.D. 325 . 2 . Translated by Marcus Dods ( American ed . ) . Buffalo : Christian Literature . Wikisource . ch. 66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Principles And Norms On Ecumenism '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on 16 August 2010 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : CIC 1983 , c. 844 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CCEO 1990 , cc. 908 , 1440 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Our History '' . St Zaia Cathedral . Middleton Grange , NSW , AU . Archived from the original on 13 July 2016 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CCEO 1990 , c. 671 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Guidelines for admission to the Eucharist between the Chaldean Church and the Assyrian Church of the East '' . Vatican.va . Archived from the original on 3 November 2015 . Retrieved 8 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( About 2012 meeting of Traditional Anglican Communion College of Bishops ) '' ( PDF ) . traditionalanglicancommunion.org ( Press release ) . Traditional Anglican Communion. 1 March 2012 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 12 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` In full communion '' . anglicansonline.org . Society of Archbishop Justus. 25 July 2015 . Archived from the original on 30 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History '' . The Porvoo Communion . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ELCA shares significant actions with ecumenical , global partners '' ( Press release ) . Chicago , IL : Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . 26 August 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Agreement & Statute '' . leuenberg.net . Vienna : Community of Protestant Churches in Europe . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Armagh , Robert ; Graham , W Winston ( 26 September 2002 ) . `` Church of Ireland and Methodist Covenant '' . Church of Ireland . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Utrecht and Uppsala on the way to communion '' . Union of Utrecht of the Old Catholic churches . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Council approves interim pacts with Episcopalians , Lutherans </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An Anglican - Methodist Covenant '' ( PDF ) . Methodist Publishing House and Church House Publishing . 2001 . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Covenant '' . An Anglican - Methodist Covenant . The Methodist Church and the Church of England . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Code of Canon Law . Prepared under the auspices of the Canon Law Society of America ( from 2001 Latin - English print ed . ) . Vatican City : Libreria Editrice Vaticana. 4 November 2003 -- via vatican.va . </Li> <Li> Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches . Prepared under the auspices of the Canon Law Society of America ( from 1992 Latin - English print ed . ) . Rome , IT : Èulogos SpA. 17 July 2007 -- via intratext.com . </Li> </Ul> <H3> General references ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> `` On Receiving Anglican clergy into the Catholic Church : Statement of the bishops of England and Wales given on April 15 , 1994 '' . EWTN.com . Irondale , Alabama : Eternal Word Television Network . Archived from the original on 9 February 2001 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Keating , Karl . `` How to Become a Catholic '' . catholic.com . Catholic Answers . Archived from the original on 17 December 2001 . Retrieved 7 November 2015 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Broken but Never Divided : An Eastern Orthodox Perspective </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Full_communion&oldid=841669130 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ecclesiology </Li> <Li> Christian ecumenism </Li> <Li> Christian terminology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Kiswahili </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 12 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 17 May 2018 , at 08 : 06 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Salary of Government officials in India - wikipedia <H1> Salary of Government officials in India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Salaries of Government Ministers , Government Officers , Constitutional Functionaries , Armed Forces Officers , Judges , Members of Parliament in India ( hide ) <Tr> <Th> Position in Indian Order of Precedence </Th> <Th> Post </Th> <Th> Salary per month </Th> <Th> Remarks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> President </Td> <Td> ₹ 500,000 ( US $7,700 ) ( per month ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances fixed to President of India . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vice-President </Td> <Td> ₹ 400,000 ( US $6,100 ) ( per month ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances fixed to Vice President of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Prime Minister </Td> <Td> ₹ 165,000 ( US $2,500 ) monthly ( includes salary received as a Member of Parliament in Lok Sabha ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances for the Prime Minister of India . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Governors of States </Td> <Td> ₹ 350,000 ( US $5,400 ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances fixed for Governors of States . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Chief Justice </Td> <Td> ₹ 280,000 ( US $4,300 ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances fixed for Chief Justice of India . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Judges of Supreme Court of India </Td> <Td> ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances fixed for SC Judges . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9A </Td> <Td> Chief Election Commissioner of India </Td> <Td> ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) monthly </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9A </Td> <Td> Comptroller and Auditor General of India </Td> <Td> ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) monthly </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9A </Td> <Td> Chairman of Union Public Service Commission </Td> <Td> ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) monthly </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Cabinet Secretary of India </Td> <Td> ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) monthly </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . Senior-most civil servant in Government of India . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Lieutenants Governor of Union Territories </Td> <Td> ₹ 110,000 ( US $1,700 ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances fixed by the Union Government . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Chiefs of Staff ( Army , Air , Naval ) in the rank of General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces </Td> <Td> ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) monthly </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . Senior-most Armed Forces personnel in Government of India . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of High Courts </Td> <Td> ₹ 250,000 ( US $3,800 ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances fixed for Judges . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Judges of High Courts </Td> <Td> ₹ 225,000 ( US $3,400 ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances fixed for Judges . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Member of Parliament of India </Td> <Td> ₹ 50,000 ( US $770 ) </Td> <Td> + Constituency allowances ₹ 45,000 ( US $690 ) + Parliament office allowance ₹ 45,000 ( US $690 ) + Parliament session allowance ( ₹ 2,000 ( US $31 ) per day ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Secretaries to Government of India , Special Secretaries to Government of India , Vice Chief of Army Staff / Commanders in the rank of Lieutenant General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces </Td> <Td> ₹ 225,000 ( US $3,400 ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Chief Secretaries of State Governments , Additional Chief / Special Chief Secretaries to State Governments </Td> <Td> ₹ 225,000 ( US $3,400 ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . Senior-most civil servant in State Governments . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Additional Secretaries to Government of India </Td> <Td> ₹ 182,200 ( US $2,800 ) ( Minimum Pay ) to ₹ 224,100 ( US $3,400 ) ( Maximum Pay ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Principal Secretaries to State Governments </Td> <Td> ₹ 182,200 ( US $2,800 ) ( Minimum Pay ) to ₹ 224,100 ( US $3,400 ) ( Maximum Pay ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Joint Secretaries to Government of India , Major General and equivalent ranks in Indian Armed Forces </Td> <Td> ₹ 144,200 ( US $2,200 ) ( Minimum Pay ) to ₹ 218,200 ( US $3,300 ) ( Maximum Pay ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Secretaries to State Governments </Td> <Td> ₹ 144,200 ( US $2,200 ) ( Minimum Pay ) to ₹ 218,200 ( US $3,300 ) ( Maximum Pay ) </Td> <Td> + Other allowances . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Basic salary of Chief Ministers of Indian states , varies as per state governments income 's . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of salaries </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The President 's ( Emoluments and ) Pension Act , 1951 ( Act 30 of 1951 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . May 13 , 1951 . Retrieved September 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` President okays her own salary hike by 300 per cent '' . The Indian Express . 3 January 2009 . Retrieved 6 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/election-for-vice-president-to-be-held-tomorrow-here-are-the-top-10-things-to-know/articleshow/59913931.cms </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1982 Act '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 3 February 2013 . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Election Commission ( Condition Of Service Of Election Commissions And Transaction Of Business ) Act , 1991 '' . Vakil No. 1 . Archived from the original on 23 January 2013 . Retrieved 17 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 '' ( PDF ) . PRS India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR - GENERAL 'S ( DUTIES , POWERS AND CONDITIONS OF SERVICE ) ACT , 1971 '' . CAG India . Archived from the original on 27 August 2012 . Retrieved 27 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Banerjee , Kritika ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` 7th Pay Commission : UPSC chief 's salary zooms to Rs 2.5 lakh from Rs 90,000 per month '' . India Today . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nearly three-fold hike in UPSC chief 's salary '' . The Economic Times . February 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India '' ( PDF ) . Seventh Central Pay Commission , Government of India . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Biswas , Shreya , ed . ( June 29 , 2016 ) . `` 7th Pay Commission cleared : What is the Pay Commission ? How does it affect salaries ? '' . India Today . Retrieved September 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Salary , Allowances and Pension of Members of Parliament act , 1954 and the rules made thereunder '' ( PDF ) . Rajya Sabha . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salary_of_Government_Officials_in_India&oldid=833220079 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of office - holders in India </Li> <Li> Government finances in India </Li> <Li> Indian civil servants </Li> <Li> Salaries of office - holders </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 March 2018 , at 09 : 22 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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BMW 1 Series - wikipedia <H1> BMW 1 Series </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> BMW 1 Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> BMW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> 2004 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Class </Th> <Td> Compact car ( C ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> BMW 3 Series Compact </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Successor </Th> <Td> BMW 2 Series ( for coupé / convertible ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The BMW 1 Series is a range of small luxury cars manufactured by BMW since 2004 . It is the successor to the BMW 3 Series Compact and is currently in its second generation . </P> <P> The first generation was produced in hatchback , coupe and convertible body styles . Since the second generation ( introduced in 2013 ) , the coupé and convertible models have been marketed as the 2 Series , therefore the 1 Series range no longer includes these body styles . A sedan model became available for the Chinese market in 2017 . </P> <P> The 1 Series is BMW 's entry level of model range . Unusually for a small car , the 1 Series range is mostly rear - wheel drive , ( except for the F52 sedan , which is front - wheel drive ) with optional all - wheel drive being available on some models . </P> <P> An M version was produced for the first generation : the BMW 1 Series M Coupe , which was succeeded by the BMW M2 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 First Generation ( E81 / E82 / E87 / E88 ; 2004 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 2 Second Generation ( F20 / F21 ; 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 3 Chinese market 1 Series sedan ( F52 ; 2017 -- present ) </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> First generation ( E81 / E82 / E87 / E88 ; 2004 -- 2013 ) ( edit ) </H2> E87 5 - door hatchback E82 2 - door coupe Main article : BMW 1 Series ( E87 ) <P> The BMW E81 / E82 / E87 / E88 is the first generation of the 1 Series , which was produced from 2004 to 2013 . It replaced the 3 Series Compact as the smallest and least expensive vehicle in the BMW range . </P> <P> The body styles consist of a 3 - door hatchback ( E81 ) , 5 - door hatchback ( E87 ) , 2 - door coupe ( E82 ) and 2 - door convertible ( E88 ) . </P> <P> The engines available were four - cylinder diesel and four - and six - cylinder petrol , in both naturally aspirated and turbocharged forms . Unlike most hatchback competitors , the E81 / E82 / E87 / E88 uses rear - wheel drive ( instead of front - wheel drive ) . </P> <P> The 1 Series accounted for nearly one - fifth of the total BMW sales in 2008 . </P> <H2> Second generation ( F20 / F21 ; 2011 -- present ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : BMW 1 Series ( F20 ) F20 5 - door hatchback F21 3 - door hatchback <P> The F20 / F21 is the second generation of the 1 Series , which was released in 2011 . </P> <P> The body styles of the F20 / F21 range are a 3 - door hatchback ( model code F21 ) and a 5 - door hatchback ( model code F20 ) . </P> <P> For the second generation of 1 Series , the coupe and convertible models were spun off to create the BMW 2 Series range . </P> <P> The F20 / F21 was initially powered by four - cylinder petrol , four - cylinder diesel and six - cylinder petrol engines . In 2015 , three - cylinder petrol and diesel engines were added to the model range . All engines are turbocharged . </P> <P> Unlike most hatchback competitors , the F20 / F21 uses a longitudinally - mounted engine and rear - wheel drive ( instead of front - wheel drive ) for most models . The F20 / F21 is the first 1 Series to offer an optional all - wheel drive ( called `` xDrive '' by BMW ) . </P> <H2> Chinese market 1 Series sedan ( F52 ; 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) </H2> F52 4 - door sedan - front F52 4 - door sedan - rear Main article : BMW 1 Series ( F52 ) <P> The 1 Series ( F52 ) is a four - door sedan that began production in 2017 in China for the Chinese market . It is made by BMW Brilliance , a joint venture between BMW and Brilliance Auto . The F52 uses the front - wheel drive UKL platform shared with the X1 and Mini Hatch . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BMW 1 Series SE review '' . www.carbuyer.co.uk . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1 Series - E87 ( 2004 - ... ) '' . www.bmwheaven.com . Retrieved 24 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annual Report 2008 '' ( PDF ) . BMW Group . March 2009 . p. 21 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 6 January 2010 . Retrieved 1 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BMW Group PressClub Global '' . press.bmwgroup.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Horatiu Boeriu ( 21 November 2016 ) . `` BMW 1 Series Sedan makes world debut at Auto Guangzhou 2016 '' . BMWBLOG . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stefan Ogbac ( 18 July 2016 ) . `` 2017 BMW 1 Series Sedan Revealed for Chinese Market '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 31 January 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to BMW 1 Series . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="40"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> `` previous -- BMW cars : 2000s to 2010s </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Series </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> 2010s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 Series </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> E87 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> F20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> E82 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> F52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 Series </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> F22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> F45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 Series </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> < < E46 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> E90 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> F30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 Series </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> F32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 Series </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> < < E39 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> E60 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> F10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> G30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 Series </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> E63 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> F12 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> G32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 Series </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> < < E38 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> E65 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> F01 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> G11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 Series </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Z Series </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> < < Z3 </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Z4 ( E85 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Z4 ( E89 ) </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> < < Z8 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> i3 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> I01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> i8 </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> I12 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BMW_1_Series&oldid=807661080 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> BMW vehicle series </Li> <Li> Compact cars </Li> <Li> Convertibles </Li> <Li> Coupés </Li> <Li> Euro NCAP small family cars </Li> <Li> Hatchbacks </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 October 2017 , at 11 : 04 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Article 35A of the Constitution of India - Wikipedia <H1> Article 35A of the Constitution of India </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constitution of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preamble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Parts ( show ) Fundamental Rights PART I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ IVA ∙ V ∙ VI ∙ VII VIII ∙ IX ∙ IXA ∙ IXB ∙ X ∙ XI ∙ XII ∙ XIII ∙ XIV XV ∙ XVI ∙ XVIA ∙ XVII ∙ XVIII ∙ XIX ∙ XX ∙ XXI XXII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Schedules ( show ) First ∙ Second ∙ Third ∙ Fourth ∙ Fifth Sixth ∙ Seventh ∙ Eighth ∙ Ninth Tenth ∙ Eleventh ∙ Twelfth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Appendices ( show ) I ∙ II ∙ III ∙ IV ∙ V </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amendments ( show ) List ∙ 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙ 4 ∙ 5 ∙ 6 ∙ 7 ∙ 8 ∙ 9 ∙ 10 ∙ 11 ∙ 12 ∙ 13 ∙ 14 ∙ 15 ∙ 16 ∙ 17 ∙ 18 ∙ 19 ∙ 20 ∙ 21 ∙ 22 ∙ 23 ∙ 24 ∙ 25 ∙ 26 ∙ 27 ∙ 28 ∙ 29 ∙ 30 ∙ 31 ∙ 32 ∙ 33 ∙ 34 ∙ 35 ∙ 36 ∙ 37 ∙ 38 ∙ 39 ∙ 40 ∙ 41 ∙ 42 ∙ 43 ∙ 44 ∙ 45 ∙ 46 ∙ 47 ∙ 48 ∙ 49 ∙ 50 ∙ 51 ∙ 52 ∙ 53 ∙ 54 ∙ 55 ∙ 56 ∙ 57 ∙ 58 ∙ 59 ∙ 60 ∙ 61 ∙ 62 ∙ 63 ∙ 64 ∙ 65 ∙ 66 ∙ 67 ∙ 68 ∙ 69 ∙ 70 ∙ 71 ∙ 72 ∙ 73 ∙ 74 ∙ 75 ∙ 76 ∙ 77 ∙ 78 ∙ 79 ∙ 80 ∙ 81 ∙ 82 ∙ 83 ∙ 84 ∙ 85 ∙ 86 ∙ 87 ∙ 88 ∙ 89 ∙ 90 ∙ 91 ∙ 92 ∙ 93 ∙ 94 ∙ 95 ∙ 96 ∙ 97 ∙ 98 ∙ 99 ∙ 100 ∙ 101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Related topics ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Union List </Li> <Li> State List </Li> <Li> Concurrent List </Li> <Li> Basic structure doctrine </Li> <Li> Uniform civil code </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Article 35A of the Indian Constitution is an article that empowers the Jammu and Kashmir state 's legislature to define `` permanent residents '' of the state and provide special rights and privileges to those permanent residents . It was added to the Constitution through a Presidential Order , i.e. , The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 - issued by the President of India on 14 May 1954 , exercising the powers conferred by the clause ( 1 ) of the Article 370 of the Indian Constitution , and with the concurrence of the Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Text of the Article </Li> <Li> 3 Enactment </Li> <Li> 4 Permanent Residents </Li> <Li> 5 Debate <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Criticism </Li> <Li> 5.2 Support </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> Prior to 1947 , Jammu and Kashmir was a princely state under the British Paramountcy . The people of the princely states were `` state subjects '' , not British colonial subjects . In the case of Jammu and Kashmir , the political movements in the state in the early 20th century led to the emergence of `` hereditary state subject '' as a political identity for the State 's people . In particular , the Pandit community had launched a `` Kashmir for the Kashmiri '' movement demanding that only Kashmiris should be employed in state government jobs . Legal provisions for the recognition of the status were enacted by the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir between 1912 and 1932 . The 1927 Hereditary State Subject Order granted to the state subjects the right to government office and the right to land use and ownership , which were not available to non-state subjects . </P> <P> Following the accession of Jammu and Kashmir to the Indian Union on 26 October 1947 , The Maharaja ceded control over defence , external affairs and communications ( the ' ceded subjects ' ) to the Government of India . The Article 370 of the Constitution of India and the concomitant Constitutional Order of 1950 formalised this relationship . Discussions for furthering the relationship between the State and the Union continued , culminating in the 1952 Delhi Agreement , whereby the governments of the State and the Union agreed that Indian citizenship would be extended to all the residents of the state but the state would be empowered to legislate over the rights and privileges of the state subjects , who would now be called permanent residents . </P> <P> In his statement to the Lok Sabha on the Delhi agreement , Nehru has said : </P> <P> The question of citizenship arose obviously . Full citizenship applies there . But our friends from Kashmir were very apprehensive about one or two matters . For a long time past , in the Maharaja 's time , there had been laws there preventing any outsider , that is , any person from outside Kashmir , from acquiring or holding land in Kashmir . If I mention it , in the old days the Maharaja was very much afraid of a large number of Englishmen coming and settling down there , because the climate is delectable , and acquiring property . So although most of their rights were taken away from the Maharaja under the British rule , the Maharaja stuck to this that nobody from outside should acquire land there . And that continues . So the present Government of Kashmir is very anxious to preserve that right because they are afraid , and I think rightly afraid , that Kashmir would be overrun by people whose sole qualification might be the possession of too much money and nothing else , who might buy up , and get the delectable places . Now they want to vary the old Maharaja 's laws to liberalise it , but nevertheless to have checks on the acquisition of lands by persons from outside . However , we agree that this should be cleared up . The old state 's subjects definition gave certain privileges regarding this acquisition of land , the services , and other minor things , I think , State scholarships and the rest . </P> <P> So , we agreed and noted this down : ' The State legislature shall have power to define and regulate the rights and privileges of the permanent residents of the State , more especially in regard to the acquisition of immovable property , appointments to services and like matters . Till then the existing State law should apply . ' </P> <P> Following the adoption of the provisions of the Delhi Agreement by the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir , the President of India issued The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 , through which Indian citizenship was extended to the residents of the state , and simultaneously the Article 35A was inserted into the Indian constitution enabling the State legislature to define the privileges of the permanent residents . </P> <H2> Text of the Article ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Saving of laws with respect to permanent residents and their rights . -- Notwithstanding anything contained in this Constitution , no existing law in force in the State of Jammu and Kashmir , and no law hereafter enacted by the Legislature of the State : </P> <P> ( a ) defining the classes of persons who are , or shall be , permanent residents of the State of Jammu and Kashmir ; or </P> <P> ( b ) conferring on such permanent residents any special rights and privileges or imposing upon other persons any restrictions as respects -- </P> <Dl> <Dd> ( i ) employment under the State Government ; </Dd> <Dd> ( ii ) acquisition of immovable property in the State ; </Dd> <Dd> ( iii ) settlement in the State ; or </Dd> <Dd> ( iv ) right to scholarships and such other forms of aid as the State Government may provide , </Dd> </Dl> <P> shall be void on the ground that it is inconsistent with or takes away or abridges any rights conferred on the other citizens of India by any provision of this part . '' </P> <H2> Enactment ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 was issued by President Rajendra Prasad under Article 370 , with the advice of the Union Government headed by Jawaharlal Nehru . It was enacted as a subsequent to the ' 1952 Delhi agreement ' , reached between Nehru and the then Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Sheikh Abdullah , which dealt with the extension of Indian citizenship to the Jammu and Kashmir `` state subjects '' . </P> <P> The state is empowered , both in the Instrument of Accession and the Article 370 , to decree exceptions to any extension of the Indian Constitution to the state , other than in the matter of ceded subjects . So Article 35A is seen as an exception allowed by the Article 370 , clause ( 1 ) ( d ) . </P> <P> Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad of the Jammu and Kashmir National Conference was the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir at the time of the 1954 Presidential order . </P> <P> As the Article 35A was added to the Constitution by the executive head without any discussion in the Parliament , questions have been raised about the manner of its enactment . </P> <H2> Permanent residents ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Jammu and Kashmir Constitution , which was adopted on November 17 , 1956 , defined a Permanent Resident ( PR ) of the state as a person who was a state subject on May 14 , 1954 , or who has been a resident of the state for 10 years , and has `` lawfully acquired immovable property in the state '' . The Jammu and Kashmir state legislature can alter the definition of PR through a law passed with two - thirds majority . </P> <Ul> <Li> Jammu and Kashmir Constituent Assembly incorporated in Jammu and Kashmir Constitution discriminatory provisions under Section - 51 ( Qualifications for membership of the Legislature . - A person shall not be qualified to be chosen to fill a seat in the Legislature unless he is a Permanent Resident of the State ) , Section - 127 ( Transitional provisions . - Until other provision is made in this behalf under this Constitution , all the laws in force immediately before the commencement of this Constitution and applicable to any public service or any post which continues to exist after the commencement of this Constitution , as service or post under the State , shall continue in force so far - as consistent with the provisions of this Constitution ) and Section - 140 ( The elections to the Legislative Assembly shall be on the basis of adult suffrage ; that is to say , every person who is a permanent resident of the State and who is not less than Eighteen years of age on such date ... ) , etc . </Li> <Li> No person who is not a Permanent Resident of Jammu and Kashmir can own property in Jammu and Kashmir . </Li> <Li> No person who is not a Permanent Resident of Jammu and Kashmir can obtain job within Jammu and Kashmir Government . </Li> <Li> No person who is not a Permanent Resident of Jammu and Kashmir can join any professional college run by government of Jammu and Kashmir or get any form of government aid out of government funds . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Debate ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Criticism ( edit ) </H3> <P> In July 2015 , an RSS - backed think - tank called the Jammu & Kashmir Study Centre first came up with the idea to challenge Article 35A in the Supreme Court . A petition was filed in the Delhi High Court against the Article . Later , it was also challenged in the Supreme Court . </P> <P> The legality issues pointed are : </P> <Ol> <Li> Article 35A was not added to the Constitution by following the procedure prescribed for amendment of the Constitution of India under Article 368 . Article 370 does not anywhere confer on the President legislative or executive powers so vast that he can amend the Constitution or perform the function of Parliament . It has been brought about by the executive organ when actually the right of amendment of the Constitution lies with the legislative organ . Therefore , it is , allegedly , ultra vires the basic structure of the Constitution since it violates the Constitutional procedures established by law . </Li> <Li> Besides carrying out many modifications and changes , this order ' added ' a new `` Article 35A '' to the Constitution of India . Addition or deletion of an Article amounted to an amendment to the Constitution which could be done only by Parliament as per procedure laid down in Article 368 . But , Article 35A was never presented before Parliament . This meant the President had bypassed Parliament in this order to add Article 35A . </Li> <Li> The PRC classification created by Article 35A suffers from the violation of Article 14 , Equality before the Law . The non-resident Indian citizens can not have the rights and privileges , same as permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir . </Li> <Li> This also meant that the amending power of Parliament under Article 368 of the Constitution itself was abridged in its application to Jammu and Kashmir , another amendment , without any reference to Parliament . When the President of India does not have legislative powers , he performed the function of Parliament . </Li> </Ol> <P> The main objections raised are : </P> <Ol> <Li> It facilitates the violation of the right of women to ' marry a man of their choice ' by not giving the heirs any right to property , if the woman marries a man that is not a permanent resident . Therefore , her children are not given Permanent Resident Certificate and thereby considering them unfit for inheritance -- not given any right to such a woman 's property even if she is a permanent resident . </Li> <Li> It facilitates the free and unrestrained violation of fundamental rights of those workers and settlers like Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe people who have lived there for generations . The Valmikis who were brought to the state during 1957 were given Permanent Resident Certificates on the condition that they and their future generations could stay in the state only if they continued to be safai - karmacharis ( scavengers ) . And even after six decades of service in the state , their children are safai - karmacharis and they have been denied the right to quit scavenging and choose any other profession . </Li> <Li> The industrial sector & whole private sector suffers due to the property ownership restrictions . Good doctors do n't come to the state for the same reason . </Li> <Li> Children of non-state subjects do not get admission to state colleges . </Li> <Li> It ruins the status of West Pakistani refugees . Being citizens of India they are not stateless persons , but being non-permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir , they can not enjoy the basic rights and privileges as being enjoyed by permanent residents of Jammu and Kashmir . </Li> <Li> It gives a free hand to the state government and politicians to discriminate between citizens of India , on an unfair basis and give preferential treatment to some by trampling over others , since the non-residents of the state are debarred from buying properties , getting a government job or voting in the local elections . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Support ( edit ) </H3> <P> According to constitutional expert AG Noorani , all the legal arguments against the article are groundless , and are raised with `` communal - minded majoritarian '' intentions . He refers to the various Articles in the Constitution , that similarly provide special rights to other Indian states , and remarks that no objections were raised on them . Since Article 370 was enacted on 26 November 1949 as part of the Constitution of India by the Constituent Assembly of India which was a sovereign body , he remarks , Article 35A `` flows inexorably '' from it . He recalls the Sheikh Abdullah 's report to Kashmir 's Constituent Assembly on 11 August 1952 , which said , `` it was agreed that the State legislature shall have power to define and regulate the rights and privileges of the permanent residents of the State more especially in regard to acquisition of immovable property , appointments to services and like matters . There are historic reasons which necessitate such constitutional safeguards as for centuries past , the people of the State have been victims of exploitation at the hands of their well - to - do neighbours . '' </P> <P> Article 35 A protects the demographic status of the Jammu and Kashmir state in its prescribed constitutional form . Scholar Srinath Raghavan states , Kashmiris are apprehensive that any move to abrogate Article 35A would open the gates for a demographic transformation of the valley , an objective advanced by the Sangh Parivar groups as an ideal solution to the Kashmir issue . He further says that the state 's autonomy has been gradually eroded by various governments of Delhi through misuse of the provisions of Article 370 , and remarks : `` Kashmiris have come to regard the rights of permanent settlement as the only remaining piece of any meaningful autonomy . '' Former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir , Mufti Mohammad Sayeed , while speaking about the issue of West Pakistani refugees , has said , `` before we do anything on this , we need to allay genuine fears that there is an attempt to change the demographics of the state . '' </P> <P> Noorani also points to the observations made by the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir in this regard , while delivering a judgement on 16 July 2015 : </P> <P> `` The Parliament has no power to legislate law about the subject 's administration of justice , the land & the other immovable properties . ( ... ) </P> <P> Article 35 ( A ) of the Constitution of India , which has been applied to the State of Jammu and Kashmir , not only recognizes but clarifies the already existing constitutional and legal position and does not extend something new to state of Jammu and Kashmir . This article , on its own , does not give anything new to the State of Jammu and Kashmir . Article 14 of the Constitution of India , as has been made applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir , thus , gave equal protection of laws to the State subjects / citizens as a class apart . Similarly , article 19 ( 1 ) ( f ) of the Constitution of India , which has been made applicable to the State of Jammu and Kashmir and till date continues to be in force in the State , recognizes the right to own , hold and dispose of property , which right otherwise is inherent in the State subjects / citizens of the State of Jammu and Kashmir , who stand defined in terms of Elans / Orders of His Highness and the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir . </P> <P> Laws have their own universe . They operate in matter and not in vacuum . The laws are located in time and space . In the State of Jammu and Kashmir , the immovable property of a State subject / citizen , can not be permitted to be transferred to a non State subject . This legal and constitutional protection is inherent in the State subjects of the State of Jammu and Kashmir and this fundamental and basic inherent right can not be taken away in view of peculiar and special constitutional position occupied by State of Jammu and Kashmir . Article 35 - A is clarificatory provision to clear the issue of constitutional position obtaining in rest of country in contrast to State of Jammu and Kashmir . This provision clears the constitutional relationship between people of rest of country with people of Jammu and Kashmir . '' </P> <P> As an amendment to , or modification of , the 1954 order , 41 subsequent Presidential orders have been passed afterwards . According to the report of the State Autonomy Committee , the central government , through these Presidential orders , extended 94 out of 97 entries in the Union List to Jammu and Kashmir , and made applicable to the state 260 out of 395 articles of the Indian Constitution . They have been used to issue provisions and make changes , which include - replacing the elected Sadr - e-Riyasat ( President of the State ) with a Governor chosen by the Centre ; changing the ' Prime Minister ' of the state to Chief Minister ; extending the powers of the Supreme Court and Election Commission to Jammu and Kashmir ; and preventing the state Assembly from making any amendment to the Jammu and Kashmir Constitution . Kashmir advocate Zaffar Shah says , Article 35A has been added in the Constitutional Application Order 1954 and by questioning it , the entire Constitutional Application Order will have to be questioned . If the Court rules that Constitutional Application Orders are invalid , such a judgment will have to be made applicable to all the Constitutional Application Orders from 1950 till date . The Constitutional link between the Union and the State will be snapped and the position of the State will be same as it was before constitutional arrangements were worked out . So , if the order of 1954 is snapped , Jammu and Kashmir can , in theory , return to the pre-1954 constitutional arrangement , where the Centre 's powers were restricted to Defence , Foreign Affairs and Communications alone , according to the Instrument of Accession . Zaffar Shah states , it will also affect various provisions of the Constitution of the State and result in Constitutional crisis . </P> <P> Zaffar Shah adds that the scope and extent of power of the President to apply Constitutional provisions with or without `` exceptions '' or `` modifications '' has already been subject matter of the decisions of the Supreme Court of India , and he opines , it is ruled to be co-extensive with the power to amend Constitution and includes the power to enlarge any existing provision or add new provision . He says the only requirement is that it has to be done by the President with `` concurrence '' of the Government of Jammu and Kashmir . </P> <P> The major political parties of the Kashmir Valley , NC and PDP have remained in support to the preservation and safeguarding of Article 370 and Article 35A . In defense of Article 35 - A , the Jammu and Kashmir state Government in November 2015 , prepared a report which read , `` though Article 368 has been applied to State of Jammu and Kashmir , that would not curtail power of President under Article 370 to amend any provision of Constitution of India in its application to Jammu and Kashmir '' . It termed the PIL against the article as `` legally misconceived , untenable and meritless '' . </P> <P> In January 2017 , the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir , Mehbooba Mufti of PDP has commented that anybody raking up Article 370 & Article 35 A repeatedly , is hurting the soul of Kashmir . Vowing to oppose any such move , she said , `` There will be no bigger anti-national thing than this because when you weaken this uniqueness of Kashmir through judiciary , then those forces in Kashmir Valley , who want to put an end to the composite culture in Kashmir Valley and want to have people from one community ( Muslims ) only , with one attire and one way of life , you will only make them successful . '' Talking about BJP 's opposition to the state 's autonomy , she also said , `` when the people of BJP talk of Article 370 , they talk of technical integration . We have to make them understand that we also want that Jammu and Kashmir should fully integrate with India emotionally , technically . '' She added that the integration which should have been done `` emotionally and psychologically '' , was not done completely , which is needed , and for it , she said , Article 370 is not an impediment but a bridge which connects the state of Jammu and Kashmir and the rest of India . Previously in 2014 , during a similar debate regarding autonomy of Jammu and Kashmir and Article 370 , Mehbooba Mufti stated that fiddling with Article 370 could lead to anarchy in the state . She said , such `` irresponsible utterances '' should be stopped as they could have serious repercussions in Jammu and Kashmir , besides having the potential of spoiling the atmosphere of inclusiveness and peace which the Indian government aims at achieving . </P> <P> Raghavan has stated that any attempt by Delhi to tamper with the state 's autonomy `` is bound to result in a massive backlash '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Article 370 </Li> <Li> Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Instrument of Accession ( Jammu and Kashmir ) </Li> <Li> Kashmir conflict </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Origin of Jammu and Kashmir : Analysis of Article 370 in Present Scenario '' . LexHindustan . Archived from the original on 12 October 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rashid , D.A. `` ' If Article 35A goes , all Presidential Orders from 1950 - 75 will go ' '' . Greater Kashmir . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Constitution ( Application to Jammu and Kashmir ) Order , 1954 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 4 August 2016 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Body of Victim , Body of Warrior 2013 , p. 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Body of Victim , Body of Warrior 2013 , pp. 34 -- 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Das Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir 2012 , p. 54 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Constantin & Kössler , Jammu and Kashmir : A case of eroded autonomy 2014 , pp. 126 -- 127 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Das Gupta , Jammu and Kashmir 2012 , pp. 198 , 211 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Noorani , A.G. `` Article 35A is beyond challenge '' . Greater Kashmir . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . 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Mewar University . ISBN 978 - 93 - 85212 - 16 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pathak , Vikas . `` RSS think tank speaks up for SCs in Kashmir '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forget Article 370 , gun is on Article 35A 's head in Kashmir '' . Daily O. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In J-K , most manual scavengers ca n't get rehab benefits Archived 5 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine. , The Tribune , 17 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Articles 370 & 35 '' . The Hans India . 9 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` JK Demography , Article 35 A , and PDP Alarm Bells ! '' . Greater Kashmir . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` In The High Court Of Jammu And ... vs S. Mubarik Shah Naqishbandi V ... on 16 July , 2015 '' . indiankanoon.org . Archived from the original on 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ashiq , Peerzada . `` Opposition raises Article 35A in J&K Assembly '' . The Hindu . Archived from the original on 6 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J&K government vows to defend special status under Article 35A '' . Mail Online . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mufti Mohammad Sayeed government vows to protect article 370 '' . Daily News & Analysis . 7 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 5 August 2018 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weakening Article 370 will be the biggest anti-national act , says Mehbooba Mufti '' . Hindustan Times . 31 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article 370 is a bridge to connect J&K with rest of India : Mehbooba Mufti '' . The Indian Express . 10 January 2017 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MoS kicks up row over Article 370 ; by Bharti Jain TNN '' . Times of India . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Minister row over Art 370 '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` First day , first controversy ... over J&K and Article 370 '' . Daily News & Analysis . 28 May 2014 . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mehbooba urges PM to rein in disruptive voices on Art 370 - Scoop News Jammu Kashmir '' . scoopnews.in . Archived from the original on 23 March 2017 . Retrieved 22 March 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Constantin , Sergiu ; Kössler , Karl ( 2014 ) , `` Jammu and Kashmir : A case of eroded autonomy '' , in Levente Salat ; Sergiu Constantin ; Alexander Osipov ; István Gergo Székely , Autonomy Arrangements around the World : A Collection of Well and Lesser Known Cases , Romanian Institute for Research on National Minorities , pp. 113 -- 156 , ISBN 978 - 606 - 8377 - 30 - 8 </Li> <Li> Cottrell , Jill ( 2013 ) , `` Kashmir : The vanishing autonomy '' , in Yash Ghai ; Sophia Woodman , Practising Self - Government : A Comparative Study of Autonomous Regions , Cambridge University Press , pp. 163 -- 199 , doi : 10.1017 / CBO9781139088206. 006 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 29235 - 2 </Li> <Li> Das Gupta , Jyoti Bhusan ( 2012 ) ( first published 1968 ) , Jammu and Kashmir , Springer , ISBN 978 - 94 - 011 - 9231 - 6 </Li> <Li> Noorani , A.G. ( 2011 ) , Article 370 : A Constitutional History of Jammu and Kashmir , Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 807408 - 3 , ( Subscription required ( help ) ) </Li> <Li> Robinson , Cabeiri deBergh ( 2013 ) , Body of Victim , Body of Warrior : Refugee Families and the Making of Kashmiri Jihadists , University of California Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 27421 - 1 </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Article_35A_of_the_Constitution_of_India&oldid=864151592 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Parts and articles of the Constitution of India </Li> <Li> Law in India </Li> <Li> Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Independent India </Li> <Li> 1947 establishments in India </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from March 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2018 </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Article </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 12 : 36 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award - wikipedia <H1> Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awarded for </Th> <Td> Contributions through the visual arts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> MTV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First awarded </Th> <Td> 1984 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last awarded </Th> <Td> 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> VMA website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award is presented at the MTV Video Music Awards to music performers , recognizing accomplishments in music and film . The first Vanguard awards were presented in 1984 at the inaugural VMAs , and renamed in 1991 in honor of Michael Jackson . The award is also given to music video directors who have created some of the most acclaimed music videos aired by the network . Awarded corporately , it is not given annually , and in certain years it was presented under the name Lifetime Achievement Award . Recent recipients of the accolade include Britney Spears , Justin Timberlake , Beyoncé , Kanye West , Rihanna , and P ! nk . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 List of recipients </Li> <Li> 2 See also </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> List of recipients ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Year of receiving , name of the recipients , and additional notes <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Recipient ( s ) </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Bowie </Li> <Li> The Beatles </Li> <Li> Richard Lester </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> The Beatles created short films for several of their songs . Among them , A Hard Day 's Night , directed by Lester . David Bowie worked with Mick Rock to shoot some of the earliest music videos in the 1970s . Bowie , the Beatles and Lester won the first passel of Vanguard Awards . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> David Byrne </Li> <Li> Russell Mulcahy </Li> <Li> Kevin Godley & Lol Creme </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Byrne was honored for his work with Talking Heads . Godley & Creme were acclaimed music video directors . Mulcahy was honored as the director of The Buggles ' `` Video Killed The Radio Star '' , the first video played on MTV . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Madonna </Li> <Li> Zbigniew Rybczyński </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Madonna achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos , which became a fixture on MTV . Her videos have depicted controversial subjects such as teen pregnancy , racism , religion , sex , and violence . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peter Gabriel </Li> <Li> Julien Temple </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Gabriel also won Video of the Year in the same night . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael Jackson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by Peter Gabriel . Michael Jackson changed the music video from a mere promotional tool featuring musicians playing instruments and singing , to `` short films '' with a storyline . His video `` Thriller '' influenced and changed music videos into what it is like today . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> George Michael </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by Madonna , honored George Michael for his music videos from Faith . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Janet Jackson </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Her music videos from the 1980s became a catalyst for MTVs developing demographics . Her visuals included Broadway - style choreography and militant iconography , also imbuing her performances with a socially conscious message . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bon Jovi & Wayne Isham </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Renamed Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award from this year . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guns N ' Roses </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> The group 's frontman Axl Rose finished his acceptance speech by saying `` And , oh yeah , this has nothing to do with Michael Jackson . Thank you . '' </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tom Petty </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Given as Lifetime Achievement Award . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> R.E.M. </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mark Romanek </Li> <Li> LL Cool J </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by Mariah Carey . LL Cool J became the first rap artist to receive this award . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beastie Boys </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Chuck D of Public Enemy delivered a glowing appraisal of the band before presenting them with the award . Upon receiving the award , Adam Yauch took the opportunity to speak his mind on some political issues , condemning military aggression in the Middle East . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Red Hot Chili Peppers </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Duran Duran </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Given as Lifetime Achievement Award . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hype Williams </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by Kanye West in honor of his work as a music video director . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Britney Spears </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by Lady Gaga , as her male alter ego Jo Calderone . The award was given after a choreographed tribute of Spears ' biggest hits . She was also close to giving Gaga a kiss , a recreation of her infamous kiss with Madonna , but rejected it saying `` I 've done that already '' . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Justin Timberlake </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by Jimmy Fallon . The award was preceded by a fifteen - minute performance of his greatest hits , including a mini reunion with NSYNC . Timberlake also won Video of the Year in the same night . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beyoncé </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by her husband Jay - Z and daughter Blue Ivy Carter after a sixteen - minute medley of her self - titled fifth studio album . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kanye West </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by Taylor Swift . During his acceptance speech , West claimed he would run for president in 2020 . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rihanna </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by Drake after several medley performances during the ceremony . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pink </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Presented by Ellen DeGeneres . Initially Cher was going to hand over the prize , but she could not attend . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Renner Brown , Eric ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` Rihanna to receive MTV 's Video Vanguard Award at VMAs '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ehrlich , Brenna ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` Justin Timberlake 's Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award '' . MTV News . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1984 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1985 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1986 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1987 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1988 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Kyle ( June 26 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Jackson 's Video Vanguard Award , In MJ 's Top MTV Moments '' . MTV News . Retrieved July 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1989 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1990 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1991 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1992 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Willman , Chris ( September 11 , 1992 ) . `` With 3 Awards , Van Halen Tops U2 , Nirvana and Chili Peppers '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved August 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1994 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1995 '' . MTV . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2016 . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1997 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tardio , Andres ( August 29 , 2015 ) . `` Kanye West Will Join These Elite Rappers As A VMA Vanguard Winner '' . MTV News . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 1998 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 2000 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 2001 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 2003 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 2006 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 2011 '' . MTV . Retrieved July 23 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ B. Vary , Adam ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` MTV 2011 VMAs : Lady Gaga , in Drag , Cannot Stop Mugging Through Britney Spears Tribute '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 2013 '' . MTV . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MTV Video Music Awards 2014 '' . MTV . Retrieved September 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zaru , Deena ( September 6 , 2015 ) . `` Kanye West declares 2020 presidential bid at VMAs '' . CNN . Retrieved September 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drake Presents Rihanna With the Video Vanguard Award at the 2016 VMAs '' . Billboard . August 29 , 2016 . Retrieved August 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pink Set to Receive the Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award At 2017 VMAs '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 15 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> MTV Video Music Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2015 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Video of the Year </Li> <Li> Artist of the Year </Li> <Li> New Artist </Li> <Li> Pop </Li> <Li> Rock </Li> <Li> Hip - Hop </Li> <Li> Dance </Li> <Li> Collaboration </Li> 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Temporary duty assignment - wikipedia <H1> Temporary duty assignment </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Teledyne ( NYSE : TDY ) . <P> A temporary duty assignment ( TDA ) , also known as `` temporary duty travel '' ( TDT ) , `` temporary additional duty '' ( TAD ) in the Navy and Marine Corps ( or TDI for `` temporary duty under instruction '' , referring to training assignments ) , or `` temporary duty ( TDY ) in the Army and Air Force , refers to a United States Armed Forces or civilian United States government employee travel or other assignment at a location other than the employee 's permanent duty station . This type of secondment is usually of relatively short duration , typically from two days to 179 days in length . Not all agencies use this designation . Some government agencies including the Defense Department mandate they be less than six months in duration . Those agencies that do not mandate a six - month limit consider longer durations to be a Permanent Change of Station ( PCS ) . </P> Temporary duty and rotation for US troops during World War II <P> Temporary duty assignments usually come with per diem pay , covering lodging , meals , and incidental expenses . Many employees value the per diem aspect of a TDA , since that money is guaranteed , even if they spend less than their allotted daily value . However , some agencies handle the lodging per diem separately from the meals and incidentals , and employees may not make money by staying at cheaper accommodations , or putting more than one person in a room . </P> <P> Typically , an employee may request a cash advance of 60 -- 80 % of the total value of the meals and incidental expenses before the TDA per diem takes place , in order to prevent the employee from having to use his or her own money , or putting money on a personal credit card . Government travel cards are also typically available , though these sometimes carry restrictions on the types of goods or services that can be purchased with them . </P> <P> Some locations have furnished apartments for long - term stay . These apartments have fully equipped kitchens so TDA recipients have the option to cook rather than always eat out , and some may have free washing machines and clothes dryers. Some government agencies consider any assignment over 45 days as an extended TDA , which allows the employee to be reimbursed for part of the expenses before the end of the assignment . </P> <P> Examples of TDY assignments in the United States Army include most branches ' time at Basic Officer Leaders Course or Gold Bar Recruiter duty after commissioning . In the United States Air Force , temporary duty can be commonly approved by commanders for service at Civil Air Patrol basic encampments or other activities because it serves the organizational mission of recruitment and public affairs . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Army Regulation 614 -- 11 : Temporary Duty ( TDY ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GSA Per Diem FAQ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.defensetravel.osd.mil/ppWBT/traveler_before/extended_TDY.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Extended TDY - Details , NSSC Customer Service , NSSC Customer Satisfaction & Communications Office </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AIR FORCE INSTRUCTION 10 - 2701 '' ( PDF ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Information about Government Per Diem </Li> <Li> GSA 2011 Per Diem Rates CONUS & OCONUS </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Civil service </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Public sector </Li> <Li> Government agency </Li> <Li> Bureaucracy </Li> <Li> Bureaucrat </Li> <Li> Technocracy </Li> <Li> Diplomat </Li> <Li> Public administration </Li> <Li> Public policy </Li> <Li> Public service </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By country </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> European Union </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Northern Ireland </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Categories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National civil service commissions </Li> <Li> Government occupations </Li> <Li> Civil service by country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> See also : Civil service reform in developing countries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Temporary_duty_assignment&oldid=841592506 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Government of the United States </Li> <Li> Military slang and jargon </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 16 May 2018 , at 19 : 37 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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World of Warcraft : Legion - Wikipedia <H1> World of Warcraft : Legion </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> World of Warcraft : Legion </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Blizzard Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> Blizzard Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tom Chilton Ion Hazzikostas Alex Afrasiabi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Cory Stockton Jonathan LeCraft Jeremy Feasel Brian Holinka Chadd Nervig </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Russell Brower Neal Acree Clint Bajakian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> Warcraft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform ( s ) </Th> <Td> Microsoft Windows , macOS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release </Th> <Td> August 30 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Massively multiplayer online role - playing game </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mode ( s ) </Th> <Td> Multiplayer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> World of Warcraft : Legion is the sixth expansion set in the massively multiplayer online role - playing game ( MMORPG ) World of Warcraft , following Warlords of Draenor . It was announced on August 6 , 2015 at Gamescom 2015 . The expansion was released on August 30 , 2016 . </P> <P> The expansion raises the existing level cap from 100 to 110 , features artifact weapons for each class 's specializations , includes a new area on Azeroth called the Broken Isles and introduces the demon hunter hero class that starts at level 98 . It initially included ten 5 - man dungeons and two raids . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Gameplay <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Artifact Weapons </Li> <Li> 1.2 Demon Hunters </Li> <Li> 1.3 Mythic Plus </Li> <Li> 1.4 Order Halls </Li> <Li> 1.5 Changes to existing classes </Li> <Li> 1.6 Transmogrify 2.0 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Plot </Li> <Li> 3 Setting <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Broken Isles </Li> <Li> 3.2 Argus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Development </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Sales </Li> <Li> 5.2 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Gameplay ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Gameplay of World of Warcraft <P> The expansion allows players to level up to 110 in the Broken Isles , an increase from the cap of 100 in the previous expansion Warlords of Draenor . Initially , there were ten dungeons in 7.0 with patch 7.1 adding the revamped Karazhan dungeon , patch 7.2 adding Cathedral of the Eternal Night and patch 7.3 adding the Seat of the Triumvirate on the planet Argus - the headquarters of the Burning Legion and the former home of the Draenei. . There are four raid tiers planned for Legion , with the first tier being The Emerald Nightmare that opened three weeks after Legion 's release along with the small raid Trial of Valor that opened in patch 7.1 , the second raid tier The Nighthold in patch 7.1. 5 , the third raid tier Tomb of Sargeras in patch 7.2. 5 and the final raid tier is Antorus , the Burning Throne on Argus in patch 7.3. 5 . After Emerald Nightmare was opened , Mythic Plus dungeons and Legion 's first player versus player ( PvP ) season began . </P> <P> The development team made a number of changes to the PvP aspects of the game . There is a PvP honor system that unlocks PvP honor talents and there are separate abilities for use only in PvP that are not available in regular gameplay . Honor talents are abilities earned through increased levels in PvP and are activated while players engage in PvP . Once players hit maximum honor level , they can choose to earn a prestige level that resets the honor talents earned and gives cosmetic bonuses . In PvP combat , gear will be nullified and all bonuses related to gear will be deactivated , with the exception of artifact weapons and their related powers . Instead , the game will predetermine a set of stats configured to a player 's specialization that can be modified for class balance purposes . However , a player 's average item level will still factor in PvP ; every point above item level 800 results in a 0.1 % increase to a player 's PvP stats . </P> <H3> Artifact weapons ( edit ) </H3> <P> Artifact weapons are powerful items that were wielded by legends of the Warcraft universe , and only available to player characters in Legion . There are 36 unique weapons specific for every class and specialization combination , which include the Ashbringer ( the sword wielded by Tirion Fordring ) for retribution paladins , the Doomhammer ( the warhammer wielded by Thrall ) for enhancement shamans , the Icebringer and Frostreaper ( twin blades together known as the ' Blades of the Fallen Prince ' that are forged from the Frostmourne wielded by the Lich King ) for frost death knights , and other powerful weapons from the Warcraft lore . In addition , there is a fishing artifact called the Underlight Angler for those dedicated to fishing . Players complete quests to obtain these weapons , and the weapons will gain power alongside the player as they level in the Broken Isles , complete world quests , and defeat bosses . The appearance of each artifact can be customized and artifact - specific appearances are unlocked after completing certain tasks . At level 102 , quests are available to acquire the other artifact weapons from a player 's class that were not initially earned at level 100 . </P> <H3> Demon hunters ( edit ) </H3> <P> Demon hunters are the second `` hero class '' in World of Warcraft , joining death knights that were introduced in Wrath of the Lich King . Demon hunters begin as members of the Illidari , the elite guard of Illidan Stormrage during his rule of Outland in The Burning Crusade . Demon hunters operate on the concept of `` fighting fire with fire '' , wielding demonic fel magic to fuel their attacks and harnessing the powers of demons they kill to fight against the Burning Legion . To become demon hunters , an initiate must consume the heart of a demon that results in most initiates dying due to being overwhelmed by the demonic energy or going insane ; the survivors become part demon , taking on demonic aspects including horns , wings , claws and hooves . Demon hunters ritually blind themselves to gain ' spectral sight ' , allowing them to detect demonic energy from demons and to see stealthed enemies . </P> <P> Similar to death knights , demon hunters are able to fill the tank or damage dealer ( DPS ) role , but only have two specializations : vengeance for tanking and havoc for DPS . They wear leather armor and wield a pair of warglaives , a weapon that is a curved two - bladed short sword that is similar to the Blades of Azzinoth wielded by Illidan . Unlike death knights , which are available to all races except for Pandaren , demon hunters are only playable by the two elvish races - Night Elves and Blood Elves . While any race has the potential to become a demon hunter , Illidan only trained elves in the Black Temple . A player is only allowed one demon hunter per realm and must already have a level 70 on that realm in order to create one . </P> <P> As a hero class , a demon hunter does not start at level 1 but instead starts at level 98 . Demon hunters have a unique starting experience , similar to death knights ; their story begins ten years before Legion ( shortly before Illidan 's death in the Black Temple raid , as depicted in The Burning Crusade ) on the shattered Burning Legion world of Mardum , where they have been sent by Illidan to obtain a demonic artifact , the Sargerite Keystone , used to gain access to the Legion - controlled planets . Upon returning to Outland , the demon hunters find Illidan slain by the Wardens , and are captured and imprisoned in the Vault of the Wardens on Azeroth . Ten years later , demon hunters are freed in order to fight against the Burning Legion after the Horde and Alliance losses at the Broken Shore . As a base of operations , the class 's order hall is the captured Legion ship Fel Hammer located on Mardum . </P> <H3> Mythic Plus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mythic Plus ( stylized as Mythic+ or M+ ) dungeons are a new dungeon difficulty introduced that adds increasing difficulty level from the regular Mythic dungeons based on the activation of a `` mythic keystone '' , similar to the Greater Rift Keystone in Diablo III : Reaper of Souls . Completing a dungeon that has been activated with a keystone within the time limit awards a higher level keystone , and a chance to receive character items proportionate to the difficulty . </P> <H3> Order halls ( edit ) </H3> <P> Each class has an `` order hall '' - a place of great power linked closely to a character 's class , such as Acherus ( the hub for death knights introduced in Wrath of the Lich King ) or the Temple of Five Dawns ( the hub for monks introduced in Mists of Pandaria ) , where only members of that class can congregate . Player characters can upgrade the look and abilities of their artifact weapons in their class 's order hall and engage in missions in the Broken Isles . The player character , for lore purposes , is the leader of the class 's organization in question ( e.g. a paladin character is the Highlord of the Order of the Silver Hand ) , similar to being the commander of Alliance or Horde forces in Warlords of Draenor . The order hall locations include the sanctuary beneath Light 's Hope Chapel for paladins , a cave overlooking the Maelstrom for shamans , and an enclave on the Burning Legion portal world of Dreadscar Rift for warlocks . The order halls do not include access to the auction house or banks and only the druid and mage order halls include a mailbox . </P> <H3> Changes to existing classes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some existing classes experienced major changes . For example , hunters , who are predominantly ranged and rely on pet damage , had their three specializations changed : Survival allows them to wield melee weapons while fighting alongside their pet , Beastmaster can use multiple pets at once and Marksmanship has the option to forgo their pet in exchange for stronger ranged abilities . Warlocks ' demonology specialization no longer has the metamorphosis ability because the ability was given to demon hunters ; this warlock specialization is refocused around using multiple summoned demon minions at once . Other removals from the game included the Gladiator Stance talent for Protection Warriors , which helped that specialization do more damage at the expense of tanking ability , and the Fistweaving talent that allowed Mistweaver Monks to heal allies by dealing melee damage . All of the class changes are explained in each of Blizzard 's `` Legion Class Preview Series '' . </P> <H3> Transmogrify 2.0 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The transmogrification system , which allows players to remodel their items ' appearances , was expanded with Transmogrify 2.0 . All soulbound item appearances players have in their inventory and bank are added to the wardrobe 's user interface , similar to the transmogrification system used in Diablo III : Reaper of Souls . Additionally , all applicable gear rewards ( such as mail armor for Shaman / Hunters but not leather ) from every quest completed and treasure found are added to the player 's wardrobe . The wardrobe can be used to create outfits that can be saved to a list and set to change automatically with specialization changes . After items have been added to the wardrobe , the player does not need to keep them in their bank or inventory in order to retain the appearances in the wardrobe . </P> <P> In addition to the existing options to hide helms and cloaks from appearing on a player character , an option to hide shoulder armor was added to the expanded system in patch 7.0 . In patch 7.1 , options to hide belts , tabards and shirts were added . </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Following the defeat of Archimonde at Hellfire Citadel in an alternate timeline Draenor , the orc warlock Gul'dan was transported to the main timeline Azeroth . Gul'dan ventured upon the Vault of the Wardens , a prison used to contain dangerous beings in the Broken Isles . With the aid of the Warden - turned - traitor Cordona Felsong , Gul'dan was able to breach the vault 's defenses . Inside , he came across the body of the demon hunter Illidan Stormrage , slain during the events of The Burning Crusade . Sensing immense power within the remains , Gul'dan seized the crystalline prison and made his escape . In the ensuing chaos , the embattled wardens released Illidan 's `` Illidari '' ; his personally trained demon hunters that use demonic power , to help fight against the Burning Legion . Maiev Shadowsong , leader of the Wardens and an individual with a personal vendetta against Illidan , pursues the warlock . Gul'dan traveled to the Tomb of Sargeras , a former temple housing the demonic power of the Dark Titan Sargeras ' avatar . Flushed with demonic energy , Gul'dan was able to open a massive portal , and thereby allow the Burning Legion to invade Azeroth . </P> <P> The massive spike of energy created by the arrival of the Legion alerts Archmage Khadgar to the invasion . He travels to the throne room of Stormwind to inform King Varian Wrynn of the invasion . Demonic invasions spawn throughout Azeroth , with both the Alliance and Horde fighting to defend their lands . Khadgar begins researching ways to sever the Legion from their source of power at the Tomb of Sargeras , consulting with the newly awoken Magni Bronzebeard . Magni declares that his innate connection with the land during his slumber has allowed him to communicate with the nascent Titan slumbering within Azeroth . Only by using the five Pillars of Creation , incredibly powerful Titan artifacts , can the forces of Azeroth drive back the Legion . Khadgar teleports the Kirin Tor capital city of Dalaran to the tower of Karahzan to further his research . </P> <P> Faced with an increasing number of demonic attacks , the Alliance , Horde , and Argent Crusade prepare to launch an invasion of the Broken Isles . The Alliance and Horde both amass considerable naval , air , and ground forces in preparation for a battle at the base of the Tomb of Sargeras . The demons mislead the Alliance and Horde as to the size of the demonic army present at the Tomb , manipulating them into far underestimating the size of the demonic host . Seeing an opportunity to end the invasion before it truly begins , the two factions launch an assault on the Broken Shore . With initial headway against the demons , the heroes of Azeroth are able to secure the beach . Advancing onward , they come across remnants of the Argent Crusade , who have been annihilated by the demons ( a survivor describes this event as `` The greatest army in the world , destroyed in an instant . '' ) Gul'dan mortally wounds Tirion Fordring by summoning a massive demon to attack him , which the combined forces of the Horde and Alliance are able to defeat . The Alliance and Horde forces separated at this point , with Varian leading the Alliance forces to the base of the temple and Sylvanas Windrunner of the Forsaken leading the Horde to a ridge - line overlooking the battlefield . Upon seeing the Alliance reach the base of the portal , Gul'dan unveiled a multitude of powerful Legion commanders , many of whom the heroes of Azeroth have defeated in the past , and mocked the Alliance for their arrogance . At the same time , a massive force of demons is summoned that attacks the Horde position . Warchief Vol'jin is grievously wounded by the Legion ; seeing that the battle was lost , Sylvanas and her Val'kyr evacuated the remaining Horde forces . Varian and the Alliance , unaware of the dire situation , believe that the Horde had abandoned them , and not that the battle was already lost . Varian ordered a gunship to evacuate the surviving forces , but as the vessel prepared to leave , Gul'dan summoned a massive fel reaver to impede the escape . Seeing that the ship could not break free from the grip of the massive weapon , Varian released his hold from the rope ladder , and plummeted toward the fel reaver , his sword Shalamayne poised to strike . After destroying the reaver and battling toward the seemingly endless Legion forces , he 's crippled in the fight , and dragged before Gul'dan . After the warlock taunts Wrynn 's foolishness , Varian 's reply infuriates the orc , who then kills him . Having taken heavy casualties , the Alliance and Horde forces retreat to their respective capitals . Mortally wounded , Vol'jin passes the mantle of Warchief to Sylvanas before succumbing . Sylvanas rallies the Horde around her , asking who of those gathered will help her avenge their former leader . </P> <P> With both the Alliance and Horde devastated by the battle at the Broken Shore , a new source of power is required to fend off the Legion invasion . The player , together with the shunned demon hunters , must learn to master artifact weapons and the Pillars Of Creation that hold the power to stop the Legion 's invasion . </P> <P> The player characters cleanse the Emerald Dream of the Nightmare , ending the corruption of the world tree by Xavius and further empowering their artifact weapons . During the events of Legion , two characters that were thought to have been lost , Alleria and Turalyon make an appearance in a message from the Army of The Light , showing that another group is fighting against the Legion . The players enter into Helheim to kill Helya , to free Odyn from her curse and to free Illidan 's soul from her control . In Suramar , the players aid the Nightfallen , a sect of Nightborne who were been cast out from the Nightwell and are sick due to suffering from magic addiction . The players satiate these addictions by planting the arcan'dor , a tree that produces a fruit that negates the addiction . The Nightfallen help the players invade the Nighthold and stop the Nightborne from further helping the Legion . The players fight their way to the Nightwell to put Illidan 's soul back in his body and to kill Gul'dan before he could put Sargeras ' soul in Illidan . </P> <P> While the Alliance and Horde celebrate their victory , the Burning Legion brings many ships to the Broken Shore to start the full invasion of Azeroth . The class hall orders establish a foothold on the Broken Shore while facing heavy resistance . After fighting back the invasion forces , the players enter the Tomb of Sargeras to end the Legion 's presence on Azeroth . The players find Kil'jaeden and slay him on his ship flying over Argus , home of the Burning Legion , that causes the ship to explode . Illidan uses the Sargerite Keystone to open a rift between Argus and Azeroth in order to escape the ship , which ends up leaving Argus nearby Azeroth , setting the stage for the players to invade Argus . </P> <H2> Setting ( edit ) </H2> <P> The expansion begins approximately two years after the events of Warlords of Draenor and takes place in the Broken Isles , an island chain near the Maelstrom in the middle of the Great Sea . Originally part of the former supercontinent of Kalimdor , the isles were sent to the bottom of the Great Sea after the Sundering ten thousand years earlier , and used by Aegwynn , the Guardian of Tirisfal , to imprison the corpse of the avatar of Sargeras , the dark titan and leader of the Burning Legion . During the events of Warcraft II : Tides of Darkness , the warlock Gul'dan raised the islands from the sea floor in search of the tomb ; Illidan later explored the tomb in Warcraft III : The Frozen Throne . The Demon Hunter 's first experiences are portrayed in the novel World of Warcraft : Illidan . </P> <H3> Broken Isles ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are six zones in the Broken Isles : Azsuna , the Broken Shore , Highmountain , Stormheim , Suramar and Val'sharah . The city of Dalaran , which served as the neutral capital city in Northrend during Wrath of the Lich King , is relocated to the southern part of the Broken Isles to provide a base for the Alliance and Horde forces to fight against the Legion and its other enemies . </P> <H3> Argus ( edit ) </H3> <P> In patch 7.3 , the players invade Argus that is the homeworld of the Legion . It has three zones : Krokuun , Antoran Wastes and Mac'Aree . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> Legion entered alpha testing in late November 2015 . The beta test for the game began on May 12 , 2016 . The game was released for Microsoft Windows and OS X on August 30 , 2016 . Legion has the most voice acting of any Warcraft expansion to date . </P> <P> Players who purchase the game will receive one level 100 boost to apply to a character and players who pre-ordered the game receive early access starting on August 9 to the demon hunter class before the official release . On July 19 , 2016 , patch 7.0. 3 introduced all the game system changes , which included the class , transmogrify and item stat changes . </P> <P> On August 9 , 2016 ( August 10 in the EU ) in the weeks before Legion 's release , the Burning Legion began its invasion of Azeroth , allowing all player adventurers to defend their world and includes the Broken Shore event -- the epicenter of the demonic invasion . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Reception </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aggregator </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Metacritic </Td> <Td> 88 / 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication </Th> <Th> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> GameSpot </Td> <Td> 9 / 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> IGN </Td> <Td> 9.1 / 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> PC Gamer ( US ) </Td> <Td> 90 / 100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Polygon </Td> <Td> 9.5 / 10 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Legion was acclaimed , scoring a 88 on Metacritic . During the first week of the game 's launch , the number of concurrent players reached its highest point since the 2010 launch of the Cataclysm expansion . IGN praised the expansion stating that , `` Legion shows World of Warcraft finding its footing again and asserting its relevance after more than a decade . '' Gamespot praised the new zones , world quests , dungeon design , and closed by stating , `` Blizzard has proven it can still craft an MMO experience as well as -- if not better -- than anyone else . '' Polygon praised the quality of life enhancements the expansion brought to the game , as well as stating that the classic questing and raiding system `` is as good as it 's ever been . '' </P> <H3> Sales ( edit ) </H3> <P> The expansion set sold 3.3 million copies by its official release date of August 30 , 2016 , matching the previous expansion sales record held by Cataclysm . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> The Game Awards 2016 </Td> <Td> Best Role Playing Game </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Game Informer Best of 2016 Awards </Td> <Td> Best PC Exclusive </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best MMO </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 Hollywood Music in Media Awards </Td> <Td> Best Original Score - Video Game </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Karmali , Luke ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Gamescom 2015 : World of Warcraft : Legion Announced '' . IGN . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Legion Returns August 30 - World of Warcraft '' . April 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` WoW : Legion details at Gamescom : Interview with Tom Chilton & Ion Hazzikostas - Icy Veins Forums '' . Icy Veins . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World of Warcraft patch 7.3 will take players to Argus Blizzard Watch , November 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Legion Summit - Dev Interviews '' . MMO - Champion . June 10 , 2016 . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gearing up for Legion PvP '' . Blizzard . May 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blizzard Details World of Warcraft : Legion PvP Overhaul '' . December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` List of Artifact Traits and Possible Fishing Artifact '' . Wowhead . November 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Perculia ( July 28 , 2015 ) . `` Legion Artifacts : What We Know - Wowhead News '' . Wowhead . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ King , William ( April 12 , 2016 ) . Illidan : World of Warcraft . Del Rey Books . ISBN 9780399177569 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Demon Hunter - Game Guide - World of Warcraft '' . Blizzard . November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Perculia . `` Demon Hunters : What We Know - Wowhead News '' . Wowhead.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MMO - Champion - Timewalking Reward Costs , Accolade Trinkets and PvP Gearing , Tweets , Wildstar F2P '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' World of Warcraft : Legion ' First Impressions -- AiPT ! '' . Adventuresinpoortaste.com . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Legion MM Hunter to get pet back as baseline - Forums - World of Warcraft '' . March 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RIP Fistweaving & Gladiator Stance - Forums - World of Warcraft '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Legion Class Preview Series -- Overview - WoW '' . Blizzard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BlizzCon 2015 : New Legion Transmog System , Wardrobe , Outfits , New Transmog Slots '' . November 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World of Warcraft Cinematic Teaser '' . YouTube . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World of Warcraft : Legion -- Feature Overview '' . YouTube . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World of Warcraft 's Legion alpha is now live '' . Blizzard Watch . November 23 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Legion Dev Update Liveblog with Jesse Cox and Ion Hazzikostas - Beta Starts May 12th ! '' . Wowhead . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chalk , Andy ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` World of Warcraft : Legion will arrive in August '' . PC Gamer . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BlizzCon 2015 Legion Q&A Blizzard at timestamp 55 : 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World of Warcraft : Legion Revealed - MMO - Champion BlueTracker '' . Blue.mmo-champion.com . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Legion pre-expansion patch 7.0 arrives on Tuesday , July 19th Blizzard Watch . Retrieved July 15 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Legion Pre-Expansion Patch Is Nearly Here Blizzard . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World of Warcraft : Legion for PC reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World of Warcraft : Legion Review '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Leif ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` World of Warcraft : Legion Review '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World of Warcraft : Legion review '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kollar , Philip ( October 28 , 2016 ) . `` World of Warcraft : Legion review '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chaud ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Legion - 3.3 Million Copies Sold , Patch 7.0. 3 Hotfixes - September 7 , Blue Tweets '' . MMO - Champion . Retrieved September 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Game Informer Best of 2016 Awards '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 HMMA Music in Visual Media nominations '' . Retrieved January 6 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website ( US ) </Li> <Li> Official website ( EU ) </Li> <Li> World of Warcraft : Legion on Wowpedia , a Warcraft wiki </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Warcraft </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Warcraft </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Orcs & Humans </Li> <Li> II : Tides of Darkness <Ul> <Li> Beyond the Dark Portal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Adventures : Lord of the Clans </Li> <Li> III : Reign of Chaos <Ul> <Li> The Frozen Throne </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Hearthstone <Ul> <Li> gameplay </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World of Warcraft </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> World of Warcraft <Ul> <Li> gameplay </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Burning Crusade </Li> <Li> Wrath of the Lich King </Li> <Li> Cataclysm </Li> <Li> Mists of Pandaria </Li> <Li> Warlords of Draenor </Li> <Li> Legion </Li> <Li> Battle for Azeroth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tabletop games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Board Game </Li> <Li> The Roleplaying Game </Li> <Li> World of Warcraft : The Board Game </Li> <Li> World of Warcraft Trading Card Game </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Of Blood and Honor </Li> <Li> Day of the Dragon </Li> <Li> Lord of the Clans </Li> <Li> The Last Guardian </Li> <Li> War of the Ancients Trilogy </Li> <Li> Rise of the Horde </Li> <Li> Tides of Darkness </Li> <Li> Beyond the Dark Portal </Li> <Li> Arthas : Rise of the Lich King </Li> <Li> Illidan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Graphic novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Sunwell Trilogy </Li> <Li> World of Warcraft </Li> <Li> Legends </Li> <Li> Dragons of Outland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other licensed media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Azeroth Choppers </Li> <Li> Heroes of the Storm </Li> <Li> Film <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Universe </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arthas Menethil </Li> <Li> Illidan Stormrage </Li> <Li> Jaina Proudmoore </Li> <Li> Sylvanas Windrunner </Li> <Li> Tyrande Whisperwind </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Creatures </Li> <Li> Locations </Li> <Li> Races and factions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Professional Warcraft III competition <Ul> <Li> Korean </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Defense of the Ancients </Li> <Li> Corrupted Blood incident </Li> <Li> Leeroy Jenkins </Li> <Li> `` Make Love , Not Warcraft '' </Li> <Li> Glider </Li> <Li> Nostalrius </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Editing </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> JASS </Li> <Li> MDX ( file format ) </Li> <Li> MPQ ( file format ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Websites </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wowhead </Li> <Li> WoWWiki </Li> <Li> Thottbot </Li> <Li> Allakhazam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_of_Warcraft:_Legion&oldid=809347642 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Blizzard games </Li> <Li> Massively multiplayer online role - playing games </Li> <Li> MacOS games </Li> <Li> 2016 video games </Li> <Li> Video game expansion packs </Li> <Li> Warcraft games </Li> <Li> Windows games </Li> <Li> World of Warcraft </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Use American English from June 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in American English </Li> <Li> Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters </Li> <Li> Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images </Li> <Li> Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 November 2017 , at 15 : 26 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Marine life - wikipedia <H1> Marine life </H1> Jump to : navigation , search General characteristics of a large marine ecosystem ( Gulf of Alaska ) Killer whales ( orca ) are marine apex predators . They hunt practically anything , including tuna , smaller sharks and seals . However , the oceans are alive with less obvious , but equally important forms of marine life , such as bacteria . <P> Marine life , or sea life or ocean life , refers to the plants , animals and other organisms that live in the salt water of the sea or ocean , or the brackish water of coastal estuaries . At a fundamental level , marine life helps determine the very nature of our planet . Marine organisms produce much of the oxygen we breathe . Shorelines are in part shaped and protected by marine life , and some marine organisms even help create new land . </P> <P> Most life forms evolved initially in marine habitats . Oceans provide about 99 percent of the living space on the planet . The earliest vertebrates appeared in the form of fish , which live exclusively in water . Some of these evolved into amphibians which spend portions of their lives in water and portions on land . Other fish evolved into land mammals and subsequently returned to the ocean as seals , dolphins or whales . Plant forms such as kelp and algae grow in the water and are the basis for some underwater ecosystems . Plankton , and particularly phytoplankton , are key primary producers forming the general foundation of the ocean food chain . </P> <P> Marine vertebrates must obtain oxygen to survive , and they do so in various ways . Fish have gills instead of lungs , although some species of fish , such as the lungfish , have both . Marine mammals , such as dolphins , whales , otters , and seals need to surface periodically to breathe air . Some amphibians are able to absorb oxygen through their skin . Invertebrates exhibit a wide range of modifications to survive in poorly oxygenated waters including breathing tubes ( see insect and mollusc siphons ) and gills ( Carcinus ) . However , as invertebrate life evolved in an aquatic habitat most have little or no specialisation for respiration in water . </P> <P> Altogether there are 230,000 documented marine species , including over 16,000 species of fish , and it has been estimated that nearly two million marine species are yet to be documented . Marine species range in size from the microscopic , including plankton and phytoplankton which can be as small as 0.02 micrometres , to huge cetaceans ( whales , dolphins and porpoises ) which in the case of the blue whale reach up to 33 metres ( 109 feet ) in length , being the largest known animal . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Water </Li> <Li> 2 Evolution </Li> <Li> 3 Marine microorganisms <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Marine viruses </Li> <Li> 3.2 Marine bacteria </Li> <Li> 3.3 Marine archaea </Li> <Li> 3.4 Marine protists </Li> <Li> 3.5 Other </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Marine algae and plants </Li> <Li> 5 Marine fungi </Li> <Li> 6 Invertebrates <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Marine sponges </Li> <Li> 6.2 Marine cnidarians </Li> <Li> 6.3 Marine worms </Li> <Li> 6.4 Echinoderms </Li> <Li> 6.5 Marine molluscs </Li> <Li> 6.6 Marine arthropods </Li> <Li> 6.7 Others </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Vertebrates <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Fish <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Jawless fish </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Cartilaginous </Li> <Li> 7.1. 3 Bony </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Marine tetrapods <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Amphibians </Li> <Li> 7.2. 2 Reptiles </Li> <Li> 7.2. 3 Birds </Li> <Li> 7.2. 4 Mammals </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Plankton </Li> <Li> 9 Land interactions </Li> <Li> 10 Biogeochemical cycles </Li> <Li> 11 Biodiversity and extinction events </Li> <Li> 12 Marine biology </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 Notes </Li> <Li> 15 References </Li> <Li> 16 Further references </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Water ( edit ) </H2> Elevation histogram of Earth 's surface Main article : Hydrosphere <P> There is no life without water , which has been characterised as the `` solvent of life '' . The Nobel prize winner Albert Szent - Györgyi referred to water as the mater und matrix , the mother and womb of life . </P> <P> The abundance of water on earth 's surface is a unique feature that distinguishes earth from other planets in the Solar System . Earth 's hydrosphere consists chiefly of the oceans , but technically includes all water surfaces in the world , including inland seas , lakes , rivers , and underground waters down to a depth of 2,000 m . The deepest underwater location is Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench in the Pacific Ocean with a depth of 10,911.4 m . </P> <P> The mass of the oceans is approximately 1.35 × 10 metric tons , or about 1 / 4400 of Earth 's total mass . The oceans cover an area of 7014361800000000000 ♠ 3.618 × 10 km with a mean depth of 7003368200000000000 ♠ 3682 m , resulting in an estimated volume of 7018133200000000000 ♠ 1.332 × 10 km . If all of Earth 's crustal surface was at the same elevation as a smooth sphere , the depth of the resulting world ocean would be 2.7 to 2.8 km . </P> <P> About 97.5 % of the water is saline ; the remaining 2.5 % is fresh water . Most fresh water , about 68.7 % , is present as ice in ice caps and glaciers . The average salinity of Earth 's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water ( 3.5 % salt ) . Most of this salt was released from volcanic activity or extracted from cool igneous rocks . The oceans are also a reservoir of dissolved atmospheric gases , which are essential for the survival of many aquatic life forms . Sea water has an important influence on the world 's climate , with the oceans acting as a large heat reservoir . Shifts in the oceanic temperature distribution can cause significant weather shifts , such as the El Niño - Southern Oscillation . </P> <H2> Evolution ( edit ) </H2> Life timeline view discuss edit - 4500 -- -- - 4000 -- -- - 3500 -- -- - 3000 -- -- - 2500 -- -- - 2000 -- -- - 1500 -- -- - 1000 -- -- - 500 -- -- 0 -- water Single - celled life photosynthesis Eukaryotes Multicellular life Land life Dinosaurs Mammals Flowers ← Earliest Earth ( − 4540 ) ← Earliest water ← Earliest life ← LHB meteorites ← Earliest oxygen ← Atmospheric oxygen ← Oxygen crisis ← Earliest sexual reproduction ← Ediacara biota ← Cambrian explosion ← Earliest humans h n r o z o i r o r o z o i r h n d n Pongola Huronian Cryogenian Andean Karoo Quaternary Axis scale : millions of years ago . Orange labels : ice ages . Also see : Human timeline and Nature timeline Further information : Evolutionary history of life and Timeline of evolutionary history of life <P> The Earth is about 4.54 billion years old . The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates from at least 3.5 billion years ago , during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon . Microbial mat fossils have been found in 3.48 billion - year - old sandstone in Western Australia . Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion - year - old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland as well as `` remains of biotic life '' found in 4.1 billion - year - old rocks in Western Australia . According to one of the researchers , `` If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe . '' </P> <P> All organisms on Earth are descended from a common ancestor or ancestral gene pool . Highly energetic chemistry is thought to have produced a self - replicating molecule around 4 billion years ago , and half a billion years later the last common ancestor of all life existed . The current scientific consensus is that the complex biochemistry that makes up life came from simpler chemical reactions . The beginning of life may have included self - replicating molecules such as RNA and the assembly of simple cells . </P> <P> Current species are a stage in the process of evolution , with their diversity the product of a long series of speciation and extinction events . The common descent of organisms was first deduced from four simple facts about organisms : First , they have geographic distributions that can not be explained by local adaptation . Second , the diversity of life is not a set of completely unique organisms , but organisms that share morphological similarities . Third , vestigial traits with no clear purpose resemble functional ancestral traits and finally , that organisms can be classified using these similarities into a hierarchy of nested groups -- similar to a family tree . However , modern research has suggested that , due to horizontal gene transfer , this `` tree of life '' may be more complicated than a simple branching tree since some genes have spread independently between distantly related species . </P> <P> Past species have also left records of their evolutionary history . Fossils , along with the comparative anatomy of present - day organisms , constitute the morphological , or anatomical , record . By comparing the anatomies of both modern and extinct species , paleontologists can infer the lineages of those species . However , this approach is most successful for organisms that had hard body parts , such as shells , bones or teeth . Further , as prokaryotes such as bacteria and archaea share a limited set of common morphologies , their fossils do not provide information on their ancestry . </P> Evolutionary tree showing the divergence of modern species from their common ancestor in the centre . The three domains are coloured , with bacteria blue , archaea green and eukaryotes red . <P> More recently , evidence for common descent has come from the study of biochemical similarities between organisms . For example , all living cells use the same basic set of nucleotides and amino acids . The development of molecular genetics has revealed the record of evolution left in organisms ' genomes : dating when species diverged through the molecular clock produced by mutations . For example , these DNA sequence comparisons have revealed that humans and chimpanzees share 98 % of their genomes and analysing the few areas where they differ helps shed light on when the common ancestor of these species existed . </P> <P> Prokaryotes inhabited the Earth from approximately 3 -- 4 billion years ago . No obvious changes in morphology or cellular organisation occurred in these organisms over the next few billion years . The eukaryotic cells emerged between 1.6 -- 2.7 billion years ago . The next major change in cell structure came when bacteria were engulfed by eukaryotic cells , in a cooperative association called endosymbiosis . The engulfed bacteria and the host cell then underwent coevolution , with the bacteria evolving into either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes . Another engulfment of cyanobacterial - like organisms led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants . </P> Phylogenetic and symbiogenetic tree of living organisms , showing the origins of eukaryotes and prokaryotes <P> The history of life was that of the unicellular eukaryotes , prokaryotes and archaea until about 610 million years ago when multicellular organisms began to appear in the oceans in the Ediacaran period . The evolution of multicellularity occurred in multiple independent events , in organisms as diverse as sponges , brown algae , cyanobacteria , slime moulds and myxobacteria . In January 2016 , scientists reported that , about 800 million years ago , a minor genetic change in a single molecule called GK - PID may have allowed organisms to go from a single cell organism to one of many cells . </P> <P> Soon after the emergence of these first multicellular organisms , a remarkable amount of biological diversity appeared over approximately 10 million years , in an event called the Cambrian explosion . Here , the majority of types of modern animals appeared in the fossil record , as well as unique lineages that subsequently became extinct . Various triggers for the Cambrian explosion have been proposed , including the accumulation of oxygen in the atmosphere from photosynthesis . </P> <P> About 500 million years ago , plants and fungi started colonising the land . Evidence for the appearance of the first land plants occurs in the Ordovician , around 450 million years ago , in the form of fossil spores . Land plants began to diversify in the Late Silurian , from around 430 million years ago . The colonisation of the land by plants was soon followed by arthropods and other animals . Insects were particularly successful and even today make up the majority of animal species . Amphibians first appeared around 364 million years ago , followed by early amniotes and birds around 155 million years ago ( both from `` reptile '' - like lineages ) , mammals around 129 million years ago , homininae around 10 million years ago and modern humans around 250,000 years ago . However , despite the evolution of these large animals , smaller organisms similar to the types that evolved early in this process continue to be highly successful and dominate the Earth , with the majority of both biomass and species being prokaryotes . </P> <P> Estimates on the number of Earth 's current species range from 10 million to 14 million , of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86 percent have not yet been described . </P> <H2> Marine microorganisms ( edit ) </H2> microbial mats Microbial mats are the earliest form of life on Earth for which there is good fossil evidence . The image shows a cyanobacterial - algal mat . Stromatolites are formed from microbial mats as microbes slowly move upwards to avoid being smothered by sediment . Main article : Marine microorganism See also : Evolution of cells <P> Microorganisms constitute more than 90 % of the marine biomass . A microorganism ( or microbe ) is a microscopic living organism , which may be single - celled or multicellular . Microorganisms are very diverse and include all bacteria , archaea and most protozoa . This group also contains some species of fungi , algae , and certain microscopic animals , such as rotifers . </P> <P> Many macroscopic animals and plants have microscopic juvenile stages . Some microbiologists also classify viruses ( and viroids ) as microorganisms , but others consider these as nonliving . In July 2016 , scientists reported identifying a set of 355 genes from the last universal common ancestor ( LUCA ) of all life , including microorganisms , living on Earth . </P> Marine microbial loop <P> Microorganisms are crucial to nutrient recycling in ecosystems as they act as decomposers . A small proportion of microorganisms are pathogenic , causing disease and even death in plants and animals . As inhabitants of the largest environment on Earth , microbial marine systems drive changes in every global system . Microbes are responsible for virtually all the photosynthesis that occurs in the ocean , as well as the cycling of carbon , nitrogen , phosphorus and other nutrients and trace elements . </P> <P> Microscopic life undersea is incredibly diverse and still poorly understood . For example , the role of viruses in marine ecosystems is barely being explored even in the beginning of the 21st century . </P> <P> A teaspoon of seawater contains about one million viruses . Most of these are bacteriophages , which are harmless to plants and animals , and are in fact essential to the regulation of saltwater and freshwater ecosystems . They infect and destroy bacteria in aquatic microbial communities , and are the most important mechanism of recycling carbon in the marine environment . The organic molecules released from the dead bacterial cells stimulate fresh bacterial and algal growth . Viral activity may also contribute to the biological pump , the process whereby carbon is sequestered in the deep ocean . </P> <P> Marine bacteriophages are viruses that live as obligate parasitic agents in marine bacteria such as cyanobacteria . Their existence was discovered through electron microscopy and epifluorescence microscopy of ecological water samples , and later through metagenomic sampling of uncultured viral samples . The tailed bacteriophages appear to dominate marine ecosystems in number and diversity of organisms . However , viruses belonging to families Corticoviridae , Inoviridae and Microviridae are also known to infect diverse marine bacteria . Metagenomic evidence suggests that microviruses ( icosahedral ssDNA phages ) are particularly prevalent in marine habitats . </P> <P> Bacteriophages , viruses that are parasitic on bacteria , were first discovered in the early twentieth century . Scientists today consider that their importance in ecosystems , particularly marine ecosystems , has been underestimated , leading to these infectious agents being poorly investigated and their numbers and species biodiversity being greatly under reported . </P> <P> Microscopic organisms live in every part of the biosphere . The mass of prokaryote microorganisms -- which includes bacteria and archaea , but not the nucleated eukaryote microorganisms -- may be as much as 0.8 trillion tons of carbon ( of the total biosphere mass , estimated at between 1 and 4 trillion tons ) . Barophilic marine microbes have been found at more than a depth of 10,000 m ( 33,000 ft ; 6.2 mi ) in the Mariana Trench , the deepest spot in the Earth 's oceans . In fact , single - celled life forms have been found in the deepest part of the Mariana Trench , by the Challenger Deep , at depths of 11,034 m ( 36,201 ft ; 6.856 mi ) . Other researchers reported related studies that microorganisms thrive inside rocks up to 580 m ( 1,900 ft ; 0.36 mi ) below the sea floor under 2,590 m ( 8,500 ft ; 1.61 mi ) of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States , as well as 2,400 m ( 7,900 ft ; 1.5 mi ) beneath the seabed off Japan . The greatest known temperature at which microbial life can exist is 122 ° C ( 252 ° F ) ( Methanopyrus kandleri ) . On 20 August 2014 , scientists confirmed the existence of microorganisms living 800 m ( 2,600 ft ; 0.50 mi ) below the ice of Antarctica . According to one researcher , `` You can find microbes everywhere -- they 're extremely adaptable to conditions , and survive wherever they are . '' </P> <H3> Marine viruses ( edit ) </H3> Transmission electron micrograph of multiple bacteriophages attached to a bacterial cell wall See also : Marine bacteriophage and Viral evolution <P> A virus is a small infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of other organisms . Viruses can infect all types of life forms , from animals and plants to microorganisms , including bacteria and archaea . </P> <P> When not inside an infected cell or in the process of infecting a cell , viruses exist in the form of independent particles . These viral particles , also known as virions , consist of two or three parts : ( i ) the genetic material made from either DNA or RNA , long molecules that carry genetic information ; ( ii ) a protein coat , called the capsid , which surrounds and protects the genetic material ; and in some cases ( iii ) an envelope of lipids that surrounds the protein coat when they are outside a cell . The shapes of these virus particles range from simple helical and icosahedral forms for some virus species to more complex structures for others . Most virus species have virions that are too small to be seen with an optical microscope . The average virion is about one one - hundredth the size of the average bacterium . </P> <P> The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear : some may have evolved from plasmids -- pieces of DNA that can move between cells -- while others may have evolved from bacteria . In evolution , viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer , which increases genetic diversity . Viruses are considered by some to be a life form , because they carry genetic material , reproduce , and evolve through natural selection . However they lack key characteristics ( such as cell structure ) that are generally considered necessary to count as life . Because they possess some but not all such qualities , viruses have been described as `` organisms at the edge of life '' and as replicators . </P> <P> Viruses are found wherever there is life and have probably existed since living cells first evolved . The origin of viruses is unclear because they do not form fossils , so molecular techniques have been used to compare the DNA or RNA of viruses and are a useful means of investigating how they arose . </P> <P> Viruses are now recognised as ancient and as having origins that pre-date the divergence of life into the three domains . </P> <P> Opinions differ on whether viruses are a form of life , or organic structures that interact with living organisms . They have been described as `` organisms at the edge of life '' , since they resemble organisms in that they possess genes , evolve by natural selection , and reproduce by creating multiple copies of themselves through self - assembly . Although they have genes , they do not have a cellular structure , which is often seen as the basic unit of life . Viruses do not have their own metabolism , and require a host cell to make new products . They therefore can not naturally reproduce outside a host cell . </P> <P> Bacterial viruses , called bacteriophages , are a common and diverse group of viruses and are the most abundant form of biological entity in aquatic environments -- there are up to ten times more of these viruses in the oceans than there are bacteria , reaching levels of 250,000,000 bacteriophages per millilitre of seawater . </P> <P> There are also archaean viruses which replicate within archaea : these are double - stranded DNA viruses with unusual and sometimes unique shapes . These viruses have been studied in most detail in the thermophilic archaea , particularly the orders Sulfolobales and Thermoproteales . </P> <P> A teaspoon of seawater contains about one million viruses . Most of these are bacteriophages , which are harmless to plants and animals , and are in fact essential to the regulation of saltwater and freshwater ecosystems . They infect and destroy bacteria in aquatic microbial communities , and are the most important mechanism of recycling carbon in the marine environment . The organic molecules released from the dead bacterial cells stimulate fresh bacterial and algal growth . Viral activity may also contribute to the biological pump , the process whereby carbon is sequestered in the deep ocean . </P> <P> Microorganisms constitute more than 90 % of the biomass in the sea . It is estimated that viruses kill approximately 20 % of this biomass each day and that there are 15 times as many viruses in the oceans as there are bacteria and archaea . Viruses are the main agents responsible for the rapid destruction of harmful algal blooms , which often kill other marine life . The number of viruses in the oceans decreases further offshore and deeper into the water , where there are fewer host organisms . </P> <P> Viruses are an important natural means of transferring genes between different species , which increases genetic diversity and drives evolution . It is thought that viruses played a central role in the early evolution , before the diversification of bacteria , archaea and eukaryotes , at the time of the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth . Viruses are still one of the largest reservoirs of unexplored genetic diversity on Earth . </P> <H3> Marine bacteria ( edit ) </H3> Vibrio vulnificus , a virulent bacterium found in estuaries and along coastal areas See also : Bacterioplankton <P> Bacteria constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms . Typically a few micrometres in length , bacteria have a number of shapes , ranging from spheres to rods and spirals . Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth , and are present in most of its habitats . Bacteria inhabit soil , water , acidic hot springs , radioactive waste , and the deep portions of Earth 's crust . Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals . </P> <P> Once regarded as plants constituting the class Schizomycetes , bacteria are now classified as prokaryotes . Unlike cells of animals and other eukaryotes , bacterial cells do not contain a nucleus and rarely harbour membrane - bound organelles . Although the term bacteria traditionally included all prokaryotes , the scientific classification changed after the discovery in the 1990s that prokaryotes consist of two very different groups of organisms that evolved from an ancient common ancestor . These evolutionary domains are called Bacteria and Archaea . </P> <P> The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth , about 4 billion years ago . For about 3 billion years , most organisms were microscopic , and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life . Although bacterial fossils exist , such as stromatolites , their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution , or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species . However , gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny , and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal / eukaryotic lineage . Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence , that of the archaea and eukaryotes . Here , eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells , which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea . This involved the engulfment by proto - eukaryotic cells of alphaproteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes , which are still found in all known Eukarya . Later on , some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial - like organisms . This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants . There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events . Here , eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a `` second - generation '' plastid . This is known as secondary endosymbiosis . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> The marine Thiomargarita namibiensis , largest known bacterium </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Cyanobacteria blooms can contain lethal cyanotoxins </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The chloroplasts of glaucophytes have a peptidoglycan layer , evidence suggesting their endosymbiotic origin from cyanobacteria . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Bacteria can be beneficial . This Pompeii worm , an extremophile found only at hydrothermal vents , has a protective cover of bacteria . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> The largest known bacterium , the marine Thiomargarita namibiensis , can be visible to the naked eye and sometimes attains 0.75 mm ( 750 μm ) . </P> <H3> Marine archaea ( edit ) </H3> Archaea were initially viewed as extremophiles living in harsh environments , such as the yellow archaea pictured here in a hot spring , but they have since been found in a much broader range of habitats . <P> The archaea ( Greek for ancient ) constitute a domain and kingdom of single - celled microorganisms . These microbes are prokaryotes , meaning they have no cell nucleus or any other membrane - bound organelles in their cells . </P> <P> Archaea were initially classified as bacteria , but this classification is outdated . Archaeal cells have unique properties separating them from the other two domains of life , Bacteria and Eukaryota . The Archaea are further divided into multiple recognized phyla . Classification is difficult because the majority have not been isolated in the laboratory and have only been detected by analysis of their nucleic acids in samples from their environment . </P> <P> Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size and shape , although a few archaea have very strange shapes , such as the flat and square - shaped cells of Haloquadratum walsbyi . Despite this morphological similarity to bacteria , archaea possess genes and several metabolic pathways that are more closely related to those of eukaryotes , notably the enzymes involved in transcription and translation . Other aspects of archaeal biochemistry are unique , such as their reliance on ether lipids in their cell membranes , such as archaeols . Archaea use more energy sources than eukaryotes : these range from organic compounds , such as sugars , to ammonia , metal ions or even hydrogen gas . Salt - tolerant archaea ( the Haloarchaea ) use sunlight as an energy source , and other species of archaea fix carbon ; however , unlike plants and cyanobacteria , no known species of archaea does both . Archaea reproduce asexually by binary fission , fragmentation , or budding ; unlike bacteria and eukaryotes , no known species forms spores . </P> <P> Archaea are particularly numerous in the oceans , and the archaea in plankton may be one of the most abundant groups of organisms on the planet . Archaea are a major part of Earth 's life and may play roles in both the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Halobacteria , found in water saturated or nearly saturated with salt , are now recognized as being archaea . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The flat and square - shaped cells of the archaea Haloquadratum walsbyi </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Crystal structure of prefoldin from the heat - loving marine archaea Pyrococcus horikoshii </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Methanosarcina barkeri , a marine archaea that produces methane </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Marine protists ( edit ) </H3> <P> Of eukaryotic groups , the protists are most commonly unicellular and microscopic . This is a highly diverse group of organisms that are not easy to classify . Several algae species are multicellular protists , and there are marine slime molds have unique life cycles that involve switching between unicellular , colonial , and multicellular forms . The number of species of protists is unknown since we may have identified only a small portion . Studies from 2001 - 2004 have shown that a high degree of protist diversity exists in oceans , deep sea - vents , river sediment and an acidic river which suggests that a large number of eukaryotic microbial communities have yet to be discovered . </P> <H3> Other ( edit ) </H3> See also : Microphyte <P> ( Some microscopic algae , fungi and juvenile animals ) </P> <H2> Marine algae and plants ( edit ) </H2> Mangroves Main articles : Algae and Marine plants See also : Evolutionary history of plants , Plant evolution , Timeline of plant evolution , and Evolution of photosynthesis <P> Microscopic algae and plants provide important habitats for life , sometimes acting as hiding and foraging places for larval forms of larger fish and invertebrates . Algal life is widespread and very diverse under the ocean . Microscopic photosynthetic algae contribute a larger proportion of the world 's photosynthetic output than all the terrestrial forests combined . Most of the niche occupied by sub plants on land is actually occupied by macroscopic algae in the ocean , such as Sargassum and kelp , which are commonly known as seaweeds that create kelp forests . </P> <P> Plants that survive in the sea are often found in shallow waters , such as the seagrasses ( examples of which are eelgrass , Zostera , and turtle grass , Thalassia ) . These plants have adapted to the high salinity of the ocean environment . The intertidal zone is also a good place to find plant life in the sea , where mangroves or cordgrass or beach grass might grow . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Phytoplankton </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Volvox is a microscopic green freshwater alga with spherical symmetry . Young colonies can be seen inside the larger ones . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Seagrass meadow </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Kelp forest </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Marine fungi ( edit ) </H2> Marine Ascomycete fungus Lichen on a rock in a marine splash zone . Lichens are mutualistic associations between a fungus and an alga or cyanobacterium . Main article : Marine fungi See also : Evolution of fungi <P> Over 1500 species of fungi are known from marine environments . These are parasitic on marine algae or animals , or are saprobes on algae , corals , protozoan cysts , sea grasses , wood and other substrata , and can also be found in sea foam . Spores of many species have special appendages which facilitate attachment to the substratum . A very diverse range of unusual secondary metabolites is produced by marine fungi . </P> <P> Mycoplankton are saprotropic members of the plankton communities of marine and freshwater ecosystems . They are composed of filamentous free - living fungi and yeasts that are associated with planktonic particles or phytoplankton . Similar to bacterioplankton , these aquatic fungi play a significant role in heterotrophic mineralization and nutrient cycling . Mycoplankton can be up to 20 mm in diameter and over 50 mm in length . </P> <P> In a typical milliliter of seawater , there are approximately 10 to 10 fungal cells . This number is greater in coastal ecosystems and estuaries due to nutritional runoff from terrestrial communities . The greatest diversity and number of species of mycoplankton is found in surface waters ( < 1000 m ) , and the vertical profile depends on the abundance of phytoplankton . Furthermore , this difference in distribution may vary between seasons due to nutrient availability . Marine fungi survive in a constant oxygen deficient environment , and therefore depend on oxygen diffusion by turbulence and oxygen generated by photosynthetic organisms . </P> <P> Marine fungi can be classified as : </P> <Ul> <Li> Lower fungi - adapted to marine habitats ( zoosporic fungi , including mastigomycetes : oomycetes and chytridiomycetes ) </Li> <Li> Higher fungi - filamentous , modified to planktonic lifestyle ( hyphomycetes , ascomycetes , basidiomycetes ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Most mycoplankton species are higher fungi . </P> <P> Lichens are mutualistic associations between a fungus , usually an ascomycete , and an alga or a cyanobacterium . Several lichens are found in marine environments . Many more occur in the splash zone , where they occupy different vertical zones depending on how tolerant they are to submersion . Fossil marine lichens 600 million years old have been discovered in the late Neoproterozoic marine phosphate rocks in the sedimentary , fossil - rich Doushantuo Formation in China . </P> <P> According to fossil records , fungi date back to the late Proterozoic era 900 - 570 million years ago . It has been hypothesized that mycoplankton evolved from terrestrial fungi , likely in the Paleozoic era ( 390 million years ago ) . </P> <H2> Invertebrates ( edit ) </H2> Opabinia an extinct , stem group arthropod that appeared in the Middle Cambrian . Invertebrates are grouped into different phyla ( body plans ) . Kimberella , an early mollusc important for understanding the Cambrian explosion Main article : Marine invertebrates See also : Cambrian explosion <P> The earliest animals were marine invertebrates , that is , vertebrates came later . Animals are multicellular eukaryotes , and are distinguished from plants , algae , and fungi by lacking cell walls . Marine invertebrates are animals that inhabit a marine environment apart from the vertebrate members of the chordate phylum ; invertebrates lack a vertebral column . Some have evolved a shell or a hard exoskeleton . </P> <P> The earliest widely accepted animal fossils are the rather modern - looking cnidarians ( the group that includes jellyfish , sea anemones and Hydra ) , possibly from around 580 Ma The Ediacara biota , which flourished for the last 40 million years before the start of the Cambrian , were the first animals more than a very few centimetres long . Many were flat and had a `` quilted '' appearance , and seemed so strange that there was a proposal to classify them as a separate kingdom , Vendozoa . Others , however , have been interpreted as early molluscs ( Kimberella ) , echinoderms ( Arkarua ) , and arthropods ( Spriggina , Parvancorina ) . There is still debate about the classification of these specimens , mainly because the diagnostic features which allow taxonomists to classify more recent organisms , such as similarities to living organisms , are generally absent in the Ediacarans . However , there seems little doubt that Kimberella was at least a triploblastic bilaterian animal , in other words , an animal significantly more complex than the cnidarians . </P> <P> The small shelly fauna are a very mixed collection of fossils found between the Late Ediacaran and Middle Cambrian periods . The earliest , Cloudina , shows signs of successful defense against predation and may indicate the start of an evolutionary arms race . Some tiny Early Cambrian shells almost certainly belonged to molluscs , while the owners of some `` armor plates , '' Halkieria and Microdictyon , were eventually identified when more complete specimens were found in Cambrian lagerstätten that preserved soft - bodied animals . </P> <P> In the 1970s there was already a debate about whether the emergence of the modern phyla was `` explosive '' or gradual but hidden by the shortage of Precambrian animal fossils . A re-analysis of fossils from the Burgess Shale lagerstätte increased interest in the issue when it revealed animals , such as Opabinia , which did not fit into any known phylum . At the time these were interpreted as evidence that the modern phyla had evolved very rapidly in the Cambrian explosion and that the Burgess Shale 's `` weird wonders '' showed that the Early Cambrian was a uniquely experimental period of animal evolution . Later discoveries of similar animals and the development of new theoretical approaches led to the conclusion that many of the `` weird wonders '' were evolutionary `` aunts '' or `` cousins '' of modern groups -- for example that Opabinia was a member of the lobopods , a group which includes the ancestors of the arthropods , and that it may have been closely related to the modern tardigrades . Nevertheless , there is still much debate about whether the Cambrian explosion was really explosive and , if so , how and why it happened and why it appears unique in the history of animals . </P> <P> Invertebrates are grouped into different phyla . Informally phyla can be thought of as a way of grouping organisms according to their body plan . A body plan refers to a blueprint which describes the shape or morphology of an organism , such as its symmetry , segmentation and the disposition of its appendages . The idea of body plans originated with vertebrates , which were grouped into one phylum . But the vertebrate body plan is only one of many , and invertebrates consist of many phyla or body plans . The history of the discovery of body plans can be seen as a movement from a worldview centred on vertebrates , to seeing the vertebrates as one body plan among many . Among the pioneering zoologists , Linnaeus identified two body plans outside the vertebrates ; Cuvier identified three ; and Haeckel had four , as well as the Protista with eight more , for a total of twelve . For comparison , the number of phyla recognised by modern zoologists has risen to 35 . </P> <P> Historically body plans were thought of as having evolved in rapidly during the Cambrian explosion , but a more nuanced understanding of animal evolution suggests a gradual development of body plans throughout the early Palaeozoic and beyond . More generally a phylum can be defined in two ways : as described above , as a group of organisms with a certain degree of morphological or developmental similarity ( the phenetic definition ) , or a group of organisms with a certain degree of evolutionary relatedness ( the phylogenetic definition ) . </P> <P> Arthropods total about 1,113,000 described extant species , molluscs about 85,000 and chordates about 52,000 . </P> <H3> Marine sponges ( edit ) </H3> Sponges have no nervous , digestive or circulatory system <P> Sponges are animals of the phylum Porifera ( Modern Latin for bearing pores ) . They are multicellular organisms that have bodies full of pores and channels allowing water to circulate through them , consisting of jelly - like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells . They have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process . Sponges do not have nervous , digestive or circulatory systems . Instead , most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes . </P> <P> Sponges are similar to other animals in that they are multicellular , heterotrophic , lack cell walls and produce sperm cells . Unlike other animals , they lack true tissues and organs , and have no body symmetry . The shapes of their bodies are adapted for maximal efficiency of water flow through the central cavity , where it deposits nutrients , and leaves through a hole called the osculum . Many sponges have internal skeletons of spongin and / or spicules of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide . All sponges are sessile aquatic animals . Although there are freshwater species , the great majority are marine ( salt water ) species , ranging from tidal zones to depths exceeding 8,800 m ( 5.5 mi ) . </P> <P> While most of the approximately 5,000 -- 10,000 known species feed on bacteria and other food particles in the water , some host photosynthesizing micro-organisms as endosymbionts and these alliances often produce more food and oxygen than they consume . A few species of sponge that live in food - poor environments have become carnivores that prey mainly on small crustaceans . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Sponge biodiversity . There are four sponge species in this photo . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Branching vase sponge </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Venus ' flower basket at a depth of 2572 meters </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Barrel sponge </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Stove - pipe sponge </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> Linnaeus mistakenly identified sponges as plants in the order Algae . For a long time thereafter sponges were assigned to a separate subkingdom , Parazoa ( meaning beside the animals ) . They are now classified as a paraphyletic phylum from which the higher animals have evolved . </P> <H3> Marine cnidarians ( edit ) </H3> Cnidarians are the simplest animals with cells organised into tissues . Yet the starlet sea anemone contains the same genes as those that form the vertebrate head . <P> Cnidarians ( Greek for nettle ) are distinguished by the presence of stinging cells , specialized cells that they use mainly for capturing prey . Cnidarians include corals , sea anemones , jellyfish and hydrozoans . They form a phylum containing over 10,000 species of animals found exclusively in aquatic ( mainly marine ) environments . Their bodies consist of mesoglea , a non-living jelly - like substance , sandwiched between two layers of epithelium that are mostly one cell thick . They have two basic body forms : swimming medusae and sessile polyps , both of which are radially symmetrical with mouths surrounded by tentacles that bear cnidocytes . Both forms have a single orifice and body cavity that are used for digestion and respiration . </P> <P> Fossil cnidarians have been found in rocks formed about 580 million years ago . Fossils of cnidarians that do not build mineralized structures are rare . Scientists currently think cnidarians , ctenophores and bilaterians are more closely related to calcareous sponges than these are to other sponges , and that anthozoans are the evolutionary `` aunts '' or `` sisters '' of other cnidarians , and the most closely related to bilaterians . </P> <P> Cnidarians are the simplest animals in which the cells are organised into tissues . The starlet sea anemone is used as a model organism in research . It is easy to care for in the laboratory and a protocol has been developed which can yield large numbers of embryos on a daily basis . There is a remarkable degree of similarity in the gene sequence conservation and complexity between the sea anemone and vertebrates . In particular , genes concerned in the formation of the head in vertebrates are also present in the anemone . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Sea anemones are common in tidepools </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Their tentacles sting and paralyse small fish </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Close up of polyps on the surface of a coral , waving their tentacles . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> As islands sink below the sea , corals growth can keep pace with the rising water , forming an atoll </P> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Portuguese man o ' war </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Porpita porpita </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Turritopsis dohrnii , a small , biologically immortal jellyfish transfers its cells back to childhood . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Moon jellyfish , found in coastal waters around the world </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Lion 's mane jellyfish , largest known jellyfish </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Marine worms ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Marine worm and Sea worm Many marine worms are related only distantly , so they form a number of different phyla . The worm shown is an arrow worm , found worldwide as a predatory components of plankton . <P> Worms ( Old English for serpent ) form a number of phylums . Their body plan typically involves long cylindrical tube - like bodies and no limbs . Marine worms vary in size from microscopic to over 1 metre ( 3.3 ft ) in length for some marine polychaete worms ( bristle worms ) and up to 58 metres ( 190 ft ) for the marine nemertean worm ( bootlace worm ) . Some marine worms occupy a small variety of parasitic niches , living inside the bodies of other animals , while others live more freely in the marine environment or by burrowing underground . </P> <P> Different groups of marine worms are related only distantly , so they are found in several different phyla such as the Annelida ( segmented worms ) , Chaetognatha ( arrow worms ) , Hemichordata , and Phoronida ( horseshoe worms ) . Many of these worms have specialized tentacles used for exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide and also may be used for reproduction . Some marine worms are tube worms , such as the giant tube worm which lives in waters near underwater volcanoes and can withstand temperatures up to 90 degrees Celsius . </P> <P> Platyhelminthes ( flatworms ) form another worm phylum which includes a class Cestoda of parasitic tapeworms . The marine tapeworm Polygonoporus giganticus , found in the gut of sperm whales , can grow to over 30 m ( 100 ft ) . </P> <P> Nematodes ( roundworms ) constitute a further worm phylum with tubular digestive systems and an opening at both ends . Over 25,000 nematode species have been described , of which more than half are parasitic . It has been estimated another million remain undescribed . They are ubiquitous in marine , freshwater and terrestrial environments , where they often outnumber other animals in both individual and species counts . They are found in every part of the earth 's lithosphere , from the top of mountains to the bottom of oceanic trenches . By count they represent 90 % of all animals on the ocean floor . Their numerical dominance , often exceeding a million individuals per square meter and accounting for about 80 % of all individual animals on earth , their diversity of life cycles , and their presence at various trophic levels point at an important role in many ecosystems . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Giant tube worms cluster around hydrothermal vents </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nematodes are ubiquitous pseudocoelomates which can parasite marine plants and animals . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Bloodworms are typically found on the bottom of shallow marine waters </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Echinoderms ( edit ) </H3> Starfish larvae are bilaterally symmetric , whereas the adults have fivefold symmetry <P> Echinoderms ( Greek for spiny skin ) is a phylum which contains only marine invertebrates . The adults are recognizable by their radial symmetry ( usually five - point ) and include starfish , sea urchins , sand dollars , and sea cucumbers , as well as the sea lilies . Echinoderms are found at every ocean depth , from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone . The phylum contains about 7000 living species , making it the second - largest grouping of deuterostomes ( a superphylum ) , after the chordates ( which include the vertebrates , such as birds , fishes , mammals , and reptiles ) . </P> <P> Echinoderms are unique among animals in having bilateral symmetry at the larval stage , but fivefold symmetry ( pentamerism , a special type of radial symmetry ) as adults . </P> <P> The echinoderms are important both biologically and geologically . Biologically , there are few other groupings so abundant in the biotic desert of the deep sea , as well as shallower oceans . Most echinoderms are able to regenerate tissue , organs , limbs , and reproduce asexually ; in some cases , they can undergo complete regeneration from a single limb . Geologically , the value of echinoderms is in their ossified skeletons , which are major contributors to many limestone formations , and can provide valuable clues as to the geological environment . They were the most used species in regenerative research in the 19th and 20th centuries . Further , it is held by some scientists that the radiation of echinoderms was responsible for the Mesozoic Marine Revolution . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Echinoderm literally means `` spiny skin '' , as this water melon sea urchin illustrates </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The ochre sea star was the first keystone predator to be studied . They limit mussels which can overwhelm intertidal communities . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Colorful sea lilies in shallow waters </P> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Sea cucumbers filter feed on plankton and suspended solids </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The benthopelagic sea cucumber can lift off the seafloor and journey as much as 1,000 m ( 3,300 ft ) up the water column </P> </Li> <Li> <P> This deep water sea cucumber , a sea pig , is the only echinoderm that uses legged locomotion . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> Aside from the hard - to - classify Arkarua ( a Precambrian animal with echinoderm - like pentamerous radial symmetry ) , the first definitive members of the phylum appeared near the start of the Cambrian . </P> <H3> Marine molluscs ( edit ) </H3> Reconstruction of an ammonite , a highly successful early cephalopod that first appeared in the Devonian ( about 400 mya ) . They became extinct during the same extinction event that killed the land dinosaurs ( about 66 mya ) . See also : Evolution of molluscs and Evolution of cephalopods <P> Molluscs ( Latin for soft ) form a phylum with about 85,000 extant recognized species . They are the largest marine phylum in terms of species count , comprising about 23 % of all the named marine organisms . Molluscs have more varied forms than other invertebrate phylums . They are highly diverse , not just in size and in anatomical structure , but also in behaviour and in habitat . The majority of species still live in the oceans , from the seashores to the abyssal zone , but some form a significant part of the freshwater fauna and the terrestrial ecosystems . </P> <P> The mollusc phylum is divided into 9 or 10 taxonomic classes , two of which are extinct . These classes include gastropods , bivalves and cephalopods , as well as other lesser - known but distinctive classes . Gastropods with protective shells are referred to as snails , whereas gastropods without protective shells are referred to as slugs . Gastropods are by far the most numerous molluscs in terms of classified species , accounting for 80 % of the total . Bivalves include clams , oysters , cockles , mussels , scallops , and numerous other families . There are about 8,000 marine bivalves species ( including brackish water and estuarine species ) , and about 1,200 freshwater species . Cephalopod include octopus , squid and cuttlefish . They are found in all oceans , and neurologically are the most advanced of the invertebrates . About 800 living species of marine cephalopods have been identified , and an estimated 11,000 extinct taxa have been described . There are no fully freshwater cephalopods . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Colossal squid , largest of all invertebrates </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The nautilus is a living fossil little changed since it evolved 500 million years ago as one of the first cephalopods . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Marine gastropods are sea snails or sea slugs . This nudibranch is a sea slug . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The sea snail Syrinx aruanus has the largest shell of any living gastropod </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Molluscs usually have eyes . Bordering the edge of the mantle of a scallop , a bivalve mollusc , can be over 100 simple eyes . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Common mussel , another bivalve </P> </Li> </Ul> Generalized or hypothetical ancestral mollusc <P> Molluscs have such diverse shapes that many textbooks base their descriptions of molluscan anatomy on a generalized or hypothetical ancestral mollusc . This generalized mollusc is unsegmented and bilaterally symmetrical with an underside consisting of a single muscular foot . Beyond that it has three further key features . Firstly , it has a muscular cloak called a mantle covering its viscera and containing a significant cavity used for breathing and excretion . A shell secreted by the mantle covers the upper surface . Secondly ( apart from bivalves ) it has a rasping tongue called a radula used for feeding . Thirdly , it has a nervous system including a complex digestive system using microscopic , muscle - powered hairs called cilia to exude mucus . The generalized mollusc has two paired nerve cords ( three in bivalves ) . The brain , in species that have one , encircles the esophagus . Most molluscs have eyes and all have sensors detecting chemicals , vibrations , and touch . The simplest type of molluscan reproductive system relies on external fertilization , but more complex variations occur . All produce eggs , from which may emerge trochophore larvae , more complex veliger larvae , or miniature adults . The depiction is rather similar to modern monoplacophorans , and some suggest it may resemble very early molluscs . </P> <P> Good evidence exists for the appearance of marine gastropods , cephalopods and bivalves in the Cambrian period 541 to 485.4 million years ago . However , the evolutionary history both of molluscs ' emergence from the ancestral Lophotrochozoa and of their diversification into the well - known living and fossil forms are still subjects of vigorous debate among scientists . </P> <H3> Marine arthropods ( edit ) </H3> Head _______________________ Thorax _______________________ Abdomen _______________________ Segments and tagmata of an arthropod The head and thorax are fused in some arthropods , such as crabs and lobsters . See also : Evolution of brachiopods <P> Arthropods ( Greek for jointed feet ) have an exoskeleton ( external skeleton ) , a segmented body , and jointed appendages ( paired appendages ) . They form a phylum which includes insects , arachnids , myriapods , and crustaceans . Arthropods are characterized by their jointed limbs and cuticle made of chitin , often mineralised with calcium carbonate . The arthropod body plan consists of segments , each with a pair of appendages . The rigid cuticle inhibits growth , so arthropods replace it periodically by moulting . Their versatility has enabled them to become the most species - rich members of all ecological guilds in most environments . </P> <P> Marine arthropods range in size from the microscopic crustacean Stygotantulus to the Japanese spider crab . Arthropods ' primary internal cavity is a hemocoel , which accommodates their internal organs , and through which their haemolymph - analogue of blood - circulates ; they have open circulatory systems . Like their exteriors , the internal organs of arthropods are generally built of repeated segments . Their nervous system is `` ladder - like '' , with paired ventral nerve cords running through all segments and forming paired ganglia in each segment . Their heads are formed by fusion of varying numbers of segments , and their brains are formed by fusion of the ganglia of these segments and encircle the esophagus . The respiratory and excretory systems of arthropods vary , depending as much on their environment as on the subphylum to which they belong . </P> <P> Their vision relies on various combinations of compound eyes and pigment - pit ocelli : in most species the ocelli can only detect the direction from which light is coming , and the compound eyes are the main source of information . Arthropods also have a wide range of chemical and mechanical sensors , mostly based on modifications of the many setae ( bristles ) that project through their cuticles . Arthropods ' methods of reproduction and development are diverse ; all terrestrial species use internal fertilization , but this is often by indirect transfer of the sperm via an appendage or the ground , rather than by direct injection . Marine species all lay eggs and use either internal or external fertilization . Arthropod hatchlings vary from miniature adults to grubs that lack jointed limbs and eventually undergo a total metamorphosis to produce the adult form . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Trilobites , now extinct , roamed oceans for 270 Ma . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The horseshoe crab is a living fossil , essentially unchanged for 450 Ma </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The largest known arthropod , the freshwater `` sea '' scorpion Jaekelopterus rhenaniae , lived about 390 Ma . It was up to 2.5 m ( 8.2 ft ) long . </P> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Crustaceans </Li> <Li> <P> Many crustaceans are very small , like this tiny amphipod , and make up a significant part of the ocean 's zooplankton </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Mantis shrimp have the most advanced eyes in the animal kingdom , and smash prey by swinging their club - like raptorial claws . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Tasmanian giant crab is long - lived and slow - growing , making it vulnerable to overfishing . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Japanese spider crab has the longest leg span of any arthropod , reaching 5.5 metres ( 18 ft ) from claw to claw . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> The evolutionary ancestry of arthropods dates back to the Cambrian period . The group is generally regarded as monophyletic , and many analyses support the placement of arthropods with cycloneuralians ( or their constituent clades ) in a superphylum Ecdysozoa . Overall however , the basal relationships of Metazoa are not yet well resolved . Likewise , the relationships between various arthropod groups are still actively debated . </P> <H3> Others ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Tardigrade , Lobopodia , ( Onychophora ) </Li> <Li> Non-craniate ( non-vertebrate ) chordates : Cephalochordate , Tunicata and Haikouella . These invertebrates are close relatives of the vertebrates . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Non-craniate chordates are close relatives of vertebrates </Li> <Li> <P> The lancelet , a small translucent fish - like Cephalochordate , is the closest living invertebrate relative of the vertebrates . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Fluorescent - colored sea squirts , Rhopalaea crassa . Tunicates may provide clues to vertebrate ( and therefore human ) ancestry . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Salp chain </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Gill slits in an acorn worm ( left ) and tunicate ( right ) </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Vertebrates ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Marine vertebrate See also : Evolution of fish <H3> Fish ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Fish and Diversity of fish <P> Fish anatomy includes a two - chambered heart , operculum , swim bladder , scales , eyes adapted to seeing underwater , and secretory cells that produce mucous . Fish breathe by extracting oxygen from water through gills . Fins propel and stabilize the fish in the water . Fish fall into two main groups : fish with bony skeletons and fish with cartilaginous skeletons . Over 33,000 species of fish have been described as of 2015 , and about 20,000 are marine . </P> Jawless fish ( edit ) <P> Hagfish form a class of about 20 species of eel - shaped , slime - producing marine fish . They are the only known living animals that have a skull but no vertebral column . Lampreys form a superclass containing 38 known extant species of jawless fish . The adult lamprey is characterized by a toothed , funnel - like sucking mouth . Although they are well known for boring into the flesh of other fish to suck their blood , only 18 species of lampreys are actually parasitic . Together hagfish and lampreys are the sister group to vertebrates . Living hagfish remain similar to hagfish from around 300 million years ago . The lampreys are a very ancient lineage of vertebrates , though their exact relationship to hagfishes and jawed vertebrates is still a matter of dispute . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Hagfish are the only known living animals with a skull but no vertebral column . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Lampreys are often parasitic and have a toothed , funnel - like sucking mouth </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The extinct Pteraspidomorphi , ancestral to jawed vertebrates </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> Pteraspidomorphi is an extinct class of early jawless fish ancestral to jawed vertebrates . The few characteristics they share with the latter are now considered as primitive for all vertebrates . </P> Cartilaginous ( edit ) Main article : Cartilaginous fish <P> Cartilaginous fish , such as sharks and rays , have jaws and skeletons made of cartilage rather than bone . Megalodon is an extinct species of shark that lived about 28 to 1.5 Ma . It looked much like a stocky version of the great white shark , but was much larger with fossil lengths reaching 20.3 metres ( 67 ft ) . Found in all oceans it was one of the largest and most powerful predators in vertebrate history , and probably had a profound impact on marine life . The Greenland shark has the longest known lifespan of all vertebrates , about 400 years . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Cartilaginous fishes may have evolved from spiny sharks </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The extinct megalodon resembled a giant great white shark </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The Greenland shark lives longer than any other vertebrate </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Stingray </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Sawfish are rays with long rostrums resembling a saw . All are now endangered or critically endangered </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The giant manta ray , largest ray in the world , has been targeted by fisheries and is now vulnerable . </P> </Li> </Ul> Bony ( edit ) Main article : Bony fish <P> Bony fish have jaws and skeletons made of bone rather than cartilage . Bony fish also have a hard , bony plate covering their gills called an operculum , and can have distinct rays , or spines , in their fins . About 90 % of the world 's fish species are bony fish . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Ray - finned fish ( crucian carp ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Lobe - finned fish ( coelacanth ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The extinct Leedsichthys is the largest known bony fish </P> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Marine tetrapods ( edit ) </H3> See also : Evolution of tetrapods Amphibians ( edit ) <P> Amphibians mostly require fresh water to reproduce . A few inhabit brackish water , but there are no true marine amphibians . There have been reports , however , of amphibians invading marine waters , such as a Black Sea invasion by the natural hybrid Pelophylax esculentus reported in 2010 . </P> Reptiles ( edit ) Main article : Marine reptile See also : Evolution of reptiles <P> Reptiles ( Late Latin for creeping or crawling ) form a class Reptilia of tetrapods , vertebrates that have either four limbs or have four - limbed ancestors . Some reptiles are more closely related to birds than other reptiles , and many scientists prefer to make Reptilia a monophyletic group which includes the birds . Extant non-avian reptiles which inhabit or frequent the sea include sea turtles , sea snakes , terrapins , the marine iguana , and the saltwater crocodile . Currently , of the approximately 12,000 extant reptile species and sub-species , only about 100 of are classed as marine reptiles . </P> <P> Unlike amphibians , reptiles do not have an aquatic larval stage . Most reptiles are oviparous , although several species of squamates are viviparous , as were some extinct aquatic clades -- the fetus develops within the mother , contained in a placenta rather than an eggshell . As amniotes , reptile eggs are surrounded by membranes for protection and transport , which adapt them to reproduction on dry land . Many of the viviparous species feed their fetuses through various forms of placenta analogous to those of mammals , with some providing initial care for their hatchlings . </P> <P> Except for some sea snakes , most extant marine reptiles are oviparous and need to return to land to lay their eggs . Apart from sea turtles , the species usually spend most of their lives on or near land rather than in the ocean . Sea snakes generally prefer shallow waters nearby land , around islands , especially waters that are somewhat sheltered , as well as near estuaries . Unlike land snakes , sea snakes have evolved flattened tails which help them swim . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Marine iguana </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Leatherback sea turtle </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Saltwater crocodile </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Marine snakes have flattened tails </P> </Li> <Li> <P> The ancient Ichthyosaurus communis independently evolved flippers similar to dolphins </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> Some extinct marine reptiles , such as ichthyosaurs , evolved to be viviparous and had no requirement to return to land . Ichthyosaurs resembled dolphins . They first appeared about 245 million years ago and disappeared about 90 million years ago . The terrestrial ancestor of the ichthyosaur had no features already on its back or tail that might have helped along the evolutionary process . Yet the ichthyosaur developed a dorsal and tail fin which improved its ability to swim . The biologist Stephen Jay Gould said the ichthyosaur was his favourite example of convergent evolution . The earliest marine reptiles arose in the Permian . During the Mesozoic many groups of reptiles became adapted to life in the seas , including ichthyosaurs , plesiosaurs , mosasaurs , nothosaurs , placodonts , sea turtles , thalattosaurs and thalattosuchians . Marine reptiles were less numerous after mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous . </P> Birds ( edit ) Main article : Seabird <P> Marine birds are adapted to life within the marine environment . They are often called seabirds . While marine birds vary greatly in lifestyle , behaviour and physiology , they often exhibit striking convergent evolution , as the same environmental problems and feeding niches have resulted in similar adaptations . Examples include albatross , penguins , gannets , and auks . </P> <P> In general , marine birds live longer , breed later and have fewer young than terrestrial birds do , but they invest a great deal of time in their young . Most species nest in colonies , which can vary in size from a few dozen birds to millions . Many species are famous for undertaking long annual migrations , crossing the equator or circumnavigating the Earth in some cases . They feed both at the ocean 's surface and below it , and even feed on each other . Marine birds can be highly pelagic , coastal , or in some cases spend a part of the year away from the sea entirely . Some marine birds plummet from heights , plunging through the water leaving vapour - like trails , similar to that of fighter planes . Gannets plunge into the water at up to 100 kilometres per hour ( 60 mph ) . They have air sacs under their skin in their face and chest which act like bubble - wrap , cushioning the impact with the water . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> European herring gull attack herring schools from above </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Gentoo penguin swimming underwater </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Gannets `` divebomb '' at high speed </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Albatrosses range over huge areas of ocean and regularly circle the globe . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> The first marine birds evolved in the Cretaceous period , and modern marine bird families emerged in the Paleogene . </P> Mammals ( edit ) Sea otter , classic keystone species which controls sea urchin numbers Main article : Marine mammal See also : Evolution of cetaceans , Evolution of sirenians , and List of marine mammal species <P> There are about 130 living and recently extinct marine mammal species such as seals , dolphins , whales , manatees , sea otters and polar bears . They do not represent a distinct taxon or systematic grouping , but are instead unified by their reliance on the marine environment for feeding . Both cetaceans and sirenians are fully aquatic and therefore are obligate water dwellers . Seals and sea - lions are semiaquatic ; they spend the majority of their time in the water , but need to return to land for important activities such as mating , breeding and molting . In contrast , both otters and the polar bear are much less adapted to aquatic living . Their diet varies considerably as well ; some may eat zooplankton , others may eat fish , squid , shellfish , sea - grass and a few may eat other mammals . </P> <P> In a process of convergent evolution , marine mammals such as dolphins and whales redeveloped their body plan to parallel the streamlined fusiform body plan of pelagic fish . Front legs became flippers and back legs disappeared , a dorsal fin reappeared and the tail morphed into a powerful horizontal fluke . This body plan is an adaptation to being an active predator in a high drag environment . A parallel convergence occurred with the now extinct ichthyosaur . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> Endangered blue whale , largest animal ever </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Bottlenose dolphin , highest encephalization of any animal after humans </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Dugong grazing on seagrass </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Walrus </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Polar bear </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plankton ( edit ) </H2> Plankton are drifting or floating organisms that can not swim against a current , and include organisms from all the domains of life : bacteria , archaea , algae , protozoa and animal . Further information : Plankton , Bacterioplankton , and Ichthyoplankton <P> Plankton are a diverse group of organisms that live in the water column of large bodies of water and that can not swim against a current . They provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms , such as fish and whales . </P> <P> These organisms include drifting or floating bacteria , archaea , algae , protozoa and animals that inhabit , for example , the pelagic zone of oceans , seas , or bodies of fresh water . Essentially , plankton are defined by their ecological niche rather than any phylogenetic or taxonomic classification . </P> <P> Though many planktonic species are microscopic in size , plankton includes organisms covering a wide range of sizes , including large organisms such as jellyfish . </P> <P> The role of phytoplankton is better understood due to their critical position as the most numerous primary producers on Earth . Phytoplankton are categorized into cyanobacteria ( also called blue - green algae / bacteria ) , various types of algae ( red , green , brown , and yellow - green ) , diatoms , dinoflagellates , euglenoids , coccolithophorids , cryptomonads , chrysophytes , chlorophytes , prasinophytes , and silicoflagellates . </P> <Ul> <Li> Phytoplankton </Li> <Li> <P> Phytoplankton are the foundation of the oceanic food chain . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> They come in many shapes and sizes . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Diatoms are one of the most common types of phytoplankton </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Green cyanobacteria scum washed up on a rock in California </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Algal bloom off south England . </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> Zooplankton tend to be somewhat larger , and not all are microscopic . Many Protozoa are zooplankton , including dinoflagellates , zooflagellates , foraminiferans , and radiolarians . Some of these ( such as dinoflagellates ) are also phytoplankton ; the distinction between plants and animals often breaks down in very small organisms . Other zooplankton include cnidarians , ctenophores , chaetognaths , molluscs , arthropods , urochordates , and annelids such as polychaetes . </P> <Ul> <Li> Zooplankton </Li> <Li> <P> Marine amphipod </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Copepod </P> </Li> <Li> <P> White - spotted jellyfish </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Tomopteris , a planktonic segmented worm with unusual yellow bioluminescence </P> </Li> </Ul> <P> Many larger animals begin their life as zooplankton before they become large enough to take their adult forms . </P> <Ul> <Li> Spawn , larvae and juveniles </Li> <Li> <P> Transparent herring eggs with yolk and eyes visible and one larva hatched </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Male star coral releasing sperm into the water </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Ocean sunfish larva </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Zoea larva of a crab </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Juvenile planktonic squid </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Land interactions ( edit ) </H2> The drainage basins of the principal oceans and seas of the world are marked by continental divides . The grey areas are endorheic basins that do not drain to the ocean . See also : Tetrapods , Invertebrates , Freshwater ecosystem , and Freshwater fish <H2> Biogeochemical cycles ( edit ) </H2> Water cycle See also : Biogeochemical cycle , Hydrogen cycle , Mercury in fish , and Sulfur cycle <Ul> <Li> <P> Oxygen cycle </P> </Li> <Li> Marine nitrogen cycle </Li> <Li> <P> Mercury cycle </P> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <P> Marine phosphorus cycle </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nutrient cycle </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Food cycle </P> </Li> </Ul> Energy gathering mechanism in marine bacteria via Proteorhodopsin <P> In 2000 a team of microbiologists led by Edward DeLong made a crucial discovery in the understanding of the marine carbon and energy cycles . They discovered a gene in several species of bacteria responsible for production of the protein rhodopsin , previously unheard of in the domain Bacteria . These proteins found in the cell membranes are capable of converting light energy to biochemical energy due to a change in configuration of the rhodopsin molecule as sunlight strikes it , causing the pumping of a proton from inside out and a subsequent inflow that generates the energy . </P> <H2> Biodiversity and extinction events ( edit ) </H2> Apparent marine fossil diversity during the Phanerozoic Marine extinction intensity during the Phanerozoic % Millions of years ago ( H ) K -- Pg Tr -- J P -- Tr Cap Late D O -- S Apparent extinction intensity , i.e. the fraction of genera going extinct at any given time as reconstructed from the fossil record ( excluding the current Holocene extinction event ) <P> Biodiversity is the result of over three billion years of evolution . Until approximately 600 million years ago , all life consisted of archaea , bacteria , protozoans and similar single - celled organisms . The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic ( the last 540 million years ) , starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion -- a period during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first appeared . Over the next 400 million years or so , invertebrate diversity showed little overall trend and vertebrate diversity shows an overall exponential trend . </P> <P> However , more than 99 percent of all species that ever lived on Earth , amounting to over five billion species , are estimated to be extinct . These extinctions occur at an uneven rate . The dramatic rise in diversity has been marked by periodic , massive losses of diversity classified as mass extinction events . Mass extinction events occur when life undergoes precipitous global declines . Most diversity and biomass on earth is found among the microorganisms , which are difficult to measure . Recorded extinction events are therefore based on the more easily observed changes in the diversity and abundance of larger multicellular organisms , rather than the total diversity and abundance of life . Marine fossils are mostly used to measure extinction rates because of their superior fossil record and stratigraphic range compared to land organisms . </P> <P> Based on the fossil record , the background rate of extinctions on Earth is about two to five taxonomic families of marine animals every million years . The Great Oxygenation Event was perhaps the first major extinction event . Since the Cambrian explosion five further major mass extinctions have significantly exceeded the background extinction rate . The worst was the Permian - Triassic extinction event , 251 million years ago . Vertebrates took 30 million years to recover from this event . In addition to these major mass extinctions there are numerous minor ones , as well as the current ongoing mass - extinction caused by human activity , the Holocene extinction sometimes called the `` sixth extinction '' . </P> <H2> Marine Biology ( edit ) </H2> In the fourth century BC Aristotle gave accurate descriptions of the embryological development of the hound shark Mustelus mustelus Further information : History of marine biology <P> During the sixth century BC , the Greek philosopher Xenophanes ( 570 - 475 BC ) recognised that some fossil shells were remains of shellfish . He used this to argue that what was at the time dry land was once under the sea . This was an important step in advancing from simply stating an idea to backing it with evidence and observation . </P> <P> Later , during the fourth century BC , another Greek philosopher Aristotle ( 384 -- 322 BC ) attempted a comprehensive classification of animals which included systematic descriptions of many marine species , and particularly species found in the Mediterranean Sea . These pioneering works include History of Animals , a general biology of animals , Parts of Animals , a comparative anatomy and physiology of animals , and Generation of Animals , on developmental biology . The most striking passages are about the sea - life visible from observation on Lesbos and available from the catches of fishermen . His observations on catfish , electric fish ( Torpedo ) and angler - fish are detailed , as is his writing on cephalopods , namely , Octopus , Sepia ( cuttlefish ) and the paper nautilus ( Argonauta argo ) . His description of the hectocotyl arm , used in sexual reproduction , was widely disbelieved until its rediscovery in the 19th century . He separated aquatic mammals from fish , and knew that sharks and rays were part of a group he called Selachē ( selachians ) . He gave accurate descriptions of the ovoviviparous embryological development of the hound shark Mustelus mustelus . His classification of living things contains elements which were still in use in the 19th century . What the modern zoologist would call vertebrates and invertebrates , Aristotle called `` animals with blood '' and `` animals without blood '' ( he did not know that complex invertebrates do make use of hemoglobin , but of a different kind from vertebrates ) . He divided animals with blood into live - bearing ( mammals ) , and egg - bearing ( birds and fish ) . Invertebrates ( `` animals without blood '' ) he divided into insects , crustacea ( further divided into non-shelled -- cephalopods -- and shelled ) and testacea ( molluscs ) . </P> <P> In contemporary times , marine life is a field of study both in marine biology and in biological oceanography . In biology many phyla , families and genera have some species that live in the sea and others that live on land . Marine biology classifies species based on the environment rather than on taxonomy . For this reason marine biology encompasses not only organisms that live only in a marine environment , but also other organisms whose lives revolve around the sea . Biological oceanography is the study of how organisms affect and are affected by the physics , chemistry , and geology of the oceanographic system . Biological oceanography mostly focuses on the microorganisms within the ocean ; looking at how they are affected by their environment and how that affects larger marine creatures and their ecosystem . Biological oceanography is similar to marine biology , but is different because of the perspective used to study the ocean . Biological oceanography takes a bottom up approach ( in terms of the food web ) , while marine biology studies the ocean from a top down perspective . Biological oceanography mainly focuses on the ecosystem of the ocean with an emphasis on plankton : their diversity ( morphology , nutritional sources , motility , and metabolism ) ; their productivity and how that plays a role in the global carbon cycle ; and their distribution ( predation and life cycle ) . Biological oceanography also investigates the role of microbes in food webs , and how humans impact the ecosystems in the oceans . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Census of Marine Life <Ul> <Li> Future of Marine Animal Populations ( FMAP ) </Li> <Li> History of Marine Animal Populations ( HMAP ) </Li> <Li> Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project ( POST ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Effects of global warming on marine mammals </Li> <Li> Hydrobiology </Li> <Li> List of marine aquarium invertebrate species </Li> <Li> Milky seas effect </Li> <Li> Natural Geography in Shore Areas ( NaGISA ) </Li> <Li> Ocean Biogeographic Information System ( OBIS ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ This is the measurement taken by the vessel Kaikō in March 1995 and is considered the most accurate measurement to date . 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( 2015 ) . `` Population trend of the world 's monitored seabirds , 1950 - 2010 '' . PLoS ONE . 10 ( 6 ) : e0129342 . doi : 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0129342 . PMC 4461279 . PMID 26058068 . </Li> <Li> After 60 million years of extreme living , seabirds are crashing The Guardian , 22 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Ruppert , E.E. ; Fox , R.S. & Barnes , R.D. ( 2004 ) . Invertebrate Zoology ( 7th ed . ) . Brooks / Cole . ISBN 0 - 03 - 025982 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Aquatic ecosystem topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Aquatic ecosystems -- general and freshwater components </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acoustic ecology </Li> <Li> Adaptation </Li> <Li> Agent - based models </Li> <Li> Algal bloom </Li> <Li> Anoxic waters </Li> <Li> Aquatic animals ( Insects </Li> <Li> Mammals ) </Li> <Li> Aquatic plants </Li> <Li> Aquatic science </Li> <Li> Benthos </Li> <Li> Biodiversity research </Li> <Li> Bioluminescence </Li> <Li> Biomass </Li> <Li> Biomonitoring </Li> <Li> Cascade effect </Li> <Li> Colored dissolved organic matter </Li> <Li> Camouflage and mimicry </Li> <Li> Dead zone </Li> <Li> Ecohydrology </Li> <Li> Ecosystems </Li> <Li> Eutrophication </Li> <Li> Fisheries science </Li> <Li> Food chain </Li> <Li> Food web </Li> <Li> GIS and aquatic science </Li> <Li> Hydrobiology </Li> <Li> Hypoxia </Li> <Li> Isotope analysis </Li> <Li> Microbial ecology </Li> <Li> Microbial food web </Li> <Li> Microbial loop </Li> <Li> Nekton </Li> <Li> Neuston </Li> <Li> Particle </Li> <Li> Pelagic zone </Li> <Li> Photic zone </Li> <Li> Phytoplankton </Li> <Li> Plankton </Li> <Li> Pleuston </Li> <Li> Predation </Li> <Li> Productivity </Li> <Li> Ramsar Convention </Li> <Li> Respiration </Li> <Li> Schooling </Li> <Li> Sediment trap </Li> <Li> Siltation </Li> <Li> Spawning </Li> <Li> Substrate </Li> <Li> Thermal pollution </Li> <Li> Toxicology </Li> <Li> Trophic level </Li> <Li> Water column </Li> <Li> Zooplankton </Li> <Li> More ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Freshwater </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biology </Li> <Li> Biomes </Li> <Li> Ecosystems <Ul> <Li> freshwater </Li> <Li> lake </Li> <Li> river </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fish </Li> <Li> Hyporheic zone </Li> <Li> Limnology </Li> <Li> Lake stratification </Li> <Li> Macrophyte </Li> <Li> Pond <Ul> <Li> Fish pond </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rheotaxis </Li> <Li> Stream bed </Li> <Li> Stream pool </Li> <Li> Trophic state index </Li> <Li> Upland and lowland </Li> <Li> Water garden </Li> <Li> Wetland <Ul> <Li> brackish marsh </Li> <Li> freshwater marsh </Li> <Li> swamp </Li> <Li> bog </Li> <Li> fen </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Environmental quality </Li> <Li> More ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ecoregions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Freshwater ( List ) </Li> <Li> Marine ( List ) </Li> <Li> The Everglades </Li> <Li> Maharashtra </Li> <Li> The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre </Li> <Li> The San Francisco Estuary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Aquatic ecosystems -- marine components </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Marine </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marine biology </Li> <Li> Marine chemistry </Li> <Li> Deep scattering layer </Li> <Li> Diel vertical migration </Li> <Li> Ecosystems <Ul> <Li> large marine </Li> <Li> marine ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> f - ratio </Li> <Li> Iron fertilization </Li> <Li> Marine snow </Li> <Li> Ocean nourishment </Li> <Li> Oceanic physical - biological process </Li> <Li> Ocean turbidity </Li> <Li> Photophore </Li> <Li> Thorson 's rule </Li> <Li> Upwelling </Li> <Li> Whale fall </Li> <Li> More ... </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marine life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bacteriophages </Li> <Li> Census </Li> <Li> Fish <Ul> <Li> coastal </Li> <Li> coral reef </Li> <Li> deep sea </Li> <Li> demersal </Li> <Li> pelagic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Deep sea communities </Li> <Li> Deep sea creature </Li> <Li> Deep - water coral </Li> <Li> Invertebrates </Li> <Li> Larvae </Li> <Li> Mammals </Li> <Li> Marine life </Li> <Li> Microorganisms </Li> <Li> Paradox of the plankton </Li> <Li> Reptiles </Li> <Li> Seabirds </Li> <Li> Seashore wildlife </Li> <Li> Vertebrates </Li> <Li> Wild fisheries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marine habitats </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bay mud </Li> <Li> Coastal biogeomorphology </Li> <Li> Cold seeps </Li> <Li> Coral reefs </Li> <Li> Davidson Seamount </Li> <Li> Estuaries </Li> <Li> Intertidal ecology </Li> <Li> Intertidal wetlands </Li> <Li> Kelp forests </Li> <Li> Hydrothermal vents </Li> <Li> Lagoons </Li> <Li> Mangroves </Li> <Li> Marine biomes </Li> <Li> Marine habitats </Li> <Li> Mudflats </Li> <Li> Rocky shores </Li> <Li> Salt marshes </Li> <Li> Salt pannes and pools </Li> <Li> Seagrass meadows </Li> <Li> Sponge grounds </Li> <Li> Sponge reefs </Li> <Li> Tide pools </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Issues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ecological values of mangroves </Li> <Li> Fisheries and climate change </Li> <Li> HERMIONE </Li> <Li> Marine conservation </Li> <Li> Marine conservation activism </Li> <Li> Marine pollution </Li> <Li> Marine Protected Area </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_life&oldid=813790248 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Marine organisms </Li> <Li> Marine biology </Li> <Li> Biological oceanography </Li> <Li> Fisheries </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from November 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Shqip </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 December 2017 , at 07 : 00 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Seven deadly sins - wikipedia <H1> Seven deadly sins </H1> Not to be confused with Mortal sin . For other uses , see Seven deadly sins ( disambiguation ) . `` Deadly sins '' redirects here . For other uses , see Deadly Sins . Hieronymus Bosch 's The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things The Holy Spirit and the Seven Deadly Sins . Folio from Walters manuscript W. 171 ( 15th century ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Catholic philosophy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aquinas , Scotus , and Ockham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Schools </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Augustinianism </Li> <Li> Molinism </Li> <Li> Occamism </Li> <Li> Salamanca </Li> <Li> Scholasticism <Ul> <Li> Neo-scholasticism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Scotism </Li> <Li> Thomism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ethics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Natural law </Li> <Li> Personalism </Li> <Li> Social teaching </Li> <Li> Virtue ethics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ancient philosophers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ambrose </Li> <Li> Augustine of Hippo </Li> <Li> Jerome </Li> <Li> Paul the Apostle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medieval philosophers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peter Abelard </Li> <Li> Alexander of Hales </Li> <Li> Thomas Aquinas </Li> <Li> Benedict of Nursia </Li> <Li> Francis of Mayrone </Li> <Li> Giles of Rome </Li> <Li> Pope Gregory I </Li> <Li> Henry of Ghent </Li> <Li> Peter Lombard </Li> <Li> Albertus Magnus </Li> <Li> Duns Scotus </Li> <Li> William of Ockham </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Renaissance philosophers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Erasmus </Li> <Li> Luis de Molina </Li> <Li> Thomas More </Li> <Li> Francisco de Vitoria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern philosophers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> G.E.M. Anscombe </Li> <Li> Pope John Paul II </Li> <Li> Bernard Lonergan </Li> <Li> Alasdair MacIntyre </Li> <Li> Jacques Maritain </Li> <Li> Blaise Pascal </Li> <Li> Edith Stein </Li> <Li> Charles Taylor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Catholicism portal </P> Philosophy portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The seven deadly sins , also known as the capital vices or cardinal sins , is a grouping and classification of vices within Christian teachings . Behaviours or habits are classified under this category if they directly give birth to other immoralities . According to the standard list , they are pride , greed , lust , envy , gluttony , wrath and sloth , which are also contrary to the seven virtues . These sins are often thought to be abuses or excessive versions of one 's natural faculties or passions ( for example , gluttony abuses one 's desire to eat ) . </P> <P> This classification originated with the desert fathers , especially Evagrius Ponticus , who identified seven or eight evil thoughts or spirits that one needed to overcome . Evagrius ' pupil John Cassian , with his book The Institutes , brought the classification to Europe , where it became fundamental to Catholic confessional practices as evident in penitential manuals , sermons like `` The Parson 's Tale '' from Chaucer 's Canterbury Tales , and artworks like Dante 's Purgatory ( where the penitents of Mount Purgatory are depicted as being grouped and penanced according to the worst capital sin they committed ) . The Catholic Church used the concept of the deadly sins in order to help people curb their inclination towards evil before dire consequences and misdeeds could occur ; the leader - teachers especially focused on pride ( which is thought to be the sin that severs the soul from Grace , and the one that is representative and the very essence of all evil ) and greed , both of which are seen as inherently sinful and as underlying all other sins to be prevented . To inspire people to focus on the seven deadly sins , the vices are discussed in treatises and depicted in paintings and sculpture decorations on Catholic churches as well as older textbooks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Greco - Roman antecedents </Li> <Li> 1.2 Origin of the currently recognized Seven Deadly Sins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Historical and modern definitions , views and associations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Lust </Li> <Li> 2.2 Gluttony </Li> <Li> 2.3 Greed </Li> <Li> 2.4 Sloth </Li> <Li> 2.5 Wrath </Li> <Li> 2.6 Envy </Li> <Li> 2.7 Pride </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Historical sins <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Acedia </Li> <Li> 3.2 Vainglory </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Christian seven virtues </Li> <Li> 5 Confession Patterns </Li> <Li> 6 In art <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Dante 's Purgatorio </Li> <Li> 6.2 Geoffrey Chaucer 's `` The Parson 's Tale '' </Li> <Li> 6.3 Pieter Bruegel the Elder 's Prints of the Seven Deadly Sins </Li> <Li> 6.4 Edmund Spenser 's The Faerie Queene </Li> <Li> 6.5 Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht 's The Seven Deadly Sins </Li> <Li> 6.6 Paul Cadmus ' The Seven Deadly Sins </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Revalorization </Li> <Li> 8 See also </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Greco - roman antecedents ( edit ) </H3> <P> While the seven deadly sins as we know them did not originate with the Greeks or Romans , there were ancient precedents for them . Aristotle 's Nicomachean Ethics lists several positive , healthy human qualities , excellences , or virtues . Aristotle argues that for each positive quality there are two negative vices that are found on each extreme of the virtue . Courage , for example , is the human excellence or virtue in facing fear and risk . Excessive courage makes one rash , while a deficiency of courage makes one cowardly . This principle of virtue found in the middle or `` mean '' between excess and deficiency is Aristotle 's notion of the golden mean . Aristotle lists virtues like courage , temperance or self - control , generosity , `` greatness of soul , '' proper response to anger , friendliness , and wit or charm . </P> <P> Roman writers like Horace extolled the value of virtue while listing and warning against vices . His first epistles says that `` to flee vice is the beginning of virtue , and to have got rid of folly is the beginning of wisdom . '' </P> An allegorical image depicting the human heart subject to the seven deadly sins , each represented by an animal ( clockwise : toad = avarice ; snake = envy ; lion = wrath ; snail = sloth ; pig = gluttony ; goat = lust ; peacock = pride ) . <H3> Origin of the currently recognized seven deadly sins ( edit ) </H3> <P> The modern concept of the seven deadly sins is linked to the works of the fourth - century monk Evagrius Ponticus , who listed eight evil thoughts in Greek as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> Γαστριμαργία ( gastrimargia ) gluttony </Li> <Li> Πορνεία ( porneia ) prostitution , fornication </Li> <Li> Φιλαργυρία ( philargyria ) avarice </Li> <Li> Ὑπερηφανία ( hyperēphania ) pride -- sometimes rendered as self - overestimation </Li> <Li> Λύπη ( lypē ) sadness -- in the Philokalia , this term is rendered as envy , sadness at another 's good fortune </Li> <Li> Ὀργή ( orgē ) wrath </Li> <Li> Κενοδοξία ( kenodoxia ) boasting </Li> <Li> Ἀκηδία ( akēdia ) acedia -- in the Philokalia , this term is rendered as dejection </Li> </Ol> <P> They were translated into the Latin of Western Christianity ( largely due to the writings of John Cassian ) , thus becoming part of the Western tradition 's spiritual pietas ( or Catholic devotions ) , as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> Gula ( gluttony ) </Li> <Li> Luxuria / Fornicatio ( lust , fornication ) </Li> <Li> Avaritia ( avarice / greed ) </Li> <Li> Superbia ( pride , hubris ) </Li> <Li> Tristitia ( sorrow / despair / despondency ) </Li> <Li> Ira ( wrath ) </Li> <Li> Vanagloria ( vainglory ) </Li> <Li> Acedia ( sloth ) </Li> </Ol> <P> These `` evil thoughts '' can be categorized into three types : </P> <Ul> <Li> lustful appetite ( gluttony , fornication , and avarice ) </Li> <Li> irascibility ( wrath ) </Li> <Li> mind corruption ( vainglory , sorrow , pride , and discouragement ) </Li> </Ul> <P> In AD 590 Pope Gregory I revised this list to form the more common list . Gregory combined tristitia with acedia , and vanagloria with superbia , and added envy , in Latin , invidia . Gregory 's list became the standard list of sins . Thomas Aquinas uses and defends Gregory 's list in his Summa Theologica although he calls them the `` capital sins '' because they are the head and form of all the others . The Anglican Communion , Lutheran Church , and Methodist Church , among other Christian denominations , continue to retain this list . Moreover , modern day evangelists , such as Billy Graham have explicated the seven deadly sins . </P> <H2> Historical and modern definitions , views and associations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most of the capital sins , with the sole exception of sloth , are defined by Dante Alighieri as perverse or corrupt versions of love for something or another : lust , gluttony , and greed are all excessive or disordered love of good things ; sloth is a deficiency of love ; wrath , envy , and pride are perverted love directed toward other 's harm . In the seven capital sins are seven ways of eternal death . The capital sins from lust to envy are generally associated with pride , which has been labeled as the father of all sins , etc . </P> <H3> Lust ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Lust Paolo and Francesca , whom Dante 's Inferno describes as damned for fornication . ( Jean - Auguste - Dominique Ingres , 1819 ) <P> Lust , or lechery ( Latin , `` luxuria '' ( carnal ) ) , is intense longing . It is usually thought of as intense or unbridled sexual desire , which leads to fornication , adultery , rape , bestiality , and other immoral sexual acts . However , lust could also mean simply desire in general ; thus , lust for money , power , and other things are sinful . In accordance with the words of Henry Edward Manning , the impurity of lust transforms one into `` a slave of the devil '' . </P> <P> Lust , if not managed properly , can subvert propriety . </P> <P> German philosopher Schopenhauer wrote as follows : </P> <P> `` Lust is the ultimate goal of almost all human endeavour , exerts an adverse influence on the most important affairs , interrupts the most serious business , sometimes for a while confuses even the greatest minds , does not hesitate with its trumpery to disrupt the negotiations of statesmen and the research of scholars , has the knack of slipping its love - letters and ringlets even into ministerial portfolios and philosophical manuscripts '' . </P> <P> Dante defined lust as the disordered love for individuals , thus possessing at least the redeeming feature of mutuality , unlike the graver sins , which constitute an increasingly agonised focussing upon the solitary self ( a process begun with the more serious sin of gluttony ) . It is generally thought to be the least serious capital sin as it is an abuse of a faculty that humans share with animals , and sins of the flesh are less grievous than spiritual sins ( love excessive , not love turning ever further awry toward hatred of man and God ) . </P> <P> In Dante 's Purgatorio , the penitents walk deliberately through the purifying flames of the uppermost of the terraces of Mount Purgatory so as to purge themselves of lustful thoughts and feelings and finally win the right to reach the Earthly Paradise at the summit . In Dante 's Inferno , unforgiven souls guilty of the sin of lust are whirled around for all eternity in a perpetual tempest , symbolic of the passions by which , through lack of self - control , they were buffeted helplessly about in their earthly lives . </P> <H3> Gluttony ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gluttony Gluttony Excess ( Albert Anker , 1896 ) <P> Gluttony ( Latin , gula ) is the overindulgence and overconsumption of anything to the point of waste . The word derives from the Latin gluttire , meaning to gulp down or swallow . </P> <P> In Christianity , it is considered a sin if the excessive desire for food causes it to be withheld from the needy . </P> <P> Because of these scripts , gluttony can be interpreted as selfishness ; essentially placing concern with one 's own impulses or interests above the well - being or interests of others . </P> <P> During times of famine , war , and similar periods when food is scarce , it is possible for one to indirectly kill other people through starvation just by eating too much or even too soon . </P> <P> Medieval church leaders ( e.g. , Thomas Aquinas ) took a more expansive view of gluttony , arguing that it could also include an obsessive anticipation of meals , and the constant eating of delicacies and excessively costly foods . Aquinas went so far as to prepare a list of five ways to commit gluttony , comprising : </P> <Ul> <Li> Laute -- eating too expensively </Li> <Li> Studiose -- eating too daintily </Li> <Li> Nimis -- eating too much </Li> <Li> Praepropere -- eating too soon </Li> <Li> Ardenter -- eating too eagerly </Li> </Ul> <P> Of these , ardenter is often considered the most serious , since it is extreme attachment to the pleasure of mere eating , which can make the committer eat impulsively ; absolutely and without qualification live merely to eat and drink ; lose attachment to health - related , social , intellectual , and spiritual pleasures ; and lose proper judgement : an example is Esau selling his birthright for ordinary food of bread and pottage of lentils . His punishment was that of the `` profane person ... who , for a morsel of meat sold his birthright . '' We learn that `` he found no place for repentance , though he sought it carefully , with tears . '' </P> <H3> Greed ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Greed Greed 1909 painting The Worship of Mammon by Evelyn De Morgan . <P> Greed ( Latin , avaritia ) , also known as avarice , cupidity , or covetousness , is , like lust and gluttony , a sin of desire . However , greed ( as seen by the Church ) is applied to an artificial , rapacious desire and pursuit of material possessions . Thomas Aquinas wrote , `` Greed is a sin against God , just as all mortal sins , in as much as man condemns things eternal for the sake of temporal things . '' In Dante 's Purgatory , the penitents were bound and laid face down on the ground for having concentrated excessively on earthly thoughts . Hoarding of materials or objects , theft and robbery , especially by means of violence , trickery , or manipulation of authority are all actions that may be inspired by Greed . Such misdeeds can include simony , where one attempts to purchase or sell sacraments , including Holy Orders and , therefore , positions of authority in the Church hierarchy . </P> <P> In the words of Henry Edward , avarice `` plunges a man deep into the mire of this world , so that he makes it to be his god . '' </P> <P> As defined outside Christian writings , greed is an inordinate desire to acquire or possess more than one needs , especially with respect to material wealth . Like pride , it can lead to not just some , but all evil . </P> <H3> Sloth ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Sloth ( deadly sin ) Sloth Parable of the Wheat and the Tares by Abraham Bloemaert , Walters Art Museum <P> Sloth ( Latin , tristitia or acedia ( `` without care '' ) ) refers to a peculiar jumble of notions , dating from antiquity and including mental , spiritual , pathological , and physical states . It may be defined as absence of interest or habitual disinclination to exertion . </P> <P> In his Summa Theologica , Saint Thomas Aquinas defined sloth as `` sorrow about spiritual good '' . </P> <P> The scope of sloth is wide . Spiritually , acedia first referred to an affliction attending religious persons , especially monks , wherein they became indifferent to their duties and obligations to God . Mentally , acedia has a number of distinctive components of which the most important is affectlessness , a lack of any feeling about self or other , a mind - state that gives rise to boredom , rancor , apathy , and a passive inert or sluggish mentation , Physically , acedia is fundamentally associated with a cessation of motion and an indifference to work ; it finds expression in laziness , idleness , and indolence . </P> <P> Sloth includes ceasing to utilize the seven gifts of grace given by the Holy Spirit ( Wisdom , Understanding , Counsel , Knowledge , Piety , Fortitude , and Fear of the Lord ) ; such disregard may lead to the slowing of one 's spiritual progress towards eternal life , to the neglect of manifold duties of charity towards the neighbor , and to animosity towards those who love God . </P> <P> Sloth has also been defined as a failure to do things that one should do . By this definition , evil exists when `` good '' people fail to act . </P> <P> Edmund Burke ( 1729 -- 1797 ) wrote in Present Discontents ( II . 78 ) `` No man , who is not inflamed by vain - glory into enthusiasm , can flatter himself that his single , unsupported , desultory , unsystematic endeavours are of power to defeat the subtle designs and united Cabals of ambitious citizens . When bad men combine , the good must associate ; else they will fall , one by one , an unpitied sacrifice in a contemptible struggle . '' </P> <P> Unlike the other capital sins , which are sins of committing immorality , sloth is a sin of omitting responsibilities . It may arise from any of the other capital vices ; for example , a son may omit his duty to his father through anger . While the state and habit of sloth is a mortal sin , the habit of the soul tending towards the last mortal state of sloth is not mortal in and of itself except under certain circumstances . </P> <P> Emotionally and cognitively , the evil of acedia finds expression in a lack of any feeling for the world , for the people in it , or for the self . Acedia takes form as an alienation of the sentient self first from the world and then from itself . Although the most profound versions of this condition are found in a withdrawal from all forms of participation in or care for others or oneself , a lesser but more noisome element was also noted by theologians . From tristitia , asserted Gregory the Great , `` there arise malice , rancour , cowardice , ( and ) despair ... '' Chaucer , too , dealt with this attribute of acedia , counting the characteristics of the sin to include despair , somnolence , idleness , tardiness , negligence , indolence , and wrawnesse , the last variously translated as `` anger '' or better as `` peevishness '' . For Chaucer , human 's sin consists of languishing and holding back , refusing to undertake works of goodness because , he / she tells him / her self , the circumstances surrounding the establishment of good are too grievous and too difficult to suffer . Acedia in Chaucer 's view is thus the enemy of every source and motive for work . </P> <P> Sloth not only subverts the livelihood of the body , taking no care for its day - to - day provisions , but also slows down the mind , halting its attention to matters of great importance . Sloth hinders the man in his righteous undertakings and thus becomes a terrible source of human 's undoing . </P> <P> In his Purgatorio Dante portrayed the penance for acedia as running continuously at top speed . </P> <P> Dante describes acedia as the failure to love God with all one 's heart , all one 's mind and all one 's soul ; to him it was the middle sin , the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love . Some scholars have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide . </P> <H3> Wrath ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Wrath Wrath , by Jacques de l'Ange <P> Wrath ( Latin , ira ) can be defined as uncontrolled feelings of anger , rage , and even hatred . Wrath often reveals itself in the wish to seek vengeance . In its purest form , wrath presents with injury , violence , and hate that may provoke feuds that can go on for centuries . Wrath may persist long after the person who did another a grievous wrong is dead . Feelings of wrath can manifest in different ways , including impatience , hateful misanthropy , revenge , and self - destructive behavior , such as drug abuse or suicide . </P> <P> `` People who fly into a rage always make a bad landing . '' </P> -- Will Rogers <P> According to the Catechism of the Catholic Church , the neutral act of anger becomes the sin of wrath when it 's directed against an innocent person , when it 's unduly strong or long - lasting , or when it desires excessive punishment . `` If anger reaches the point of a deliberate desire to kill or seriously wound a neighbor , it is gravely against charity ; it is a mortal sin . '' ( CCC 2302 ) Hatred is the sin of desiring that someone else may suffer misfortune or evil , and is a mortal sin when one desires grave harm . ( CCC 2302 - 03 ) </P> <P> People feel angry when they sense that they or someone they care about has been offended , when they are certain about the nature and cause of the angering event , when they are certain someone else is responsible , and when they feel they can still influence the situation or cope with it . </P> <P> Dante described vengeance as `` love of justice perverted to revenge and spite '' . </P> <P> In accordance with Henry Edward , angry people are `` slaves to themselves '' . </P> <H3> Envy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Envy Envy Cain killing Abel , painting by Bartolomeo Manfredi , c. 1600 <P> Envy ( Latin , invidia ) , like greed and lust , is characterized by an insatiable desire . It can be described as a sad or resentful covetousness towards the traits or possessions of someone else . It arises from vainglory , and severs a man from his neighbor . </P> <P> Malicious envy is similar to jealousy in that they both feel discontent towards someone 's traits , status , abilities , or rewards . A difference is that the envious also desire the entity and covet it . Envy can be directly related to the Ten Commandments , specifically , `` Neither shall you covet ... anything that belongs to your neighbour '' - a statement that may also be related to greed . Dante defined envy as `` a desire to deprive other men of theirs '' . In Dante 's Purgatory , the punishment for the envious is to have their eyes sewn shut with wire because they gained sinful pleasure from seeing others brought low . According to St. Thomas Aquinas , the struggle aroused by envy has three stages : during the first stage , the envious person attempts to lower another 's reputation ; in the middle stage , the envious person receives either `` joy at another 's misfortune '' ( if he succeeds in defaming the other person ) or `` grief at another 's prosperity '' ( if he fails ) ; the third stage is hatred because `` sorrow causes hatred '' . </P> <P> Envy is said to be the motivation behind Cain murdering his brother , Abel , as Cain envied Abel because God favored Abel 's sacrifice over Cain 's . </P> <P> Bertrand Russell said that envy was one of the most potent causes of unhappiness , bringing sorrow to committers of envy whilst giving them the urge to inflict pain upon others . </P> <P> In accordance with the most widely accepted views , only pride weighs down the soul more than envy among the capital sins . Just like pride , envy has been associated directly with the devil , for Wisdom 2 : 24 states : '' the envy of the devil brought death to the world , `` . </P> <H3> Pride ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Pride <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section contains too many or too - lengthy quotations for an encyclopedic entry . Please help improve the article by presenting facts as a neutrally - worded summary with appropriate citations . Consider transferring direct quotations to Wikiquote . ( May 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Building the Tower of Babel was , for Dante , an example of pride . Painting by Pieter Brueghel the Elder <P> Pride ( Latin , superbia ) is considered , on almost every list , the original and most serious of the seven deadly sins : the perversion of the faculties that make humans more like God -- dignity and holiness . It is also thought to be the source of the other capital sins . Also known as hubris ( from ancient Greek ὕβρις ) , or futility , it is identified as dangerously corrupt selfishness , the putting of one 's own desires , urges , wants , and whims before the welfare of people . </P> <P> In even more destructive cases , it is irrationally believing that one is essentially and necessarily better , superior , or more important than others , failing to acknowledge the accomplishments of others , and excessive admiration of the personal image or self ( especially forgetting one 's own lack of divinity , and refusing to acknowledge one 's own limits , faults , or wrongs as a human being ) . </P> <P> What the weak head with strongest bias rules , Is pride , the never - failing vice of fools . </P> -- Alexander Pope , An Essay on Criticism , line 203 . <P> As pride has been labelled the father of all sins , it has been deemed the devil 's most prominent trait . C.S. Lewis writes , in Mere Christianity , that pride is the `` anti-God '' state , the position in which the ego and the self are directly opposed to God : `` Unchastity , anger , greed , drunkenness , and all that , are mere fleabites in comparison : it was through Pride that the devil became the devil : Pride leads to every other vice : it is the complete anti-God state of mind . '' Pride is understood to sever the spirit from God , as well as His life - and - grace - giving Presence . </P> <P> One can be prideful for different reasons . Author Ichabod Spencer states that `` ( s ) piritual pride is the worst kind of pride , if not worst snare of the devil . The heart is particularly deceitful on this one thing . '' Jonathan Edwards said `` ( r ) emember that pride is the worst viper that is in the heart , the greatest disturber of the soul 's peace and sweet communion with Christ ; it was the first sin that ever was , and lies lowest in the foundation of Satan 's whole building , and is the most difficultly rooted out , and is the most hidden , secret and deceitful of all lusts , and often creeps in , insensibly , into the midst of religion and sometimes under the disguise of humility . '' </P> <P> In Ancient Athens , hubris was considered one of the greatest crimes and was used to refer to insolent contempt that can cause one to use violence to shame the victim . This sense of hubris could also characterize rape . Aristotle defined hubris as shaming the victim , not because of anything that happened to the committer or might happen to the committer , but merely for the committer 's own gratification . The word 's connotation changed somewhat over time , with some additional emphasis towards a gross over-estimation of one 's abilities . </P> <P> The term has been used to analyse and make sense of the actions of contemporary heads of government by Ian Kershaw ( 1998 ) , Peter Beinart ( 2010 ) and in a much more physiological manner by David Owen ( 2012 ) . In this context the term has been used to describe how certain leaders , when put to positions of immense power , seem to become irrationally self - confident in their own abilities , increasingly reluctant to listen to the advice of others and progressively more impulsive in their actions . </P> <P> Dante 's definition of pride was `` love of self perverted to hatred and contempt for one 's neighbour '' . </P> <P> Pride is associated with more intra-individual negative outcomes and is commonly related to expressions of aggression and hostility ( Tangney , 1999 ) . As one might expect , pride is not always associated with high self - esteem but with highly fluctuating or variable self - esteem . Excessive feelings of pride have a tendency to create conflict and sometimes terminating close relationships , which has led it to be understood as one of the few emotions with no clear positive or adaptive functions ( Rhodwalt , et al . ) . </P> <P> Pride is generally associated with an absence of humility . It may also be associated with a lack of knowledge . John Gay states that `` By ignorance is pride increased ; They most assume who know the least . '' </P> <P> In accordance with the Sirach 's author 's wording , the heart of a proud man is `` like a partridge in its cage acting as a decoy ; like a spy he watches for your weaknesses . He changes good things into evil , he lays his traps . Just as a spark sets coals on fire , the wicked man prepares his snares in order to draw blood . Beware of the wicked man for he is planning evil . He might dishonor you forever . '' In another chapter , he says that `` the acquisitive man is not content with what he has , wicked injustice shrivels the heart . '' </P> <P> Benjamin Franklin said `` In reality there is , perhaps no one of our natural passions so hard to subdue as pride . Disguise it , struggle with it , stifle it , mortify it as much as one pleases , it is still alive and will every now and then peep out and show itself ; you will see it , perhaps , often in this history . For even if I could conceive that I had completely overcome it , I should probably be proud of my humility . '' Joseph Addison states that `` There is no passion that steals into the heart more imperceptibly and covers itself under more disguises than pride . '' </P> <P> The proverb `` pride goeth ( goes ) before destruction , a haughty spirit before a fall '' ( from the biblical Book of Proverbs , 16 : 18 ) ( or pride goeth before the fall ) is thought to sum up the modern use of pride . Pride is also referred to as `` pride that blinds , '' as it often causes a committer of pride to act in foolish ways that belie common sense . In other words , the modern definition may be thought of as , `` that pride that goes just before the fall . '' In his two - volume biography of Adolf Hitler , historian Ian Kershaw uses both ' hubris ' and ' nemesis ' as titles . The first volume , Hubris , describes Hitler 's early life and rise to political power . The second , Nemesis , gives details of Hitler 's role in the Second World War , and concludes with his fall and suicide in 1945 . </P> <P> Much of the 10th and part of 11th chapter of the Book of Sirach discusses and advises about pride , hubris , and who is rationally worthy of honor . It goes : </P> <P> `` Do not store up resentment against your neighbor , no matter what his offence ; do nothing in a fit of anger . Pride is odious to both God and man ; injustice is abhorrent to both of them . Sovereignty is forced from one nation to another because of injustice , violence , and wealth . How can there be such pride in someone who is nothing but dust and ashes ? Even while he is living , man 's bowels are full of rottenness . Look : the illness lasts while the doctor makes light of it ; and one who is king today will die tomorrow . Once a man is dead , grubs , insects , and worms are his lot. The beginning of man 's pride is to separate himself from the Lord and to rebel against his Creator . The beginning of pride is sin . Whoever perseveres in sinning opens the floodgates to everything that is evil . For this the Lord has inflicted dire punishment on sinners ; he has reduced them to nothing . The Lord has overturned the thrones of princes and set up the meek in their place . The Lord has torn up the proud by their roots and has planted the humble in their place . The Lord has overturned the land of pagans and totally destroyed them . He has devastated several of them , destroyed them and removed all remembrance of them from the face of the earth . Pride was not created for man , nor violent anger for those born of woman . Which race is worthy of honor ? The human race . Which race is worthy of honor ? Those who are good . Which race is despicable ? The human race . Which race is despicable ? Those who break the commandments . The leader is worthy of respect in the midst of his brethren , but he has respect for those who are good . Whether , they be rich , honored or poor , their pride should be in being good . It is not right to despise the poor man who keeps the law ; it is not fitting to honor the sinful man . The leader , the judge , and the powerful man are worthy of honor , but no one is greater than the man who is good . A prudent slave will have free men as servants , and the sensible man will not complain . Do not feel proud when you accomplished your work ; do not put on airs when times are difficult for you . Of greater worth is the man who works and lives in abundance than the one who shows off and yet has nothing to live on . My son , have a modest appreciation of yourself , estimate yourself at your true value . Who will defend the man who takes his own life ? Who will respect the man who despises himself ? The poor man will be honored for his wisdom and the rich man , for his riches . Honored when poor - how much more honored when rich ! Dishonored when rich - how much more dishonored when poor ! The poor man who is intelligent carries his head high and sits among the great . Do not praise a man because he is handsome and do not hold a man in contempt because of his appearance . The bee is one of the smallest winged insects but she excels in the exquisite sweetness of her honey . Do not be irrationally proud just because of the clothes you wear ; do not be proud when people honor you . Do you know what the Lord is planning in a mysterious way ? Many tyrants have been overthrown and someone unknown has received the crown . Many powerful men have been disgraced and famous men handed over to the power of others . Do not reprehend anyone unless you have been first fully informed , consider the case first and thereafter make your reproach . Do not reply before you have listened ; do not meddle in the disputes of sinners . My child , do not undertake too many activities . If you keep adding to them , you will not be without reproach ; if you run after them , you will not succeed nor will you ever be free , although you try to escape . '' </P> -- Sirach , 10 : 6 -- 31 and 11 : 1 -- 10 <P> Jacob Bidermann 's medieval miracle play , Cenodoxus , pride is the deadliest of all the sins and leads directly to the damnation of the titulary famed Parisian doctor . In Dante 's Divine Comedy , the penitents are burdened with stone slabs on their necks to keep their heads bowed . </P> <H2> Historical sins ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Acedia ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Acedia Acedia mosaic , Basilica of Notre - Dame de Fourvière <P> Acedia ( Latin , acedia `` without care '' ) ( from Greek ἀκηδία ) is the neglect to take care of something that one should do . It is translated to apathetic listlessness ; depression without joy . It is related to melancholy : acedia describes the behaviour and melancholy suggests the emotion producing it . In early Christian thought , the lack of joy was regarded as a willful refusal to enjoy the goodness of God ; by contrast , apathy was considered a refusal to help others in time of need . </P> <P> Acēdia is negative form of the Greek term κηδεία , which has a more restricted usage . ' Kēdeia ' refers specifically to spousal love and respect for the dead . The positive term ' kēdeia ' thus indicates love for one 's family , even through death . It also indicates love for those outside one 's immediate family , specifically forming a new family with one 's `` beloved . '' Seen in this way , ' acēdia ' indicates a rejection of familial love . Nonetheless , the meaning of ' acēdia ' is far more broad , signifying indifference to everything one experiences . </P> <P> Pope Gregory combined this with tristitia into sloth for his list . When Thomas Aquinas described acedia in his interpretation of the list , he described it as an uneasiness of the mind , being a progenitor for lesser sins such as restlessness and instability . Dante refined this definition further , describing acedia as the failure to love God with all one 's heart , all one 's mind and all one 's soul ; to him it was the middle sin , the only one characterised by an absence or insufficiency of love . Some scholars have said that the ultimate form of acedia was despair which leads to suicide . </P> <P> Acedia is currently defined in the Catechism of the Catholic Church as spiritual sloth , which would be believing spiritual tasks to be too difficult . In the fourth century , Christian monks believed acedia was not primarily caused by laziness , but by a state of depression that caused spiritual detachment . </P> Detail of Pride from The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things by Hieronymous Bosch , c. 1500 <H3> Vainglory ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Vanity <P> Vainglory ( Latin , vanagloria ) is unjustified boasting . Pope Gregory viewed it as a form of pride , so he folded vainglory into pride for his listing of sins . According to Thomas Aquinas , it is the progenitor of envy . </P> <P> The Latin term gloria roughly means boasting , although its English cognate -- glory -- has come to have an exclusively positive meaning ; historically , the term vain roughly meant futile , but by the 14th century had come to have the strong narcissistic undertones , that it still retains today . As a result of these semantic changes , vainglory has become a rarely used word in itself , and is now commonly interpreted as referring to vanity ( in its modern narcissistic sense ) . </P> <H2> Christian seven virtues ( edit ) </H2> <P> With Christianity , historic Christian denominations such as the Catholic Church and Protestant Churches , including the Lutheran Church , recognize seven virtues , which correspond inversely to each of the seven deadly sins . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Vice </Th> <Th> Latin </Th> <Th> Italian </Th> <Th> Virtue </Th> <Th> Latin </Th> <Th> Italian </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lust </Td> <Td> Luxuria </Td> <Td> `` Lussuria '' </Td> <Td> Chastity </Td> <Td> Castitas </Td> <Td> `` Castità '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gluttony </Td> <Td> Gula </Td> <Td> `` Gola '' </Td> <Td> Temperance </Td> <Td> Moderatio </Td> <Td> `` Temperanza '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greed </Td> <Td> Avaritia </Td> <Td> `` Avarizia '' </Td> <Td> Charity ( or , sometimes , Generosity ) </Td> <Td> Caritas ( Liberalitas ) </Td> <Td> `` Generosità '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sloth </Td> <Td> Acedia </Td> <Td> `` Accidia '' </Td> <Td> Diligence </Td> <Td> Industria </Td> <Td> `` Diligenza '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wrath </Td> <Td> Ira </Td> <Td> `` Ira '' </Td> <Td> Patience </Td> <Td> Patientia </Td> <Td> `` Pazienza '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Envy </Td> <Td> Invidia </Td> <Td> `` Invidia '' </Td> <Td> Gratitude </Td> <Td> Gratia </Td> <Td> `` Gratitudine '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pride </Td> <Td> Superbia </Td> <Td> `` Superbia '' </Td> <Td> Humility </Td> <Td> Humilitas </Td> <Td> `` Umiltà '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Confession patterns ( edit ) </H2> <P> Confession is the act of admitting the commission of a sin to a priest , who in turn will forgive the person in the name ( in the person ) of Christ , give a penance to ( partially ) make up for the offense , and advise the person on what he or she should do afterwards . </P> <P> According to a 2009 study by Fr Roberto Busa , a Jesuit scholar , the most common deadly sin confessed by men is supposedly lust , and by women , pride . It was unclear whether these differences were due to the actual number of transgressions committed by each sex , or whether differing views on what `` counts '' or should be confessed caused the observed pattern . </P> <H2> In Art ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Dante 's Purgatorio ( edit ) </H3> <P> The second book of Dante 's epic poem The Divine Comedy is structured around the seven deadly sins . The most serious sins , found at the lowest level , are the abuses of the most divine faculty . For Dante and other thinkers , a human 's rational faculty makes humans more like God . Abusing that faculty with pride or envy weighs down the soul the most . Abusing one 's passions with wrath or a lack of passion as with sloth also weighs down the soul but not as much as the abuse of one 's rational faculty . Finally , abusing one 's desires to have one 's physical needs met via greed , gluttony , or lust abuses a faculty that humans share with animals . This is still an abuse that weighs down the soul , but it does not weigh it down like other abuses . Thus , the top levels of the Mountain of Purgatory have the top listed sins , while the lowest levels have the more serious sins of wrath , envy , and pride . </P> <Ol> <Li> luxuria / Lust </Li> <Li> gula / Gluttony </Li> <Li> avaritia / Greed </Li> <Li> acedia / Sloth </Li> <Li> ira / Wrath </Li> <Li> invidia / Envy </Li> <Li> superbia / Pride </Li> </Ol> <H3> Geoffrey Chaucer 's `` the Parson 's tale '' ( edit ) </H3> <P> The last tale of the Canterbury Tales , the `` Parson 's Tale '' is not a tale but a sermon that the parson gives against the seven deadly sins . This sermon brings together many common ideas and images about the seven deadly sins . This tale and Dante 's work both show how the seven deadly sins were used for confessional purposes or as a way to identify , repent of , and find forgiveness for one 's sins . </P> <H3> Pieter Bruegel the Elder 's prints of the seven deadly sins ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Dutch artist created a series of prints showing each of the seven deadly sins . Each print features a central , labeled image that represents the sin . Around the figure are images that show the distortions , degenerations , and destructions caused by the sin . Many of these images come from contemporary Dutch aphorisms . </P> <H3> Edmund spenser 's the faerie queene ( edit ) </H3> <P> Spenser 's work , which was meant to educate young people to embrace virtue and avoid vice , includes a colourful depiction of the House of Pride . Lucifera , the lady of the house , is accompanied by advisers who represent the other seven deadly sins . </P> <H3> Kurt weill and bertolt brecht 's the seven deadly sins ( edit ) </H3> <P> This work satirized capitalism and its painful abuses as its central character , the victim of a split personality , travels to seven different cities in search of money for her family . In each city she encounters one of the seven deadly sins , but those sins ironically reverse one 's expectations . When the character goes to Los Angeles , for example , she is outraged by injustice , but is told that wrath against capitalism is a sin that she must avoid . </P> <H3> Paul Cadmus ' the seven deadly sins ( edit ) </H3> <P> Between 1945 and 1949 , the American painter Paul Cadmus created a series of vivid , powerful , and gruesome paintings of each of the seven deadly sins . </P> <H2> Revalorization ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ferdinand Mount maintains that liquid currentness , especially through tabloids , has surprisingly given valor to vices , causing society to regress into that of primitive pagans : `` covetousness has been rebranded as retail therapy , sloth is downtime , lust is exploring your sexuality , anger is opening up your feelings , vanity is looking good because you 're worth it and gluttony is the religion of foodies '' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Arishadvargas in Hinduism </Li> <Li> Cardinal virtues </Li> <Li> Christian ethics </Li> <Li> Enneagram of Personality </Li> <Li> Five poisons in Buddhism </Li> <Li> Five Thieves in Sikhism </Li> <Li> Knightly Virtues </Li> <Li> Nafs and Tazkiah in Islam </Li> <Li> Private Vices , Publick Benefits </Li> <Li> Seven Social Sins written by Mohandas Gandhi </Li> <Li> Sufism in Islam </Li> <Li> The Seven Sins of Memory </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times </Li> <Li> Theological virtues </Li> <Li> Tree of virtues </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tucker , Shawn ( 2015 ) . The Virtues and Vices in the Arts : A Sourcebook . Cascade . ISBN 1625647182 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aquinas , Thomas ( 2013 - 08 - 20 ) . Summa Theologica ( All Complete & Unabridged 3 Parts + Supplement & Appendix + interactive links and annotations ) . e-artnow . ISBN 9788074842924 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evagrius ( 2006 ) . Evagrius of Pontus : The Greek Ascetic Corpus translated by Robert E. Sinkewicz . Oxford and New York : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0199297088 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cassian , John ( 2000 ) . The Institutes . Newman Press of the Paulist Press . ISBN 0809105225 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Manning , Henry Edward . Sin and Its consequences . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tilby , Angela ( 2013 - 04 - 23 ) . The Seven Deadly Sins : Their origin in the spiritual teaching of Evagrius the Hermit . SPCK . ISBN 9780281062997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evagrio Pontico , Gli Otto Spiriti Malvagi , trans. , Felice Comello , Pratiche Editrice , Parma , 1990 , p. 11 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evagrius of Pontus : The Greek Ascetic Corpus . Oxford : Oxford University Press . 2006 - 06 - 22 . ISBN 9780199297085 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the translation of the Philokalia by Palmer , Ware , and Sherrard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NPNF - 211 . Sulpitius Severus , Vincent of Lerins , John Cassian - Christian Classics Ethereal Library '' . www.ccel.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cassian , St John ( 2000 - 01 - 03 ) . The Institutes ( First ed . ) . New York : Newman Press of the Paulist Press . ISBN 9780809105229 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Refoule , F. ( 1967 ) `` Evagrius Ponticus , '' In New Catholic Encyclopaedia , Vol. 5 , pp. 644f , Staff of Catholic University of America , Eds. , New York , NY , USA : McGraw - Hill . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : DelCogliano , Mark ( 2014 - 11 - 18 ) . Gregory the Great : Moral Reflections on the Book of Job , Volume 1 . Cistercian Publications . ISBN 9780879071493 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker , Shawn R. ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) . The Virtues and Vices in the Arts : A Sourcebook . Cascade Books , an Imprint of Wipf and Stock Publishers . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SUMMA THEOLOGICA : The cause of sin , in respect of one sin being the cause of another Prima Secundae Partis , Q. 84 ; I - II , 84 , 3 ) '' . www.newadvent.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Armentrout , Don S. ( 1 January 2000 ) . An Episcopal Dictionary of the Church : A User - Friendly Reference for Episcopalians . Church Publishing , Inc. p. 479 . ISBN 9780898697018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lessing , Reed ( 25 August 2002 ) . `` Mighty Menacin ' Midianites '' . The Lutheran Hour . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Speidel , Royal . `` What Would a United Methodist Jesus Do ? '' . UCM . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . Thirdly , the United Methodist Jesus reminds us to confess our sins . How long has it been since you have heard reference to the seven deadly sins : pride , gluttony , sloth , lust , greed , envy and anger ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Life Of A Disciple In The World 7 - Seven Deadly Sins : Lust '' . United Methodist YouthWorker Movement . Retrieved 26 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The American Lutheran , Volumes 39 - 40 . American Lutheran Publicity Bureau . 1956 . p. 332 . The world - renowned Evangelist , Billy Graham , presents in this volume an excellent analysis of the seven deadly sins which he enumerates as pride , anger , envy , impurity , gluttony , avarice , and slothfulness . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dorothy L. Sayers , Purgatory , Introduction , pp. 65 -- 67 ( Penguin , 1955 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Definition of LUST '' . www.merriam-webster.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Blackburn , Simon . Lust : The Seven Deadly SIns . ISBN 0 - 19 - 516200 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dante , Hell ' ( 1975 ) p. 101 ; Dante , Purgatory ( 1971 ) p. 67 and p. 202 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pyle , Eric ( 2014 - 12 - 31 ) . William Blake 's Illustrations for Dante 's Divine Comedy : A Study of the Engravings , Pencil Sketches and Watercolors . McFarland . ISBN 9781476617022 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aquinas , St Thomas ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . Summa Theologica , Volume 4 ( Part III , First Section ) . Cosimo , Inc . ISBN 9781602065604 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Okholm , Dennis . `` Rx for Gluttony '' . Christianity Today , Vol. 44 , No. 10 , September 11 , 2000 , p. 62 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gluttony '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Free Dictionary '' . The Free Dictionary . April 1 , 1987 . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Stanford . The Seven Deadly Sins : Society and Evil . p. 5 . ISBN 0 - 930390 - 81 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` the definition of sloth '' . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 03 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lyman , Stanford . The Seven Deadly Sins : Society and Evil . pp. 6 -- 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Landau , Ronnie . The Seven deadly Sins : A companion . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4457 - 3227 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Handbook of Anger . p. 290 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aquinas , St Thomas ( 2013 - 01 - 01 ) . Summa Theologica , Volume 3 ( Part II , Second Section ) . Cosimo , Inc . ISBN 9781602065581 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Summa Theologica : Treatise on The Theological Virtues ( QQ ( 1 ) -- 46 ) : Question. 36 -- Of Envy ( four articles ) '' . Sacred-texts.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell , Bertrand ( 1930 ) . The Conquest of Happiness . New York : H. Liverwright . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mere Christianity , C.S. Lewis , ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 065292 - 0 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers . 1895 . p. 485 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Claghorn , George . To Deborah Hatheway , Letters and Personal Writings ( Works of Jonathan Edwards Online Vol. 16 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` hubris - Definition & Examples '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aristotle . Rhetoric . p. 1378b . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , David ( 1995 ) . Law , Violence , and Community in Classical Athens . Cambridge University Press . p. 145 . ISBN 0521388376 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ludwig , Paul W. ( 2002 ) . Eros and Polis : Desire and Community in Greek Political Theory . Cambridge University Press . p. 178 . ISBN 1139434179 . Retrieved March 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The 1920 Farrow 's Bank Failure : A Case of Managerial Hubris '' . Durham University . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Humility vs Pride And Why The Difference Should Matter To You Jeremie Kubicek '' . jeremiekubicek.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acquaviva , Gary J. ( 2000 ) . Values , Violence , and Our Future . Rodopi . ISBN 9042005599 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Franklin , Benjamin . The Autobiography . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dictionary of Burning Words of Brilliant Writers . 1895 . p. 484 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian ( 1998 ) . Hitler 1889 -- 1936 : Hubris . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04671 - 7 . OCLC 50149322 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kershaw , Ian ( 2000 ) . Hitler 1936 -- 1945 : Nemesis . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 04994 - 7 . OCLC 45234118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott . A Greek - English Lexicon . Revised by Sir Henry Stuart Jones and Roderick McKenzie . Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1940 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Before Sloth Meant Laziness , It Was the Spiritual Sin of Acedia '' . Atlas Obscura. 2017 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oxford English dictionary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Young , David ( 1893 ) . The Origin and History of Methodism in Wales and the Borders . C.H. Kelly . p. 14 . For nearly a hundred years after the Reformation , excepting in cathedrals , churches , and chapels , there were no Bibles in Wales . The first book printed in the Welsh language was published in 1546 , by Sir John Price of The Priory , Becon , and contained a translation of the Psalms , the Gospels as appointed to be read in the churches , the Lord 's Prayer , the Ten Commandments , a Calendar , and the Seven Virtues of the Church . Sir John was a layman , a sturdy Protestant , and a man of considerable influence and ability . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spicer , Andrew ( 5 December 2016 ) . Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe . Taylor & Francis . p. 478 . ISBN 9781351921169 . The Lutheran emblem of a rose was painted in a sequence on the ceiling , while a decoratively carved pulpit included the Christo - centric symbol of a vulnerating pelican . The interior changed to a degree in the 1690s when Philip Tideman produced a series of grisaille paintings depicted the Seven Virtues ( which hang from the gallery behind the pulpit ) , as well as decorating the wing doors of the organ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Two sexes ' sin in different ways ' '' . BBC News . February 18 , 2009 . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morning Edition ( February 20 , 2009 ) . `` True Confessions : Men And Women Sin Differently '' . Npr.org . Retrieved July 24 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Godsall - Myers , Jean E. ( 2003 ) . Speaking in the medieval world . Brill . p. 27 . ISBN 90 - 04 - 12955 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katherine Ludwig , Jansen ( 2001 ) . The making of the Magdalen : preaching and popular devotion in the later Middle Ages . Princeton University Press . p. 168 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 08987 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vossler , Karl ; Spingarn , Joel Elias ( 1929 ) . Mediæval Culture : The religious , philosophic , and ethico - political background of the `` Divine Comedy '' . University of Michigan : Constable & company . p. 246 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Canterbury Tales '' . CliffsNotes . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dante 's Inferno and Saint Augustine 's Confessions '' . h2g2 . Retrieved 30 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orenstein , Nadine M. , ed. ( 2001 - 09 - 01 ) . Pieter Bruegel the Elder : Prints and Drawings . New York : Metropolitan Museum of Art . ISBN 9780300090147 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein , H. Arthur ( 1963 - 01 - 01 ) . Graphic Work of Peter Bruegel , the Elder : Reproducing 64 Engravings and a Woodcut After Designs By Peter Bruegel the Elder ( 1st Edition / 1st Printing ed . ) . Dover Publications . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Paul Cadmus The Seven Deadly Sins : Pride The Metropolitan Museum of Art '' . www.metmuseum.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ F. Mount , Full Circle ( 2010 ) p. 302 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Tucker , Shawn . The Virtues and Vices in the Arts : A Sourcebook , ( Eugene , OR : Cascade Press , 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Schumacher , Meinolf ( 2005 ) : `` Catalogues of Demons as Catalogues of Vices in Medieval German Literature : ' Des Teufels Netz ' and the Alexander Romance by Ulrich von Etzenbach . '' In In the Garden of Evil : The Vices and Culture in the Middle Ages . Edited by Richard Newhauser , pp. 277 -- 290 . Toronto : Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies . </Li> <Li> The Divine Comedy ( `` Inferno '' , `` Purgatorio '' , and `` Paradiso '' ) , by Dante Alighieri </Li> <Li> Summa Theologica , by Thomas Aquinas </Li> <Li> The Concept of Sin , by Josef Pieper </Li> <Li> The Traveller 's Guide to Hell , by Michael Pauls & Dana Facaros </Li> <Li> Sacred Origins of Profound Things , by Charles Panati </Li> <Li> The Faerie Queene , by Edmund Spenser </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins Series , Oxford University Press ( 7 vols . ) </Li> <Li> Rebecca Konyndyk DeYoung , Glittering Vices : A New Look at the Seven Deadly Sins and Their Remedies , ( Grand Rapids : BrazosPress , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Solomon Schimmel , The Seven Deadly Sins : Jewish , Christian , and Classical Reflections on Human Psychology , ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1997 ) </Li> <Li> `` Doctor Faustus '' by Christopher Marlowe </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Seven Deadly Sins . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Catholic Catechism on Sin </Li> <Li> Medieval mural depictions -- in parish churches of England ( online catalog , Anne Marshall , Open University ) </Li> <Li> Stranger , An Allegorical Tale of the Seven Deadly Sins , ISBN 9781311073846 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seven deadly sins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Lust </Li> <Li> Gluttony </Li> <Li> Greed </Li> <Li> Sloth </Li> <Li> Wrath </Li> <Li> Envy </Li> <Li> Pride </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Persons who categorized and described the sins </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Evagrius Ponticus </Li> <Li> John Cassian </Li> <Li> Pope Gregory I </Li> <Li> Dante Alighieri </Li> <Li> Peter Binsfeld </Li> <Li> Tarrare </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In art and culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Divine Comedy <Ul> <Li> Inferno </Li> <Li> Purgatorio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1585 play ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins and the Four Last Things ( painting ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1933 ballet ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1952 film ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( 1962 film ) </Li> <Li> The Muppet Show : Sex and Violence ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Seven ( 1995 film ) </Li> <Li> Fullmetal Alchemist ( manga series ) </Li> <Li> Fullmetal Alchemist ( 2003 anime ) </Li> <Li> Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood ( 2009 anime ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins ( manga series ) </Li> <Li> The Seven Deadly Sins of Modern Times ( painting ) </Li> <Li> House of Anubis : The Re-Awakening ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jack ( webcomic ) </Li> <Li> Evillious Chronicles ( song and book series ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Seven Heavenly Virtues </Li> <Li> Seven Social Sins </Li> <Li> Sin <Ul> <Li> Christian views on sin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Christian views on the Old Covenant </Li> <Li> Hamartiology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Catholicism portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seven virtues in Christian ethics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Four cardinal virtues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prudence ( Prudentia ) </Li> <Li> Justice ( Iustitia ) </Li> <Li> Fortitude ( Fortitudo ) </Li> <Li> Temperance ( Temperantia ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sources : Plato <Ul> <Li> Republic , Book IV </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cicero </Li> <Li> Ambrose </Li> <Li> Augustine of Hippo </Li> <Li> Thomas Aquinas </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Three theological virtues </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Faith ( Fides ) </Li> <Li> Hope ( Spes ) </Li> <Li> Love ( Caritas ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Sources : Paul the Apostle <Ul> <Li> 1 Corinthians 13 </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seven deadly sins </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lust ( Luxuria ) </Li> <Li> Gluttony ( Gula ) </Li> <Li> Greed ( Avaritia ) </Li> <Li> Sloth ( Acedia ) </Li> <Li> Wrath ( Ira ) </Li> <Li> Envy ( Invidia ) </Li> <Li> Pride ( Superbia ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Source : Prudentius , Psychomachia </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> People : Evagrius Ponticus </Li> <Li> John Cassian </Li> <Li> Pope Gregory I </Li> <Li> Dante Alighieri </Li> <Li> Peter Binsfeld </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ten Commandments </Li> <Li> Great Commandment </Li> <Li> Eschatology </Li> <Li> Sin <Ul> <Li> Original sin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Old Covenant </Li> <Li> Hamartiology </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Christian ethics </Li> <Li> Christian philosophy </Li> <Li> Christianity portal </Li> <Li> Philosophy portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4185605 - 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List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada - wikipedia <H1> List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Supreme Court of Canada </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Act </Li> <Li> Process </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current members </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richard Wagner ( Chief Justice ) </Li> <Li> Rosalie Abella </Li> <Li> Michael Moldaver </Li> <Li> Andromache Karakatsanis </Li> <Li> Richard Wagner </Li> <Li> Clément Gascon </Li> <Li> Suzanne Côté </Li> <Li> Russell Brown </Li> <Li> Malcolm Rowe </Li> <Li> Sheilah Martin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All members </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of Chief Justices </Li> <Li> List of all Justices </Li> <Li> List of Justices by Court composition </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judgments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Richard Wagner is the current Chief Justice of Canada Beverley McLachlin was the first woman to hold this position . <P> The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court of Canada . It was created in 1875 by a law passed by the Parliament of Canada , the Supreme and Exchequer Court Act . Since 1949 , the Court has been the final court of appeal in the Canadian justice system . Originally composed of six justices ( the Chief Justice of Canada and five puisne justices ) , the Court was expanded to seven justices by the creation of an additional puisne justice position in 1927 , and then to nine justices by the creation of two more puisne justice positions in 1949 . </P> <P> The justices are appointed by the Governor - in - Council ( Governor General of Canada on the advice of the Cabinet ) . The first six justices of the Court were all appointed in 1875 by the then Governor General of Canada , the Earl of Dufferin , on the advice of the Canadian Prime Minister , Alexander Mackenzie . </P> <P> Of the nine justices , three positions are required by law to be held by judges who are either judges of the superior courts of Quebec , or members of the Bar of Quebec , at the time of their appointment . Traditionally , three of the remaining judges are appointed from Ontario , two from the four western provinces , and one from the Atlantic provinces . The judges from these provinces , other than Quebec , must have been a judge of a superior court , or a member of the bar of one of those provinces for ten or more years prior to the appointment . A Supreme Court justice , as with all federal judges , has guaranteed tenure during good behaviour , and may sit on the bench until the age of 75 years . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Justices </Li> <Li> 2 List of current justices by mandatory retirement date </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Justices ( edit ) </H2> <P> Richard Wagner is the current Chief Justice . He was appointed after Beverley McLachlin 's retirement in 2017 . She was the first woman to hold this position . </P> <P> In this list , justices are placed in the order in which they took the judicial oath of office and thereby started their term of office . While many of the justices ' positions prior to appointment are simply listed as `` lawyer '' , many had part - time positions , such as teaching , or acted as counsel to various levels of government . </P> <P> † Denotes current justices </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Province </Th> <Th> Term of active service </Th> <Th> Term of service as Chief Justice </Th> <Th> Length of active service </Th> <Th> Length in days as Chief Justice </Th> <Th> Appointed on advice of </Th> <Th> Legal education </Th> <Th> Position prior to appointment </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sir William Buell Richards ( 1815 -- 1889 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1875 -- January 10 , 1879 </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1875 -- January 10 , 1879 </Td> <Td> 1,199 </Td> <Td> 1,199 </Td> <Td> Mackenzie ( directly as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1837 ) </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Canada West </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Johnstone Ritchie ( 1813 -- 1892 ) </Td> <Td> New Brunswick </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1875 -- September 25 , 1892 </Td> <Td> January 11 , 1879 -- September 25 , 1892 </Td> <Td> 6,206 </Td> <Td> 5,007 </Td> <Td> Mackenzie ( as puisne justice ) ; Macdonald ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1837 ) </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of New Brunswick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Samuel Henry Strong ( 1825 -- 1909 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1875 -- November 18 , 1902 </Td> <Td> December 13 , 1892 -- November 18 , 1902 </Td> <Td> 9,911 </Td> <Td> 3,627 </Td> <Td> Mackenzie ( as puisne justice ) ; Thompson ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1849 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario Court of Error & Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jean - Thomas Taschereau ( 1814 -- 1893 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1875 -- October 6 , 1878 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,103 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mackenzie </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ; École de droit de Paris ( 1837 ) </Td> <Td> Court of Queen 's Bench of Quebec </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Télesphore Fournier ( 1823 -- 1896 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1875 -- September 12 , 1895 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7,288 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mackenzie </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1846 ) </Td> <Td> Postmaster General </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> William Alexander Henry ( 1816 -- 1888 ) </Td> <Td> Nova Scotia </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1875 -- May 3 , 1888 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,600 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mackenzie </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1841 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Sir Henri - Elzéar Taschereau ( 1836 -- 1911 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> October 7 , 1878 -- May 2 , 1906 </Td> <Td> November 21 , 1902 -- May 2 , 1906 </Td> <Td> 10,069 </Td> <Td> 1,259 </Td> <Td> Mackenzie ( as puisne justice ) ; Laurier ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Quebec Superior Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> John Wellington Gwynne ( 1814 -- 1902 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> January 14 , 1879 -- January 7 , 1902 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 8,394 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Macdonald </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1837 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario Court of Error & Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Christopher Salmon Patterson ( 1823 -- 1893 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> October 27 , 1888 -- July 24 , 1893 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,732 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Macdonald </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Ontario Court of Error & Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Robert Sedgewick ( 1848 -- 1906 ) </Td> <Td> Nova Scotia </Td> <Td> February 18 , 1893 -- August 4 , 1906 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,915 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Thompson </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1872 ) </Td> <Td> Deputy Minister of Justice ( Federal ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> George Edwin King ( 1839 -- 1901 ) </Td> <Td> New Brunswick </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1893 -- May 8 , 1901 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2,786 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Thompson </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1865 ) </Td> <Td> Supreme Court of New Brunswick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Désiré Girouard ( 1836 -- 1911 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> September 28 , 1895 -- March 22 , 1911 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,654 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bowell </Td> <Td> McGill Law School ( 1860 ) </Td> <Td> Member of Parliament for Jacques Cartier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Sir Louis Henry Davies ( 1845 -- 1924 ) </Td> <Td> Prince Edward Island </Td> <Td> September 25 , 1901 -- May 1 , 1924 </Td> <Td> November 23 , 1918 -- May 1 , 1924 </Td> <Td> 8,255 </Td> <Td> 1,987 </Td> <Td> Laurier ( as puisne justice ) ; Borden ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Inner Temple , London ( 1866 ) </Td> <Td> Member of Parliament for West Queen 's </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> David Mills ( 1831 -- 1903 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> February 8 , 1902 -- May 8 , 1903 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 455 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Laurier </Td> <Td> University of Michigan ( 1867 ) </Td> <Td> Minister of Justice ( Canada ) and Leader of the Government in the Senate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> John Douglas Armour ( 1830 -- 1903 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> November 21 , 1902 -- July 11 , 1903 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 233 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Laurier </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1853 ) </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Wallace Nesbitt ( 1858 -- 1930 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> May 16 , 1903 -- October 4 , 1905 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 873 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Laurier </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1881 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Albert Clements Killam ( 1849 -- 1908 ) </Td> <Td> Manitoba </Td> <Td> August 8 , 1903 -- February 6 , 1905 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 549 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Laurier </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1877 ) </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of Manitoba </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> John Idington ( 1840 -- 1928 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> February 10 , 1905 -- March 31 , 1927 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 8,085 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Laurier </Td> <Td> University of Toronto ( 1864 ) </Td> <Td> High Court of Justice of Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> James Maclennan ( 1833 -- 1915 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> October 5 , 1905 -- February 13 , 1909 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,228 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Laurier </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1857 ) </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Sir Charles Fitzpatrick ( 1853 -- 1942 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> June 4 , 1906 -- November 21 , 1918 </Td> <Td> June 4 , 1906 -- November 21 , 1918 </Td> <Td> 4,554 </Td> <Td> 4,554 </Td> <Td> Laurier ( directly as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Université Laval , Faculté de droit ( 1876 ) </Td> <Td> Minister of Justice ( Canada ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Sir Lyman Poore Duff ( 1865 -- 1955 ) </Td> <Td> British Columbia </Td> <Td> September 27 , 1906 -- January 2 , 1944 </Td> <Td> March 17 , 1933 -- January 2 , 1944 </Td> <Td> 13,617 </Td> <Td> 3,949 </Td> <Td> Laurier ( as puisne justice ) ; Bennett ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Osgoode Hall Law School </Td> <Td> Supreme Court of British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Francis Alexander Anglin ( 1865 -- 1933 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> February 23 , 1909 -- February 28 , 1933 </Td> <Td> September 16 , 1924 -- February 28 , 1933 </Td> <Td> 8,772 </Td> <Td> 3,088 </Td> <Td> Laurier ( as puisne justice ) ; King ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> The Law Society of Upper Canada ( 1888 ) </Td> <Td> High Court of Justice of Ontario ( Exchequer Division ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Louis - Philippe Brodeur ( 1862 -- 1924 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> August 11 , 1911 -- October 10 , 1923 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,444 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Laurier </Td> <Td> Université Laval à Montréal , Faculté de droit ( 1884 ) </Td> <Td> Minister of the Naval Service </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Pierre - Basile Mignault ( 1854 -- 1945 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> October 25 , 1918 -- September 30 , 1929 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,994 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Borden </Td> <Td> McGill Law School ( 1878 ) </Td> <Td> Member of the International Joint Commission </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Arthur Cyrille Albert Malouin ( 1857 -- 1936 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> January 30 , 1924 -- October 1 , 1924 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 246 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Université Laval , Faculté de droit ( 1882 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec Superior Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Edmund Leslie Newcombe ( 1859 -- 1931 ) </Td> <Td> Nova Scotia </Td> <Td> September 16 , 1924 -- December 9 , 1931 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2,641 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> University of Halifax ( 1881 ) </Td> <Td> Deputy Minister of Justice ( federal ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Thibaudeau Rinfret ( 1879 -- 1962 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> October 1 , 1924 -- June 22 , 1954 </Td> <Td> January 8 , 1944 -- June 22 , 1954 </Td> <Td> 10,857 </Td> <Td> 3,819 </Td> <Td> King ( as both puisne justice and later as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Université Laval à Montréal and McGill Law School ( 1900 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec Superior Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> John Henderson Lamont ( 1865 -- 1936 ) </Td> <Td> Saskatchewan </Td> <Td> April 2 , 1927 -- March 10 , 1936 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,266 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> University of Toronto Faculty of Law ( 1893 ) </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Robert Smith ( 1858 -- 1942 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> May 18 , 1927 -- December 7 , 1933 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2,396 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1885 ) </Td> <Td> Supreme Court of Ontario ( Appellate Division ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Lawrence Arthur Dumoulin Cannon ( 1877 -- 1939 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> January 14 , 1930 -- December 25 , 1939 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,633 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Université Laval , Faculté de droit ( 1899 ) </Td> <Td> Court of King 's Bench for Quebec </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Oswald Smith Crocket ( 1868 -- 1945 ) </Td> <Td> New Brunswick </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1932 -- April 13 , 1943 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,857 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bennett </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1892 ) </Td> <Td> Supreme Court of New Brunswick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Frank Joseph Hughes ( 1883 -- 1967 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> March 17 , 1933 -- February 13 , 1935 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 699 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bennett </Td> <Td> Osgoode Hall Law School ( Law Society of Upper Canada ) ( 1911 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Henry Hague Davis ( 1885 -- 1944 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> January 31 , 1935 -- June 30 , 1944 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,439 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Bennett </Td> <Td> University of Toronto Faculty of Law ( 1911 ) </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Patrick Kerwin ( 1889 -- 1963 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> July 20 , 1935 -- February 2 , 1963 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1954 -- February 2 , 1963 </Td> <Td> 10,060 </Td> <Td> 3,139 </Td> <Td> Bennett ( as puisne justice ) ; St. Laurent ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Osgoode Hall Law School ( Law Society of Upper Canada ) ( 1911 ) </Td> <Td> High Court of Justice of Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Albert Blellock Hudson ( 1875 -- 1947 ) </Td> <Td> Manitoba </Td> <Td> March 24 , 1936 -- January 6 , 1947 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,941 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> University of Manitoba , Faculty of Law ( 1898 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Robert Taschereau ( 1896 -- 1970 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> February 9 , 1940 -- September 1 , 1967 </Td> <Td> April 22 , 1963 -- September 1 , 1967 </Td> <Td> 10,067 </Td> <Td> 1,549 </Td> <Td> King ( as puisne justice ) ; Diefenbaker ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Université Laval , Faculté de droit ) ( 1920 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Ivan Cleveland Rand ( 1884 -- 1969 ) </Td> <Td> New Brunswick </Td> <Td> April 22 , 1943 -- April 27 , 1959 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,850 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Harvard Law School ( 1912 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Roy Lindsay Kellock ( 1893 -- 1975 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> October 3 , 1944 -- January 15 , 1958 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,853 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> James Wilfred Estey ( 1889 -- 1956 ) </Td> <Td> Saskatchewan </Td> <Td> October 6 , 1944 -- January 22 , 1956 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,126 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Harvard Law School ( 1915 ) </Td> <Td> Attorney General of Saskatchewan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Charles Holland Locke ( 1887 -- 1980 ) </Td> <Td> British Columbia </Td> <Td> June 3 , 1947 -- September 16 , 1962 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,585 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> King </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( 1910 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> John Robert Cartwright ( 1895 -- 1979 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> December 22 , 1949 -- March 23 , 1970 </Td> <Td> September 1 , 1967 -- March 23 , 1970 </Td> <Td> 7,397 </Td> <Td> 935 </Td> <Td> St. Laurent ( as puisne justice ) ; Pearson ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Osgoode Hall Law School ( Law Society of Upper Canada ) ( 1920 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Joseph Honoré Gérald Fauteux ( 1900 -- 1980 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> December 22 , 1949 -- December 23 , 1973 </Td> <Td> March 23 , 1970 -- December 23 , 1973 </Td> <Td> 8,768 </Td> <Td> 1,372 </Td> <Td> St. Laurent ( as puisne justice ) ; P. Trudeau ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Université de Montréal Faculty of Law ( 1925 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec Superior Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Douglas Charles Abbott ( 1899 -- 1987 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1954 -- December 23 , 1973 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7,116 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> St. Laurent </Td> <Td> McGill Law School </Td> <Td> Minister of Finance ( federal ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Henry Grattan Nolan ( 1893 -- 1957 ) </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> March 1 , 1956 -- July 8 , 1957 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 495 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> St. Laurent </Td> <Td> Articles of clerkship with a senior lawyer ( English and Alberta bars ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Ronald Martland ( 1909 -- 1997 ) </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> January 15 , 1958 -- February 10 , 1982 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 8,793 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Diefenbaker </Td> <Td> University of Alberta , University of Oxford ( 1928 , 1931 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Wilfred Judson ( 1902 -- 1980 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> February 5 , 1958 -- July 20 , 1977 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7,106 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Diefenbaker </Td> <Td> Osgoode Hall Law School ( Law Society of Upper Canada ) ( 1932 ) </Td> <Td> High Court of Justice of Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Roland Almon Ritchie ( 1910 -- 1988 ) </Td> <Td> Nova Scotia </Td> <Td> May 5 , 1959 -- October 31 , 1984 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 9,312 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Diefenbaker </Td> <Td> University of Oxford ( 1932 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Emmett Matthew Hall ( 1898 -- 1995 ) </Td> <Td> Saskatchewan </Td> <Td> November 23 , 1962 -- March 1 , 1973 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,752 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Diefenbaker </Td> <Td> University of Saskatchewan College of Law ( 1919 ) </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of Saskatchewan , Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Wishart Flett Spence ( 1904 -- 1998 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> May 30 , 1963 -- December 29 , 1978 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,693 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Pearson </Td> <Td> Osgoode Hall Law School ( Law Society of Upper Canada ) ( 1928 ) </Td> <Td> High Court of Justice of Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Louis - Philippe Pigeon ( 1905 -- 1986 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1967 -- February 8 , 1980 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,524 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Pearson </Td> <Td> Université Laval , Faculté de droit ( 1928 ) </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Bora Laskin ( 1912 -- 1984 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> March 23 , 1970 -- March 26 , 1984 </Td> <Td> December 27 , 1973 -- March 26 , 1984 </Td> <Td> 5,118 </Td> <Td> 3,739 </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau ( as both puisne justice and later as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> University of Toronto ( 1936 ) Harvard Law School ( 1937 ) Osgoode Hall Law School ( Law Society of Upper Canada ) ( 1937 ) </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Robert George Brian Dickson ( 1916 -- 1998 ) </Td> <Td> Manitoba </Td> <Td> March 26 , 1973 -- June 30 , 1990 </Td> <Td> April 18 , 1984 -- June 30 , 1990 </Td> <Td> 6,306 </Td> <Td> 2,265 </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau ( as both puisne justice and later as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> University of Manitoba Faculty of Law ( 1938 ) </Td> <Td> Manitoba Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Jean Beetz ( 1927 -- 1991 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1974 -- November 10 , 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,428 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau </Td> <Td> Université de Montréal Faculty of Law ( 1950 ) Pembroke College , Oxford ( 1953 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Louis - Philippe de Grandpré ( 1917 -- 2008 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1974 -- October 1 , 1977 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,370 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau </Td> <Td> McGill University Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> President of the Canadian Bar Association </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Willard Zebedee Estey ( 1919 -- 2002 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> September 29 , 1977 -- April 22 , 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,859 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau </Td> <Td> University of Saskatchewan College of Law </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Yves Pratte ( 1925 -- 1988 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> October 1 , 1977 -- June 30 , 1979 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 638 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau </Td> <Td> Université Laval ( Faculté de droit ( Université Laval ) ) and University of Toronto </Td> <Td> Chairman of Air Canada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> William Rogers McIntyre ( 1918 -- 2009 ) </Td> <Td> British Columbia </Td> <Td> January 1 , 1979 -- February 15 , 1989 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,699 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau </Td> <Td> University of Saskatchewan </Td> <Td> British Columbia Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Julien Chouinard ( 1929 -- 1987 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> September 24 , 1979 -- February 6 , 1987 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2,693 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Clark </Td> <Td> Université Laval </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Antonio Lamer ( 1933 -- 2007 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> March 28 , 1980 -- January 6 , 2000 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1990 -- January 6 , 2000 </Td> <Td> 7,224 </Td> <Td> 3,477 </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau ( as puisne justice ) ; Mulroney ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> Université de Montréal </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Bertha Wilson ( 1923 -- 2007 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1982 -- January 4 , 1991 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,229 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau </Td> <Td> Dalhousie Law School </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Gerald Eric Le Dain ( 1924 -- 2007 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> May 29 , 1984 -- November 30 , 1988 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,647 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> P. Trudeau </Td> <Td> McGill University Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Federal Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Gérard La Forest ( b . 1926 ) </Td> <Td> New Brunswick </Td> <Td> January 16 , 1985 -- September 30 , 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,641 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mulroney </Td> <Td> University of New Brunswick Faculty of Law and Yale Law School </Td> <Td> New Brunswick Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Claire L'Heureux - Dubé ( b . 1927 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> April 15 , 1987 -- July 1 , 2002 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,557 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mulroney </Td> <Td> Université Laval ( Faculté de droit ( Université Laval ) ) </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> John Sopinka ( 1933 -- 1997 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> May 24 , 1988 -- November 24 , 1997 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,472 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mulroney </Td> <Td> University of Toronto </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Charles Gonthier ( 1928 -- 2009 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1989 -- August 1 , 2003 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,295 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mulroney </Td> <Td> McGill University Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Peter Cory ( b . 1925 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1989 -- June 1 , 1999 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,773 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mulroney </Td> <Td> Osgoode Hall Law School </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Beverley McLachlin ( b . 1943 ) </Td> <Td> British Columbia </Td> <Td> March 30 , 1989 -- December 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2000 -- December 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 10,488 </Td> <Td> 6,553 </Td> <Td> Mulroney ( as puisne justice ) ; Chrétien ( as Chief Justice ) </Td> <Td> University of Alberta Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> William Stevenson ( b . 1934 ) </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> September 17 , 1990 -- June 5 , 1992 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 628 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mulroney </Td> <Td> University of Alberta Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal of Alberta Court of Appeal for the Northwest Territories </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Frank Iacobucci ( b . 1937 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> January 7 , 1991 -- June 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,924 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mulroney </Td> <Td> University of British Columbia and Faculty of Law , University of Cambridge </Td> <Td> Chief Justice of the Federal Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> John C. Major ( b . 1931 ) </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> November 13 , 1992 -- December 25 , 2005 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4,791 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Mulroney </Td> <Td> University of Toronto </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal of Alberta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Michel Bastarache ( b . 1947 ) </Td> <Td> New Brunswick </Td> <Td> September 30 , 1997 -- June 30 , 2008 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,926 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Chrétien </Td> <Td> University of Ottawa Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> New Brunswick Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> William Ian Corneil Binnie ( b . 1939 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> January 8 , 1998 -- October 21 , 2011 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,034 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Chrétien </Td> <Td> Faculty of Law , University of Cambridge University of Toronto </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Louise Arbour ( b . 1947 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> September 15 , 1999 -- June 30 , 2004 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 1,751 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Chrétien </Td> <Td> Université de Montréal Faculty of Law University of Ottawa Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Chief Prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Louis LeBel ( b . 1939 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> January 7 , 2000 -- November 30 , 2014 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5,442 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Chrétien </Td> <Td> Université Laval University of Toronto </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Marie Deschamps ( b . 1952 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2002 -- August 7 , 2012 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,653 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Chrétien </Td> <Td> Université de Montréal McGill University Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Morris J. Fish ( b . 1938 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2003 -- August 31 , 2013 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,680 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Chrétien </Td> <Td> McGill University Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Rosalie Abella † ( b . 1946 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2004 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003494800000000000 ♠ 4,948 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Martin </Td> <Td> University of Toronto </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Louise Charron ( b . 1951 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2004 -- August 30 , 2011 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2,521 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Martin </Td> <Td> University of Ottawa Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> Marshall Rothstein ( b . 1940 ) </Td> <Td> Manitoba </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2006 -- August 31 , 2015 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3,470 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Harper </Td> <Td> University of Manitoba </Td> <Td> Federal Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Thomas Cromwell ( b . 1952 ) </Td> <Td> Nova Scotia </Td> <Td> December 22 , 2008 -- September 1 , 2016 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 2,810 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Harper </Td> <Td> Queen 's University Faculty of Law University of Oxford </Td> <Td> Nova Scotia Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Michael J. Moldaver † ( b . 1948 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003237500000000000 ♠ 2,375 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Harper </Td> <Td> University of Toronto </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Andromache Karakatsanis † ( b . 1955 ) </Td> <Td> Ontario </Td> <Td> October 21 , 2011 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003237500000000000 ♠ 2,375 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Harper </Td> <Td> Osgoode Hall Law School </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal for Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Richard Wagner † ( b . 1957 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2017 -- present </Td> <Td> 7003202500000000000 ♠ 2,025 </Td> <Td> 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 </Td> <Td> Harper </Td> <Td> University of Ottawa Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Clément Gascon † ( b . 1960 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> June 9 , 2014 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003141300000000000 ♠ 1,413 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Harper </Td> <Td> McGill University Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Quebec Court of Appeal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Suzanne Côté † ( b . 1958 ) </Td> <Td> Quebec </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2014 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7003123800000000000 ♠ 1,238 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Harper </Td> <Td> Laval University </Td> <Td> Lawyer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Russell Brown † ( b . 1965 ) </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> August 31 , 2015 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7002965000000000000 ♠ 965 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Harper </Td> <Td> University of Victoria University of Toronto </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal of Alberta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Malcolm Rowe † ( b . 1953 ) </Td> <Td> Newfoundland and Labrador </Td> <Td> October 28 , 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7002541000000000000 ♠ 541 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> J. Trudeau </Td> <Td> Osgoode Hall Law School </Td> <Td> Supreme Court of Newfoundland and Labrador ( Court of Appeal ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Sheilah Martin † ( b . 1956 ) </Td> <Td> Alberta </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2017 -- present </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7002125000000000000 ♠ 125 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> J. Trudeau </Td> <Td> McGill University Faculty of Law University of Alberta Faculty of Law </Td> <Td> Court of Appeal of Alberta Court of Appeal for the Northwest Territories Court of Appeal of Nunavut </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> List of current justices by mandatory retirement date ( edit ) </H2> <P> When the Supreme Court was created , the justices of the Court had life tenure , meaning they could sit on the Court until they either retired or died . In 1927 , a mandatory retirement age of 75 was introduced . The retirement age applied to any judge who was already over age 75 , which meant that Justice John Idington , aged 86 , was forced to retire on the day the amendment came into force , March 31 , 1927 . </P> <P> The mandatory retirement age is still set at 75 by the Supreme Court Act . Justices can retire from the Court prior to the mandatory retirement date . </P> <P> In this list , `` Seniority '' is based on the date of appointment to the Court . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Seniority </Th> <Th> Justice </Th> <Th> Birth date </Th> <Th> Current Age </Th> <Th> Mandatory Retirement Date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rosalie Abella </Td> <Td> July 1 , 1946 </Td> <Td> 7001710000000000000 ♠ 71 </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2021 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Moldaver </Td> <Td> December 23 , 1947 </Td> <Td> 7001700000000000000 ♠ 70 </Td> <Td> December 23 , 2022 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Andromache Karakatsanis </Td> <Td> October 3 , 1955 </Td> <Td> 7001620000000000000 ♠ 62 </Td> <Td> October 3 , 2030 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Wagner </Td> <Td> April 2 , 1957 </Td> <Td> 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2032 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Clément Gascon </Td> <Td> September 5 , 1960 </Td> <Td> 7001570000000000000 ♠ 57 </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2035 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Suzanne Côté </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1958 </Td> <Td> 7001590000000000000 ♠ 59 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2033 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Russell Brown </Td> <Td> September 15 , 1965 </Td> <Td> 7001520000000000000 ♠ 52 </Td> <Td> September 15 , 2040 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Malcolm Rowe </Td> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> 64 or 65 </Td> <Td> during 2028 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Sheilah Martin </Td> <Td> May 31 , 1956 </Td> <Td> 7001610000000000000 ♠ 61 </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2031 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Chief Justices of Canada </Li> <Li> List of Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada by court composition </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Supreme and Exchequer Court Act , S.C. 1875 , c. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An Act to amend the Supreme Court Act , S.C. 1927 , c. 38 , s . 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An Act to amend the Supreme Court Act , S.C. 1949 , c. 37 , s. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Supreme Court Act , R.S.C. 1985 , c . S ‐ 26 , s . 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reference re Supreme Court Act , ss. 5 and 6 , 2014 SCC 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Supreme Court Act , R.S.C. 1985 , c . S - 26 , s . 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Supreme Court Act , R.S.C. 1985 , c . S - 26 , s . 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter McCormick ( 2000 ) . Supreme at Last : The Evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada . James Lorimer & Company . p. 154 . ISBN 1550286927 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Current to most recent page update . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An Act to amend the Supreme Court Act , S.C. 1927 , c. 38 , s . 2 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> James G. Snell ; Frederick Vaughan ( 1985 ) . The Supreme Court of Canada : History of the Institution . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0802034179 . </Li> <Li> Peter McCormick ( 2000 ) . Supreme at Last : The Evolution of the Supreme Court of Canada . James Lorimer & Company . ISBN 1550286927 . </Li> <Li> Donald R. Songer ( 2008 ) . The Transformation of the Supreme Court of Canada : An Empirical Examination . University of Toronto Press . ISBN 0802096891 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Government of Canada . `` Current and Former Puisne Judges '' . Judges of the Court . Supreme Court of Canada . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Government of Canada . `` Current and Former Chief Justices '' . Judges of the Court . Supreme Court of Canada . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada&oldid=830332030 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Justices of the Supreme Court of Canada </Li> <Li> Lists of Canadian judges </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from August 2012 </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2014 </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 March 2018 , at 04 : 30 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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World Bank - Wikipedia <H1> World Bank </H1> Not to be confused with World Bank Group . <P> </P> <Table> World Bank <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> World Bank logo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Motto </Th> <Td> Working for a World Free of Poverty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> July 1945 ; 73 years ago ( 1945 - 07 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Monetary International Financial Organization </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legal status </Th> <Td> Treaty </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Membership </Th> <Td> 189 countries ( IBRD ) 173 countries ( IDA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jim Yong Kim ( President ) </Li> <Li> Kristalina Georgieva ( CEO ) </Li> <Li> Shanta Devranjan ( Chief Economist ) ( Acting ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent organization </Th> <Td> World Bank Group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> worldbank.org </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The World Bank ( French : Banque mondiale ) is an international financial institution that provides loans to countries of the world for capital projects . It comprises two institutions : the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , and the International Development Association ( IDA ) . The World Bank is a component of the World Bank Group . </P> <P> The World Bank 's most recent stated goal is the reduction of poverty . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 World Bank Group </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 1944 -- 1974 </Li> <Li> 2.2 1974 -- 1980 </Li> <Li> 2.3 1980 -- 1989 </Li> <Li> 2.4 1989 -- present <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Criteria </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Leadership <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Presidents </Li> <Li> 3.2 Chief Economists </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Members <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Voting power </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution </Li> <Li> 6 Poverty reduction strategies </Li> <Li> 7 Global partnerships and initiatives <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Climate change </Li> <Li> 7.2 Food security </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Training wings <Ul> <Li> 8.1 World Bank Institute </Li> <Li> 8.2 Global Development Learning Network <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 1 GDLN Asia Pacific </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.3 The JUSTPAL Network </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Country assistance strategies </Li> <Li> 10 Clean Air Initiative </Li> <Li> 11 United Nations Development Business </Li> <Li> 12 Open data initiative </Li> <Li> 13 Grants table </Li> <Li> 14 Open Knowledge Repository </Li> <Li> 15 Criticisms & Controversy <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Structural adjustment </Li> <Li> 15.2 Fairness of assistance conditions </Li> <Li> 15.3 Sovereign immunity </Li> <Li> 15.4 PricewaterhouseCoopers ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 References </Li> <Li> 18 Further reading </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> World Bank Group ( edit ) </H2> <P> The World Bank is different from the World Bank Group , an extended family of five international organizations : </P> <Ul> <Li> International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) </Li> <Li> International Development Association ( IDA ) </Li> <Li> International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) </Li> <Li> Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) </Li> <Li> International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes ( ICSID ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> John Maynard Keynes ( right ) and Harry Dexter White , the `` founding fathers '' of both the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . <P> The World Bank was created at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference along with the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) . The president of the World Bank is , traditionally , an American . The World Bank and the IMF are both based in Washington , D.C. , and work closely with each other . </P> The Gold Room at the Mount Washington Hotel where the International Monetary Fund and World Bank were established <P> Although many countries were represented at the Bretton Woods Conference , the United States and United Kingdom were the most powerful in attendance and dominated the negotiations . The intention behind the founding of the World Bank was to provide temporary loans to low - income countries which were unable to obtain loans commercially . The Bank may also make loans and demand policy reforms from recipients . </P> <H3> 1944 -- 1974 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before 1974 , the reconstruction and development loans provided by the World Bank were relatively small . The Bank 's staff were aware of the need to instill confidence in the bank . Fiscal conservatism ruled , and loan applications had to meet strict criteria . </P> <P> The first country to receive a World Bank loan was France . The Bank 's president at the time , John McCloy , chose France over two other applicants , Poland and Chile . The loan was for US $250 million , half the amount requested , and it came with strict conditions . France had to agree to produce a balanced budget and give priority of debt repayment to the World Bank over other governments . World Bank staff closely monitored the use of the funds to ensure that the French government met the conditions . In addition , before the loan was approved , the United States State Department told the French government that its members associated with the Communist Party would first have to be removed . The French government complied and removed the Communist coalition government - the so - called tripartite . Within hours , the loan to France was approved . </P> <P> When the Marshall Plan went into effect in 1947 , many European countries began receiving aid from other sources . Faced with this competition , the World Bank shifted its focus to non-European countries . Until 1968 , its loans were earmarked for the construction of infrastructure works , such as seaports , highway systems , and power plants , that would generate enough income to enable a borrower country to repay the loan . In 1960 , the International Development Association was formed ( as opposed to a UN fund named SUNFED ) , providing soft loans to developing countries . </P> <H3> 1974 -- 1980 ( edit ) </H3> <P> From 1974 to 1980 the bank concentrated on meeting the basic needs of people in the developing world . The size and number of loans to borrowers was greatly increased as loan targets expanded from infrastructure into social services and other sectors . </P> <P> These changes can be attributed to Robert McNamara , who was appointed to the presidency in 1968 by Lyndon B. Johnson . McNamara implored bank treasurer Eugene Rotberg to seek out new sources of capital outside of the northern banks that had been the primary sources of funding . Rotberg used the global bond market to increase the capital available to the bank . One consequence of the period of poverty alleviation lending was the rapid rise of third world debt . From 1976 to 1980 developing world debt rose at an average annual rate of 20 % . </P> <P> In 1980 the World Bank Administrative Tribunal was established to decide on disputes between the World Bank Group and its staff where allegation of non-observance of contracts of employment or terms of appointment had not been honored . </P> <H3> 1980 -- 1989 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1980 McNamara was succeeded by US President Jimmy Carter 's nominee , Alden W. Clausen . Clausen replaced many members of McNamara 's staff and crafted a different mission emphasis . His 1982 decision to replace the bank 's Chief Economist , Hollis B. Chenery , with Anne Krueger was an example of this new focus . Krueger was known for her criticism of development funding and for describing Third World governments as `` rent - seeking states . '' </P> <P> During the 1980s the bank emphasized lending to service Third - World debt , and structural adjustment policies designed to streamline the economies of developing nations . UNICEF reported in the late 1980s that the structural adjustment programs of the World Bank had been responsible for `` reduced health , nutritional and educational levels for tens of millions of children in Asia , Latin America , and Africa '' . </P> <H3> 1989 -- present ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beginning in 1989 , in response to harsh criticism from many groups , the bank began including environmental groups and NGOs in its loans to mitigate the past effects of its development policies that had prompted the criticism . It also formed an implementing agency , in accordance with the Montreal Protocols , to stop ozone - depletion damage to the Earth 's atmosphere by phasing out the use of 95 % of ozone - depleting chemicals , with a target date of 2015 . Since then , in accordance with its so - called `` Six Strategic Themes '' , the bank has put various additional policies into effect to preserve the environment while promoting development . For example , in 1991 the bank announced that to protect against deforestation , especially in the Amazon , it would not finance any commercial logging or infrastructure projects that harm the environment . </P> <P> In order to promote global public goods , the World Bank tries to control communicable disease such as malaria , delivering vaccines to several parts of the world and joining combat forces . In 2000 the bank announced a `` war on AIDS '' and in 2011 the Bank joined the Stop Tuberculosis Partnership . </P> <P> Traditionally , based on a tacit understanding between the United States and Europe , the president of the World Bank has always been selected from candidates nominated by the United States . In 2012 , for the first time , two non-US citizens were nominated . </P> <P> On 23 March 2012 , U.S. President Barack Obama announced that the United States would nominate Jim Yong Kim as the next president of the Bank . Jim Yong Kim was elected on 27 April 2012 . </P> The World Bank Group headquarters building in Washington , D.C. Criteria ( edit ) <P> Various developments had brought the Millennium Development Goals targets for 2015 within reach in some cases . For the goals to be realized , six criteria must be met : stronger and more inclusive growth in Africa and fragile states , more effort in health and education , integration of the development and environment agendas , more as well as better aid , movement on trade negotiations , and stronger and more focused support from multilateral institutions like the World Bank . </P> <Ol> <Li> Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger : From 1990 through 2004 the proportion of people living in extreme poverty fell from almost a third to less than a fifth . Although results vary widely within regions and countries , the trend indicates that the world as a whole can meet the goal of halving the percentage of people living in poverty . Africa 's poverty , however , is expected to rise , and most of the 36 countries where 90 % of the world 's undernourished children live are in Africa . Less than a quarter of countries are on track for achieving the goal of halving under - nutrition . </Li> <Li> Achieve Universal Primary Education : The percentage of children in school in developing countries increased from 80 % in 1991 to 88 % in 2005 . Still , about 72 million children of primary school age , 57 % of them girls , were not being educated as of 2005 . </Li> <Li> Promote Gender Equality : The tide is turning slowly for women in the labor market , yet far more women than men - worldwide more than 60 % -- are contributing but unpaid family workers . The World Bank Group Gender Action Plan was created to advance women 's economic empowerment and promote shared growth . </Li> <Li> Reduce Child Mortality : There is some improvement in survival rates globally ; accelerated improvements are needed most urgently in South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa . An estimated 10 million - plus children under five died in 2005 ; most of their deaths were from preventable causes . </Li> <Li> Improve Maternal Health : Almost all of the half million women who die during pregnancy or childbirth every year live in Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia . There are numerous causes of maternal death that require a variety of health care interventions to be made widely accessible . </Li> <Li> Combat HIV / AIDS , Malaria , and Other Diseases : Annual numbers of new HIV infections and AIDS deaths have fallen , but the number of people living with HIV continues to grow . In the eight worst - hit southern African countries , prevalence is above 15 percent . Treatment has increased globally , but still meets only 30 percent of needs ( with wide variations across countries ) . AIDS remains the leading cause of death in Sub-Saharan Africa ( 1.6 million deaths in 2007 ) . There are 300 to 500 million cases of malaria each year , leading to more than 1 million deaths . Nearly all the cases and more than 95 percent of the deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa . </Li> <Li> Ensure Environmental Sustainability : Deforestation remains a critical problem , particularly in regions of biological diversity , which continues to decline . Greenhouse gas emissions are increasing faster than energy technology advancement . </Li> <Li> Develop a Global Partnership for Development : Donor countries have renewed their commitment . Donors have to fulfill their pledges to match the current rate of core program development . Emphasis is being placed on the Bank Group 's collaboration with multilateral and local partners to quicken progress toward the MDGs ' realization . </Li> </Ol> <P> To make sure that World Bank - financed operations do not compromise these goals but instead add to their realisation , environmental , social and legal safeguards were defined . However , these safeguards have not been implemented entirely yet . At the World Bank 's annual meeting in Tokyo 2012 a review of these safeguards has been initiated , which was welcomed by several civil society organisations . </P> <H2> Leadership ( edit ) </H2> Jim Yong Kim , the current President of the World Bank Group <P> The President of the Bank is the president of the entire World Bank Group . The president , currently Jim Yong Kim , is responsible for chairing the meetings of the Boards of Directors and for overall management of the Bank . Traditionally , the President of the Bank has always been a US citizen nominated by the United States , the largest shareholder in the bank ( the managing director of the International Monetary Fund having always been a European ) . The nominee is subject to confirmation by the Board of Executive Directors , to serve for a five - year , renewable term . While most World Bank presidents have had banking experience , some have not . </P> <P> The vice presidents of the Bank are its principal managers , in charge of regions , sectors , networks and functions . There are two Executive Vice presidents , three Senior Vice presidents , and 24 Vice presidents . </P> <P> The Boards of Directors consist of the World Bank Group President and 25 Executive Directors . The President is the presiding officer , and ordinarily has no vote except a deciding vote in case of an equal division . The Executive Directors as individuals can not exercise any power nor commit or represent the Bank unless specifically authorized by the Boards to do so . With the term beginning 1 November 2010 , the number of Executive Directors increased by one , to 25 . </P> <H3> Presidents ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Nationality </Th> <Th> Previous work </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eugene Meyer </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1946 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Newspaper publisher and Chairman of the Federal Reserve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John J. McCloy </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 1949 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Lawyer and US Assistant Secretary of War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eugene R. Black , Sr . </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Bank executive with Chase and executive director with the World Bank </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Woods </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Bank executive with First Boston Corporation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert McNamara </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> President of the Ford Motor Company , US Defense Secretary under Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson who escalated Vietnam War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alden W. Clausen </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Lawyer , bank executive with Bank of America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barber Conable </Td> <Td> 1986 -- 1991 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> New York State Senator and US Congressman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lewis T. Preston </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1995 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Bank executive with J.P. Morgan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Wolfensohn </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2005 </Td> <Td> United States Australia ( prev . ) </Td> <Td> Wolfensohn was a naturalised American citizen before taking office . Corporate lawyer and banker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Wolfowitz </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> US Ambassador to Indonesia , US Deputy Secretary of Defense , Dean of the School of Advanced International Studies ( SAIS ) at Johns Hopkins University , prominent architect of 2003 invasion of Iraq , resigned World Bank post due to ethics scandal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Zoellick </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Deputy Secretary of State and US Trade Representative </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Yong Kim </Td> <Td> 2012 -- present </Td> <Td> United States South Korea ( prev . ) </Td> <Td> Former Chair of the Department of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard , president of Dartmouth College , naturalized American citizen </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Chief Economists ( edit ) </H3> Main article : World Bank Chief Economist <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Nationality </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hollis B. Chenery </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 1982 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anne Osborn Krueger </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1986 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stanley Fischer </Td> <Td> 1988 -- 1990 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lawrence Summers </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Bruno </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1996 </Td> <Td> Israel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseph E. Stiglitz </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicholas Stern </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2003 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> François Bourguignon </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Justin Yifu Lin </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2012 </Td> <Td> China </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kaushik Basu </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2016 </Td> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Romer </Td> <Td> 2016 -- 2018 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Members ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of World Bank members <P> The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) has 189 member countries , while the International Development Association ( IDA ) has 173 members . Each member state of IBRD should be also a member of the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and only members of IBRD are allowed to join other institutions within the Bank ( such as IDA ) . </P> <H3> Voting power ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2010 voting powers at the World Bank were revised to increase the voice of developing countries , notably China . The countries with most voting power are now the United States ( 15.85 % ) , Japan ( 6.84 % ) , China ( 4.42 % ) , Germany ( 4.00 % ) , the United Kingdom ( 3.75 % ) , France ( 3.75 % ) , India ( 2.91 % ) , Russia ( 2.77 % ) , Saudi Arabia ( 2.77 % ) and Italy ( 2.64 % ) . Under the changes , known as ' Voice Reform -- Phase 2 ' , countries other than China that saw significant gains included South Korea , Turkey , Mexico , Singapore , Greece , Brazil , India , and Spain . Most developed countries ' voting power was reduced , along with a few developing countries such as Nigeria . The voting powers of the United States , Russia and Saudi Arabia were unchanged . </P> <P> The changes were brought about with the goal of making voting more universal in regards to standards , rule - based with objective indicators , and transparent among other things . Now , developing countries have an increased voice in the `` Pool Model '' , backed especially by Europe . Additionally , voting power is based on economic size in addition to International Development Association contributions . </P> <H2> List of 20 largest countries by voting power in each World Bank institution ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following table shows the subscriptions of the top 20 member countries of the World Bank by voting power in the following World Bank institutions as of December 2014 or March 2015 : the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( IBRD ) , the International Finance Corporation ( IFC ) , the International Development Association ( IDA ) , and the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency ( MIGA ) . Member countries are allocated votes at the time of membership and subsequently for additional subscriptions to capital ( one vote for each share of capital stock held by the member ) . </P> <Table> The 20 Largest Countries by voting power ( Number of Votes ) <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> IBRD </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> IFC </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> IDA </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> MIGA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> World </Td> <Td> 2,201,754 </Td> <Td> World </Td> <Td> 2,653,476 </Td> <Td> World </Td> <Td> 24,682,951 </Td> <Td> World </Td> <Td> 218,237 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 358,498 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 570,179 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 2,546,503 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 32,790 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 166,094 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 163,334 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 2,112,243 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 9,205 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 107,244 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 129,708 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 1,510,934 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 9,162 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 97,224 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 121,815 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 1,368,001 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 8,791 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 87,241 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 121,815 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 908,843 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 8,791 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 87,241 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 103,747 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 810,293 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 5,756 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 67,690 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 103,653 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 661,909 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 5,754 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 67,155 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 82,142 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 629,658 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 5,754 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 59,004 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 82,142 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 573,858 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 5,597 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 54,877 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 62,392 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 521,830 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 5,451 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 54,651 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 56,931 </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 498,102 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 5,196 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 42,948 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 51,410 </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 494,360 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 4,048 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 42,613 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 48,129 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 488,209 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 3,803 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 42,348 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 44,863 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 412,322 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 3,245 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Korea </Td> <Td> 36,591 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 40,279 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 312,566 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 2,869 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 36,463 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 38,929 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 275,755 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 2,832 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 34,718 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 37,826 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 275,474 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 2,491 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 33,296 </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 32,402 </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 258,209 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 2,436 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 30,910 </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 30,862 </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 231,685 </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 2,075 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 26,293 </Td> <Td> Korea </Td> <Td> 28,895 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 218,506 </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 2,075 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Poverty reduction strategies ( edit ) </H2> <P> For the poorest developing countries in the world , the bank 's assistance plans are based on poverty reduction strategies ; by combining a cross-section of local groups with an extensive analysis of the country 's financial and economic situation the World Bank develops a strategy pertaining uniquely to the country in question . The government then identifies the country 's priorities and targets for the reduction of poverty , and the World Bank aligns its aid efforts correspondingly . </P> <P> Forty - five countries pledged US $25.1 billion in `` aid for the world 's poorest countries '' , aid that goes to the World Bank International Development Association ( IDA ) , which distributes the loans to eighty poorer countries . While wealthier nations sometimes fund their own aid projects , including those for diseases , and although IDA is the recipient of criticism , Robert B. Zoellick , the former president of the World Bank , said when the loans were announced on 15 December 2007 , that IDA money `` is the core funding that the poorest developing countries rely on '' . </P> <P> World Bank organizes Development Marketplace Awards , a competitive grant program that surfaces and funds innovative , development projects with high potential for development impact that are scalable and / or replicable . The grant beneficiaries are social enterprises with projects that aim to deliver a range of social and public services to the most underserved low - income groups . </P> <H2> Global partnerships and initiatives ( edit ) </H2> <P> The World Bank has been assigned temporary management responsibility of the Clean Technology Fund ( CTF ) , focused on making renewable energy cost - competitive with coal - fired power as quickly as possible , but this may not continue after UN 's Copenhagen climate change conference in December 2009 , because of the Bank 's continued investment in coal - fired power plants . </P> <P> Together with the World Health Organization , the World Bank administers the International Health Partnership ( IHP+ ) . IHP+ is a group of partners committed to improving the health of citizens in developing countries . Partners work together to put international principles for aid effectiveness and development cooperation into practice in the health sector . IHP+ mobilizes national governments , development agencies , civil society and others to support a single , country - led national health strategy in a well - coordinated way . </P> <H3> Climate change ( edit ) </H3> <P> World Bank President Jim Yong Kim said in 2012 that : </P> <Dl> <Dd> `` A 4 degree warmer world can , and must be , avoided -- we need to hold warming below 2 degrees ... Lack of action on climate change threatens to make the world our children inherit a completely different world than we are living in today . Climate change is one of the single biggest challenges facing development , and we need to assume the moral responsibility to take action on behalf of future generations , especially the poorest . '' A World Bank report into Climate change in 2012 noted that ( p. xiii ) : `` Even with the current mitigation commitments and pledges fully implemented , there is roughly a 20 percent likelihood of exceeding 4 ° C by 2100 . '' This is despite the fact that the `` global community has committed itself to holding warming below 2 ° C to prevent ' dangerous ' climate change '' . Furthermore : `` A series of recent extreme events worldwide highlight the vulnerability of all countries ... No nation will be immune to the impacts of climate change . '' </Dd> </Dl> <P> The World Bank doubled its aid for climate change adaptation from $2.3 bn ( £ 1.47 bn ) in 2011 to $4.6 bn in 2012 . The planet is now 0.8 ° C warmer than in pre-industrial times . It says that 2 ° C warming will be reached in 20 to 30 years . </P> <H3> Food security ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Food security <Ol> <Li> Global Food Security Program : Launched in April 2010 , six countries alongside the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have pledged $925 million for food security . To date , the program has helped 8 countries , promoting agriculture , research , trade in agriculture , etc . </Li> <Li> Launched Global Food Crisis Response Program : Given grants to approximately 40 nations for seeds , etc. for improving productivity . </Li> <Li> In process of increasing its yearly spending for agriculture to $6 billion -- $8 billion from earlier $4 billion . </Li> <Li> Runs several nutrition program across the world , e.g. , vitamin A doses for children , school meals , etc . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Training wings ( edit ) </H2> <H3> World Bank Institute ( edit ) </H3> <P> The World Bank Institute ( WBI ) creates learning opportunities for countries , World Bank staff and clients , and people committed to poverty reduction and sustainable development . WBI 's work program includes training , policy consultations , and the creation and support of knowledge networks related to international economic and social development . </P> <P> The World Bank Institute ( WBI ) can be defined as a `` global connector of knowledge , learning and innovation for poverty reduction '' . It aims to inspire change agents and prepare them with essential tools that can help achieve development results . WBI has four major strategies to approach development problems : innovation for development , knowledge exchange , leadership and coalition building , and structured learning . World Bank Institute ( WBI ) was formerly known as Economic Development Institute ( EDI ) , established on 11 March 1955 with the support of the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations . The purpose of the institute was to serve as provide an open place where senior officials from developing countries could discuss development policies and programs . Over the years , EDI grew significantly and in 2000 , the Institute was renamed as the World Bank Institute . Currently Sanjay Pradhan is the Vice President of the World Bank Institute . </P> <H3> Global development learning Network ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Global Development Learning Network ( GDLN ) is a partnership of over 120 learning centers ( GDLN Affiliates ) in nearly 80 countries around the world . GDLN Affiliates collaborate in holding events that connect people across countries and regions for learning and dialogue on development issues . </P> <P> GDLN clients are typically NGOs , government , private sector and development agencies who find that they work better together on subregional , regional or global development issues using the facilities and tools offered by GDLN Affiliates . Clients also benefit from the ability of Affiliates to help them choose and apply these tools effectively , and to tap development practitioners and experts worldwide . GDLN Affiliates facilitate around 1000 videoconference - based activities a year on behalf of their clients , reaching some 90,000 people worldwide . Most of these activities bring together participants in two or more countries over a series of sessions . A majority of GDLN activities are organized by small government agencies and NGOs . </P> GDLN Asia Pacific ( edit ) <P> The GDLN in the East Asia and Pacific region has experienced rapid growth and Distance Learning Centers now operate , or are planned in 20 countries : Australia , Mongolia , Cambodia , China , Indonesia , Singapore , Philippines , Sri Lanka , Japan , Papua New Guinea , South Korea , Thailand , Laos , Timor Leste , Fiji , Afghanistan , Bangladesh , India , Nepal and New Zealand . With over 180 Distance Learning Centers , it is the largest development learning network in the Asia and Pacific region . The Secretariat Office of GDLN Asia Pacific is located in the Center of Academic Resources of Chulalongkorn University , Bangkok , Thailand . </P> <P> GDLN Asia Pacific was launched at the GDLN 's East Asia and Pacific regional meeting held in Bangkok from 22 to 24 May 2006 . Its vision is to become `` the premier network exchanging ideas , experience and know - how across the Asia Pacific Region '' . GDLN Asia Pacific is a separate entity to The World Bank . It has endorsed its own Charter and Business Plan and , in accordance with the Charter , a GDLN Asia Pacific Governing Committee has been appointed . </P> <P> The committee comprises China ( 2 ) , Australia ( 1 ) , Thailand ( 1 ) , The World Bank ( 1 ) and finally , a nominee of the Government of Japan ( 1 ) . The organization is currently hosted by Chulalongkorn University in Bangkok , Thailand , founding member of the GDLN Asia Pacific . </P> <P> The Governing Committee has determined that the most appropriate legal status for the GDLN AP in Thailand is a `` Foundation '' . The World Bank is currently engaging a solicitor in Thailand to process all documentation in order to obtain this legal status . </P> <P> GDLN Asia Pacific is built on the principle of shared resources among partners engaged in a common task , and this is visible in the organizational structures that exist , as the network evolves . Physical space for its headquarters is provided by the host of the GDLN Centre in Thailand -- Chulalongkorn University ; Technical expertise and some infrastructure is provided by the Tokyo Development Learning Centre ( TDLC ) ; Fiduciary services are provided by Australian National University ( ANU ) Until the GDLN Asia Pacific is established as a legal entity tin Thailand , ANU , has offered to assist the governing committee , by providing a means of managing the inflow and outflow of funds and of reporting on them . This admittedly results in some complexity in contracting arrangements , which need to be worked out on a case by case basis and depends to some extent on the legal requirements of the countries involved . </P> <H3> The JUSTPAL Network ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Justice Sector Peer - Assisted Learning ( JUSTPAL ) Network was launched in April 2011 by the Poverty Reduction and Economic Management ( PREM ) Department of the World Bank 's Europe and Central Asia ( ECA ) Region . The JUSTPAL objective is to provide an online and offline platform for justice professionals to exchange knowledge , good practices and peer - driven improvements to justice systems and thereby support countries to improve their justice sector performance , quality of justice and service delivery to citizens and businesses . </P> <P> The JUSTPAL Network includes representatives of judiciaries , ministries of justice , prosecutors , anti-corruption agencies and other justice - related entities from across the globe . The Network currently has active members from more than 50 countries . </P> <P> To facilitate fruitful exchange of reform experiences and sharing of applicable good practices , the JUSTPAL Network has organized its activities under ( currently ) five Communities of Practice ( COPs ) : ( i ) Budgeting for the Justice Sector ; ( ii ) Information Systems for Justice Services ; ( iii ) Justice Sector Physical Infrastructure ; ( iv ) Court Management and Administration ; and ( v ) Prosecution and Anti-Corruption Agencies . </P> <H2> Country assistance strategies ( edit ) </H2> <P> As a guideline to the World Bank 's operations in any particular country , a Country Assistance Strategy is produced , in cooperation with the local government and any interested stakeholders and may rely on analytical work performed by the Bank or other parties . </P> <H2> Clean Air Initiative ( edit ) </H2> <P> Clean Air Initiative ( CAI ) is a World Bank initiative to advance innovative ways to improve air quality in cities through partnerships in selected regions of the world by sharing knowledge and experiences . It includes electric vehicles . Initiatives like this help address and tackle pollution - related diseases . </P> <H2> United Nations development Business ( edit ) </H2> <P> Based on an agreement between the United Nations and the World Bank in 1981 , Development Business became the official source for World Bank Procurement Notices , Contract Awards , and Project Approvals . </P> <P> In 1998 , the agreement was re-negotiated , and included in this agreement was a joint venture to create an electronic version of the publication via the World Wide Web . Today , Development Business is the primary publication for all major multilateral development banks , United Nations agencies , and several national governments , many of whom have made the publication of their tenders and contracts in Development Business a mandatory requirement . </P> <P> The World Bank or the World Bank Group is also a sitting observer in the United Nations Development Group . </P> <H2> Open data Initiative ( edit ) </H2> <P> The World Bank collects and processes large amounts of data and generates them on the basis of economic models . These data and models have gradually been made available to the public in a way that encourages reuse , whereas the recent publications describing them are available as open access under a Creative Commons Attribution License , for which the bank received the SPARC Innovator 2012 award . </P> <P> The World Bank also endorses the Principles for Digital Development . </P> <H2> Grants table ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following table lists the top 15 DAC 5 Digit Sectors to which the World Bank has committed funding , as recorded by it in its International Aid Transparency Initiative ( IATI ) publications . The World Bank states on the IATI Registry website that the amounts `` will cover 100 % of IBRD and IDA development flows '' but will not cover other development flows . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="12"> Committed funding ( US $ millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sector </Th> <Th> Before 2007 </Th> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2011 </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Th> 2014 </Th> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Th> Sum </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Road transport </Td> <Td> 4,654.2 </Td> <Td> 1,993.5 </Td> <Td> 1,501.8 </Td> <Td> 5,550.3 </Td> <Td> 4,032.3 </Td> <Td> 2,603.7 </Td> <Td> 3,852.5 </Td> <Td> 2,883.6 </Td> <Td> 3,081.7 </Td> <Td> 3,922.6 </Td> <Td> 723.7 </Td> <Td> 34,799.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Social / welfare services </Td> <Td> 613.1 </Td> <Td> 208.1 </Td> <Td> 185.5 </Td> <Td> 2,878.4 </Td> <Td> 1,477.4 </Td> <Td> 1,493.2 </Td> <Td> 1,498.5 </Td> <Td> 2,592.6 </Td> <Td> 2,745.4 </Td> <Td> 1,537.7 </Td> <Td> 73.6 </Td> <Td> 15,303.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electrical transmission / distribution </Td> <Td> 1,292.5 </Td> <Td> 862.1 </Td> <Td> 1,740.2 </Td> <Td> 2,435.4 </Td> <Td> 1,465.1 </Td> <Td> 907.7 </Td> <Td> 1,614.9 </Td> <Td> 395.7 </Td> <Td> 2,457.1 </Td> <Td> 1,632.2 </Td> <Td> 374.8 </Td> <Td> 15,177.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Public finance management </Td> <Td> 334.2 </Td> <Td> 223.1 </Td> <Td> 499.7 </Td> <Td> 129.0 </Td> <Td> 455.3 </Td> <Td> 346.6 </Td> <Td> 3,156.8 </Td> <Td> 2,724.0 </Td> <Td> 3,160.5 </Td> <Td> 2,438.9 </Td> <Td> 690.5 </Td> <Td> 14,158.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rail transport </Td> <Td> 279.3 </Td> <Td> 284.4 </Td> <Td> 1,289.0 </Td> <Td> 912.2 </Td> <Td> 892.5 </Td> <Td> 1,487.4 </Td> <Td> 841.8 </Td> <Td> 740.6 </Td> <Td> 1,964.9 </Td> <Td> 1,172.2 </Td> <Td> − 1.6 </Td> <Td> 9,862.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rural development </Td> <Td> 335.4 </Td> <Td> 237.5 </Td> <Td> 382.8 </Td> <Td> 616.7 </Td> <Td> 2,317.4 </Td> <Td> 972.0 </Td> <Td> 944.0 </Td> <Td> 177.8 </Td> <Td> 380.9 </Td> <Td> 1,090.3 </Td> <Td> − 2.5 </Td> <Td> 7,452.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Urban development and management </Td> <Td> 261.2 </Td> <Td> 375.9 </Td> <Td> 733.3 </Td> <Td> 739.6 </Td> <Td> 542.1 </Td> <Td> 1,308.1 </Td> <Td> 914.3 </Td> <Td> 258.9 </Td> <Td> 747.3 </Td> <Td> 1,122.1 </Td> <Td> 212.2 </Td> <Td> 7,214.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Business support services and institutions </Td> <Td> 113.3 </Td> <Td> 20.8 </Td> <Td> 721.7 </Td> <Td> 181.4 </Td> <Td> 363.3 </Td> <Td> 514.0 </Td> <Td> 310.0 </Td> <Td> 760.1 </Td> <Td> 1,281.9 </Td> <Td> 1,996.0 </Td> <Td> 491.3 </Td> <Td> 6,753.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Energy policy and administrative management </Td> <Td> 102.5 </Td> <Td> 243.0 </Td> <Td> 324.9 </Td> <Td> 234.2 </Td> <Td> 762.0 </Td> <Td> 654.9 </Td> <Td> 902.1 </Td> <Td> 480.5 </Td> <Td> 1,594.2 </Td> <Td> 1,001.8 </Td> <Td> 347.9 </Td> <Td> 6,648.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Agricultural water resources </Td> <Td> 733.2 </Td> <Td> 749.5 </Td> <Td> 84.6 </Td> <Td> 251.8 </Td> <Td> 780.6 </Td> <Td> 819.5 </Td> <Td> 618.3 </Td> <Td> 1,040.3 </Td> <Td> 1,214.8 </Td> <Td> 824.0 </Td> <Td> − 105.8 </Td> <Td> 7,011.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Decentralisation and support to subnational government </Td> <Td> 904.5 </Td> <Td> 107.9 </Td> <Td> 176.1 </Td> <Td> 206.7 </Td> <Td> 331.2 </Td> <Td> 852.8 </Td> <Td> 880.6 </Td> <Td> 466.8 </Td> <Td> 1,417.0 </Td> <Td> 432.5 </Td> <Td> 821.3 </Td> <Td> 6,597.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Disaster prevention and preparedness </Td> <Td> 66.9 </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> 260.0 </Td> <Td> 9.0 </Td> <Td> 417.2 </Td> <Td> 609.5 </Td> <Td> 852.9 </Td> <Td> 373.5 </Td> <Td> 1,267.8 </Td> <Td> 1,759.7 </Td> <Td> 114.2 </Td> <Td> 5,733.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sanitation - large systems </Td> <Td> 441.9 </Td> <Td> 679.7 </Td> <Td> 521.6 </Td> <Td> 422.0 </Td> <Td> 613.1 </Td> <Td> 1,209.4 </Td> <Td> 268.0 </Td> <Td> 55.4 </Td> <Td> 890.6 </Td> <Td> 900.8 </Td> <Td> 93.9 </Td> <Td> 6,096.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Water supply - large systems </Td> <Td> 646.5 </Td> <Td> 438.1 </Td> <Td> 298.3 </Td> <Td> 486.5 </Td> <Td> 845.1 </Td> <Td> 640.2 </Td> <Td> 469.0 </Td> <Td> 250.5 </Td> <Td> 1,332.4 </Td> <Td> 609.9 </Td> <Td> 224.7 </Td> <Td> 6,241.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Health policy and administrative management </Td> <Td> 661.3 </Td> <Td> 54.8 </Td> <Td> 285.8 </Td> <Td> 673.8 </Td> <Td> 1,581.4 </Td> <Td> 799.3 </Td> <Td> 251.5 </Td> <Td> 426.3 </Td> <Td> 154.8 </Td> <Td> 368.1 </Td> <Td> 496.0 </Td> <Td> 5,753.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Th> 13,162.7 </Th> <Th> 6,588.3 </Th> <Th> 8,707.1 </Th> <Th> 11,425.7 </Th> <Th> 17,099.5 </Th> <Th> 11,096.6 </Th> <Th> 16,873.4 </Th> <Th> 13,967.1 </Th> <Th> 20,057.6 </Th> <Th> 21,096.5 </Th> <Th> 3,070.3 </Th> <Th> 140,074.5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> 24,602.6 </Th> <Th> 13,069.4 </Th> <Th> 17,712.6 </Th> <Th> 27,152.6 </Th> <Th> 33,975.6 </Th> <Th> 26,314.8 </Th> <Th> 34,248.6 </Th> <Th> 27,593.9 </Th> <Th> 43,748.8 </Th> <Th> 41,905.2 </Th> <Th> 7,624.5 </Th> <Th> 297,948.5 </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Open knowledge repository ( edit ) </H2> <P> The World Bank hosts the Open Knowledge Repository ( OKR ) as an official open access repository for its research outputs and knowledge products . The World Bank 's repository is listed in the Registry of Research Data Repositories re3data.org . </P> <H2> Criticisms & controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The World Bank has long been criticized by non-governmental organizations , such as the indigenous rights group Survival International , and academics , including its former Chief Economist Joseph Stiglitz , Henry Hazlitt and Ludwig Von Mises . Henry Hazlitt argued that the World Bank along with the monetary system it was designed within would promote world inflation and `` a world in which international trade is State - dominated '' when they were being advocated . Stiglitz argued that the so - called free market reform policies that the Bank advocates are often harmful to economic development if implemented badly , too quickly ( `` shock therapy '' ) , in the wrong sequence or in weak , uncompetitive economies . Similarly , Carmine Guerriero notices that these reforms have introduced in developing countries regulatory institutions typical of the common law legal tradition because allegedly more efficient according to the legal origins theory . The latter however has been fiercely criticized since it does not take into account that the legal institutions transplanted during the European colonization have been then reformed . This issue makes the legal origins theory 's inference unreliable and the World Bank reforms detrimental . </P> <P> One of the strongest criticisms of the World Bank has been the way in which it is governed . While the World Bank represents 188 countries , it is run by a small number of economically powerful countries . These countries ( which also provide most of the institution 's funding ) choose the leadership and senior management of the World Bank , and their interests dominate the bank . Titus Alexander argues that the unequal voting power of western countries and the World Bank 's role in developing countries makes it similar to the South African Development Bank under apartheid , and therefore a pillar of global apartheid . </P> <P> In the 1990s , the World Bank and the IMF forged the Washington Consensus , policies that included deregulation and liberalization of markets , privatization and the downscaling of government . Though the Washington Consensus was conceived as a policy that would best promote development , it was criticized for ignoring equity , employment and how reforms like privatization were carried out . Joseph Stiglitz argued that the Washington Consensus placed too much emphasis on the growth of GDP , and not enough on the permanence of growth or on whether growth contributed to better living standards . </P> <P> The United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations report criticized the World Bank and other international financial institutions for focusing too much `` on issuing loans rather than on achieving concrete development results within a finite period of time '' and called on the institution to `` strengthen anti-corruption efforts '' . </P> <P> James Ferguson has argued that the main effect of many development projects carried out by the World Bank and similar organizations is not the alleviation of poverty . Instead the projects often serve to expand the exercise of bureaucratic state power . Through his case - studies of development projects in Thaba - Tseka he shows that the World Bank 's characterization of the economic conditions in Lesotho was flawed , and the Bank ignored the political and cultural character of the state in crafting their projects . As a result , the projects failed to help the poor , but succeeded in expanding the government bureaucracy . </P> <P> Criticism of the World Bank and other organizations often takes the form of protesting as seen in recent events such as the World Bank Oslo 2002 Protests , the October Rebellion , and the Battle of Seattle . Such demonstrations have occurred all over the world , even among the Brazilian Kayapo people . </P> <P> Another source of criticism has been the tradition of having an American head the bank , implemented because the United States provides the majority of World Bank funding . `` When economists from the World Bank visit poor countries to dispense cash and advice '' , observed The Economist in 2012 , `` they routinely tell governments to reject cronyism and fill each important job with the best candidate available . It is good advice . The World Bank should take it . '' Jim Yong Kim , a Korean - American , is the most recently appointed president of the World Bank . </P> <H3> Structural adjustment ( edit ) </H3> <P> The effect of structural adjustment policies on poor countries has been one of the most significant criticisms of the World Bank . The 1979 energy crisis plunged many countries into economic crisis . The World Bank responded with structural adjustment loans , which distributed aid to struggling countries while enforcing policy changes in order to reduce inflation and fiscal imbalance . Some of these policies included encouraging production , investment and labour - intensive manufacturing , changing real exchange rates and altering the distribution of government resources . Structural adjustment policies were most effective in countries with an institutional framework that allowed these policies to be implemented easily . For some countries , particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa , economic growth regressed and inflation worsened . The alleviation of poverty was not a goal of structural adjustment loans , and the circumstances of the poor often worsened , due to a reduction in social spending and an increase in the price of food , as subsidies were lifted . </P> <P> By the late 1980s , international organizations began to admit that structural adjustment policies were worsening life for the world 's poor . The World Bank changed structural adjustment loans , allowing for social spending to be maintained , and encouraging a slower change to policies such as transfer of subsidies and price rises . In 1999 , the World Bank and the IMF introduced the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper approach to replace structural adjustment loans . The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper approach has been interpreted as an extension of structural adjustment policies as it continues to reinforce and legitimize global inequities . Neither approach has addressed the inherent flaws within the global economy that contribute to economic and social inequities within developing countries . </P> <H3> Fairness of assistance conditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some critics , most prominently the author Naomi Klein , are of the opinion that the World Bank Group 's loans and aid have unfair conditions attached to them that reflect the interests , financial power and political doctrines ( notably the Washington Consensus ) of the Bank and , by extension , the countries that are most influential within it . Among other allegations , Klein says the Group 's credibility was damaged `` when it forced school fees on students in Ghana in exchange for a loan ; when it demanded that Tanzania privatise its water system ; when it made telecom privatisation a condition of aid for Hurricane Mitch ; when it demanded labour ' flexibility ' in Sri Lanka in the aftermath of the Asian tsunami ; when it pushed for eliminating food subsidies in post-invasion Iraq '' . </P> <H3> Sovereign immunity ( edit ) </H3> <P> The World Bank requires sovereign immunity from countries it deals with . Sovereign immunity waives a holder from all legal liability for their actions . It is proposed that this immunity from responsibility is a `` shield which The World Bank wants to resort to , for escaping accountability and security by the people . '' As the United States has veto power , it can prevent the World Bank from taking action against its interests . </P> <H3> PricewaterhouseCoopers ( 1998 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> World Bank favored PricewaterhouseCoopers as a consultant in a bid for privatizing the water distribution in Delhi , India </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Democracy Ranking </Li> <Li> Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ( ESMAP ) </Li> <Li> BRICS Development Bank </Li> <Li> Clean Energy for Development Investment Framework </Li> <Li> Russia - World Bank relations </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : / en / about / leadership / members Boards of Executive Directors -- Member Countries ) . Retrieved on 5 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Bank Group Leadership '' . World Bank . Retrieved 2 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Banque mondiale '' . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . World Bank . 14 October 2008 . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Clemens , Michael A. ; Kremer , Michael ( 2016 ) . `` The New Role for the World Bank '' . Journal of Economic Perspectives. 30 ( 1 ) : 53 -- 76 . doi : 10.1257 / jep. 30.1. 53 . ISSN 0895 - 3309 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Founding Fathers '' . Internashittional Monetary Fund . Retrieved 11 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The New York Times , 17 March 2015 , `` France , Germany and Italy Say They 'll Join China - Led Bank '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goldman , Michael ( 2005 ) . Imperial Nature : The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in the Age of Globalization . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 11974 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bird , Kai ( 1992 ) . The Chairman : John J. McCloy , the Making of the American Establishment . New York , NY : Simon & Schumpeter . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 45415 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank . `` World Bank Historical Chronology : 1970 -- 1979 '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rotberg , Eugene ( 1994 ) . `` Financial Operations of the World Bank '' . Bretton Woods : looking to the future : commission report , staff review , background papers . Washington , D.C. : Bretton Woods Commission . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mosley , Paul ; Harrigan , Jane ; Toye , John ( 1995 ) . Aid and Power : The World Bank and Policy Based Lending , 2nd Edition . 1 . Abington , UK : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 13209 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toussaint , Eric ( 1999 ) . Your Money or Your Life ! : The Tyranny of Global Finance . London , UK : Pluto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 1412 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank . `` World Bank Administrative Tribunal '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NELSON D. SCHWARTZ ( January 25 , 2013 ) . `` A.W. Clausen , Former Bank of America Chief , Dies at 89 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . Mr. Clausen was chosen by President Jimmy Carter to lead the World Bank shortly before Mr. Carter was defeated by Ronald Reagan in 1980 , but the new administration supported Mr. Clausen 's nomination . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom Clausen , BofA , World Bank head , dies '' . SFGate . January 23 , 2013 . Retrieved October 27 , 2016 . That focus paid dividends when President Jimmy Carter nominated him in 1980 to succeed Robert McNamara as president of the World Bank . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cornia , Giovanni Andrea ; Jolly , Richard ; Stewart , Frances , eds. ( 1987 ) . Adjustment with a Human Face : Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting Growth . New York , NY : Oxford University Press USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 828609 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank . `` Results '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary ( 23 March 2012 ) . `` President Obama Announces U.S. Nomination of Dr. Jim Yong Kim to Lead World Bank '' . The White House . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank . `` Millennium Development Goals '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Korinna Horta ( February 2013 ) . `` Most relevant review '' . dandc.eu . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hurlburt , Heather ( 23 March 2012 ) . `` Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank . `` Leadership '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 17 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank . `` Senior Management '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank . `` Boards of Directors '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert S. McNamara and the Real Tonkin Gulf Deception , Antiwar.com , Gareth Porter , 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wolfowitz Laid Out Terms for Partner 's Pay Package '' , The Financial Times , 12 April 2007 , accessed 14 May 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heather Hurlburt ( 23 March 2012 ) . `` Why Jim Yong Kim would make a great World Bank president '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . Kim is a naturalized US citizen who was born in Korea . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-01-24/romer-steps-down-as-world-bank-chief-economist-after-rocky-stint </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Developing nations get more say in World Bank affairs '' . The Times of India . 26 April 2010 . Retrieved 5 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ( 2010 ) . IBRD 2010 Voting Power Realignment ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Bank Group . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Veloo , Betsy May ( 26 April 2010 ) . `` China given more influence in World Bank '' . RTHK . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stumm , Mario ( March 2011 ) . `` World Bank : More responsibility for developing countries '' . D + C. Retrieved 12 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IBRDCountryVotingTable.pdf International Bank for Reconstruction and Development as of March 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IFCCountryVotingTable.pdf International Finance Corporation as of March 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/IDACountryVotingTable.pdf International Development Association as of December 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://siteresources.worldbank.org/BODINT/Resources/278027-1215524804501/MIGACountryVotingTable.pdf Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency as of December 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Landler , Mark ( 15 December 2007 ) . `` Britain Overtakes U.S. as Top World Bank Donor '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 14 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheeler , David ( 20 May 2008 ) . `` Climate Change in Nashville : A Gathering Storm for the World Bank ? '' . Center for Global Development . Retrieved 9 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Report Examines Risks of 4 Degree Hotter World by End of Century '' . worldbank.org . World Bank . 18 November 2012 . Retrieved 12 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Why a 4 degree centrigrade warmer world must be avoided November 2012 World Bank </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What Climate Change Means for Africa , Asia and the Coastal Poor World Bank 19 June 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World 's poorest will feel brunt of climate change , warns World Bank The Guardian 19 June 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank Institute . `` About WBI '' . World Bank Group . Retrieved 31 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clean Air Initiative . `` About Us '' . Clean Air Initiative - Asia Center . Archived from the original on 25 June 2010 . Retrieved 31 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Development Business . `` About Us '' . United Nations . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations Development Group . `` UNDG Members '' . United Nations . Archived from the original on 11 May 2011 . Retrieved 19 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strom , Stephanie ( 2 July 2011 ) . `` World Bank Is Opening Its Treasure Chest of Data '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SPARC . `` SPARC Innovator : The World Bank '' . Association of Research Libraries . Retrieved 12 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://blogs.worldbank.org/ic4d/why-world-bank-endorses-principles-digital-development </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DAC 5 Digit Sector '' . The IATI Standard . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About - The World Bank - IATI Registry '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Open Knowledge Repository ( OKR ) '' . World Bank . Retrieved 22 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Bank Entry in re3data.org '' . www.re3data.org . Retrieved 21 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2003 ) . The Roaring Nineties : A New History of the World 's Most Prosperous Decade . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05852 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2003 ) . Globalization and Its Discontents . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 32439 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stiglitz , Joseph E. ( 2007 ) . Making Globalization Work . New York , NY : W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 33028 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hazlitt , Henry ( 1984 ) . From Bretton Woods to World Inflation : A Study of the Causes and Consequences . Washington , D.C. : Regnery Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89526 - 617 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schneider , Jane ( 2002 ) . `` World Markets : Anthropological Perspectives '' . In MacClancy , Jeremy . Exotic No More : Anthropology on the Front Lines . Chicago , IL : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 226 - 50013 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carmine Guerriero ( 2016 ) . `` Endogenous Legal Traditions '' . International Review of Law and Economics . 46 : 49 -- 69 . doi : 10.1016 / j. irle. 2016.02. 001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carmine Guerriero ( 2016 ) . `` Endogenous Legal Traditions and Economic Outcomes '' . Journal of Comparative Economics . 44 : 416 -- 433 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jce. 2015.12. 008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woods , Ngaire ( 2007 ) . The Globalizers : The IMF , the World Bank , and Their Borrowers . Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8014 - 7420 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexander , Titus ( 1996 ) . Unravelling Global Apartheid : An Overview of World Politics . Cambridge , UK : Polity . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 1352 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Committee on Foreign Relations , United States Senate , 111th Congress ( 2010 ) . The International Financial Institutions : A Call For Change ( PDF ) ( Report ) . U.S. Government Printing Office . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferguson , James ; Lohmann , Larry ( September -- October 1994 ) . `` The Anti-Politics Machine '' ( PDF ) . The Ecologist. 24 ( 5 ) : 176 -- 181 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibbs , Walter ( 25 June 2002 ) . `` Europe : Norway : Protests As World Bank Meets '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Clarence ; Ruane , Michael E. ( 20 October 2007 ) . `` Violence Erupts at Protest in Georgetown '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 30 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Kimberly A.C. ( 7 December 1999 ) . `` Embattled police chief resigns '' . Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Retrieved 19 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clendenning , Alan ( 21 May 2008 ) . `` Amazon Indians Attack Official Over Dam Project '' . National Geographic . Associated Press . Retrieved 21 May 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hats off to Ngozi '' . The Economist. 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 2 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rushe , Dominic ; Stewart , Heather ; Mark , Monica ( 16 April 2012 ) . `` World Bank names US - nominated Jim Yong Kim as president '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 17 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graeber , David . Direct Action : An Ethnography . AK Press . pp. 442 -- 443 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 904859 - 79 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : deVries , Barend A. ( 1996 ) . `` The World Bank 's Focus on Poverty '' . In Griesgraber , Jo Marie ; Gunter , Bernhard G . The World Bank : Lending on a Global Scale . London , UK : Pluto Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7453 - 1049 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Tan , Celine ( 2007 ) . `` The poverty of amnesia : PRSPs in the legacy of structural adjustment '' . In Stone , Diane ; Wright , Christopher . The World Bank and Governance : A Decade of Reform and Reaction . New York , NY : Routledge . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 41282 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hardstaff , Peter ( 2003 ) . `` Treacherous conditions : How IMF and World Bank policies tied to debt relief are undermining development '' ( PDF ) . World Development Movement . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein , Naomi ( 27 April 2007 ) . `` The World Bank has the perfect standard bearer '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 May 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : IFI Watch ( 2004 ) . `` The World Bank and the Question of Immunity '' ( PDF ) . IFI Watch -- Bangladesh. 1 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 10 . Retrieved 4 September 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Bank ( 2007 ) . Sovereign Immunity ( PDF ) ( Report ) . World Bank Group . Retrieved 20 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hasson , Adam Isaac ( 2002 ) . `` Extraterritorial Jurisdiction and Sovereign Immunity on Trial : Noriega , Pinochet , and Milosevic -- Trends in Political Accountability and Transnational Criminal Law '' . 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George V - wikipedia <H1> George V </H1> For other uses , see George V ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> George V </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> George V in 1923 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions , Emperor of India ( more ... ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reign </Th> <Td> 6 May 1910 -- 20 January 1936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coronation </Th> <Td> 22 June 1911 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Imperial Durbar </Th> <Td> 12 December 1911 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Predecessor </Th> <Td> Edward VII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Successor </Th> <Td> Edward VIII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prime Ministers </Th> <Td> See list </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1865 - 06 - 03 ) 3 June 1865 Marlborough House , London </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 20 January 1936 ( 1936 - 01 - 20 ) ( aged 70 ) Sandringham House , Norfolk </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Burial </Th> <Td> 28 January 1936 St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse </Th> <Td> Mary of Teck ( m . 1893 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Issue Detail </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edward VIII </Li> <Li> George VI </Li> <Li> Mary , Princess Royal </Li> <Li> Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester </Li> <Li> Prince George , Duke of Kent </Li> <Li> Prince John </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Full name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> George Frederick Ernest Albert </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Windsor ( from 17 July 1917 ) </Li> <Li> Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( until 17 July 1917 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Father </Th> <Td> Edward VII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mother </Th> <Td> Alexandra of Denmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Signature </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Military career </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Service / branch </Th> <Td> Royal Navy ( active service ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years of service </Th> <Td> 1877 -- 1892 ( active service ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Td> See list </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commands held </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Torpedo Boat 79 </Li> <Li> HMS Thrush </Li> <Li> HMS Melampus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> George V ( George Frederick Ernest Albert ; 3 June 1865 -- 20 January 1936 ) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions , and Emperor of India , from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936 . </P> <P> Born during the reign of his grandmother Queen Victoria , George was third in the line of succession behind his father , the Prince of Wales , and his own elder brother , Prince Albert Victor . From 1877 to 1891 , George served in the Royal Navy , until the unexpected death of his elder brother in early 1892 put him directly in line for the throne . On the death of his grandmother in 1901 , George 's father became King - Emperor of the British Empire as Edward VII , and George was created Prince of Wales . He became king - emperor on his father 's death in 1910 . </P> <P> George V 's reign saw the rise of socialism , communism , fascism , Irish republicanism , and the Indian independence movement , all of which radically changed the political landscape . The Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords . As a result of the First World War ( 1914 -- 1918 ) , the empires of his first cousins Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany fell , while the British Empire expanded to its greatest effective extent . In 1917 , George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor , which he renamed from the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha as a result of anti-German public sentiment . In 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate , independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations . He had smoking - related health problems throughout much of his later reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son , Edward VIII . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and education </Li> <Li> 2 Marriage </Li> <Li> 3 Duke of York </Li> <Li> 4 Prince of Wales </Li> <Li> 5 King and emperor <Ul> <Li> 5.1 National politics </Li> <Li> 5.2 First World War </Li> <Li> 5.3 Postwar reign </Li> <Li> 5.4 Declining health and death </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Legacy </Li> <Li> 7 Titles , styles , honours and arms <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Titles and styles </Li> <Li> 7.2 British honours <Ul> <Li> 7.2. 1 Military appointments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.3 Foreign honours <Ul> <Li> 7.3. 1 Honorary foreign military appointments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.4 Honorary degrees and offices </Li> <Li> 7.5 Arms </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Issue </Li> <Li> 9 Ancestry </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes and sources </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early life and education ( edit ) </H2> <P> George was born on 3 June 1865 , in Marlborough House , London . He was the second son of Albert Edward , Prince of Wales , and Alexandra , Princess of Wales . His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert , and his mother was the eldest daughter of King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark . He was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury , Charles Longley . </P> George as a young boy , 1870 <P> As a younger son of the Prince of Wales , there was little expectation that George would become king . He was third in line to the throne , after his father and elder brother , Prince Albert Victor . George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor , and the two princes were educated together . John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871 . Neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually . As their father thought that the navy was `` the very best possible training for any boy '' , in September 1877 , when George was 12 years old , both brothers joined the cadet training ship HMS Britannia at Dartmouth , Devon . </P> <P> For three years from 1879 , the royal brothers served on HMS Bacchante , accompanied by Dalton . They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean , South Africa and Australia , and visited Norfolk , Virginia , as well as South America , the Mediterranean , Egypt , and East Asia . In 1881 on a visit to Japan , George had a local artist tattoo a blue and red dragon on his arm , and was received in an audience by the Emperor Meiji ; George and his brother presented Empress Haruko with two wallabies from Australia . Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante . Between Melbourne and Sydney , Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman , a mythical ghost ship . When they returned to Britain , Queen Victoria complained that her grandsons could not speak French or German , and so they spent six months in Lausanne in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to learn another language . After Lausanne , the brothers were separated ; Albert Victor attended Trinity College , Cambridge , while George continued in the Royal Navy . He travelled the world , visiting many areas of the British Empire . During his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station , before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891 -- 92 . From then on , his naval rank was largely honorary . </P> <H2> Marriage ( edit ) </H2> See also : Wedding of Prince George , Duke of York , and Princess Mary of Teck George , 1893 <P> As a young man destined to serve in the navy , Prince George served for many years under the command of his uncle , Prince Alfred , Duke of Edinburgh , who was stationed in Malta . There , he grew close to and fell in love with his uncle 's daughter , Princess Marie . His grandmother , father and uncle all approved the match , but the mothers -- the Princess of Wales and the Duchess of Edinburgh -- opposed it . The Princess of Wales thought the family was too pro-German , and the Duchess of Edinburgh disliked England . Marie 's mother was the only daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia . She resented the fact that , as the wife of a younger son of the British sovereign , she had to yield precedence to George 's mother , the Princess of Wales , whose father had been a minor German prince before being called unexpectedly to the throne of Denmark . Guided by her mother , Marie refused George when he proposed to her . She married Ferdinand , the future King of Romania , in 1893 . </P> <P> In November 1891 , George 's elder brother , Albert Victor , became engaged to his second cousin once removed , Princess Victoria Mary of Teck , known as `` May '' within the family . May 's father , Prince Francis , Duke of Teck , belonged to a morganatic , cadet branch of the house of Württemberg . Her mother , Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge , was a male - line granddaughter of King George III and a first cousin of Queen Victoria . </P> <P> On 14 January 1892 , six weeks after the formal engagement , Albert Victor died of pneumonia , leaving George second in line to the throne , and likely to succeed after his father . George had only just recovered from a serious illness himself , after being confined to bed for six weeks with typhoid fever , the disease that was thought to have killed his grandfather Prince Albert . Queen Victoria still regarded Princess May as a suitable match for her grandson , and George and May grew close during their shared period of mourning . A year after Albert Victor 's death , George proposed to May and was accepted . They married on 6 July 1893 at the Chapel Royal in St James 's Palace , London . Throughout their lives , they remained devoted to each other . George was , on his own admission , unable to express his feelings easily in speech , but they often exchanged loving letters and notes of endearment . </P> <H2> Duke of York ( edit ) </H2> George with his children , Edward , Albert , and Mary , photographed by Alexandra in 1899 <P> The death of his elder brother effectively ended George 's naval career , as he was now second in line to the throne , after his father . George was created Duke of York , Earl of Inverness and Baron Killarney by Queen Victoria on 24 May 1892 , and received lessons in constitutional history from J.R. Tanner . </P> <P> The Duke and Duchess of York lived mainly at York Cottage , a relatively small house in Sandringham , Norfolk , where their way of life mirrored that of a comfortable middle - class family rather than royalty . George preferred a simple , almost quiet , life , in marked contrast to the lively social life pursued by his father . His official biographer , Harold Nicolson , later despaired of George 's time as Duke of York , writing : `` He may be all right as a young midshipman and a wise old king , but when he was Duke of York ... he did nothing at all but kill ( i.e. shoot ) animals and stick in stamps . '' George was an avid stamp collector , which Nicolson disparaged , but George played a large role in building the Royal Philatelic Collection into the most comprehensive collection of United Kingdom and Commonwealth stamps in the world , in some cases setting record purchase prices for items . </P> <P> George and May had five sons and a daughter . Randolph Churchill claimed that George was a strict father , to the extent that his children were terrified of him , and that George had remarked to the Earl of Derby : `` My father was frightened of his mother , I was frightened of my father , and I am damned well going to see to it that my children are frightened of me . '' In reality , there is no direct source for the quotation and it is likely that George 's parenting style was little different from that adopted by most people at the time . </P> <P> In October 1894 , George 's uncle Alexander III of Russia died . At the request of his father , `` out of respect for poor dear Uncle Sasha 's memory '' , George joined his parents in St Petersburg for the funeral . George remained in Russia for the wedding a week later of the new Russian emperor , his cousin Nicholas II , to another one of George 's first cousins , Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine , who had once been considered as a potential bride for George 's elder brother . </P> <H2> Prince of Wales ( edit ) </H2> Play media George at Montreal and Quebec , 1901 <P> As Duke and Duchess of York , George and May carried out a wide variety of public duties . On the death of Queen Victoria on 22 January 1901 , George 's father ascended the throne as King Edward VII . George inherited the title of Duke of Cornwall , and for much of the rest of that year , he was known as the Duke of Cornwall and York . </P> <P> In 1901 , George and May toured the British Empire . Their tour included Gibraltar , Malta , Port Said , Aden , Ceylon , Singapore , Australia , New Zealand , Mauritius , South Africa , Canada , and the Colony of Newfoundland . The tour was designed by Colonial Secretary Joseph Chamberlain with the support of Prime Minister Lord Salisbury to reward the Dominions for their participation in the South African War of 1899 -- 1902 . George presented thousands of specially designed South African War medals to colonial troops . In South Africa , the royal party met civic leaders , African leaders , and Boer prisoners , and was greeted by elaborate decorations , expensive gifts , and fireworks displays . Despite this , not all residents responded favourably to the tour . Many white Cape Afrikaners resented the display and expense , the war having weakened their capacity to reconcile their Afrikaner - Dutch culture with their status as British subjects . Critics in the English - language press decried the enormous cost at a time when families faced severe hardship . </P> Painting by Tom Roberts of the Duke opening the first Parliament of Australia on 9 May 1901 <P> In Australia , the Duke opened the first session of the Australian Parliament upon the creation of the Commonwealth of Australia . In New Zealand , he praised the military values , bravery , loyalty , and obedience to duty of New Zealanders , and the tour gave New Zealand a chance to show off its progress , especially in its adoption of up - to - date British standards in communications and the processing industries . The implicit goal was to advertise New Zealand 's attractiveness to tourists and potential immigrants , while avoiding news of growing social tensions , by focusing the attention of the British press on a land few knew about . On his return to Britain , in a speech at London 's Guildhall , George warned of `` the impression which seemed to prevail among ( our ) brethren across the seas , that the Old Country must wake up if she intends to maintain her old position of pre-eminence in her colonial trade against foreign competitors . '' </P> <P> On 9 November 1901 , George was created Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester . King Edward wished to prepare his son for his future role as king . In contrast to Edward himself , whom Queen Victoria had deliberately excluded from state affairs , George was given wide access to state documents by his father . George in turn allowed his wife access to his papers , as he valued her counsel and she often helped write her husband 's speeches . As Prince of Wales , George supported reforms in naval training , including cadets being enrolled at the ages of twelve and thirteen , and receiving the same education , whatever their class and eventual assignments . The reforms were implemented by the then Second ( later First ) Sea Lord , Jacky Fisher . </P> <P> From November 1905 to March 1906 , George and May toured British India , where he was disgusted by racial discrimination and campaigned for greater involvement of Indians in the government of the country . The tour was almost immediately followed by a trip to Spain for the wedding of King Alfonso XIII to Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg , a first cousin of George , at which the bride and groom narrowly avoided assassination . A week after returning to Britain , George and May travelled to Norway for the coronation of King Haakon VII , George 's cousin and brother - in - law , and Queen Maud , George 's sister . </P> <H2> King and Emperor ( edit ) </H2> State portrait by Sir Luke Fildes , 1911 <P> On 6 May 1910 , Edward VII died , and George became king . He wrote in his diary , </P> <P> I have lost my best friend and the best of fathers ... I never had a ( cross ) word with him in my life . I am heart - broken and overwhelmed with grief but God will help me in my responsibilities and darling May will be my comfort as she has always been . May God give me strength and guidance in the heavy task which has fallen on me </P> <P> George had never liked his wife 's habit of signing official documents and letters as `` Victoria Mary '' and insisted she drop one of those names . They both thought she should not be called Queen Victoria , and so she became Queen Mary . Later that year , a radical propagandist , Edward Mylius , published a lie that George had secretly married in Malta as a young man , and that consequently his marriage to Queen Mary was bigamous . The lie had first surfaced in print in 1893 , but George had shrugged it off as a joke . In an effort to kill off rumours , Mylius was arrested , tried and found guilty of criminal libel , and was sentenced to a year in prison . </P> <P> George objected to the anti-Catholic wording of the Accession Declaration that he would be required to make at the opening of his first parliament . He made it known that he would refuse to open parliament unless it was changed . As a result , the Accession Declaration Act 1910 shortened the declaration and removed the most offensive phrases . </P> King George and Queen Mary at the Delhi Durbar , 1911 <P> George and Mary 's coronation took place at Westminster Abbey on 22 June 1911 , and was celebrated by the Festival of Empire in London . In July , the King and Queen visited Ireland for five days ; they received a warm welcome , with thousands of people lining the route of their procession to cheer . Later in 1911 , the King and Queen travelled to India for the Delhi Durbar , where they were presented to an assembled audience of Indian dignitaries and princes as the Emperor and Empress of India on 12 December 1911 . George wore the newly created Imperial Crown of India at the ceremony , and declared the shifting of the Indian capital from Calcutta to Delhi . He was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar . They travelled throughout the sub-continent , and George took the opportunity to indulge in big game hunting in Nepal , shooting 21 tigers , 8 rhinoceroses and a bear over 10 days . He was a keen and expert marksman . On 18 December 1913 , he shot over a thousand pheasants in six hours at Hall Barn , the home of Lord Burnham , although even George had to acknowledge that `` we went a little too far '' that day . </P> <H3> National politics ( edit ) </H3> <P> George inherited the throne at a politically turbulent time . Lloyd George 's People 's Budget had been rejected the previous year by the Conservative and Unionist - dominated House of Lords , contrary to the normal convention that the Lords did not veto money bills . Liberal Prime Minister H.H. Asquith had asked the previous king to give an undertaking that he would create sufficient Liberal peers to force the budget through the House . Edward had reluctantly agreed , provided the Lords rejected the budget after two successive general elections . After a general election in January 1910 , the Conservative peers allowed the budget , for which the government now had an electoral mandate , to pass without a vote . </P> A half - sovereign minted during George 's reign ( Bertram Mackennal , sculptor ) <P> Asquith attempted to curtail the power of the Lords through constitutional reforms , which were again blocked by the Upper House . A constitutional conference on the reforms broke down in November 1910 after 21 meetings . Asquith and Lord Crewe , Liberal leader in the Lords , asked George to grant a dissolution , leading to a second general election , and to promise to create sufficient Liberal peers if the Lords blocked the legislation again . If George refused , the Liberal government would otherwise resign , which would have given the appearance that the monarch was taking sides -- with `` the peers against the people '' -- in party politics . The King 's two private secretaries , Lords Knollys and Stamfordham , gave George conflicting advice . Knollys , who was Liberal , advised George to accept the Cabinet 's demands , while Stamfordham , who was Unionist , advised George to accept the resignation . Like his father , George reluctantly agreed to the dissolution and creation of peers , although he felt his ministers had taken advantage of his inexperience to browbeat him . After the December 1910 election , the Lords let the bill pass on hearing of the threat to swamp the house with new peers . The subsequent Parliament Act 1911 permanently removed -- with a few exceptions -- the power of the Lords to veto bills . The King later came to feel that Knollys had withheld information from him about the willingness of the opposition to form a government if the Liberals had resigned . </P> <P> The 1910 general elections had left the Liberals as a minority government dependent upon the support of Irish Nationalists . As desired by the Nationalists , Asquith introduced legislation that would give Ireland Home Rule , but the Conservatives and Unionists opposed it . As tempers rose over the Home Rule Bill , which would never have been possible without the Parliament Act , relations between the elderly Knollys and the Conservatives became poor , and he was pushed into retirement . Desperate to avoid the prospect of civil war in Ireland between Unionists and Nationalists , George called a meeting of all parties at Buckingham Palace in July 1914 in an attempt to negotiate a settlement . After four days the conference ended without an agreement . Political developments in Britain and Ireland were overtaken by events in Europe , and the issue of Irish Home Rule was shelved . </P> <H3> First world war ( edit ) </H3> `` A good riddance '' A 1917 Punch cartoon depicts King George sweeping away his German titles . <P> On 4 August 1914 the King wrote in his diary , `` I held a council at 10.45 to declare war with Germany . It is a terrible catastrophe but it is not our fault ... Please to God it may soon be over . '' From 1914 to 1918 , Britain and its allies were at war with the Central Powers , led by the German Empire . The German Kaiser Wilhelm II , who for the British public came to symbolise all the horrors of the war , was the King 's first cousin . The King 's paternal grandfather was Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ; consequently , the King and his children bore the titles Prince and Princess of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha and Duke and Duchess of Saxony . Queen Mary , although British like her mother , was the daughter of the Duke of Teck , a descendant of the German Dukes of Württemberg . The King had brothers - in - law and cousins who were British subjects but who bore German titles such as Duke and Duchess of Teck , Prince and Princess of Battenberg , and Prince and Princess of Schleswig - Holstein . When H.G. Wells wrote about Britain 's `` alien and uninspiring court '' , George famously replied : `` I may be uninspiring , but I 'll be damned if I 'm alien . '' </P> <P> On 17 July 1917 , George appeased British nationalist feelings by issuing a royal proclamation that changed the name of the British royal house from the German - sounding House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha to the House of Windsor . He and all his British relatives relinquished their German titles and styles , and adopted British - sounding surnames . George compensated his male relatives by creating them British peers . His cousin , Prince Louis of Battenberg , who earlier in the war had been forced to resign as First Sea Lord through anti-German feeling , became Louis Mountbatten , 1st Marquess of Milford Haven , while Queen Mary 's brothers became Adolphus Cambridge , 1st Marquess of Cambridge , and Alexander Cambridge , 1st Earl of Athlone . </P> George V ( right ) and his physically similar cousin Nicholas II of Russia in German uniforms before the war . <P> In letters patent gazetted on 11 December 1917 the King restricted the style of `` Royal Highness '' and the titular dignity of `` Prince ( or Princess ) of Great Britain and Ireland '' to the children of the Sovereign , the children of the sons of the Sovereign and the eldest living son of the eldest living son of a Prince of Wales . The letters patent also stated that `` the titles of Royal Highness , Highness or Serene Highness , and the titular dignity of Prince and Princess shall cease except those titles already granted and remaining unrevoked '' . George 's relatives who fought on the German side , such as Ernest Augustus , Crown Prince of Hanover , and Charles Edward , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha , had their British peerages suspended by a 1919 Order in Council under the provisions of the Titles Deprivation Act 1917 . Under pressure from his mother , Queen Alexandra , the King also removed the Garter flags of his German relations from St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle . </P> <P> When Tsar Nicholas II of Russia , George 's first cousin , was overthrown in the Russian Revolution of 1917 , the British government offered political asylum to the Tsar and his family , but worsening conditions for the British people , and fears that revolution might come to the British Isles , led George to think that the presence of the Romanovs would be seen as inappropriate . Despite the later claims of Lord Mountbatten of Burma that Prime Minister Lloyd George was opposed to the rescue of the Russian imperial family , the letters of Lord Stamfordham suggest that it was George V who opposed the idea against the advice of the government . Advanced planning for a rescue was undertaken by MI1 , a branch of the British secret service , but because of the strengthening position of the Bolshevik revolutionaries and wider difficulties with the conduct of the war , the plan was never put into operation . The Tsar and his immediate family remained in Russia , where they were killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918 . George wrote in his diary : `` It was a foul murder . I was devoted to Nicky , who was the kindest of men and thorough gentleman : loved his country and people . '' The following year , Nicholas 's mother Maria Feodorovna ( Dagmar of Denmark ) and other members of the extended Russian imperial family were rescued from Crimea by a British warship . </P> <P> Two months after the end of the war , the King 's youngest son , John , died at the age of 13 after a lifetime of ill health . George was informed of his death by Queen Mary , who wrote , `` ( John ) had been a great anxiety to us for many years ... The first break in the family circle is hard to bear but people have been so kind & sympathetic & this has helped us much . '' </P> <P> In May 1922 , the King toured Belgium and northern France , visiting the First World War cemeteries and memorials being constructed by the Imperial War Graves Commission . The event was described in a poem , The King 's Pilgrimage by Rudyard Kipling . The tour , and one short visit to Italy in 1923 , were the only times George agreed to leave the United Kingdom on official business after the end of the war . </P> <H3> Postwar reign ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before the First World War , most of Europe was ruled by monarchs related to George , but during and after the war , the monarchies of Austria , Germany , Greece , and Spain , like Russia , fell to revolution and war . In March 1919 , Lieutenant - Colonel Edward Lisle Strutt was dispatched on the personal authority of the King to escort the former Emperor Charles I of Austria and his family to safety in Switzerland . In 1922 , a Royal Navy ship was sent to Greece to rescue his cousins , Prince and Princess Andrew . </P> <P> Political turmoil in Ireland continued as the Nationalists fought for independence ; George expressed his horror at government - sanctioned killings and reprisals to Prime Minister David Lloyd George . At the opening session of the Parliament of Northern Ireland on 22 June 1921 , the King appealed for conciliation in a speech part drafted by General Jan Smuts and approved by Lloyd George . A few weeks later , a truce was agreed . Negotiations between Britain and the Irish secessionists led to the signing of the Anglo - Irish Treaty . By the end of 1922 , Ireland was partitioned , the Irish Free State was established , and Lloyd George was out of office . </P> <P> The King and his advisers were concerned about the rise of socialism and the growing labour movement , which they mistakenly associated with republicanism . The socialists no longer believed in their anti-monarchical slogans and were ready to come to terms with the monarchy if it took the first step . George adopted a more democratic , inclusive stance that crossed class lines and brought the monarchy closer to the public and the working class -- a dramatic change for the King , who was most comfortable with naval officers and landed gentry . He cultivated friendly relations with moderate Labour party politicians and trade union officials . His abandonment of social aloofness conditioned the royal family 's behaviour and enhanced its popularity during the economic crises of the 1920s and for over two generations thereafter . </P> <P> The years between 1922 and 1929 saw frequent changes in government . In 1924 , George appointed the first Labour Prime Minister , Ramsay MacDonald , in the absence of a clear majority for any one of the three major parties . George 's tactful and understanding reception of the first Labour government ( which lasted less than a year ) allayed the suspicions of the party 's sympathisers . During the General Strike of 1926 the King advised the government of Conservative Stanley Baldwin against taking inflammatory action , and took exception to suggestions that the strikers were `` revolutionaries '' saying , `` Try living on their wages before you judge them . '' </P> 1926 Imperial Conference : George V and the prime ministers of the Empire . Clockwise from centre front : George V , Baldwin ( United Kingdom ) , Monroe ( Newfoundland ) , Coates ( New Zealand ) , Bruce ( Australia ) , Hertzog ( South Africa ) , Cosgrave ( Irish Free State ) , King ( Canada ) . <P> In 1926 , George hosted an Imperial Conference in London at which the Balfour Declaration accepted the growth of the British Dominions into self - governing `` autonomous Communities within the British Empire , equal in status , in no way subordinate one to another '' . In 1931 , the Statute of Westminster formalised the Dominion 's legislative independence and established that the succession to the throne could not be changed unless all the Parliaments of the Dominions as well as the Parliament at Westminster agreed . The Statute 's preamble described the monarch as `` the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations '' , who were `` united by a common allegiance '' . </P> <P> In the wake of a world financial crisis , the King encouraged the formation of a National Government in 1931 led by MacDonald and Baldwin , and volunteered to reduce the civil list to help balance the budget . He was concerned by the rise to power in Germany of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party . In 1934 , the King bluntly told the German ambassador Leopold von Hoesch that Germany was now the peril of the world , and that there was bound to be a war within ten years if she went on at the present rate ; he warned the British ambassador in Berlin Eric Phipps to be suspicious of the Nazis . </P> The King delivering his Christmas broadcast , 1934 <P> In 1932 , George agreed to deliver a Royal Christmas speech on the radio , an event that became annual thereafter . He was not in favour of the innovation originally but was persuaded by the argument that it was what his people wanted . By the silver jubilee of his reign in 1935 , he had become a well - loved king , saying in response to the crowd 's adulation , `` I can not understand it , after all I am only a very ordinary sort of fellow . '' </P> <P> George 's relationship with his eldest son and heir , Edward , deteriorated in these later years . George was disappointed in Edward 's failure to settle down in life and appalled by his many affairs with married women . In contrast , he was fond of his second eldest son , Prince Albert ( later George VI ) , and doted on his eldest granddaughter , Princess Elizabeth ; he nicknamed her `` Lilibet '' , and she affectionately called him `` Grandpa England '' . In 1935 , George said of his son Edward : `` After I am dead , the boy will ruin himself within 12 months '' , and of Albert and Elizabeth : `` I pray to God my eldest son will never marry and have children , and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne . '' </P> <H3> Declining health and death ( edit ) </H3> Portrait by Arthur Stockdale Cope , 1933 <P> The First World War took a toll on George 's health : he was seriously injured on 28 October 1915 when thrown by his horse at a troop review in France , and his heavy smoking exacerbated recurring breathing problems . He suffered from chronic bronchitis . In 1925 , on the instruction of his doctors , he was reluctantly sent on a recuperative private cruise in the Mediterranean ; it was his third trip abroad since the war , and his last . In November 1928 , he fell seriously ill with septicaemia , and for the next two years his son Edward took over many of his duties . In 1929 , the suggestion of a further rest abroad was rejected by the King `` in rather strong language '' . Instead , he retired for three months to Craigweil House , Aldwick , in the seaside resort of Bognor , Sussex . As a result of his stay , the town acquired the suffix `` Regis '' , which is Latin for `` of the King '' . A myth later grew that his last words , upon being told that he would soon be well enough to revisit the town , were `` Bugger Bognor ! '' </P> <P> George never fully recovered . In his final year , he was occasionally administered oxygen . The death of his favourite sister , Victoria , in December 1935 depressed him deeply . On the evening of 15 January 1936 , the King took to his bedroom at Sandringham House complaining of a cold ; he remained in the room until his death . He became gradually weaker , drifting in and out of consciousness . Prime Minister Baldwin later said : </P> <P> each time he became conscious it was some kind inquiry or kind observation of someone , some words of gratitude for kindness shown . But he did say to his secretary when he sent for him : `` How is the Empire ? '' An unusual phrase in that form , and the secretary said : `` All is well , sir , with the Empire '' , and the King gave him a smile and relapsed once more into unconsciousness . </P> <P> By 20 January , he was close to death . His physicians , led by Lord Dawson of Penn , issued a bulletin with words that became famous : `` The King 's life is moving peacefully towards its close . '' Dawson 's private diary , unearthed after his death and made public in 1986 , reveals that the King 's last words , a mumbled `` God damn you ! '' , were addressed to his nurse , Catherine Black , when she gave him a sedative that night . Dawson , who supported the `` gentle growth of euthanasia '' , admitted in the diary that he hastened the King 's death by injecting him , after 11.00 p.m. , with two consecutive lethal injections : 3 / 4 gr . morphine followed by 1 gr . cocaine shortly afterwards . Dawson wrote that he acted to preserve the King 's dignity , to prevent further strain on the family , and so that the King 's death at 11 : 55 p.m. could be announced in the morning edition of The Times newspaper rather than `` less appropriate ... evening journals '' . Neither Queen Mary , who was intensely religious and might not have sanctioned euthanasia , nor the Prince of Wales was consulted . The royal family did not want the King to endure pain and suffering and did not want his life prolonged artificially but nor did they approve Dawson 's actions . British Pathe announced the King 's death the following day , in which he was described as `` more than a King , a father of a great family '' . </P> <P> The German composer Paul Hindemith went to a BBC studio on the morning after the King 's death and in six hours wrote Trauermusik ( Mourning Music ) . It was performed that same evening in a live broadcast by the BBC , with Adrian Boult conducting the BBC Symphony Orchestra and the composer as soloist . </P> <P> At the procession to George 's lying in state in Westminster Hall part of the Imperial State Crown fell from on top of the coffin and landed in the gutter as the cortège turned into New Palace Yard . The new king , Edward VIII , saw it fall and wondered whether it was a bad omen for his new reign . As a mark of respect to their father , George 's four surviving sons , Edward , Albert , Henry , and George , mounted the guard , known as the Vigil of the Princes , at the catafalque on the night before the funeral . The vigil was not repeated until the death of George 's daughter - in - law , Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother , in 2002 . George V was interred at St George 's Chapel , Windsor Castle , on 28 January 1936 . Edward abdicated before the year was out , leaving Albert to ascend the throne as George VI . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> Statue of King George V in King George Square outside Brisbane City Hall <P> George V disliked sitting for portraits and despised modern art ; he was so displeased by one portrait by Charles Sims that he ordered it to be burned . He did admire sculptor Bertram Mackennal , who created statues of George for display in Madras and Delhi , and William Reid Dick , whose statue of George V stands outside Westminster Abbey , London . </P> <P> George preferred to stay at home pursuing his hobbies of stamp collecting and game shooting , and he lived a life that later biographers considered dull because of its conventionality . He was not an intellectual ; on returning from one evening at the opera , he wrote in his journal , `` Went to Covent Garden and saw Fidelio and damned dull it was . '' Nonetheless , he was earnestly devoted to Britain and its Commonwealth . He explained , `` it has always been my dream to identify myself with the great idea of Empire . '' He appeared hard - working and became widely admired by the people of Britain and the Empire , as well as `` the Establishment '' . In the words of historian David Cannadine , King George V and Queen Mary were an `` inseparably devoted couple '' who upheld `` character '' and `` family values '' . George established a standard of conduct for British royalty that reflected the values and virtues of the upper middle - class rather than upper - class lifestyles or vices . He was by temperament a traditionalist who never fully appreciated or approved the revolutionary changes under way in British society . Nevertheless , he invariably wielded his influence as a force of neutrality and moderation , seeing his role as mediator rather than final decision - maker . </P> <H2> Titles , styles , honours and arms ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Titles and styles ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 3 June 1865 -- 24 May 1892 : His Royal Highness Prince George of Wales </Li> <Li> 24 May 1892 -- 22 January 1901 : His Royal Highness The Duke of York </Li> <Li> 22 January -- 9 November 1901 : His Royal Highness The Duke of Cornwall and York </Li> <Li> 9 November 1901 -- 6 May 1910 : His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales </Li> <Li> 6 May 1910 -- 20 January 1936 : His Majesty The King </Li> </Ul> <P> His full style as king was `` George V , by the Grace of God , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India '' until the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 , when it changed to `` George V , by the Grace of God , of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India '' . </P> <H3> British honours ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> KG : Knight of the Garter , 4 August 1884 </Li> <Li> KT : Knight of the Thistle , 5 July 1893 </Li> <Li> KP : Knight of St Patrick , 20 August 1897 </Li> <Li> GCSI : Knight Grand Commander of the Star of India , 28 September 1905 </Li> <Li> GCMG : Knight Grand Cross of St Michael and St George , 9 March 1901 </Li> <Li> GCIE : Knight Grand Commander of the Indian Empire , 28 September 1905 </Li> <Li> GCVO : Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order , 30 June 1897 </Li> <Li> ISO : Imperial Service Order , 31 March 1903 </Li> <Li> Royal Victorian Chain , 1902 </Li> <Li> PC : Privy Counsellor , 18 July 1894 <Ul> <Li> Privy Counsellor ( Ireland ) , 20 August 1897 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Queen Victoria Golden Jubilee Medal , with 1897 bar </Li> </Ul> <P> After his accession to the throne in 1910 , George became sovereign of all the orders awarded by the British Empire and ( later ) Commonwealth , including those awarded him prior to his accession . </P> Military appointments ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> September 1877 : Cadet , HMS Britannia </Li> <Li> 8 January 1880 : Midshipman , HMS Bacchante and the corvette HMS Canada </Li> <Li> 3 June 1884 : Sub-Lieutenant , Royal Navy </Li> <Li> 8 October 1885 : Lieutenant , HMS Thunderer ; HMS Dreadnought ; HMS Alexandra ; HMS Northumberland </Li> <Li> 21 June 1887 : Personal Aide - de-Camp to the Queen </Li> <Li> July 1889 I / C HMS Torpedo Boat 79 </Li> <Li> By May 1890 I / C the gunboat HMS Thrush </Li> <Li> 24 August 1891 : Commander , I / C HMS Melampus </Li> <Li> 2 January 1893 : Captain , Royal Navy </Li> <Li> 1 January 1901 : Rear - Admiral , Royal Navy </Li> <Li> 25 February 1901 : Personal Naval Aide - de-Camp to the King </Li> <Li> 26 June 1903 : Vice-Admiral , Royal Navy </Li> <Li> 1 March 1907 : Admiral , Royal Navy </Li> <Li> 1910 : Admiral of the Fleet , Royal Navy </Li> <Li> 1910 : Field Marshal , British Army </Li> <Li> 1919 : Chief of the Royal Air Force ( title not rank ) </Li> <Li> 1 January 1901 : Colonel - in - Chief of the Royal Marine Forces </Li> <Li> 29 November 1901 : Honorary Colonel of the 4th County of London Yeomanry Regiment ( King ′ s Colonials ) </Li> <Li> 21 December 1901 : Colonel - in - Chief of the Royal Welsh Fusiliers </Li> </Ul> <H3> Foreign honours ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Knight of the Order of the Elephant ( Denmark ) , 11 October 1885 </Li> <Li> Order of the Dannebrog ( Denmark ) , Grand Commander 9 May 1914 </Li> <Li> Knight of the Order of the Seraphim ( Sweden ) , 14 June 1905 </Li> <Li> Collar of the Order of Charles III ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece ( Spain ) </Li> <Li> Knight of the Order of Saint Hubert ( Bavaria ) </Li> <Li> Knight of the Order of the Most Holy Annunciation ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> Grand Commander of the House Order of Hohenzollern ( Prussia ) </Li> <Li> Grand Cross of the House Order of the Wendish Crown ( Mecklenburg ) </Li> <Li> Member 1st Class with Brilliants of the Order of Osmanieh ( Ottoman Empire ) , </Li> <Li> Knight of the Order of St Andrew ( Russian Empire ) </Li> <Li> Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle ( Prussia ) </Li> <Li> Grand Cross of the Saxe - Ernestine House Order ( Saxon duchies ) </Li> <Li> Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown ( Saxony ) </Li> <Li> Grand Cross of the Order of the Red Eagle ( Prussia ) , </Li> <Li> Grand Cross of the Order of the White Falcon ( Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach ) </Li> <Li> Grand Cross of the Order of the Redeemer ( Greece ) </Li> <Li> King Christian IX Jubilee Medal ( Denmark ) </Li> <Li> King Christian IX and Queen Louise of Denmark Golden Wedding Commemorative Medal ( Denmark ) </Li> <Li> Cross of Liberty , 1st class ( Estonia ) , 17 June 1925 </Li> <Li> Grand Cross of the Order of the Colonial Empire ( Portugal ) , 19 February 1934 </Li> </Ul> Honorary foreign military appointments ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> 1 February 1901 : À la suite of the German Navy </Li> <Li> 26 January 1902 : Colonel - in - Chief of the Rhenish Cuirassier Regiment `` Count Geßler '' No. 8 ( Prussia ) </Li> <Li> 8 April 1918 : Admiral of the Royal Danish Navy </Li> <Li> Honorary Colonel of the Infantry Regiment `` Zamora '' No. 8 ( Spain ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Honorary degrees and offices ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 8 June 1893 : Royal Fellow of the Royal Society , installed 6 February 1902 </Li> <Li> 1899 : Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) , University of the Cape of Good Hope </Li> <Li> 1901 : Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) , University of Sydney </Li> <Li> 1901 : Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) , University of Toronto </Li> <Li> 1901 : Doctor of Civil Law ( DCL ) , Queen 's University , Ontario </Li> <Li> 1902 : Doctor of Laws ( LLD ) , University of Wales </Li> <Li> 1901 : Chancellor of the University of Cape Town </Li> <Li> 1901 -- 1912 : Chancellor of the University of the Cape of Good Hope </Li> <Li> 1902 -- 1910 : Chancellor of the University of Wales </Li> </Ul> <H3> Arms ( edit ) </H3> <P> As Duke of York , George 's arms were the royal arms , with an inescutcheon of the arms of Saxony , all differenced with a label of three points argent , the centre point bearing an anchor azure . The anchor was removed from his coat of arms as the Prince of Wales . As King , he bore the royal arms . In 1917 , he removed , by warrant , the Saxony inescutcheon from the arms of all male - line descendants of the Prince Consort domiciled in the United Kingdom ( although the royal arms themselves had never borne the shield ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coat of arms of George as Duke of York </Td> <Td> Coat of arms of George as Prince of Wales </Td> <Td> Coat of arms of George V in the United Kingdom ( except Scotland ) </Td> <Td> Coat of arms of George V in Scotland </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Issue ( edit ) </H2> See also : Descendants of George V and Mary of Teck <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Birth </Th> <Th> Death </Th> <Th> Spouse </Th> <Th> Children </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edward VIII Later Duke of Windsor </Td> <Td> 23 June 1894 </Td> <Td> 28 May 1972 </Td> <Td> Wallis Simpson </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George VI </Td> <Td> 14 December 1895 </Td> <Td> 6 February 1952 </Td> <Td> Lady Elizabeth Bowes - Lyon </Td> <Td> Elizabeth II Princess Margaret , Countess of Snowdon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary , Princess Royal </Td> <Td> 25 April 1897 </Td> <Td> 28 March 1965 </Td> <Td> Henry Lascelles , 6th Earl of Harewood </Td> <Td> George Lascelles , 7th Earl of Harewood The Honourable Gerald Lascelles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester </Td> <Td> 31 March 1900 </Td> <Td> 10 June 1974 </Td> <Td> Lady Alice Montagu Douglas Scott </Td> <Td> Prince William of Gloucester Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince George , Duke of Kent </Td> <Td> 20 December 1902 </Td> <Td> 25 August 1942 </Td> <Td> Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark </Td> <Td> Prince Edward , Duke of Kent Princess Alexandra , The Honourable Lady Ogilvy Prince Michael of Kent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prince John </Td> <Td> 12 July 1905 </Td> <Td> 18 January 1919 </Td> <Td> Never married </Td> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Ancestry ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> show Ancestors of George V </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 16 . Francis , Duke of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 8 . Ernest I , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 17 . Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 4 . Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 18 . Augustus , Duke of Saxe - Gotha - Altenburg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 9 . Princess Louise of Saxe - Gotha - Altenburg </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 19 . Duchess Louise Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Schwerin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 2 . Edward VII of the United Kingdom </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 20 . George III of the United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 10 . Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 21 . Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg - Strelitz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 5 . Victoria of the United Kingdom </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 22 . Francis , Duke of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld ( = 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 11 . Princess Victoria of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 23 . Countess Augusta Reuss of Ebersdorf ( = 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 1 . George V of the United Kingdom </Td> <Td_colspan="15"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 24 . Frederick Charles Louis , Duke of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Beck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 12 . Frederick William , Duke of Schleswig - Holstein - Sonderburg - Glücksburg </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 25 . Countess Friederike of Schlieben </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 6 . Christian IX of Denmark </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 26 . Prince Charles of Hesse - Kassel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 13 . Princess Louise Caroline of Hesse - Kassel </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 27 . Princess Louise of Denmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 3 . Princess Alexandra of Denmark </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 28 . Prince Frederick of Hesse - Kassel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 14 . Prince William of Hesse - Kassel </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 29 . Princess Caroline of Nassau - Usingen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 7 . Princess Louise of Hesse - Kassel </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 30 . Frederick , Hereditary Prince of Denmark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 15 . Princess Charlotte of Denmark </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> 31 . Duchess Sophia Frederica of Mecklenburg - Schwerin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Household of King George V and Queen Mary </Li> <Li> Interwar Britain </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ His godparents were the King of Hanover ( Queen Victoria 's cousin , for whom Prince Edward of Saxe - Weimar - Eisenach stood proxy ) ; the Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha ( Prince Albert 's brother , for whom the Lord President of the Council , Earl Granville , stood proxy ) ; the Prince of Leiningen ( the Prince of Wales 's half - cousin ) ; the Crown Prince of Denmark ( the Princess of Wales 's brother , for whom the Lord Chamberlain , Viscount Sydney , stood proxy ) ; the Queen of Denmark ( George 's maternal grandmother , for whom Queen Victoria stood proxy ) ; the Duke of Cambridge ( Queen Victoria 's cousin ) ; the Duchess of Cambridge ( Queen Victoria 's aunt , for whom George 's aunt Princess Helena stood proxy ) ; and Princess Louis of Hesse and by Rhine ( George 's aunt , for whom her sister Princess Louise stood proxy ) ( The Times ( London ) , Saturday , 8 July 1865 , p. 12 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 39 ; Sinclair , pp. 46 -- 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinclair , pp. 49 -- 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 71 ; Rose , p. 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keene , Donald Emperor of Japan : Meiji and His World , 1852 -- 1912 ( Columbia University Press , 2002 ) pp. 350 -- 351 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 14 ; Sinclair , p. 55 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 92 ; Rose , pp. 15 -- 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinclair , p. 69 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy , pp. 250 -- 251 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 22 -- 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 20 -- 21 , 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy , pp. 230 -- 231 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinclair , p. 178 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ; online edition May 2009 ) `` George V ( 1865 -- 1936 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 33369 , retrieved 1 May 2010 ( Subscription required ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 149 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 150 ; Rose , p. 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Renamed from Bachelor 's Cottage </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 154 ; Nicolson , p. 51 ; Rose , p. 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harold Nicolson 's diary quoted in Sinclair , p. 107 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicolson 's Comments 1944 -- 1948 , quoted in Rose , p. 42 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Royal Philatelic Collection , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 1 May 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 53 -- 57 ; Sinclair , p. 93 ff </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 167 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 22 , 208 -- 209 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 42 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 44 -- 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buckner , Phillip ( November 1999 ) , `` The Royal Tour of 1901 and the Construction of an Imperial Identity in South Africa '' , South African Historical Journal , 41 : 324 -- 348 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 43 -- 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bassett , Judith ( 1987 ) , `` ' A Thousand Miles of Loyalty ' : the Royal Tour of 1901 '' , New Zealand Journal of History , 21 ( 1 ) : 125 -- 138 ; Oliver , W.H. , ed. ( 1981 ) , The Oxford History of New Zealand , pp. 206 -- 208 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 45 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 27375 '' . The London Gazette. 9 November 1901 . p. 7289 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Previous Princes of Wales , Household of HRH The Prince of Wales , retrieved 19 March 2018 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 244 ; Rose , p. 52 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 289 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinclair , p. 107 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Massie , Robert K. ( 1991 ) , Dreadnought : Britain , Germany and the Coming of the Great War , Random House , pp. 449 -- 450 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 61 -- 66 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The driver of their coach and over a dozen spectators were killed by a bomb thrown by an anarchist , Mateu Morral . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 67 -- 68 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ King George V 's diary , 6 May 1910 , Royal Archives , quoted in Rose , p. 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy , p. 421 ; Rose , pp. 75 -- 76 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 82 -- 84 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolffe , John ( 2010 ) , `` Protestantism , Monarchy and the Defence of Christian Britain 1837 -- 2005 '' , in Brown , Callum G. ; Snape , Michael F. , Secularisation in the Christian World , Farnham , Surrey : Ashgate Publishing , pp. 63 -- 64 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7546 - 9930 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rayner , Gordon ( 10 November 2010 ) `` How George V was received by the Irish in 1911 '' , The Telegraph </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The queen in 2011 ... the king in 1911 '' , the Irish Examiner , 11 May 2011 , retrieved 13 August 2014 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 136 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 39 -- 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ About one bird every 20 seconds </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 87 ; Windsor , pp. 86 -- 87 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 115 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 112 -- 114 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 114 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 116 -- 121 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 121 -- 122 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 120 , 141 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 121 -- 125 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 125 -- 130 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 123 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 137 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 141 -- 143 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 152 -- 153 , 156 -- 157 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 157 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 158 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 247 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 308 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 30186 '' . The London Gazette. 17 July 1917 . p. 7119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 174 -- 175 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ At George 's wedding in 1893 , The Times claimed that the crowd may have confused Nicholas with George , because their beards and dress made them look alike superficially ( The Times ( London ) , Friday , 7 July 1893 , p. 5 ) . Their facial features were only different up close . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 310 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 326 ; Rose , p. 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 301 ; Rose , pp. 210 -- 215 ; Sinclair , p. 148 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 210 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crossland , John ( 15 October 2006 ) , `` British Spies In Plot To Save Tsar '' , The Sunday Times </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinclair , p. 149 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diary , 25 July 1918 , quoted in Clay , p. 344 and Rose , p. 216 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , pp. 355 -- 356 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy , p. 511 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pinney , Thomas ( ed . ) ( 1990 ) The Letters of Rudyard Kipling 1920 -- 30 , Vol. 5 , University of Iowa Press , note 1 , p. 120 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87745 - 898 - 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 294 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archduke Otto von Habsburg '' , The Daily Telegraph , London , 4 July 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 347 ; Rose , pp. 238 -- 241 ; Sinclair , p. 114 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mowat , p. 84 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mowat , p. 86 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mowat , pp. 89 -- 93 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mowat , pp. 106 -- 107 , 119 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prochaska , Frank ( 1999 ) , `` George V and Republicanism , 1917 -- 1919 '' , Twentieth Century British History , 10 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 51 , doi : 10.1093 / tcbh / 10.1. 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kirk , Neville ( 2005 ) , `` The Conditions of Royal Rule : Australian and British Socialist and Labour Attitudes to the Monarchy , 1901 -- 11 '' , Social History , 30 ( 1 ) : 64 -- 88 , doi : 10.1080 / 0307102042000337297 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicolson , p. 419 ; Rose , pp. 341 -- 342 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 340 ; Sinclair , p. 105 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 348 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Statute of Westminster 1931 , legislation.gov.uk , retrieved 20 July 2017 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rose , pp. 373 -- 379 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vernon Bogdanor argues that George V played a crucial and active role in the political crisis of August -- October 1931 , and was a determining influence on Prime Minister MacDonald , in Bogdanor , Vernon ( 1991 ) `` 1931 Revisited : The Constitutional Aspects '' , Twentieth Century British History 2 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 25 ( Subscription required ) . Philip Williamson disputes Bogdanor , saying the idea of a national government had been in the minds of party leaders since late 1930 and it was they , not the King , who determined when the time had come to establish one , in Williamson , Philip ( 1991 ) `` 1931 Revisited : the Political Realities '' , Twentieth Century British History 2 ( 3 ) : 328 -- 338 ( Subscription required ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicolson , pp. 521 -- 522 ; Rose , p. 388 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinclair p. 154 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sinclair , p. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pimlott , Ben ( 1996 ) , The Queen , John Wiley and Sons , Inc , ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 19431 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ziegler , Philip ( 1990 ) , King Edward VIII : The Official Biography , London : Collins , p. 199 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 215741 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 392 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 301 , 344 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ziegler , pp. 192 -- 196 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arthur Bigge , 1st Baron Stamfordham , to Alexander Cambridge , 1st Earl of Athlone , 9 July 1929 , quoted in Nicolson p. 433 and Rose , p. 359 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy , p. 546 ; Rose , pp. 359 -- 360 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Andrew ( 2000 ) , Antonia Fraser , ed. , The House of Windsor , London : Cassell and Co , p. 36 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 304 - 35406 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ashley , Mike ( 1998 ) , The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens , London : Robinson Publishing , p. 699 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 360 -- 361 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradford , Sarah ( 1989 ) , King George VI , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , p. 149 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 79667 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pope - Hennessy , p. 558 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , 22 January 1936 , p. 7 , col . A </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , 21 January 1936 , p. 12 , col . A </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 402 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Watson , Francis ( 1986 ) , `` The Death of George V '' , History Today , 36 : 21 -- 30 , PMID 11645856 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lelyveld , Joseph ( 28 November 1986 ) , `` 1936 Secret is Out : Doctor Sped George V 's Death '' , The New York Times , retrieved 18 September 2016 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ramsay , J.H.R. ( 28 May 1994 ) , `` A king , a doctor , and a convenient death '' , British Medical Journal , 308 ( 6941 ) : 1445 , doi : 10.1136 / bmj. 308.6941. 1445 , PMC 2540387 , PMID 11644545 ( Subscription required ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Doctor Murdered Britain 's George V '' , Observer - Reporter , Washington ( PA ) , 28 November 1986 , retrieved 18 September 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Death of His Majesty King George V 1936 '' , British Pathe , retrieved 18 September 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steinberg , Michael ( 2000 ) , The Concerto , Oxford University Press , pp. 212 -- 213 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513931 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Windsor , p. 267 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The cross surmounting the crown , composed of a sapphire and 200 diamonds , was retrieved by a soldier following later in the procession . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , Tuesday , 28 January 1936 , p. 10 , col . F </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , pp. 404 -- 405 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 318 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example , Harold Nicolson 's diary quoted by Sinclair , p. 107 ; Best , Nicholas ( 1995 ) The Kings and Queens of England , London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson , ISBN 0 - 297 - 83487 - 8 , p. 83 : `` rather a dull man ... liked nothing better than to sit in his study and look at his stamps '' ; Lacey , Robert ( 2002 ) Royal , London : Little , Brown , ISBN 0 - 316 - 85940 - 0 , p. 54 : `` the diary of King George V is the journal of a very ordinary man , containing a great deal more about his hobby of stamp collecting than it does about his personal feelings , with a heavy emphasis on the weather . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew Pierce ( 4 August 2009 ) , `` Buckingham Palace is unlikely shrine to the history of jazz '' , The Telegraph , London , retrieved 11 February 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 245 ; Gore , p. 293 ; Nicolson , pp. 33 , 141 , 510 , 517 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , Brian ( 1996 ) The Transformation of British Politics , 1860 -- 1995 pp. 320 , 337 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gore , John ( 1941 ) King George V : A Personal Memoir pp. x , 116 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cannadine , David ( 1998 ) History in our Time p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , p. 332 ; American reporters noted that the king `` if not himself a characteristic example of the great British middle class , is so like the characteristic examples of that class that there is no perceptible distinction to be made between the two . '' Editors of Fortune , The King of England : George V ( 1936 ) p. 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 328 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrison , pp. 51 , 327 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 33274 '' . The London Gazette. 13 May 1927 . p. 3111 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : White , Geoffrey H. ; Lea , R.S. ( eds . ) ( 1959 ) Complete Peerage , London : St Catherine 's Press , vol . XII , pp. 924 -- 925 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 27293 '' . The London Gazette. 12 March 1901 . p. 1762 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Photograph of King George V taken August / September 1897 Archived 10 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Victoria and Albert Museum </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kidd , Charles ; Williamson , David ( eds ; 1999 ) Debrett 's Peerage and Baronetage , London : Debrett 's Peerage , vol. 1 , p. cv </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 25773 '' . The London Gazette. 5 January 1888 . p. 102 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rose , p. 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clay , p. 139 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 27262 '' . The London Gazette. 1 January 1901 . p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 27289 '' . The London Gazette. 26 February 1901 . p. 1417 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` No. 28380 '' . The London Gazette ( Supplement ) . 31 May 1910 . p. 3859 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Titles in the R.A.F. '' ( pdf ) , Flight , 1919 : 1044 , 7 August 1919 , retrieved 31 October 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 27263 '' . The London Gazette. 4 January 1901 . p. 83 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 27383 '' . The London Gazette. 6 December 1901 . p. 8644 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 27389 '' . The London Gazette. 20 December 1901 . p. 8982 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La Ilustración Artística , El Diario de Andalucía , 19 June 1905 , retrieved 27 December 2015 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Written Answers to Questions : Column 383W , Hansard , 10 March 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Estonian State Decorations , Office of the President , retrieved 28 March 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas , Presidência da República Portuguesa , retrieved 28 March 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , Saturday , 2 February 1901 , p. 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , Monday , 27 January 1902 , p. 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marineministeriets Foranstaltning , Haanbog for Søvernet 1924 ( PDF ) ( in Danish ) , Copenhagen : H.H. Thieles , p. 9 , retrieved 6 June 2018 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Un jefe y un oficial del Ejército , a las exequias por el Rey Jorge '' , ABC , 25 January 1936 ( Andalusia ed . ) , p. 34 , retrieved 28 April 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Official Gazette of the Army , 8 January 1936 , vol . I , p. 287 , Virtual Library of the Defence ( Spain ) , retrieved 28 April 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , Friday , 7 February 1902 , p. 12 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Boucher , Maurice ( 1973 ) Spes in Arduis : a history of the University of South Africa , Pretoria : UNISA , pp. 74 and 114 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , 1 June 1901 , p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , Saturday , 12 October 1901 , p. 5 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , Wednesday , 16 October 1901 , p. 3 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The Times ( London ) , Monday , 5 May 1902 , p. 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Times ( London ) , 22 August 1901 , p. 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Velde , François ( 19 April 2008 ) , `` Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family '' , Heraldica , retrieved 1 May 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Louda , Jiří ; Maclagan , Michael ( 1999 ) , Lines of Succession : Heraldry of the Royal Families of Europe , London : Little , Brown , pp. 34 , 51 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85605 - 469 - 0 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Clay , Catrine ( 2006 ) , King , Kaiser , Tsar : Three Royal Cousins Who Led the World to War , London : John Murray , ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 6537 - 3 </Li> <Li> Matthew , H.C.G. ( September 2004 ; online edition May 2009 ) `` George V ( 1865 -- 1936 ) '' , Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , Oxford University Press , doi : 10.1093 / ref : odnb / 33369 , retrieved 1 May 2010 ( Subscription required ) </Li> <Li> Mowat , Charles Loch ( 1955 ) , Britain Between The Wars 1918 -- 1940 , London : Methuen </Li> <Li> Nicolson , Sir Harold ( 1952 ) , King George the Fifth : His Life and Reign , London : Constable and Co </Li> <Li> Pope - Hennessy , James ( 1959 ) , Queen Mary , London : George Allen and Unwin , Ltd </Li> <Li> Rose , Kenneth ( 1983 ) , King George V , London : Weidenfeld and Nicolson , ISBN 978 - 0 - 297 - 78245 - 2 </Li> <Li> Sinclair , David ( 1988 ) , Two Georges : The Making of the Modern Monarchy , London : Hodder and Stoughton , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 33240 - 5 </Li> <Li> Windsor , HRH The Duke of ( 1951 ) , A King 's Story , London : Cassell and Co </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` George V '' dated 13 July 2014 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Find more aboutGeorge Vat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> George V at Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> Special issue of the Illustrated London News covering King George V 's death </Li> <Li> Newsreel footage of King George V 's coronation </Li> <Li> Sound recording of King George V 's Silver Jubilee speech </Li> <Li> `` Archival material relating to George V '' . UK National Archives . </Li> <Li> Portraits of King George V at the National Portrait Gallery , London </Li> <Li> Somervell , D.C. ( 1936 ) The Reign of King George V </Li> <Li> Newspaper clippings about George V in the 20th Century Press Archives of the German National Library of Economics ( ZBW ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> George V House of Windsor Cadet branch of the House of Wettin Born : 3 June 1865 Died : 20 January 1936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Regnal titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Edward VII </Td> <Td> King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions , Emperor of India 6 May 1910 -- 20 January 1936 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Edward VIII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> British royalty </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Prince Albert Edward later became King Edward VII </Td> <Td> Prince of Wales Duke of Cornwall Duke of Rothesay 1901 -- 1910 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Prince Edward later became King Edward VIII </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Honorary titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Prince George , Duke of Cambridge </Td> <Td> Grand Master of the Order of St Michael and St George 1904 -- 1910 </Td> <Td> Vacant Title next held by Edward , Prince of Wales </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by The Lord Curzon of Kedleston </Td> <Td> Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports 1905 -- 1907 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by The Earl Brassey </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Articles and topics related to George V </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> English , Scottish and British monarchs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="1"> Monarchs of England until 1603 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alfred the Great </Li> <Li> Edward the Elder </Li> <Li> Ælfweard </Li> <Li> Æthelstan </Li> <Li> Edmund I </Li> <Li> Eadred </Li> <Li> Eadwig </Li> <Li> Edgar the Peaceful </Li> <Li> Edward the Martyr </Li> <Li> Æthelred the Unready </Li> <Li> Sweyn </Li> <Li> Edmund II </Li> <Li> Cnut </Li> <Li> Harold I </Li> <Li> Harthacnut </Li> <Li> Edward the Confessor </Li> <Li> Harold II </Li> <Li> Edgar Ætheling </Li> <Li> William I </Li> <Li> William II </Li> <Li> Henry I </Li> <Li> Stephen </Li> <Li> Matilda </Li> <Li> Henry II </Li> <Li> Henry the Young King </Li> <Li> Richard I </Li> <Li> John </Li> <Li> Henry III </Li> <Li> Edward I </Li> <Li> Edward II </Li> <Li> Edward III </Li> <Li> Richard II </Li> <Li> Henry IV </Li> <Li> Henry V </Li> <Li> Henry VI </Li> <Li> Edward IV </Li> <Li> Edward V </Li> <Li> Richard III </Li> <Li> Henry VII </Li> <Li> Henry VIII </Li> <Li> Edward VI </Li> <Li> Jane </Li> <Li> Mary I and Philip </Li> <Li> Elizabeth I </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kenneth I MacAlpin </Li> <Li> Donald I </Li> <Li> Constantine I </Li> <Li> Áed </Li> <Li> Giric </Li> <Li> Eochaid </Li> <Li> Donald II </Li> <Li> Constantine II </Li> <Li> Malcolm I </Li> <Li> Indulf </Li> <Li> Dub </Li> <Li> Cuilén </Li> <Li> Amlaíb </Li> <Li> Kenneth II </Li> <Li> Constantine III </Li> <Li> Kenneth III </Li> <Li> Malcolm II </Li> <Li> Duncan I </Li> <Li> Macbeth </Li> <Li> Lulach </Li> <Li> Malcolm III </Li> <Li> Donald III </Li> <Li> Duncan II </Li> <Li> Donald III </Li> <Li> Edgar </Li> <Li> Alexander I </Li> <Li> David I </Li> <Li> Malcolm IV </Li> <Li> William I </Li> <Li> Alexander II </Li> <Li> Alexander III </Li> <Li> Margaret of Norway </Li> <Li> John Balliol </Li> <Li> Robert I </Li> <Li> David II </Li> <Li> Edward Balliol </Li> <Li> Robert II </Li> <Li> Robert III </Li> <Li> James I </Li> <Li> James II </Li> <Li> James III </Li> <Li> James IV </Li> <Li> James V </Li> <Li> Mary I </Li> <Li> James VI </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Monarchs of England and Scotland after the Union of the Crowns from 1603 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> James VI & I </Li> <Li> Charles I </Li> <Li> Charles II </Li> <Li> James II & VII </Li> <Li> William III & II and Mary II </Li> <Li> Anne </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> British monarchs after the Acts of Union 1707 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Anne </Li> <Li> George I </Li> <Li> George II </Li> <Li> George III </Li> <Li> George IV </Li> <Li> William IV </Li> <Li> Victoria </Li> <Li> Edward VII </Li> <Li> George V </Li> <Li> Edward VIII </Li> <Li> George VI </Li> <Li> Elizabeth II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Monarchs of Canada </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Hanover ( 1867 -- 1901 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Victoria </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Saxe - Coburg - Gotha ( 1901 -- 1917 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edward VII </Li> <Li> George V </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Windsor ( 1917 -- present ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> George V </Li> <Li> Edward VIII </Li> <Li> George VI </Li> <Li> Elizabeth II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Emperors of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Victoria </Li> <Li> Edward VII </Li> <Li> George V </Li> <Li> Edward VIII </Li> <Li> George VI </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Princes of Wales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Edward ( 1301 -- 1307 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1343 -- 1376 ) </Li> <Li> Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1454 -- 1471 ) </Li> <Li> Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1471 -- 1483 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur ( 1489 -- 1502 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1504 -- 1509 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1610 -- 1612 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1616 -- 1625 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1641 -- 1649 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1688 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) </Li> <Li> Frederick ( 1729 -- 1751 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1751 -- 1760 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) </Li> <Li> Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1958 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> See also : Principality of Wales </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> British princes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The generations indicate descent from George I , who formalised the use of the titles prince and princess for members of the British royal family . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King George II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frederick , Prince of Wales </Li> <Li> Prince George William </Li> <Li> Prince William , Duke of Cumberland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King George III </Li> <Li> Prince Edward , Duke of York and Albany </Li> <Li> Prince William Henry , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh </Li> <Li> Prince Henry , Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn </Li> <Li> Prince Frederick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King George IV </Li> <Li> Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany </Li> <Li> King William IV </Li> <Li> Prince Edward , Duke of Kent and Strathearn </Li> <Li> King Ernest Augustus of Hanover </Li> <Li> Prince Augustus Frederick , Duke of Sussex </Li> <Li> Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge </Li> <Li> Prince Octavius </Li> <Li> Prince Alfred </Li> <Li> Prince William Frederick , Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Albert </Li> <Li> King George V of Hanover </Li> <Li> Prince George , Duke of Cambridge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Edward VII </Li> <Li> Prince Alfred , Duke of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince Arthur , Duke of Connaught and Strathearn </Li> <Li> Prince Leopold , Duke of Albany </Li> <Li> Prince Ernest Augustus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale </Li> <Li> King George V </Li> <Li> Prince Alexander John of Wales </Li> <Li> Alfred , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince Arthur of Connaught </Li> <Li> Prince Charles Edward , Duke of Albany and of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince George William of Hanover </Li> <Li> Prince Christian of Hanover </Li> <Li> Prince Ernest Augustus , Duke of Brunswick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Edward VIII </Li> <Li> King George VI </Li> <Li> Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester </Li> <Li> Prince George , Duke of Kent </Li> <Li> Prince John </Li> <Li> Alastair , 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn </Li> <Li> Johann Leopold , Hereditary Prince of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince Hubertus of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Li> <Li> Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover </Li> <Li> Prince George William of Hanover </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Philip , Duke of Edinburgh </Li> <Li> Prince William of Gloucester </Li> <Li> Prince Richard , Duke of Gloucester </Li> <Li> Prince Edward , Duke of Kent </Li> <Li> Prince Michael of Kent </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles , Prince of Wales </Li> <Li> Prince Andrew , Duke of York </Li> <Li> Prince Edward , Earl of Wessex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince William , Duke of Cambridge </Li> <Li> Prince Harry , Duke of Sussex </Li> <Li> James , Viscount Severn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12th generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince George of Cambridge </Li> <Li> Prince Louis of Cambridge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Not a British prince by birth , but created Prince Consort . Not a British prince by birth , but created a Prince of the United Kingdom . Status debatable ; see his article . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Princes of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forefather </Th> <Td> Duke Francis I </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1st generation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Duke Ernest I ^ </Li> <Li> Prince Ferdinand ^ </Li> <Li> King Leopold I of the Belgians ^ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2nd generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ducal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Duke Ernest II ^ </Li> <Li> Albert , Prince Consort of the United Kingdom ^ * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Fernando II of Portugal and the Algarves ^ ¶ </Li> <Li> Prince August ^ </Li> <Li> Prince Leopold ^ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Crown Prince Louis Philippe # </Li> <Li> King Leopold II # </Li> <Li> Prince Philippe # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3rd generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Edward VII * </Li> <Li> Duke Alfred I * </Li> <Li> Prince Arthur * </Li> <Li> Prince Leopold * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Pedro V ¶ </Li> <Li> King Luís I ¶ </Li> <Li> Infante João ¶ </Li> <Li> Infante Fernando ¶ </Li> <Li> Infante Augusto ¶ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Philipp </Li> <Li> Prince Ludwig August </Li> <Li> Tsar Ferdinand I of the Bulgarians † </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Leopold # </Li> <Li> Prince Baudouin # </Li> <Li> King Albert I # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 4th generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Albert Victor * </Li> <Li> King George V * </Li> <Li> Prince Alexander John of Wales * </Li> <Li> Hereditary Prince Alfred * </Li> <Li> Prince Arthur * </Li> <Li> Duke Charles Edward I * </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Carlos I ¶ </Li> <Li> Infante Afonso ¶ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Leopold Clement </Li> <Li> Prince Pedro Augusto </Li> <Li> Prince August Leopold </Li> <Li> Prince Joseph Ferdinand </Li> <Li> Prince Ludwig Gaston </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgaria </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tsar Boris III † </Li> <Li> Prince Kiril † </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Leopold III # </Li> <Li> Prince Charles # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5th generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Edward VIII * </Li> <Li> King George VI * </Li> <Li> Prince Henry * </Li> <Li> Prince George * </Li> <Li> Prince John * </Li> <Li> Prince Alastair * </Li> <Li> Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold * </Li> <Li> Prince Hubertus * </Li> <Li> Prince Friedrich Josias </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Luís Filipe ¶ </Li> <Li> King Manuel II ¶ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince August Clemens </Li> <Li> Prince Rainer </Li> <Li> Prince Philipp </Li> <Li> Prince Ernst </Li> <Li> Prince Antonius </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgaria </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tsar Simeon II † </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Baudouin I # </Li> <Li> King Albert II # </Li> <Li> Prince Alexandre # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6th generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ducal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Andreas </Li> <Li> Prince Adrian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Johannes Heinrich </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgaria </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Kardam † </Li> <Li> Prince Kyril † </Li> <Li> Prince Kubrat † </Li> <Li> Prince Konstantin - Assen † </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> King Philippe I # </Li> <Li> Prince Laurent # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7th generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ducal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hereditary Prince Hubertus </Li> <Li> Prince Alexander </Li> <Li> Prince Simon </Li> <Li> Prince Daniel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Koháry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Johannes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgaria </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Boris † </Li> <Li> Prince Beltrán † </Li> <Li> Prince Tassilo † </Li> <Li> Prince Mirko † </Li> <Li> Prince Lukás † </Li> <Li> Prince Tirso † </Li> <Li> Prince Umberto † </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Gabriel # </Li> <Li> Prince Emmanuel # </Li> <Li> Prince Nicolas # </Li> <Li> Prince Aymeric # </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8th generation </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ducal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prince Philipp </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ^ Prince of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld until 1826 * also a prince of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland # also a prince of Belgium ¶ also a member of the Portuguese royal family † also a member of the Bulgarian royal family also a member of the Brazilian imperial family </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dukes of Cornwall </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Edward ( 1337 -- 1376 ) </Li> <Li> Richard ( 1376 -- 1377 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1399 -- 1413 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1421 -- 1422 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1453 -- 1471 ) </Li> <Li> Richard ( 1460 ; disputed ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1470 -- 1483 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1483 -- 1484 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur ( 1486 -- 1502 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1502 -- 1509 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1511 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1513 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1515 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1537 -- 1547 ) </Li> <Li> Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1688 -- 1701 / 2 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) </Li> <Li> Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) </Li> <Li> Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1952 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Cornwall Portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dukes of Rothesay </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> David ( 1398 -- 1402 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1402 -- 1406 ) </Li> <Li> Alexander ( 1430 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1430 -- 1437 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1452 -- 1460 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1473 -- 1488 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1507 -- 1508 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur ( 1509 -- 1510 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1512 -- 1513 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1540 -- 1541 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1566 -- 1567 ) </Li> <Li> Henry Frederick ( 1603 -- 1612 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1612 -- 1625 ) </Li> <Li> Charles James ( 1629 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1630 -- 1649 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1688 -- 1689 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1714 -- 1727 ) </Li> <Li> Frederick ( 1727 -- 1751 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1762 -- 1820 ) </Li> <Li> Albert Edward ( 1841 -- 1901 ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1901 -- 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Edward ( 1910 -- 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1952 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dukes of York </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Edmund of Langley ( 1385 -- 1402 ) </Li> <Li> Edward of Norwich ( 1402 -- 1415 ) </Li> <Li> Richard Plantagenet ( 1415 -- 1460 ) </Li> <Li> Edward of York ( 1460 -- 1461 ) </Li> <Li> Richard of Shrewsbury ( 1474 -- 1483 ) </Li> <Li> Henry ( 1494 -- 1509 ) </Li> <Li> Charles ( 1605 -- 1625 ) </Li> <Li> James ( 1633 / 1644 -- 1685 ) </Li> <Li> Dukes of York and Albany ( 18th century ) </Li> <Li> George ( 1892 -- 1910 ) </Li> <Li> Albert ( 1920 -- 1936 ) </Li> <Li> Andrew ( 1986 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Grand Masters of the Order of St Michael and St George </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Sir Thomas Maitland </Li> <Li> The Prince Adolphus , Duke of Cambridge </Li> <Li> Prince George , Duke of Cambridge </Li> <Li> The Prince George , Prince of Wales </Li> <Li> Vacant </Li> <Li> The Prince Edward , Prince of Wales </Li> <Li> Alexander Cambridge , 1st Earl of Athlone </Li> <Li> Edward Wood , 1st Earl of Halifax </Li> <Li> Harold Alexander , 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis </Li> <Li> Prince Edward , Duke of Kent </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Heads of State of South Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monarch ( 1910 -- 1961 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> George V </Li> <Li> Edward VIII </Li> <Li> George VI </Li> <Li> Elizabeth II </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State President ( 1961 -- 1994 ) ( under Apartheid ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charles Robberts Swart </Li> <Li> Eben Dönges </Li> <Li> Tom Naudé * </Li> <Li> Jacobus Johannes Fouché </Li> <Li> Johannes de Klerk * </Li> <Li> Nico Diederichs </Li> <Li> Marais Viljoen * </Li> <Li> B.J. Vorster </Li> <Li> Marais Viljoen </Li> <Li> P.W. 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Conan the Adventurer ( 1997 TV series ) - wikipedia <H1> Conan the Adventurer ( 1997 TV series ) </H1> Not to be confused with Conan the Adventurer ( animated TV series ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Conan : The Adventurer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Conan : The Adventurer title screen , featuring ( left to right , back to front ) the characters Zzeban , Conan , Karella , Bayu , and Otli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Max A. Keller Robert E. Howard ( characters ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Ralf Möller Danny Woodburn Jeremy Kemp Robert McRay T.J. Storm Aly Dunne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 60 mins . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Balengica Productions Keller Entertainment Group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Western International Syndication ( first - run ) Peter Rodgers Organization </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Syndication </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> September 22 , 1997 -- May 25 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Conan The Adventurer is a weekly one hour American television live action - adventure series . It was produced by Max A. Keller and Micheline Keller from 1997 to 1998 and loosely based on the fantasy hero Conan the Barbarian . The TV show premiered on September 22 , 1997 . It comprised 22 episodes and was filmed mainly in Puerto Vallarta , Jalisco , Mexico . The series has reached many countries of the world , more than 150 . Keller Entertainment Group , the same production company responsible for the series Tarzan : The Epic Adventures and Acapulco H.E.A.T. , continues to market and distribute the series worldwide and the series has longevity among international broadcasters and DVD aggregators . The role of Conan was played by Ralf Moeller ( AKA Rolf Muller ) , two time Mr. Universe , a native of Germany , and friend to Arnold Schwarzenegger . The rest of the ensemble cast included Danny Woodburn ( Otli ) , Robert McRay ( Zzeben ) , T.J. Storm ( Bayu ) , Aly Dunne ( Karella ) , and briefly , Andrew Craig ( Vulkar ) . The script for the 2 hour pilot was written by Steve Hayes , the head of Project Development for the series . The show was not promoted to be `` authentic Conan '' , but rather a mixture of Arnold Schwarzenegger 's and John Milius ' interpretation of Conan . Indeed , the storyline deviated from the essence of the Conan character , as well as that of the Conan earlier depicted in the various Conan comic book series by Marvel Comics , because the adaptation was too peaceful and childish . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot arc </Li> <Li> 2 Contrasts and continuity with other versions of Conan </Li> <Li> 3 Episode list </Li> <Li> 4 DVD release </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> <Li> 8 Bibliografy </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot arc ( edit ) </H2> <P> An all - powerful sorcerer , the great Hissah Zuhl ( Jeremy Kemp ) places Conan 's homeland of Cimmeria under his iron rule and controls these lands through magical arts , trickery and threats . He is responsible for the death of Conan 's parents , and he is recurrent as the always just barely thwarted mastermind enemy . Conan and an army of warriors rebel and fight to free Cimmeria from the demonic tyrant and his minions . In his travels , Conan will battle fierce mythical creatures that roam the land . The hero has been chosen by the gods to fight evil , he has been informed by Crom that he is destined to be a king . </P> <P> Conan wants revenge against Hissah Zuhl ( in all episodes the enemy has a primary role and also has a servant , a skeleton with clairvoyant powers ) , that constantly seeks to kill the hero . The weapons that the sorcerer uses are an apparently endless horde of warriors , as well as vassal wizards and princes under Zuhl 's control . </P> <P> Conan 's troop ( all of whom are entirely or effectively unique to this television show ) most consistently is made up of Woodburn as the clever dwarf Otli , T.J. Storm as the animalistic capoeira warrior Bayu , and Robert McRay as the mute staff - wielder and wrestler Zzeban who communicates in sign language . Another character is Karella , a beautiful bandit - queen , with which Conan has a fiery and sometimes conflicting passion , a love / hate relationship that causes considerable trouble for the hero . </P> <H2> Contrasts and continuity with other versions of Conan ( edit ) </H2> <P> Unlike the character of Howard , which is cruel , solitary and aggressive , in this live - action adaptation , Conan is a kind , sympathetic and jovial person . He is a contented member of a merry band of adventurers with a humanitarian quest . The overall theme is that Conan is a deeply honorable man -- and is pushed to a comparative extreme . </P> <P> The series further contrasts with the original stories in that it does not include the villain Thoth - Amon nor the evil god Set , and in that Hissah Zuhl is not based on Thoth - Amon but rather on the villain in the original `` The Tower of the Elephant '' Howard short story ( the general plot basis for the first two episodes of the television series ) . The nature and scope of Conan 's adventures are sharply limited in the television series compared to the comics and original stories ( in which Conan had many occupations all over the then - known world , and many sets of clothing ) , as the TV Conan has a single - minded purpose ( defeating Hissah Zuhl and freeing the people enslaved by him ) , rarely strays far from Zuhl 's territory , always wears little but a loincloth , and in virtually every episode he and his band are wandering in the wilderness until either attacked by Zuhl 's minions and going to a small village afterward , or going to a small village initially , only to be set upon by Zuhl 's minions . </P> <P> On the spiritual level , Conan 's Cimmerian deity Crom in this version is not a remote , unseen god as in previous storylines , but an accessible deity who at times provides Conan direct divine assistance , and Conan is outright devout in his worship of Crom ( while in previous incarnations , Conan has little faith in gods , and believes that Crom simply observes as men struggle ) . </P> <P> Minor points of continuity between the original stories and the television series occur , especially placenames , such as Cimmeria , Conan 's birthplace , and Shadizar , `` the City of Wickedness '' ( however , most other placenames , and almost all character names , were simply invented for the TV show ) . The Serpent Men of Thoth - Amon in the original stories appear , but later , as minor , one - off enemies , and as servants of Hissah Zuhl , in the episode `` The Taming '' . The quasi-Howardian Red Sonja character has a prominent but one - time role in an eponymous episode . </P> <P> In appearance and style , the TV show depicts Conan like that of the films , including brown ( rather than black ) hair , a Germanic accent , costuming and a sword nearly identical to the filmic versions , signature sword moves from the films , jewelry in the form of an eight - spoked wheel , and other cues from the Schwarzenegger portrayal of the character , as well as an opening credits logo based on that of the films . </P> <P> Another point of partial continuity with the comics is Conan 's frequent spoken comment that he does not like magic ; this was often expressed aloud in the comics but was usually unspoken in the Howard books . </P> <P> The she - bandit character Karella is based on the `` Queen of Pirates '' Bêlit of the original Conan stories , and the thief Valeria of the Conan films , herself based largely on both Bêlit and the Red Sonja character of the Conan comics ( yet further based on another Howard character , Red Sonya , unconnected to the original Conan stories ) . The show 's Karella and Red Sonja characters are sufficiently different to avoid viewer confusion , as the brigand nature of Karella ( inherited from the Bêlit character ) is juxtaposed with the TV Sonja 's duty as a holy warrior for a sect known as the Truth Keepers , and Karella is a brunette like Bêlit while Red Sonja is a redhead . Karella also appears in several of Robert Jordan 's Conan Chronicles , nicknamed `` The Red Hawk '' . </P> <P> As with Subotai and The Wizard in the 1982 film , the other characters in the series are basically whole - cloth inventions for the production at hand and bear little resemblance to characters from early Conan media . Otli the dwarf in particular is entirely out - of - character for Conan as a companion ( though is the provider of comic relief at the expense of other characters ) . </P> <P> As in all previous variants of the Conan franchise , beautiful women -- as strong , Amazon - like warrior women in skimpy outfits , damsels in distress , or scheming femmes fatales -- figure in the plot in every episode . </P> <P> Points of moral and ethical message similarity between this depiction of Conan and his fictive world and the other depictions ( as well as many other works of fantastical fiction and mythology in the West ) include consistent themes of the value of human freedom , the importance of honor and loyalty , justice through victory , the use of ( righteous , not wanton ) violence as a means to justice and freedom , the value of friendship and trust , the idea that bad things come to those who dabble in evil , and the possibility of redemption for past wrongs for which reparations are made . </P> <H2> Episode list ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Year </Td> <Td> Episode Title </Td> <Td> Aired </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 1 . `` The Heart of the Elephant '' </Td> <Td> September 22 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 2 . `` The Heart of the Elephant '' ( Part 2 ) </Td> <Td> September 22 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 3 . `` Lair of the Beastmen '' </Td> <Td> October 6 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 4 . `` The Siege of Ahl Sohn - Bar '' </Td> <Td> October 13 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 5 . `` A Friend in Need '' </Td> <Td> October 20 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 6 . `` The Ruby Fruit Forest '' </Td> <Td> October 27 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 7 . `` The Three Virgins '' </Td> <Td> November 7 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 8 . `` Ransom '' </Td> <Td> November 14 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 9 . `` The Curse of Afka '' </Td> <Td> November 21 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 10 . `` Impostor '' </Td> <Td> November 28 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 11 . `` Amazon Woman '' </Td> <Td> December 7 , 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 12 . `` Homecoming '' </Td> <Td> January 25 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> 13 . `` The Taming '' </Td> <Td> February 1 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 14 . `` Red Sonja '' </Td> <Td> February 8 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 15 . `` Shadows of Death '' </Td> <Td> February 15 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 16 . `` The Child '' </Td> <Td> February 22 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 17 . `` The Crystal Arrow '' </Td> <Td> March 1 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 18 . `` The Labyrinth '' </Td> <Td> April 26 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 19 . `` The Cavern '' </Td> <Td> May 3 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 20 . `` Antidote '' </Td> <Td> May 10 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 21 . `` Lethal Wizards '' </Td> <Td> May 17 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 22 . `` Heir Apparent '' </Td> <Td> May 24 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> DVD release ( edit ) </H2> <P> On September 21 , 2004 , Image Entertainment released Conan the Adventurer : Complete series on DVD in Region 1 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Novels portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Conan the Adventurer ( animated series ) </Li> <Li> Conan and the Young Warriors </Li> <Li> Conan the Adventurer on IMDb </Li> <Li> Conan the Adventurer at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` image-entertainment.com '' . www.image-entertainment.com . Archived from the original on 29 September 2011 . Retrieved 26 April 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Conan : The Adventurer on IMDb </Li> <Li> Conan : The Adventurer at TV.com </Li> <Li> Martin Denning on IMDb Director </Li> <Li> Barbariankeep </Li> </Ul> <H2> Bibliografy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sammon , P.M. , Conan the Phenomenon , Dark Horse Books , 2013 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Conan the Barbarian </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Stories , books </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Books </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conan ( books ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original works by Robert E. Howard </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Beyond the Black River '' </Li> <Li> `` Black Colossus '' </Li> <Li> `` The Black Stranger '' </Li> <Li> `` Cimmeria '' </Li> <Li> `` The Devil in Iron '' </Li> <Li> `` Drums of Tombalku '' </Li> <Li> `` The Frost - Giant 's Daughter '' </Li> <Li> `` The God in the Bowl '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hall of the Dead '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hand of Nergal '' </Li> <Li> The Hour of the Dragon </Li> <Li> `` Jewels of Gwahlur '' </Li> <Li> `` The People of the Black Circle '' </Li> <Li> `` The Phoenix on the Sword '' </Li> <Li> `` The Pool of the Black One '' </Li> <Li> `` Queen of the Black Coast '' </Li> <Li> `` Red Nails '' </Li> <Li> `` Rogues in the House '' </Li> <Li> `` The Scarlet Citadel '' </Li> <Li> `` Shadows in the Moonlight '' </Li> <Li> `` Shadows in Zamboula '' </Li> <Li> `` The Slithering Shadow '' </Li> <Li> `` The Snout in the Dark '' </Li> <Li> `` The Tower of the Elephant '' </Li> <Li> `` The Vale of Lost Women '' </Li> <Li> `` A Witch Shall be Born '' </Li> <Li> `` Wolves Beyond the Border '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Howard works ( some based on non - Conan Howard works ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Black Sphinx of Nebthu '' </Li> <Li> `` Black Tears '' </Li> <Li> `` The Blood - Stained God '' </Li> <Li> `` The Castle of Terror '' </Li> <Li> `` The City of Skulls '' </Li> <Li> Conan and the Amazon </Li> <Li> Conan and the Death Lord of Thanza </Li> <Li> Conan and the Emerald Lotus </Li> <Li> Conan and the Gods of the Mountain </Li> <Li> Conan and the Grim Grey God </Li> <Li> Conan and the Manhunters </Li> <Li> Conan and the Mists of Doom </Li> <Li> Conan and the Shaman 's Curse </Li> <Li> Conan and the Sorcerer </Li> <Li> Conan and the Spider God </Li> <Li> Conan and the Treasure of Python </Li> <Li> Conan at the Demon 's Gate </Li> <Li> Conan , Lord of the Black River </Li> <Li> Conan of the Isles </Li> <Li> Conan of the Red Brotherhood </Li> <Li> Conan of Venarium </Li> <Li> Conan , Scourge of the Bloody Coast </Li> <Li> Conan the Barbarian ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Conan the Barbarian ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Conan the Bold </Li> <Li> Conan the Buccaneer </Li> <Li> Conan the Champion </Li> <Li> Conan the Defender </Li> <Li> Conan the Defiant </Li> <Li> Conan the Destroyer </Li> <Li> Conan the Fearless </Li> <Li> Conan the Formidable </Li> <Li> Conan the Free Lance </Li> <Li> Conan the Gladiator </Li> <Li> Conan the Great </Li> <Li> Conan the Guardian </Li> <Li> Conan the Hero </Li> <Li> Conan the Hunter </Li> <Li> Conan the Indomitable </Li> <Li> Conan the Invincible </Li> <Li> Conan the Liberator </Li> <Li> Conan the Magnificent </Li> <Li> Conan the Marauder </Li> <Li> Conan the Mercenary </Li> <Li> Conan the Outcast </Li> <Li> Conan the Raider </Li> <Li> Conan the Rebel </Li> <Li> Conan the Relentless </Li> <Li> Conan the Renegade </Li> <Li> Conan the Rogue </Li> <Li> Conan the Savage </Li> <Li> Conan the Triumphant </Li> <Li> Conan the Unconquered </Li> <Li> Conan the Valiant </Li> <Li> Conan the Valorous </Li> <Li> Conan the Victorious </Li> <Li> Conan the Warlord </Li> <Li> `` The Curse of the Monolith '' </Li> <Li> `` Death - Song of Conan the Cimmerian '' </Li> <Li> `` The Flame Knife '' </Li> <Li> `` The Gem in the Tower '' </Li> <Li> `` Hawks over Shem '' </Li> <Li> `` The Ivory Goddess '' </Li> <Li> `` The Lair of the Ice Worm '' </Li> <Li> `` Legions of the Dead '' </Li> <Li> `` Moon of Blood '' </Li> <Li> `` The People of the Summit '' </Li> <Li> `` Red Moon of Zembabwei '' </Li> <Li> The Return of Conan </Li> <Li> The Road of Kings </Li> <Li> `` The Road of the Eagles '' </Li> <Li> `` Shadows in the Dark '' </Li> <Li> `` Shadows in the Skull '' </Li> <Li> `` The Star of Khorala '' </Li> <Li> The Sword of Skelos </Li> <Li> `` The Thing in the Crypt '' </Li> <Li> `` The Witch of the Mists '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Collections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Black Colossus </Li> <Li> The Bloody Crown of Conan </Li> <Li> The Coming of Conan </Li> <Li> The Coming of Conan the Cimmerian </Li> <Li> The Complete Chronicles of Conan </Li> <Li> Conan </Li> <Li> The Conan Chronicles ( Howard et al ) </Li> <Li> The Conan Chronicles ( Jordan ) </Li> <Li> The Conan Chronicles , 1 </Li> <Li> The Conan Chronicles 2 </Li> <Li> The Conan Chronicles , 2 </Li> <Li> The Conan Chronicles II </Li> <Li> Conan of Aquilonia </Li> <Li> Conan of Cimmeria </Li> <Li> Conan the Adventurer </Li> <Li> Conan the Avenger </Li> <Li> Conan the Barbarian ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Conan the Barbarian ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Conan the Freebooter </Li> <Li> Conan the Swordsman </Li> <Li> Conan the Usurper </Li> <Li> Conan the Wanderer </Li> <Li> Conan the Warrior </Li> <Li> The Conquering Sword of Conan </Li> <Li> The Devil in Iron </Li> <Li> The Essential Conan </Li> <Li> The Further Chronicles of Conan </Li> <Li> Jewels of Gwahlur </Li> <Li> King Conan </Li> <Li> The People of the Black Circle </Li> <Li> The Pool of the Black One </Li> <Li> Queen of the Black Coast </Li> <Li> Red Nails </Li> <Li> Rogues in the House </Li> <Li> Sagas of Conan </Li> <Li> The Sword of Conan </Li> <Li> Tales of Conan </Li> <Li> The Tower of the Elephant </Li> <Li> The Treasure of Tranicos </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scholarship </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Blade of Conan </Li> <Li> The Conan Grimoire </Li> <Li> The Conan Reader </Li> <Li> The Conan Swordbook </Li> <Li> The Spell of Conan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Authors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Creator </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Robert E. Howard </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Later authors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Poul Anderson </Li> <Li> Leonard Carpenter </Li> <Li> Lin Carter </Li> <Li> L. Sprague de Camp </Li> <Li> Roland J. Green </Li> <Li> John C. Hocking </Li> <Li> Robert Jordan </Li> <Li> Sean A. Moore </Li> <Li> Björn Nyberg </Li> <Li> Andrew J. Offutt </Li> <Li> Steve Perry </Li> <Li> John Maddox Roberts </Li> <Li> Michael A. Stackpole </Li> <Li> Roy Thomas </Li> <Li> Harry Turtledove </Li> <Li> Karl Edward Wagner </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Other media </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conan the Adventurer ( animated series ) </Li> <Li> Conan and the Young Warriors </Li> <Li> Conan the Adventurer ( TV series ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conan the Barbarian ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Conan the Destroyer </Li> <Li> Kull the Conqueror </Li> <Li> Conan the Barbarian ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Comics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conan ( comics ) </Li> <Li> Conan ( Marvel Comics ) </Li> <Li> Conan ( Dark Horse Comics ) </Li> <Li> Conan the Barbarian </Li> <Li> Savage Sword of Conan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conan Unchained ! </Li> <Li> Conan Against Darkness ! </Li> <Li> Conan : Hall of Volta </Li> <Li> Conan Role - Playing Game </Li> <Li> GURPS Conan </Li> <Li> Conan : The Mysteries of Time </Li> <Li> Conan ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Conan : The Roleplaying Game </Li> <Li> Conan Collectible Card Game </Li> <Li> Conan ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Age of Conan ( Rise of the Godslayer ) </Li> <Li> Conan : Adventures in an Age Undreamed Of </Li> <Li> Conan Exiles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Setting </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bêlit </Li> <Li> Conan the Barbarian </Li> <Li> Kulan Gath </Li> <Li> Queen Taramis </Li> <Li> Red Sonja </Li> <Li> Serpent Men </Li> <Li> Thoth - Amon </Li> <Li> Thulsa Doom </Li> <Li> Valeria </Li> <Li> Vammatar </Li> <Li> Xaltotun </Li> <Li> Zenobia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Crom </Li> <Li> Mitra </Li> <Li> Set </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> World </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hyborian Age </Li> <Li> Aquilonia </Li> <Li> Cimmeria </Li> <Li> Acheron Empire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chronology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Hyborian Age </Li> <Li> Conan Chronologies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Related articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Kull </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thurian Age </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Red Sonja </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Shadow of the Vulture '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> References </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cohen the Barbarian </Li> <Li> Conan the Librarian </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conan_the_Adventurer_(1997_TV_series)&oldid=852962198 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1990s American television series </Li> <Li> 1997 American television series debuts </Li> <Li> 1998 American television series endings </Li> <Li> American action television series </Li> <Li> American adventure television series </Li> <Li> American fantasy television series </Li> <Li> Conan the Barbarian television series </Li> <Li> First - run syndicated television programs in the United States </Li> <Li> USA Network shows </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 14 : 27 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Beowulf - wikipedia <H1> Beowulf </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the epic poem . For the character , see Beowulf ( hero ) . For other uses , see Beowulf ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Beowulf </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> First page of Beowulf in Cotton Vitellius A. xv </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author ( s ) </Th> <Td> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> West Saxon dialect of Old English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> c. 700 -- 1000 AD ( date of poem ) , c. 975 -- 1010 AD ( date of manuscript ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State of existence </Th> <Td> Manuscript suffered damage from fire in 1731 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manuscript ( s ) </Th> <Td> Cotton Vitellius A. xv </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First printed edition </Th> <Td> Thorkelin ( 1815 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Epic heroic poetry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Verse form </Th> <Td> Alliterative verse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> c. 3182 lines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subject </Th> <Td> The battles of Beowulf , the Geatish hero , in youth and old age </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personages </Th> <Td> Beowulf , Hygelac , Hrothgar , Wealhþeow , Hrothulf , Æschere , Unferth , Grendel , Grendel 's mother , Wiglaf , Hildeburh . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Beowulf ( / ˈbeɪoʊwʊlf / Old English : ( ˈbeːo̯ˌwulf ) ) is an Old English epic poem consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines . It may be the oldest surviving long poem in Old English and is commonly cited as one of the most important works of Old English literature . A date of composition is a matter of contention among scholars ; the only certain dating pertains to the manuscript , which was produced between 975 and 1025 . The author was an anonymous Anglo - Saxon poet , referred to by scholars as the `` Beowulf poet '' . </P> <P> The poem is set in Scandinavia . Beowulf , a hero of the Geats , comes to the aid of Hrothgar , the king of the Danes , whose mead hall in Heorot has been under attack by a monster known as Grendel . After Beowulf slays him , Grendel 's mother attacks the hall and is then also defeated . Victorious , Beowulf goes home to Geatland ( Götaland in modern Sweden ) and later becomes king of the Geats . After a period of fifty years has passed , Beowulf defeats a dragon , but is mortally wounded in the battle . After his death , his attendants cremate his body and erect a tower on a headland in his memory . </P> <P> The full poem survives in the manuscript known as the Nowell Codex . It has no title in the original manuscript , but has become known by the name of the story 's protagonist . In 1731 , the manuscript was badly damaged by a fire that swept through Ashburnham House in London that had a collection of medieval manuscripts assembled by Sir Robert Bruce Cotton . The Nowell Codex is currently housed in the British Library . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical background </Li> <Li> 2 Summary <Ul> <Li> 2.1 First battle : Grendel </Li> <Li> 2.2 Second battle : Grendel 's Mother </Li> <Li> 2.3 Third battle : The Dragon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Authorship and date </Li> <Li> 4 Manuscript <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Provenance </Li> <Li> 4.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 4.3 Transcriptions </Li> <Li> 4.4 Translations </Li> <Li> 4.5 Debate over oral tradition </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Sources and analogues </Li> <Li> 6 Dialect </Li> <Li> 7 Form and metre </Li> <Li> 8 Interpretation and criticism </Li> <Li> 9 Artistic adaptations </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 References <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Notes </Li> <Li> 11.2 Citations </Li> <Li> 11.3 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Historical background ( edit ) </H2> Approximate central regions of tribes mentioned in Beowulf , with the location of the Angles in Angeln . See Scandza for details of Scandinavia 's political fragmentation in the 6th century . <P> The events in the poem take place over most of the sixth century , after the Anglo - Saxons had started their journey to England and before the beginning of the seventh century , a time when the Anglo - Saxons were either newly arrived or were still in close contact with their Germanic kinsmen in Northern Germany . The poem may have been brought to England by people of Geatish origins . Many suggest that Beowulf was first composed in the 7th century at Rendlesham in East Anglia , that the Sutton Hoo ship - burial also shows close connections with Scandinavia , and that the East Anglian royal dynasty , the Wuffingas , may have been descendants of the Geatish Wulfings . Others have associated this poem with the court of King Alfred the Great or with the court of King Cnut the Great . </P> Ohthere 's mound <P> The poem deals with legends , was composed for entertainment , and does not separate between fictional elements and real historic events , such as the raid by King Hygelac into Frisia . Though Beowulf himself is not mentioned in any other Anglo - Saxon manuscript , scholars generally agree that many of the other personalities of Beowulf also appear in Scandinavian sources . ( Specific works are designated in the following section ) . This concerns not only individuals ( e.g. , Healfdene , Hroðgar , Halga , Hroðulf , Eadgils and Ohthere ) , but also clans ( e.g. , Scyldings , Scylfings and Wulfings ) and certain events ( e.g. , the Battle on the Ice of Lake Vänern ) . The dating of the events in the poem has been confirmed by archaeological excavations of the barrows indicated by Snorri Sturluson and by Swedish tradition as the graves of Ohthere ( dated to c. 530 ) and his son Eadgils ( dated to c. 575 ) in Uppland , Sweden . </P> <P> In Denmark , recent archaeological excavations at Lejre , where Scandinavian tradition located the seat of the Scyldings , i.e. , Heorot , have revealed that a hall was built in the mid-6th century , exactly the time period of Beowulf . Three halls , each about 50 metres ( 160 ft ) long , were found during the excavation . </P> Finds from Eadgils ' mound , left , excavated in 1874 at Gamla Uppsala , Sweden , support Beowulf and the sagas . Ongentheow 's barrow , right , has not been excavated . <P> The majority view appears to be that people such as King Hroðgar and the Scyldings in Beowulf are based on real historical people from 6th - century Scandinavia . Like the Finnesburg Fragment and several shorter surviving poems , Beowulf has consequently been used as a source of information about Scandinavian personalities such as Eadgils and Hygelac , and about continental Germanic personalities such as Offa , king of the continental Angles . </P> <P> 19th - century archaeological evidence may confirm elements of the Beowulf story . Eadgils was buried at Uppsala according to Snorri Sturluson . When Eadgils ' mound ( to the left in the photo ) was excavated in 1874 , the finds supported Beowulf and the sagas . They showed that a powerful man was buried in a large barrow , c. 575 , on a bear skin with two dogs and rich grave offerings . These remains include a Frankish sword adorned with gold and garnets and a tafl game with Roman pawns of ivory . He was dressed in a costly suit made of Frankish cloth with golden threads , and he wore a belt with a costly buckle . There were four cameos from the Middle East which were probably part of a casket . This would have been a burial fitting a king who was famous for his wealth in Old Norse sources . Ongentheow 's barrow has not been excavated . </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> The protagonist Beowulf , a hero of the Geats , comes to the aid of Hrothgar , king of the Danes , whose great hall , Heorot , is plagued by the monster Grendel . Beowulf kills Grendel with his bare hands and Grendel 's mother with a giant 's sword that he found in her lair . </P> <P> Later in his life , Beowulf becomes king of the Geats , and finds his realm terrorized by a dragon , some of whose treasure had been stolen from his hoard in a burial mound . He attacks the dragon with the help of his thegns or servants , but they do not succeed . Beowulf decides to follow the dragon to its lair at Earnanæs , but only his young Swedish relative Wiglaf , whose name means `` remnant of valour '' , dares to join him . Beowulf finally slays the dragon , but is mortally wounded in the struggle . He is cremated and a burial mound by the sea is erected in his honour . </P> <P> Beowulf is considered an epic poem in that the main character is a hero who travels great distances to prove his strength at impossible odds against supernatural demons and beasts . The poem also begins in medias res or simply , `` in the middle of things , '' which is a characteristic of the epics of antiquity . Although the poem begins with Beowulf 's arrival , Grendel 's attacks have been an ongoing event . An elaborate history of characters and their lineages is spoken of , as well as their interactions with each other , debts owed and repaid , and deeds of valour . The warriors form a kind of brotherhood linked by loyalty to their lord . What is unique about `` Beowulf '' is that the poem actual begins and ends with a funeral . At the beginning of the poem , the king , hero , Shield Shiefson dies ( 26 - 45 ) and there is a huge funeral for him . At the end of the poem when Beowulf dies , there is also a massive funeral for Beowulf. ( 3140 - 3170 ) </P> <H3> First battle : Grendel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beowulf begins with the story of Hrothgar , who constructed the great hall Heorot for himself and his warriors . In it , he , his wife Wealhtheow , and his warriors spend their time singing and celebrating . Grendel , a troll - like monster said to be descended from the biblical Cain , is pained by the sounds of a joy . Grendel attacks the hall and kills and devours many of Hrothgar 's warriors while they sleep . Hrothgar and his people , helpless against Grendel , abandon Heorot . </P> <P> Beowulf , a young warrior from Geatland , hears of Hrothgar 's troubles and with his king 's permission leaves his homeland to assist Hrothgar . </P> <P> Beowulf and his men spend the night in Heorot . Beowulf refuses to use any weapon because he holds himself to be the equal of Grendel . When Grendel enters the hall , Beowulf , who has been feigning sleep , leaps up to clench Grendel 's hand . Grendel and Beowulf battle each other violently . Beowulf 's retainers draw their swords and rush to his aid , but their blades can not pierce Grendel 's skin . Finally , Beowulf tears Grendel 's arm from his body at the shoulder and Grendel runs to his home in the marshes where he dies . Beowulf displays `` the whole of Grendel 's shoulder and arm , his awesome grasp '' for all to see at Heorot . This display would fuel Grendel 's mother 's anger in revenge . </P> <H3> Second battle : Grendel 's mother ( edit ) </H3> <P> The next night , after celebrating Grendel 's defeat , Hrothgar and his men sleep in Heorot . Grendel 's mother , angry that her son has been killed , sets out to get revenge . `` Beowulf was elsewhere . Earlier , after the award of treasure , The Geat had been given another lodging '' his assistance would be absent in this battle . Grendel 's mother violently kills Æschere , who is Hrothgar 's most loyal fighter , and escapes . </P> <P> Hrothgar , Beowulf and their men track Grendel 's mother to her lair under a lake . Unferth , a warrior who had doubted him and wishes to make amends , presents Beowulf with his sword Hrunting . After stipulating a number of conditions to Hrothgar in case of his death ( including the taking in of his kinsmen and the inheritance by Unferth of Beowulf 's estate ) , Beowulf jumps into the lake , at the bottom of which he finds a cavern containing Grendel 's body and the remains of men that the two have killed . Grendel 's mother and Beowulf engage in fierce combat . </P> <P> At first , Grendel 's mother appears to prevail . Beowulf , finding that Hrunting can not harm his foe , puts it aside in fury . Beowulf is again saved from his opponent 's attack by his armour . Beowulf takes another sword from Grendel 's mother and slices her head off with it . Travelling further into Grendel 's mother 's lair , Beowulf discovers Grendel 's corpse and severs his head . The blade of Beowulf 's sword touches Grendel 's toxic blood , and instantly dissolves so that only the hilt remains . Beowulf swims back up to the rim of the pond where his men wait in growing despair . Carrying the hilt of the sword and Grendel 's head , he presents them to Hrothgar upon his return to Heorot . Hrothgar gives Beowulf many gifts , including the sword Nægling , his family 's heirloom . The events prompt a long reflection by the king , sometimes referred to as `` Hrothgar 's sermon '' , in which he urges Beowulf to be wary of pride and to reward his thegns . </P> <H3> Third battle : the dragon ( edit ) </H3> Main article : The Dragon ( Beowulf ) <P> Beowulf returns home and eventually becomes king of his own people . One day , fifty years after Beowulf 's battle with Grendel 's mother , a slave steals a golden cup from the lair of a dragon at Earnanæs . When the dragon sees that the cup has been stolen , it leaves its cave in a rage , burning everything in sight . Beowulf and his warriors come to fight the dragon , but Beowulf tells his men that he will fight the dragon alone and that they should wait on the barrow . Beowulf descends to do battle with the dragon , but finds himself outmatched . His men , upon seeing this and fearing for their lives , retreat into the woods . One of his men , Wiglaf , however , in great distress at Beowulf 's plight , comes to his aid . The two slay the dragon , but Beowulf is mortally wounded . After Beowulf dies , Wiglaf remains by his side , grief - stricken . When the rest of the men finally return , Wiglaf bitterly admonishes them , blaming their cowardice for Beowulf 's death . Afterward , Beowulf is ritually burned on a great pyre in Geatland while his people wail and mourn him , fearing that without him , the Geats are defenceless against attacks from surrounding tribes . Afterwards , a barrow , visible from the sea , is built in his memory . ( Beowulf lines 2712 -- 3182 ) . </P> <H2> Authorship and date ( edit ) </H2> <P> Beowulf was written in England , but is set in Scandinavia ; its dating has attracted considerable scholarly attention . The poem has been dated to between the 8th and the early 11th centuries , with some recent scholarship offering what has been called `` a cohesive and compelling case for Beowulf 's early composition . '' However , opinion differs as to whether the composition of the poem is nearly contemporary with its transcription , whether it was first written in the 8th century , or if a proto - version of the poem was perhaps composed at an even earlier time ( possibly as one of the Bear 's Son Tales ) and orally transmitted for many years , then transcribed in its present form at a later date . Albert Lord felt strongly that the manuscript represents the transcription of a performance , though likely taken at more than one sitting . J.R.R. Tolkien believed that the poem retains too genuine a memory of Anglo - Saxon paganism to have been composed more than a few generations after the completion of the Christianisation of England around AD 700 , and Tolkien 's conviction that the poem dates to the 8th century has been defended by Tom Shippey , Leonard Neidorf , Rafael J. Pascual , and R.D. Fulk , among others . </P> <P> The claim to an early 11th - century date depends in part on scholars who argue that , rather than the transcription of a tale from the oral tradition by an earlier literate monk , Beowulf reflects an original interpretation of an earlier version of the story by the manuscript 's two scribes . On the other hand , some scholars argue that linguistic , palaeographical , metrical , and onomastic considerations align to support a date of composition in the first half of the eighth century ; in particular , the poem 's regular observation of etymological length distinctions ( Max Kaluza 's law ) has been thought to demonstrate a date of composition in the first half of the eighth century . However , scholars disagree about whether the metrical phenomena described by Kaluza 's Law prove an early date of composition or are evidence of a longer prehistory of the Beowulf meter ; B.R. Hutcheson , for instance , does not believe Kaluza 's Law can be used to date the poem , while claiming that `` the weight of all the evidence Fulk presents in his book tells strongly in favour of an eighth - century date . '' </P> <H2> Manuscript ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Nowell Codex Remounted page , British Library Cotton Vitellius A. XV <P> Beowulf survives in a single manuscript dated on palaeographical grounds to the late 10th or early 11th century . The manuscript measures 245 × 185 mm . </P> <H3> Provenance ( edit ) </H3> <P> The poem is known only from a single manuscript , which is estimated to date from close to AD 1000 , in which it appears with other works . The Beowulf manuscript is known as the Nowell Codex , gaining its name from 16th - century scholar Laurence Nowell . The official designation is `` British Library , Cotton Vitellius A. XV '' because it was one of Sir Robert Bruce Cotton 's holdings in the Cotton library in the middle of the 17th century . Many private antiquarians and book collectors , such as Sir Robert Cotton , used their own library classification systems . `` Cotton Vitellius A. XV '' translates as : the 15th book from the left on shelf A ( the top shelf ) of the bookcase with the bust of Roman Emperor Vitellius standing on top of it , in Cotton 's collection . Kevin Kiernan argues that Nowell most likely acquired it through William Cecil , 1st Baron Burghley , in 1563 , when Nowell entered Cecil 's household as a tutor to his ward , Edward de Vere , 17th Earl of Oxford . </P> <P> The earliest extant reference to the first foliation of the Nowell Codex was made sometime between 1628 and 1650 by Franciscus Junius ( the younger ) . The ownership of the codex before Nowell remains a mystery . </P> <P> The Reverend Thomas Smith ( 1638 -- 1710 ) and Humfrey Wanley ( 1672 -- 1726 ) both catalogued the Cotton library ( in which the Nowell Codex was held ) . Smith 's catalogue appeared in 1696 , and Wanley 's in 1705 . The Beowulf manuscript itself is identified by name for the first time in an exchange of letters in 1700 between George Hickes , Wanley 's assistant , and Wanley . In the letter to Wanley , Hickes responds to an apparent charge against Smith , made by Wanley , that Smith had failed to mention the Beowulf script when cataloguing Cotton MS . Vitellius A. XV . Hickes replies to Wanley `` I can find nothing yet of Beowulph . '' Kiernan theorised that Smith failed to mention the Beowulf manuscript because of his reliance on previous catalogues or because either he had no idea how to describe it or because it was temporarily out of the codex . </P> <P> It suffered damage in the Cotton Library fire at Ashburnham House in 1731 . Since then , parts of the manuscript have crumbled along with many of the letters . Rebinding efforts , though saving the manuscript from much degeneration , have nonetheless covered up other letters of the poem , causing further loss . Kevin Kiernan , in preparing his electronic edition of the manuscript , used fibre - optic backlighting and ultraviolet lighting to reveal letters in the manuscript lost from binding , erasure , or ink blotting . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Beowulf manuscript was transcribed from an original by two scribes , one of whom wrote the prose at the beginning of the manuscript and the first 1939 lines before breaking off in mid sentence . The first scribe made a point of carefully regularizing the spelling of the original document by using the common West Saxon language and by avoiding any archaic or dialectical features . The second scribe , who wrote the remainder , with a difference in handwriting noticeable after line 1939 , seems to have written more vigorously and with less interest . As a result , the second scribe 's script retains more archaic dialectic features which allow modern scholars to ascribe the poem a cultural context . While both scribes appear to proofread their work , there are nevertheless many errors . The second scribe was ultimately the more conservative copyist of the two as he did not modify the spelling of the text as he wrote but rather copied what he saw in front of him . In the way that it is currently bound , the Beowulf manuscript is followed by the Old English poem Judith . Judith was written by same the scribe that completed Beowulf as evidenced through similar writing style . Worm - holes found in the last leaves of the Beowulf manuscript that are n't present in the Judith manuscript suggest that at one point Beowulf ended the volume . The rubbed appearance of some leaves also suggest that the manuscript stood on a shelf unbound , as is known to have been the case with other Old English manuscripts . From knowledge of books held in the library at Malmesbury Abbey and available as source works , and from the identification of certain words particular to the local dialect found in the text , the transcription may have taken place there . </P> <H3> Transcriptions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Icelandic scholar Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin made the first transcriptions of the manuscript in 1786 and published the results in 1815 , working as part of a Danish government historical research commission . He made one himself , and had another done by a professional copyist who knew no Anglo - Saxon . Since that time , however , the manuscript has crumbled further , making these transcripts a prized witness to the text . While the recovery of at least 2000 letters can be attributed to them , their accuracy has been called into question , and the extent to which the manuscript was actually more readable in Thorkelin 's time is uncertain . </P> <H3> Translations ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1805 , the historian Sharon Turner translated selected verses into modern English . This was followed in 1814 by John Josias Conybeare who published an edition `` in English paraphrase and Latin verse translation . '' In 1815 , Grímur Jónsson Thorkelin published the first complete edition in Latin . N.F.S. Grundtvig reviewed this edition in 1815 and created the first complete verse translation in Danish in 1820 . In 1837 , John Mitchell Kemble created an important literal translation in English . In 1895 , William Morris & A.J. Wyatt published the ninth English translation . Many retellings of Beowulf for children also appeared around the beginning of the 20th century . In 1909 , Francis Barton Gummere 's full translation in `` English imitative meter '' was published , and was used as the text of Gareth Hinds 's graphic novel based on Beowulf in 2007 . </P> <P> During the early 20th century , Frederick Klaeber 's Beowulf and The Fight at Finnsburg ( which included the poem in Old English , an extensive glossary of Old English terms , and general background information ) became the `` central source used by graduate students for the study of the poem and by scholars and teachers as the basis of their translations . '' </P> <P> A great number of translations are available , in poetry and prose . Andy Orchard , in A Critical Companion to Beowulf , lists 33 `` representative '' translations in his bibliography , and it has been translated into at least 23 other languages . </P> <P> Seamus Heaney 's 1999 translation of the poem ( referred to by Howell Chickering and many others as `` Heaneywulf '' ) was widely publicized . Translating Beowulf is one of the subjects of the 2012 publication Beowulf at Kalamazoo , containing a section with 10 essays on translation , and a section with 22 reviews of Heaney 's translation ( some of which compare Heaney 's work with that of Anglo - Saxon scholar Roy Liuzza ) . R.D. Fulk , of Indiana University , published the first facing - page edition and translation of the entire manuscript in the Dumbarton Oaks Medieval Library series in 2010 . </P> <P> J.R.R. Tolkien 's long - awaited translation ( edited by his son , Christopher ) was published in 2014 as Beowulf : A Translation and Commentary . This also includes Tolkien 's own retelling of the story of Beowulf in his tale , Sellic Spell . </P> <H3> Debate over oral tradition ( edit ) </H3> <P> The question of whether Beowulf was passed down through oral tradition prior to its present manuscript form has been the subject of much debate , and involves more than simply the issue of its composition . Rather , given the implications of the theory of oral - formulaic composition and oral tradition , the question concerns how the poem is to be understood , and what sorts of interpretations are legitimate . </P> <P> Scholarly discussion about Beowulf in the context of the oral tradition was extremely active throughout the 1960s and 1970s . The debate might be framed starkly as follows : on the one hand , we can hypothesise a poem put together from various tales concerning the hero ( the Grendel episode , the Grendel 's mother story , and the fire drake narrative ) . These fragments would have been told for many years in tradition , and learned by apprenticeship from one generation of illiterate poets to the next . The poem is composed orally and extemporaneously , and the archive of tradition on which it draws is oral , pagan , Germanic , heroic , and tribal . On the other hand , one might posit a poem which is composed by a literate scribe , who acquired literacy by way of learning Latin ( and absorbing Latinate culture and ways of thinking ) , probably a monk and therefore profoundly Christian in outlook . On this view , the pagan references would be a sort of decorative archaising . There is a third view that sees merit in both arguments above and attempts to bridge them , and so can not be articulated as starkly as they can ; it sees more than one Christianity and more than one attitude towards paganism at work in the poem ; it sees the poem as initially the product of a literate Christian author with one foot in the pagan world and one in the Christian , himself perhaps a convert ( or one whose forebears had been pagan ) , a poet who was conversant in both oral and literary composition and was capable of a masterful `` repurposing '' of poetry from the oral tradition . </P> <P> However , scholars such as D.K. Crowne have proposed the idea that the poem was passed down from reciter to reciter under the theory of oral - formulaic composition , which hypothesises that epic poems were ( at least to some extent ) improvised by whoever was reciting them , and only much later written down . In his landmark work , The Singer of Tales , Albert Lord refers to the work of Francis Peabody Magoun and others , saying `` the documentation is complete , thorough , and accurate . This exhaustive analysis is in itself sufficient to prove that Beowulf was composed orally . '' </P> <P> Examination of Beowulf and other Old English literature for evidence of oral - formulaic composition has met with mixed response . While `` themes '' ( inherited narrative subunits for representing familiar classes of event , such as the `` arming the hero '' , or the particularly well - studied `` hero on the beach '' theme ) do exist across Anglo - Saxon and other Germanic works , some scholars conclude that Anglo - Saxon poetry is a mix of oral - formulaic and literate patterns , arguing that the poems both were composed on a word - by - word basis and followed larger formulae and patterns . </P> <P> Larry Benson argued that the interpretation of Beowulf as an entirely formulaic work diminishes the ability of the reader to analyse the poem in a unified manner , and with due attention to the poet 's creativity . Instead , he proposed that other pieces of Germanic literature contain `` kernels of tradition '' from which Beowulf borrows and expands upon . A few years later , Ann Watts argued against the imperfect application of one theory to two different traditions : traditional , Homeric , oral - formulaic poetry and Anglo - Saxon poetry . Thomas Gardner agreed with Watts , arguing that the Beowulf text is of too varied a nature to be completely constructed from set formulae and themes . </P> <P> John Miles Foley wrote , referring to the Beowulf debate , that while comparative work was both necessary and valid , it must be conducted with a view to the particularities of a given tradition ; Foley argued with a view to developments of oral traditional theory that do not assume , or depend upon , ultimately unverifiable assumptions about composition , and instead delineate a more fluid continuum of traditionality and textuality . </P> <P> Finally , in the view of Ursula Schaefer , the question of whether the poem was `` oral '' or `` literate '' becomes something of a red herring . In this model , the poem is created , and is interpretable , within both noetic horizons . Schaefer 's concept of `` vocality '' offers neither a compromise nor a synthesis of the views which see the poem as on the one hand Germanic , pagan , and oral and on the other Latin - derived , Christian , and literate , but , as stated by Monika Otter : `` ... a ' tertium quid ' , a modality that participates in both oral and literate culture yet also has a logic and aesthetic of its own . '' </P> <H2> Sources and analogues ( edit ) </H2> <P> Neither identified sources nor analogues for Beowulf can be definitively proven , but many conjectures have been made . These are important in helping historians understand the Beowulf manuscript , as possible source - texts or influences would suggest time - frames of composition , geographic boundaries within which it could be composed , or range ( both spatial and temporal ) of influence ( i.e. when it was `` popular '' and where its `` popularity '' took it ) . There are five main categories in which potential sources and / or analogues are included : Scandinavian parallels , early Irish literature sources and analogues , classical sources , ecclesiastical sources , and echoes in other Old English texts . </P> <P> Early studies into Scandinavian sources and analogues proposed that Beowulf was a translation of an original Scandinavian work , but this idea has been discarded . In 1878 , Guðbrandur Vigfússon made the connection between Beowulf and the Grettis saga . This is currently one of the few Scandinavian analogues to receive a general consensus of potential connection . Tales concerning the Skjöldungs , possibly originating as early as the 6th century were later used as a narrative basis in such texts as Gesta Danorum by Saxo Grammaticus and Hrólfs saga kraka . Some scholars see Beowulf as a product of these early tales along with Gesta Danorum and Hrólfs saga kraka , and some early scholars of the poem proposed that the latter saga and Beowulf share a common legendary ancestry , Beowulf 's Hrothulf being identified with Hrólf Kraki . Paul Beekman Taylor argued that the Ynglinga saga was proof that the Beowulf poet was likewise working from Germanic tradition . </P> <P> Friedrich Panze attempted to contextualise Beowulf and other Scandinavian works , including Grettis saga , under the international folktale type 301B , or `` The Bear 's Son '' tale . However , although this folkloristic approach was seen as a step in the right direction , `` The Bear 's Son '' tale was seen as too universal . Later , Peter Jørgensen , looking for a more concise frame of reference , coined a `` two - troll tradition '' that covers both Beowulf and Grettis saga : `` a Norse ' ecotype ' in which a hero enters a cave and kills two giants , usually of different sexes '' . </P> <P> Scholars who favoured Irish parallels directly spoke out against pro-Scandinavian theories , citing them as unjustified . Wilhelm Grimm is noted to be the first person to link Beowulf with Irish folklore ; however , Max Deutschbein is the first person to present the argument in academic form . He suggested the Irish Feast of Bricriu as a source for Beowulf -- a theory that was soon denied by Oscar Olson . Swedish folklorist Carl Wilhelm Von Sydow argued against both Scandinavian translation and source material due to his theory that Beowulf is fundamentally Christian and written at a time when any Norse tale would have most likely been pagan . </P> <P> In the late 1920s , Heinzer Dehmer suggested Beowulf as contextually based in the folktale type `` The Hand and the Child , '' due to the motif of the `` monstrous arm '' -- a motif that distances Grettis saga and Beowulf and further aligns Beowulf with Irish parallelism . James Carney and Martin Puhvel also agree with this `` Hand and the Child '' contextualisation . Carney also ties Beowulf to Irish literature through the Táin Bó Fráech story . Puhvel supported the `` Hand and the Child '' theory through such motifs as ( in Andersson 's words ) `` the more powerful giant mother , the mysterious light in the cave , the melting of the sword in blood , the phenomenon of battle rage , swimming prowess , combat with water monsters , underwater adventures , and the bear - hug style of wrestling . '' </P> <P> Attempts to find classical or Late Latin influence or analogue in Beowulf are almost exclusively linked with Homer 's Odyssey or Virgil 's Aeneid . In 1926 , Albert Stanburrough Cook suggested a Homeric connection due to equivalent formulas , metonymies , and analogous voyages . In 1930 , James A. Work also supported the Homeric influence , stating that encounter between Beowulf and Unferth was parallel to the encounter between Odysseus and Euryalus in Books 7 -- 8 of the Odyssey , even to the point of both characters giving the hero the same gift of a sword upon being proven wrong in their initial assessment of the hero 's prowess . This theory of Homer 's influence on Beowulf remained very prevalent in the 1920s , but started to die out in the following decade when a handful of critics stated that the two works were merely `` comparative literature '' , although Greek was known in late 7th century England : Bede states that Theodore of Tarsus , a Greek , was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury in 668 , and he taught Greek . Several English scholars and churchmen are described by Bede as being fluent in Greek due to being taught by him ; Bede claims to be fluent in Greek himself . </P> <P> Frederick Klaeber , among others , argued for a connection between Beowulf and Virgil near the start of the 20th century , claiming that the very act of writing a secular epic in a Germanic world represents Virgilian influence . Virgil was seen as the pinnacle of Latin literature , and Latin was the dominant literary language of England at the time , therefore making Virgilian influence highly likely . Similarly , in 1971 , Alistair Campbell stated that the apologue technique used in Beowulf is so rare in epic poetry aside from Virgil that the poet who composed Beowulf could not have written the poem in such a manner without first coming across Virgil 's writings . </P> <P> It can not be denied that Biblical parallels occur in the text , whether seen as a pagan work with `` Christian colouring '' added by scribes or as a `` Christian historical novel , with selected bits of paganism deliberately laid on as ' local colour ' , '' as Margaret E. Goldsmith did in `` The Christian Theme of Beowulf , '' . Beowulf channels the Book of Genesis , the Book of Exodus , and the Book of Daniel in its inclusion of references to the Genesis creation narrative , the story of Cain and Abel , Noah and the flood myth , the Devil , Hell , and the Last Judgment . </P> <H2> Dialect ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Old English </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dialects ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Kentish </Li> <Li> Mercian </Li> <Li> Northumbrian </Li> <Li> West Saxon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Use ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Orthography ( Runic alphabet , Latin alphabet ) </Li> <Li> Grammar </Li> <Li> Phonology </Li> <Li> Phonological history </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Literature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Beowulf </Li> <Li> Anglo - Saxon Chronicle </Li> <Li> Cædmon 's Hymn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> History ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Development of Old English </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> Influences </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Proto - Germanic </Li> <Li> Latin </Li> <Li> Norse </Li> <Li> Brittonic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legacy ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Middle English </Li> <Li> Early Modern English </Li> <Li> Modern English </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The poem mixes the West Saxon and Anglian dialects of Old English , though it predominantly uses West Saxon , as do other Old English poems copied at the time . </P> <P> There is a wide array of linguistic forms in the Beowulf manuscript . It is this fact that leads some scholars to believe that Beowulf has endured a long and complicated transmission through all the main dialect areas . The poem retains a complicated mix of the following dialectical forms : Mercian , Northumbrian , Early West Saxon , Kentish and Late West Saxon . There are in Beowulf more than 3100 distinct words , and almost 1300 occur exclusively , or almost exclusively , in this poem and in the other poetical texts . Considerably more than one - third of the total vocabulary is alien from ordinary prose use . There are , in round numbers , three hundred and sixty uncompounded verbs in Beowulf , and forty of them are poetical words in the sense that they are unrecorded or rare in the existing prose writings . One hundred and fifty more occur with the prefix ge - ( reckoning a few found only in the past - participle ) , but of these one hundred occur also as simple verbs , and the prefix is employed to render a shade of meaning which was perfectly known and thoroughly familiar except in the latest Anglo - Saxon period . The nouns number sixteen hundred . Seven hundred of them , including those formed with prefixes , of which fifty ( or considerably more than half ) have ge - , are simple nouns , at the highest reckoning not more than one - fourth is absent in prose . That this is due in some degree to accident is clear from the character of the words , and from the fact that several reappear and are common after the Norman Conquest . </P> <H2> Form and metre ( edit ) </H2> <P> An Old English poem such as Beowulf is very different from modern poetry . Anglo - Saxon poets typically used alliterative verse , a form of verse in which the first half of the line ( the a-verse ) is linked to the second half ( the b - verse ) through similarity in initial sound . In addition , the two halves are divided by a caesura : `` Oft Scyld Scefing \ \ sceaþena þreatum '' ( l . 4 ) . This verse form maps stressed and unstressed syllables onto abstract entities known as metrical positions . There is no fixed number of beats per line : the first one cited has three ( Oft SCYLD SCEFING , with ictus on the suffix - ING ) whereas the second has two ( SCEAþena ÞREATum ) . </P> <P> The poet has a choice of epithets or formulae to use in order to fulfil the alliteration . When speaking or reading Old English poetry , it is important to remember for alliterative purposes that many of the letters are not pronounced in the same way as in modern English . The letter ⟨ h ⟩ , for example , is always pronounced ( Hroðgar : ( ˈhroðgar ) ) , and the digraph ⟨ cg ⟩ is pronounced ( dʒ ) , as in the word edge . Both ⟨ f ⟩ and ⟨ s ⟩ vary in pronunciation depending on their phonetic environment . Between vowels or voiced consonants , they are voiced , sounding like modern ⟨ v ⟩ and ⟨ z ⟩ , respectively . Otherwise they are unvoiced , like modern ⟨ f ⟩ in fat and ⟨ s ⟩ in sat . Some letters which are no longer found in modern English , such as thorn , ⟨ þ ⟩ , and eth , ⟨ ð ⟩ -- representing both pronunciations of modern English ⟨ th ⟩ , as / θ / in thing and / ð / this -- are used extensively both in the original manuscript and in modern English editions . The voicing of these characters echoes that of ⟨ f ⟩ and ⟨ s ⟩ . Both are voiced ( as in this ) between other voiced sounds : oðer , laþleas , suþern . Otherwise they are unvoiced ( as in thing ) : þunor , suð , soþfæst . </P> <P> Kennings are also a significant technique in Beowulf . They are evocative poetic descriptions of everyday things , often created to fill the alliterative requirements of the metre . For example , a poet might call the sea the `` swan - road '' or the `` whale - road '' ; a king might be called a `` ring - giver . '' There are many kennings in Beowulf , and the device is typical of much of classic poetry in Old English , which is heavily formulaic . The poem also makes extensive use of elided metaphors . </P> <P> J.R.R. Tolkien argued in Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics that the poem is not an epic , and while no conventional term exactly fits , the nearest would be elegy . </P> <H2> Interpretation and criticism ( edit ) </H2> <P> The history of modern Beowulf criticism is often said to begin with J.R.R. Tolkien , author and Merton professor of Anglo - Saxon at University of Oxford , who in his 1936 lecture to the British Academy criticised his contemporaries ' excessive interest in its historical implications . He noted in Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics that as a result the poem 's literary value had been largely overlooked and argued that the poem `` is in fact so interesting as poetry , in places poetry so powerful , that this quite overshadows the historical content ... '' </P> <P> In historical terms , the poem 's characters would have been Norse pagans ( the historical events of the poem took place before the Christianisation of Scandinavia ) , yet the poem was recorded by Christian Anglo - Saxons who had mostly converted from their native Anglo - Saxon paganism around the 7th century -- both Anglo - Saxon paganism and Norse paganism share a common origin as both are forms of Germanic paganism . Beowulf thus depicts a Germanic warrior society , in which the relationship between the lord of the region and those who served under him was of paramount importance . </P> <P> In terms of the relationship between characters in Beowulf to God , one might recall the substantial amount of paganism that is present throughout the work . Literary critics such as Fred C. Robinson argue that the Beowulf poet arguably tries to send a message to readers during the Anglo - Saxon time period regarding the state of Christianity in their own time . Robinson argues that the intensified religious aspects of the Anglo - Saxon period inherently shape the way in which the Poet alludes to paganism as presented in Beowulf . The Poet arguably calls on Anglo - Saxon readers to recognize the imperfect aspects of their supposed Christian lifestyles . In other words , the Poet is referencing their `` Anglo - Saxon Heathenism . '' In terms of the characters of the epic itself , Robinson argues that readers are `` impressed '' by the courageous acts of Beowulf and the speeches of Hrothgar ( 181 ) . But , one is ultimately left to feel sorry for both men as they are fully detached from supposed `` Christian truth '' ( 181 ) . The relationship between the characters of Beowulf , and the otherall message of the Poet , regarding their relationship with God is largely debated among readers and literary critics alike . </P> <P> Stanley B. Greenfield has suggested that references to the human body throughout Beowulf emphasise the relative position of thanes to their lord . He argues that the term `` shoulder - companion '' could refer to both a physical arm as well as a thane ( Aeschere ) who was very valuable to his lord ( Hrothgar ) . With Aeschere 's death , Hrothgar turns to Beowulf as his new `` arm . '' Also , Greenfield argues the foot is used for the opposite effect , only appearing four times in the poem . It is used in conjunction with Unferð ( a man described by Beowulf as weak , traitorous , and cowardly ) . Greenfield notes that Unferð is described as `` at the king 's feet '' ( line 499 ) . Unferð is also a member of the foot troops , who , throughout the story , do nothing and `` generally serve as backdrops for more heroic action . '' </P> <P> At the same time , Richard North argues that the Beowulf poet interpreted `` Danish myths in Christian form '' ( as the poem would have served as a form of entertainment for a Christian audience ) , and states : `` As yet we are no closer to finding out why the first audience of Beowulf liked to hear stories about people routinely classified as damned . This question is pressing , given ... that Anglo - Saxons saw the Danes as ' heathens ' rather than as foreigners . '' Grendel 's mother and Grendel are described as descendants of Cain , a fact which some scholars link to the Cain tradition . </P> <P> Other scholars disagree , however , as to the meaning and nature of the poem : is it a Christian work set in a Germanic pagan context ? The question suggests that the conversion from the Germanic pagan beliefs to Christian ones was a prolonged and gradual process over several centuries , and it remains unclear the ultimate nature of the poem 's message in respect to religious belief at the time it was written . Robert F. Yeager notes the facts that form the basis for these questions : </P> <P> That the scribes of Cotton Vitellius A. XV were Christian beyond doubt , and it is equally sure that Beowulf was composed in a Christianised England since conversion took place in the sixth and seventh centuries . The only Biblical references in Beowulf are to the Old Testament , and Christ is never mentioned . The poem is set in pagan times , and none of the characters is demonstrably Christian . In fact , when we are told what anyone in the poem believes , we learn that they are pagans . Beowulf 's own beliefs are not expressed explicitly . He offers eloquent prayers to a higher power , addressing himself to the `` Father Almighty '' or the `` Wielder of All . '' Were those the prayers of a pagan who used phrases the Christians subsequently appropriated ? Or , did the poem 's author intend to see Beowulf as a Christian Ur - hero , symbolically refulgent with Christian virtues ? </P> <P> The location of the composition of the poem is also intensely disputed . In 1914 , F.W. Moorman , the first professor of English Language at University of Leeds , claimed that Beowulf was composed in Yorkshire , but E. Talbot Donaldson claims that it was probably composed more than twelve hundred years ago , during the first half of the eighth century , and that the writer was a native of what was then called West Mercia , located in the Western Midlands of England . However , the late tenth - century manuscript `` which alone preserves the poem '' originated in the kingdom of the West Saxons -- as it is more commonly known . Donaldson wrote that `` the poet who put the materials into their present form was a Christian and ... poem reflects a Christian tradition '' . </P> David Woodard appears as both Beowulf and Grendel in the stage production Exploding Beowulf ( Berlin , 2010 ) <H2> Artistic adaptations ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of artistic depictions of Beowulf <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anglo - Saxon England portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Beowulf characters </Li> <Li> On Translating Beowulf </Li> <Li> Sutton Hoo helmet § Beowulf </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` wíg '' means `` fight , battle , war , conflict '' and `` láf '' means `` remnant , left - over '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ That is , R.D. Fulk 's 1992 A History of Old English Meter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For instance , by Chauncey Brewster Tinker in The Translations of Beowulf , a comprehensive survey of 19th - century translations and editions of Beowulf . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Citations ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hanna , Ralph ( 2013 ) . Introducing English Medieval Book History : Manuscripts , their Producers and their Readers . Liverpool University Press . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chase , Colin. ( 1997 ) . The dating of Beowulf . pp. 9 -- 22 . University of Toronto Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson 2001 , ? : ' The name of the poet who assembled from tradition the materials of his story and put them in their final form is not known to us . ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson 2001 : ' Like most Old English poems , Beowulf has no title in the unique manuscript in which it survives ( British Library , Cotton Vitellius A. xv , which was copied round the year 1000 AD ) , but modern scholars agree in naming it after the hero whose life is its subject ' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell & Robinson 1998 , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenblatt , Stephen ; Simpson , James ; David , Alfred , eds. ( 2012 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature ( Ninth ed . ) . New York : W.W. Norton & Company . pp. 36 -- 39 . ISBN 9780393912494 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf ( dual - language ed . ) . New York : Doubleday. 1977 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newton , Sam ( 1993 ) . The Origins of Beowulf and the Pre-Viking Kingdom of East Anglia . Woodbridge , Suffolk , ENG : Boydell & Brewer . ISBN 0 - 85991 - 361 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.jstor.org.mendel.csuniv.edu/stable/1771534 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Noted , for example , by John Grigsby , Beowulf & Grendel 2005 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shippey , TA ( Summer 2001 ) . `` Wicked Queens and Cousin Strategies in Beowulf and Elsewhere , Notes and Bibliography '' . In the Heroic Age ( 5 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Klingmark , Elisabeth . Gamla Uppsala , Svenska kulturminnen 59 ( in Swedish ) . Riksantikvarieämbetet . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nerman , Birger ( 1925 ) . Det svenska rikets uppkomst . Stockholm . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ottar 's Mound '' . Swedish National Heritage Board . Archived from the original on 26 August 2007 . Retrieved 1 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Niles , John D. ( October 2006 ) . `` Beowulf 's Great Hall '' . History Today . 56 ( 10 ) : 40 -- 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Carl Edlund ( 1999 ) . `` Formation and Resolution of Ideological Contrast in the Early History of Scandinavia '' ( PDF ) ( Ph. D. thesis ) . University of Cambridge , Department of Anglo - Saxon , Norse & Celtic ( Faculty of English ) . p. 115 . Retrieved 1 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wíg '' . Bosworth - Toller Anglo - Saxon Dictionary . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Láf '' . Bosworth - Toller Anglo - Saxon Dictionary . Retrieved 23 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 87 - 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 199 - 203 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 675 -- 687 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 757 -- 765 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 766 -- 789 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 793 -- 804 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf , 808 -- 823 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , James ( 2012 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature vol . A. New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 58 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simpson , James ( 2012 ) . The Norton Anthology of English Literature vol . A. New York : W.W. Norton & Company . p. 70 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hansen , E.T. ( 2008 ) . `` Hrothgar 's ' sermon ' in Beowulf as parental wisdom '' . Anglo - Saxon England . 10 . doi : 10.1017 / S0263675100003203 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf ( PDF ) , SA : MU . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Downey ( February 2015 ) , `` Review of The Dating of Beowulf : A Reassessment '' , Choice Reviews Online , 52 ( 6 ) , doi : 10.5860 / CHOICE. 187152 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Neidorf , Leonard , ed. ( 2014 ) , The Dating of Beowulf : A Reassessment , Cambridge : D.S. Brewer , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84384 - 387 - 0 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lord , Albert ( 2000 ) . The Singer of Tales , Volume 1 . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . p. 200 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 1997 ) . Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics . Gale . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shippey , Tom ( 2007 ) , `` Tolkien and the Beowulf - poet '' , Roots and Branches , Walking Tree Publishers , ISBN 978 - 3 - 905703 - 05 - 4 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Neidorf , Leonard ; Pascual , Rafael ( 2014 ) . `` The Language of Beowulf and the Conditioning of Kaluza 's Law '' . Neophilologus. 98 ( 4 ) . pp. 657 -- 73 . doi : 10.1007 / s11061 - 014 - 9400 - x . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fulk , R.D. ( 2007 ) . `` Old English Meter and Oral Tradition : Three Issues Bearing on Poetic Chronology '' . Journal of English and Germanic Philology. 106 . pp. 304 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lapidge , M. ( 2000 ) . `` The Archetype of Beowulf '' . Anglo - Saxon England . 29 . pp. 5 -- 41 . doi : 10.1017 / s0263675100002398 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cronan , D ( 2004 ) . `` Poetic Words , Conservatism , and the Dating of Old English Poetry '' . Anglo - Saxon England . 33 . pp. 23 -- 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fulk , R.D. ( 1992 ) , A History of Old English Meter </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weiskott , Eric ( 2013 ) . `` Phantom Syllables in the English Alliterative Tradition '' . Modern Philology. 110 ( 4 ) . pp. 441 -- 58 . doi : 10.1086 / 669478 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hutcheson , B.R. ( 2004 ) , `` Kaluza 's Law , The Dating of `` Beowulf , '' and the Old English Poetic Tradition `` , The Journal of English and Germanic Philology , 103 ( 3 ) : 299 , JSTOR 27712433 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cotton MS Vitellius A XV '' . British Library . Retrieved 30 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiernan , Kevin S. `` Speculum '' . Speculum , vol. 73 , no . 3 , 1998 , pp. 879 -- 881 . JSTOR , www.jstor.org/stable/2887546 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kiernan , Kevin ( 1981 ) . Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript ( 1 ed . ) . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . Retrieved October 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joy 2005 , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joy 2005 , p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiernan 1996 , pp. 73 -- 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kiernan , Kevin ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Electronic Beowulf 3.0 '' . U of Kentucky . Retrieved 19 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Swanton , Michael ( 1997 ) . Beowulf : Revised Edition . Manchester : Manchester University Press . p. 2 . ISBN 0719051460 . Retrieved 14 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leonard Neidorf ( 2013 ) . `` Scribal errors of proper names in the Beowulf manuscript '' . Anglo - Saxon England . 42 . pp. 249 -- 69 . doi : 10.1017 / s0263675113000124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lapidge , Michael ( 1996 ) . Anglo - Latin literature , 600 -- 899 . London : Hambledon Press . p. 299 . ISBN 1 - 85285 - 011 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tinker , Chauncey Brewster ( 1903 ) , The Translations of Beowulf , Gutenberg </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Osborn , Marijane . `` Annotated List of Beowulf Translations '' . Archived from the original on 21 November 2014 . Retrieved 21 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jaillant ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beowulf ( in Old English ) , Fordham </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bloomfield , Josephine ( June 1999 ) . `` Benevolent Authoritarianism in Klaeber 's Beowulf : An Editorial Translation of Kingship '' ( PDF ) . Modern Language Quarterly . 60 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orchard 2003a , pp. 4 , 329 -- 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schulman & Szarmach 2012 , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chickering 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geremia , Silvia ( 2007 ) . `` A Contemporary Voice Revisits the past : Seamus Heaney 's Beowulf '' . Journal of Irish Studies ( 2 ) : 57 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sims , Harley J. ( 2012 ) . `` Rev. of Fulk , Beowulf '' . The Heroic Age . 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flood , Alison ( 17 March 2014 ) . `` JRR Tolkien translation of Beowulf to be published after 90 - year wait '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 21 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Acocella , Joan ( 2 June 2014 ) . `` Slaying Monsters : Tolkien 's ' Beowulf ' '' . The New Yorker . Retrieved 2 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blackburn , FA ( 1897 ) , `` The Christian Coloring of Beowulf '' , PMLA , 12 : 210 -- 17 , doi : 10.2307 / 456133 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benson , Larry D ( 1967 ) , Creed , RP , ed. , `` The Pagan Coloring of Beowulf '' , Old English Poetry : fifteen essays , Providence , Rhode Island : Brown University Press , pp. 193 -- 213 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lord 1960 , p. 198 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Zumthor 1984 , pp. 67 -- 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crowne , DK ( 1960 ) , `` The Hero on the Beach : An Example of Composition by Theme in Anglo - Saxon Poetry '' , Neuphilologische Mitteilungen , 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benson , Larry D ( 1966 ) , `` The Literary Character of Anglo - Saxon Formulaic Poetry '' , Publications of the Modern Language Association , 81 : 334 -- 41 , doi : 10.2307 / 460821 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benson , Larry ( 1970 ) , `` The Originality of Beowulf '' , The Interpretation of Narrative , Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , pp. 1 -- 44 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Foley , John M. Oral - Formulaic Theory and Research : An Introduction and Annotated Bibliography . New York : Garland , 1985 . p. 126 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watts , Ann C. ( 1969 ) , The Lyre and the Harp : A Comparative Reconsideration of Oral Tradition in Homer and Old English Epic Poetry , New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , p. 124 , ISBN 0 - 300 - 00797 - 3 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gardner , Thomas . `` How Free Was the Beowulf Poet ? '' Modern Philology. 1973 . pp. 111 -- 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foley , John Miles ( 1991 ) , The Theory of Oral Composition : History and Methodology , Bloomington : IUP , pp. 109ff </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bäuml , Franz H. `` Varieties and Consequences of Medieval Literacy and Illiteracy '' , Speculum , Vol. 55 , No. 2 ( 1980 ) , pp. 243 -- 44 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Havelock , Eric Alfred ( 1963 ) , A History of the Greek Mind , 1 . Preface to Plato , Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press of Harvard University Press </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Curschmann , Michael ( 1977 ) , `` The Concept of the Formula as an Impediment to Our Understanding of Medieval Oral Poetry '' , Medievalia et Humanistica , 8 : 63 -- 76 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schaefer , Ursula ( 1992 ) , `` Vokalitat : Altenglische Dichtung zwischen Mundlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit '' , ScriptOralia ( in German ) , Tübingen : Gunter Narr , 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Otter , Monika . `` Vokalitaet : Altenglische Dichtung zwischen Muendlichkeit und Schriftlichkeit '' . Bryn Mawr Classical Review . Retrieved 19 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 125 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , pp. 130 -- 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 135 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 137 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cook 1926 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , p. 138 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bede , Ecclesiastical History , V. 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haber , Tom Burns ( 1931 ) , A Comparative Study of the Beowulf and the Aeneid , Princeton </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andersson 1998 , pp. 140 -- 41 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Irving , Edward B. , Jr . `` Christian and Pagan Elements . '' A Beowulf Handbook . Eds . Bjork , Robert E. and John D. Niles . Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , 1998 . 175 -- 92 . 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( 1998 ) , `` Sources and Analogues '' , in Bjork , Robert E. ; Niles , John D. , A Beowulf Handbook , Lincoln , Nebraska : University of Nebraska Press , pp. 125 -- 48 , ISBN 9780803261501 </Li> <Li> Carruthers , Leo ( 2011 ) , `` Rewriting Genres : Beowulf as Epic Romance '' , in Carruthers , Leo ; Chai - Elsholz , Raeleen ; Silec , Tatjana , Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England , New York : Palgrave , pp. 139 -- 55 , ISBN 9780230100268 </Li> <Li> Chadwick , Nora K. ( 1959 ) , `` The Monsters and Beowulf '' , in Clemoes , Peter , The Anglo - Saxons : Studies in Some Aspects of Their History , London : Bowes & Bowes , pp. 171 -- 203 , OCLC 213750799 </Li> <Li> Chance , Jane ( 1990 ) , `` The Structural Unity of Beowulf : The Problem of Grendel 's Mother '' , in Damico , Helen ; Olsen , Alexandra Hennessey , New Readings on Women in Old English Literature , Bloomington , IN : Indiana University Press , pp. 248 -- 61 . </Li> <Li> Chickering , Howell D. ( 2002 ) , `` Beowulf and ' Heaneywulf ' : review '' , The Kenyon Review , new , 24 ( 1 ) : 160 -- 78 . </Li> <Li> Cook , Albert Stanburrough ( 1926 ) , Beowulfian and Odyssean Voyages , New Haven : Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences </Li> <Li> Creed , Robert P ( 1990 ) , Reconstructing the Rhythm of Beowulf , University of Missouri , ISBN 9780826207227 . </Li> <Li> Damico , Helen ( 1984 ) , Beowulf 's Wealhtheow and the Valkyrie Tradition , Madison : University of Wisconsin Press , ISBN 9780299095000 . </Li> <Li> Tolkien , J.R.R. ( 2002 ) , Drout , Michael D.C. , ed. , Beowulf and the Critics , Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies </Li> <Li> Greenfield , Stanley ( 1989 ) , Hero and Exile , London : Hambleton Press . </Li> <Li> Heaney , Seamus ( 2000 ) , Beowulf : A New Verse Translation , W.W. Norton & Company . </Li> <Li> Joy , Eileen A. ( 2005 ) , `` Thomas Smith , Humfrey Wanley , and the ' Little - Known Country ' of the Cotton Library '' ( PDF ) , Electronic British Library Journal , retrieved 19 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> `` Anthropological and Cultural Approaches to Beowulf '' , The Heroic Age ( 5 ) , Summer -- Autumn 2001 . </Li> <Li> Kiernan , Kevin ( 1996 ) , Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript , Ann Arbor , MI : University of Michigan , ISBN 0 - 472 - 08412 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jaillant , Lise . `` A Fine Old Tale of Adventure : Beowulf Told to the Children of the English Race , 1898 -- 1908 . 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( 1963 ) , An Anthology of Beowulf Criticism , Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press , ISBN 0 - 268 - 00006 - 9 . </Li> <Li> North , Richard ( 2006 ) , `` The King 's Soul : Danish Mythology in Beowulf '' , Origins of Beowulf : From Vergil to Wiglaf , Oxford : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Orchard , Andy ( 2003a ) , A Critical Companion to Beowulf , Cambridge : DS Brewer </Li> <Li> -- -- -- ( 2003b ) , Pride and Prodigies : Studies in the Monsters of the Beowulf - Manuscript , Toronto : University of Toronto Press </Li> <Li> Robinson , Fred C ( 2001 ) , The Cambridge Companion to Beowulf , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , p. 143 </Li> <Li> Robinson , Fred C ( 2002 ) , The Tomb of Beowulf : A New Verse Translation , New York , New York : W.W. Norton & Company , pp. 181 -- 197 </Li> <Li> Schulman , Jana K ; Szarmach , Paul E ( 2012 ) , `` Introduction '' , in Schulman , Jana K ; Szarmach , Paul E , Beowulf and Kalamazoo , Kalamazoo : Medieval Institute , pp. 1 -- 11 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 58044 - 152 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Tolkien , John Ronald Reuel ( 1997 ) ( 1958 ) . Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics and other essays . London : Harper Collins . </Li> <Li> Tolkien , John Ronald Reuel ( 1958 ) . Beowulf : The Monsters and the Critics and other essays . London : Harper Collins . </Li> <Li> Trask , Richard M ( 1998 ) , `` Preface to the Poems : Beowulf and Judith : Epic Companions '' , Beowulf and Judith : Two Heroes , Lanham , MD : University Press of America , pp. 11 -- 14 . </Li> <Li> Zumthor , Paul ( 1984 ) , Englehardt , Marilyn C transl , `` The Text and the Voice '' , New Literary History , 16 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Beowulf at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Works related to Beowulf at Wikisource </Li> <Li> Quotations related to Beowulf at Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Full digital facsimile of the manuscript on the British Library 's Digitised Manuscripts website </Li> <Li> Beowulf ePub / Mobi version </Li> <Li> Electronic Beowulf , ed. by Kevin Kiernan , 4th online edn ( University of Kentucky / The British Library , 2015 ) , http://ebeowulf.uky.edu/ebeo4.0/start.html </Li> <Li> Beowulf manuscript in The British Library 's Online Gallery , with short summary and podcast </Li> <Li> Annotated List of Beowulf Translations : The List -- Arizonal Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies </Li> <Li> online text ( digitised from Elliott van Kirk Dobbie ( ed . ) , Beowulf and Judith , Anglo - Saxon Poetic Records , 4 ( New York , 1953 ) ) </Li> <Li> Beowulf introduction Article introducing various translations and adaptations of Beowulf </Li> <Li> Beowulf public domain audiobook at LibriVox </Li> <Li> The tale of Beowulf ( Sel. 3.231 ) ; a digital edition of the proof - sheets with manuscript notes and corrections by William Morris in Cambridge Digital Library </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Beowulf </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beowulf </Li> <Li> Grendel </Li> <Li> Grendel 's mother </Li> <Li> Hroðgar </Li> <Li> Ecgþeow </Li> <Li> Hygelac </Li> <Li> Heardred </Li> <Li> Æschere </Li> <Li> Onela </Li> <Li> Wealhþeow </Li> <Li> Wiglaf </Li> <Li> Unferð </Li> <Li> Hygd </Li> <Li> The Dragon </Li> <Li> List of Beowulf characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scholars and translators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Michael J. 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List of famines - Wikipedia <H1> List of famines </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( January 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Depiction of victims of the Great Irish Famine , 1845 -- 1849 <P> This is a selective list of known major famines , ordered by date . </P> <P> Between 108 BC and 1911 AD , there were no fewer than 1,828 major famines in China , or one nearly every year in one or another province ; however , the famines varied greatly in severity . </P> <P> There were 95 famines in Britain during the Middle Ages . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Location </Th> <Th> Death toll ( estimate ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2200 -- 2100 BC </Td> <Td> The 4.2 kiloyear event caused famines and civilizational collapse worldwide </Td> <Td> global </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 441 BC </Td> <Td> The first famine recorded in ancient Rome . </Td> <Td> Ancient Rome </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 BC </Td> <Td> Famine recorded throughout Near East and Levant , as recorded by Josephus </Td> <Td> Judea </Td> <Td> 20,000 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 400 -- 800 AD </Td> <Td> Various famines in Western Europe associated with the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and its sack by Alaric I. Between 400 and 800 AD , the population of the city of Rome fell by over 90 % , mainly because of famine and plague . </Td> <Td> Western Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 535 -- 536 AD </Td> <Td> Extreme weather events of 535 -- 536 </Td> <Td> global </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 639 </Td> <Td> Famine in Arabia during the Caliphate of Umar ibn al - Khattab </Td> <Td> Arabia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 750s </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Islamic Spain ( Al - Andalus ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 800 -- 1000 </Td> <Td> Severe drought killed millions of Maya people due to famine and thirst and initiated a cascade of internal collapses that destroyed their civilization </Td> <Td> Mayan areas of Mesoamerica </Td> <Td> 1 million+ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 875 -- 84 </Td> <Td> Peasant rebellion in China inspired by famine ; Huang Chao captured capital </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 927 -- 28 </Td> <Td> Caused by four months of frost </Td> <Td> Byzantine Empire </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1005 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1016 </Td> <Td> Famine throughout Europe </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1051 </Td> <Td> Famine forced the Toltecs to migrate from a stricken region in what is now central Mexico </Td> <Td> Mexico ( present day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1064 -- 72 </Td> <Td> Seven years ' famine in Egypt </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 40,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1097 </Td> <Td> Famine and plague </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1181 </Td> <Td> Yōwa famine ( ja ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 7004423000000000000 ♠ 42,300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1230 </Td> <Td> Famine in the Republic of Novgorod </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1229 -- 32 </Td> <Td> The Kangi famine , possibly the worst famine in Japan 's history . Caused by volcanic eruptions . </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1235 </Td> <Td> Famine in England , 20,000 died in London alone </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1255 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1275 -- 99 </Td> <Td> Collapse of the Anasazi civilization , widespread famine occurred </Td> <Td> United States ( present day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1315 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Great Famine of 1315 -- 1317 </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1333 -- 37 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1344 -- 45 </Td> <Td> Famine in India , under the regime of Muhammad bin Tughluq </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1387 </Td> <Td> After Timur the Lame left Asia Minor , severe famine ensued </Td> <Td> Anatolia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1396 -- 1407 </Td> <Td> The Durga Devi famine </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1441 </Td> <Td> Famine in Mayapan </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1450 -- 54 </Td> <Td> Famine in the Aztec Empire , interpreted as the gods ' need for sacrifices . </Td> <Td> Mexico ( present day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1460 -- 61 </Td> <Td> Kanshō famine in Japan </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 82,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1504 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1518 </Td> <Td> Venice </Td> <Td> Italy ( present day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1528 </Td> <Td> Famine in Languedoc </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1535 </Td> <Td> Famine in Ethiopia </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1540 </Td> <Td> Tenbun famine ( ja ) </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1567 -- 70 </Td> <Td> Famine in Harar , combined with plague . Emir of Harar died . </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1586 </Td> <Td> Famine in England which gave rise to the Poor Law system </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1601 -- 03 </Td> <Td> One of the worst famines in all of Russian history ; famine killed as many as 100,000 in Moscow and up to one - third of Tsar Godunov 's subjects ; see Russian famine of 1601 -- 1603 . Same famine killed about half Estonian population . </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1618 -- 48 </Td> <Td> Famines in Europe caused by Thirty Years ' War </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1619 </Td> <Td> Famine in Japan . During the Tokugawa period , there were 154 famines , of which 21 were widespread and serious . </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1630 -- 31 </Td> <Td> Deccan Famine of 1630 -- 32 ( Note : There was a corresponding famine in northwestern China , eventually causing the Ming dynasty to collapse in 1644 ) </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1640 -- 43 </Td> <Td> Kan'ei Great Famine </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 50,000 - 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1648 -- 60 </Td> <Td> Poland lost an estimated 1 / 3 of its population due to wars , famine , and plague </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1649 </Td> <Td> Famine in northern England </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1650 -- 52 </Td> <Td> Famine in the east of France </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1651 -- 53 </Td> <Td> Famine throughout much of Ireland during the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1661 </Td> <Td> Famine in India , due to lack of any rainfall for two years </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1670s -- 80s </Td> <Td> Plague and famines in Spain </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1680 </Td> <Td> Famine in Sardinia </Td> <Td> Italy ( present day ) </Td> <Td> 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1680s </Td> <Td> Famine in Sahel </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1690s </Td> <Td> Famine throughout Scotland which killed 5 -- 15 % of the population </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> 60,000 - 180,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1693 -- 94 </Td> <Td> Between 1.3 and 1.5 million French died in the fr : grande famine de 1693 - 1694 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1695 -- 97 </Td> <Td> Great Famine of Estonia killed about a fifth of Estonian and Livonian population ( 70,000 -- 75,000 people ) . Famine also hit Sweden ( 80,000 -- 100,000 dead ) </Td> <Td> The Swedish Empire , of which Swedish Estonia and Swedish Livonia were dominions at that time </Td> <Td> 150,000 -- 175,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1696 -- 97 </Td> <Td> Great Famine of Finland wiped out almost a third of the population </Td> <Td> Finland , then part of Sweden proper </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1702 -- 04 </Td> <Td> Famine in Deccan </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1708 -- 11 </Td> <Td> Famine in East Prussia killed 250,000 people or 41 % of its population </Td> <Td> East Prussia </Td> <Td> 7005250000000000000 ♠ 250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1709 -- 10 </Td> <Td> The fr : Grande famine de 1709 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 600.000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1722 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arabia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1727 -- 28 </Td> <Td> Famine in the English Midlands </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1732 -- 33 </Td> <Td> Kyōhō famine </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 12,172 - 169,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1738 -- 56 </Td> <Td> Famine in West Africa , half the population of Timbuktu died of starvation </Td> <Td> West Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1740 -- 41 </Td> <Td> Great Irish Famine ( 1740 -- 1741 ) </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1750 -- 56 </Td> <Td> Famine in the Senegambia region </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1764 </Td> <Td> Famine in Naples </Td> <Td> Italy ( present day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1769 -- 73 </Td> <Td> Great Bengal famine of 1770 , 10 million dead ( one third of population ) </Td> <Td> India , Bangladesh ( present day ) </Td> <Td> 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1770 -- 71 </Td> <Td> Famines in Czech lands killed hundreds of thousands people </Td> <Td> Czech Republic ( present day ) </Td> <Td> 100,000 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1771 -- 72 </Td> <Td> Famine in Saxony and southern Germany </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1773 </Td> <Td> Famine in Sweden </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1779 </Td> <Td> Famine in Rabat </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1780s </Td> <Td> Great Tenmei famine </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 20,000 -- 920,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1783 </Td> <Td> Famine in Iceland caused by Laki eruption killed one - fifth of Iceland 's population </Td> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1783 -- 84 </Td> <Td> Chalisa famine </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 7007110000000000000 ♠ 11 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1784 </Td> <Td> Widespread famine throughout Egypt </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1784 -- 85 </Td> <Td> Famine in Tunisia killed up to one - fifth of all Tunisians </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1788 </Td> <Td> The two years previous to the French Revolution saw bad harvests and harsh winters , possibly because of a strong El Niño cycle or caused by the 1783 Laki eruption in Iceland . </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1789 </Td> <Td> Famine in Ethiopia afflicted `` amhara / tigray north '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1789 -- 92 </Td> <Td> Doji bara famine or Skull famine </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 11 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1804 - 1872 , 1913 </Td> <Td> A series of 14 famines in Austrian Galicia </Td> <Td> Poland , Ukraine ( present day ) </Td> <Td> 400,000 - 550,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1810 , 1811 , 1846 , and 1849 </Td> <Td> Four famines in China </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 7007450000000000000 ♠ 45 million . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1811 -- 12 </Td> <Td> Famine devastated Madrid </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1815 </Td> <Td> Eruption of Tambora , Indonesia . Tens of thousands died in subsequent famine </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1816 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Year Without a Summer </Td> <Td> Europe </Td> <Td> 7004650000000000000 ♠ 65,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1830 -- 33 </Td> <Td> Claimed to have killed 42 % of the population </Td> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1830s </Td> <Td> Tenpo famine </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1837 -- 38 </Td> <Td> Agra famine of 1837 -- 38 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 1 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1845 -- 57 </Td> <Td> Highland Potato Famine </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1845 -- 49 </Td> <Td> Great Famine in Ireland killed more than 1 million people and over 1.5 -- 2 million emigrated </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1846 </Td> <Td> Famine led to the peasant revolt known as `` Maria da Fonte '' in the north of Portugal </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1849 -- 50 </Td> <Td> Demak and Grobogan in Central Java , caused by four successive crop failures due to drought . </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 7004830000000000000 ♠ 83,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1850 -- 73 </Td> <Td> As a result of Taiping Rebellion , drought , and famine , the population of China dropped by more than 60 million </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 60 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1860 -- 61 </Td> <Td> Upper Doab famine of 1860 -- 61 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 2 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1866 </Td> <Td> Orissa famine of 1866 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1866 -- 68 </Td> <Td> Finnish famine of 1866 -- 1868 . About 15 % of the entire population died </Td> <Td> Finland , northern Sweden </Td> <Td> 7005150000000000000 ♠ 150,000 + </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1869 </Td> <Td> Rajputana famine of 1869 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1870 -- 72 </Td> <Td> Persian famine of 1870 -- 1872 </Td> <Td> Iran ( present day ) </Td> <Td> 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1873 -- 74 </Td> <Td> Famine in Anatolia caused by drought and floods </Td> <Td> Turkey ( present day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1879 </Td> <Td> 1879 Famine in Ireland . Unlike previous famines , this famine mainly caused hunger and food shortages but little mortality . </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1873 -- 74 </Td> <Td> Bihar famine of 1873 -- 74 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1876 -- 79 </Td> <Td> Famine in India , China , Brazil , Northern Africa ( and other countries ) . Famine in northern China killed 13 million people . 5.25 million died in the Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 in India </Td> <Td> India , China , Brazil , Northern Africa ( and other countries ) . </Td> <Td> 18.25 million in Northern China and India alone . British policies and drought were responsible for the deaths in India . The famine in China was a result of drought influenced by the El Niño - Southern Oscillation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1878 -- 80 </Td> <Td> Famine in St. Lawrence Island , Alaska </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1888 -- 89 </Td> <Td> Famine in Orrisa , Ganjam and Northern Bihar </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1888 -- 92 </Td> <Td> Ethiopian Great famine . About one - third of the population died . Conditions worsen with cholera outbreaks ( 1889 -- 92 ) , a typhus epidemic , and a major smallpox epidemic ( 1889 -- 90 ) . </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1891 -- 92 </Td> <Td> Russian famine of 1891 -- 92 . Beginning along the Volga River and spreading to the Urals and the Black Sea . </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 7005375000000000000 ♠ 375,000 -- 500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1896 -- 97 </Td> <Td> Famine in northern China leading in part to the Boxer Rebellion </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1896 -- 1902 </Td> <Td> Series of famines in India due to drought and British policies . </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 6 million ( British Territories ) , Mortality unknown in Princely States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1904 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Famine in Spain . </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1907 , 1911 </Td> <Td> Famines in east - central China </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 25 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Mount Lebanon famine during World War I which was caused by an Entente powers and Ottoman Turk blockade of food and to a swarm of locusts which killed up to 200,000 people , estimated to be half of the Mount Lebanon population </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 -- 19 </Td> <Td> Famine caused by the Allied blockade of Germany during World War I until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles . </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 424,000 -- 763,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1916 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Winter famine in Russia </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1917 -- 19 </Td> <Td> Persian famine of 1917 - 1918 . As much as 1 / 4 of the population living in the north of Iran died in the famine . Although the research of Mohammad Gholi Majd alleges as many as 8 -- 10 million killed , this is based on an original population estimate of 19 million . Other estimates place the original population at only 11 million , calling Majd 's numbers heavily into question . The Iranian government has stated that the famine was caused by the British ( this is disputed ) and that 8 -- 10 million people died , this death toll also being in the American Archives . </Td> <Td> Iran ( present day ) </Td> <Td> As high as 8 -- 10 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1918 -- 19 </Td> <Td> Rumanura famine in Ruanda - Burundi , causing large migrations to the Congo </Td> <Td> Rwanda and Burundi ( present day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1917 -- 21 </Td> <Td> A series of famines in Turkestan at the time of the Bolshevik revolution killed about a sixth of the population </Td> <Td> Turkestan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 </Td> <Td> Russian famine of 1921 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1921 -- 22 </Td> <Td> 1921 -- 1922 famine in Tatarstan </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 500,000 -- 2,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 -- 25 </Td> <Td> Famine in Volga German colonies in Russia . One - third of the entire population perished </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1924 -- 25 </Td> <Td> Minor famine in Ireland due to heavy rain </Td> <Td> Irish Free State </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 -- 29 </Td> <Td> Famine in Ruanda - Burundi , causing large migrations to the Congo </Td> <Td> Rwanda and Burundi ( present day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1928 -- 30 </Td> <Td> Famine in northern China . The drought resulted in 3 million deaths </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 3 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1932 -- 33 </Td> <Td> Soviet famine of 1932 -- 1933 and Soviet - related famine in Ukraine </Td> <Td> Soviet Union and Ukraine </Td> <Td> 7007100000000000000 ♠ 7 -- 10 million in Ukraine , millions in Russia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 </Td> <Td> Famine in China </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 -- 48 </Td> <Td> Famine in Morocco between 1940 -- 48 , because of refueling system installed by France . </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> 200 000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1940 -- 45 </Td> <Td> Famine in Warsaw Ghetto , as well as other ghettos and concentration camps ( note : this famine was the result of deliberate denial of food to ghetto residents on the part of Nazis ) . </Td> <Td> Occupied Poland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 -- 44 </Td> <Td> Leningrad famine caused by a 900 - day blockade by German troops . About one million Leningrad residents starved , froze , or were bombed to death in the winter of 1941 -- 42 , when supply routes to the city were cut off and temperatures dropped to − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) . </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1941 -- 44 </Td> <Td> Famine in Greece caused by the Axis occupation . </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1942 -- 43 </Td> <Td> Chinese famine of 1942 -- 43 </Td> <Td> Henan , China </Td> <Td> 7006150000000000000 ♠ 2 -- 3 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> Bengal famine of 1943 </Td> <Td> Bengal , India </Td> <Td> 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1.5 - 2.1 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> Ruzagayura famine in Ruanda - Urundi , causing emigrations to Congo </Td> <Td> Rwanda and Burundi ( present day ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 -- 45 </Td> <Td> Java under Japanese occupation </Td> <Td> Java , Indonesia </Td> <Td> 7006240000000000000 ♠ 2.4 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> Dutch famine of 1944 during World War II </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 7004200000000000000 ♠ 20,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1944 </Td> <Td> Rwanda famine of 1944 </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1945 </Td> <Td> Vietnamese Famine of 1945 </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 7005400000000000000 ♠ 400,000 -- 2 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 </Td> <Td> Soviet Famine of 1947 </Td> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1 -- 1.5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 - 47 </Td> <Td> German `` Hungerwinter '' </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> several 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Famine in Tigray </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 7005100000000000000 ♠ 100,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 -- 61 </Td> <Td> The Great Chinese Famine . According to government statistics , there were 15 million excess deaths . </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 7007150000000000000 ♠ 15 -- 43 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 -- 67 </Td> <Td> Lombok , drought and malnutrition , exacerbated by restrictions on regional rice trade </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 7004500000000000000 ♠ 50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 70 </Td> <Td> Biafran famine caused by Nigerian blockade </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 -- 72 </Td> <Td> Sahel drought created a famine that killed a million people </Td> <Td> Mauritania , Mali , Chad , Niger and Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> 1 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 -- 73 </Td> <Td> Famine in Ethiopia caused by drought and poor governance ; failure of the government to handle this crisis led to the fall of Haile Selassie and to Derg rule </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 7004600000000000000 ♠ 60,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bangladesh famine of 1974 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 27,000 - 1.5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 -- 79 </Td> <Td> Khmer Rouge . An estimated 2 million Cambodians lost their lives to murder , forced labor and famine </Td> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> 2 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 -- 81 </Td> <Td> Caused by drought and conflict </Td> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 -- 85 </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1985 famine in Ethiopia </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 -- 92 </Td> <Td> Famine in Somalia caused by drought and civil war </Td> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> 7005300000000000000 ♠ 300,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> North Korean famine . Scholars estimate 600,000 died of starvation ( other estimates range from 200,000 to 3.5 million ) . </Td> <Td> North Korea </Td> <Td> 7005200000000000000 ♠ 200,000 to 3.5 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> 1998 Sudan famine caused by war and drought </Td> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> 7004700000000000000 ♠ 70,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> Famine in Ethiopia . The situation worsened by Eritrean -- Ethiopian War </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> Second Congo War . 3.8 million people died , mostly from starvation and disease </Td> <Td> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Td> <Td> 3.8 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 06 Niger food crisis . At least three million were affected in Niger and 10 million throughout West Africa </Td> <Td> Niger and West Africa </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> Famine in Somalia , brought on by the 2011 East Africa drought </Td> <Td> Somalia </Td> <Td> 285,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Famine in West Africa , brought on by the 2012 Sahel drought </Td> <Td> Senegal , Gambia , Niger , Mauritania , Mali , Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 -- present </Td> <Td> Famine in Yemen , arising from the blockade of Yemen by Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> At least 50,000 children Unknown number of adults </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 -- present </Td> <Td> Famine in South Sudan . Famine in Somalia , due to 2017 Somalian drought . Famine in Nigeria </Td> <Td> South Sudan , Unity State , Somalia , Nigeria </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 See also <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Main article lists </Li> <Li> 1.2 Other articles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Sustainable development portal </Li> </Ul> <H3> Main article lists ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bengal famine </Li> <Li> Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Famine in India </Li> <Li> Famines in Czech lands </Li> <Li> Famines in Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Famines , epidemics , and public health in the British Raj </Li> <Li> Great Bengal famine of 1770 </Li> <Li> Great Famine of 1876 -- 78 </Li> <Li> Holodomor </Li> <Li> List of famines in China </Li> <Li> North Korean famine </Li> <Li> Timeline of major famines in India during British rule </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other articles ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> 2007 -- 08 world food price crisis </Li> <Li> Agriculture and population limits </Li> <Li> Collapse : How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed </Li> <Li> Disaster </Li> <Li> Extreme weather events of 535 -- 536 </Li> <Li> Famine </Li> <Li> Famine Early Warning Systems Network </Li> <Li> Famine events </Li> <Li> Famine relief </Li> <Li> Famine scales </Li> <Li> Food security </Li> <Li> Great Famine </Li> <Li> Hunger Plan </Li> <Li> Indian Famine Codes </Li> <Li> Late Victorian Holocausts ( book on the great ENSO famines of 1876 -- 80 , 1896 -- 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Life expectancy </Li> <Li> List of natural disasters by death toll </Li> <Li> List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll </Li> <Li> Live Aid </Li> <Li> Medieval demography </Li> <Li> Overpopulation </Li> <Li> Population decline </Li> <Li> Potato famine </Li> <Li> Starvation </Li> <Li> The Population Bomb </Li> <Li> Theories of famines </Li> <Li> World population </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Mallory , Walter H. ; Vinacke , Harold M. ; King - Hall , Stephen ( 1 January 1927 ) . `` Review of China : Land of Famine . Problems of Industrial Development in China . The China of To - day '' . Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs . 6 ( 3 ) : 185 -- 87 . doi : 10.2307 / 3014847 . JSTOR 014847 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heaven , Observe ! '' . Time.com. 1928 - 02 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Famines through history '' . Thefreelibrary.com. 2004 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Poor studies will always be with us '' . Telegraph.co.uk. 2014 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Livy , From the Founding of the City 4.12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave Stutz . `` A Brief History of Population '' . Stutzfamily.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syed , Muzaffar Husain ; Akhtar , Syed Saud ; Usmani , B.D. ( 14 September 2011 ) . Concise History of Islam . Vij Books India Pvt Ltd . ISBN 9789382573470 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas F. Glick . `` Islamic and Christian Spain in the Early Middle Ages '' . Libro.uca.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Great Maya Droughts : Water , Life , and Death . 2001 - 04 - 01 . ISBN 0826327745 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Embree , A. Encyclopedia of Asian history -- Volume 2 p. 82 : `` rebellion between 875 and 884 that devastated almost all of China except the modern province ... caused by famine conditions , oppressive taxation , </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Orient / West -- Volume 7 . p. 104 `` : The central government was threatened in 875 by a peasant - supported rebellion which gained enough momentum to sweep through the empire . The rebellion , brought under control in 884 , hastened the downfall of the empire by encouraging local suzerainty and ... The rebellion was aided by drought , famine '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Treadgold , Warren T. ( 1997 ) . A history of the Byzantine state and society . Stanford University Press . p. 480 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8047 - 2630 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kazhdan , Aleksandr Petrovich ; Wharton , Annabel Jane ( 1985 ) . Change in Byzantine culture in the eleventh and twelfth centuries . University of California Press . p. 27 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 05129 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived May 27 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived May 23 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived May 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davis , L. `` Natural Disasters '' . p. 120 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica -- Volume 9 . p. 64 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FAEC -- FEARFUL FAMINES OF THE PAST '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farris , William Wayne ( 2009 ) . Japan to 1600 : a social and economic history . University of Hawaii Press . p. 116 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8248 - 3379 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ó Gráda 2009 , p. 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portugal > History and Events '' . Portugal-info.net. 2007 - 04 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Collapse : Chaco Canyon '' . Learner.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Great Famine and the Black Death '' . Vlib.us . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Projects and Events : 14th Century '' . Norfolkesinet.org.uk . Archived from the original on 2016 - 01 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shankarlal C. Bhatt ( 2005 ) . Land and People of Indian States and Union Territories : In 36 Volumes . Uttar Pradesh . Gyan Publishing House . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7835 - 384 - 5 . Retrieved 23 April 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Archived July 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welcome to The Human Past '' . Thamesandhudsonusa.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 02 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trigger , Bruce G. ( 2003 ) , Understanding early civilizations : a comparative study , Cambridge University Press , p. 387 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 82245 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davíd Carrasco ( 1998 ) , Daily life of the Aztecs : people of the sun and earth , Greenwood Publishing Group , p. 199 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 29558 - 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Vassberg . `` Land and Society in Golden Age Castile '' . Libro.uca.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dimension of Famine '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boris Feodorovich Godunov '' . Answers.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russia before Peter the Great '' . Fsmitha.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Chronology of Japanese History '' . Shikokuhenrotrail.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rotberg , Robert I. ; Rabb , Theodore K. ( 14 July 2014 ) . `` Climate and History : Studies in Interdisciplinary History '' . Princeton University Press -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ang , A. Overpopulated Philippines . p. 67 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC -- Northern Ireland -- A Short History '' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 17th Century '' . Ayton.id.au . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian States in the Seventeenth Century '' . History.wisc.edu . Archived from the original on 2003 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dyson , Stephen L ; Rowland , Robert J ( 2007 ) . Archaeology and history in Sardinia from the Stone Age to the Middle Ages : shepherds , sailors & conquerors . Philadelphia : UPenn Museum of Archaeology , 2007 . p. 136 . ISBN 1 - 934536 - 02 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cullen , K. `` Famine in Scotland : The ' ill Years ' of the 1690s '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Appleby , Andrew B. ( 1980 ) , `` Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age '' , Journal of Interdisciplinary History , The MIT Press , 10 ( 4 ) : 643 -- 63 , doi : 10.2307 / 203063 , JSTOR 203063 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ó Gráda , Cormac ; Chevet , Jean - Michel ( 2002 ) , `` Famine And Market In Ancient Régime France '' , The Journal of Economic History , 62 ( 3 ) : 706 -- 33 , doi : 10.1017 / S0022050702001055 , PMID 17494233 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Finland timeline '' . Worldatlas.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sharma , S. Rice : Origin , Antiquity and History `` 1702 -- 1704 famine in Deccan killed two million people ... '' p. 246 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dimension of Famine '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Little Ice Age in Europe '' . sunysuffolk.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Climatic fluctuation and natural disasters in Arabia between mid-17th and early 20th Centuries '' . GeoJournal. 37 : 176 -- 180 . 1995 - 09 - 01 . doi : 10.1007 / BF00814902 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Appleby , Andrew B. ( 1 January 1980 ) . `` Epidemics and Famine in the Little Ice Age '' . The Journal of Interdisciplinary History . 10 ( 4 ) : 643 -- 63 . doi : 10.2307 / 203063 . JSTOR 203063 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 享 保 の 大 飢饉 江戸 時代 中期 に 起こっ た 飢饉 で 、 江戸 四 大 飢饉 ( 寛永 ・ 享 保 ・ 天明 ・ 天保 ) の 一 つ . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Len Milich : Anthropogenic Desertification vs ' Natural ' Climate Trends '' . Ag.arizona.edu. 1997 - 08 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Searing , James F. ( 2003 ) , West African Slavery and Atlantic Commerce : The Senegal River Valley , 1700 -- 1860 , Cambridge University Press , p. 132 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 53452 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Naples and Sicily '' . Britannica.com. 2014 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Famine '' . Encyclopedia.jrank.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://ourworldindata.org/world-population-growth#sweden-s-demographic-transition </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The locust plague '' . Ub.es . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Haze Famine ( Icelandic history ) '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grove , Richard H. ( 2007 ) , `` The Great El Nino of 1789 -- 93 and its Global Consequences : Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Event in World Environmental History '' , The Medieval History Journal , 10 ( 1&2 ) : 80 , doi : 10.1177 / 097194580701000203 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Icelandic Volcano Caused Historic Famine In Egypt , Study Shows '' . ScienceDaily . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grove , Richard H. ( 1998 ) , `` Global Impact of the 1789 -- 93 El Niño '' , Nature , 393 ( 6683 ) : 318 -- 19 , doi : 10.1038 / 30636 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood , C.A. ( 1992 ) , `` The climatic effects of the 1783 Laki eruption '' , in Harrington , C.R. ( ed . ) , The Year Without a Summer ? , Ottawa : Canadian Museum of Nature , pp. 58 -- 77 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neumann , J. ( 1977 ) , `` Great Historical Events that were Significantly Affected by the Weather : 2 , The Year Leading to the Revolution of 1789 in France '' , Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society , 58 ( 2 ) : 163 -- 68 , doi : 10.1175 / 1520 - 0477 ( 1977 ) 058 < 0163 : GHETWS > 2.0.CO ; 2 , ISSN 1520 - 0477 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fearfull Famines of the Past '' . Mitosyfraudes.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carr , Raymond ( 2001 ) , Spain : a history , Oxford University Press , p. 203 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 280236 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reader , John ( 2005 ) , Cities , Atlantic Monthly Press , p. 243 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 87113 - 898 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ó Gráda 2009 , p. 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Great Famine in Ireland , 1845 -- 1849 '' . Ego4u.com. 2010 - 12 - 10 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elson , R.E. ( 1985 ) . `` ' The Famine in Demak and Grobogan in 1849 -- 50 : Its Causes and Circumstances ' '' . Review of Indonesian and Malayan Affairs . 19 ( 1 ) : 39 -- 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 5 ) Archived April 13 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Imperial Gazetteer of India vol . III ( 1907 ) , The Indian Empire , Economic ( Chapter X : Famine , pp. 475 -- 502 ) , Published under the authority of His Majesty 's Secretary of State for India in Council , Oxford at the Clarendon Press . pp. 486 -- 87 , 1 map , 552 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Okazaki , Shoko ( 1 January 1986 ) . `` The Great Persian Famine of 1870 -- 71 '' . Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London . 49 ( 1 ) : 183 -- 92 . doi : 10.1017 / s0041977x00042609 . JSTOR 617680 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zürcher , Erik Jan ( 2004 ) , Turkey : a modern history ( 3 ed . ) , I.B. Tauris , p. 72 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 85043 - 399 - 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitchell , Stephen ( 1995 ) , Anatolia : land , men , and Gods in Asia Minor ( reprint ed . ) , Oxford University Press , p. 145 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 815029 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ó Gráda , Cormac ( 2009 ) . Famine : A Short History . Princeton University Press . p. 245 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12237 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy , Tirthankar ( 2006 ) , The Economic History of India , 1857 -- 1947 , 2nd edition , New Delhi : Oxford University Press . p. 361 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Famines and Land Assessments in India by RC Dutt '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ó Gráda , C. : Famine : A Short History Archived 2016 - 01 - 12 at the Wayback Machine . '' . Princeton University Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The St. Lawrence Island Famine and Epidemic , 1878 -- 80 , Arctic Anthropology </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Serrill , Michael S. ( 1987 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Famine Hunger stalks Ethiopia once again -- and aid groups fear the worst '' . Time.com . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El Niño and Drought Early Warning in Ethiopia '' . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The History of International Humanitarian Assistance '' . Iupui.edu . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spiridovich , Alexander . 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Agricultural History Vol. 47 , No. 4 ( Oct. , 1973 ) , pp. 300 -- 07 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A debilitating famine , caused by a persistent drought which lasted from the spring of 1904 until summer 1906 , bringing death and starvation to the South , raised the expectations of agrarian reformers that the Madrid authorities would vote additional funds for that region . '' Joseph Harrison and Alan Hoyle ; Spain 's 1898 Crisis : Regenerationism , Modernism , Post-Colonialism . Manchester University Press ; Manchester , UK . 2000 ( p. 58 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief '' . SAGE Publications , Inc . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Basckin , Deborah ( 25 November 2014 ) . `` Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds '' . BBC News Magazine . BBC News . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global Connections . Timeline '' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenneth Pollack ( 2004 ) . 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Famines in Indonesia during the 1950s and 1960s ? '' Asian Historical Economics Conference , Hitotsubashi University , Tokyo ( Japan ) , 13 -- 15 September 2012 . https://crawford.anu.edu.au/pdf/events/2012/20120916-Famine-in-Indonesia-1950s-60s.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Famine Casts Its Grim Global Shadow , TIME </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ó Gráda 2009 , p. 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Waal , Alex ( 1991 ) . Evil Days : Thirty Years of War and Famine in Ethiopia . New York & London : Human Rights Watch . ISBN 1 - 56432 - 038 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/august97/korea_8-26.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 11 ) Archived June 1 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bruce Cumings : We look at it and see ourselves '' . Lrb.co.uk . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Nations News Centre -- UN declares famine in another three areas of Somalia '' . Un.org. 2011 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 08 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sahel Famine Crisis '' . UNICEF . Retrieved 29 August 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Press , Associated . `` 50,000 children in Yemen have died of starvation and disease so far this year , monitoring group says '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Famine declared in South Sudan '' . The Guardian . 2017 - 02 - 20 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Ó Gráda , Cormac ( 2009 ) , Famine : a short history , Princeton University Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 12237 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Media related to famines at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overview </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lists <Ul> <Li> by death toll </Li> <Li> by cost </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disasters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Natural ( by death toll ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tornadoes </Li> <Li> Drought </Li> <Li> Mudslide </Li> <Li> Flood </Li> <Li> Tropical cyclone </Li> <Li> Earthquake </Li> <Li> Volcanic eruptions </Li> <Li> Fires </Li> <Li> Wildfires </Li> <Li> Impact event </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Accidents </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Transport </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rail </Li> <Li> Maritime </Li> <Li> Shipwreck </Li> <Li> Aircraft </Li> <Li> Airship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industrial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Structural failures and collapses </Li> <Li> Bridge </Li> <Li> Dam </Li> <Li> Nuclear <Ul> <Li> by death toll </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Civilian radiation </Li> <Li> Civilian nuclear </Li> <Li> Military nuclear </Li> <Li> Oil spills </Li> <Li> Levee breach </Li> <Li> Mast and tower </Li> <Li> Infrastructure </Li> <Li> Space </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Famines </Li> <Li> Epidemics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Man - made </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wars and anthropogenic disasters </Li> <Li> Battles and other violent events </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Wars </Li> <Li> Terrorist incidents </Li> <Li> Riots </Li> <Li> Massacres </Li> <Li> Nightclub fires </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Countermeasures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Humanitarian aid </Li> <Li> Emergency population warning </Li> <Li> Emergency Alert System </Li> <Li> Earthquake preparedness </Li> <Li> Earthquake warning system </Li> <Li> Evacuations </Li> <Li> Emergency management </Li> <Li> Hurricane preparedness </Li> <Li> Crisis management </Li> <Li> Disaster risk reduction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Feature films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Global Risk Forum GRF Davos </Li> <Li> International Association of Emergency Managers </Li> <Li> International Disaster and Risk Conference </Li> <Li> Disaster Accountability Project </Li> <Li> International Disaster Emergency Service </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_famines&oldid=841263765 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Famines </Li> <Li> Lists of disasters </Li> <Li> Death - related lists </Li> <Li> Lists by death toll </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list </Li> <Li> Articles with Russian - language external links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles in need of updating from January 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles in need of updating </Li> <Li> Interlanguage link template link number </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 </Li> <Li> Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 May 2018 , at 20 : 46 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; 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Yo Gabba Gabba ! - Wikipedia <H1> Yo Gabba Gabba ! </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Yo Gabba Gabba ! </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Yo Gabba Gabba ! title card </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Children 's television series </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Christian Jacobs Scott Schultz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developed by </Th> <Td> Kay Wilson Stallings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christian Jacobs </Li> <Li> Scott Schultz </Li> <Li> Matt Fackrell </Li> <Li> Matt Chapman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Lance Robertson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adam Delbert </Li> <Li> Christian Jacobs </Li> <Li> Amos `` Mossi '' Watene </Li> <Li> Erin Pearce </Li> <Li> Emma Jacobs - Briggs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 66 ( list of episodes ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Michael Polis Jon Berrett </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Justin Lyon Ritamarie Peruggi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 25 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Magic Store </Li> <Li> W ! ldbrain Entertainment </Li> <Li> Nickelodeon Productions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> DHX Media </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Nickelodeon Nick Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> August 20 , 2007 ( 2007 - 08 - 20 ) -- November 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Yo Gabba Gabba ! was an American live action / puppet children 's television show starring five costumed toys come to life and their friend DJ Lance Rock . The series premiered on Nick Jr . August 20 , 2007 and ended on November 12 , 2015 . There is a single topic in each episode , e.g. `` Adventure '' , `` Friends '' , and `` Dance '' , through songs and short storylines in the half - hour program . Additionally , the show teaches children life and social skills , such as sharing and trying new foods . It also encourages viewers to move along with and dance with the characters in the program . The show is noted for its indie - culture guest stars and bands , and for drawing visual inspiration from 8 - bit video games and H.R. Pufnstuf , among other television shows . Created by Christian Jacobs ( lead singer of the Aquabats ) and Scott Schultz , the show is written to appeal to children and their parents . The television program has spawned a touring live stage show , various toys and branded clothing . Trademarks relating to Yo Gabba Gabba ! and its characters are held by GabbaCaDabra , LLC. in partnership with The Magic Store and WildBrain . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 Production </Li> <Li> 4 Episode structure </Li> <Li> 5 Characters </Li> <Li> 6 Regular segments </Li> <Li> 7 Episodes </Li> <Li> 8 Video releases </Li> <Li> 9 Soundtrack releases </Li> <Li> 10 Stage shows </Li> <Li> 11 Mobile streaming </Li> <Li> 12 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 13 In other media </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hosted by a character named DJ Lance Rock , the series featured a mix of live - action segments featuring cartoonish costumed characters -- Muno ( the red cyclops ) , Foofa ( the pink flower bubble ) , Brobee ( a little hairy green monster ) , Toodee ( the blue cat - dragon ) and Plex ( the magic yellow robot ) -- and many short animated sketches and musical numbers . </P> <P> Popular artists who have appeared on the show include Mos Def , Bootsy Collins , Ladytron , The Killers , Enon , The Clientele , Jimmy Eat World , Solange Knowles , Taking Back Sunday , Datarock , The Aquabats , Devo , Anne Heche , Joy Zipper , Of Montreal , Chromeo , My Chemical Romance , Weezer , Hot Hot Heat , The Faint , The Roots , Paul Williams , Mates of State , MGMT , Jack Black , Tony Hawk , Elijah Wood , Peter Bjorn and John , Trunk Boiz , The Shins , The Aggrolites , The Flaming Lips , Mýa , Biz Markie , Blitzen Trapper , The Ting Tings , Money Mark , Mariachi El Bronx , `` Weird Al '' Yankovic , Erykah Badu , and Lil Wayne . Other non-musical celebrity guests to have appeared include Jason Bateman , Andy Samberg , Sarah Silverman , Laila Ali , Bill Hader , and Anthony Bourdain . </P> <P> Among the varied animation sequences during the show was Super Martian Robot Girl , designed by indie cartoonists Evan Dorkin and Sarah Dyer . </P> <P> The toy models of the characters that appeared at the beginning and end of each show were made by Kidrobot . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Yo Gabba Gabba ! was developed by two Southern California fathers , Christian Jacobs and Scott Schultz , who first started working together as teenagers , producing and directing skateboarding videos . Their goal was to design a kids ' show that was entertaining while featuring real artists and real performers . Both had no previous experience writing for television , let alone children 's broadcasting or education . In developing the show they took inspiration from a number of sources including Sesame Street , The Electric Company , Pee - wee 's Playhouse , as well as Sid and Marty Krofft puppet shows Banana Splits and H.R. Pufnstuf . </P> <P> In 1999 , after becoming parents , Jacobs and Schultz started playing around with ideas for children 's television and produced a pilot independently financed by small loans from friends and family . Yo Gabba Gabba ! did not get much attention until it started circulating on the Internet . Jared Hess , the director of Napoleon Dynamite and Nacho Libre , saw the pilot online and recommended it to Brown Johnson , the executive vice president and executive creative director of Nickelodeon Preschool . Yo Gabba Gabba ! premiered on Nickelodeon on August 20 , 2007 . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The show was produced by The Magic Store and Wild Brain . Yo Gabba Gabba ! airs on the Nick Jr. cable network in the United States and the Nick Jr. networks in the United Kingdom & Ireland , Italy , France and Australia as well as Treehouse TV network in Canada , Disney Junior in Latin America and RTE2 on RTÉjr in Ireland . The series premiered August 20 , 2007 on Nickelodeon as part of its Nick Jr. block , and began broadcasting in reruns from February 23 , 2008 to November 2016 on the Nick Jr . TV channel . The show was not renewed for a fifth season . </P> <H2> Episode structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> All episodes follow a similar format . In the opening scene , DJ Lance Rock is shown walking on a plain white background while holding a gray radio with colorful buttons . He then gets to a table scenery that involves four different colored lands and a gray cloth underneath it . He then places down the radio , and then he shouts `` YOOOO Gabba Gabba ! '' and opens the radio , and inside it are 5 toy figures : Toodee , Muno , Foofa , Plex , and Brobee . He places down the figures one - by - one , and then they become alive . </P> <P> The episode features four main segments ( it was shortened to three after the first season ) that are connected to each other as a plot . They involve DJ Lance and the gabbas doing an activity . After each main segment , a short clip is shown that shows a kid dancing around . The kid says his or her name , followed by `` I like to dance ! '' . </P> <P> Between the main segments , there is another segment called `` The Super Music Friends Show '' , which features a performance by a band about the episode 's topic . Other small segments include `` Mark 's Magic Pictures '' and `` Biz 's Beat of the Day '' . </P> <P> Near the end of each episode , DJ Lance and the gabbas do a mix - like song about what had occurred during the main segments . After it is finished , DJ Lance shouts `` YOOOO Gabba Gabba ! '' once again , and then Brobee , Muno , Toodee , Foofa , and Plex turn back into toys . One - by - one , DJ Lance puts them back in the radio , closes the radio , and then walks off carrying it . The credits then roll . </P> <H2> Characters ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> DJ Lance Rock -- ( Portrayed by Lance Robertson U.S. , voice dubbed by Ortis Deley in the UK ) A DJ who is the narrator and friend of the other characters and the series ' host . </Li> <Li> Muno -- ( Voiced by Adam Deibert U.S. , Bob Golding UK ) A friendly red cyclops boy . He 's the tallest , is somewhat clumsy and has a close bond with Foofa ( though she also bonds with Brobee in the same way ) . He is also the band 's guitarist . In the episodes `` Family '' , `` Circus '' , and `` Baby '' , his family makes an appearance . During Super Bowl XLIV , he appeared in a commercial for the Kia Sorento . His realm resembles the moon , another planet , or a desert and he has a pet horse . He has three stomachs as seen in the X-ray in the Season 1 episode `` Halloween '' ( # 13 ) . However another X-ray in the Season 1 episode `` Imagine '' ( # 20 ) shows him with one stomach , a normal heart and lungs . His catchphrase is `` Razzle Dazzle '' . </Li> <Li> Foofa -- ( Voiced by Emma Jacobs - Briggs U.S. , Teresa Gallagher UK ) A female flower bubble character who 's `` pink and happy . '' She likes flowers , rainbows and unicorns . Her instrument is the tambourine . Her realm is a spring or summer meadow . </Li> <Li> Brobee -- ( Voiced by Amos Watene U.S. , Simon Feilder UK ) A small , green monster boy and the baby of the gabbas . He is the drummer for the Gabba band . He is the one of the characters whose facial expression changes depending on the situation ; his normal face turning into a frown , and vice versa . He is often subjected to trying new foods . His realm is a vast autumn forest . It is mentioned that he is four years old . </Li> <Li> Toodee -- ( Voiced by Erin Pearce U.S. , Jonell Elliot UK ) A blue arctic female cat - dragon who loves to have fun . She has a close bond with Plex and is the bassist for the Gabba band . She resides in a winter arctic realm , with icicles . </Li> <Li> Plex -- ( Voiced by Christian Jacobs U.S. , Simon Feilder UK ) A magic yellow robot boy and the oldest of the gabbas and he is Toodee 's love instest . He is portrayed as being smart and as the leader of Gabba Land . Plex usually teaches lessons to his friends and is a father figure to the gang . He can also use his special ray to bring things into existence . His instrument is the keytar . He has no realm in particular , though he seems to have a `` docking station '' between Foofa and Brobee 's realms . In `` Gabbaland Begins '' , Plex is the last in DJ Lance 's original creations after he goes through Muno , Foofa , Brobee , and Toodee , although , Brobee is supposedly a four - year - old in the series . </Li> <Li> Gooble - ( Voiced by Joel Fox U.S. ) A ghost who is always so sad and crying . He resides in a haunted house located in a non-gabba land - place named `` Gooble Land '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Regular segments ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jingles , each episode has animated music videos featuring music by a guest musician and animation by guest artists , designers , and animators . They often happen after the first segment in an episode . ( One episode does not have the segment . ) </Li> <Li> Mark 's Magic Pictures , featuring Mark Mothersbaugh , drawing simple pictures that often come alive at the end of the segment . </Li> <Li> Biz 's Beat of the Day , starring Biz Markie , demonstrating new beatboxing beats . </Li> <Li> The Super Music Friends Show , featuring musical guests and introduced by John Reis as `` The Music Swami '' and Matt Chapman as the announcer . </Li> <Li> Dancey Dance Time , featuring celebrity guests performing dance moves with the characters . It is rarely used after season one . </Li> <Li> Numbers , live action music video similar to the jingles , usually with counting up numbers or back . </Li> <Li> Cool Tricks , in which a child or adult demonstrates a special talent ( e.g. , gymnastics , breakdancing , playing a theremin , cup stacking or another cool trick . ) </Li> <Li> Storytime , where a child narrates a story ( e.g. , Goon Fishin ' , Goodnight Moon or another story . ) </Li> <Li> Super Martian Robot Girl , featuring a helpful comic book - style superhero who saves the day , but only solves extremely contrived misunderstandings of ignorant citizens , instead of battling crime . </Li> <Li> Learn with Plex , a solo segment in which Plex teaches basic daily skills like brushing your teeth , making lemonade , putting on pajamas , etc. ( three times by saying `` it 's fun to '' do whatever he is teaching ) in chants , using four repeated steps . ( Season 1 only ) </Li> <Li> Play Pretend with Muno , in which Muno encourages viewers to pretend along with him , as he imagines himself as various creatures and objects . ( Season 1 only ) </Li> <Li> Listen with Toodee , in which Toodee listens to sounds and encourages the viewer to help her identify them . ( Season 1 only ) </Li> <Li> Color with Brobee , in which the viewer guesses what color Brobee is thinking of by the examples he gives . ( Season 1 only ) </Li> <Li> Play Games with Foofa , in which Foofa solves simple puzzles , such as mazes and matching games , and encourages the viewer to help her find the solution . ( Season 1 only ) </Li> <Li> DJ Lance Dance , in which DJ Lance Rock teaches the viewers a different dance . </Li> <Li> Funny Faces , in which DJ Lance Rock encourages viewers to make funny faces . </Li> <Li> Knock - Knock Joke of the Day , a segment where Jack McBrayer and Paul Scheer tell knock - knock jokes . This segment first appeared in season two . </Li> <Li> Look Back At Today , each episode ends with a music video recap of that episode , featuring special effects , and a remix of every song featured in that episode . ( Season 2 onward has DJ Lance remembering the things he and the gang did in that episode before the music video starts . ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Yo Gabba Gabba ! episodes <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired ( U.S. dates ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pilots </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 2006 ( 2006 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> August 20 , 2007 </Td> <Td> May 23 , 2008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> September 22 , 2008 </Td> <Td> October 16 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2010 </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2011 </Td> <Td> November 12 , 2015 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Video releases ( edit ) </H2> <Table> DVD Collections <Tr> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Released </Th> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Dancey Dance Bunch </Th> <Td> 000000002008 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2008 </Td> <Td> `` Friends '' , `` Eat '' , `` Dance '' , `` Happy '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Friends </Th> <Td> 000000002009 - 04 - 07 - 0000 April 7 , 2009 </Td> <Td> `` New Friends '' , `` Share '' , `` Find '' , `` Greetings '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Halloween ! </Th> <Td> 000000002009 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 , 2009 </Td> <Td> `` Halloween '' , `` Scary '' , `` Fun '' , `` Careful '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Meet My Family </Th> <Td> 000000002009 - 10 - 20 - 0000 October 20 , 2009 </Td> <Td> `` Family '' , `` Games '' , `` Together '' , `` Imagine '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Birthday Boogie </Th> <Td> 000000002010 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 , 2010 </Td> <Td> `` Birthday '' , `` Dress Up '' , `` Talent '' , `` Ride '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clubhouse </Th> <Td> 000000002010 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 , 2010 </Td> <Td> `` Clubhouse '' , `` Adventure '' , `` Summer '' , `` Animals '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Superhero </Th> <Td> 000000002010 - 10 - 14 - 0000 October 14 , 2010 </Td> <Td> `` Superhero '' , `` Train '' , `` Adventure '' , `` Bugs '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Doctor </Th> <Td> 000000002011 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 , 2011 </Td> <Td> `` Doctor '' , `` Teeth '' , `` Clean '' , `` Car '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Circus </Th> <Td> 000000002011 - 06 - 14 - 0000 June 14 , 2011 </Td> <Td> `` Circus '' , `` Treasure Hunt '' , `` Flying '' , `` Fun '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Party in a Box </Th> <Td> 000000002011 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Three disc set of The Dancey Dance Bunch , Birthday Boogie , Clubhouse in a slipcase . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music Makes Me Move </Th> <Td> 000000002011 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2011 </Td> <Td> `` Band '' , `` Move '' , `` Differences '' , `` Train '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Merry Christmas ! </Th> <Td> 000000002011 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 , 2011 </Td> <Td> `` Christmas '' , `` A Very Awesome Christmas '' , `` Fairytale '' , `` Boat '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yo Gabba Gabba ! Live ! : There 's A Party In My City ! </Th> <Td> 000000002012 - 03 - 13 - 0000 March 13 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Live show in Los Angeles with bonus features </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Super Spies </Th> <Td> 000000002012 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 2012 </Td> <Td> `` Super Spies '' , `` Mystery '' , `` Space '' , `` Big '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Soundtrack releases ( edit ) </H2> <P> Four albums have been released featuring songs from the show performed by the cast and the `` Super Music Friends Show '' segment . </P> <Ul> <Li> Music is ... Awesome ! ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Music is ... Awesome ! Volume 2 ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Music is ... Awesome ! Volume 3 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Music is ... Awesome ! Volume 4 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Hey ! ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Fantastic Voyages ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> ABC for Kids released a CD in 2010 titled Yo Gabba Gabba ! Party In My Tummy . </P> <H2> Stage shows ( edit ) </H2> <P> The world premiere live concert tour of Yo Gabba Gabba ! took place in Australia in May 2009 . DJ Lance Rock , Muno , Foofa , Brobee , Toodee and Plex performed in Wollongong , Melbourne , Brisbane and Sydney with an indie house - band and secret special guests at each show . Additional tours in the United States and other countries have been performed throughout 2013 . Shows have been toured including three presented by Kia Motors and a special Christmas one presented by Citi , Just Dance Kids & Toys for Tots . </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! : There 's a Party in My City ! '' ( 2010 - 2011 ) </Li> <Li> `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! 2 : It 's Time to Dance ! '' ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! 3 : Get the Sillies Out ! '' ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! 4 : A Very Awesome YGG Holiday Show ! '' ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! LIVE ! 5 : Music Is Awesome '' ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ol> <P> Nick Jr . Australia released a tour in 2009 called Yo Gabba Gabba : LIVE on Stage ! </P> <H2> Mobile streaming ( edit ) </H2> <P> On March 8 , 2017 , the first season ( 20 episodes ) of the show were made available for streaming on the Noggin video subscription service . The remaining three seasons ( 46 episodes ) will be launched soon . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> On April 30 , 2008 the television show received a Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Costume Design / Styling . The show has been nominated for a Daytime Emmy in both 2008 and 2009 for Best Costume Design . Time magazine 's James Poniewozik , who said the show `` will convince you someone slipped something into your Fruity Pebbles '' named Yo Gabba Gabba ! one of the Top 10 new TV series of 2007 , ranking it at # 8 . In November 2008 , the Yo Gabba Gabba ! production team won a BAFTA Children 's Award , International . The show has also become popular among some college - age young adults because of the artists often featured . Due to the show 's popularity amongst both adults and children , they performed at Coachella 2010 as special guests . Their live touring show also won a Creative Content Award at the 2010 Billboard Touring Awards . The Television Critics Association Awards have nominated Yo Gabba Gabba ! for Outstanding Achievement in Children 's / Youth Programing . The years include 2008 - 2012 . Yo Gabba Gabba ! won for the year 2009 and 2010 . In February 2013 , Yo Gabba Gabba ! won two Kidscreen Awards for `` Best Non-Animated or Mixed Series 2013 '' and `` Best Music 2013 '' </P> <H2> In other Media ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In 2009 , the cast was featured in their own float in the Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . </Li> <Li> Muno was featured in a commercial for the Kia Sorento that aired during the 2010 Super Bowl and a subsequent Kia commercials in 2011 , also the character Brobee appeared in a 2011 advertisement for Wonderful Pistachios . </Li> <Li> The cast appeared in the Big Time Rush episodes `` Big Time Audition '' , `` Big Time Halloween '' and `` Big Time Cameos . '' </Li> <Li> Yo Gabba Gabba ! appeared in True Jackson VP in the episode `` Trapped in Paris . '' </Li> <Li> Garry Lyon , of The Footy Show , an Australian Football League panel show , performed an interpretive cycle ( Yo Gabba Gazza ! ) based on the Yo Gabba Gabba ! dancing style after losing a humorous bet . The choice of the Yo Gabba Gabba ! dance was based on a number of physical similarities to Brobee , including Bushy Eyebrows and Excessive Androgenic Hair . </Li> <Li> In the Mad episode `` So You Think You Can Train Your Dragon How to Dance / Yo Gagga Gagga ! , '' Lady Gaga hosts Yo Gagga Gagga ! featuring her dolls -- Taylor Swift , T - Pain , Miley Cyrus , and Triple H -- and the cast is seen watching a monster movie at the end . </Li> <Li> In 2011 , the cast appeared in the Raising Hope episode `` Sabrina Has Money . '' </Li> <Li> The title of the Futurama episode `` Yo Leela Leela '' parodies this , as does the show in the episode , known as `` Rumbledy Hump '' . </Li> <Li> On June 9 , 2012 , The Fresh Beat Band 's 14th episode `` Yo ! Fresh Beats Go Gabba Gabba ! '' ( a crossover episode ) the `` Gabba Gang '' gets beamed into the episode by way of a malfunctioned Plex has with robotic hiccups which was caused by Gearmo : a gear who always causes trouble . </Li> <Li> Insane Clown Posse recorded a cover of the song Hold Still for the 2012 album Smothered , Covered & Chunked . </Li> <Li> The South Park episode `` Taming Strange '' features Foofa becoming a spoof of Miley Cyrus after Kyle 's adopted younger brother , Ike , attends a `` Yo Gabba Gabba Live ! '' performance and `` tames Foofa 's strange '' in front of everyone seeing the show . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Schneider , Michael . `` DHX Media acquires Wildbrain '' . variety.com . Variety . Retrieved 6 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` OMDC Success Story : DHX Media '' . Ontario Media Development Corporation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garofoli , Joe : `` Preschooler TV goes hip with ' Yo Gabba Gabba ' '' , San Francisco Chronicle , 17 August 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ evandorkin : The Last Round - Up ( Pre-TCAF ) Archived January 10 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Christian Jacobs & Scott Schultz : Co-Creators , Yo Gabba Gabba ! '' ( PDF ) . Wild Brain . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on March 12 , 2012 . Retrieved August 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keveney , Bill . `` ' Yo Gabba Gabba ! ' is monstrous fun for kids , adults '' . USA Today . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frauenfelder , Mark ( June 2 , 2006 ) . `` New kids ' show : Yo Gabba Gabba '' . Boing Boing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Itzkoff , Dave ( August 12 , 2007 ) . `` Charm the Children , Tickle the Parents '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! Episode Guide 2010 Season 3 -- School , Episode 6 '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kirby , Alicia . `` Yo Gabba Gabba Party In A Box DVD Set Review '' . The Mama Report . Retrieved 9 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gagnon , Robin . `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! : Circus ~ DVD Review '' . MomFoodie at Blommi.com . Retrieved 8 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lott , Rod . `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! : Party in a Box ! '' . Oklahoma Gazette . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gundersen , Edna . `` Yo Gabba Gabba ! gets ' Awesome ' on new tour '' . usatoday.com . USA Today . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences Announces 35th Annual Daytime Entertainment Emmy Award Nominations Archived June 28 , 2013 , at WebCite '' , April 30 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Poniewozik , James : `` Top 10 New TV Series '' , Time , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BAFTA Children 's Awards Winners `` `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2008 . Retrieved April 23 , 2010 . `` , BAFTA , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Friedman , Emily `` Nickelodeon Cartoon Draws Unusual Fans '' , ABC News , May 7 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glazer , Joshua . `` Coachella Backstage With Yo Gabba Gabba '' . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lipshutz , Jason . `` U2 , Gaga , Metallica , Swift Win Big at Billboard Touring Awards '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Yo Gabba Gabba ' ( 2007 ) - Awards '' . IMDb . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldman Getzler , Wendy ( 6 February 2013 ) . `` And the 2013 Kidscreen Awards winners are ... '' . Kidscreen . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mannino , Brynn . `` ' Yo Gabba Gabba ! ' Makes Its First Float Through Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade '' . Woman 's Day . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Official sites </P> <Ul> <Li> Official website ( Flash - enabled browser required ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Channels </P> <Ul> <Li> Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr . Italy </Li> <Li> Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr . ( UK ) </Li> <Li> Yo Gabba Gabba on Nick Jr . ( U.S. ) </Li> <Li> Yo Gabba Gabba on ABC4Kids </Li> </Ul> <P> Others </P> <Ul> <Li> Yo Gabba Gabba ! on IMDb </Li> <Li> Yo Gabba Gabba ! at the Big Cartoon DataBase </Li> <Li> Yo Gabba Gabba ! at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nick Jr. original programming </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1980s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eureeka 's Castle ( 1989 -- 1995 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s debuts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nick Jr . 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NBA salary cap - wikipedia <H1> NBA salary cap </H1> <P> The NBA salary cap is the limit to the total amount of money that National Basketball Association teams are allowed to pay their players . Like many professional sports leagues , the NBA has a salary cap to control costs , defined by the league 's collective bargaining agreement ( CBA ) . This limit is subject to a complex system of rules and exceptions and as such is considered a soft cap and is calculated as a percentage of the league 's revenue from the previous season . Under the CBA ratified in December 2011 , the cap will continue to vary in future seasons based on league revenues . For the 2015 -- 16 season , the salary cap was $70 million and the luxury tax limit was $84.74 million . For the 2016 -- 17 season , the salary cap was set at $94.14 million and the luxury tax limit was $113.29 million . For the 2017 -- 18 season , the cap is set at $99 million for the salary cap and $119 million for the luxury tax . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Soft versus hard caps </Li> <Li> 3 Luxury tax <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Tax levels from 2013 -- 14 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Exceptions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Mid-level exception </Li> <Li> 4.2 Bi-annual exception </Li> <Li> 4.3 Rookie exception </Li> <Li> 4.4 Two - way contracts <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 Exhibit 10 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.5 Larry Bird exception <Ul> <Li> 4.5. 1 Early Bird exception </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.6 Non-Bird exception </Li> <Li> 4.7 Minimum Salary Exception </Li> <Li> 4.8 Traded Player Exception </Li> <Li> 4.9 Disabled Player Exception </Li> <Li> 4.10 Reinstatement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Individual contracts under the CBA <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Rookie scale salary </Li> <Li> 5.2 Designated Player <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 `` Derrick Rose '' Rule <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1.1 5 / 30 % Contracts </Li> <Li> 5.2. 1.2 5 / 25 % Contracts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 `` Supermax '' Rule <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 2.1 Players eligible for the supermax </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2.2 Supermax contracts </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Over-38 rule </Li> <Li> 5.4 Options </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Free agency <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Unrestricted free agent </Li> <Li> 6.2 Restricted free agent </Li> <Li> 6.3 July moratorium </Li> <Li> 6.4 Cap holds </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Sign and trade agreements </Li> <Li> 8 Trading and the salary cap <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Base year compensation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Waivers </Li> <Li> 10 Released players <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Stretch provision </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Amnesty clause </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The NBA had a salary cap in the mid-1940s , but it was abolished after only one season . The league continued to operate without such a cap until 1984 -- 85 season , when one was instituted in an attempt to level the playing field among all of the NBA 's teams and ensure competitive balance for the League in the future . Before the cap was reinstated , teams could spend whatever amount of money they wanted on players , but in the first season under the new cap , they were each limited to $3.6 million in total payroll . </P> <P> Under the 2005 CBA , salaries were capped at 57 percent of basketball - related income ( BRI ) and lasted for six years until June 30 , 2011 . The next CBA , which took effect in 2011 , set the cap at 51.2 percent of BRI in 2011 -- 12 , with a 49 - to - 51 band in subsequent years . </P> <P> To ensure the players get their share of the BRI , teams are required to spend 90 percent of the salary cap each year , the salary floor for the 2016 -- 17 season will be 84.73 million . </P> <P> In December 2016 , the league and the players ' union reached a tentative agreement on a new CBA , with both sides ratifying it by the end of that month . The new agreement will run through the 2023 -- 24 season , with either side able to opt out after the 2022 -- 23 season . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> NBA Salary Cap in USD </P> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <P> NBA Salary Cap in 2016 USD ( Inflation rate through May 2016 ) </P> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Soft versus hard caps ( edit ) </H2> <P> Unlike the NFL and NHL , the NBA features a so - called soft cap , meaning that there are several significant exceptions that allow teams to exceed the salary cap to sign players . This is done to allow teams to keep their own players , which , in theory , fosters fan support in each individual city . By contrast , the NFL and NHL salary caps are considered hard , meaning that they offer relatively few ( if any ) circumstances under which teams can exceed the salary cap . The NBA and MLS version of the `` soft '' cap does , however , offer less leeway to teams than that of the MLB . MLB does allow teams to spend as much as they want on salary , but it penalizes them a percentage of the amount by which they exceed the soft cap . The percentage increases as the number of consecutive years a team exceeds the cap grows , resetting only when a team falls under the cap . </P> <H2> Luxury tax ( edit ) </H2> <P> While the soft cap allows teams to exceed the salary cap indefinitely by re-signing their own players using the `` Larry Bird '' family of exceptions , there are consequences for exceeding the cap by large amounts . A luxury tax payment is required of teams whose payroll exceeds a certain `` tax level '' , determined by a complicated formula , and teams exceeding it are punished by being forced to pay bracket - based amounts for each dollar by which their payroll exceeds the tax level . </P> <P> While most NBA teams hold contracts valued in excess of the salary cap , few teams have payrolls at luxury tax levels . The tax threshold in 2005 -- 06 was $61.7 million . In 2005 -- 06 , the New York Knicks ' payroll was $124 million , putting them $74.5 million above the salary cap , and $62.3 million above the tax line , which Knicks owner James Dolan paid to the league . Tax revenues are normally redistributed evenly among non-tax - paying teams , so there is often a several - million - dollar incentive to owners not to pay the luxury tax . </P> <P> The luxury tax level for the 2008 -- 09 season was $71.15 million . For the 2009 -- 10 season , the luxury tax level was set at $69.92 million . The luxury tax level for the 2010 -- 11 and 2012 -- 13 NBA seasons was $70,307,000 . </P> <P> The 2011 CBA instituted major changes to the luxury tax regime . The previous CBA had a dollar - for - dollar tax provision system , which remained in effect through the 2012 -- 13 season . Teams exceeding the tax level were punished by being forced to pay one dollar to the league for each dollar by which their payroll exceeded the tax level . Starting in 2013 -- 14 , the tax changed to an incremental system . Under the current system , tax is assessed at different levels based on the amount that a team is over the luxury tax threshold . The scheme is not cumulative -- each level of tax applies only to amounts over that level 's threshold . For example , a team that is $8 million over the tax threshold will pay $1.50 for each of its first $5 million over the tax threshold , and $1.75 per dollar for the remaining $3 million . Starting in 2014 -- 15 , `` repeat offenders '' , subject to additional penalties , are defined as teams that paid tax in previous seasons . In the first season , repeat offenders from in all previous three seasons will pay a stiffer tax rate ; from 2015 -- 16 thereafter , teams paying taxes in three out of four years will be subject to the higher repeater rate . As in the previous CBA , the tax revenue is divided among teams with lower payrolls . However , under the new scheme , no more than 50 % of the total tax revenue can go exclusively to teams that did not go over the cap . Initial reports did not specify the use of the remaining 50 % under the 2011 CBA , but it was later confirmed that this amount would be used to fund revenue sharing for the season during which tax was paid . </P> <P> For the 2013 -- 14 season , the luxury tax threshold was set at $71.748 million . The Brooklyn Nets , whose payroll for that season was projected to be over $100 million , would face a luxury tax bill above $80 million , resulting in a total payroll cost of $186 million . </P> <H3> Tax levels from 2013 -- 14 ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Amount over tax threshold </Th> <Th> Standard tax per excess dollar </Th> <Th> Repeat offender tax per excess dollar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> $4,999,999 or less </Td> <Td> $1.50 </Td> <Td> $2.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> $5 million to $9,999,999 </Td> <Td> $1.75 </Td> <Td> $2.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> $10 million to $14,999,999 </Td> <Td> $2.50 </Td> <Td> $3.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> $15 million to $19,999,999 </Td> <Td> $3.25 </Td> <Td> $4.25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Over $20 million </Td> <Td> $3.75 + $0.50 per $5 million </Td> <Td> $4.75 + $0.50 per $5 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Exceptions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Because the NBA 's salary cap is a soft one , the CBA allows for several important scenarios in which a team can sign players even if their payroll exceeds the cap . The exceptions are as follows : </P> <H3> Mid-level exception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Once a year , teams can use a mid-level exception ( MLE ) to sign a player to a contract for a specified maximum amount . The amount of the MLE and its duration depend on the team 's cap status . In the 2017 CBA , the MLE was initially set at $8.406 million in the 2017 -- 18 season for teams that are over the cap either before or after the signing , but under the luxury tax apron , set at $6 million above the tax line . Teams can use this exception to offer contracts of up to four years . Teams above the apron have an MLE initially set at $5.192 million , allowing contracts of up to three years . Teams with cap room , which were ineligible for the MLE before the 2011 CBA , have an MLE initially set at $4.328 million that allows two - year contracts . In subsequent seasons , all MLE amounts will be determined by applying the percentage change of the salary cap to the previous exception amount . </P> <P> Before the 2011 CBA , the MLE was equal to the average NBA salary for all teams over the cap ; teams with cap room were then ineligible for the MLE . The Mid-Level Exception for the 2008 -- 09 NBA season was $5.585 million . The MLE was $5.854 million for the 2009 -- 10 NBA regular season . </P> <P> Under the 2017 CBA , the apron was initially set at $6 million above the tax line for the 2017 -- 18 season . In a new feature , the apron will change from season to season , with the percentage change ( up or down ) set at half of the rate of change of the cap for that season . </P> <H3> Bi-annual exception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The bi-annual exception can currently be used by teams below the apron to sign a free agent to a contract starting at $3.29 million . Like the mid-level exception , the bi-annual exception can also be split among more than one player , and can be used to sign players for up to two years ; raises were originally limited to 8 % per year , but in the 2017 CBA are limited to 5 % . This exception was referred to as the `` $1 million exception '' in the 1999 CBA , although it was valued at $1 million for only the first year of the agreement . </P> <P> An example of the bi-annual exception was the Los Angeles Lakers ' signing of Karl Malone to a contract before the 2003 -- 04 season . </P> <P> The exception was eliminated for teams above the tax apron following the 2011 NBA lockout as many high spending teams were using this as a tool to gain top paid players . </P> <P> A team can not use this exception in consecutive years ; a team that used it in 2016 -- 17 ( under the 2011 CBA ) could not use it in 2017 -- 18 ( under the 2017 CBA ) . It also can not be used by a team that has already used an MLE in the same season . Additionally , once a team uses the bi-annual exception , the tax apron becomes a hard salary cap for the remainder of that season . </P> <H3> Rookie exception ( edit ) </H3> <P> The NBA allows teams to sign their first - round draft choices to rookie `` scale '' contracts even if their payroll exceeds the cap . </P> <H3> Two - way contracts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 2017 CBA introduced two - way contracts between NBA teams and players in the NBA G League ( formerly the D - League ) . Before the 2017 CBA , all D - League players were contracted directly with the league , and all D - League players could be called up by any NBA team , regardless of whether they were affiliated with the player 's D - League team . Now , each NBA team can sign two players to contracts that allow them to assign the players to the G League without risk of being `` poached '' by another NBA team . The players signed to such deals benefit by receiving a considerably higher salary than other G League players while in that league , as well as earning a prorated share of the NBA minimum rookie salary for each day they are with their contracted NBA team . Salaries of two - way players are not included in salary cap calculations . Additionally , a team can convert a two - way contract to a standard NBA contract at any time , with the player 's salary becoming the NBA minimum for the player 's years of service , prorated from the time of the conversion ; a converted contract also does not count in cap calculations . </P> Exhibit 10 ( edit ) <P> Related to the two - way contract , and also introduced in the 2017 CBA , is an attachment to the standard NBA contract known as Exhibit 10 . A contract that contains this attachment may be converted to a two - way contract at the team 's option . Exhibit 10 can be used only in one - year , non-guaranteed contracts for the minimum NBA salary , with no bonuses except for an `` Exhibit 10 bonus '' of $5,000 to $50,000 . The bonus is paid if the player is waived by his NBA team , signs with the G League , is assigned to that NBA team 's G League affiliate , and remains with the affiliate at least 60 days . The bonus is not counted against the salary cap , but is counted in overall league salaries . Each NBA team is limited to six active contracts that contain Exhibit 10 at any given time . </P> <H3> Larry Bird exception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Perhaps the most well - known of the NBA 's salary cap exceptions is the Larry Bird exception , so named because the Boston Celtics were the first team permitted to exceed the salary cap to re-sign one of their own players ( in that case , Larry Bird ) . Free agents who qualify for this exception are called `` qualifying veteran free agents '' or `` Bird Free Agents '' in the CBA , and this exception falls under the terms of the Veteran Free Agent exception . In essence , the Larry Bird exception allows teams to exceed the salary cap to re-sign their own free agents , at an amount up to the maximum salary . To qualify as a Bird free agent , a player must have played three seasons without being waived or changing teams as a free agent . Players claimed after being amnestied have their Bird rights transferred to their new team . Other players claimed off waivers are not eligible for the full Bird exception , but may qualify for the early Bird exception . Prior to an arbitrator ruling in June 2012 , all players that were waived and changed teams lost their Bird rights . This means a player can obtain `` Bird rights '' by playing under three one - year contracts , a single contract of at least three years , or any combination thereof . It also means that when a player is traded , his Bird rights are traded with him , and his new team can use the Bird exception to re-sign him . Since the 2011 CBA , Bird - exception contracts can be up to five years in length , down from six under the 2005 CBA . </P> Early Bird exception ( edit ) <P> The lesser form of the Larry Bird exception is the `` early Bird '' exception . Free agents who qualify for this exception are called `` early qualifying veteran free agents '' , and qualify after playing two seasons with the same team . Players that are traded or claimed off waivers have their Bird rights transferred to their new team . Prior to an arbitrator ruling in June 2012 , all players that were waived and changed teams lost their Bird rights . Using this exception , a team can re-sign its own free agent for either 175 % of his salary the previous season , or the NBA 's average salary , whichever is greater . Early Bird contracts must be for at least two seasons , but can last no longer than four seasons . If a team agrees to a trade that would make a player lose his Early Bird Rights , he has the power to veto the trade . </P> <P> A much - publicized example for this was Devean George , who vetoed his inclusion into a larger trade during the 2007 -- 08 season that would have sent him from the Dallas Mavericks to the New Jersey Nets . </P> <H3> Non-Bird exception ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Non-qualifying free agents '' ( those who do not qualify under either the Larry Bird exception or the early Bird exception ) are subject to the non-Bird exception . Under this exception , teams can re-sign a player to a contract beginning at either 120 % of his salary for the previous season , or 120 % of the league 's minimum salary , whichever amount is higher . Contracts signed under the Non-Bird exception can last up to four years ( down from six under the 2005 CBA ) . </P> <H3> Minimum salary exception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Teams can sign players for the NBA 's minimum salary even if they are over the cap , for up to two years in length . In the case of two - year contracts , the second - season salary is the minimum salary for that season . The contract may not contain a signing bonus . This exception also allows minimum - salary players to be acquired via trade . There is no limit to the number of players that can be signed or acquired using this exception . </P> <H3> Traded player exception ( edit ) </H3> <P> If a team trades away a player with a higher salary than the player they acquire in return ( the deal hereafter referred to as `` Trade # 1 '' ) , they receive a Traded Player Exception , also known as a `` Trade Exception . '' Teams with a trade exception have up to a year in which they can acquire more salary in other trades ( Trade # 2 , # 3 , etc . ) than they send away , as long as the gulf in salaries for Trade # 2 , # 3 , etc. are less than or equal to the difference in salary for Trade # 1 . This exception is particularly useful when teams trade draft picks directly for a player ; since draft picks have no salary value , often the only way to get salaries to match is to use a trade exception , which allows trades to be made despite unbalanced salaries . It is also useful to compensate teams for losing free agents , as they can do a sign and trade of that free agent to acquire a trade exception that can be used later . Note this exception is for single player trades only , though additional cash and draft picks can be part of the trade . </P> <H3> Disabled player exception ( edit ) </H3> <P> Allows a team that is over the cap to acquire a replacement for a disabled player who will be out for either the remainder of that season ( for in - season injuries / deaths ) or the next season ( if the disability occurs during the offseason ) . The maximum salary of the replacement player is either 50 % of the injured player 's salary , or the mid-level exception for a non-taxpaying team , whichever is less . This exception requires an NBA - designated doctor to verify the extent of the injury . Under the 2005 CBA , a team could sign a player under this exception for five years ; since the 2011 CBA , it has been allowed only for one year . </P> <P> Note that while teams can often use one exception to sign multiple players , they can not use a combination of exceptions to sign a single player . </P> <H3> Reinstatement ( edit ) </H3> <P> A player banned from the league for a drug - related offense who is reinstated may be re-signed by his prior team for a salary up to his previous salary . </P> <H2> Individual contracts under the CBA ( edit ) </H2> <P> The maximum amount of money a player can sign for is based on the number of years that player has played and the total of the salary cap . The maximum salary of a player with 6 or fewer years of experience is either $25,500,000 or 25 % of the total salary cap ( projected for 2017 -- 18 ) , whichever is greater . For a player with 7 -- 9 years of experience , the maximum is $30,600,000 or 30 % of the cap , and for a player with 10 + years of experience , the maximum is $35,700,000 or 35 % of the cap . There is an exception to this rule : a player is able to sign a contract for 105 % of his previous contract , even if the new contract is higher than the league limit . </P> <P> The 2017 CBA made a subtle change to the determination of maximum salaries . Under the 2011 CBA , the salary cap was based on players receiving 44.74 % of the league 's basketball - related income ( BRI ) , while the calculation of maximum salaries used a lower figure of 42.14 % of BRI . This difference was eliminated in the 2017 CBA , with the same 44.74 % of BRI used for both cap and maximum salary calculations . </P> <H3> Rookie scale salary ( edit ) </H3> <P> First - round draft choices are assigned salaries according to their draft position . The first overall pick receives more than the second pick , the second more than the third , and so on . Each contract is for two years , with a team option for the third and fourth seasons ( CBAs before 2011 provided for three - year contracts with an option for the fourth season ) , with built - in raises every year to compensate for increases in the average salary . A team may elect to exceed rookie scale for a drafted player that was unsigned for which they retained his draft rights three seasons after the draft . The contract would be for at least three seasons , with a maximum value up to the team 's available cap room . </P> <P> In 2017 , the scale for lottery picks was as follows : </P> <P> Second - round picks are not subject to a scale , and technically can be paid anywhere from the minimum to the maximum contract amount . In practice , they rarely receive more than the minimum . </P> <P> Prior to the 2017 CBA , the rookie scales for each season were negotiated into the agreement . For the current agreement , only the rookie scales for the 2017 -- 18 season were determined in advance . In subsequent seasons , the percentage change in the salary cap will be applied to all dollar amounts in the previous season 's scale . Amounts that are expressed as a percentage of salary , such as the allowable salary change from the third to the fourth season of the rookie contract , remain the same from season to season . </P> <H3> Designated player ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since the 2011 CBA , each NBA team has been able to nominate a player on his rookie contract to receive a `` Designated Player '' contract extension . A Designated Player is eligible for a 5 - year contract extension , instead of being held to the standard 4 - year restriction . From 2011 through the 2016 -- 17 season , a team could only allocate a single Designated Player contract at any one time ( if a team had already extended a rookie contract by using the Designated Player extension , they could not create a second Designated Player contract until the current contract expired , or until the player moved to a different team ) ; however the 2011 CBA allowed teams to sign a second Designated Player from another team in addition to the one they already had . All teams were limited to having a maximum of two Designated Players contracted on their roster at any time ( one which they had created from one of their own rookie contracts , and one acquired from another team ) . </P> <P> Under the 2017 CBA , the `` Designated Player '' limit remains at two , but in a new feature , teams are now able to create Designated Player contracts from their own veteran contracts . In addition , teams may now use their Designated Player slots on any combination of their own rookie contracts , their own veteran contracts , or players acquired in trades . </P> `` Derrick Rose '' rule ( edit ) In a rule named after Derrick Rose , accomplished players coming off their rookie contract could earn more money in the 2011 CBA . <P> A Designated Player coming off his rookie contract may be eligible to earn 30 % of the salary cap ( rather than the standard 25 % ) if he passes certain criteria . Through the 2017 -- 18 season , in order to be eligible , the player must be voted to start in two All - Star Games , or be named to an All - NBA Team twice ( at any level ) , or be named MVP . Officially titled the `` 5th Year 30 % Max Criteria '' , it has been dubbed ( and is more commonly known as ) the `` Derrick Rose Rule '' after the 2011 MVP , due to the fact that when the criteria were introduced , Rose was the only player in the NBA eligible to sign the maximum extension ( due to his MVP award ) . The reasoning for the rule is to suitably reward players being extended off of their rookie contract who are considered to be of a higher `` caliber '' than their peers , without restricting them to the lower ( 25 % ) salary level . A player may sign a `` 5th Year , 30 % Max '' contract before the final year of his rookie contract and before fulfilling the criteria needed to receive the 30 % salary grade . Should the player fail to fulfil the criteria before the start of his Designated Player contract , he will receive the standard five - year , 25 % Designated Player contract . James Harden of the Houston Rockets and Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans had such a clause in their contract extensions , but both failed to meet the criteria . The only player in the NBA who was attempting to qualify for a full 30 % contract in 2013 -- 14 was Paul George , who signed a provisional 30 % / 5 year contract in September 2013 . George , who had made the All - NBA third team in 2012 -- 13 , qualified by again making the All - NBA third team . </P> <P> The 2017 CBA changed the qualification criteria for `` 5th Year , 30 % Max '' contracts . Players who come off rookie contracts at the end of the 2017 -- 18 season , or later , must meet any of the following criteria to qualify : </P> <Ul> <Li> Selection to an All - NBA team ( at any level ) in the player 's fourth season , or in two of the three seasons between his second and fourth seasons . </Li> <Li> Selection as Defensive Player of the Year in the player 's fourth season , or in two of the three seasons between his second and fourth seasons . </Li> <Li> Selection as MVP in any season from the player 's second onward . </Li> </Ul> <P> These criteria are identical to those for the veteran player extensions introduced in the 2017 CBA . Had these criteria been part of the 2011 CBA , Rose would still have qualified for a 30 % contract , as he was in his third NBA season when he was named MVP . </P> 5 / 30 % contracts ( edit ) <P> The following players have signed 5 year / 30 % contracts : </P> <Ul> <Li> Derrick Rose ( signed with the Chicago Bulls ; was later traded to the New York Knicks during the last year on that deal ) until 2017 ( qualified by winning the 2011 MVP award ) </Li> <Li> Blake Griffin ( signed with the L.A. Clippers ; was later traded to the Detroit Pistons in 2018 ) signed through 2018 ( qualified by making the All - NBA second team in 2011 -- 12 and 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> Paul George ( signed with Indiana Pacers ; since has been traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder ) signed until 2019 ( qualified by making the All - NBA third team in 2012 -- 13 and 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> </Ul> 5 / 25 % contracts ( edit ) <P> In addition the following players are known to have signed 5 year / 25 % contracts : </P> <Ul> <Li> Joel Embiid ( Philadelphia 76ers ) until 2023 </Li> <Li> Russell Westbrook ( Oklahoma City Thunder ) until 2017 </Li> <Li> Anthony Davis ( New Orleans Pelicans ) until 2021 </Li> <Li> John Wall ( Washington Wizards ) until 2019 </Li> <Li> James Harden ( Houston Rockets ) until 2018 </Li> <Li> Kyrie Irving ( Boston Celtics ) until 2020 </Li> <Li> Damian Lillard ( Portland Trail Blazers ) until 2021 </Li> </Ul> <P> Kevin Love was eligible for a designated player contract , but the Minnesota Timberwolves opted for a 4 - year contract ( with a player option year included , potentially allowing him to become an unrestricted free agent ) instead . During Kevin Durant 's final five seasons with the Oklahoma City Thunder ( 2011 -- 2016 ) , he received a Designated Player level salary . His contract was initially drawn up before the lockout -- during which the Derrick Rose Rule was implemented -- but was officially approved under the provisions of the 2005 CBA by the NBA after the lockout . This led some people to question whether the Thunder had ( with NBA approval ) effectively signed two players as their Designated Player , as both were contracted for 5 years . </P> `` Supermax '' rule ( edit ) <P> The provision in the 2017 CBA that allows teams to create Designated Player contracts for their own veteran players , officially known as the `` Designated Veteran Player Extension '' ( DVPE ) , came to be called the `` Kevin Durant Rule '' because it was seen as a reaction to a wave of veteran superstars leaving their teams in free agency , capped off by Durant 's departure from the Thunder to the Golden State Warriors in the 2016 offseason . The contract is also commonly called `` The Supermax '' . The 2011 CBA allowed all of the teams that were trying to lure Durant to offer him the same initial salary of $26.5 million . </P> <P> For a veteran player to qualify for such an extension , he must be entering his eighth or ninth season in the NBA , and have either : </P> <Ul> <Li> made the All - NBA team ( at any level ) in either the season immediately before signing the extension , or two of the three previous seasons ; </Li> <Li> been named NBA Defensive Player of the Year in either the season immediately before signing the extension , or two of the three previous seasons ; or </Li> <Li> been named NBA MVP at least once in the previous three seasons . </Li> </Ul> <P> Additionally , the team offering the extension must have originally drafted the player , or obtained him in a trade while he was on his rookie contract . </P> <P> Players who qualify can be offered contracts with a starting salary between 30 and 35 % of the salary cap . The extension can not last more than five years after the expiration of the player 's current contract ( or five years for a player who is a free agent when signed ) , but can be negotiated and signed one year before the current contract expires . The extension can be offered to a team 's own free agent as well as a player with time left on his contract . Additionally , once a player signs a DVPE , he can not be traded for one year . </P> <P> Ironically , while the rule was intended to encourage star players to stay with their current teams , the first major move by an NBA team involving a player eligible for the DVPE was the Sacramento Kings ' trade of DeMarcus Cousins to the New Orleans Pelicans during the 2017 All - Star break . Cousins ' contract with the Kings was not set to expire until 2018 , but he was eligible to sign a DVPE after the 2016 -- 17 season for up to $209 million over five years , a financial commitment that the Kings were apparently unwilling to make . </P> Players eligible for the supermax ( edit ) <P> Following the announcement of the 2016 -- 17 All - NBA team , four players were eligible to sign DVPE contracts during the 2017 offseason . All four were named to one of the three All - NBA teams for that season ; two were already eligible under the new criteria . </P> <Ul> <Li> Stephen Curry , Golden State Warriors ( met DVPE criteria before the 2016 -- 17 season ) </Li> <Li> James Harden , Houston Rockets </Li> <Li> John Wall , Washington Wizards </Li> <Li> Russell Westbrook , Oklahoma City Thunder ( met DVPE criteria before the 2016 -- 17 season ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Harden and Westbrook would not have qualified under the standard DVPE criteria because both signed extensions to their contracts in the 2016 offseason , Harden for two years and Westbrook for one . The players ' union and owners negotiated a special dispensation allowing them to sign DVPE contracts should they otherwise qualify . </P> <P> The most recent player to qualify for a supermax contract is Anthony Davis , who has played his entire NBA career to date with the New Orleans Pelicans . He qualified by being named to the All - NBA first team in 2017 -- 18 , enabling the Pelicans to offer him a five - year extension worth up to $230 million , effective with the 2019 -- 20 season . </P> Supermax contracts ( edit ) <P> The first player to sign a supermax contract was Stephen Curry , who agreed to a new five - year DVPE deal with the Warriors , worth $201 million , that runs through the 2021 -- 22 season . Curry signed the contract once the NBA 's free agency moratorium ended on July 6 , 2017 . </P> <P> Shortly thereafter , James Harden agreed on a DVPE with the Rockets . At the time of signing , his current contract had two years remaining with total pay of $59 million ; the extension will add another $170 million over four seasons , ending in 2022 -- 23 . </P> <P> The next supermax signing was that of John Wall , who agreed later in July to a four - year , $170 million extension that will start in 2019 -- 20 . In late September , Russell Westbrook became the fourth and final supermax signing of the 2017 offseason , signing a five - year , $205 million extension that will start in 2018 -- 19 . </P> <H3> Over-38 rule ( edit ) </H3> <P> The cap also includes a provision to close a potential loophole that would provide incentives for teams to skirt the cap by signing an older player to a long - term deal that would not end until after the team expects the player to retire . Cap analyst Larry Coon outlined how this potential loophole would work : </P> <P> For example , suppose the Non-Taxpayer Mid-Level exception is $9 million . With 5 % raises , a three - year contract would total $28.35 million . But if they added a fourth year to the contract , the salary would total $38.7 million . If the player retires after three seasons and continues drawing his salary for the additional season , then he effectively will be paid $38.7 million for three years ' work . In essence , they are giving the player a three - year contract with additional deferred compensation . </P> <P> To address this issue , CBAs since at least the 1990s have included what is now called the `` over-38 rule '' , under which certain contracts that extend past the player 's 38th birthday are presumed to cover seasons following the player 's expected retirement . The age threshold that triggered this rule was originally set at 35 , changed to 36 in the 1999 CBA , and changed again to 38 in the 2017 CBA . The salary for any years that come after the player 's 38th birthday is presumed to be deferred compensation , and is shifted for cap purposes to the under - 38 seasons of the deal , with the over-38 year ( s ) being referred to as `` zero years '' in the CBA . If the player continues to play under the deal ( proving the presumption of retirement wrong ) , the salary that had originally been treated as deferred is distributed evenly over the remaining years of the contract , starting with the second season before the zero years . This rule had been a larger issue before the 2011 CBA , which limited the maximum contract length to 5 years . </P> <P> While the threshold age was changed in the 2017 CBA , the mechanics of the rule remained the same . Notably , several members of the union 's executive committee at the time the 2017 CBA was negotiated were older players who were seen as potential major beneficiaries of a change to an over-38 rule . For example , the change to an over-38 rule gave union president Chris Paul , scheduled to become a free agent after the 2016 -- 17 season , a potential gain of nearly $50 million over the life of his next contract . Similarly , executive committee members LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony , who could opt out of their current contracts after the same season , had the potential for similar gains with this change . </P> <H3> Options ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many NBA contracts are structured with options for either the player or the team . An option simply gives the party that controls the option the right to extend the contract for one more season at a salary no less than the prior year 's amount . </P> <H2> Free agency ( edit ) </H2> Gilbert Arenas in 2003 was able to receive a bigger contract as a restricted free agent by leaving the Golden State Warriors for the Washington Wizards , prompting the `` Gilbert Arenas Rule '' . <P> There are two types of free agency under the NBA 's Collective Bargaining Agreement : Unrestricted and Restricted . </P> <H3> Unrestricted free agent ( edit ) </H3> <P> An unrestricted free agent is free to sign with any team that they choose to . </P> <H3> Restricted free agent ( edit ) </H3> <P> A restricted free agent is subject to his current team 's Right of First Refusal , meaning that the player can be signed to an offer sheet by another team , but his current club reserves the right to match the offer and keep the player . An offer sheet is a contract offer of at least two years made by another team to a restricted free agent . The player 's current club has three days to match the offer or they lose the player to the new team ; the CBA prior to 2011 allowed seven days . </P> <P> For first - round draft picks , restricted free agency is only allowed after a team exercises its option for a fourth year , and the team makes a Qualifying Offer at the Rookie - scale amount after the fourth year is completed . For any other player to be a restricted free agent , he must be at most a three - year NBA veteran , and his team must have made a Qualifying Offer for either 125 % of his previous season 's salary or the minimum salary plus $200,000 , whichever offer is higher . </P> <P> Teams are limited in what they can offer an unrestricted free agent with two years or less experience . The maximum first - year salary in an offer sheet is the mid-level exception . The second - year salary can be raised a maximum of 4.5 % . The third year salary is limited to the maximum a team has available in their salary cap . The salary in the fourth season may increase ( or decrease ) by up to 4.1 % of the salary in the third season . The offer sheet can only increase in the third season if it provides the highest salary allowed in the first two seasons , the contract is fully guaranteed , and it contains no bonuses . A player 's original team can use the Early Bird exception or their Mid-Level exception to re-sign the player . </P> <P> If the raise in the third season is greater than 4.5 % of the first year , the offering team must be able to fit the average of the entire contract under their cap . Through the 2016 -- 17 season , the accounting was different for the player 's original team , where the player 's salary for a given year -- not the contract 's average -- was counted against the cap . In some cases , the offering team could exploit a loophole to create what is referred to as a poison pill for the player 's original team , potentially forcing the original team to pay the luxury tax by the third season , as the Houston Rockets did in order to sign Jeremy Lin and Ömer Aşık away from the New York Knicks and Chicago Bulls , respectively . This could discourage them from matching the offer sheet . </P> <P> The 2017 CBA changed the accounting rules for the player 's original team in this scenario . If the original team matches , and has enough cap space to absorb the average annual salary of the offer , it can choose to take cap hits of either the actual contract payouts or the average of the contract in each season . </P> <P> Before the 2005 CBA , the original team could only use an exception to re-sign a player who had been drafted in the first round . The 2005 CBA allowed teams to use exceptions on non-first - round picks , with the extension named the `` Gilbert Arenas Rule '' . In 2003 , Gilbert Arenas , who had been a second - round pick in 2001 , signed a six - year , $60 million contract with the Washington Wizards after his original team , the Golden State Warriors , were unable to match the offer since they were over the salary cap . </P> <H3> July moratorium ( edit ) </H3> <P> Players on a team 's season - ending roster remain under contract with their respective team until the start of free agency on July 1 . During a period in the beginning of July , teams may begin negotiating with free agents , but trades can not be made and most free agents can not be signed . The salary cap for the upcoming year is not set until the league 's audit is completed by the end of the period . Contracts that are allowed during this period are limited to : </P> <Ul> <Li> Rookie scale contracts to first round draft picks . </Li> <Li> A second round draft pick can accept a required tender , which is a one - year contract that teams are required to offer in order to retain their rights to the player . </Li> <Li> A restricted free agent can accept a qualifying offer from his previous team . </Li> <Li> A restricted free agent finishing the fourth season of his rookie scale contract can accept a maximum qualifying offer . The actual amount is not determined until the end of the moratorium . </Li> <Li> Teams may sign players to contracts of one or two years for the minimum salary . </Li> <Li> Teams may sign players to two - way contracts , convert a two - way contract to a standard NBA contract , or convert a standard NBA contract with an Exhibit 10 bonus to a two - way contract </Li> </Ul> <P> During the moratorium , teams are restricted from commenting on deals . Teams and players can reach verbal agreements , but they are not binding . Contracts can be signed once the moratorium ends . In 2015 , DeAndre Jordan had reached a verbal agreement to sign with the Dallas Mavericks , but changed his mind at the end of the moratorium and re-signed with the Los Angeles Clippers . A year later , the moratorium period was shortened from 10 to 5 days in what was unofficially called the `` DeAndre Jordan Rule '' . The change was intended to discourage parties from backing out of their agreements . </P> <H3> Cap holds ( edit ) </H3> <P> The end of a free agent 's contract does not remove him from a team 's cap calculations . During the free agency period ( from July 1 until the player signs with a team , or the free agent 's former team renounces its rights ) , each free agent carries a specified salary cap charge for his last team , most often called a `` cap hold '' . Normally , the cap hold can be no more than a player 's maximum salary , or less than his minimum salary , based on years of service . The only exception is for free agents who made the minimum salary in the previous season ; if the league reimbursed the team for a portion of his salary in the last season of his contract , the reimbursement is not counted in the cap hold . Apart from these restrictions , the cap hold varies based on the status of the free agent and his salary in the previous season : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bird free agent : <Ul> <Li> If not coming off a rookie scale contract , and salary was at or above the estimated average salary , 150 % of previous salary . </Li> <Li> If not coming off a rookie scale contract , and salary was below the estimated average salary , 190 % of previous salary . </Li> <Li> If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was at or above the estimated average salary , 200 % of previous salary . </Li> <Li> If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was below the estimated average salary , 250 % of previous salary . </Li> <Li> If coming off the third season of a rookie scale contract , the maximum amount that the team can pay under the Bird exception . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Early Bird : <Ul> <Li> If coming off the second season of a rookie scale contract , the maximum amount that the team can pay under the Bird exception . </Li> <Li> Otherwise , 130 % of previous salary . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Non-Bird : 120 % of previous salary . </Li> </Ul> <P> The 2017 CBA will increase some cap holds from those found in the 2011 CBA as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Unsigned first - round draft picks : 120 % of rookie scale ( up from 100 % ) </Li> <Li> Bird free agent ( as of the 2018 -- 19 season ) : <Ul> <Li> If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was at or above the estimated average salary , 250 % of previous salary ( up from 200 % ) . </Li> <Li> If coming off the fourth season of a rookie scale contract , and salary was below the estimated average salary , 300 % of previous salary ( up from 250 % ) . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sign and trade agreements ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Sign and trade <P> When a team is willing to sign an upcoming free agent , but the player 's current team wants something in return , it might be in the best interest of both clubs to execute a sign - and - trade deal . This occurs when one team signs one of its free agents and immediately trades that player to another team . A sign - and - trade is beneficial to both the player and the teams ; the player receives a bigger contract than he might ordinarily get from a team that he would like to play for , while the trading club gets something in return for a free agent , and the recipient of the trade gets the player they desire . Sign - and - trades are a reality in the NBA because of the CBA 's rules : unlike baseball , where teams losing free agents are compensated with draft picks or cash , NBA teams that lose free agents receive no compensation . </P> <P> When a team initiates a sign - and - trade agreement , it must trade the signed player immediately ; teams can not renege on the arrangement and keep the player for themselves , using the other team 's financial situation to leverage the signee into a more favorable deal for themselves . Also , the contract signed before the trade must be for at least 3 years , with the first year guaranteed . Because of the contract length requirement , the signing team can not use an exception that can not be used to offer a contract of 3 or more years . </P> <P> Since the 2011 CBA , the signed player must have been on the roster of his previous team at the end of the last regular season . Previous agreements allowed teams to sign - and - trade any player to whom they held Bird rights , which do not automatically disappear with a player 's retirement -- for example , in July 2012 , the Los Angeles Lakers still held Bird rights to John Salley , who had not played since 2000 . In the 2007 -- 08 season , two teams used sign - and - trades on players who had been out of the league . The Dallas Mavericks signed Keith Van Horn out of retirement as part of a package to acquire Jason Kidd , and the Lakers did the same with Aaron McKie to facilitate their deal for Pau Gasol . </P> <P> The 2011 CBA put further restrictions on sign - and - trades , with these restrictions maintained in the 2017 CBA . Since the 2013 -- 14 season , the payroll of the receiving team can not exceed the so - called `` apron '' ( as of 2017 -- 18 set at $6 million above the tax line ) as a result of the trade , and a team that has used the taxpayers ' MLE can not receive a player in a sign - and - trade in that season . Additionally , the apron becomes a hard salary cap for the first season after the signing . Teams above the apron before the trade can not receive a player unless the trade leaves the team below the apron . </P> <H2> Trading and the salary cap ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Teams below the salary cap may trade without regard to salary , as long as they do n't end up more than $100,000 above the cap following a trade . </Li> <Li> Teams above the cap ( or teams below the cap but would end up more than $100,000 over the cap following a trade ) can not acquire more than 125 % plus $100,000 of the salary they trade away . Under the 2011 CBA , teams that remain below the luxury tax threshold even after the trade can acquire the lesser of 150 % plus $100,000 , or 100 % plus $5 million , of the salary they trade away . There is no lower limit -- teams may divest themselves of as much salary as they wish ( or can convince another team to take on ) in a trade . </Li> <Li> No free agent signed in the offseason can be traded until December 15 of that year or until three months have passed ( whichever comes later ) , a rule that prevents teams from signing free agents with the intent of using them strictly as trade fodder . For draft picks this moratorium lasts 30 days . </Li> <Li> If teams acquire a player in a trade , they are allowed to trade that player straight - up for another individual player immediately . However , if teams wish to package that player with another and make a trade , they must wait 60 days before doing so . </Li> </Ul> <P> The tight salary - matching rules of the 2005 CBA often required what NBA cap analyst Larry Coon called `` trade ballast '' -- extra players added to a deal solely for salary matching , who would typically be waived by their new teams . Under that CBA , such players were restricted from rejoining their original teams for 30 days during the season or 20 days in the offseason . This led to what Coon called `` wink - wink deals where players are traded with the full expectation of returning later . '' A notable example of such a deal occurred in the 2009 -- 10 season , in which the Cleveland Cavaliers included Zydrunas Ilgauskas in their trade with the Washington Wizards for Antawn Jamison . Ilgauskas was waived a week later without ever appearing in a game for the Wizards , and re-signed with Cleveland after the 30 - day waiting period passed . Since the 2011 CBA , a player acquired in a trade and waived by his new team can not re-sign with his original team until one year after the trade or July 1 after the expiration of his contract , whichever is sooner . </P> <H3> Base year compensation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Certain players in the first few months of a new contract are subject to base year compensation ( BYC ) . The intent of BYC is to prevent teams from re-signing players to salaries specifically targeted to match other salaries in a trade ( in other words , salary should be based on basketball value , not trade value ) . A BYC player 's trade value as outgoing salary is 50 % of his new salary , or his previous salary , whichever is greater . BYC applies only to players who re-sign with their previous team and receive a raise greater than 20 % . It also applies only when ( and as long as ) the team is over the salary cap . Since the 2011 CBA , players subject to BYC can not be traded before January 15 except in a sign - and - trade , and BYC is only applied to outgoing salary in sign - and - trade deals . </P> <H2> Waivers ( edit ) </H2> <P> NBA teams can release a player to the waiver wire , where he can stay for 48 hours ( during the regular season ) . While he is on waivers , other teams may claim him , for his existing salary . If he is not claimed , he is said to have `` cleared waivers '' , and is treated like any free agent , able to sign with any team ( with the special restriction noted above for players who were traded and then waived ) . </P> <P> Players waived after March 1 are not eligible to be on a team 's playoff roster . The deadline was March 23 during the lockout - shortened 2011 -- 12 season . </P> <H2> Released players ( edit ) </H2> <P> Released / waived players with guaranteed contracts continue to be included in their former team 's payroll . Players whose contracts are guaranteed are included in team salary in the amount they made while they were with the team . Players on non-guaranteed `` summer contracts '' are not included in team salary unless they make the regular season roster . </P> <P> If another team signs a released player who had a guaranteed contract ( as long as the player has cleared waivers ) , the player 's original team is allowed to reduce the amount of money they still owe the player ( and lower their team payroll ) by the right of set - off . This is true if the player signs with any professional team -- it does not even have to be an NBA team . The amount the original team gets to set off is limited to one - half the difference between the player 's new salary and a pro-rated share of the minimum salary for a one - year veteran ( if the player is a rookie , then the rookie minimum is used instead ) . </P> <H3> Stretch provision ( edit ) </H3> <P> Both the 2005 and 2011 CBAs contained a so - called `` stretch '' provision regarding payment of guaranteed money to waived players and its effect on the salary cap ; the 2011 provisions were kept in the 2017 CBA . </P> <P> Under the 2005 CBA , players and teams could alter the schedule of payments to waived players by mutual agreement . The remaining guaranteed salary was equally spread across the remaining years of the player 's contract . </P> <P> The 2011 CBA dramatically changed this regime . While contracts signed under the 2005 CBA remained under the original scheme , different rules apply to contracts signed since the 2011 CBA went into effect . Today , when a team waives a player , it can spread the remaining guaranteed salary ( and its accompanying cap hit ) over twice the remaining length of the contract , plus one year . According to Coon , `` if a team has an underperforming player with one season remaining at $12 million , the team can waive him and stretch his salary across three seasons at $4 million per season . '' </P> <H2> Amnesty clause ( edit ) </H2> <P> The NBA Amnesty Clause provided franchises a means of escaping a contractual obligation to a player whose performance falls far short of the extremely large salary they initially agreed to pay him . </P> <P> Under the 2005 CBA , one player could be waived prior to the start of the 2005 -- 06 season and not count toward the luxury tax . Unlike the 2011 CBA , the player still counted under the salary cap . The 2005 amnesty provision was derisively named the `` Allan Houston Rule '' , but his team , the New York Knicks , actually did n't use the measure on Houston -- they instead applied it to Jerome Williams due to Allan Houston later retiring under medical circumstances the same season . Ironically enough , Jerome Williams would retire as well from the NBA just two days after being under the amnesty clause for the Knicks that season . </P> <P> Under the 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) , each franchise is allowed to waive one player prior to the start of any season between the 2011 -- 12 and 2015 -- 16 seasons . The remaining salary still contractually owed will not be included in the salary cap or luxury tax totals of the team terminating his employment . Only players signed prior to the 2011 -- 12 season can be `` amnestied '' . The clause can be exercised during the seven days following the NBA 's July moratorium period on player transactions . The clause 's provisions allow a rival team to claim an amnestied player at a significantly ( often , dramatically ) reduced salary ; the waiving team only has to pay the player the remaining balance . The team with the highest bid acquires the player . If unclaimed , the player becomes a free agent . Teams over the salary cap can only acquire an amnestied player if he becomes a free agent and the offer would be limited to the veteran 's minimum contract . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Season </Td> <Td> Season the amnesty clause was exercised . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Team </Td> <Td> Team that exercised the clause . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Player </Td> <Td> Player that was amnestied by the team . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Next team </Td> <Td> The team the player joined after being amnestied . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bid amount </Td> <Td> The bid amount used by the next team if the player was claimed off waivers . All unclaimed players become free agents . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> * </Td> <Td> Denotes the team claimed the player off waivers ( i.e. he was not a free agent ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Denotes the player was n't selected to join a new team ( i.e. retirement ) and / or was n't bid on . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Players amnestied under the 2005 CBA <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 -- 06 </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks </Td> <Td> Michael Finley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> Brian Grant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers </Td> <Td> Derek Anderson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Orlando Magic </Td> <Td> Doug Christie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> Jerome Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks </Td> <Td> Calvin Booth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston Rockets </Td> <Td> Clarence Weatherspoon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> Aaron McKie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana Pacers </Td> <Td> Reggie Miller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toronto Raptors </Td> <Td> Alonzo Mourning </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> Vin Baker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix Suns </Td> <Td> Howard Eisley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chicago Bulls </Td> <Td> Eddie Robinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit Pistons </Td> <Td> Derrick Coleman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota Timberwolves </Td> <Td> Fred Hoiberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey Nets </Td> <Td> Ron Mercer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> <Td> Wesley Person </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> Troy Bell </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Players amnestied under the 2011 CBA <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Next team </Th> <Th> Bid amount </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 -- 12 </Td> <Td> Orlando Magic </Td> <Td> Gilbert Arenas </Td> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden State Warriors </Td> <Td> Charlie Bell </Td> <Td> Juvecaserta Basket </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> Chauncey Billups </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers * </Td> <Td> $2,000,032 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cleveland Cavaliers </Td> <Td> Baron Davis </Td> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey Nets </Td> <Td> Travis Outlaw </Td> <Td> Sacramento Kings * </Td> <Td> $12,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana Pacers </Td> <Td> James Posey </Td> <Td> N / A ( Retired ) </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Portland Trail Blazers </Td> <Td> Brandon Roy </Td> <Td> Minnesota Timberwolves </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 -- 13 </Td> <Td> Philadelphia 76ers </Td> <Td> Elton Brand </Td> <Td> Dallas Mavericks * </Td> <Td> $2,100,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota Timberwolves </Td> <Td> Darko Miličić </Td> <Td> Boston Celtics </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dallas Mavericks </Td> <Td> Brendan Haywood </Td> <Td> Charlotte Bobcats * </Td> <Td> $2,000,500 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston Rockets </Td> <Td> Luis Scola </Td> <Td> Phoenix Suns * </Td> <Td> $13,500,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoenix Suns </Td> <Td> Josh Childress </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Nets </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington Wizards </Td> <Td> Andray Blatche </Td> <Td> Brooklyn Nets </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denver Nuggets </Td> <Td> Chris Andersen </Td> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles Clippers </Td> <Td> Ryan Gomes </Td> <Td> Artland Dragons </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 -- 14 </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers </Td> <Td> Metta World Peace </Td> <Td> New York Knicks </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlotte Bobcats </Td> <Td> Tyrus Thomas </Td> <Td> Iowa Energy </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Milwaukee Bucks </Td> <Td> Drew Gooden </Td> <Td> Washington Wizards </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Toronto Raptors </Td> <Td> Linas Kleiza </Td> <Td> Fenerbahçe Ülker </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miami Heat </Td> <Td> Mike Miller </Td> <Td> Memphis Grizzlies </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 -- 15 </Td> <Td> Chicago Bulls </Td> <Td> Carlos Boozer </Td> <Td> Los Angeles Lakers * </Td> <Td> $3,200,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Note </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Posey would be retired from the NBA before he could find another team that he could play for , with him taking on an assistant coaching role for the Canton Charge in the D - League in the 2013 -- 14 season . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy initially retired from basketball due to persistent knee injuries and was then amnestied by Portland . However , after a year of inactivity , he returned to the NBA . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ For the purposes of the over-38 rule only , seasons start on October 1 . A player 's age for a contract year is considered to be his age as of September 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Average player salaries for a season are not determined until the NBA completes its annual audit in July . Because the free agency period starts before the actual average salary for the just - finished season is available , the league uses an `` estimated average salary '' , fixed in the CBA at 104.5 % of the most recent audited average salary ( from one season before the just - finished one ) , to determine cap holds , Early Bird exception amounts , and salaries for reinstated players until the audited numbers become available . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For the 2011 -- 12 season , that period was December 9 -- 16 , 2011 , due to the delayed start of the season after the lockout . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Salary cap for 2015 - 16 season jumps to $70 million '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NBA salary cap for 2016 - 17 set at $94.143 million '' . NBA.com . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Set for 2017 - 18 Season at $99.093 Million '' . NBA . Retrieved February 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Broussard , Chris ( October 7 , 2011 ) . `` Sources : Meeting before deadline off '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` Billy Hunter sends players memo on BRI '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( November 28 , 2011 ) . `` Breaking down changes in new CBA '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA , players ratify new collective bargaining agreement '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved January 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( December 20 , 2016 ) . `` Answering your questions about the new collective bargaining agreement '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NBA , Players ' Association Reach Agreement on New CBA '' . Heat Hoops . December 14 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA - Salary Cap History - RealGM '' . basketball.realgm.com . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History - Basketball-Reference.com '' . Basketball-Reference.com . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Inflation Calculator '' . US Inflation Calculator . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salary Cap for 2008 -- 9 Season '' . NBA.com . July 9 , 2008 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NBA salary cap set for 2009 -- 10 season '' . NBA.com . July 7 , 2009 . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2010 . Retrieved July 18 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA salary cap for 2012 - 13 season set at $58.044 million '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . July 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ '' . www.cbafaq.com . Retrieved 30 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ '' . cbafaq.com . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( November 27 , 2011 ) . `` New NBA deal may curtail Lakers ' free - spending ways '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ( July 10 , 2013 ) . `` Lakers to pay hefty luxury tax '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freeman , Eric ( July 11 , 2013 ) . `` Andrei Kirilenko joins the Brooklyn Nets , who will pay $186 million for their roster next season '' . Ball Do n't Lie . Yahoo ! Sports . Retrieved July 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry . `` 25 . What are salary cap exceptions ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 82 . What is a Two - Way player ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 83 . Can a Two - Way player be converted to a regular NBA player ? Can a regular NBA player be converted to a Two - Way player ? What is Exhibit 10 ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved June 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Beck , Howard ( June 29 , 2012 ) . `` Deal Gives Knicks Lift in Effort to Re-Sign Lin '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Beck , Howard ( June 22 , 2012 ) . `` Lin Granted Early - Bird Rights '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adams , Luke ( March 31 , 2017 ) . `` Projecting Maximum Salary Contracts For 2017 / 18 '' . HoopsRumors.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( 2012 ) ; `` NBA Salary Cap / Collective Bargaining Agreement FAQ '' - Salary Restrictions . Retrieved July 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Splitter : The Difference '' . ESPN.com. April 23 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` 48 . What about second round draft picks ? What rules do they operate under ? '' . cbafaq.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coon , Larry . `` 47 . First round draft picks operate under a different set of rules ? '' . cbafaq.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( 2012 ) ; `` NBA Salary Cap / Collective Bargaining Agreement FAQ '' - Contract Extensions . Accessed 27th July 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( 2012 ) ; `` NBA Salary Cap / Collective Bargaining Agreement FAQ 58 : Rookie scale contract extensions . '' Accessed 27th July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Derrick Rose eager for season to start '' . ESPNChicago.com . ESPN Internet Ventures . November 29 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Entire list of players eligible for Higher Max Contract -- Accessed 25th July , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ESPN -- `` Derrick Rose Eager for Season to Start '' -- Accessed 27th July 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Twitter discussion with Larry Coon ( author of the CBA FAQ ) who clarified the distinction between 25 % / 5 DPs and 30 % / 5 DPs who had failed to meet the criteria . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Feldman , Dan NBCSports.com `` Report : Paul George , Pacers finalizing five - year max contract '' Accessed 23rd September 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Durant , LeBron headline 2013 - 14 All - NBA First Team '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . June 4 , 2014 . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article II , Section 7 ( a ) ( i ) ( B ) : Maximum Annual Salary '' ( PDF ) . 2017 NBA Collective Bargaining Agreement . National Basketball Players Association . p. 36 . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greenberg , Jon ESPN.com ( 1 ) accessed 1st July 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBS - Wizards agree to 5 year deal for Wall -- Accessed 1 August 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian . `` Kevin Love unsure about Timberwolves ' future '' Yahoo.com . Accessed 30th September 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stein , Marc ; Broussard , Chris ( January 25 , 2012 ) . `` Kevin Love , Wolves agree to deal '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on January 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBA FAQ : Rookie Scale Contract Extensions accessed July 25th , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ SBNation : `` NBA 's bizarre decisions around Kevin Durant 's contract '' - accessed 25th July , 2013 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( February 20 , 2017 ) . `` DeMarcus Cousins trade FAQ : Key questions on huge deal '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Windhorst , Brian ( May 19 , 2017 ) . `` James Harden , John Wall eligible for max extensions under new CBA '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Youngmisuk , Ohm ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` It 's unanimous : LeBron James , James Harden voted All - NBA ; it 's the 12th time for LeBron '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( July 1 , 2017 ) . `` Stephen Curry 's supermax deal becomes richest in NBA history '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ; Windhorst , Brian ( July 8 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Supermax extension to pay James Harden record $228 M through 2022 - 23 '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Wall agrees to four - year , $170 M extension with Wizards , source says '' . ESPN.com . July 22 , 2017 . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wojnarowski , Adrian ( September 29 , 2017 ) . `` Russell Westbrook signs 5 - year , $205 M extension with Thunder '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved September 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry . `` 56 . What is the `` Over-38 '' rule ? `` . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Most Popular E-mail Newsletter '' . USA Today . December 1 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( February 12 , 2012 ) . `` Knicks Can Keep Their Breakout Star '' . The New York Times . p . SP3 . Retrieved February 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Neil , Danny ( July 6 , 2012 ) . `` NBA 's poison - pill provision a reminder of Seahawks ' Hutchinson debacle '' . The Seattle Times . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Manfred , Tony ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` A Quick Explanation Of The ' Poison Pill ' Contract That Could Stop The Knicks From Signing Jeremy Lin '' . businessinsider.com . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hu , Janny ( June 23 , 2005 ) . `` Final looks in store for Warrick , Granger '' . San Francisco Chronicle . p . D - 3 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hawks letter names Paul , Howard '' . ESPN.com . June 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on June 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beck , Howard ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` With Eye on Williams , Nets to Acquire Johnson '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morales , Robert ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Adam Silver says ' DeAndre Jordan rule ' easy to come by '' . Los Angeles Daily News . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duarte , Michael ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` NBA Announces ' DeAndre Jordan Rule ' on Free Agent Moratorium '' . NBCLosAngeles.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` 38 . How much do free agents count toward team salary ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` 32 . How is `` average salary '' defined ? `` . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Coon , Larry ( June 30 , 2017 ) . `` 92 . Can a free agent be signed and immediately traded ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coon , Larry ( January 15 , 2014 ) . `` 101 . How are teams able to trade players who are out of the league , like Dallas did with Keith Van Horn ? '' . NBA Salary Cap FAQ . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helin , Kurt ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` Winderman : Still time to add good player ( or Eddy Curry ) to playoff roster '' . NBCSports.com . Retrieved April 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aldridge , David ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` No amnesty from preseason speculation engulfing league '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA Board of Governors ratify 10 - year CBA '' ( Press release ) . National Basketball Association . December 8 , 2011 . Archived from the original on December 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bresnahan , Mike ( December 14 , 2011 ) . `` Lakers upset with Chris Paul 's trade to Clippers '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` List of NBA Players Waived in 2005 Under `` Allan Houston Rule '' Amnesty Clause `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stein , Mark ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Mavericks claim Elton Brand '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Remme , Mark ( July 12 , 2012 ) . `` Wolves Waive Darko Milicic '' . NBA.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caplan , Jeff . `` Mavs officially use amnesty on Brendan Haywood '' . ESPN.com . Archived from the original on July 12 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Suns claim Luis Scola off waiver wire , amnesty Josh Childress '' . SI.com . Associated Press . July 16 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Young , Royce . `` Suns claim Luis Scola off waiver wire , amnesty Josh Childress '' . CBSsports.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peay , Carla . `` Wizards release Andray Blatche using amnesty clause '' . washingtontimes.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nuggets waive F / C Chris Andersen under amnesty provision '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 17 , 2012 . Retrieved July 17 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clippers waive Gomes as amnesty player '' . NBA.com . Turner Sports Interactive , Inc . July 18 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2012 . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Los Angeles Lakers waive Metta World Peace under amnesty clause '' . ESPN . July 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reports : Bobcats to use amnesty clause on Tyrus Thomas '' . Sports Illustrated . July 4 , 2013 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBA Free Agency rumors '' . SB Nation . July 17 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Raptors to amnesty Linas Kleiza '' . Yahoo !. July 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heat designate Mike Miller amnesty '' . Yahoo !. July 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , K.C. ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` Bulls use amnesty provision on Boozer '' . Chicago Tribune . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> NBA Salary Cap FAQ by Larry Coon </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> National Basketball Association </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eastern Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Atlantic </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Boston Celtics </Dd> <Dd> Brooklyn Nets </Dd> <Dd> New York Knicks </Dd> <Dd> Philadelphia 76ers </Dd> <Dd> Toronto Raptors </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Chicago Bulls </Dd> <Dd> Cleveland Cavaliers </Dd> <Dd> Detroit Pistons </Dd> <Dd> Indiana Pacers </Dd> <Dd> Milwaukee Bucks </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Atlanta Hawks </Dd> <Dd> Charlotte Hornets </Dd> <Dd> Miami Heat </Dd> <Dd> Orlando Magic </Dd> <Dd> Washington Wizards </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Western Conference </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Northwest </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Denver Nuggets </Dd> <Dd> Minnesota Timberwolves </Dd> <Dd> Oklahoma City Thunder </Dd> <Dd> Portland Trail Blazers </Dd> <Dd> Utah Jazz </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pacific </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Golden State Warriors </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Clippers </Dd> <Dd> Los Angeles Lakers </Dd> <Dd> Phoenix Suns </Dd> <Dd> Sacramento Kings </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southwest </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Dallas Mavericks </Dd> <Dd> Houston Rockets </Dd> <Dd> Memphis Grizzlies </Dd> <Dd> New Orleans Pelicans </Dd> <Dd> San Antonio Spurs </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annual events </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Draft <Dl> <Dd> Eligibility </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Summer League </Dd> <Dd> Christmas Day </Dd> <Dd> All - 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coaches </Dd> <Dd> Champions </Dd> <Dd> Foreign coaches </Dd> <Dd> NBCA </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Owners </Dd> <Dd> Referees </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards and honors </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Larry O'Brien Trophy </Dd> <Dd> NBA Awards <Dl> <Dd> NBA MVP </Dd> <Dd> Finals MVP </Dd> <Dd> All - Star Game MVP </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Hall of Fame <Dl> <Dd> Members </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> NBA Silver Anniversary Team </Dd> <Dd> NBA 35th Anniversary Team </Dd> <Dd> 50 Greatest Players </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Dl> <Dd> Arenas </Dd> <Dd> Business <Dl> <Dd> Collective bargaining agreement </Dd> <Dd> Salary cap </Dd> <Dd> NBA Store </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Culture <Dl> <Dd> Cheerleading </Dd> <Dd> Mascots </Dd> <Dd> Dress code </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> G League </Dd> <Dd> Midwest Division </Dd> <Dd> Media <Dl> <Dd> TV </Dd> <Dd> NBA TV </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> Rivalries </Dd> <Dd> Teams <Dl> <Dd> Defunct </Dd> <Dd> Expansion </Dd> <Dd> Relocated </Dd> <Dd> Timeline </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> WNBA </Dd> <Dd> Basketball in the United States </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> Portal </Dd> <Dd> 2018 -- 19 season </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NBA_salary_cap&oldid=853960604 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> National Basketball Association labor relations </Li> <Li> Income of sportspeople </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using Timeline </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 August 2018 , at 01 : 48 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Alkaline earth metal - wikipedia <H1> Alkaline earth metal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Alkali metal . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Alkaline earth metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Hydrogen </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> Helium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithium </Td> <Td> Beryllium </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Boron </Td> <Td> Carbon </Td> <Td> Nitrogen </Td> <Td> Oxygen </Td> <Td> Fluorine </Td> <Td> Neon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sodium </Td> <Td> Magnesium </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Aluminium </Td> <Td> Silicon </Td> <Td> Phosphorus </Td> <Td> Sulfur </Td> <Td> Chlorine </Td> <Td> Argon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potassium </Td> <Td> Calcium </Td> <Td> Scandium </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Titanium </Td> <Td> Vanadium </Td> <Td> Chromium </Td> <Td> Manganese </Td> <Td> Iron </Td> <Td> Cobalt </Td> <Td> Nickel </Td> <Td> Copper </Td> <Td> Zinc </Td> <Td> Gallium </Td> <Td> Germanium </Td> <Td> Arsenic </Td> <Td> Selenium </Td> <Td> Bromine </Td> <Td> Krypton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubidium </Td> <Td> Strontium </Td> <Td> Yttrium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> </Td> <Td> Zirconium </Td> <Td> Niobium </Td> <Td> Molybdenum </Td> <Td> Technetium </Td> <Td> Ruthenium </Td> <Td> Rhodium </Td> <Td> Palladium </Td> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> Cadmium </Td> <Td> Indium </Td> <Td> Tin </Td> <Td> Antimony </Td> <Td> Tellurium </Td> <Td> Iodine </Td> <Td> Xenon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caesium </Td> <Td> Barium </Td> <Td> Lanthanum </Td> <Td> Cerium </Td> <Td> Praseodymium </Td> <Td> Neodymium </Td> <Td> Promethium </Td> <Td> Samarium </Td> <Td> Europium </Td> <Td> Gadolinium </Td> <Td> Terbium </Td> <Td> Dysprosium </Td> <Td> Holmium </Td> <Td> Erbium </Td> <Td> Thulium </Td> <Td> Ytterbium </Td> <Td> Lutetium </Td> <Td> Hafnium </Td> <Td> Tantalum </Td> <Td> Tungsten </Td> <Td> Rhenium </Td> <Td> Osmium </Td> <Td> Iridium </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> Mercury ( element ) </Td> <Td> Thallium </Td> <Td> Lead </Td> <Td> Bismuth </Td> <Td> Polonium </Td> <Td> Astatine </Td> <Td> Radon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francium </Td> <Td> Radium </Td> <Td> Actinium </Td> <Td> Thorium </Td> <Td> Protactinium </Td> <Td> Uranium </Td> <Td> Neptunium </Td> <Td> Plutonium </Td> <Td> Americium </Td> <Td> Curium </Td> <Td> Berkelium </Td> <Td> Californium </Td> <Td> Einsteinium </Td> <Td> Fermium </Td> <Td> Mendelevium </Td> <Td> Nobelium </Td> <Td> Lawrencium </Td> <Td> Rutherfordium </Td> <Td> Dubnium </Td> <Td> Seaborgium </Td> <Td> Bohrium </Td> <Td> Hassium </Td> <Td> Meitnerium </Td> <Td> Darmstadtium </Td> <Td> Roentgenium </Td> <Td> Copernicium </Td> <Td> Nihonium </Td> <Td> Flerovium </Td> <Td> Moscovium </Td> <Td> Livermorium </Td> <Td> Tennessine </Td> <Td> Oganesson </Td> </Tr> </Table> alkali metals ← → group 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> IUPAC group number </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name by element </Td> <Td> beryllium group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trivial name </Td> <Td> alkaline earth metals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CAS group number ( US , pattern A-B-A ) </Td> <Td> IIA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> old IUPAC number ( Europe , pattern A-B ) </Td> <Td> IIA </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ↓ Period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Beryllium ( Be ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Magnesium ( Mg ) 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Calcium ( Ca ) 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Strontium ( Sr ) 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Barium ( Ba ) 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Radium ( Ra ) 88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Legend <Table> <Tr> <Td> primordial element </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> element by radioactive decay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atomic number color : black = solid </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The alkaline earth metals are six chemical elements in group 2 of the periodic table . They are beryllium ( Be ) , magnesium ( Mg ) , calcium ( Ca ) , strontium ( Sr ) , barium ( Ba ) , and radium ( Ra ) . The elements have very similar properties : they are all shiny , silvery - white , somewhat reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure . </P> <P> Structurally , they have in common an outer s - electron shell which is full ; that is , this orbital contains its full complement of two electrons , which these elements readily lose to form cations with charge + 2 , and an oxidation state of + 2 . </P> <P> All the discovered alkaline earth metals occur in nature . Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of element 120 , the next potential member of the group , but they have all met with failure . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Characteristics <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Chemical <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Compounds and reactions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Physical and atomic <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Nuclear stability </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2.2 Discovery <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Beryllium </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 Magnesium </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Calcium </Li> <Li> 2.2. 4 Strontium </Li> <Li> 2.2. 5 Barium </Li> <Li> 2.2. 6 Radium </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Occurrence </Li> <Li> 4 Production </Li> <Li> 5 Applications </Li> <Li> 6 Biological role and precautions </Li> <Li> 7 Extensions </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Characteristics ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Chemical ( edit ) </H3> <P> As with other groups , the members of this family show patterns in their electronic configuration , especially the outermost shells , resulting in trends in chemical behavior : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Z </Th> <Th> Element </Th> <Th> No. of electrons / shell </Th> <Th> Electron configuration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> beryllium </Td> <Td> 2 , 2 </Td> <Td> ( He ) 2s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> magnesium </Td> <Td> 2 , 8 , 2 </Td> <Td> ( Ne ) 3s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> calcium </Td> <Td> 2 , 8 , 8 , 2 </Td> <Td> ( Ar ) 4s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> strontium </Td> <Td> 2 , 8 , 18 , 8 , 2 </Td> <Td> ( Kr ) 5s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> barium </Td> <Td> 2 , 8 , 18 , 18 , 8 , 2 </Td> <Td> ( Xe ) 6s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> radium </Td> <Td> 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 18 , 8 , 2 </Td> <Td> ( Rn ) 7s </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group . The chemistry of radium is not well - established due to its radioactivity ; thus , the presentation of its properties here is limited . </P> <P> The alkaline earth metals are all silver - colored and soft , and have relatively low densities , melting points , and boiling points . In chemical terms , all of the alkaline metals react with the halogens to form the alkaline earth metal halides , all of which are ionic crystalline compounds ( except for beryllium chloride , which is covalent ) . All the alkaline earth metals except beryllium also react with water to form strongly alkaline hydroxides and , thus , should be handled with great care . The heavier alkaline earth metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones . The alkaline metals have the second - lowest first ionization energies in their respective periods of the periodic table because of their somewhat low effective nuclear charges and the ability to attain a full outer shell configuration by losing just two electrons . The second ionization energy of all of the alkaline metals is also somewhat low . </P> <P> Beryllium is an exception : It does not react with water or steam , and its halides are covalent . If beryllium did form compounds with an ionization state of + 2 , it would polarize electron clouds that are near it very strongly and would cause extensive orbital overlap , since beryllium has a high charge density . All compounds that include beryllium have a covalent bond . Even the compound beryllium fluoride , which is the most ionic beryllium compound , has a low melting point and a low electrical conductivity when melted . </P> <P> All the alkaline earth metals have two electrons in their valence shell , so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled electron shell is to lose two electrons to form doubly charged positive ions . </P> Compounds and reactions ( edit ) <P> The alkaline earth metals all react with the halogens to form ionic halides , such as calcium chloride ( CaCl 2 ) , as well as reacting with oxygen to form oxides such as strontium oxide ( SrO ) . Calcium , strontium , and barium react with water to produce hydrogen gas and their respective hydroxides , and also undergo transmetalation reactions to exchange ligands . </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> Alkaline earth metals fluorides solubility - related constants <Tr> <Th> Metal </Th> <Th> HE </Th> <Th> HE </Th> <Th> `` MF '' unit HE </Th> <Th> MF lattice energies </Th> <Th> Solubility </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Be </Td> <Td> 2,455 </Td> <Td> 458 </Td> <Td> 3,371 </Td> <Td> 3,526 </Td> <Td> soluble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mg </Td> <Td> 1,922 </Td> <Td> 458 </Td> <Td> 2,838 </Td> <Td> 2,978 </Td> <Td> 0.0012 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ca </Td> <Td> 1,577 </Td> <Td> 458 </Td> <Td> 2,493 </Td> <Td> 2,651 </Td> <Td> 0.0002 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sr </Td> <Td> 1,415 </Td> <Td> 458 </Td> <Td> 2,331 </Td> <Td> 2,513 </Td> <Td> 0.0008 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ba </Td> <Td> 1,361 </Td> <Td> 458 </Td> <Td> 2,277 </Td> <Td> 2,373 </Td> <Td> 0.006 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Physical and atomic ( edit ) </H3> <P> The table below is a summary of the key physical and atomic properties of the alkaline earth metals . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alkaline earth metal </Th> <Th> Standard atomic weight ( u ) </Th> <Th> Melting point ( K ) </Th> <Th> Melting point ( ° C ) </Th> <Th> Boiling point ( K ) </Th> <Th> Boiling point ( ° C ) </Th> <Th> Density ( g / cm ) </Th> <Th> Electronegativity ( Pauling ) </Th> <Th> First ionization energy ( kJ mol ) </Th> <Th> Covalent radius ( pm ) </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Flame test color </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beryllium </Td> <Td> 9.012182 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1560 </Td> <Td> 1287 </Td> <Td> 2742 </Td> <Td> 2469 </Td> <Td> 1.85 </Td> <Td> 1.57 </Td> <Td> 899.5 </Td> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> White </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Magnesium </Td> <Td> 24.3050 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 923 </Td> <Td> 650 </Td> <Td> 1363 </Td> <Td> 1090 </Td> <Td> 1.738 </Td> <Td> 1.31 </Td> <Td> 737.7 </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> Brilliant - white </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calcium </Td> <Td> 40.078 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1115 </Td> <Td> 842 </Td> <Td> 1757 </Td> <Td> 1484 </Td> <Td> 1.54 </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> <Td> 589.8 </Td> <Td> 180 </Td> <Td> Brick - red </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strontium </Td> <Td> 87.62 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1050 </Td> <Td> 777 </Td> <Td> 1655 </Td> <Td> 1382 </Td> <Td> 2.64 </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> <Td> 549.5 </Td> <Td> 200 </Td> <Td> Crimson </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Barium </Td> <Td> 137.327 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 1000 </Td> <Td> 727 </Td> <Td> 2170 </Td> <Td> 1897 </Td> <Td> 3.594 </Td> <Td> 0.89 </Td> <Td> 502.9 </Td> <Td> 215 </Td> <Td> Apple - green </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Radium </Td> <Td> ( 226 ) </Td> <Td> 973 </Td> <Td> 700 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1737 </Td> <Td> 5.5 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 509.3 </Td> <Td> 221 </Td> <Td> Crimson red </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Nuclear stability ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Of the six alkaline earth metals , beryllium , calcium , barium , and radium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope ; magnesium and strontium do not . Beryllium - 7 , beryllium - 10 , and calcium - 41 are trace radioisotopes ; calcium - 48 and barium - 130 have very long half - lives and thus occur naturally on earth ; and all isotopes of radium are radioactive . Calcium - 48 is the lightest nuclide to undergo double beta decay . Calcium and barium are weakly radioactive : calcium contains about 0.1874 % cacium - 41 , and barium contains about 0.1062 % barium - 130 . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Etymology ( edit ) </H3> <P> The alkaline earth metals are named after their oxides , the alkaline earths , whose old - fashioned names were beryllia , magnesia , lime , strontia , and baryta . These oxides are basic ( alkaline ) when combined with water . `` Earth '' is an old term applied by early chemists to nonmetallic substances that are insoluble in water and resistant to heating -- properties shared by these oxides . The realization that these earths were not elements but compounds is attributed to the chemist Antoine Lavoisier . In his Traité Élémentaire de Chimie ( Elements of Chemistry ) of 1789 he called them salt - forming earth elements . Later , he suggested that the alkaline earths might be metal oxides , but admitted that this was mere conjecture . In 1808 , acting on Lavoisier 's idea , Humphry Davy became the first to obtain samples of the metals by electrolysis of their molten earths , thus supporting Lavoisier 's hypothesis and causing the group to be named the alkaline earth metals . </P> <H3> Discovery ( edit ) </H3> <P> The calcium compounds calcite and lime have been known and used since prehistoric times . The same is true for the beryllium compounds beryl and emerald . The other compounds of the alkaline earth metals were discovered starting in the early 15th century . The magnesium compound magnesium sulfate was first discovered in 1618 by a farmer at Epsom in England . Strontium carbonate was discovered in minerals in the Scottish village of Strontian in 1790 . The last element is the least abundant : radioactive radium , which was extracted from uraninite in 1898 . </P> <P> All elements except beryllium were isolated by electrolysis of molten compounds . Magnesium , calcium , and strontium were first produced by Humphry Davy in 1808 , whereas beryllium was independently isolated by Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy in 1828 by reacting beryllium compounds with potassium . In 1910 , radium was isolated as a pure metal by Curie and André - Louis Debierne also by electrolysis . </P> Beryllium ( edit ) Emerald , a variety of beryl , the mineral that beryllium was first known to be in . <P> Beryl , a mineral that contains beryllium , has been known since the time of the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Egypt . Although it was originally thought that beryl was an aluminium silicate , beryl was later found to contain a then - unknown element when , in 1797 , Louis - Nicolas Vauquelin dissolved aluminium hydroxide from beryl in an alkali . In 1828 , Friedrich Wöhler and Antoine Bussy independently isolated this new element , beryllium , by the same method , which involved a reaction of beryllium chloride with metallic potassium ; this reaction was not able to produce large ingots of beryllium . It was not until 1898 , when Paul Lebeau performed an electrolysis of a mixture of beryllium fluoride and sodium fluoride , that large pure samples of beryllium were produced . </P> Magnesium ( edit ) <P> Magnesium was first produced by Sir Humphry Davy in England in 1808 using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and mercuric oxide . Antoine Bussy prepared it in coherent form in 1831 . Davy 's first suggestion for a name was magnium , but the name magnesium is now used . </P> Calcium ( edit ) <P> Lime has been used as a material for building since 7000 to 14,000 BCE , and kilns used for lime have been dated to 2,500 BCE in Khafaja , Mesopotamia . Calcium as a material has been known since at least the first century , as the ancient Romans were known to have used calcium oxide by preparing it from lime . Calcium sulfate has been known to be able to set broken bones since the tenth century . Calcium itself , however , was not isolated until 1808 , when Humphry Davy , in England , used electrolysis on a mixture of lime and mercuric oxide , after hearing that Jöns Jakob Berzelius had prepared a calcium amalgam from the electrolysis of lime in mercury . </P> Strontium ( edit ) <P> In 1790 , physician Adair Crawford , who had been working with barium , realized that Strontian ores showed different properties than other supposed ores of barium . Therefore , he concluded that these ores contained new minerals , which were named strontites in 1793 by Thomas Charles Hope , a chemistry professor at the University of Glasgow , who confirmed Crawford 's discovery . Strontium was eventually isolated in 1808 by Sir Humphry Davy by electrolysis of a mixture of strontium chloride and mercuric oxide . The discovery was announced by Davy on 30 June 1808 at a lecture to the Royal Society . </P> Barium ( edit ) Barite , the material that was first found to contain barium . <P> Barite , a mineral containing barium , was first recognized as containing a new element in 1774 by Carl Scheele , although he was able to isolate only barium oxide . Barium oxide was isolated again two years later by Johan Gottlieb Gahn . Later in the 18th century , William Withering noticed a heavy mineral in the Cumberland lead mines , which are now known to contain barium . Barium itself was finally isolated in 1808 when Sir Humphry Davy used electrolysis with molten salts , and Davy named the element barium , after baryta . Later , Robert Bunsen and Augustus Matthiessen isolated pure barium by electrolysis of a mixture of barium chloride and ammonium chloride . </P> Radium ( edit ) <P> While studying uraninite , on 21 December 1898 , Marie and Pierre Curie discovered that , even after uranium had decayed , the material created was still radioactive . The material behaved somewhat similarly to barium compounds , although some properties , such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines , were much different . They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the French Academy of Sciences . Radium was named in 1899 from the word radius , meaning ray , as radium emitted power in the form of rays . </P> <H2> Occurrence ( edit ) </H2> Series of alkaline earth metals . <P> Beryllium occurs in the earth 's crust at a concentration of two to six parts per million ( ppm ) , much of which is in soils , where it has a concentration of six ppm . Beryllium is one of the rarest elements in seawater , even rarer than elements such as scandium , with a concentration of 0.2 parts per trillion . However , in freshwater , beryllium is somewhat more common , with a concentration of 0.1 parts per billion . </P> <P> Magnesium and calcium are very common in the earth 's crust , with calcium the fifth-most - abundant element , and magnesium the eighth . None of the alkaline earth metals are found in their elemental state , but magnesium and calcium are found in many rocks and minerals : magnesium in carnallite , magnesite , and dolomite ; and calcium in chalk , limestone , gypsum , and anhydrite . </P> <P> Strontium is the fifteenth-most - abundant element in the Earth 's crust . Most strontium is found in the minerals celestite and strontianite . Barium is slightly less common , much of it in the mineral barite . </P> <P> Radium , being a decay product of uranium , is found in all uranium - bearing ores . Due to its relatively short half - life , radium from the Earth 's early history has decayed , and present - day samples have all come from the much slower decay of uranium . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Emerald , a variety of beryl , is a naturally occurring compound of beryllium . <P> Most beryllium is extracted from beryllium hydroxide . One production method is sintering , done by mixing beryl , sodium fluorosilicate , and soda at high temperatures to form sodium fluoroberyllate , aluminium oxide , and silicon dioxide . A solution of sodium fluoroberyllate and sodium hydroxide in water is then used to form beryllium hydroxide by precipitation . Alternatively , in the melt method , powdered beryl is heated to high temperature , cooled with water , then heated again slightly in sulfuric acid , eventually yielding beryllium hydroxide . The beryllium hydroxide from either method then produces beryllium fluoride and beryllium chloride through a somewhat long process . Electrolysis or heating of these compounds can then produce beryllium . </P> <P> In general , strontium carbonate is extracted from the mineral celestite through two methods : by leaching the celestite with sodium carbonate , or in a more complicated way involving coal . </P> <P> To produce barium , barite ore is separated from quartz , sometimes by froth flotation methods , resulting in relatively pure barite . Carbon is then used to reduce the baryte into barium sulfide , which is dissolved with other elements to form other compounds , such as barium nitrate . These in turn are thermally decompressed into barium oxide , which eventually yields pure barium after a reaction with aluminium . The most important supplier of barium is China , which produces more than 50 % of world supply . </P> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> <P> Beryllium is used mostly for military applications , but there are other uses of beryllium , as well . In electronics , beryllium is used as a p - type dopant in some semiconductors , and beryllium oxide is used as a high - strength electrical insulator and heat conductor . Due to its light weight and other properties , beryllium is also used in mechanics when stiffness , light weight , and dimensional stability are required at wide temperature ranges . </P> <P> Magnesium has many different uses . One of its most common uses was in industry , where it has many structural advantages over other materials such as aluminium , although this usage has fallen out of favor recently due to magnesium 's flammability . Magnesium is also often alloyed with aluminium or zinc to form materials with more desirable properties than any pure metal . Magnesium has many other uses in industrial applications , such as having a role in the production of iron and steel , and the production of titanium . </P> <P> Calcium also has many uses . One of its uses is as a reducing agent in the separation of other metals from ore , such as uranium . It is also used in the production of the alloys of many metals , such as aluminium and copper alloys , and is also used to deoxidize alloys as well . Calcium also has a role in the making of cheese , mortars , and cement . </P> <P> Strontium and barium do not have as many applications as the lighter alkaline earth metals , but still have uses . Strontium carbonate is often used in the manufacturing of red fireworks , and pure strontium is used in the study of neurotransmitter release in neurons . Barium has some use in vacuum tubes to remove gases , and barium sulfate has many uses in the petroleum industry , as well as other industries . </P> <P> Due to its radioactivity , radium no longer has many applications , but it used to have many . Radium used to be used often in luminous paints , although this use was stopped after workers got sick . As people used to think that radioactivity was a good thing , radium used to be added to drinking water , toothpaste , and many other products , although they are also not used anymore due to their health effects . Radium is no longer even used for its radioactive properties , as there are more powerful and safer emitters than radium . </P> <H2> Biological role and precautions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( January 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Magnesium and calcium are ubiquitous and essential to all known living organisms . They are involved in more than one role , with , for example , magnesium or calcium ion pumps playing a role in some cellular processes , magnesium functioning as the active center in some enzymes , and calcium salts taking a structural role , most notably in bones . </P> <P> Strontium plays an important role in marine aquatic life , especially hard corals , which use strontium to build their exoskeletons . It and barium have some uses in medicine , for example `` barium meals '' in radiographic imaging , whilst strontium compounds are employed in some toothpastes . Excessive amounts of strontium - 90 are toxic due to its radioactivity and strontium - 90 mimics calcium and then can kill . </P> <P> Beryllium and radium , however , are toxic . Beryllium 's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems ; it has no known role in living organisms and , when encountered by them , is usually highly toxic . Radium has a low availability and is highly radioactive , making it toxic to life . </P> <H2> Extensions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The next alkaline earth metal after radium is thought to be element 120 , although this may not be true due to relativistic effects . The synthesis of element 120 was first attempted in March 2007 , when a team at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions in Dubna bombarded plutonium - 244 with iron - 58 ions ; however , no atoms were produced , leading to a limit of 400 fb for the cross-section at the energy studied . In April 2007 , a team at the GSI attempted to create element 120 by bombarding uranium - 238 with nickel - 64 , although no atoms were detected , leading to a limit of 1.6 pb for the reaction . Synthesis was again attempted at higher sensitivities , although no atoms were detected . Other reactions have been tried , although all have been met with failure . </P> <P> The chemistry of element 120 is predicted to be closer to that of calcium or strontium instead of barium or radium . This is unusual as periodic trends would predict element 120 to be more reactive than barium and radium . This lowered reactivity is due to the expected energies of element 120 's valence electrons , increasing element 120 's ionization energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii . </P> <P> Although simple extrapolation would put element 170 as the next member of this series , calculations suggest that the next element of this series might actually be element 166 . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Noble gas notation is used for conciseness ; the nearest noble gas that precedes the element in question is written first , and then the electron configuration is continued from that point forward . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Energies are given in − kJ / mol , solubilities in mol / L ; HE means `` hydration energy '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The number given in parentheses refers to the measurement uncertainty . This uncertainty applies to the least significant figure ( s ) of the number prior to the parenthesized value ( i.e. , counting from rightmost digit to left ) . For instance , 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ( 7 ) stands for 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ± 0.000 07 , whereas 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ( 72 ) stands for 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ± 0.000 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The element does not have any stable nuclides , and a value in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest - lived isotope of the element . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The color of the flame test of pure radium has never been observed ; the crimson - red color is an extrapolation from the flame test color of its compounds . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 2005 ) . Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry ( IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ) . Cambridge ( UK ) : RSC -- IUPAC . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8 . pp. 51 . Electronic version ... </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Royal Society of Chemistry . `` Visual Elements : Group 2 -- The Alkaline Earth Metals '' . Visual Elements . 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( c. 2006 ) . `` transuranium element ( chemical element ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Archived from the original on 30 November 2010 . Retrieved 16 March 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Weeks , Mary Elvira ; Leichester , Henry M. ( 1968 ) . Discovery of the Elements . Easton , PA : Journal of Chemical Education . LCCCN 68 - 15217 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Group 2 -- Alkaline Earth Metals , Royal Chemistry Society . </Li> <Li> Hogan , C. Michael . 2010 . Calcium . eds . A. Jorgensen , C. Cleveland . Encyclopedia of Earth . National Council for Science and the Environment . </Li> <Li> Maguire , Michael E. `` Alkaline Earth Metals . '' Chemistry : Foundations and Applications . Ed . J.J. Lagowski . Vol. 1 . New York : Macmillan Reference USA , 2004 . 33 -- 34 . 4 vols . Gale Virtual Reference Library . Thomson Gale . </Li> <Li> Silberberg , M.S. , Chemistry : The molecular nature of Matter and Change ( 3e édition , McGraw - Hill 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Petrucci R.H. , Harwood W.S. et Herring F.G. , General Chemistry ( 8e édition , Prentice - Hall 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ( Large cells ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> He </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Li </Td> <Td> Be </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Na </Td> <Td> Mg </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Al </Td> <Td> Si </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cl </Td> <Td> Ar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ca </Td> <Td> Sc </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Ti </Td> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Cr </Td> <Td> Mn </Td> <Td> Fe </Td> <Td> Co </Td> <Td> Ni </Td> <Td> Cu </Td> <Td> Zn </Td> <Td> Ga </Td> <Td> Ge </Td> <Td> As </Td> <Td> Se </Td> <Td> Br </Td> <Td> Kr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Rb </Td> <Td> Sr </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Zr </Td> <Td> Nb </Td> <Td> Mo </Td> <Td> Tc </Td> <Td> Ru </Td> <Td> Rh </Td> <Td> Pd </Td> <Td> Ag </Td> <Td> Cd </Td> <Td> In </Td> <Td> Sn </Td> <Td> Sb </Td> <Td> Te </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Xe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Cs </Td> <Td> Ba </Td> <Td> La </Td> <Td> Ce </Td> <Td> Pr </Td> <Td> Nd </Td> <Td> Pm </Td> <Td> Sm </Td> <Td> Eu </Td> <Td> Gd </Td> <Td> Tb </Td> <Td> Dy </Td> <Td> Ho </Td> <Td> Er </Td> <Td> Tm </Td> <Td> Yb </Td> <Td> Lu </Td> <Td> Hf </Td> <Td> Ta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Re </Td> <Td> Os </Td> <Td> Ir </Td> <Td> Pt </Td> <Td> Au </Td> <Td> Hg </Td> <Td> Tl </Td> <Td> Pb </Td> <Td> Bi </Td> <Td> Po </Td> <Td> At </Td> <Td> Rn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Fr </Td> <Td> Ra </Td> <Td> Ac </Td> <Td> Th </Td> <Td> Pa </Td> <Td> U </Td> <Td> Np </Td> <Td> Pu </Td> <Td> Am </Td> <Td> Cm </Td> <Td> Bk </Td> <Td> Cf </Td> <Td> Es </Td> <Td> Fm </Td> <Td> Md </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Lr </Td> <Td> Rf </Td> <Td> Db </Td> <Td> Sg </Td> <Td> Bh </Td> <Td> Hs </Td> <Td> Mt </Td> <Td> Ds </Td> <Td> Rg </Td> <Td> Cn </Td> <Td> Nh </Td> <Td> Fl </Td> <Td> Mc </Td> <Td> Lv </Td> <Td> Ts </Td> <Td> Og </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Alkali metal </Td> <Td> Alkaline earth metal </Td> <Td> Lanthanide </Td> <Td> Actinide </Td> <Td> Transition metal </Td> <Td> Post - 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0 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb12276929w ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00560341 </Li> <Li> BNE : XX543194 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alkaline_earth_metal&oldid=806422970 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Alkaline earth metals </Li> <Li> Periodic table </Li> <Li> Groups in the periodic table </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from November 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from January 2013 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aragonés </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - 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America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 22 ) - wikipedia <H1> America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 22 ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> America 's Next Top Model ( cycle 22 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Cycle 22 cast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> The CW </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> <P> August 5 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) -- December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Additional information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tyra Banks </Li> <Li> Kelly Cutrone </Li> <Li> J. Alexander </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of contestants </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winner </Th> <Td> Nyle DiMarco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Cycle chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Cycle 21 Next → Cycle 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Season summary </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The twenty - second cycle of America 's Next Top Model ( subtitled as America 's Next Top Model : Guys & Girls ) premiered on August 5 , 2015 and is the sixteenth and final season to air on The CW . The network announced in mid-October that they were cancelling the show and the finale episode aired on December 4 , 2015 . </P> <P> Like the two previous seasons , cycle 22 featured both male and female contestants . However , for the first time since cycle 13 , the height restriction was removed and the competition was opened to contestants at any height . Tyra Banks , Kelly Cutrone and J. Alexander returned to the judging panel , with photographer Yu Tsai remaining as creative director . Unlike the last three cycles , social media was no longer included on the show . The scoring system remained in place , but only the combined challenge and judges ' scores were added into the final tally to determine who would be eliminated . </P> <P> While there was no international destination for this cycle , the models traveled to Las Vegas for two episodes . This is the second cycle in the series not to feature an international destination , after Cycle 13 . </P> <P> The winner of the competition was 25 - year - old Nyle DiMarco from Washington , D.C. DiMarco is noted for being the very first deaf contestant in the history of America 's Next Top Model . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cycle summary <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Prizes </Li> <Li> 1.2 Special guests </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Contestants </Li> <Li> 3 Episode summaries <Ul> <Li> 3.1 The Guys and Girls Make It to Hollywood </Li> <Li> 3.2 The Girl Who Walks Away </Li> <Li> 3.3 The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out </Li> <Li> 3.4 The Girl Who Has a Close Shave </Li> <Li> 3.5 The Guy Who Gets a Hickey </Li> <Li> 3.6 The Girl Who Gets Possessed </Li> <Li> 3.7 The Guy Who Acts a Fool </Li> <Li> 3.8 The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up </Li> <Li> 3.9 The Guy or Girl Who Came Back </Li> <Li> 3.10 The Girl Who Became Bootyful </Li> <Li> 3.11 And Then That Happened </Li> <Li> 3.12 The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas </Li> <Li> 3.13 The Girl Who Took a Shot in the Dark </Li> <Li> 3.14 The Guy Who Was a Momma 's Boy </Li> <Li> 3.15 Finale Part 1 : The Girl Who Made a Splash </Li> <Li> 3.16 Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Summaries <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Call - out order </Li> <Li> 4.2 Scoring chart </Li> <Li> 4.3 Photo shoot guide </Li> <Li> 4.4 Makeovers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cycle summary </H2> <H3> Prizes </H3> <P> Returning prizes included a modeling contract with NEXT Model Management and a spread in Nylon magazine . Zappos became a new prize for the series , and the winner was chosen for a US $100,000 contract to become the face of the Zappos Couture 's 2016 re-launch . </P> <H3> Special guests </H3> <P> This cycle featured guest judges including interior designers Jonathan and Drew Scott , model Chrissy Teigen , fashion editor Joe Zee and cycle 10 winner Whitney Thompson . </P> <H2> Contestants </H2> <P> ( ages stated are at start of contest ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Contestant </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Height </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Outcome </Th> <Th> Place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dischert , Delanie ! Delanie Dischert </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1.79 m ( 5 ft 10 ⁄ in ) </Td> <Td> Wilmington , Delaware </Td> <Td> Episode 3 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Churchill , Stefano ! Stefano Churchill </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) </Td> <Td> Virginia Beach , Virginia </Td> <Td> Episode 4 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Capra , Ava ! Ava Capra </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1.65 m ( 5 ft 5 in ) </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> Episode 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Molina , Ashley ! Ashley Molina </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1.70 m ( 5 ft 7 in ) </Td> <Td> Brooklyn , New York </Td> <Td> Episode 7 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> DuPerow , Courtney ! Courtney DuPerow </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1.60 m ( 5 ft 3 in ) </Td> <Td> Avon Lake , Ohio </Td> <Td> Episode 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sánchez , Bello ! Bello Sánchez </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1.75 m ( 5 ft 9 in ) </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kim , Justin ! Justin Kim </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1.85 m ( 6 ft 1 in ) </Td> <Td> Springfield , Virginia </Td> <Td> Episode 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> McNeer , Dustin ! Dustin McNeer </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1.83 m ( 6 ft 0 in ) </Td> <Td> Kernersville , North Carolina </Td> <Td> Episode 10 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richardson , Hadassah ! Hadassah Richardson </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1.68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas </Td> <Td> Episode 12 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clark , Devin ! Devin Clark </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) </Td> <Td> San Francisco , California </Td> <Td> Episode 13 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Heverly , Mikey ! Michael Heverly </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) </Td> <Td> Hollywood , Florida </Td> <Td> Episode 16 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rogers , Lacey ! Lacey Rogers </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) </Td> <Td> El Dorado , Arkansas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Adjei , Mamé ! Mamé Adjei </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1.73 m ( 5 ft 8 in ) </Td> <Td> Silver Spring , Maryland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> DiMarco , Nyle ! Nyle DiMarco </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1.88 m ( 6 ft 2 in ) </Td> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episode summaries </H2> <H3> The Guys and Girls make it to Hollywood </H3> <P> Original Airdate : August 5 , 2015 </P> <P> The all new contestants of America 's Next Top Model are thrown to castings where they introduced themselves at the judges and photographed by Erik Asla . The first cuts were made and will move on to the next part of the competition . </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Massimo Campana </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Walks Away </H3> <P> Original Airdate : August 12 , 2015 </P> <P> The remaining contestants moved in their model house , they took their casting photo shoot and the judges made their decision to choose the cast . </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographers : Massimo Campana , Erik Asla </Li> <Li> Special guests : Drew Scott and Jonathan Scott ( Property Brothers ) , Patrick Tumey , Alexis Borges </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Guy Who Gets Shipped out </H3> <P> Original Airdate : August 19 , 2015 </P> <P> After the runway over the crane the final contestants were chosen . They did a photo shoot with Erik Asla being bonded in pairs . Delanie was the first person to be eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 36.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 35.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 34.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 34.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 33.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 33.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 32.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8.2 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 32.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 30.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 30.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 30.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 6.4 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 29.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Stefano </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 26.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Delanie </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 26.0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Erik Asla </Li> <Li> Special guests : Alexis Borges , Erik Rosete </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who has a Close Shave </H3> <P> Original Airdate : August 26 , 2015 </P> <P> The remaining contestants received their makeovers . They did a photo shoot with veteran amputee soldiers . After the deliberation , Stefano was eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 28.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 9.8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 28.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 27.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 26.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 26.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 26.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8.4 </Td> <Td> 26.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 8.4 </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 25.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 25.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 23.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 22.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 22.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Stefano </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 22.3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Erik Asla </Li> <Li> Special guests : Alex Minsky , Melissa Stockwell , Joe Zee , Cristophe , Romina , Sharle , Dr. Julie Kim , Dr. Edgardo Falcon Jr . </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Guy Who Gets a Hickey </H3> <P> Original Airdate : September 2 , 2015 </P> <P> The remaining contestants did a challenge with un retouch photographs of compcards . They did a photo shoot where they will posed as gymnasts and the photographs are un retouched . After the deliberation , Dustin was eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 9.8 </Td> <Td> 9.8 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 37.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.9 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 36.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 35.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 34.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 33.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> 9.9 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 33.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 31.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 31.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 31.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 31.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 30.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 28.4 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographers : Massimo Campana ( challenge ) , Erik Asla ( photo shoot ) </Li> <Li> Special guests : Anthony De La Rosa </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Gets Possessed </H3> <P> Original Airdate : September 9 , 2015 </P> <P> The remaining contestants did a challenge with Whitney Thompson . They participate in an exorcism photo shoot . After the deliberations , Ava was sent home . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 39.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 35.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8.2 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 34.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 33.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8.2 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 32.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8.2 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 32.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 8.4 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 32.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 32.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 31.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 31.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 29.4 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Erik Asla </Li> <Li> Special guests : Whitney Thompson </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Guy Who Acts a Fool </H3> <P> Original Airdate : September 16 , 2015 </P> <P> The contestants participate in an acting challenge for CW . They did a commercial for a make - believe deodorant . After the deliberation , Ashley was eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 37.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 35.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 34.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 33.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 33.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 31.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 30.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 7.7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 29.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 28.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 27.2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured director : Erik Asla </Li> <Li> Special guests : Lori Openden , Dana Theodoratos , Justin Rosenblatt , Brittany Williams ( Nyle 's friend ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who Got all Dolled up </H3> <P> Original Airdate : September 23 , 2015 </P> <P> The remaining contestants did a PSA vine challenge . They did a photo shoot as life sized dolls . After the deliberation , Courtney and Bello were eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 38.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 37.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 35.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 35.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 8.2 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 34.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 31.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 31.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 31.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 27.8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Erik Asla </Li> <Li> Special guests : Robert Behar , Brittany Furlan </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Guy or Girl Who Came Back </H3> <P> Original Airdate : October 2 , 2015 </P> <P> The remaining contestants were joined by the eliminated contestants for a go - see challenge . They did a photo shoot with different dogs . After the deliberation , Dustin re-entered the competition and the episode ended with Devin and Justin in the bottom two . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 7.1 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 27.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Delanie </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 30.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 30.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 32.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 34.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stefano </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 9.8 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 35.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 35.1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 39.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 9.9 </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 36.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 9.8 </Td> <Td> 9.6 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 36.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 32.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 32.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Devin Justin </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Unknown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Yu Tsai </Li> <Li> Special guests : Alexis Borges </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The final scores were revealed the following episode </Li> </Ol> <H3> The Girl Who became Bootyful </H3> <P> Original Airdate : October 9 , 2015 </P> <P> Justin was eliminated . The remaining models traveled to Las Vegas . The contestants did a music video for Tyra 's new makeup line . After the deliberations Dustin was eliminated again . </P> <Ul> <Li> Eliminated : Justin Kim </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 31.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 29.9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.4 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 35.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 9.7 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 34.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8.4 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 34.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 34.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 33.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 32.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 30.5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Massimo Campana ( challenge ) </Li> <Li> Featured director : Tyra Banks </Li> <Li> Special guests : Don Benjamin </Li> </Ul> <H3> And Then That Happened </H3> <P> Original Airdate : October 23 , 2015 </P> <H3> The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas </H3> <P> Original Airdate : October 30 , 2015 </P> <P> The contestants did a runway show for a challenge . They did a photo shoot called fierce a grams . After the deliberations Hadassah was eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 35.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 35.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 34.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 33.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 31.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 7.8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7.4 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 30.2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Erik Asla </Li> <Li> Special guests : Melissa Costa , Eileen Tetreault </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Girl Who took a Shot in the dark </H3> <P> Original Airdate : November 6 , 2015 </P> <P> The remaining contestants presented business ideas for a challenge . They did a photo shoot in the dark . After the deliberations , Devin was eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 9.8 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 37.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 34.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8.2 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 33.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 7.9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 33.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> <Td> 7.5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 29.1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Erik Asla </Li> <Li> Special guests : Alli Webb , Marie - Pier St - Hilaire , Francis Libiran </Li> </Ul> <H3> The Guy Who was a Momma 's Boy </H3> <P> Original Airdate : November 13 , 2015 The remaining contestants did a Nylon challenge . They posed with their mothers for their photo shoot . After the deliberation , Lacey and Mikey were in the bottom two but no one was eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> ( show ) Scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Model </Td> <Td> Tyra </Td> <Td> Kelly </Td> <Td> Miss J </Td> <Td> Chal . </Td> <Td> Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 9.6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 37.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 9.4 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 8.8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 37.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 35.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8.7 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 35.2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographer : Carolyn London </Li> <Li> Special guests : Chrissy Teigen , Michelle Lee , J. Errico </Li> </Ul> <H3> Finale Part 1 : the Girl Who made a Splash </H3> <P> Original Airdate : November 20 , 2015 </P> <P> The remaining contestants battle it out for the spot in the finale . They did a Nylon shoot and Zappos Couture shoot . </P> <Ul> <Li> Featured photographers : Mark `` The Cobra Snake '' Hunter ( Nylon magazine ) , Erik Asla ( Zappos Couture ) </Li> <Li> Special guests : J. Errico , Melissa Costa , Kevin Bailey , Keith Carlos </Li> </Ul> <H3> Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... </H3> <P> Original Airdate : December 4 , 2015 </P> <P> The final four presented their business presentation where in Nyle and Mame were chosen as the finalists . The final two battle it out for Rocky Gathercole . After the deliveration , Nyle was chosen as the 22nd winner of America 's Next Top Model . </P> <H2> Summaries </H2> <H3> Call - out order </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Order </Th> <Th_colspan="15"> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 16 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Nyle Mamé </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Lacey Mikey </Td> <Td> Lacey Mikey </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Stefano </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Delanie </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td_colspan="10"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> Stefano </Td> <Td> Stefano </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> Delanie </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> The contestant was eliminated from the competition </Dd> <Dd> The contestant was a part of a non-elimination bottom two </Dd> <Dd> The contestant won the competition </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> In episode 1 , the pool of 31 semi-finalists was reduced to the top 22 who moved on to the next round of casting . Episode 2 ended in a cliffhanger , and the elimination was postponed until the following week . </Li> <Li> In the beginning of episode 3 , the remaining pool of 21 semi-finalists ( minus one dropout from the week before ) was reduced to the final fourteen contestants . The first official elimination happened at the end of the episode . </Li> <Li> In episode 8 , there was a double elimination . Bello , Courtney and Devin were called forward as the bottom three . The scores were shown in reverse order , from lowest to highest , until Devin was revealed to be safe . </Li> <Li> In episode 9 , all fourteen contestants were present at panel . The seven eliminated models up to that point received a complete set of scores for participating in the challenge and shoot , with the highest score winning the opportunity to return to the competition . They were revealed from lowest to highest as being Ashley , Delanie , Bello , Courtney , Ava and Stefano until Dustin was revealed as the contestant to return . The safe contestants were called out separately , with Devin and Justin landing in the bottom two . The episode ended in a cliffhanger , with the elimination resuming at the beginning of the next episode . In the beginning of episode 10 , Justin was eliminated from the competition . </Li> <Li> Episode 11 was the recap episode . </Li> <Li> In episode 14 , Lacey and Mikey had a tied score while in the bottom two . As a result , neither of them was eliminated from the competition . Tyra announced that since no one had been sent home , one guy and one girl would be eliminated the following week . </Li> <Li> In episode 15 , no one was eliminated . The episode ended in a cliffhanger , and the elimination was postponed until the following episode . </Li> <Li> In episode 16 , only one contestant of each gender was put through to the finale . Nyle was chosen as the last remaining male , eliminating Mikey . Mamé was chosen as the last remaining female and second finalist , eliminating Lacey . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Scoring chart </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Place </Th> <Th> Model </Th> <Th_colspan="13"> Episodes </Th> <Th> Total score </Th> <Th> Average </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> 16 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Nyle </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 26.0 </Td> <Td> 31.9 </Td> <Td> 39.7 </Td> <Td> 34.7 </Td> <Td> 37.2 </Td> <Td> 39.0 </Td> <Td> 33.7 </Td> <Td> 33.9 </Td> <Td> 33.0 </Td> <Td> 37.0 </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> WIN </Td> <Td> 376.1 </Td> <Td> 34.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Mamé </Td> <Td> 33.0 </Td> <Td> 25.0 </Td> <Td> 36.1 </Td> <Td> 34.5 </Td> <Td> 35.0 </Td> <Td> 31.6 </Td> <Td> 32.9 </Td> <Td> 34.0 </Td> <Td> 35.6 </Td> <Td> 34.0 </Td> <Td> 37.1 </Td> <Td> IN </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td> 368.8 </Td> <Td> 33.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 3 - 4 </Th> <Td> Lacey </Td> <Td> 34.7 </Td> <Td> 25.6 </Td> <Td> 37.2 </Td> <Td> 35.0 </Td> <Td> 37.1 </Td> <Td> 38.5 </Td> <Td> 36.4 </Td> <Td> 34.3 </Td> <Td> 31.0 </Td> <Td> 33.9 </Td> <Td> 35.2 </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 378.9 </Td> <Td> 34.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mikey </Td> <Td> 34.5 </Td> <Td> 28.3 </Td> <Td> 34.7 </Td> <Td> 32.1 </Td> <Td> 33.1 </Td> <Td> 35.7 </Td> <Td> 32.4 </Td> <Td> 35.5 </Td> <Td> 35.2 </Td> <Td> 37.5 </Td> <Td> 35.2 </Td> <Td> OUT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 374.2 </Td> <Td> 34.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Devin </Td> <Td> 36.0 </Td> <Td> 26.9 </Td> <Td> 35.4 </Td> <Td> 32.7 </Td> <Td> 28.4 </Td> <Td> 31.5 </Td> <Td> 31.3 </Td> <Td> 34.6 </Td> <Td> 34.6 </Td> <Td> 29.1 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> 320.5 </Td> <Td> 32.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Hadassah </Td> <Td> 30.1 </Td> <Td> 22.4 </Td> <Td> 30.5 </Td> <Td> 33.4 </Td> <Td> 30.1 </Td> <Td> 34.2 </Td> <Td> 36.6 </Td> <Td> 32.8 </Td> <Td> 30.2 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> 280.3 </Td> <Td> 31.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Dustin </Td> <Td> 29.5 </Td> <Td> 23.6 </Td> <Td> 28.4 </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> 35.1 </Td> <Td> 30.5 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> 147.1 </Td> <Td> 29.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Justin </Td> <Td> 35.5 </Td> <Td> 26.0 </Td> <Td> 31.4 </Td> <Td> 32.9 </Td> <Td> 31.3 </Td> <Td> 35.8 </Td> <Td> 29.9 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> 222.8 </Td> <Td> 31.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Bello </Td> <Td> 32.3 </Td> <Td> 27.6 </Td> <Td> 33.5 </Td> <Td> 31.6 </Td> <Td> 33.7 </Td> <Td> 31.0 </Td> <Td> 30.6 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> 220.3 </Td> <Td> 31.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Courtney </Td> <Td> 30.7 </Td> <Td> 26.7 </Td> <Td> 31.4 </Td> <Td> 31.3 </Td> <Td> 29.5 </Td> <Td> 27.8 </Td> <Td> 32.5 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> 209.9 </Td> <Td> 29.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Ashley </Td> <Td> 32.2 </Td> <Td> 22.5 </Td> <Td> 33.0 </Td> <Td> 32.2 </Td> <Td> 27.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 27.1 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> 174.2 </Td> <Td> 29.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Ava </Td> <Td> 33.3 </Td> <Td> 28.5 </Td> <Td> 31.5 </Td> <Td> 29.4 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> 34.0 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> 156.7 </Td> <Td> 31.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Stefano </Td> <Td> 26.3 </Td> <Td> 22.3 </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> <Td> 35.0 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> 83.6 </Td> <Td> 27.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Delanie </Td> <Td> 26.0 </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td> 30.5 </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> <Td> 56.5 </Td> <Td> 28.2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> Indicates the contestant had the highest score that week . </Dd> <Dd> Indicates the contestant was eliminated that week . </Dd> <Dd> Indicates the contestant was in the bottom two that week . </Dd> <Dd> Indicates the contestant won the competition . </Dd> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ In episode 9 , all fourteen contestants were present at panel . The seven eliminated models up to that point received a complete set of scores for participating in the challenge and shoot , with the highest score winning the opportunity to return to the competition . They were revealed from lowest to highest as being Ashley , Delanie , Bello , Courtney , Ava and Stefano until Dustin was revealed as the contestant to return . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In episode 14 , Lacey and Mikey had a tied score of 35.2 while in the bottom two . As a result , neither of them was eliminated from the competition . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The contestants received scores for every single elimination round in the finals until the final four and the announcement of the winner . The eliminations in episode 16 happened without scoring . Lacey and Mikey were both were tied for third place . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Photo shoot guide </H3> <Ul> <Li> Episode 1 photo shoot : Swimsuits on a double - decker bus ( casting ) </Li> <Li> Episode 2 photo shoot : Semi-nude holding up hashtags ( casting ) </Li> <Li> Episode 3 photo shoot : Nude and bound together in pairs </Li> <Li> Episode 4 photo shoot : Extreme posing with war veterans </Li> <Li> Episode 5 photo shoot : Unretouched geometrical sportswear </Li> <Li> Episode 6 photo shoot : Possessed and suspended in mid air </Li> <Li> Episode 7 commercial : Boom Boom Boom deodorant in pairs </Li> <Li> Episode 8 photo shoot : Living Life - Size dolls </Li> <Li> Episode 9 photo shoot : Look - alike editorial with dogs </Li> <Li> Episode 10 music video : `` BOOTYful '' -- Tyra Beauty theme song </Li> <Li> Episode 12 photo shoot : Cropped and uncropped Fierce - a-gram photos </Li> <Li> Episode 13 photo shoot : Night creatures in the dark </Li> <Li> Episode 14 photo shoot : Posing with mothers </Li> <Li> Episode 15 photo shoots : Nylon magazine spread ; Zappos couture campaign </Li> </Ul> <H3> Makeovers </H3> <Ul> <Li> Ashley - Tyra Banks inspired pixie cut and contacts </Li> <Li> Ava - Model mullet </Li> <Li> Bello - Long hair extensions </Li> <Li> Courtney - Layered gray ombre with a side fringe and teeth whitened </Li> <Li> Devin - Shaved near bald and dyed black </Li> <Li> Dustin - Sun kissed blonde </Li> <Li> Hadassah - Hair shaved on one side </Li> <Li> Justin - Faux hawk fade </Li> <Li> Lacey - Chic bowl cut </Li> <Li> Mamé - Curly voluminous weave </Li> <Li> Mikey - Trimmed and lightened </Li> <Li> Nyle - Trimmed and cleaned up </Li> <Li> Stefano - Blonde extension highlights </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ratings </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No. in Series </Th> <Th> No. in Cycle </Th> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> Air Date </Th> <Th> Viewers ( m ) </Th> <Th> 18 -- 49 Rating / Share </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 274 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Guys and Girls Make It to Hollywood '' </Td> <Td> August 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 1.15 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 275 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Girl Who Walks Away '' </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 1.21 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 276 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out '' </Td> <Td> August 19 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 1.20 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 277 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Girl Who Gets a Close Shave '' </Td> <Td> August 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 08 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 1.34 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 278 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` The Guy Who Gets a Hickey '' </Td> <Td> September 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 1.20 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 279 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The Girl Who Gets Possessed '' </Td> <Td> September 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 1.40 </Td> <Td> 0.6 / 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 280 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Guy Who Acts a Fool '' </Td> <Td> September 16 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 281 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up '' </Td> <Td> September 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1.36 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 282 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` The Guy or Girl Who Came Back '' </Td> <Td> October 2 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 1.07 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 283 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Girl Who Became Bootyful '' </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 1.00 </Td> <Td> 0.3 / 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 284 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` And Then That Happened '' </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 0.73 </Td> <Td> 0.2 / 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 285 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas '' </Td> <Td> October 30 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 0.94 </Td> <Td> 0.2 / 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 286 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Girl Who Took a Shot in the Dark '' </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> <Td> 0.3 / 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 287 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Guy Who Was a Momma 's Boy '' </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1.03 </Td> <Td> 0.3 / 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 288 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Finale Part 1 : The Girl Who Made a Splash '' </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 0.95 </Td> <Td> 0.3 / 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 289 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... '' </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 12 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1.16 </Td> <Td> 0.3 / 1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Next Top Model returns August 5 ; features new cycle of models '' . Springfield , Massachusetts : WWLP . June 25 , 2015 . Retrieved June 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 14 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' To End After 22 Seasons '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Encinias , Shahrazad ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` UD junior to compete in ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . The News Journal . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Houp , William ( August 5 , 2015 ) . `` Former Salem High School student to appear on `` America 's Next Top Model '' `` . The Virginian - Pilot . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kwiatkowsk , Elizabeth ( September 10 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' narrows field to 10 finalists , the dream ends for Ava Capra '' . RealityTVWorld.com . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jordan , Rachel ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` Meet the Contestants of ANTM : Ashley '' . KWBQ - TV . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wroten , Bryan ( August 6 , 2015 ) . `` Avon Lake resident competing on ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Ohio : 2 Press Papers . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Olya , Gabrielle ( September 4 , 2015 ) . `` Bello Sanchez : I Went from Skid Row to America 's Next Top Model '' . People . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nguyen , Michael D. ( August 28 , 2015 ) . `` Justin Kim Goes From Small Town , USA to ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . NBC News . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clodfelter , Tom ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Kernersville teen to be on ' Top Model ' '' . Winston - Salem Journal . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guerra , Joey ( August 17 , 2015 ) . `` Do n't mess with Texan on ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Houston Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kwiatkowsk , Elizabeth ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' cuts Justin Kim and comeback contestant Dustin Mcneer again '' . RealityTVWorld.com . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2015 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erickson , Briana ( July 27 , 2015 ) . `` Hollywood model fierce enough for ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . Sun Sentinel . South Florida . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2015 . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spivey , Stacey ( August 4 , 2015 ) . `` El Dorado native competes to be America 's Next Top Model '' . Little Rock , Arkansas : KATV - TV . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' America 's Next Top Model ' returns '' . The Baltimore Sun . n.d. Archived from the original on November 8 , 2015 . Retrieved November 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cunningham , Caroline ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A with DC Native Nyle DiMarco , America 's Next Top Model 's First Deaf Contestant '' . Washingtonian . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved August 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Episode 1 : The Guys and Girls Make It to Hollywood '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . July 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Episode 2 : The Girl Who Walks Away '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . July 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Episode 3 : The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out '' . TV Guide . TV Guide . August 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Gets Shipped Out '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Has a Close Shave '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 8 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Gets a Hickey '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Gets Possessed '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . August 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Acts a Fool '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Got All Dolled Up '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy or Girl Who Came Back '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Became Bootyful '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . September 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` And Than That Happened '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Closed the Deal in Vegas '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Girl Who Took a Shot in the Dark '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` The Guy Who Was a Momma ' Boy '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . October 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` Finale Part 1 : The Girl Who Made a Splash '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . November 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America 's Next Top Model -- `` Finale Part 2 : America 's Next Top Model is ... '' '' ( Press release ) . The CW via TheFutonCritic.com . November 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' , ' MasterChef ' , ' America 's Got Talent ' & ' Last Comic Standing ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . August 6 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' America 's Next Top Model ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . August 13 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' MasterChef ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . August 20 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up ; ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . August 27 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Big Brother ' , ' Last Comic Standing ' & ' Celebrity Wife Swap ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Carmichael Show ' & ' Extant ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . September 3 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 5 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Extant ' , ' The Carmichael Show ' or ' America 's Next Top Model ' '' . TV by the Numbers . September 10 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' America 's Next Top Model ' & ' A Wicked Offer ' Adjusted Down , ' Big Brother ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . September 17 , 2015 . Retrieved September 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Wednesday ( Updated ) : ' Empire ' Still Huge , ' Rosewood ' has Solid Debut + ' The Goldbergs ' & ' The Middle ' Return Flat '' . TV by the Numbers . September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved September 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Dr. Ken ' and ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusted up '' . TV by the Numbers . October 5 , 2015 . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' adjusted up ; ' Reign , ' ' Undateable ' and other originals hold '' . TV by the Numbers . October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Shark Tank ' and ' Blue Bloods ' rise , ' Truth Be Told ' and ' Reign ' falter '' . TV by the Numbers . October 24 , 2015 . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2015 . Retrieved October 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings Friday : ' Grimm ' returns lower , ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' ticks up vs. World Series '' . TV by the Numbers . October 31 , 2015 . Retrieved November 1 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts up , everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . November 9 , 2015 . Retrieved November 15 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Reign ' keeps season high , ' World 's Funniest ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : No adjustments on a quiet night '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Friday final ratings : ' Top Model ' finale and everything else holds '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> America 's Next Top Model </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cycles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> 16 </Li> <Li> All - Stars ( 17 ) </Li> <Li> British Invasion ( 18 ) </Li> <Li> College Edition ( 19 ) </Li> <Li> Guys & Girls <Ul> <Li> 20 </Li> <Li> 21 </Li> <Li> 22 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 23 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Contestants </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adrianne Curry </Li> <Li> Yoanna House </Li> <Li> Eva Pigford </Li> <Li> Naima Mora </Li> <Li> Nicole Linkletter </Li> <Li> Danielle Evans </Li> <Li> CariDee English </Li> <Li> Jaslene Gonzalez </Li> <Li> Saleisha Stowers </Li> <Li> Whitney Thompson </Li> <Li> McKey Sullivan </Li> <Li> Teyona Anderson </Li> <Li> Nicole Fox </Li> <Li> Krista White </Li> <Li> Ann Ward </Li> <Li> Brittani Kline </Li> <Li> Lisa D'Amato </Li> <Li> Sophie Sumner </Li> <Li> Laura James </Li> <Li> Jourdan Miller </Li> <Li> Keith Carlos </Li> <Li> Nyle DiMarco </Li> <Li> India Gants </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finalists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Elyse Sewell </Li> <Li> Mercedes Scelba - Shorte </Li> <Li> Yaya DaCosta </Li> <Li> Bre Scullark </Li> <Li> Jade Cole </Li> <Li> Melrose Bickerstaff </Li> <Li> Eugena Washington </Li> <Li> Natasha Galkina </Li> <Li> Renee DeWitt </Li> <Li> Chantal Jones </Li> <Li> Anya Kop </Li> <Li> Fatima Siad </Li> <Li> Analeigh Tipton </Li> <Li> Allison Harvard </Li> <Li> Laura Kirkpatrick </Li> <Li> Leila Goldkuhl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other alumni </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toccara Jones </Li> <Li> Kim Stolz </Li> <Li> Cassandra Whitehead </Li> <Li> Anchal Joseph </Li> <Li> Heather Kuzmich </Li> <Li> Lisa Jackson </Li> <Li> Dominique Reighard </Li> <Li> Isis King </Li> <Li> Celia Ammerman </Li> <Li> Natalie Pack </Li> <Li> Jane Randall </Li> <Li> Esther Petrack </Li> <Li> AzMarie Livingston </Li> <Li> Jasmia Robinson </Li> <Li> Chantelle Young </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Modelville ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Stylista ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> True Beauty ( 2009 -- 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Next_Top_Model_(cycle_22)&oldid=797282341 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> America 's Next Top Model </Li> <Li> 2015 American television seasons </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 August 2017 , at 01 : 59 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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One pound ( British coin ) - wikipedia <H1> One pound ( British coin ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` £ 1 '' redirects here . For other uses , see List of £ 1 . <Table> One pound <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Value </Th> <Td> 1 pound sterling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mass </Th> <Td> ( Round ) 9.5 g ( 12 - sided ) 8.75 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diameter </Th> <Td> ( Round ) 22.5 mm ( 12 - sided ) 23.03 - 23.43 mm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thickness </Th> <Td> ( Round ) 3.15 mm ( 12 - sided ) 2.8 mm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edge </Th> <Td> ( Round ) Milled , with incuse lettering ( 12 - sided ) Alternately milled and plain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composition </Th> <Td> ( Round ) Nickel - brass ( 70 % Cu , 24.5 % Zn , and 5.5 % Ni ) ( 12 - sided , outer ring ) Nickel - brass ( 76 % Cu , 20 % Zn , and 4 % Ni ) ( 12 - sided , inner circle ) Nickel - plated alloy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Obverse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> Queen Elizabeth II </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Jody Clark </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design date </Th> <Td> 2015 ( round ) 2016 ( 12 - sided ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Reverse </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> The shield of the Royal Coat of Arms ( round ) Rose , leek , thistle , and shamrock encircled by a coronet ( 12 - sided ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Matthew Dent ( round ) David Pearce ( 12 - sided ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design date </Th> <Td> 2008 ( round ) 2016 ( 12 - sided ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The British one pound ( £ 1 ) coin is a denomination of the pound sterling . Its obverse bears the Latin engraving DG REG `` Dei Gratia Regina '' meaning , `` By the grace of God , Queen '' and FD meaning Fidei defensor , Defender of the Faith . It has featured the profile of Queen Elizabeth II since the coin 's introduction on 21 April 1983 . Four different portraits of the Queen have been used , with the latest design by Jody Clark being introduced in 2015 . The design on the reverse side of the new 2017 coin features four emblems to represent each of the nations of the United Kingdom -- the English rose , the leek for Wales , the Scottish thistle , and the shamrock for Northern Ireland -- emerging from a single stem within a crown . </P> <P> The £ 1 coin replaced the Bank of England £ 1 note , which ceased to be issued at the end of 1984 and was removed from circulation on 11 March 1988 , though still redeemable at the Bank 's offices , like all English banknotes . One - pound notes continue to be issued in Jersey , Guernsey and the Isle of Man , and by the Royal Bank of Scotland , but the pound coin is much more widely used . </P> <P> Since 28 March 2017 , two versions of the one pound coin have been in circulation -- the original round design and a new dodecagonal ( 12 - sided ) design . As of March 2014 there were an estimated 1,553 million round £ 1 coins in circulation , of which the Royal Mint estimated in 2014 that 3.04 % ( i.e. about 47 million ) were counterfeit . In an effort to counter this , the Royal Mint introduced the new 12 - sided coin , which is bimetallic like the current £ 2 coin , and features an undisclosed hidden security feature called ' iSIS ' ( Integrated Secure Identification Systems ) . The round pound will remain in circulation until 15 October 2017 . After that date , the older coin can only be redeemed at banks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Design </Li> <Li> 2 Mintage figures <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Round coin </Li> <Li> 2.2 12 - sided coin </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Counterfeiting </Li> <Li> 4 Other pound coins in circulation </Li> <Li> 5 Further reading </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Design ( edit ) </H2> <P> To date , five different obverses have been used . For the first three of these , the inscription was ELIZABETH II D.G. REG. F.D. 2013 , where 2013 is replaced by the year of minting . The fourth design , unveiled in March 2015 , expanded the inscription slightly to ELIZABETH II DEI. GRA. REG. FID. DEF. 2015 . The fifth design , introduced in March 2017 , reverted to D.G. REG. F.D. </P> <P> In summary : </P> <Ul> <Li> In 1983 and 1984 the portrait of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin appeared on the obverse , in which the Queen wears the ' Girls of Great Britain and Ireland ' Tiara . </Li> <Li> Between 1985 and 1997 the portrait by Raphael Maklouf was used , in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem . </Li> <Li> Between 1998 and 2015 the portrait by Ian Rank - Broadley was used , again featuring the tiara , with a signature - mark IRB below the portrait . </Li> <Li> In 2015 the portrait by Jody Clark was introduced , in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem , with a signature - mark JC below the portrait . </Li> </Ul> <P> In August 2005 the Royal Mint launched a competition to find new reverse designs for all circulating coins apart from the £ 2 coin . The winner , announced in April 2008 , was Matthew Dent , whose designs were gradually introduced into the circulating British coinage from mid-2008 . The designs for the 1p , 2p , 5p , 10p , 20p and 50p coins depict sections of the Royal Shield that form the whole shield when placed together . The shield in its entirety is featured on the £ 1 coin . The coin 's obverse remains unchanged . </P> <P> The design of the reverse of the coin was changed each year from 1983 to 2008 to show , in turn , an emblem representing the UK , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland , and England , together with an appropriate edge inscription . This edge inscription may frequently be `` upside - down '' ( when obverse is facing upward ) . Since 2008 , national - based designs have still been minted , but alongside the new standard version , and no longer in strict rotation . The inscription ONE POUND appears on all reverse designs . </P> <P> In common with non-commemorative £ 2 coins , the £ 1 coin ( except 2004 -- 07 and the 2010 -- 11 ' capital cities ' designs ) has a mint mark : a small crosslet found on the milled edge that represents Llantrisant in South Wales , where the Royal Mint has been based since 1968 . </P> <P> The reverse of the new 12 - sided bimetallic pound coin , introduced on 28 March 2017 , was chosen by a public design competition . The competition to design the reverse of this coin was opened in September 2014 . It was won in March 2015 by 15 - year - old David Pearce from Walsall , and unveiled by Chancellor George Osborne during his Budget announcement . The design features a rose , leek , thistle and shamrock bound by a crown . The current round pound will remain legal tender alongside the new 12 - sided design until 15 October 2017 . After said date , the older round coin will only be redeemable at banks . The round pound will remain legal tender on the Isle of Man . </P> <H2> Mintage figures ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Round coin ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Images : Royal Mint <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Design </Th> <Th> Nation represented </Th> <Th> Edge inscription </Th> <Th> Translation </Th> <Th> Mintage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ornamental royal arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 443,053,510 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Thistle and royal diadem </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT </Td> <Td> No one attacks me with impunity </Td> <Td> 146,256,501 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Leek and royal diadem </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD </Td> <Td> True am I to my country </Td> <Td> 228,430,749 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Flax plant and royal diadem </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 10,409,501 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oak tree and royal diadem </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 39,298,502 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Crown over the Royal Coat of Arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 7,118,825 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thistle and royal diadem </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT </Td> <Td> No one attacks me with impunity </Td> <Td> 70,580,501 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leek and royal diadem </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD </Td> <Td> True am I to my country </Td> <Td> 97,269,302 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Flax plant and royal diadem </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 38,443,575 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Oak tree and royal diadem </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 36,320,487 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ornamental royal arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 114,744,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT </Td> <Td> No one attacks me with impunity </Td> <Td> 29,752,525 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Dragon passant </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD </Td> <Td> True am I to my country </Td> <Td> 34,503,501 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Celtic cross , Broighter collar and pimpernel </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 89,886,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Three lions passant guardant </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 57,117,450 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Ornamental royal arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> not circulated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Lion rampant within a double tressure flory counter-flory </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT </Td> <Td> No one attacks me with impunity </Td> <Td> not circulated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Dragon passant </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD </Td> <Td> True am I to my country </Td> <Td> 109,496,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Celtic cross , Broighter collar and pimpernel </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 63,968,065 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Three lions passant guardant </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 77,818,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Ornamental royal arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 61,596,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Forth Railway Bridge surrounded by railway tracks </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> An incuse decorative feature symbolising bridges and pathways </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 39,162,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Menai Suspension Bridge surrounded by railing and stanchions </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> 99,429,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Egyptian Arch Railway Bridge surrounded by railway station canopy dags </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> 38,938,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Gateshead Millennium Bridge surrounded by struts </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> 26,180,160 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Ornamental royal arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 3,910,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 43,827,300 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 27,625,600 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 57,120,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Coat of arms of the City of London </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> DOMINE DIRIGE NOS </Td> <Td> Lord , guide us </Td> <Td> 2,635,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Coat of arms of Belfast </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> PRO TANTO QUID RETRIBUAMUS </Td> <Td> For so much , what shall we give in return ? </Td> <Td> 6,205,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 25,415,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Coat of arms of Cardiff </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> Y DDRAIG GOCH DDYRY CYCHWYN </Td> <Td> The red dragon will give the lead </Td> <Td> 1,615,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Coat of arms of Edinburgh </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> NISI DOMINUS FRUSTRA </Td> <Td> In vain without the Lord </Td> <Td> 935,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 35,700,030 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 13,090,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Oak and rose </Td> <Td> England </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 5,270,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Leek and daffodil </Td> <Td> Wales </Td> <Td> PLEIDIOL WYF I 'M GWLAD </Td> <Td> True am I to my country </Td> <Td> 5,270,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Shamrock and flax plant </Td> <Td> Northern Ireland </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 5,780,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Thistle and bluebell </Td> <Td> Scotland </Td> <Td> NEMO ME IMPUNE LACESSIT </Td> <Td> No one attacks me with impunity </Td> <Td> 5,185,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 79,305,200 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms ( 4th portrait ) </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 29,580,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> The Royal Coat of Arms ( 5th portrait ) </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 131,250,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> The shield from the Royal Coat of Arms ( 5th portrait ) </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> 30,000 ( only in BU sets ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Four heraldic beasts </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> DECUS ET TUTAMEN </Td> <Td> An ornament and a safeguard </Td> <Td> not circulated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All years except 1998 and 1999 have been issued into circulation , although the number issued has varied enormously -- 1983 , 1984 and 1985 in particular had large mintages to facilitate the changeover from paper notes , while some years such as 1988 are only rarely seen ( although 1988 is more noticeable as it has a unique reverse ) . Production since 1997 has been reduced , thanks to the introduction of the circulating two pound coin . </P> <P> The final round coins minted for 2016 did not enter circulation , as they were only available through commemorative sets . These were the shield from the Royal Coat of Arms by Matthew Dent , and a design by Gregory Cameron , Bishop of St Asaph , of four heraldic beasts . </P> <H3> 12 - sided coin ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Design </Th> <Th> Nation represented </Th> <Th> Mintage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Nations of the Crown </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 300,000,000 ( initial launch in March 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Nations of the Crown </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Counterfeiting ( edit ) </H2> <P> Royal Mint surveys estimate the proportion of counterfeit £ 1 coins in circulation . This was estimated at 3.04 % in 2013 , a rise from 2.74 % . The figure previously announced in 2012 was 2.86 % , following the prolonged rise from 0.92 % in 2002 -- 2003 to 0.98 % in 2004 , 1.26 % in 2005 , 1.69 % in 2006 , 2.06 % in 2007 , 2.58 % in 2008 , 2.65 % in 2009 , 3.07 % in 2010 and 3.09 % in 2011 . Figures have generally been reported in the following year ; in 2008 ( as reported in 2009 ) , the highest levels of counterfeits were in Northern Ireland ( 3.6 % ) and the South East and London ( 2.97 % ) , with the lowest being in Northwest England . Coin testing companies estimated in 2009 that the actual figure was about twice the Mint 's estimate , suggesting that the Mint was underplaying the figures so as not to undermine confidence in the coin . It is illegal to pass on counterfeit currency knowingly ; the official advice is to hand it in , with details of where received , to the police , who will retain it and investigate . One article suggested `` given that fake coins are worthless , you will almost certainly be better off not even looking '' . The recipient has recourse against the supplier , as in any such case . </P> <P> Counterfeits are put into circulation by dishonest people , then circulated inadvertently by others who are unaware ; in many cases banks do not check , and circulate counterfeits . A 2011 BBC television programme withdrew 1,000 £ 1 coins from each of five major banks and found that each batch contained between 32 and 38 counterfeits ; the Mint estimated that about 31 per 1,000 £ 1 coins were counterfeit . Some of the counterfeits were found by automated machinery , others could be detected only by expert visual inspection . </P> <P> In July 2010 , following speculation that the Royal Mint would have to consider replacing £ 1 coins with a new design because of the fakes , bookmakers Paddy Power offered odds of 6 / 4 ( bet £ 4 to win £ 6 , plus the £ 4 stake back ; decimal odds of 2.5 ) , that the £ 1 coin would be removed from circulation . </P> Real and fake pound coin , showing poor - quality edge inscription and milling <P> Some counterfeits are of poor quality , with obviously visible differences ( less sharply defined , lacking intricate details , edge milling and markings visibly wrong ) . Many better counterfeits can be detected by comparing the orientation of the obverse and reverse -- they always match in genuine coins , but very often not in counterfeits . The design on the reverse must be correct for the stamped year ( e.g. , a 1996 coin should have a Celtic cross ) . It is difficult to manufacture coins with properly - produced edges ; the milling ( grooves ) may be incomplete or poor and the inscription ( often `` DECUS ET TUTAMEN '' ) may be poorly produced and sometimes in the wrong typeface . A shiny coin with less wear than its date suggests is also suspect , although it may be a genuine coin that has rarely been used . </P> <P> Counterfeit coins are made by different processes including casting , stamping , electrotyping , and copying with a pantograph or spark erosion . In a 2009 survey , 99 % of fake £ 1 coins found in cash centres were made of a nickel - brass , of which three fifths contained some lead and a fifth were of a very similar alloy to that used by the Royal Mint . The remaining 1 % were made of simple copper - zinc brass , or lead or tin , or both . Those made of lead or tin may have a gold - coloured coating ; counterfeits made of acrylic plastic containing metal powder to increase weight have occasionally been found . </P> <P> The final `` round coins '' were minted in December 2015 ; the replacement , a new 12 - sided design , was introduced in 2017 . The coin has a 12 - edged shape , similar to the pre-decimal brass threepence coin ; it has roughly the same size as the previous £ 1 coin , and is bi-metallic like the current £ 2 coin . The new design is intended to make counterfeiting more difficult , and also has an undisclosed hidden security feature called `` iSIS '' ( Integrated Secure Identification Systems ) . </P> <P> Current two - pound coins are made from two metals of different colour , and are much harder to counterfeit ; counterfeited coins are often easily seen to be the wrong colour . </P> <H2> Other pound coins in circulation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Also legally circulating but not legal tender in the UK , are some £ 1 coins of British Crown Dependencies , Gibraltar and UK South Atlantic Overseas Territories , being of the same size and composition as their UK equivalent and mostly bearing the same portraits of the UK monarch ( as with most other coins of the same territories ) . </P> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <P> In an April 1993 The New Yorker article ' Real Britannia ' , Julian Barnes describes the meetings to choose the 1994 -- 1997 reverse designs . This is reprinted in his book Letters from London as ' Britannia 's New Bra Size ' . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Numismatics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Banknotes of the pound sterling </Li> <Li> Coin counterfeiting </Li> <Li> Coins of the pound sterling </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` No. 39873 '' . The London Gazette ( 11th supplement ) . 26 May 1953 . p. 3023 . Proclamation of 28 May 1953 made in accordance with the Royal Titles Act 1953 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Project Britain - British Coins '' . 2013 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` One Pound Coin '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 22 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` New 12 - sided pound coin to enter circulation in March '' . BBC News . 1 January 2017 . Retrieved 2 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mintage Figures '' . Royal Mint . Retrieved 28 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` £ 1 Counterfeit Coins '' . royalmint.com . Retrieved 1 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How can I spot a fake £ 1 coin ? '' . London : The Telegraph . 19 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New pound coin : Firms told to prepare for redesign '' . BBC News . 2016 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Specification of the £ 1 coin : a technical consultation '' ( PDF ) . HM Treasury . September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Giedroyc , Richard ( 23 May 2017 ) . `` ' Most secure coin in world ' launched '' . numismaticsnews.net . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clayton , Tony . `` Decimal Coins of the UK -- Bronze '' . tclayton.demon.co.uk . Retrieved 24 May 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Allen , Katie ( 17 March 2015 ) . `` New 12 - sided pound coin to be unveiled ahead of budget announcement '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 1p Coin '' . British Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 27 April 2006 . Retrieved 23 May 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint unveils new coinage portrait of the Queen '' . BBC News . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The reveal of the Queen 's fifth coin portrait '' . Royal Mint. 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint seeks new coin designs '' , BBC News , 17 August 2005 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Royal Mint unveils new UK coins '' , dofonline.co.uk , 2 April 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Royal Mint . `` Why does the edge inscription on the £ 2 and £ 1 coins sometimes appear `` upside down '' ? `` . Retrieved 2 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Royal Mint '' . 24carat.co.uk . Retrieved 9 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The New One Pound Coin '' . royalmint.com. 19 March 2014 . Retrieved 19 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New One Pound Coin Royal Mint </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Manx round pound coins to remain ' legal tender ' '' . BBC News . 7 February 2017 . Retrieved 6 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Decimal coins issued £ 2 -- 20p '' . The Royal Mint Limited . 2016 . Retrieved 16 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` New coin designs for 2014 unveiled by The Royal Mint '' . BBC News . 31 December 2013 . Retrieved 21 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £ 2 - 20p '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Decimal coins issued up to 31 December 2015 £ 2 - 20p '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 One Pound Check Your Change '' . www.checkyourchange.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2013 Dated UK Collector Coin Sales '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 28 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Last Round Pound 2016 United Kingdom £ 1 Brilliant Uncirculated Coin '' . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 2016 - 06 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 One Pound '' . www.checkyourchange.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , Anna ( 16 May 2016 ) . `` Behind the design : the last ' round pound ' '' . The Royal Mint blog . The Royal Mint . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony , Sebastian ( 28 March 2017 ) . `` New `` impossible '' to fake £ 1 coin enters circulation today `` . Ars Technica . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clive Kahn ( 17 December 2012 ) . `` 43.5 Million Fake Pound Coins in Circulation '' . BusinessReport . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) HM Treasury FOI response relating to a period 2008 -- 2009 . hm-treasury.gov.uk ( PDF ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josie Ensor ( 1 April 2012 ) . `` Three pound coins in every 100 are fake '' . London : The Telegraph . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rosie Murray - West and Harry Wallop ( 27 July 2010 ) . `` Record number of fake £ 1 coins could force reissue '' . London : The Telegraph . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chris Irvine ( 29 January 2009 ) . `` One £ 1 coin in 40 is a fake '' . London : The Telegraph . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ben Ando ( 8 April 2009 ) . `` Fake £ 1 coin estimate ' doubled ' '' . BBC News . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fake Britain , Series 2 episode 1 , first broadcast on BBC1 TV on 16 May 2011 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hilary Osborne ( 2 April 2012 ) How to spot a fake £ 1 coin Guardian . Retrieved 24 January 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sarah Preece ( 28 July 2010 ) . `` £ 1 coin under threat '' . London : Live Odds and Scores . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 4 ) Three blog entries analyzing counterfeits the author has been passed . blog.alism.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The types of counterfeit one - pound coins and identifying them . coinauthentication.co.uk . February 2006 . Retrieved 24 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report on UK £ 1 counterfeit survey '' ( PDF ) . Royal Mint . May 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Royal Mint Presses Last Batch of Round Pound Coins The Guardian </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Svenja O'Donnell ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` U.K. to Replace 1 - Pound Coin With Secure 12 - Edged Design '' . Bloomberg . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from the Channel Islands or the Isle of Man ? , Royal Mint . Retrieved 24 January 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Can I use coinage from United Kingdom Overseas Territories ? , Royal Mint . Retrieved 24 January 2016 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Letter From London : Real Britannia '' . The New Yorker ( paid registration required for the full article ) . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Coincraft 's Standard Catalogue English & UK Coins 1066 to Date , Richard Lobel , Coincraft . ISBN 0 - 9526228 - 8 - 2 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Royal Mint -- £ 1 coin </Li> <Li> Royal Mint - the new pound coin </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> British coinage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Decimal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ⁄ p </Li> <Li> 1p </Li> <Li> 2p </Li> <Li> 5p </Li> <Li> 10p </Li> <Li> 20p </Li> <Li> 50p </Li> <Li> £ 1 </Li> <Li> £ 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pre-decimal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Quarter farthing ( ⁄ d ) </Li> <Li> Third farthing ( ⁄ d ) </Li> <Li> Half farthing ( ⁄ d ) </Li> <Li> Farthing ( ⁄ d ) </Li> <Li> Halfpenny ( ⁄ d ) </Li> <Li> Penny ( 1d ) </Li> <Li> Three halfpence ( 1 ⁄ d ) </Li> <Li> Twopence ( 2d ) </Li> <Li> Threepence ( 3d ) </Li> <Li> Fourpence ( 4d ) </Li> <Li> Sixpence ( 6d ) </Li> <Li> Shilling ( 1 / - ) </Li> <Li> Florin ( 2 / - ) </Li> <Li> Half crown ( 2 / 6d ) </Li> <Li> Double florin ( 4 / - ) </Li> <Li> Crown ( 5 / - ) </Li> <Li> Quarter guinea ( 5 / 3d ) </Li> <Li> Third guinea ( 7 / - ) </Li> <Li> Half sovereign ( 10 / - ) </Li> <Li> Half guinea ( 10 / 6d ) </Li> <Li> Sovereign ( £ 1 ) </Li> <Li> Guinea ( £ 1 / 1s ) </Li> <Li> Double sovereign ( £ 2 ) </Li> <Li> Two guineas ( £ 2 / 2s ) </Li> <Li> Five pound ( £ 5 ) </Li> <Li> Five guineas ( £ 5 / 5s ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-circulating </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Commemorative </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 25p </Li> <Li> £ 5 </Li> <Li> £ 20 </Li> <Li> £ 50 </Li> <Li> £ 100 </Li> <Li> Maundy money </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bullion </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Britannia </Li> <Li> Quarter sovereign </Li> <Li> Half sovereign </Li> <Li> Sovereign </Li> <Li> Lunar </Li> <Li> The Queen 's Beasts </Li> <Li> Landmarks of Britain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pound sterling </Li> <Li> Coins of the pound sterling </Li> <Li> Banknotes of the pound sterling </Li> <Li> List of British banknotes and coins </Li> <Li> List of British currencies </Li> <Li> Scottish coinage </Li> <Li> Coins of Ireland </Li> <Li> List of people on coins of the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=One_pound_(British_coin)&oldid=804257764 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Coins of the United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Currency introduced in 1983 </Li> <Li> One - base - unit coins </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from September 2015 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2015 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 October 2017 , at 20 : 19 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Mac and Mc together - wikipedia <H1> Mac and Mc together </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this article may not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's factual accuracy is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . ( June 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A convention of sorting names with the Scottish and Irish patronymic prefixes Mac and Mc together persists in library science and archival practice . An example is from the Archives at the Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library . It is also applied in areas such as voter registration , where Mac and Mc names may be sorted together in a listing . Technically this is a convention in collation . </P> <P> On the other hand , ASCII is a computer standard and its corresponding sorting is gradually replacing this exception to ordinary alphabetisation . Rules once used for filing have been dropped for some newer computer systems , and the interfiling of Mac and Mc names is an example , according to a 2006 book . </P> <P> There are in fact a number of options . In addition to sorting them under `` Mac '' and `` Mc '' respectively or choosing to sort them both under `` Mc '' , it is known for Mc / Mac names to be placed in position before M . </P> Mc tab on a file card divider of British origin . Some traditional filing systems treated Mac / Mc names as if the prefix were a letter such as a putative `` Mc '' between M and N in the alphabet . <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Obsolete filing rules </Li> <Li> 1.2 An older UK view on alphabetisation and standardisation </Li> <Li> 1.3 A US library view ( 1942 ) for card sorting </Li> <Li> 1.4 Examples from the recent past </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Other contemporary standards </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 Notes </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> This topic has a complicated and disparate history , spread over different continents and relating to different areas of indexing , cataloguing and filing . The idea of a collating sequence itself has evolved , over time , and the `` Mac and Mc '' together example has been taken as representative of a possible paradigm . </P> <H3> Obsolete filing rules ( edit ) </H3> <P> A book on filing rules from 1918 gives an example showing Mc and M ' treated as abbreviations , i.e. for Mac , and ordered as if in the expanded version ; and a similar book from 1922 makes the rule one of a number that apply also to St. ( Saint ) and Mrs. ( Mistress ) . </P> <H3> An older uk view on alphabetisation and standardisation ( edit ) </H3> <P> A 1938 book that is a comparative study of cataloguing in various British libraries regarded Mac + Mc + M ' sorting as an example of achieved `` standardisation '' in alphabetisation . It gave further examples where , it argued , such standardisation would be beneficial . One example was </P> <Dl> <Dd> ä → ae </Dd> </Dl> <P> in the sense of alphabetising any word with ä as if the letter were replaced by `` ae '' . Other examples given are the replacement of Sainte by `` Saint '' to accommodate the French adjective in its feminine form ; or Archives in journal titles by `` Archive '' . The example of the Fitz prefix , a Norman French patronymic , is applied by ignoring the following space , which may or may not occur . The technical terms the author applies are `` letter by letter '' or `` all through '' for the case where spaces are ignored , and `` word by word '' or `` nothing before something '' for the case where space comes before A in the alphabet . In actual practice , some indexes , such as the British Union Catalogue of Periodicals , did practice such extensive standardisation . Sometimes by various technical devices such as replacing terms with conventional abbreviations that would be the same in all languages . </P> <H3> A us Library view ( 1942 ) for card sorting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Donald Knuth in vol. 3 of his The Art of Computer Programming gave a listing showing the operation of around 40 rules , of which `` Mc = Mac '' was one , for library card sorting . He was citing the American Library Association Rules for Filing Catalog Cards ( 1942 ) . According to the ALA wiki , it maintains in print two publications on filing rules , one covering that `` word - by - word '' convention , and another prepared in 1980 that is `` letter - by - letter '' . A 1998 book attributes the changes to the rules to computer informatics , and notes the Mac / Mc change as its first example . </P> <H3> Examples from the recent past ( edit ) </H3> <P> 1982 's Scottish Roots , a guide for family history researchers , warns that older Scottish records do not in fact follow this convention , unlike contemporary telephone directories . A 2001 book of New York Times theatre reviews sorts Mc names as if spelled Mac . A 2002 official document for the State of Vermont recommends explicitly no special treatment for Mac and Mc . A 2007 book in its tenth edition states that `` most library catalogs '' sort Mac and Mc names as if spelled M-a-c . </P> <H2> Other contemporary Standards ( edit ) </H2> <P> Among the guides which generally recommend separating Mac and Mc so that names will be sorted as they are spelled are ISO 999 , The Chicago Manual of Style , Butcher 's Copy - editing : The Cambridge Handbook for Editors , Copy - editors and Proofreaders , The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage , and The SBL Handbook of Style . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> John Leonard Thornton ( 1938 ) . Cataloguing in Special Libraries : A survey of methods . Grafton . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ www.library.yale.edu , Processing Manual > Chapter IV . Composing Folder Descriptions Mc IV. D. 3. d ) Mc and Mac , St. and Saint . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ aceproject.org , Voter Registration Processing </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carolyn E. Wolf ( 28 February 2006 ) . Basic Library Skills . McFarland . p. 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 2635 - 5 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ucl.ac.uk , UCL Institute of Archaeology , Coursework Guidelines , Rules for Referencing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winifred Glen Barnstead , Filing Rules for Dictionary Catalogues ( 1918 ) , archive.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cleveland Public Library ( Bertha Rickenbrode Barden ) , Filing Rules for the Arrangement of the Dictionary Catalogs of the Cleveland Public Library ( 1922 ) , p. 9 ; archive.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thornton , pp. 243 -- 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thornton , p. 239 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Donald Knuth , Sorting and Searching ( 1973 ) pp. 7 -- 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ wikis.ala.org , Filing Rules . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ann Wasman ( 1 July 1998 ) . New Steps to Service : Common - Sense Advice for the School Library Media Specialist . ALA Editions . p. 115 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8389 - 3483 - 8 . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alwyn James ( 1 April 1982 ) . Scottish Roots : A Step - By - Step Guide for Ancestor Hunters . Pelican Publishing . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88289 - 802 - 5 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Times ( 2 January 2001 ) . The New York Times Theater Reviews 1997 -- 1998 . Psychology Press . p. 431 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8153 - 3341 - 8 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Best Practice Standards for Indexing Land Instruments , May 2002 ; PDF , at p. 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W. Royce Adams ; Becky Patterson ( 5 January 2007 ) . Developing Reading Versatility . Cengage Learning . p. 45 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4130 - 2961 - 1 . Retrieved 25 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mulvany , Nancy C. ( 2005 ) . Indexing Books ( 2nd ed . ) . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . p. 164 . ISBN 0226552764 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butcher , Judith ; et al. ( 2006 ) . Butcher 's Copy - editing : The Cambridge Handbook for Editors , Copy - editors and Proofreaders . Cambridge University Press . p. 195 . ISBN 1139459899 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siegal , Allan M. ; William G. Connolly ( 1999 ) . The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage . New York : Three Rivers Press . p. 17 . ISBN 081296389X . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patrick H. Alexander ; et al. , eds. ( 1999 ) . The SBL Handbook of Style : For Ancient Near Eastern , Biblical , and Early Christian Studies . Peabody , Mass. : Hendrickson Publishers . p. 35 . ISBN 9781565634879 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mac_and_Mc_together&oldid=798524474 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Scottish surnames </Li> <Li> Surnames of Irish origin </Li> <Li> Archival science </Li> <Li> Library cataloging and classification </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> EngvarB from October 2013 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from October 2013 </Li> <Li> Articles with limited geographic scope from June 2012 </Li> <Li> Accuracy disputes from June 2012 </Li> <Li> All accuracy disputes </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 September 2017 , at 10 : 57 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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2016 College Football Playoff national championship - wikipedia <H1> 2016 College Football Playoff national championship </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> College Football Playoff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Alabama Crimson Tide </Td> <Td> Clemson Tigers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ( 13 -- 1 ) </Td> <Td> ( 14 -- 0 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SEC </Td> <Td> ACC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Head coach : Nick Saban </Td> <Td> Head coach : Dabo Swinney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> AP </Td> <Td> Coaches </Td> <Td> CFP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> AP </Td> <Td> Coaches </Td> <Td> CFP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Clemson </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> January 11 , 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season </Th> <Td> 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> University of Phoenix Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Glendale , Arizona </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MVP </Th> <Td> Offensive : # 88 TE O.J. Howard , Jr. , Alabama Defensive : # 4 SS Eddie Jackson , Jr . Alabama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Favorite </Th> <Td> Alabama by 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National anthem </Th> <Td> Ciara Eric Church ( Championship Tailgate ) Canaan Smith ( America the Beautiful ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Referee </Th> <Td> Terry Leyden ( Pac - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Td> 75,765 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> United States TV coverage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Network </Th> <Td> ESPN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Announcers </Th> <Td> ESPN : <Ul> <Li> Chris Fowler ( play - by - play ) Kirk Herbstreit ( analyst ) Heather Cox ( sideline reporter ) Tom Rinaldi ( sideline reporter ) </Li> </Ul> ESPN Deportes : Eduardo Varela ( play - by - play ) Pablo Viruega ( analyst ) ESPN Radio : Mike Tirico ( play - by - play ) Todd Blackledge ( analyst ) Holly Rowe ( sideline reporter ) Joe Schad ( sideline reporter ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> International TV coverage </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Network </Th> <Td> ESPN ( Spanish and Portuguese ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Announcers </Th> <Td> Eduardo Varela Pablo Viruega </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> College Football Playoff National Championship </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> < 2015 </Td> <Td> 2017 > </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship was a bowl game that determined the national champion of NCAA Division I FBS college football for the 2015 season . It was played at University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona on January 11 , 2016 , and was the culminating game of the 2015 -- 16 bowl season . </P> <P> The game was played between the winners of two pre-designated semifinal bowls played on December 31 , 2015 : the No. 1 Clemson Tigers , who beat the No. 4 Oklahoma Sooners 37 -- 17 at the Orange Bowl , coached by Dabo Swinney in his 8th season , and the No. 2 Alabama Crimson Tide , who shut out the No. 3 Michigan State Spartans 38 -- 0 at the Cotton Bowl Classic , coached by Nick Saban . </P> <P> The 13 -- 1 Alabama Crimson Tide won the game , holding off the undefeated Clemson Tigers 45 -- 40 in the fourth quarter . Accompanied by a talented receiving corps , Clemson 's Heisman Finalist quarterback Deshaun Watson had a historic performance , setting the record for most total yards in national championship game history , with 478 yards ( 405 passing / 73 rushing ) against the nation 's third - ranked defense in Alabama , breaking the record previously set by Vince Young in the 2006 Rose Bowl . Following the game , the AP Poll also named Alabama as its top team of the season , giving Alabama their fourth title in seven seasons . Both Clemson and Alabama finished the season 14 -- 1 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 2016 College Football Playoff </Li> <Li> 2 Host selection </Li> <Li> 3 Starting lineups </Li> <Li> 4 Game summary <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Scoring summary </Li> <Li> 4.2 Statistics </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Broadcasting <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Local Radio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> 2016 College Football Playoff ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> 2016 Championship Game </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> December 31 -- Orange Bowl </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> Clemson </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 </Td> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> January 11 -- National Championship </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 </Td> <Td> Clemson </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> December 31 -- Cotton Bowl Classic </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 </Td> <Td> Michigan State </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> This bracket : <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> edit </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Host selection ( edit ) </H2> <P> University of Phoenix Stadium in Glendale , Arizona was announced as the host site in December 2013 , along with 2017 host Raymond James Stadium . The Arizona Organizing Committee , co-chaired by Brad Wright and Win Holden , hosted the game . </P> <H2> Starting lineups ( edit ) </H2> <P> Selected in an NFL Draft ( number corresponds to draft round ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † = 2015 All - American </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alabama </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Clemson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Offense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calvin Ridley </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> WR </Td> <Td> Artavis Scott </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cam Robinson 2 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> LT </Td> <Td> Mitch Hyatt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ross Pierschbacher </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> LG </Td> <Td> Eric Mac Lain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † Ryan Kelly 1 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> <Td> Jay Guillermo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alphonse Taylor </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> RG </Td> <Td> Tyrone Crowder Jr . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dominick Jackson </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> RT </Td> <Td> Joe Gore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> O.J. Howard 1 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> TE </Td> <Td> Jordan Leggett 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ArDarius Stewart 3 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> WR </Td> <Td> Hunter Renfrow </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jake Coker </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> QB </Td> <Td> † Deshaun Watson 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † Derrick Henry 2 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> RB </Td> <Td> Wayne Gallman 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † A'Shawn Robinson 2 </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> † Shaq Lawson 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonathan Allen 1 </Td> <Td> NG </Td> <Td> DT </Td> <Td> D.J. Reader 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jarran Reed 2 </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> DT </Td> <Td> Carlos Watkins 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denzel Devall </Td> <Td> JLB </Td> <Td> DE </Td> <Td> Kevin Dodd 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † Reggie Ragland 2 </Td> <Td> MLB </Td> <Td> SLB </Td> <Td> Travis Blanks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reuben Foster 1 </Td> <Td> WLB </Td> <Td> MLB </Td> <Td> B.J. Goodson 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minkah Fitzpatrick </Td> <Td> CB </Td> <Td> WLB </Td> <Td> Ben Boulware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyrus Jones 2 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> CB </Td> <Td> Mackensie Alexander 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marlon Humphrey 1 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> CB </Td> <Td> Cordrea Tankersley 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eddie Jackson 4 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> bgcolor = `` # FFCC00 '' SS </Td> <Td> Jayron Kearse 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geno Matias - Smith </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> FS </Td> <Td> T.J. Green 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Game summary ( edit ) </H2> <P> Alabama came off a stellar defensive performance in the semifinal game , and was looking to contain Clemson 's QB Deshaun Watson , but Alabama defense was quickly forced into conceding most of the field and stopping Clemson in the redzone . Alabama 's offense was stressed at the line of scrimmage by Clemson 's defensive line led by Shaq Lawson . Despite being statistically outplayed by Clemson ( 550 Clemson offensive yards to 473 Alabama ) offensively and statistically tied in other areas , Alabama was able to capitalize on three key plays : an interception of Deshaun Watson 's pass early in the second quarter , a surprise Alabama onside kick early in the fourth quarter , and an Alabama kickoff return for a touchdown in the middle of the fourth quarter . These plays accounted for 21 points , and Alabama won the game 45 to 40 . </P> <P> Having won the coin toss to start the game , Clemson elected to defer to the second half . Characteristic of Alabama , the offensive opening drive was slow and cautious but notable for utilizing Derrick Henry four times , a change from the semifinal game against Michigan State . Alabama and Clemson would trade punting drives before , on the next Alabama possession , Derrick Henry was utilized three times . On the third run , Derrick found an opening for a 50 - yard touchdown run ( 7 - 0 ) . However , on the next two Clemson possessions Deshaun Watson used his speed , agility , and elusiveness to sustain drives with a mixture of QB runs and fade routes against Alabama 's top - ranked defense . Both drives ended in TD throws to Hunter Renfrow ( 7 - 14 ) , the latter of which ended the first quarter . </P> <P> On Alabama 's next possession to start the second quarter , despite a promising start in a 29 - yard pass to Richard Mullaney , Alabama 's offensive line conceded a sack by Kevin Dodd and a tackle for loss on Derrick Henry . Characteristic of Alabama , facing third and long offensive coordinator Lane Kiffin opted for extra field position on a punt with a short throw to Ridley rather than attempting a first down pass . On the ensuing Clemson drive Deshaun Watson was intercepted by Eddie Jackson at the Clemson 42 yard line . The resulting Alabama possession culminated in a 1 - yard TD run by Derrick Henry ( 14 - 14 ) . After this flurry , both Clemson and Alabama played more cautiously as each of the three following possessions by both teams went no further than 40 yards . Clemson 's last possession of the half resulted in a blocked field goal . </P> <P> Going into the third quarter , Clemson opted to receive the ball but was forced into a quick three and out . On Alabama 's next possession , TE OJ Howard found himself open in space for a 53 - yard touchdown ( 21 - 14 ) . Clemson responded with a mixture of QB runs , pass plays by Deshaun Watson , and key run plays by RB Wayne Gallman on its next two drives to get a 37 - yard field goal by Greg Hugel ( 21 - 17 ) and a 1 - yard touchdown run by Wayne Gallman ( 21 - 24 ) . Both teams were then stalled for three and outs or near three and outs on their next two possessions to close the Third quarter . </P> <P> On Alabama 's first possession of the fourth quarter , Jake Coker found ArDarius Stewart in single man coverage for 38 yards . This gain , however , did not translate into a touchdown as the offense was stalled by good secondary play from Clemson . Alabama settled for a field goal from 33 yards to tie the game ( 24 - 24 ) . On the ensuing kickoff Alabama gambled on a surprise onside kick , executed to perfection by Adam Griffith and caught by Marlon Humphrey . Alabama capitalized almost immediately with another 50 + touchdown pass to a wide open OJ Howard ( 31 - 24 ) . Clemson pulled within 4 once again . However , Alabama 's defense held in the red zone and forced a field goal from Clemson ( 31 - 27 ) . On the ensuing kickoff , Alabama RB Kenyan Drake stunned Clemson by taking the ball 95 yards for an Alabama touchdown ( 38 - 27 ) . Deshaun Watson quickly answered with an 8 play 75 yard touchdown drive which culminated in a 15 - yard touchdown pass to WR Artavius Scott . In attempt to pull within three points of Alabama ( and thus within a field goal of tying the game ) , Clemson attempted a two - point conversion with what morphed into a naked bootleg QB run by Deshaun Watson which was stopped short ( 38 - 33 ) . On Alabama 's next possession QB Jake Coker passed the ball in a checkdown screen to OJ Howard who , getting good blocking , ran for 63 yards . With less than 3 minutes left in the game , ran the ball up the middle to convert downs . After a key third down scramble for a first down by Jake Coker , Derrick Henry , on third down , broke the touchdown plane with the nose of the ball over the top of the goal line pile of players for a 1 - yard TD run ( 45 - 33 ) . A stellar performance by Deshaun Watson on a 55 - second drive culminated in a 24 - yard touchdown pass to Jordan Leggett with 12 seconds left on the clock ( 45 - 40 ) . Clemson attempted an onside kick but the ball was recovered by Alabama sealing their victory . This was the fourth Alabama national championship win in seven years , first of the College Football Playoff era , and Head Coach Nick Saban 's fifth overall . </P> <H3> Scoring summary ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( hide ) Scoring summary </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Quarter </Th> <Th> Time </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Drive </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Scoring information </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Th> Yards </Th> <Th> TOP </Th> <Th> ALA </Th> <Th> CLEM </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 : 55 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 0 : 55 </Td> <Td> ALA </Td> <Td> Derrick Henry 50 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 18 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 2 : 37 </Td> <Td> CLEM </Td> <Td> Hunter Renfrow 31 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 00 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 2 : 17 </Td> <Td> CLEM </Td> <Td> Hunter Renfrow 11 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 : 35 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 2 : 23 </Td> <Td> ALA </Td> <Td> Derrick Henry 1 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 : 53 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 0 : 53 </Td> <Td> ALA </Td> <Td> O.J. Howard 53 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Coker , Adam Griffith kick good </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 : 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 2 : 43 </Td> <Td> CLEM </Td> <Td> 37 - yard field goal by Greg Huegel </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 48 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 3 : 38 </Td> <Td> CLEM </Td> <Td> Wayne Gallman 1 - yard touchdown run , Greg Huegel kick good </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 : 34 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 2 : 33 </Td> <Td> ALA </Td> <Td> 33 - yard field goal by Adam Griffith </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 : 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 0 : 49 </Td> <Td> ALA </Td> <Td> O.J. Howard 51 - yard touchdown reception from Jake Coker , Adam Griffith kick good </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 : 47 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 1 : 58 </Td> <Td> CLEM </Td> <Td> 31 - yard field goal by Greg Huegel </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 : 31 </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> - </Td> <Td> ALA </Td> <Td> Kick returned 95 yards for touchdown by Kenyan Drake , Adam Griffith kick good </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 : 40 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 2 : 51 </Td> <Td> CLEM </Td> <Td> Artavis Scott 15 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , 2 - point run failed </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 07 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 3 : 33 </Td> <Td> ALA </Td> <Td> Derrick Henry 1 - yard touchdown run , Adam Griffith kick good </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 12 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 0 : 55 </Td> <Td> CLEM </Td> <Td> Jordan Leggett 24 - yard touchdown reception from Deshaun Watson , Greg Huegel kick good </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> `` TOP '' = time of possession . For other American football terms , see Glossary of American football . </Td> <Th> 45 </Th> <Th> 40 </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Statistics ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Statistics </Th> <Th> Alabama </Th> <Th> Clemson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First Downs </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plays -- yards </Td> <Td> 71 -- 473 </Td> <Td> 85 -- 550 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rushes -- yards </Td> <Td> 46 -- 138 </Td> <Td> 38 -- 145 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Passing yards </Td> <Td> 335 </Td> <Td> 405 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Passing : Comp -- Att -- Int </Td> <Td> 11 -- 25 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 37 -- 47 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Time of possession </Td> <Td> 30 : 31 </Td> <Td> 29 : 29 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Broadcasting ( edit ) </H2> <P> The game was broadcast in the United States by ESPN , ESPN Deportes , and ESPN Radio , with Chris Fowler and Kirk Herbstreit as English commentators on TV , and Eduardo Varela and Pablo Viruega as Spanish commentators . In Brazil , the game was broadcast on ESPN Brazil by Everaldo Marques ( play by play ) and Antony Curti ( color commentator ) . As in 2015 , ESPN provided Megacast coverage of the game , which supplemented coverage with analysis and additional perspectives of the game on different ESPN channels and platforms . </P> <P> An average of 23.6 million viewers watched the game , representing a 29 % decrease over the 2015 title game , which was seen by 33.4 million viewers . The game was the sixth - highest - rated broadcast in U.S. cable television history ( by contrast , the 2015 game was the highest - rated ) , and ESPN reported that the game brought the network its third - highest overnight ratings ( behind the 2010 and 2015 title games ) . </P> <H3> Local Radio ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Network </Th> <Th> Play - by - play </Th> <Th> Color commentator ( s ) </Th> <Th> Sideline reporter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Studio Host ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> WFFN -- FM 95.3 , WDGM - FM 99.1 and Crimson Tide Sports Network ( Alabama ) WCCP - FM 105.5 and Clemson Tigers Sports Network ( Clemson ) </Td> <Td> Eli Gold Don Munson </Td> <Td> Phil Savage Rodney Williams </Td> <Td> Chris Stewart Patrick Sapp </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alabama 61⁄2 - to 7 - point favorite in title game vs. Clemson '' . FoxSports . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vegas experts ' guide to betting Alabama - Clemson '' . ABC News . Retrieved September 7 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` College Football Playoff Announces National Championship Pregame Entertainment '' ( Press release ) . College Football Playoff . December 17 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ciara To Sing National Anthem At College Football Playoff '' . dfw.cbslocal.com . CBS Local DFW . December 18 , 2015 . Retrieved December 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.ncaa.com/stats/football/fbs/current/team/22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Deshaun Watson has record night in national championship loss '' . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hutchins , Andy . `` How Deshaun Watson became a superstar '' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Final AP Poll : Alabama finishes No. 1 for 10th time ; Stanford , OSU move up '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alabama claims it has 16 national titles , but several are disputed '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN brings the Megacast back for the College Football Playoff National Championship '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Details for ESPN 's Megacast of the College Football Playoff title game '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ESPN College Football Title Game Ratings Drop 19 % From 2015 Record '' . Broadcasting & Cable . NewBay Media . Retrieved January 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chicago Tribune ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` New college football playoff draws larger TV audience for title game '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> 2015 -- 16 NCAA football bowl game season </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> New Mexico ( Dec. 19 ) </Li> <Li> Las Vegas ( Dec. 19 ) </Li> <Li> Camellia ( Dec. 19 ) </Li> <Li> Cure ( Dec. 19 ) </Li> <Li> New Orleans ( Dec. 19 ) </Li> <Li> Miami Beach ( Dec. 21 ) </Li> <Li> Famous Idaho Potato ( Dec. 22 ) </Li> <Li> Boca Raton ( Dec. 22 ) </Li> <Li> Poinsettia ( Dec. 23 ) </Li> <Li> GoDaddy ( Dec. 23 ) </Li> <Li> Bahamas ( Dec. 24 ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii ( Dec. 24 ) </Li> <Li> St. Petersburg ( Dec. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Sun ( Dec. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Heart of Dallas ( Dec. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Pinstripe ( Dec. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Independence ( Dec. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Foster Farms ( Dec. 26 ) </Li> <Li> Military ( Dec. 28 ) </Li> <Li> Quick Lane ( Dec. 28 ) </Li> <Li> Armed Forces ( Dec. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Russell Athletic ( Dec. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Arizona ( Dec. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Texas ( Dec. 29 ) </Li> <Li> Birmingham ( Dec. 30 ) </Li> <Li> Belk ( Dec. 30 ) </Li> <Li> Music City ( Dec. 30 ) </Li> <Li> Holiday ( Dec. 30 ) </Li> <Li> Peach ( Dec. 31 ) </Li> <Li> Outback ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Citrus ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Fiesta ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Rose ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> <Li> Sugar ( Jan. 1 ) </Li> <Li> TaxSlayer ( Jan. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Liberty ( Jan. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Alamo ( Jan. 2 ) </Li> <Li> Cactus ( Jan. 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> College Football Playoff games : Orange ( semifinal ) ( Dec. 31 ) </Li> <Li> Cotton ( semifinal ) ( Dec. 31 ) </Li> <Li> National Championship Game ( Jan. 11 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> All - Star Games : 2016 East -- West Shrine Game ( Jan. 23 ) </Li> <Li> NFLPA Collegiate Bowl ( Jan. 23 ) </Li> <Li> Senior Bowl ( Jan. 30 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> College Football Playoff </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Championships </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Overview </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> College Football Playoff National Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 2015 ( Jan 2016 ) </Li> <Li> 2016 ( Jan 2017 ) </Li> <Li> 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semifinal Bowls </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rose </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) , 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sugar </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2014 ( Jan 2015 ) , 2017 ( Jan 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orange </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) , 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cotton </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2015 ( Dec 2015 ) , 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Peach </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) , 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fiesta </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2016 ( Dec 2016 ) , 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of College Football Playoff games </Li> <Li> New Year 's Six </Li> <Li> College Football Playoff National Championship Trophy </Li> <Li> NCAA Division I FBS champions </Li> <Li> Mythical national championship </Li> <Li> Plus - One system </Li> <Li> Power Five conferences </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alabama Crimson Tide bowl games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1926 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1927 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1931 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1935 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1938 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1942 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1943 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1945 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1946 Rose Bowl </Li> <Li> 1948 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1953 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1954 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1959 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1960 Bluebonnet Bowl </Li> <Li> 1962 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1963 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1964 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1965 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1966 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1967 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1968 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1968 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1969 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1970 Astro - Bluebonnet Bowl </Li> <Li> 1972 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1973 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1973 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1975 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1975 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1976 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1978 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1979 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1980 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1981 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1982 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1982 Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> 1983 Sun Bowl </Li> <Li> 1985 Aloha Bowl </Li> <Li> 1986 Sun Bowl </Li> <Li> 1988 Hall of Fame Bowl </Li> <Li> 1988 Sun Bowl </Li> <Li> 1990 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1991 Fiesta Bowl </Li> <Li> 1991 Blockbuster Bowl </Li> <Li> 1993 Sugar Bowl # </Li> <Li> 1993 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1995 Florida Citrus Bowl </Li> <Li> 1997 Outback Bowl </Li> <Li> 1998 Music City Bowl </Li> <Li> 2000 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 2001 Independence Bowl </Li> <Li> 2004 Music City Bowl </Li> <Li> 2006 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 2006 Independence Bowl </Li> <Li> 2007 Independence Bowl </Li> <Li> 2009 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 2010 BCS National Championship Game # </Li> <Li> 2011 Capital One Bowl </Li> <Li> 2012 BCS National Championship Game # </Li> <Li> 2013 BCS National Championship Game # </Li> <Li> 2014 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 2015 Sugar Bowl / </Li> <Li> 2015 Cotton Bowl Classic / </Li> <Li> 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # </Li> <Li> 2016 Peach Bowl / </Li> <Li> 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # </Li> </Ul> <P> Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . Forward slash ( / ) denotes College Football Playoff semifinal game </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Clemson Tigers bowl games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1940 Cotton Bowl Classic </Li> <Li> 1949 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1951 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1952 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1957 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 1959 Sugar Bowl </Li> <Li> 1959 Bluebonnet Bowl </Li> <Li> 1977 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1978 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1979 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 1982 Orange Bowl # </Li> <Li> 1985 Independence Bowl </Li> <Li> 1986 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1988 Florida Citrus Bowl </Li> <Li> 1989 Florida Citrus Bowl </Li> <Li> 1989 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1991 Hall of Fame Bowl </Li> <Li> 1992 Florida Citrus Bowl </Li> <Li> 1993 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 1996 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 1996 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 1998 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 1999 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 2001 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 2001 Humanitarian Bowl </Li> <Li> 2002 Tangerine Bowl </Li> <Li> 2004 Peach Bowl </Li> <Li> 2005 Champs Sports Bowl </Li> <Li> 2006 Music City Bowl </Li> <Li> 2007 Chick - fil - A Bowl </Li> <Li> 2009 Gator Bowl </Li> <Li> 2009 Music City Bowl </Li> <Li> 2010 Meineke Car Care Bowl </Li> <Li> 2012 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 2012 Chick - fil - A Bowl </Li> <Li> 2014 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 2014 Russell Athletic Bowl </Li> <Li> 2015 Orange Bowl </Li> <Li> 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship # </Li> <Li> 2016 Fiesta Bowl </Li> <Li> 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship # </Li> </Ul> <P> Pound sign ( # ) denotes national championship game . </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship&oldid=802994210 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2015 -- 16 NCAA football bowl games </Li> <Li> 2015 -- 16 College Football Playoff </Li> <Li> Alabama Crimson Tide football bowl games </Li> <Li> Clemson Tigers football bowl games </Li> <Li> 2016 in sports in Arizona </Li> <Li> January 2016 sports events in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from January 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 September 2017 , at 20 : 13 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Curling - wikipedia <H1> Curling </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sport . For other uses , see Curling ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Curling <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Curling games taking place during the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Highest governing body </Th> <Td> World Curling Federation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nicknames </Th> <Td> Chess On Ice , The Roaring Game </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First played </Th> <Td> Approximately late medieval Scotland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Registered players </Th> <Td> est . 1,500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Contact </Th> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team members </Th> <Td> 4 or 3 per team ( 2 in mixed doubles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mixed gender </Th> <Td> Yes ; see mixed curling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Precision and accuracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Equipment </Th> <Td> Curling brooms , stones ( rocks ) , curling shoes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Curling sheet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glossary </Th> <Td> Glossary of curling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Presence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Olympic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First event in 1924 ( retroactively made official in 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Demonstration sport in 1932 , 1988 and 1992 . </Li> <Li> Officially added in 1998 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paralympic </Th> <Td> Wheelchair curling officially added in 2006 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles . It is related to bowls , boules and shuffleboard . Two teams , each with four players , take turns sliding heavy , polished granite stones , also called rocks , across the ice curling sheet towards the house , a circular target marked on the ice . Each team has eight stones , with each player throwing two . The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game ; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end , which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones . A game usually consists of eight or ten ends . </P> <P> The curler can induce a curved path by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides , and the path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms who accompany it as it slides down the sheet , using the brooms to alter the state of the ice in front of the stone . Sweeping a rock makes it curl less , and decreases the friction that slows the rock down . A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation , and the skills of the curlers determine the degree to which the stone will achieve the desired result . This gives curling its nickname of `` chess on ice '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Olympic curling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Equipment <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Curling sheet </Li> <Li> 2.2 Curling stone </Li> <Li> 2.3 Curling broom </Li> <Li> 2.4 Shoes </Li> <Li> 2.5 Other equipment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Gameplay <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Delivery </Li> <Li> 3.2 Sweeping </Li> <Li> 3.3 Burning a stone </Li> <Li> 3.4 Types of shots </Li> <Li> 3.5 Free guard zone </Li> <Li> 3.6 Hammer </Li> <Li> 3.7 Strategy </Li> <Li> 3.8 Conceding a game </Li> <Li> 3.9 Dispute resolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Scoring </Li> <Li> 5 Curling culture <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Good sportsmanship </Li> <Li> 5.2 Accessibility in curling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Terminology </Li> <Li> 7 Champions and major championships </Li> <Li> 8 Notable curling clubs </Li> <Li> 9 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> Detail from a reproduction of Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap ( Bruegel , 1565 ) <P> Evidence that curling existed in Scotland in the early 16th century includes a curling stone inscribed with the date 1511 uncovered ( along with another bearing the date 1551 ) when an old pond was drained at Dunblane , Scotland . The world 's oldest curling stone and the world 's oldest football are now kept in the same museum ( the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum ) in Stirling . The first written reference to a contest using stones on ice coming from the records of Paisley Abbey , Renfrewshire , in February 1541 . Two paintings , `` Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap '' and `` The Hunters in the Snow '' ( both dated 1565 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Flemish peasants curling , albeit without brooms ; Scotland and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period , which is also evident in the history of golf . </P> A curling match at Eglinton Castle , Ayrshire , Scotland in 1860 . The curling house is located to the left of the picture . <P> The word curling first appears in print in 1620 in Perth , Scotland , in the preface and the verses of a poem by Henry Adamson . The sport was ( and still is , in Scotland and Scottish - settled regions like southern New Zealand ) also known as `` the roaring game '' because of the sound the stones make while traveling over the pebble ( droplets of water applied to the playing surface ) . The verbal noun curling is formed from the Scots ( and English ) verb curl , which describes the motion of the stone . </P> Group of people curling on a lake in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , Canada , c. 1897 <P> Kilsyth Curling Club claims to be the first club in the world , having been formally constituted in 1716 ; it is still in existence today . Kilsyth also claims the oldest purpose - built curling pond in the world at Colzium , in the form of a low dam creating a shallow pool some 100 × 250 metres in size . </P> Men curling in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 1909 <P> In the early history of curling , the playing stones were simply flat - bottomed stones from rivers or fields , which lacked a handle and were of inconsistent size , shape and smoothness . Some early stones had holes for a finger and the thumb , akin to ten - pin bowling balls . Unlike today , the thrower had little control over the ' curl ' or velocity and relied more on luck than on precision , skill and strategy . The sport was often played on frozen rivers although purpose - built ponds were later created in many Scottish towns . For example the Scottish poet David Gray describes whisky drinking curlers on the Luggie Water at Kirkintilloch . </P> Curling on Lake of Menteith from 2010 . The last official Grand Match was held here in 1979 . <P> In Darvel , East Ayrshire , the weavers relaxed by playing curling matches using the heavy stone weights from the looms ' warp beams , fitted with a detachable handle for the purpose . Many a wife would keep her husband 's brass curling stone handle on the mantelpiece , brightly polished until the next time it was needed . Central Canadian curlers often used ' irons ' rather than stones until the early 1900s ; Canada is the only country known to have done so , while others experimented with wood or ice - filled tins . </P> <P> Outdoor curling was very popular in Scotland between the 16th and 19th centuries because the climate provided good ice conditions every winter . Scotland is home to the international governing body for curling , the World Curling Federation , Perth , which originated as a committee of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club , the mother club of curling . </P> <P> Today , the sport is most firmly established in Canada , having been taken there by Scottish emigrants . The Royal Montreal Curling Club , the oldest established sports club still active in North America , was established in 1807 . The first curling club in the United States was established in 1830 , and the sport was introduced to Switzerland and Sweden before the end of the 19th century , also by Scots . Today , curling is played all over Europe and has spread to Brazil , Japan , Australia , New Zealand , China , and Korea . </P> <P> The first world championship for curling was limited to men and was known as the Scotch Cup , held in Falkirk and Edinburgh , Scotland , in 1959 . The first world title was won by the Canadian team from Regina , Saskatchewan , skipped by Ernie Richardson . ( The skip is the team member who calls the shots ; see below . ) </P> <P> Curling was one of the first sports that was popular with women and girls . </P> <H3> Olympic curling </H3> Curling at Youth Olympic Games 2012 Main article : Curling at the Winter Olympics Curling pictogram <P> Curling has been a medal sport in the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics . It currently includes men 's , women 's and mixed doubles tournaments ( the mixed tournament was held for the first time in 2018 ) . </P> <P> In February 2002 , the International Olympic Committee retroactively decided that the curling competition from the 1924 Winter Olympics ( originally called Semaine des Sports d'Hiver , or International Winter Sports Week ) would be considered official Olympic events and no longer be considered demonstration events . Thus , the first Olympic medals in curling , which at the time was played outdoors , were awarded for the 1924 Winter Games , with the gold medal won by Great Britain and Ireland , two silver medals by Sweden , and the bronze by France . A demonstration tournament was also held during the 1932 Winter Olympic Games between four teams from Canada and four teams from the United States , with Canada winning 12 games to 4 . </P> <P> Since the 1998 Olympics , Canada has dominated the sport with their men 's teams winning gold in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 , and silver in 1998 and 2002 . The women 's team won gold in 1998 and 2014 , a silver in 2010 , and a bronze in 2002 and 2006 . The mixed doubles team won gold in 2018 . </P> <H2> Equipment </H2> The playing area in curling is shown here . Stones must land between the hog line ( bottom of photo ) and the back line ( behind the rings ) and may not contact boards or out lines ( on the sides ) at any time during travel . <H3> Curling sheet </H3> <P> The playing surface or curling sheet is defined by the World Curling Federation Rules of Curling . It is a rectangular area of ice , carefully prepared to be as flat and level as possible , 146 to 150 feet ( 45 to 46 m ) in length by 14.5 to 16.5 feet ( 4.4 to 5.0 m ) in width . The shorter borders of the sheet are called the backboards . Because of the elongated shape , several sheets may be laid out side by side in the same arena , allowing multiple games to be played simultaneously . </P> <P> A target , the house , is centred on the intersection of the centre line , drawn lengthwise down the centre of the sheet and the tee line , drawn 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . These lines divide the house into quarters . The house consists of a centre circle ( the button ) and three concentric rings , of diameters 4 , 8 and 12 feet , formed by painting or laying coloured vinyl sheet under the ice and are usually distinguished by colour . A stone must at least touch the outer ring in order to score ( see Scoring below ) ; otherwise the rings are merely a visual aid for aiming and judging which stone is closer to the button . Two hog lines are drawn 37 feet ( 11 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . </P> <P> The hacks are fixed 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) behind each button ; a hack gives the thrower something to push against when making the throw . On indoor rinks , there are usually two fixed hacks , rubber - lined holes , one on each side of the centre line , with the inside edge no more than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) from the centre line and the front edge on the hack line . A single moveable hack may also be used . </P> <P> The ice may be natural but is usually frozen by a refrigeration plant pumping a brine solution through numerous pipes fixed lengthwise at the bottom of a shallow pan of water . Most curling clubs have an ice maker whose main job is to care for the ice . At the major curling championships , ice maintenance is extremely important . Large events , such as the Brier or other national / international championships , are typically held in an arena that presents a challenge to the ice maker , who must constantly monitor and adjust the ice and air temperatures as well as air humidity levels to ensure a consistent playing surface . It is common for each sheet of ice to have multiple sensors embedded in order to monitor surface temperature , as well as probes set up in the seating area ( to monitor humidity ) and in the compressor room ( to monitor brine supply and return temperatures ) . The surface of the ice is maintained at a temperature of around 23 ° F ( − 5 ° C ) . </P> <P> A key part of the preparation of the playing surface is the spraying of water droplets onto the ice , which form pebble on freezing . The pebbled ice surface resembles an orange peel , and the stone moves on top of the pebbled ice . As the stone moves over the pebble , any rotation of the stone causes it to curl to the inside or outside . The amount of curl ( commonly referred to as the feet of curl ) can change during a game as the pebble wears ; the ice maker must monitor this and be prepared to scrape and re-pebble the surface prior to each game . </P> A curling sheet , with dimensions in feet ( 1 ' = 1 ft = 0.3 m ) . CL : Centreline HOL : Hogline TL : Teeline BL : Backline HA : Hackline with Hacks FGZ : Free Guard Zone <H3> Curling stone </H3> <P> The curling stone ( also sometimes called a rock in North America ) is made of granite and is specified by the World Curling Federation , which requires a weight between 38 and 44 pounds ( 17.24 and 19.96 kg ) , a maximum circumference of 36 inches ( 914.4 mm ) and a minimum height of 4.5 inches ( 114.3 mm ) . The only part of the stone in contact with the ice is the running surface , a narrow , flat annulus or ring , 0.25 to 0.50 inches ( 6.4 to 12.7 mm ) wide and about 5 inches ( 130 mm ) in diameter ; the sides of the stone bulge convex down to the ring and the inside of the ring is hollowed concave to clear the ice . This concave bottom was first proposed by J.S. Russell of Toronto , Ontario , Canada sometime after 1870 , and was subsequently adopted by Scottish stone manufacturer Andrew Kay . </P> The curling stone or rock is made of granite An old - style curling stone <P> The granite for the stones comes from two sources : Ailsa Craig , an island off the Ayrshire coast of Scotland , and the Trefor Granite Quarry in Wales . </P> <P> Ailsa Craig is the traditional source and produces two types of granite , Blue Hone and Ailsa Craig Common Green . Blue Hone has very low water absorption , which prevents the action of repeatedly freezing water from eroding the stone . Ailsa Craig Common Green is a lesser quality granite than Blue Hone . In the past , most curling stones were made from Blue Hone but the island is now a wildlife reserve and the quarry is restricted by environmental conditions that exclude blasting . </P> <P> Kays of Scotland has been making curling stones in Mauchline , Ayrshire , since 1851 and has the exclusive rights to the Ailsa Craig granite , granted by the Marquess of Ailsa , whose family has owned the island since 1560 . According to the 1881 Census , Andrew Kay employed 30 people in his curling stone factory in Mauchline . The last harvest of Ailsa Craig granite by Kays took place in 2013 , after a hiatus of 11 years ; 2,000 tons were harvested , sufficient to fill anticipated orders through at least 2020 . Kays have been involved in providing curling stones for the Winter Olympics since Chamonix in 1924 and has been the exclusive manufacturer of curling stones for the Olympics since the 2006 Winter Olympics . </P> <P> Trefor granite comes from the Yr Eifl or Trefor Granite Quarry in the village of Trefor on the north coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd , Wales and has produced granite since 1850 . Trefor granite comes in shades of pink , blue and grey . The quarry supplies curling stone granite exclusively to the Canadian , Canada Curling Stone Co. , which has been producing stones since 1992 and supplied the stones for the 2002 Winter Olympics . </P> <P> A handle is attached by a bolt running vertically through a hole in the centre of the stone . The handle allows the stone to be gripped and rotated upon release ; on properly prepared ice the rotation will bend ( curl ) the path of the stone in the direction in which the front edge of the stone is turning , especially as the stone slows . Handles are coloured to identify each team , two popular colours in major tournaments being red and yellow . In competition , an electronic handle known as the eye on the hog may be fitted to detect hog line violations . This electronically detects whether the thrower 's hand is in contact with the handle as it passes the hog line and indicates a violation by lights at the base of the handle . The eye on the hog eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials . It is mandatory in high - level national and international competition , but its cost , around US $ 650 each , currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling . </P> <H3> Curling broom </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Curling broom <P> The curling broom , or brush , is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone ( see sweeping ) and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone . </P> <P> Prior to the 1950s , most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the day . In 1958 , Fern Marchessault of Montreal inverted the corn straw in the centre of the broom . This style of corn broom was referred to as the Blackjack . </P> <P> Artificial brooms made from man - made fabrics rather than corn , such as the Rink Rat , also became common later during this time period . Prior to the late sixties , Scottish curling brushes were used primarily by some of the Scots , as well as by recreational and elderly curlers , as a substitute for corn brooms , since the technique was easier to learn . In the late sixties , competitive curlers from Calgary , Alberta , such as John Mayer , Bruce Stewart , and , later , the world junior championship teams skipped by Paul Gowsell , proved that the curling brush could be just as ( or more ) effective without all the blisters common to corn broom use . During that time period , there was much debate in competitive curling circles as to which sweeping device was more effective : brush or broom . Eventually , the brush won out with the majority of curlers making the switch to the less costly and more efficient brush . Today , brushes have replaced traditional corn brooms at every level of curling ; it is rare now to see a curler using a corn broom on a regular basis . </P> <P> Curling brushes may have fabric , hog hair , or horsehair heads . Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel . These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles , allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex . New , `` directional fabric '' brooms , which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required , have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage . The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015 -- 2016 season . The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes . </P> <H3> Shoes </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Curling shoes , showing a slider sole <P> Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles ; the slider shoe ( usually known as a `` slider '' ) is designed for the sliding foot and the `` gripper shoe '' ( usually known as a gripper ) for the hack foot . </P> <P> The slider is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole . It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the skip to glide down the ice when sweeping or otherwise traveling down the sheet quickly . Stainless steel was once common for slider soles , and `` red brick '' sliders with lateral blocks of PVC on the sole are also available . Most shoes have a full - sole sliding surface , but some shoes have a sliding surface covering only the outline of the shoe and other enhancements with the full - sole slider . Some shoes have small disc sliders covering the front and heel portions or only the front portion of the foot , which allow more flexibility in the sliding foot for curlers playing with tuck deliveries . When a player is not throwing , the player 's slider shoe can be temporarily rendered non-slippery by using a slip - on gripper . Ordinary athletic shoes may be converted to sliders by using a step - on or slip - on Teflon slider or by applying electrical or gaffer tape directly to the sole or over a piece of cardboard . This arrangement often suits casual or beginning players . </P> <P> The gripper is worn by the thrower on the hack foot during delivery and is designed to grip the ice . It may have a normal athletic shoe sole or a special layer of rubbery material applied to the sole of a thickness to match the sliding shoe . The toe of the hack foot shoe may also have a rubberised coating on the top surface or a flap that hangs over the toe to reduce wear on the top of the shoe as it drags on the ice behind the thrower . </P> <H3> Other equipment </H3> <P> Other types of equipment include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Curling pants , made to be stretchy to accommodate the curling delivery . </Li> <Li> A stopwatch to time the stones over a fixed distance to calculate their speed . Stopwatches can be attached either to clothing or the broom . </Li> <Li> Curling gloves and mittens , to keep the hands warm and improve grip on the broom . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gameplay </H2> At the 2006 Winter Olympics , Mark Nichols from Team Canada delivers a stone while his teammates look on , ready to begin sweeping . The curler uses his broom to help keep his balance during delivery . <P> The purpose of a game is to score points by getting stones closer to the house centre , or the `` button '' , than the other team 's stones . Players from either team alternate in taking shots from the far side of the sheet . An end is complete when all eight rocks from each team have been delivered , a total of sixteen stones . If the teams are tied at the end of the game , play continues for as many ends as may be required to break the tie . The winner is the team with the highest score after all ends have been completed ( see Scoring below ) . A game may be conceded if considered unwinnable . </P> <P> International competitive games are generally ten ends , so most of the national championships that send a representative to the World Championships or Olympics also play ten ends . However , there is a movement on the World Curling Tour to make the games only eight ends . Most tournaments on that tour are eight ends , as are the vast majority of recreational games . </P> <P> In international competition , each side is given 73 minutes to complete all of its throws . Each team is also allowed two minute - long timeouts per 10 - end game . If extra ends are required , each team is allowed 10 minutes of playing time to complete its throws and one added 60 - second timeout for each extra end . However , the `` thinking time '' system , in which the delivering team 's game timer stops as soon as the shooter 's rock crosses the t - line during the delivery , is becoming more popular , especially in Canada . This system allows each team 38 minutes per 10 ends , or 30 minutes per 8 ends , to make strategic and tactical decisions , with 4 minutes and 30 seconds an end for extra ends . The `` thinking time '' system was implemented after it was recognized that teams playing aggressively ( using draws and other low - weight shots which take more time for the stones to come to rest ) were essentially being penalized in terms of the time they had available compared to teams which primarily use hits which require far less time per shot . </P> <H3> Delivery </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The process of sliding a stone down the sheet is known as the delivery . </P> <P> The skip , or the captain of the team , will usually determine the required weight , turn , and line of the stone . These will be influenced by the tactics at this point in the game , which may involve taking out , blocking or tapping another stone . </P> <Ul> <Li> The weight of the stone is its velocity , which depends on the leg drive of the delivery rather than the arm . </Li> <Li> The turn or curl is the rotation of the stone , which gives it a curved trajectory . </Li> <Li> The line is the direction of the throw ignoring the effect of the turn . </Li> </Ul> <P> The skip may communicate the weight , turn , line , and other tactics by calling or tapping a broom on the ice . In the case of a takeout , guard , or a tap , the skip will indicate the stones involved . </P> <P> Before delivery , the running surface of the stone is wiped clean and the path across the ice swept with the broom if necessary , because any dirt on the bottom of a stone or in its path can alter the trajectory and ruin the shot . Intrusion by a foreign object is called a pick - up or pick . </P> Players must push out of the hack to deliver their stones . 95 % of hacks in use around the world are Marco Hacks , which were invented in the 1980s by Marco Ferraro . Outdoor curling on Stormont Loch . The stone is delivered from an iron crampit rather than the hack used indoors <P> The thrower throws from the hack . Another player , usually the skip , is stationed behind the button to determine the tactics , weight , turn , and line , and the other two may sweep in front of the stone to influence the trajectory ( see Sweeping , below ) . The players , with the exception of the skip , take turns throwing and sweeping ; when one player ( e.g. , the lead ) throws , the players not throwing ( the second and third ) sweep . When the skip throws , the third , or vice-skip , takes his role . </P> <P> The thrower 's gripper shoe ( with the non-slippery sole ) is positioned against one of the hacks ; for a right - handed curler the right foot is placed against the left hack and vice versa for a left - hander . The thrower , now in the hack , lines the body up with shoulders square to the skip 's broom at the far end for line . </P> <P> The stone is placed in front of the foot now in the hack . Rising slightly from the hack , the thrower pulls the stone back ( some older curlers may actually raise the stone in this backward movement ) then lunges smoothly out from the hack pushing the stone ahead while the slider foot is moved in front of the gripper foot , which trails behind . The thrust from this lunge determines the weight and hence the distance the stone will travel . While not compulsory , most curlers deliver the stone while sliding out from the hack . Balance may be assisted by a broom held in the free hand with the back of the broom down so that it slides . One older writer suggests the player keep `` a basilisk glance '' at the mark . </P> <P> There are two current types of delivery , the common flat - foot deliver as well as the Manitoba tuck delivery where the curler slides on the front ball of his foot . </P> <P> The stone is released as the thrower approaches the hog line , at which point the turn is imparted by a slight clockwise or counter-clockwise twist of the handle from around the two or ten o'clock position to the twelve o'clock on release . A typical rate of turn is about 2 ⁄ rotations before coming to a rest . </P> <P> The stone must be released before its front edge crosses the near hog line , and it must clear the far hog line or else be removed from play ( hogged ) ; an exception is made if a stone fails to come to rest beyond the far hog line after rebounding from a stone in play just past the hog line . The release rule is rarely enforced in club play unless abuse is suspected . However , in major tournaments it is strictly enforced ; the `` eye on the hog '' sensor in the stone will indicate whether the stone has been legally thrown or not . The lights on the stone handle will either light up green , indicating that the stone has been legally thrown , or red , in which case the illegally thrown stone will be immediately pulled from play instead of waiting for the stone to come to rest . </P> <H3> Sweeping </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The skip of Team Sweden joins the front end in sweeping a stone into the house at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver <P> After the stone is delivered , its trajectory is still influenced by the two sweepers under instruction from the skip . Sweeping is done for several reasons : to reduce friction underneath the stone , to decrease the amount of curl , and to clean debris from the stone 's path . The stones curl more as they slow down , so sweeping early in travel tends to increase distance as well as straighten the path , and sweeping after sideways motion is established can increase the sideways distance . When sweeping , pressure and speed of the brush head are key in slightly increasing the layer of moisture that builds up under the stone . </P> <P> One of the basic technical aspects of curling is knowing when to sweep . When the ice in front of the stone is swept , a stone will usually travel both farther and straighter . In some situations , one of the two alterations in path is not desirable . For example , a stone may have too much weight , but require sweeping to prevent curling into a guard . The team must decide which is better : getting by the guard but traveling too far , or hitting the guard . </P> <P> Much of the yelling that goes on during a curling game is the skip calling the line of the shot and the sweepers calling the weight . The skip evaluates the path of the stone and calls to the sweepers to sweep as necessary to maintain the intended track . The sweepers themselves are responsible for judging the weight of the stone , ensuring the length of travel is correct and communicating the weight of the stone back to the skip . Some teams use stopwatch timing , from back line to the nearest hog line as a sweeping aid . Many teams use the Number System to communicate in which of 10 playable zones it is estimated the stone will stop . </P> <P> Usually , the two sweepers will be on opposite sides of the stone 's path , although depending on which side the sweepers ' strengths lie this may not always be the case . Speed and pressure are vital to sweeping . In gripping the broom , one hand should be one third of the way from the top ( non-brush end ) of the handle while the other hand should be one third of the way from the head of the broom . The angle of the broom to the ice should be so that the most force possible can be exerted on the ice . The precise amount of pressure may vary from relatively light brushing ( `` just cleaning '' - to ensure debris will not alter the stone 's path ) to maximum - pressure scrubbing . </P> <P> Sweeping is allowed anywhere on the ice up to the tee line , as long as it is only for one 's own team stones . Once the leading edge of a team stone crosses the tee line only one player may sweep it . Additionally , when a stone crosses the tee line , one player from the other team is allowed to sweep it . This is the only case that a stone may be swept by an opposing team member . In international rules , this player must be the skip ; or if the skip is throwing , then the sweeping player must be the third . </P> <H3> Burning a stone </H3> <P> Occasionally , players may accidentally touch a stone with their broom or a body part . This is often referred to as burning a stone . Players touching a stone in such a manner are expected to call their own infraction as a matter of good sportsmanship . Touching a stationary stone when no stones are in motion ( there is no delivery in progress ) is not an infraction ( unless the stationary stone is struck in such a manner that its position is altered ) , and is a common way for the skip to indicate a stone that is to be taken out . </P> <P> When a stone is touched when stones are in play , the remedies vary between placing the stones as they end up after the touch , replacing the stones as they would have been if no stone were touched , or removal of the touched stone from play . In non-officiated league play , the skip of the non-offending team has the final say on where the stones are placed after the infraction . </P> <H3> Types of shots </H3> Two ways to get the end with the last stone , playing a draw <P> Many different types of shots are used to carefully place stones for strategic or tactical reasons ; they fall into three fundamental categories as follows : </P> <P> Guards are thrown in front of the house in the free guard zone , usually to protect the shot - rock ( the stone closest to the button at the time ) or to make the opposing team 's shot difficult . Guard shots include the centre - guard , on the centreline and the corner - guards to the left or right sides of the centre line . See Free Guard Zone below . </P> <P> Draws are thrown only to reach the house . Draw shots include raise and angle - raise , come - around , and freeze shots . </P> <P> Takeouts are intended to remove stones from play and include the peel , hit - and - roll and double shots . </P> <P> For a more complete listing , see Glossary of curling terms . </P> <H3> Free guard zone </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Until four stones have been played ( two from each side ) , stones in the free guard zone ( those stones left in the area between the hog and tee lines , excluding the house ) may not be removed by an opponent 's stone ( although they can be moved as long as they are not taken out of play ) . These are known as guard rocks . If the guard rocks are removed , they are placed back in the positions they were before the shot was thrown , and the opponent 's stone is removed from play and can not be replayed . This rule is known as the four - rock rule or the free guard zone rule ( for a while in Canada , a `` three - rock rule '' was in place , but that rule has been replaced by the four - rock rule ) . </P> <P> This rule , a relatively recent addition to curling , was added in response to a strategy of `` peeling '' opponents ' guard stones ( knocking them out of play at an angle that caused the shooter 's stone to also roll out of play , leaving no stones on the ice ) . A team in the lead would often employ this strategy during the game . By knocking all stones out , the opponents could at best score one point ( if they had the hammer ) . Alternatively , the team with the hammer could peel rock after rock , which would blank the end , keeping the last rock advantage for another end . This strategy had developed ( mostly in Canada ) as ice - makers had become skilled at creating a predictable ice surface and the adoption of brushes allowed greater control over the rock . While a sound strategy , this made for an unexciting game . Observers at the time noted that if two teams equally skilled in the peel game faced each other on good ice , the outcome of the game would be predictable from who won the coin flip to have last rock ( or had earned it in the schedule ) at the beginning of the game . The 1990 Brier was considered by many curling fans as boring to watch because of the amount of peeling and the quick adoption of the Free Guard Zone the following year reflected how disliked this aspect of the game had become . </P> <P> The free guard zone was originally called the Modified Moncton Rule and was developed from a suggestion made by Russ Howard for the Moncton 100 cashspiel ( with the richest prize ever awarded at the time in a tournament ) in Moncton , New Brunswick , in January 1990 . `` Howard 's Rule '' ( later known as the Moncton Rule ) , used for the tournament and based on a practice drill his team used , had the first four rocks in play unable to be removed no matter where they were at any time during the end . This method of play was altered by restricting the area in which a stone was protected to the free guard zone only for the first four rocks thrown and adopted as a Four - rock Free Guard Zone for international competition shortly after . Canada kept to the traditional rules until a three - rock Free Guard Zone rule was adopted for the 1993 -- 94 season . After several years of having the three - rock rule used for the Canadian championships and the winners then having to adjust to the four - rock rule in the World Championships , the Canadian Curling Association adopted the now - standard Free Guard Zone in the 2002 -- 2003 season . </P> <P> One strategy that has been developed by curlers in response to the Free Guard Zone ( Kevin Martin from Alberta is one of the best examples ) is the `` tick '' game , where a shot is made attempting to knock ( tick ) the guard to the side , far enough that it is difficult or impossible to use but still remaining in play while the shot itself goes out of play . The effect is functionally identical to peeling the guard but significantly harder , as a shot that hits the guard too hard ( knocking it out of play ) results in its being replaced , while not hitting it hard enough can result in its still being tactically useful for the opposition . There is also a greater chance that the shot will miss the guard entirely because of the greater accuracy required to make the shot . Because of the difficulty of making this type of shot , only the best teams will normally attempt it , and it does not dominate the game the way the peel formerly did . Steve Gould from Manitoba popularized ticks played across the face . These are easier to make because they impart less speed on the object stone , therefore increasing the chance that it remains in play even if a bigger chunk of it is hit . </P> <H3> Hammer </H3> <P> Last - rock or last - stone advantage in an end is called the hammer . Before the game , teams typically decide who gets the hammer in the first end either by chance ( such as a coin toss ) , by a `` draw - to - the - button '' contest , where a representative of each team shoots to see who gets closer to the centre of the rings , or , particularly in tournament settings like the Winter Olympics , by a comparison of each team 's win - loss record . In all subsequent ends , the hammer belongs to the team that did not score in the preceding end . In the event that neither team scores , the hammer remains with the same team . Naturally , it is easier to score points with the hammer than without ; in tournament play , the team with the hammer generally tries to score two or more points . If only one point is possible , the skip will often try to avoid scoring at all in order to retain the hammer until the next end , when two or more points may lie . This is called a blank end . Scoring without the hammer is commonly referred to as stealing , or a steal , and is much more difficult . </P> <H3> Strategy </H3> Diagram of the play area in curling , showing the four - foot zone , corner guard , and centre line guard <P> Curling is a game of strategy , tactics and skill . The strategy depends on the team 's skill , the opponent 's skill , the conditions of the ice , the score of the game , how many ends remain and whether the team has last - stone advantage ( the hammer ) . A team may play an end aggressively or defensively . Aggressive playing will put a lot of stones in play by throwing mostly draws ; this makes for an exciting game and is very risky but the reward can be very great . Defensive playing will throw a lot of hits preventing a lot of stones in play ; this tends to be less exciting and less risky . A good drawing team will usually opt to play aggressively , while a good hitting team will opt to play defensively . </P> <P> If a team does not have the hammer in an end , it will opt to try to clog up the four - foot zone in the house to deny the opposing team access to the button . This can be done by throwing `` centre line '' guards in front of the house on the centre line , which can be tapped into the house later or drawn around . If a team has the hammer , they will try to keep this four - foot zone free so that they have access to the button area at all times . A team with the hammer may throw a corner guard as their first stone of an end placed in front of the house but outside the four - foot zone to utilize the free guard zone . Corner guards are key for a team to score two points in an end , because they can either draw around it later or hit and roll behind it , making the opposing team 's shot to remove it more difficult . </P> <P> Ideally , the strategy in an end for a team with the hammer is to score two points or more . Scoring one point is often a wasted opportunity , as they will then lose last - rock advantage for the next end . If a team can not score two points , they will often attempt to `` blank an end '' by removing any leftover opposition rocks and rolling out ; or , if there are no opposition rocks , just throwing the rock through the house so that no team scores any points , and the team with the hammer can try again the next end to score two or more with it . Generally , a team without the hammer would want to either force the team with the hammer to only one point ( so that they can get the hammer back ) or `` steal '' the end by scoring one or more points of their own . </P> <P> Generally , the larger the lead a team will have in a game , the more defensively they should play . By hitting all of the opponent 's stones , it removes opportunities for their getting multiple points , therefore defending the lead . If the leading team is quite comfortable , leaving their own stones in play can also be dangerous . Guards can be drawn around by the other team , and stones in the house can be tapped back ( if they are in front of the tee line ) or frozen onto ( if they are behind the tee line ) . A frozen stone is difficult to remove , because it is `` frozen '' ( in front of and touching ) to the opponents stone . At this point , a team will opt for `` peels '' , meaning that the stones they throw will be to not only hit their opposition stones , but to roll out of play as well . Peels are hits that are thrown with the most amount of power . </P> <H3> Conceding a game </H3> <P> It is not uncommon at any level for a losing team to terminate the match before all ends are completed if it believes it no longer has a realistic chance of winning . Competitive games end once the losing team has `` run out of rocks '' -- that is , once it has fewer stones in play and available for play than the number of points needed to tie the game . </P> <H3> Dispute resolution </H3> Measuring which stone is closest to the centre of the house <P> Most decisions about rules are left to the skips , although in official tournaments , decisions may be left to the officials . However , all scoring disputes are handled by the vice skip . No players other than the vice skip from each team should be in the house while score is being determined . In tournament play , the most frequent circumstance in which a decision has to be made by someone other than the vice skip is the failure of the vice skips to agree on which stone is closest to the button . An independent official ( supervisor at Canadian and World championships ) then measures the distances using a specially designed device that pivots at the centre of the button . When no independent officials are available , the vice skips measure the distances . </P> <H2> Scoring </H2> A typical curling scoreboard used at clubs , which use a method of scoring different from the ones used on television <P> The winner is the team having the highest number of accumulated points at the completion of ten ends . Points are scored at the conclusion of each of these ends as follows : when each team has thrown its eight stones , the team with the stone closest to the button wins that end ; the winning team is then awarded one point for each of its own stones lying closer to the button than the opponent 's closest stone . </P> <P> Only stones that are in the house are considered in the scoring . A stone is in the house if it lies within the 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) zone or any portion of its edge lies over the edge of the ring . Since the bottom of the stone is rounded , a stone just barely in the house will not have any actual contact with the ring , which will pass under the rounded edge of the stone , but it still counts . This type of stone is known as a biter . </P> <P> It may not be obvious to the eye which of two rocks is closer to the button ( centre ) or if a rock is actually biting or not . There are specialized devices to make these determinations , but these can not be brought out until after an end is completed . Therefore , a team may make strategic decisions during an end based on assumptions of rock position that turn out to be incorrect . </P> <P> The score is marked on a scoreboard , of which there are two types ; the baseball type and the club scoreboard . </P> <P> The baseball - style scoreboard was created for televised games for audiences not familiar with the club scoreboard . The ends are marked by columns 1 through 10 ( or 11 for the possibility of an extra end to break ties ) plus an additional column for the total . Below this are two rows , one for each team , containing the team 's score for that end and their total score in the right hand column . </P> <P> The club scoreboard is traditional and used in most curling clubs . Scoring on this board only requires the use of ( up to ) 11 digit cards , whereas with baseball - type scoring an unknown number of multiples of the digits ( especially low digits like 1 ) may be needed . The numbered centre row represents all possible accumulated scores , and the numbers placed in the team rows represent the end in which that team achieved that cumulative score . If the red team scores three points in the first end ( called a three - ender ) , then a 1 ( indicating the first end ) is placed beside the number 3 in the red row . If they score two more in the second end , then a 2 will be placed beside the 5 in the red row , indicating that the red team has five points in total ( 3 + 2 ) . This scoreboard works because only one team can get points in an end . However , some confusion may arise if neither team scores points in an end , this is called a blank end . The blank end numbers are usually listed in the farthest column on the right in the row of the team that has the hammer ( last rock advantage ) , or on a special spot for blank ends . </P> <P> The following example illustrates the difference between the two types . The example illustrates the men 's final at the 2006 Winter Olympics . </P> <Table> Baseball - style scoreboard <Tr> <Td> Team </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Curling club - style scoreboard <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Points </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Blank ends </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Eight points -- all the rocks thrown by one team counting -- is the highest score possible in an end , and is known as an `` eight - ender '' or `` snowman '' . Scoring an eight - ender against a relatively competent team is very difficult ; in curling , it is considered the equivalent of pitching a perfect game in baseball . Probably the best - known snowman came at the 2006 Players ' Championships . Future ( 2007 ) World Champion Kelly Scott scored eight points in one of her games against 1998 World bronze medalist Cathy King . </P> <H2> Curling culture </H2> The Curlers ( 1835 ) by Sir George Harvey Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park ( 1862 ) by John George Brown Curling at Carsebreck ( 1899 ) by Charles Martin Hardie <P> Competition teams are normally named after the skip , for example , Team Martin after skip Kevin Martin . Amateur league players can ( and do ) creatively name their teams , but when in competition ( a bonspiel ) the official team will have a standard name . </P> <P> Top curling championships are typically played by all - male or all - female teams . It is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women . For many years , in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events , national championships ( of which the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was the most prominent ) were the highest - level mixed curling competitions . However , a European Mixed Curling Championship was inaugurated in 2005 , a World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was established in 2008 , and the European Mixed Championship was replaced with the World Mixed Curling Championship in 2015 . A mixed tournament was held at the Olympic level for the first time in 2018 , although it was a doubles tournament , not a four - person . </P> <P> Curling tournaments may use the Schenkel system for determining the participants in matches . </P> <P> Curling is played in many countries , including Canada , the United Kingdom ( especially Scotland ) , the United States , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , Denmark , Finland and Japan , all of which compete in the world championships . </P> <P> Curling has been depicted by many artists including : George Harvey , John Levack , The Dutch School , Charles Martin Hardie , John Elliot Maguire , John McGhie , and John George Brown . </P> <P> Curling is particularly popular in Canada . Improvements in ice making and changes in the rules to increase scoring and promote complex strategy have increased the already high popularity of the sport in Canada , and large television audiences watch annual curling telecasts , especially the Scotties Tournament of Hearts ( the national championship for women ) , the Tim Hortons Brier ( the national championship for men ) , and the women 's and men 's world championships . </P> <P> Despite the Canadian province of Manitoba 's small population ( ranked 5th of 10 Canadian provinces ) , Manitoban teams have won the Brier more times than teams from any other province . The Tournament of Hearts and the Brier are contested by provincial and territorial champions , and the world championships by national champions . </P> <P> Curling is the provincial sport of Saskatchewan . From there Ernie Richardson and his family team dominated Canadian and international curling during the late 1950s and early 1960s and have been considered to be the best male curlers of all time . Sandra Schmirler led her team to the first ever gold medal in women 's curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics . When she died two years later from cancer , over 15,000 people attended her funeral , and it was broadcast on national television . </P> <H3> Good sportsmanship </H3> <P> More so than in many other team sports , good sportsmanship , often referred to as the `` Spirit of Curling '' , is an integral part of curling . In the United States there was even a theology of curling . </P> <P> The Spirit of Curling also leads teams to congratulate their opponents for making a good shot , strong sweeping or spectacular form . Perhaps most importantly , the Spirit of Curling dictates that one never cheers mistakes , misses or gaffes by one 's opponent ( unlike most team sports ) and one should not celebrate one 's own good shots during the game beyond modest acknowledgement of the shot such as a head nod , fist bump or thumbs - up gesture . Modest congratulation , however , may be exchanged between winning team members after the match . On - the - ice celebration is usually reserved for the winners of a major tournament after winning the final game of the championship . It is completely unacceptable to attempt to throw opposing players off their game by way of negative comment , distraction or heckling . </P> <P> A match traditionally begins with players shaking hands with and saying `` good curling '' or `` have a pleasant game '' to each member of the opposing team . It is also traditional in some areas for the winning team to buy the losing team a drink after the game . Even at the highest levels of play , players are expected to call their own fouls . </P> <P> It is not uncommon for a team to concede a curling match after it believes it no longer has any hope of winning . Concession is an honourable act and does not carry the stigma associated with quitting , and also allows for more socializing . To concede a match , members of the losing team offer congratulatory handshakes to the winning team . Thanks , wishes of future good luck and hugs are usually exchanged between the teams . To continue playing when a team has no realistic chance of winning can be seen as a breach of etiquette . </P> <H3> Accessibility in curling </H3> Main article : Wheelchair curling Team China at WWHCC 2009 <P> Curling has been adapted for wheelchair users and people otherwise unable to throw the stone from the hack . These curlers may use a device known as a `` delivery stick '' . The cue holds on to the handle of the stone and is then pushed along by the curler . At the end of delivery , the curler pulls back on the cue , which releases it from the stone . The Canadian Curling Association Rules of Curling allows the use of a delivery stick in club play but does not permit it in championships . </P> <P> The delivery stick was specifically invented for elderly curlers in Canada in 1999 . In early 2016 an international initiative started to allow use of the delivery sticks by players over 60 years of age in World Curling Federation Senior Championships , as well as in any projected Masters ( 60 + ) Championship that develops in the future . </P> <H2> Terminology </H2> For an extensive glossary of terminology , see Glossary of curling . <P> Terms used to describe the game include : </P> <P> The ice in the game may be fast ( keen ) or slow . If the ice is keen , a rock will travel farther with a given amount of weight ( throwing force ) on it . The speed of the ice is measured in seconds . One such measure , known as `` hog - to - hog '' time , is the speed of the stone and is the time in seconds the rock takes from the moment it crosses the near hog line till it crosses the far hog line . If this number is lower , the rock is moving faster , so again low numbers mean more speed . The ice in a match will be somewhat consistent and thus this measure of speed can also be used to measure how far down the ice the rock will travel . Once it is determined that a rock taking ( for example ) 13 seconds to go from hog line to hog line will stop on the tee line , the curler can know that if the hog - to - hog time is matched by a future stone , that stone will likely stop at approximately the same location . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 16 seconds for guards , 14 seconds for draws , and 8 seconds for peel weight . </P> <P> The back line to hog line speed is used principally by sweepers to get an initial sense of the weight of a stone . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 4.0 seconds for guards , 3.8 seconds for draws , 3.2 for normal hit weight , and 2.9 seconds for peel weight . Especially at the club level , this metric can be misleading , due to amateurs sometimes pushing stones on release , causing the stone to travel faster than the back - to - hog speed . </P> <H2> Champions and major championships </H2> World Women 's Championship trophy <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Curling at the Winter Olympics </Li> <Li> World Curling Championships </Li> <Li> World Junior Curling Championships </Li> <Li> World Senior Curling Championships </Li> <Li> World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship </Li> <Li> European Curling Championships </Li> <Li> Continental Cup of Curling </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tim Hortons Brier </Li> <Li> Scotties Tournament of Hearts </Li> <Li> United States Men 's Curling Championship </Li> <Li> United States Women 's Curling Championship </Li> <Li> Canada Cup of Curling </Li> <Li> European Mixed Curling Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notable curling clubs </H2> Main article : List of curling clubs Notable curling clubs <Ul> <Li> Bemidji Curling Club -- Bemidji , Minnesota , Home of the 2006 United States Men 's & Women 's Olympic Curling Teams </Li> <Li> Broomstones Curling Club -- Wayland , Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Chicago Curling Club -- Chicago , Illinois </Li> <Li> Dakota Curling Club -- Burnsville , Minnesota -- a leading example of the development of new curling clubs on arena ice in the USA </Li> <Li> Detroit Curling Club -- Ferndale , Michigan </Li> <Li> Garrison Golf and Curling Club , Kingston , Ontario </Li> <Li> Grand National Curling Club -- Organization in the United States covering clubs on the east coast </Li> <Li> Granite Curling Club -- Winnipeg , Manitoba </Li> <Li> Granite Curling Club -- Seattle , Washington , the only dedicated curling facility on the west coast of the United States </Li> <Li> Ice Melters Curling Club -- England </Li> <Li> Markinch Curling Club -- Fife , Scotland </Li> <Li> Mayflower Curling Club -- Halifax , Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Curling Club -- Mequon , Wisconsin -- The oldest curling club in the U.S. -- Since 1845 </Li> <Li> Ottawa Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario </Li> <Li> Potomac Curling Club -- Laurel , Maryland -- Near Washington , D.C </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Curling Club -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania -- Established in 2002 </Li> <Li> Plainfield Curling Club -- South Plainfield , New Jersey </Li> <Li> Rideau Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario </Li> <Li> Royal Caledonian Curling Club -- Scotland , the official Mother Club of curling </Li> <Li> Royal Montreal Curling Club -- Montreal , Quebec , the oldest active athletic club in North America </Li> <Li> Royal City Curling Club -- New Westminster , British Columbia </Li> <Li> Saint Paul Curling Club -- St. Paul , Minnesota -- Founded in 1885 . Club with largest active membership in the United States ( over 1000 members ) . </Li> <Li> Utica Curling Club -- Utica , New York </Li> <Li> Kilsyth Curling Club -- the first constituted curling club in the world </Li> <Li> Wausau Curling Club -- Wausau , Wisconsin -- Home of the Tietge Bonspiel , the oldest and largest high school curling bonspiel in the U.S. </Li> </Ul> <H2> In popular culture </H2> <P> Curling is featured prominently in `` Boy Meets Curl '' , the twelfth episode of the comedy series The Simpsons ' twenty - first season . The episode aired on the Fox network in the United States on 14 February 2010 . </P> <P> Men with Brooms is a 2002 Canadian film that takes a satirical look at curling . A TV adaptation , also titled Men with Brooms , debuted in 2010 on CBC Television . </P> <P> The Corner Gas episode `` Hurry Hard '' involves the townspeople of Dog River competing in a local curling bonspiel for the fictitious `` Clavet Cup '' . The episode also features cameos by Canadian curlers Randy Ferbey and Dave Nedohin . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Scotland portal </Li> <Li> Sport portal </Li> <Li> Olympics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Glossary of curling </Li> <Li> Grand Slam of Curling </Li> <Li> List of curlers </Li> <Li> United States Curling Association </Li> <Li> University and college curling </Li> <Li> Women 's curling </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling Makes Gains in U.S. Popularity '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 19 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` Do n't take curling for granite '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Chess on ice ' '' . Princeton Allumni Weekly . 28 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chess on ice '' . The Curling News . 22 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . 23 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The world 's oldest curling stone '' . The Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Game '' . Scottish Curling . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eberlin , Amy . `` The Flemish and the game of ' curling ' '' . Scotland and the Flemish People . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . The History of Curling : And Fifty Years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 79 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adamson , Henry . `` The muses threnodie , or , mirthfull mournings , on the death of Master Gall Containing varietie of pleasant poëticall descriptions , morall instructions , historiall narrations , and divine observations , with the most remarkable antiquities of Scotland , especially at Perth By Mr. H. Adamson . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling '' . Olympic Games . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SND '' . Dsl.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 115 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kilsyth Curling History '' . Paperclip.org.uk . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramsay , John ( 1882 ) . An Account of the Game of Curling , with Songs for the Canon - Mills Curling Club . Edinburgh . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society ( in Lodi ) . 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cairnie , J. ( 1833 ) . Essay on curling , and artificial pond making . Glasgow : W.R. McPhun . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watson , Thomas ( 1894 ) . Kirkintilloch , town and parish . Glasgow : J. Smith . p. 312 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , Henry Glassford ( 1874 ) . The Poetical Works of David Gray . J. Maclehose . pp. 16 -- 17 . Retrieved 11 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schorstein , Jon ( director ) . `` The Grand Match '' . Moving Image Archive . National Library of Scotland . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nate Baker ( ed . ) . The Book of Old Darvel and Some of its Famous Sons . Darvel : Walker & Connell . pp. 12 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Doug Maxwell . Canada Curls - An Illustrated History of Curling in Canada . Whitecap Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Royal Montreal Curling Club '' . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WCF rankings '' . Archived from the original on 20 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Scott ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` A brief curling club history '' . Arnprior Chronicle - Guide . Ontario . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mixed Doubles curling confirmed for PyeongChang 2018 Olympics '' . World Curling Federation . Retrieved 18 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lattimer , George M. , ed. ( 1932 ) . `` III Winter Olympic Games , Lake Placid 1932 , Official Report '' ( PDF ) . pp. 255 -- 258 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 10 April 2008 . Retrieved 14 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadians Win At Curling : Beat United States , 12 Games to 3 , in Exhibition Series and after all olympic matches they have a giant ice orgy with all the countries ! '' . The New York Times . 6 February 1932 . Sports , p. 20 . Archived from the original on 15 June 2011 . Retrieved 13 August 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Rules of Curling and Rules of Competition '' . World Curling Federation . June 2008 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2010 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Branch , John ( 17 August 2009 ) . `` Curlers Are Finicky When It Comes to Their Olympic Ice '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on 6 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` USA - Today : Curlers Play Nice and Leave No Stone Unturned '' ( Press release ) . Twin Cities Curling Association . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Smooth operators : They make Olympic ice nice '' . Today in Vancouver . MSNBC. 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Curling / Stones '' . Anchorage Curling Club . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1881 Census entry for Haugh , Mauchline , Ayrshire GRO Ref Volume 604 EnumDist 1 Page 3 '' . Scotland 's People . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` News '' . Kays of Scotland . Archived from the original on 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mauchline , 9 Barskimming Road , Kay 's Curling Stone Factory '' . Canmore . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welsh Stone Forum newsletter '' ( PDF ) . October 2004 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Curling '' . Canadian Curling Association . 18 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top curling teams say they wo n't use high - tech brooms '' . CBC News . 16 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling Canada bans broom heads with ' directional fabric ' '' . Ctvnews.ca . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ouellette , Jennifer ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Here 's the Physics Behind the ' Broomgate ' Controversy Rocking the Sport of Curling '' . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling Shoes : Choosing a Slider '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling Explained to non Curlers by Cameron Scott '' . Sporting Life 360 . 14 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eight is Great ! Asham World Curling Tour Events , Including Grand Slams , move to Eight - End Format '' . World Curling Tour . World Curling Tour . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' . Canadian Curling Association . October 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeSaulniers , Darren ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Ferraro 's hack innovation remains curling standard '' . Ottawa Citizen . Pressreader.com . p . B5 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bannerman , Gordon ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` Curling : Stormont Loch hosts outdoor bonspiel '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syers , Edgar and Madge ( 1908 ) . The book of winter sports . London : Edward Arnold . p. 29 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 402 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Wiecek ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` Team of ' tuckers ' '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Why Curlers Sweep the Ice `` '' . Business Insider. 14 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Curling Association . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 7 Basic Strategy '' . The Curling Manual . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shooting Percentages '' . CurlingZone . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling 8 Ender '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levack , John . `` The Curlers at Rawyards '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutch School '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hardie , Charles Martin . `` Curling at Carsebreck '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maguire , John Elliot . `` Curling Stone Workshop '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGhie , John . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park '' . The Museum of Fine Arts , Houston . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kings of the World : The Curling Richardsons '' . CBC Television . 13 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rossiter , S. B ( 1898 ) . Curler 's sermons : preached before the Grand National Curling Club . New York : Bonnell , Silver & Co . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spirit of Curling '' . RCMP Curling Club , Ottawa . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pearson , Patricia ( March -- April 2009 ) . `` How one woman fell in love with curling '' . Best Health . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 4 - Using a Throwing Device '' . The Curling School . Curltech . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Masters Curling World Masters Curling Archived 10 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catch the fanfare of Fox February '' . The Futon Critic. 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Men With Brooms IMDB Entry '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glennon , Morgan ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Men With Brooms : Requiem for an Obscure Canadian Sitcom '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mott , Morris ; Allardyce , John ( 1989 ) . Curling Capital Winnipeg and the Roarin ' Game , 1876 to 1988 . Winnipeg : University of Manitoba Press . ISBN 0 - 88755 - 145 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Richard , Pierre ( 2006 ) . Une Histoire Sociale du Curling au Québec , de 1807 à 1980 ( in French ) . Trois - Rivières : Université du Québec . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curling . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Curling . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> World Curling Federation </Li> <Li> CBC Digital Archives -- Curling : Sweeping the Nation </Li> <Li> Bonspiel ! The History of Curling in Canada at Library and Archives Canada </Li> <Li> curling stones , Smithsonian Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage . </Li> <Li> The Game Of The Magic Broom , March 1944 one of the first magazine articles to introduce the game of curling to the American public </Li> <Li> The Canadian Curler 's Manual transcription of 1840 text </Li> <Li> Sportlistings.com - World Curling Federation Directory listing </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Team sports </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Sport </Li> <Li> Governing bodies </Li> <Li> Sportspeople </Li> <Li> National sport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basket sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Basketball <Ul> <Li> beach </Li> <Li> deaf </Li> <Li> 3x3 </Li> <Li> water </Li> <Li> wheelchair </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cestoball </Li> <Li> Korfball </Li> <Li> Netball <Ul> <Li> Fast5 </Li> <Li> indoor </Li> <Li> wheelchair </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Rezball </Li> <Li> Ringball </Li> <Li> Slamball </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Football codes </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Association football <Ul> <Li> amputee </Li> <Li> beach </Li> <Li> freestyle </Li> <Li> Futsal </Li> <Li> indoor </Li> <Li> Jorkyball </Li> <Li> paralympic </Li> <Li> powerchair </Li> <Li> roller </Li> <Li> street </Li> <Li> walking </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Australian rules football <Ul> <Li> AFLX </Li> <Li> Lightning football </Li> <Li> Metro footy </Li> <Li> Nine - 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Local government in the United states - wikipedia <H1> Local government in the United states </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United States Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> United States Senate </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice John Roberts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Breyer </Li> <Li> Alito </Li> <Li> Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Kagan </Li> <Li> Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Appeals </Li> <Li> District Courts ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other tribunals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Presidential elections </Li> <Li> Midterm elections </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Off - year elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Third parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State Government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislatures ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State courts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Local government </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Local government in the United States refers to governmental jurisdictions below the level of the state . Most states have at least two tiers of local government : counties and municipalities . In some states , counties are divided into townships . There are several different types of jurisdictions at the municipal level , including the city , town , borough , and village . The types and nature of these municipal entities vary from state to state . </P> <P> Many rural areas and even some suburban areas of many states have no municipal government below the county level . In other places consolidated city - county jurisdictions exist , in which city and county functions are managed by a single municipal government . In places like New England , towns are the primary unit of local government and counties have no governmental function but exist in a purely perfunctory capacity ( e.g. for census data ) . </P> <P> In addition to general - purpose local governments , there may be local or regional special - purpose local governments , such as school districts and districts for fire protection , sanitary sewer service , public transportation , public libraries , or water resource management . Such special purpose districts often encompass areas in multiple municipalities . According to the US Census Bureau 's data collected in 2012 , there were 89,004 local government units in the United States . This data shows a decline from 89,476 units since the last census of local governments performed in 2007 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Types <Ul> <Li> 2.1 County governments </Li> <Li> 2.2 Town or township governments </Li> <Li> 2.3 Municipal governments </Li> <Li> 2.4 Special - purpose local governments <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 School districts </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Special districts </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Councils or associations of governments </Li> <Li> 4 Dillon 's Rule </Li> <Li> 5 Governing bodies </Li> <Li> 6 Indian reservations </Li> <Li> 7 Census of local government </Li> <Li> 8 Examples in individual states <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Alaska </Li> <Li> 8.2 California </Li> <Li> 8.3 District of Columbia </Li> <Li> 8.4 Georgia </Li> <Li> 8.5 Hawaii </Li> <Li> 8.6 Louisiana </Li> <Li> 8.7 Maryland </Li> <Li> 8.8 North Carolina </Li> <Li> 8.9 Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> 8.10 Texas </Li> <Li> 8.11 Virginia </Li> <Li> 8.12 Other states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> When North America was settled by Europeans from the 17th century onward , there was initially little control from governments back in Europe . Many settlements began as shareholder or stockholder business enterprises , and while the king of Britain had technical sovereignty , in most instances `` full governmental authority was vested in the company itself . '' Settlers had to fend for themselves ; compact towns sprung up based as legal corporations in what has been described as `` pure democracy '' : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> The people , owing to the necessity of guarding against the Indians and wild animals , and to their desire to attend the same church , settled in small , compact communities , or townships , which they called towns . The town was a legal corporation , was the political unit , and was represented in the General Court . It was a democracy of the purest type . Several times a year the adult males met in town meeting to discuss public questions , to lay taxes , to make local laws , and to elect officers . The chief officers were the `` selectmen , '' from three to nine in number , who should have the general management of the public business ; the town clerk , treasurer , constables , assessors , and overseers of the poor . To this day the town government continues in a large measure in some parts of New England. -- -- historian Henry William Elson writing in 1904 . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Propertied men voted ; in no colonies was there universal suffrage . The founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 by a group of Puritans led by John Winthrop came with the understanding that the enterprise was to be `` based in the new world rather than in London . '' Small towns in Massachusetts were compared to city - states in a somewhat oligarchic form , but an oligarchy based on `` perceived virtue '' rather than wealth or birth . The notion of self - government became accepted in the colonies , although it was n't totally free from challenges ; in the 1670s , the Lords of Trade and Plantations ( a royal committee regulating mercantile trade in the colonies ) tried to annul the Massachusetts Bay charter , but by 1691 , the New England colonies had reinstalled their previous governments . </P> <P> Voting was established as a precedent early on ; in fact , one of the first things that Jamestown settlers did was conduct an election . Typically , voters were white males described as `` property owners '' aged twenty - one and older , but sometimes the restrictions were greater , and in practice , persons able to participate in elections were few . Women were prevented from voting ( although there were a few exceptions ) and African - Americans were excluded . The colonists never thought of themselves as subservient but rather as having a loose association with authorities in London . Representative government sprung up spontaneously in various colonies , and during the colonial years , it was recognized and ratified by later charters . But the colonial assemblies passed few bills and did not conduct much business , but dealt with a narrow range of issues , and legislative sessions lasted weeks ( occasionally longer ) , and most legislators could not afford to neglect work for extended periods ; so wealthier people tended to predominate in local legislatures . Office holders tended to serve from a sense of duty and prestige , and not for financial benefit . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Campaigning by candidates was different from today 's . There were no mass media or advertising . Candidates talked with voters in person , walking a line between undue familiarity and aloofness . Prospective officeholders were expected to be at the polls on election day and made a point to greet all voters . Failure to appear or to be civil to all could be disastrous . In some areas , candidates offered voters food and drink , evenhandedly giving `` treats '' to opponents as well as supporters. -- -- Ed Crews . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> Rules and orders for the regulation of the corporation when met in Common Council , Philadelphia , circa 1800 -- 1809 <P> Taxes were generally based on real estate since it was fixed in place , plainly visible , and its value was generally well known , and revenue could be allocated to the government unit where the property was located . </P> <P> After the American Revolution , the electorate chose the governing councils in almost every American municipality , and state governments began issuing municipal charters . During the 19th century , many municipalities were granted charters by the state governments and became technically municipal corporations . Townships and county governments and city councils shared much of the responsibility for decision - making which varied from state to state . As the United States grew in size and complexity , decision - making authority for issues such as business regulation , taxation , environmental regulation moved to state governments and the national government , while local governments retained control over such matters as zoning issues , property taxes , and public parks . The concept of `` zoning '' originated in the U.S. during the 1920s , according to one source , in which state law gave certain townships or other local governing bodies authority to decide how land was used ; a typical zoning ordinance has a map of a parcel of land attached with a statement specifying how that land can be used , how buildings can be laid out , and so forth . Zoning legitimacy was upheld by the Supreme Court in its Euclid v. Ambler decision . </P> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution makes local government a matter of state rather than federal law , with special cases for territories and the District of Columbia . As a result , the states have adopted a wide variety of systems of local government . The United States Census Bureau conducts the Census of Governments every five years to compile statistics on government organization , public employment , and government finances . The categories of local government established in this Census of Governments is a convenient basis for understanding local government in the United States . The categories are as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> County Governments </Li> <Li> Town or Township Governments </Li> <Li> Municipal Governments </Li> <Li> Special - Purpose Local Governments </Li> </Ol> <H3> County governments ( edit ) </H3> Main article : County ( United States ) <P> County governments are organized local governments authorized in state constitutions and statutes . Counties and county - equivalents form the first - tier administrative division of the states . </P> <P> All the states are divided into counties or county - equivalents for administrative purposes , although not all counties or county - equivalents have an organized county government . County government has been eliminated throughout Connecticut and Rhode Island , as well as in parts of Massachusetts . The Unorganized Borough in Alaska also does not operate under a county level government . Additionally , a number of independent cities and consolidated city - counties operate under municipal governments that serve the functions of both city and county . </P> <P> In areas lacking a county government , services are provided either by lower level townships or municipalities , or the state . </P> <H3> Town or township governments ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Civil township <P> Town or township governments are organized local governments authorized in the state constitutions and statutes of 20 Northeastern and Midwestern states , established to provide general government for a defined area , generally based on the geographic subdivision of a county . Depending on state law and local circumstance , a township may or may not be incorporated , and the degree of authority over local government services may vary greatly . </P> <P> Towns in the six New England states and townships in New Jersey and Pennsylvania are included in this category by the Census Bureau , despite the fact that they are legally municipal corporations , since their structure has no necessary relation to concentration of population , which is typical of municipalities elsewhere in the United States . In particular , towns in New England have considerably more power than most townships elsewhere and often function as legally equivalent to cities , typically exercising the full range of powers that are divided between counties , townships , and cities in other states . </P> <P> An additional dimension that distinguishes township governments from municipalities is the historical circumstance surrounding their formation . For example , towns in New England are also defined by a tradition of local government presided over by town meetings -- assemblies open to all voters to express their opinions on public policy . </P> <P> The term `` town '' is also used for a local level of government in New York and Wisconsin . The terms `` town '' and `` township '' are used interchangeably in Minnesota . </P> <H3> Municipal governments ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Municipality , City , Town , Village ( United States ) , and Borough ( United States ) <P> Municipal governments are organized local governments authorized in state constitutions and statutes , established to provide general government for a defined area , generally corresponding to a population center rather than one of a set of areas into which a county is divided . The category includes those governments designated as cities , boroughs ( except in Alaska ) , towns ( except in Minnesota and Wisconsin ) , and villages . This concept corresponds roughly to the `` incorporated places '' that are recognized in Census Bureau reporting of population and housing statistics , although the Census Bureau excludes New England towns from their statistics for this category , and the count of municipal governments excludes places that are governmentally inactive . </P> <P> Municipalities range in size from the very small ( e.g. , the village of Monowi , Nebraska , with only 1 resident ) , to the very large ( e.g. , New York City , with about 8.5 million people ) , and this is reflected in the range of types of municipal governments that exist in different areas . </P> <P> In most states , county and municipal governments exist side - by - side . There are exceptions to this , however . In some states , a city can , either by separating from its county or counties or by merging with one or more counties , become independent of any separately functioning county government and function both as a county and as a city . Depending on the state , such a city is known as either an independent city or a consolidated city - county . Such a jurisdiction constitutes a county - equivalent and is analogous to a unitary authority in other countries . In Connecticut , Rhode Island , and parts of Massachusetts , counties exist only to designate boundaries for such state - level functions as park districts or judicial offices ( Massachusetts ) . </P> <P> Municipal governments are usually administratively divided into several departments , depending on the size of the city . </P> <H3> Special - purpose local governments ( edit ) </H3> School districts ( edit ) Main article : School district <P> School districts are organized local entities providing public elementary and secondary education which , under state law , have sufficient administrative and fiscal autonomy to qualify as separate governments . The category excludes dependent public school systems of county , municipal , township , or state governments ( e.g. , school divisions ) . </P> Special districts ( edit ) Main article : Special district ( United States ) <P> Special districts are all organized local entities other than the four categories listed above , authorized by state law to provide designated functions as established in the district 's charter or other founding document , and with sufficient administrative and fiscal autonomy to qualify as separate governments ; known by a variety of titles , including districts , authorities , boards , commissions , etc. , as specified in the enabling state legislation . A special district may serve areas of multiple states if established by an interstate compact . Special districts are widely popular , have enjoyed `` phenomenal growth '' and `` nearly tripled in number '' from 1957 to 2007 . </P> <H2> Councils or associations of governments ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Council of governments <P> It is common for residents of major U.S. metropolitan areas to live under six or more layers of special districts as well as a town or city , and a county or township . In turn , a typical metro area often consists of several counties , several dozen towns or cities , and a hundred ( or more ) special districts . In one state , California , the fragmentation problem became so bad that in 1963 the California Legislature created Local Agency Formation Commissions in 57 of the state 's 58 counties ; that is , government agencies to supervise the orderly formation and development of other government agencies . One effect of all this complexity is that victims of government negligence occasionally sue the wrong entity and do not realize their error until the statute of limitations has run against them . </P> <P> Because efforts at direct consolidation have proven futile , U.S. local government entities often form `` councils of governments '' , `` metropolitan regional councils '' , or `` associations of governments '' . These organizations serve as regional planning agencies and as forums for debating issues of regional importance , but are generally powerless relative to their individual members . Since the late 1990s , `` a movement , frequently called ' New Regionalism ' , accepts the futility of seeking consolidated regional governments and aims instead for regional structures that do not supplant local governments . '' </P> <H2> Dillon 's rule ( edit ) </H2> <P> Unlike the relationship of federalism that exists between the U.S. government and the states ( in which power is shared ) , municipal governments have no power except what is granted to them by their states . This legal doctrine , called Dillon 's Rule , was established by Judge John Forrest Dillon in 1872 and upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hunter v. Pittsburgh , 207 U.S. 161 ( 1907 ) , which upheld the power of Pennsylvania to consolidate the city of Allegheny into the city of Pittsburgh , despite the wishes of the majority of Allegheny residents . </P> <P> In effect , state governments can place whatever restrictions they choose on their municipalities ( including merging municipalities , controlling them directly , or abolishing them outright ) , as long as such rules do n't violate the state 's constitution . However , Dillon 's Rule does not apply in all states of the United States , because some state constitutions provide specific rights for municipalities and counties . </P> <P> State constitutions which allow counties or municipalities to enact ordinances without the legislature 's permission are said to provide home rule authority . New Jersey , for example , provides for home rule . </P> <P> A state which is a Dillon 's Rule state , but which also allows for home rule in specified circumstances , applies Dillon 's Rule to matters or governmental units where home rule is not specifically authorized . </P> <H2> Governing bodies ( edit ) </H2> <P> The nature of both county and municipal government varies not only between states , but also between different counties and municipalities within them . Local voters are generally free to choose the basic framework of government from a selection established by state law . </P> <P> In most cases both counties and municipalities have a governing council , governing in conjunction with a mayor or president . Alternatively , the institution may be of the council -- manager government form , run by a city manager under direction of the city council . In the past the municipal commission was also common . </P> <P> The ICMA has classified local governments into five common forms : mayor -- council , council -- manager , commission , town meeting , and representative town meeting . </P> <P> In addition to elections for a council or mayor , elections are often also held for positions such as local judges , the sheriff , prosecutors , and other offices . </P> <H2> Indian reservations ( edit ) </H2> <P> While their territory nominally falls within the boundaries of individual states , Indian reservations actually function outside of state control . The reservation is usually controlled by an elected tribal council which provides local services . </P> <H2> Census of local government ( edit ) </H2> <P> A census of all local governments in the country is performed every 5 years by the United States Census Bureau , in accordance with 13 USC 161 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Governments in the United States <P> ( not including insular areas ) </P> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Th> Number </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> County </Td> <Td> 3,034 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Municipal ( city , town , village ... ) * </Td> <Td> 19,429 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Township ( in some states called Town ) * * </Td> <Td> 16,504 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> School district </Td> <Td> 13,506 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Special purpose ( utility , fire , police , library , etc . ) </Td> <Td> 35,052 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 87,576 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * note : Municipalities are any incorporated places , such as cities , towns , villages , boroughs , etc . * * note : New England towns and towns in New York and Wisconsin are classified as civil townships for census purposes . </P> <H2> Examples in individual states ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following sections provide details of the operation of local government in a selection of states , by way of example of the variety that exists across the country . </P> <H3> Alaska ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Administrative divisions of Alaska <P> Alaska calls its county equivalents `` boroughs '' , functioning similar to counties in the Lower 48 ; however , unlike any other state , not all of Alaska is subdivided into county - equivalent boroughs . Owing to the state 's low population density , most of the land is contained in what the state terms the Unorganized Borough which , as the name implies , has no intermediate borough government of its own , but is administered directly by the state government . Many of Alaska 's boroughs are consolidated city - borough governments ; other cities exist both within organized boroughs and the Unorganized Borough . </P> <H3> California ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Local government in California <P> California has several different and overlapping forms of local government . Cities , counties , and the one consolidated city - county can make ordinances ( local laws ) , including the establishment and enforcement of civil and criminal penalties . </P> A city council meeting in Fullerton , California <P> The entire state is subdivided into 58 counties ( e.g. , Los Angeles County ) . The only type of municipal entity is the city ( e.g. , Los Angeles ) , although cities may either operate under `` general law '' or a custom - drafted charter . California has never had villages , never really used townships ( they were for surveying and judicial purposes only ) , and allows cities to call themselves `` towns '' if they wish , but the name `` town '' is purely cosmetic with no legal effect . As a result , California has several towns with large populations in the tens of thousands and several cities that are home to only a few hundred people . </P> <P> California cities are granted broad plenary powers under the California Constitution to assert jurisdiction over just about anything , and they can not be abolished or merged without the consent of a majority of their inhabitants . For example , Los Angeles runs its own water and power utilities and its own elevator inspection department , while practically all other cities rely upon private utilities and the state elevator inspectors . San Francisco is unique in that it is the only consolidated city - county in the state . </P> <P> The city of Lakewood pioneered the Lakewood Plan , a contract under which a city reimburses a county for performing services which are more efficiently performed on a countywide basis . Such contracts have become very popular throughout California and many other states , as they enable city governments to concentrate on particular local concerns like zoning . A city which contracts out most of its services , particularly law enforcement , is known as a contract city . </P> <P> There are also thousands of `` special districts '' , which are areas with a defined territory in which a specific service is provided , such as schools or fire stations . These entities lack plenary power to enact laws , but do have the power to promulgate administrative regulations that often carry the force of law within land directly controlled by such districts . Many special districts , particularly those created to provide public transportation or education , have their own police departments ( e.g. Bay Area Rapid Transit District / BART Police and Los Angeles Unified School District / Los Angeles School Police Department ) . </P> <H3> District of Columbia ( edit ) </H3> Main article : District of Columbia home rule <P> The District of Columbia is unique within the United States in that it is under the direct authority of the U.S. Congress , rather than forming part of any state . Actual government has been delegated under the District of Columbia Home Rule Act to a city council which effectively also has the powers given to county or state governments in other areas . Under the act , the Council of the District of Columbia has the power to write laws , as a state 's legislature would , moving the bill to the mayor to sign into law . Following this , the United States Congress has the power to overturn the law . </P> <H3> Georgia ( edit ) </H3> <P> The state of Georgia is divided into 159 counties ( the largest number of any state other than Texas ) , each of which has had home rule since at least 1980 . This means that Georgia 's counties not only act as units of state government , but also in much the same way as municipalities . </P> <P> All municipalities are classed as a `` city '' , regardless of population size . For an area to be incorporated as a city , special legislation has to be passed by the General Assembly ( state legislature ) ; typically the legislation requires a referendum amongst local voters to approve incorporation , to be passed by a simple majority . This most recently happened in 2005 and 2006 in several communities near Atlanta . Sandy Springs , a city of 85,000 bordering the north side of Atlanta , incorporated in December 2005 . One year later , Johns Creek ( 62,000 ) and Milton ( 20,000 ) incorporated , which meant that the entirety of north Fulton County was now municipalized . The General Assembly also approved a plan that would potentially establish two new cities in the remaining unincorporated portions of Fulton County south of Atlanta : South Fulton and Chattahoochee Hills . Chattahoochee Hills voted to incorporate in December 2007 ; South Fulton voted against incorporation , and is the only remaining unincorporated portion of Fulton County . </P> <P> City charters may be revoked either by the legislature or by a simple majority referendum of the city 's residents ; the latter last happened in 2004 , in Lithia Springs . Revocation by the legislature last occurred in 1995 , when dozens of cities were eliminated en masse for not having active governments , or even for not offering at least three municipal services required of all cities . </P> <P> New cities may not incorporate land less than 3 miles ( 4.8 km ) from an existing city without approval from the General Assembly . The body approved all of the recent and upcoming creations of new cities in Fulton County . </P> <P> Four areas have a `` consolidated city - county '' government : Columbus , since 1971 ; Athens , since 1991 ; Augusta , since 1996 ; and Macon , which was approved by voters in 2012 . </P> <H3> Hawaii ( edit ) </H3> <P> Hawaii is the only U.S. state that has no incorporated municipalities . Instead it has four counties and the `` consolidated city - county '' of Honolulu . All communities are considered to be census - designated places , with the exact boundaries being decided upon by co-operative agreement between the Governor 's office and the U.S. Census Bureau . </P> <P> Kalawao County is the second smallest county in the United States , and is often considered part of Maui County . </P> <H3> Louisiana ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Louisiana , counties are called parishes ; likewise , the county seat is known as the parish seat . The difference in nomenclature does not reflect a fundamental difference in the nature of government , but is rather a reflection of the state 's unique status as a former French and Spanish colony ( although a small number of other states once had parishes too ) . </P> <H3> Maryland ( edit ) </H3> <P> Maryland has 23 counties . The State Constitution charters the City of Baltimore as an independent city , which is the functional equivalent of a county , and is separate from any county -- e.g. , there is also a Baltimore County , but its county seat is in Towson , not in the City of Baltimore . Other than Baltimore , all cities are the same , and there is no difference between a municipality called a city or a town . Cities and towns are chartered by the legislature . </P> <H3> North Carolina ( edit ) </H3> Main article : North Carolina Councils of Government <P> North Carolina has 100 counties , the seventh highest number in the country , </P> <P> The North Carolina Councils of Government ( or the Regional Councils of Government ) are voluntary associations of county and municipal governments , established by the North Carolina General Assembly in 1972 that serve as an avenue for local governments across North Carolina to discuss issues that are particular to their region . In banding together at the regional level , the voice of one community becomes the voice of many , thus providing a better opportunity for those issues to be addressed . Today the majority of citizens and local governments in North Carolina are represented by regional councils , making them an increasingly important facet of local government operations . </P> <P> Today North Carolina calls itself home to 16 regional councils of government . Regional councils in North Carolina are committed to working together . In 2010 the seventeen regional councils existing at that time signed an inter-regional cooperative agreement that established a policy to enhance their value by sharing member resources and capacity to deliver services to the state of North Carolina . This agreement also endorses regional councils , to carry out activities in regions outside their boundaries with consent when those services are to benefit the region and the state . Regional boundaries correspond to county borders , with each council being made up of both county and municipal governments . Although the number of regional councils in North Carolina has decreased over the years , the number of citizens served by the councils continues to rise . As of 2007 , it is reported that the number of local governments served by regional councils in North Carolina has increased by 16 % since 1994 . Throughout this same time period the number of citizens served by regional councils has increased by 35 % or approximately 2.3 million . This equates to 92 % of local governments and 97 % of all North Carolina citizens being represented by regional councils as of July 1 , 2007 . </P> <H3> Pennsylvania ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Local government in Pennsylvania <P> Pennsylvania has 67 counties . With the exception of Philadelphia and Allegheny County , counties are governed by three to seven county commissioners who are elected every four years ; the district attorney , county treasurer , sheriff , and certain classes of judge ( `` judges of election '' ) are also elected separately . Philadelphia has been a consolidated city - county since 1854 and has had a consolidated city - county government since 1952 . Allegheny County has had a council / chief executive government since 2001 , while still retaining its townships , boroughs and cities . </P> <P> Each county is divided into municipal corporations , which can be one of four types : cities , boroughs , townships , and incorporated towns . The Commonwealth does not contain any unincorporated land that is not served by a local government . However , the US Postal Service has given names to places within townships that are not incorporated separately . For instance King of Prussia is a census - designated place , having no local government of its own . It is rather contained within Upper Merion Township , governed by Upper Merion 's supervisors , and considered to be a part of the township . </P> <P> Townships are divided into two classes , depending on their population size and density . Townships of the `` First Class '' have a board made up of five to fifteen commissioners who are elected either at - large or for a particular ward to four - year terms , while those of the `` Second Class '' have a board of three to five supervisors who are elected at - large to six - year terms . Some townships have adopted a home rule charter which allows them to choose their form of government . One example is Upper Darby Township , in Delaware County , which has chosen to have a `` mayor - council '' system similar to that of a borough . </P> <P> Boroughs in Pennsylvania are governed by a `` mayor - council '' system in which the mayor has only a few powers ( usually that of overseeing the municipal police department , if the borough has one ) , while the borough council has very broad appointment and oversight . The council president , who is elected by the majority party every two years , is equivalent to the leader of a council in the United Kingdom ; his or her powers operate within boundaries set by the state constitution and the borough 's charter . A small minority of the boroughs have dropped the mayor - council system in favor of the council - manager system , in which the council appoints a borough manager to oversee the day - to - day operations of the borough . As in the case of townships , a number of boroughs have adopted home rule charters ; one example is State College , which retains the mayor - council system that it had as a borough . </P> <P> Bloomsburg is the Commonwealth 's only incorporated town ; McCandless Township in Allegheny County calls itself a town , but it officially remains a township with a home rule charter . </P> <P> Cities in Pennsylvania are divided into four classes : Class 1 , Class 2 , Class 2A , and Class 3 . Class 3 cities , which are the smallest , have either a mayor - council system or a council - manager system like that of a borough , although the mayor or city manager has more oversight and duties compared to their borough counterparts . Pittsburgh and Scranton are the state 's only Class 2 and Class 2A cities respectively , and have mayors with some veto power , but are otherwise still governed mostly by their city councils . </P> <P> Philadelphia is the Commonwealth 's only Class 1 city . It has a government similar to that of the Commonwealth itself , with a mayor with strong appointment and veto powers and a 17 - member city council that has both law - making and confirmation powers . Certain types of legislation that can be passed by the city government require state legislation before coming into force . Unlike the other cities in Pennsylvania , the Philadelphia city government also has oversight of county government , and as such controls the budget for the district attorney , sheriff , and other county offices that have been retained from the county 's one - time separate existence ; these offices are elected for separately than those for the city government proper . </P> <H3> Texas ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Administrative divisions of Texas <P> Texas has 254 counties , the most of any state . </P> <P> Each county is governed by a five - member Commissioners Court , which consists of a county judge ( elected at - large ) and four commissioners ( elected from single - member precincts ) . The county judge has no veto authority over the decisions of the court ; s / he has one vote along with the other commissioners . In smaller counties , the county judge also performs judicial functions , while in larger counties his / her role is limited to the court . Elections are held on a partisan basis . </P> <P> Counties have no home rule authority ; their authority is strictly limited by the State . They operate in areas which are considered `` unincorporated '' ( those parts not within the territory of a city ; Texas does not have townships ) unless the city has contracted with the county for essential services . In plain English , Texas counties merely exist to deliver specific types of services at the local level as prescribed by state law , but can not enact or enforce local ordinances . </P> <P> As one textbook produced for use in Texas schools has openly acknowledged , Texas counties are prone to inefficient operations and are vulnerable to corruption , for several reasons . First , most of them do not have a merit system but operate on a spoils system , so that many county employees obtain their positions through loyalty to a particular political party and commissioner rather than whether they actually have the skills and experience appropriate to their positions . Second , most counties have not centralized purchasing into a single procurement department which would be able to seek quantity discounts and carefully scrutinize bids and contract awards for unusual patterns . Third , in 90 percent of Texas counties , each commissioner is individually responsible for planning and executing their own road construction and maintenance program for their own precinct , which results in poor coordination and duplicate construction machinery . </P> <P> All incorporated municipalities are technically considered cities , even though the municipality may refer to itself as a town or village . Cities may be either general law or home rule . Once a city reaches 5,000 in population , it may submit a ballot petition to create a `` city charter '' and operate under home rule status ( they will maintain that status even if the population falls under 5,000 ) and may choose its own form of government ( weak or strong mayor - council , commission , council - manager ) . Otherwise the city operates under general law ; those cities have only those powers authorized by the State . Annexation policies are highly dependent on whether the city is general law ( annexation can only occur with the consent of the landowners ) or home rule ( no consent is required , but if the city fails to provide essential services , the landowners can petition for de-annexation ) , and city boundaries can cross county ones . The city council can be elected either at - large or from single - member districts ( Houston uses a two - layer single - member district structure ) , or a mixture of the two . Ballots are on a nonpartisan basis ( though , generally , the political affiliation of the candidates is commonly known ) . </P> <P> With the exception of the Stafford Municipal School District , all 1,000 + school districts in Texas are `` independent '' school districts . State law requires seven trustees , which can be elected either at - large or from single - member districts . Ballots are non-partisan . The Texas Education Agency ( TEA ) has state authority to order closure and consolidation of school districts , generally for repeated failing performance ; the former Wilmer - Hutchins Independent School District was an example of a failing district closed by TEA . </P> <P> In addition , state law allows the creation of special districts , such as hospital districts or water supply districts . </P> <P> Texas does not provide for independent cities nor for consolidated city - county governments . However , local governments are free to enter into `` interlocal agreements '' with other ones , primarily for efficiency purposes . ( A common example is for cities and school districts in a county to contract with the county for property tax collection ; thus , each resident receives only one property bill . ) </P> <H3> Virginia ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Administrative divisions of Virginia <P> Virginia is divided into 95 counties and 38 cities . All cities are independent cities , which mean that they are separate from , and independent of , any county they may be near or within . Cities in Virginia thus are the equivalent of counties , as they have no higher local government intervening between them and the state government . The equivalent in Virginia to what would normally be an incorporated city in any other state , e.g. a municipality subordinate to a county , is a town . For example , there is a County of Fairfax as well as a totally independent City of Fairfax , which technically is not part of Fairfax County even though the City of Fairfax is the county seat of Fairfax County . Within Fairfax County , however , is the incorporated town of Vienna , which is part of Fairfax County . Similar names do not necessarily reflect relationships ; Franklin County is far from the city of Franklin , while Charles City is an unincorporated community in Charles City County , and there is no city of Charles . </P> <H3> Other states ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Local government in Connecticut </Li> <Li> Administrative divisions of Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Local government in New Hampshire </Li> <Li> Local government in New Jersey </Li> <Li> Local government in New Mexico </Li> <Li> Administrative divisions of New York </Li> <Li> Administrative divisions of Wisconsin </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Home rule </Li> <Li> Urban politics in the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` HISTORY OF BRITISH COLONIAL AMERICA '' . History World . 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . In 1629 a Puritan group secures from the king a charter to trade with America , as the Massachusetts Bay Company . Led by John Winthrop , a fleet of eleven vessels sets sail for Massachusetts in 1630 . The ships carry 700 settlers , 240 cows and 60 horses . Winthrop also has on board the royal charter of the company . The enterprise is to be based in the new world rather than in London . This device is used to justify a claim later passionately maintained by the new colony - that it is an independent political entity , entirely responsible for its own affairs . In 1630 Winthrop selects Boston as the site of the first settlement , and two years later the town is formally declared to be the capital of the colony . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : U.S. Census Bureau . 2012 Census of Governments </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Emergence of Colonial Government '' . United States History . 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . In all phases of colonial development , a striking feature was the lack of controlling influence by the English government . All colonies except Georgia emerged as companies of shareholders , or as feudal proprietorships stemming from charters granted by the Crown . The fact that the king had transferred his immediate sovereignty over the New World settlements to stock companies and proprietors did not , of course , mean that the colonists in America were necessarily free of outside control . Under the terms of the Virginia Company charter , for example , full governmental authority was vested in the company itself . Nevertheless , the crown expected that the company would be resident in England . Inhabitants of Virginia , then , would have no more voice in their government than if the king himself had retained absolute rule . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry William Elson ( 1904 ) . `` Colonial Government '' . MacMillan Company . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . In methods of local government the colonies were much less uniform than in the general government . As stated in our account of Massachusetts , the old parish of England became the town in New England ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry William Elson ( 1904 ) . `` Colonial Government '' . MacMillan Company . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . In no colony was universal suffrage to be found . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Emergence of Colonial Government '' . United States History . 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . For their part , the colonies had never thought of themselves as subservient . Rather , they considered themselves chiefly as commonwealths or states , much like England itself , having only a loose association with the authorities in London . In one way or another , exclusive rule from the outside withered away . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ed Crews ( Spring 2007 ) . `` Voting in Early America '' . history.org . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Among the first things the Jamestown voyagers did when they set up English America 's first permanent settlement was conduct an election . Nearly as soon as they landed -- April 26 , 1607 , by their calendar -- the commanders of the 105 colonists unsealed a box containing a secret list of seven men picked in England to be the colony 's council and from among whom the councilors were to pick a president . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry William Elson ( 1904 ) . `` Colonial Government '' . MacMillan Company . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . The system of representative government was allowed , but not required , by the early charters . But after it had sprung up spontaneously in various colonies , it was recognized and ratified by the later charters , as in those of Connecticut and Rhode Island , and the second charter of Massachusetts , though it was not mentioned in the New York grant . The franchise came to be restricted by some property qualifications in all the colonies , in most by their own act , as by Virginia in 1670 , or by charter , as in Massachusetts , 1691 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glenn W. Fisher ( 2010 - 02 - 01 ) . `` History of Property Taxes in the United States '' . EH.net ( Economic History Association ) . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . The property tax , especially the real estate tax , was ideally suited to such a situation . Real estate had a fixed location , it was visible , and its value was generally well known . Revenue could easily be allocated to the governmental unit in which the property was located . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Political Dictionary : local government '' . answers.com. 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Both county governments and towns were significant , sharing responsibility for local rule . In the middle colonies and in Maryland and Virginia as well , the colonial governors granted municipal charters to the most prominent communities , endowing them with the powers and privileges of a municipal corporation . Although in some of these municipalities the governing council was elected ... By the 1790s the electorate chose the governing council in every American municipality . Moreover , the state legislatures succeeded to the sovereign prerogative of the royal governors and thenceforth granted municipal charters . During the nineteenth century , thousands of communities became municipal corporations . Irritated by the many petitions for incorporation burdening each legislative session , nineteenth - century state legislatures enacted general municipal incorporation laws that permitted communities to incorporate simply by petitioning the county authorities . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Getting a Grip on Zoning Regulations '' . useful-community-development.org. 2010 - 06 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 16 . Zoning is a concept that originated in the United States in the 1920s . State law often gives certain townships , municipal governments , county governments , or groups of governments acting together the power to zone . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Osborne M. Reynolds , Jr. , Local Government Law , 3rd ed . ( St. Paul : West , 2009 ) , 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , 31 - 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer v. Merced County Office of Education , 59 Cal . App . 4th 1429 ( 1997 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reynolds , 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adrian , Charles R. and Fine , Michael R. ( 1991 ) State and Local Politics Lyceum Books / Nelson Hall Publishers , Chicago , page 83 , ISBN 0 - 8304 - 1285 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allen , J. Michael , III and Hinds , Jamison W. ( 2001 ) `` Alabama Constitutional Reform '' . Alabama Law Review 53 : pp. 1 - 30 , pages 7 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The provisions of this Constitution and of any law concerning municipal corporations formed for local government , or concerning counties , shall be liberally construed in their favor . The powers of counties and such municipal corporations shall include not only those granted in express terms but also those of necessary or fair implication , or incident to the powers expressly conferred , or essential thereto , and not inconsistent with or prohibited by this Constitution or by law . '' Constitution of the State of New Jersey Archived 2009 - 06 - 30 at the Wayback Machine. , Article IV , Section VII ( 11 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ICMA </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Charldean Newell , David Forrest Prindle , and James W. Riddlesperger , Jr. , Texas Politics , 11th ed . ( Boston : Cengage Learning , 2011 ) , 376 - 381 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Jon C. Teaford ( 2009 ) . `` Local Government '' . In Michael Kazin . Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History . Princeton University Press . pp. 488 ? -- 491 . ISBN 1 - 4008 - 3356 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Check list of books and pamphlets on municipal government . Chicago Public Library . 1911 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Association of Counties </Li> <Li> National League of Cities </Li> <Li> National Association of Towns and Townships </Li> <Li> International City / County Management Association ( ICMA ) </Li> <Li> U.S. Census Bureau page for local government </Li> <Li> American Public Works Association </Li> <Li> National Association of County Engineers </Li> <Li> National Association of Development Organizations </Li> <Li> National Center for Small Communities </Li> <Li> Municipal Research & Services Center of Washington ( MRSC ) </Li> <Li> U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations . State Laws Governing Local Government Structure and Administration </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Local government in the United States by political division </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal district </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insular areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By event </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian era </Li> <Li> Colonial era <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> military history </Li> <Li> Continental Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Revolution <Ul> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American frontier </Li> <Li> Confederation Period </Li> <Li> Drafting and ratification of Constitution </Li> <Li> Federalist Era </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Territorial acquisitions </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> Mexican -- American War </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Era </Li> <Li> Indian Wars </Li> <Li> Gilded Age </Li> <Li> Progressive Era </Li> <Li> African - American civil rights movement 1865 -- 1896 / 1896 -- 1954 / 1954 -- 1968 </Li> <Li> Spanish -- American War </Li> <Li> Imperialism </Li> <Li> World War I </Li> <Li> Roaring Twenties </Li> <Li> Great Depression </Li> <Li> World War II <Ul> <Li> home front </Li> <Li> Nazism in the United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Century </Li> <Li> Cold War </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> Space Race </Li> <Li> Feminist Movement </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> Post-Cold War ( 1991 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> War on Terror <Ul> <Li> War in Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Iraq War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Recent events ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By topic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Demographic </Li> <Li> Discoveries </Li> <Li> Economic <Ul> <Li> debt ceiling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Inventions <Ul> <Li> before 1890 </Li> <Li> 1890 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> 1946 -- 91 </Li> <Li> after 1991 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Postal </Li> <Li> Technological and industrial </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Territory <Ul> <Li> counties </Li> <Li> federal district </Li> <Li> federal enclaves </Li> <Li> Indian reservations </Li> <Li> insular zones </Li> <Li> minor outlying islands </Li> <Li> populated places </Li> <Li> states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> <Li> Mountains <Ul> <Li> peaks </Li> <Li> ranges </Li> <Li> Appalachian </Li> <Li> Rocky </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> National Park Service <Ul> <Li> National Parks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Regions <Ul> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Gulf </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Midwestern </Li> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Eastern </Li> <Li> Northern </Li> <Li> Northeastern </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> <Li> Southeastern </Li> <Li> Southwestern </Li> <Li> Western </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Longest rivers <Ul> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Columbia </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Red ( South ) </Li> <Li> Rio Grande </Li> <Li> Yukon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Time </Li> <Li> Water supply and sanitation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Federal </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Executive </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Civil service </Li> <Li> Executive departments </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> <Li> Independent agencies </Li> <Li> Law enforcement </Li> <Li> President of the United States </Li> <Li> Public policy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislative </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives <Ul> <Li> current members </Li> <Li> Speaker </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Senate <Ul> <Li> current members </Li> <Li> President pro tempore </Li> <Li> Vice President </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judicial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Courts of appeals </Li> <Li> District courts </Li> <Li> Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Law </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bill of Rights <Ul> <Li> civil liberties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Code of Federal Regulations </Li> <Li> Constitution <Ul> <Li> federalism </Li> <Li> preemption </Li> <Li> separation of powers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Federal Reporter </Li> <Li> United States Code </Li> <Li> United States Reports </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intelligence </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Intelligence Agency </Li> <Li> Defense Intelligence Agency </Li> <Li> Federal Bureau of Investigation </Li> <Li> National Geospatial - 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U.S. presidential IQ hoax - Wikipedia <H1> U.S. presidential IQ hoax </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The topic of this article may not meet Wikipedia 's general notability guideline . Please help to establish notability by citing reliable secondary sources that are independent of the topic and provide significant coverage of it beyond its mere trivial mention . If notability can not be established , the article is likely to be merged , redirected , or deleted . Find sources : `` U.S. Presidential IQ hoax '' -- news newspapers books scholar JSTOR ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The U.S. Presidential IQ hoax was a mid-2001 e-mail and internet hoax that purported to provide a list of estimated IQs of the U.S. Presidents from Franklin D. Roosevelt to George W. Bush . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The hoax </Li> <Li> 2 Reports about the hoax </Li> <Li> 3 IQ estimations by academics </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The hoax ( edit ) </H2> <P> The hoax email showed Bill Clinton having the highest IQ ( 182 ) and George W. Bush the lowest ( 91 ) . However , the numbers claimed in the email were said to be fabricated , and the sociologists and institutions ( e.g. , the `` Lovenstein Institute '' ) quoted in the article do not exist . The techniques purportedly used to measure IQ of the presidents are not recognized means of measuring IQs . The hoax also contains other factual errors . When the hoax was debunked , it appeared that Bush 's IQ and college entrance test scores were never released . </P> <H2> Reports about the hoax ( edit ) </H2> <P> Perhaps because the perception of George W. Bush having low intelligence was claimed by some political pundits as well as by politicians , including a spokesperson for Tony Blair , the hoax report was assumed by some to be true . The British newspaper The Guardian , for example , quoted the report in its diary section of July 19 , 2001 and used it to belittle Bush , although the paper published a retraction two days after the Associated Press drew attention to the error . Other media outlets to fall for the hoax included Bild ( Germany ) , Pravda ( Russia ) , and the Southland Times ( New Zealand ) as well as a few U.S. newspapers . The hoax came back to life in March 2007 in Spanish - language media when the Press Agency EFE distributed a piece referring to it . Dozens of media ( primarily in their online versions ) reproduced EFE 's text . Among newspapers publishing the hoax were El País ( Spain 's leading newspaper ) , ABC , La Vanguardia , and El Mercurio ( Chile 's leading newspaper ) . </P> <H2> IQ estimations by academics ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2001 , political psychologist Aubrey Immelman made an IQ estimation of G.W. Bush based on the SAT Reasoning Test results of Bush ( 1206 ) and Al Gore , who achieved IQ scores of 133 and 134 in his school years : `` It 's tempting to employ Al Gore 's IQ : SAT ratio of 134 : 135 as a formula for estimating Bush 's probable intelligence quotient -- an exercise in fuzzy statistics that predicts a score of 119 . '' </P> <P> A 2006 study analyzing presidential IQs by Dean Keith Simonton of U.C. Davis appeared in the journal Political Psychology . Simonton 's study analyzed the results of varied and often subjective historical material using the tools of historiometry . It estimated IQs for all US presidents , and validated the headline of the hoax , which stated Bush 's was the lowest of any president in the last 50 years , though it estimates his IQ considerably higher ( by more than two standard deviations ) than the 91 suggested in the hoax report . It rated G.W. Bush second to last since 1900 , with an estimated IQ of 119 ( the estimates ranged from 111 to 139 ) . Bush 's estimated IQ was less than those estimated for Grant ( 120 ) , Monroe ( 124 ) , and Harding ( 124 ) . The same study estimated president Bill Clinton 's IQ at 149 , behind only those of Kennedy ( 151 ) , Jefferson ( 154 ) and John Quincy Adams ( 169 ) . </P> <P> Simonton 's 2006 study follows earlier studies done on this subject , including a 1926 study by Catharine Cox Miles . This study concluded that there is a statistically significant correlation of 0.56 between a U.S. President 's IQ and his perceived amount of success . It is worth noting that other sources and / or studies might have different results for the IQs of United States Presidents . For instance , John F. Kennedy 's IQ has also been estimated to have been significantly lower than in this 2006 study ( Chester Arthur biographer Thomas C. Reeves refers to an actual IQ test by Kennedy with a score of 119 ) , while Richard Nixon 's IQ has also been estimated to have been significantly higher than in this study . </P> <P> Here are the full results of the 2006 Simonton study , with some U.S. Presidential IQ estimates from other sources as well ( average : 136 IQ points ) : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The factual accuracy of part of this article is disputed . The dispute is about the inclusion of a table presenting information mainly from a single primary source , which analyses indirect evidence without providing evidence that the method used matches scores obtained by direct assessment on any test set . Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced . See the relevant discussion on the talk page . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Political Party </Th> <Th> Lifespan </Th> <Th> Time in Office </Th> <Th> IQ ( corrected for data reliability , ages 18 -- 26 ) </Th> <Th> Other IQ Estimates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Washington </Td> <Td> None / Federalist </Td> <Td> 1732 -- 1799 </Td> <Td> 1789 -- 1797 </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Adams </Td> <Td> Federalist </Td> <Td> 1735 -- 1826 </Td> <Td> 1797 -- 1801 </Td> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thomas Jefferson </Td> <Td> Democratic - Republican </Td> <Td> 1743 -- 1826 </Td> <Td> 1801 -- 1809 </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Madison </Td> <Td> Democratic - Republican </Td> <Td> 1751 -- 1836 </Td> <Td> 1809 -- 1817 </Td> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Monroe </Td> <Td> Democratic - Republican </Td> <Td> 1758 -- 1831 </Td> <Td> 1817 -- 1825 </Td> <Td> 128.6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Quincy Adams </Td> <Td> Democratic - Republican </Td> <Td> 1767 -- 1848 </Td> <Td> 1825 -- 1829 </Td> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Jackson </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1767 -- 1845 </Td> <Td> 1829 -- 1837 </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin van Buren </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1782 -- 1862 </Td> <Td> 1837 -- 1841 </Td> <Td> 129.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Henry Harrison </Td> <Td> Whig </Td> <Td> 1773 -- 1841 </Td> <Td> 1841 </Td> <Td> 136.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Tyler </Td> <Td> Whig </Td> <Td> 1790 -- 1862 </Td> <Td> 1841 -- 1845 </Td> <Td> 138.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Polk </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1795 -- 1849 </Td> <Td> 1845 -- 1849 </Td> <Td> 133.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zachary Taylor </Td> <Td> Whig </Td> <Td> 1784 -- 1850 </Td> <Td> 1849 -- 1850 </Td> <Td> 129.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Millard Fillmore </Td> <Td> Whig </Td> <Td> 1800 -- 1874 </Td> <Td> 1850 -- 1853 </Td> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franklin Pierce </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1804 -- 1869 </Td> <Td> 1853 -- 1857 </Td> <Td> 137.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Buchanan </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1791 -- 1868 </Td> <Td> 1857 -- 1861 </Td> <Td> 129.6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Abraham Lincoln </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1809 -- 1865 </Td> <Td> 1861 -- 1865 </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Johnson </Td> <Td> National Union / Democratic </Td> <Td> 1808 -- 1875 </Td> <Td> 1865 -- 1869 </Td> <Td> 129.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ulysses Grant </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1822 -- 1885 </Td> <Td> 1869 -- 1877 </Td> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rutherford Hayes </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1822 -- 1893 </Td> <Td> 1877 -- 1881 </Td> <Td> 136.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Garfield </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1831 -- 1881 </Td> <Td> 1881 </Td> <Td> 142.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chester Arthur </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1829 -- 1886 </Td> <Td> 1881 -- 1885 </Td> <Td> 142.3 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1837 -- 1908 </Td> <Td> 1885 -- 1889 , 1893 -- 1897 </Td> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1833 -- 1901 </Td> <Td> 1889 -- 1893 </Td> <Td> 135.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William McKinley </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1843 -- 1901 </Td> <Td> 1897 -- 1901 </Td> <Td> 133.4 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theodore Roosevelt </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1858 -- 1919 </Td> <Td> 1901 -- 1909 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Howard Taft </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1857 -- 1930 </Td> <Td> 1909 -- 1913 </Td> <Td> 129.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1856 -- 1924 </Td> <Td> 1913 -- 1921 </Td> <Td> 145.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warren Harding </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1865 -- 1923 </Td> <Td> 1921 -- 1923 </Td> <Td> 129.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calvin Coolidge </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1872 -- 1933 </Td> <Td> 1923 -- 1929 </Td> <Td> 131.6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herbert Hoover </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1874 -- 1964 </Td> <Td> 1929 -- 1933 </Td> <Td> 131.6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Franklin Roosevelt </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1882 -- 1945 </Td> <Td> 1933 -- 1945 </Td> <Td> 130.5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry Truman </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1884 -- 1972 </Td> <Td> 1945 -- 1953 </Td> <Td> 129.8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dwight Eisenhower </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1890 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 1961 </Td> <Td> 135.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John F. Kennedy </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1917 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1963 </Td> <Td> 149.8 </Td> <Td> 119 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyndon Johnson </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1908 -- 1973 </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1969 </Td> <Td> 130.6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Nixon </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1913 -- 1994 </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 1974 </Td> <Td> 132.6 </Td> <Td> 143 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gerald Ford </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1913 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1977 </Td> <Td> 130.2 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Carter </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1924 -- present </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ronald Reagan </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1911 -- 2004 </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> 131.9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1924 -- present </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Clinton </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> <Td> 1946 -- present </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> 137 , 156 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> 1946 -- present </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> 138.5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Intelligence Quotient ( IQ ) and Browser Usage , another IQ - related Internet hoax , this time claiming low IQs for users of Internet Explorer 6 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` President Bush Has Lowest IQ of all Presidents of past 50 Years '' . Snopes . July 15 , 2004 . Retrieved September 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , Peter ( August 20 , 2006 ) . `` Pundits Renounce The President '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved September 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walters , Simon ( August 19 , 2006 ) . `` Blair ' feels betrayed by Bush on Lebanon ' '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthew Norman ( July 19 , 2001 ) . `` Diary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 23 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Matthew Norman ( August 16 , 2001 ) . `` Diary '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 23 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diary '' . El País . March 13 , 2007 . Retrieved March 13 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aubrey Immelman : `` Bush gets bad rap on intelligence '' Archived October 30 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine ... St. Cloud Times . January 14 , 2001 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dean Keith Simonton ( August 2006 ) . `` Presidential IQ , Openness , Intellectual Brilliance , and Leadership : Estimates and Correlations for 42 U.S. Chief Executives '' ( PDF ) . Political Psychology . 27 ( 4 ) : 511 -- 526 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1467 - 9221.2006. 00524. x . JSTOR 3792393 . Retrieved September 11 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Smart Does a President Have to Be ? '' . Britannica Blog . September 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas C. Reeves : `` Presidential IQ '' . History News Network . November 5 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cecil Adams ( June 22 , 2001 ) . `` Who was the stupidest U.S. president ? '' . The Straight Dope . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The President 's daily decision , how Gotti got to the top , homicidal honchos , and other matters . THE MOST IMPORTANT STAT - July 15 , 1991 '' . CNN Money . July 15 , 1991 . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel Blake ( June 16 , 2012 ) . `` IQ Scores of Famous People '' . The Christian Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Natasha Bertrand ( April 1 , 2015 ) . `` The 15 smartest US presidents of all time '' . Business Insider -- via MSN . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> interview with Barbara Mikkelson of Snopes about the Presidential IQ Hoax , Washington Journal , C - SPAN , November 21 , 2003 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of Presidents </Li> <Li> List of Vice Presidents </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Autobiographies </Li> <Li> Burial places </Li> <Li> Death </Li> <Li> Historical rankings </Li> <Li> Lifespan timeline </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> <Li> Portraits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professional careers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Approval rating </Li> <Li> Assassination attempts and plots </Li> <Li> Campaign slogans </Li> <Li> Control of Congress </Li> <Li> Doctrines </Li> <Li> Inaugurations </Li> <Li> International trips </Li> <Li> Judicial appointments </Li> <Li> Libraries </Li> <Li> Military rank </Li> <Li> Military service </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Pardons </Li> <Li> Previous experience </Li> <Li> Vetoes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personal life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Deaths in office </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Facial hair </Li> <Li> Firsts </Li> <Li> Freemasons </Li> <Li> Multilingualism </Li> <Li> Net worth </Li> <Li> Nicknames </Li> <Li> Pets </Li> <Li> Home state </Li> <Li> Previous occupation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Residences </Li> <Li> Slave owners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vice Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Burial places </Li> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Place of primary affiliation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Tie - breaking votes </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succession </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acting President </Li> <Li> Designated survivor </Li> <Li> Line of succession </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electoral College margin </Li> <Li> Popular vote margin </Li> <Li> Summary </Li> <Li> Winner lost popular vote </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Democrat </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> <Li> Third party </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Libertarian </Li> <Li> Progressive </Li> <Li> National Republican / Whig </Li> <Li> African American </Li> <Li> Female </Li> <Li> Received at least one electoral vote </Li> <Li> Height </Li> <Li> Unsuccessful major party candidates </Li> <Li> Lost their home state </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Families </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First Families </Li> <Li> First Ladies </Li> <Li> Second Ladies </Li> <Li> Children </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Namesakes , honors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Memorial sites </Li> <Li> U.S. postage stamp appearances </Li> <Li> Educational institution names </Li> <Li> Currency appearances </Li> <Li> U.S. county names </Li> <Li> U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Presidents <Ul> <Li> actors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vice Presidents <Ul> <Li> actors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Candidates </Li> <Li> Line of succession </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Government Portal Biography Portal Presidents of the United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Presidential_IQ_hoax&oldid=844596135 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2001 hoaxes </Li> <Li> Cultural depictions of George W. 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Sign - on and sign - off - wikipedia <H1> Sign - on and sign - off </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A sign - on ( or start - up ) is the beginning of operations for a radio or television station , generally at the start of each day . It is the opposite of a sign - off ( or closedown ) , which is the sequence of operations involved when a radio or television station shuts down its transmitters and goes off the air for a predetermined period ; generally , this occurs during the overnight hours . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Sign - on <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Sign - on sequence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Sign - off <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Sign - off sequence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Special sign - on / off cases <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Historical <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 2000 Today </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Religious <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 India </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Malaysia </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Philippines </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Sign - on ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sign - ons , like sign - offs , vary from country to country , from station to station , and from time to time ; however , most follow a similar general pattern . Many stations follow the reverse process to their sign - off sequence at the close of the day . It is common for sign - ons to be followed by a network 's early morning newscast , or their morning or breakfast show . </P> <P> While both sign - ons and sign - offs have become less common with the increasing prevalence of twenty - four - hour - a-day , seven - day - a-week broadcasting , they are still conducted by a number of stations around the world . For broadcasters that do still close for a period each day , this station close is most often during the early hours of the morning , with the daily sign - on typically occurring between 5 : 00 a.m. and 7 : 00 a.m. However , in some countries with more limited broadcast coverage , such as North Korea , sign - on may be as late as 5 : 00 p.m. A particular type of AM radio station known as a daytimer usually only operates during daytime hours , and will therefore run a sign - on sequence each day . </P> <H3> Sign - on sequence ( edit ) </H3> <P> The sign - on sequence may include some or all of the following stages , but not necessarily in this order : </P> <Ol> <Li> For television stations or radio stations that cut off their signal during off - broadcast hours , a test pattern or 1 kHz tone or music or radio station may be broadcast fifteen to twenty minutes before the actual sign - on . </Li> <Li> A signal to turn on remote transmitters may be played -- this is usually a series of touch tones . </Li> <Li> On radio stations , especially international stations on shortwave , an interval signal may be played , usually for 3 to 5 minutes before the actual broadcast starts . </Li> <Li> Technical information provided , such as the station identification ( call sign and city of license ) , transmitter power , frequency or channel number , translators used , transmitter locations , list of broadcast engineers ( in the Philippines ) , and studio / transmitter links ( STL ) . </Li> <Li> On television stations , a video and / or photo montage set to the national anthem or another patriotic piece of music may be played ; on radio stations this would just consist of the music , usually the national anthem . The accompanying television video usually involves images of the national flag , head of states , national heroes , national military , national symbols , or other nationalistic imagery , particularly on state - owned broadcasters . </Li> <Li> Ownership information about the station , and a list of related organizations . </Li> <Li> A `` good morning '' greeting to viewers or listeners . </Li> <Li> Contact information , such as street and mailing addresses , telephone number , email , and website details . </Li> <Li> A prayer or other religious acknowledgement , particularly in countries with a state religion , in theocracies , and on religious broadcasters . For example , sign - ons in Sri Lanka , Myanmar , Cambodia , Laos and Thailand typically include a quote from Gautama Buddha , those in Saudi Arabia , Egypt , Kuwait , Oman , Brunei , Niger , Malaysia , Morocco , Bangladesh and Indonesia generally include an Islamic reading from the Quran , a Muslim quote , or a call for Azan and Fajr prayer , those in the Philippines ( except in the Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao ) , Italy , Russia ( except for some republics ) , Canada and the United States include a Christian prayer , responsorial psalm or hymn of some type and stations in South Korea , India and China have a prayer of any religion depending on the day . </Li> <Li> A program guide for the upcoming programs , or the day 's programs . </Li> <Li> A disclaimer that station programming is taped , aired live , or originates from a television or radio network </Li> <Li> Another disclaimer that programs are for personal use only ( sometimes with information on copyright restrictions ) , and a statement that businesses can not profit from showing them by applying a cover charge for viewing </Li> <Li> A statement of commitment to quality ; this may be in the form of a recognized standard , such as the United States National Association of Broadcasters ' `` Seal of Good Practice '' ( until 1982 ) or the Philippines ' KBP Broadcast Code of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas ( Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines ) </Li> <Li> A station identification , including some or all of the television channel , AM or FM frequency , call sign , branding , and a clock ident </Li> <Li> Generally a station jingle or slogan will be played , accompanied on television with video clips featuring station programming or personalities . </Li> </Ol> <P> While most of these sign - on steps are done as a service to the public , or for advertising reasons , some of them may be required by the government of the country . </P> <H2> Sign - off ( edit ) </H2> <P> Sign - offs , like sign - ons , vary from country to country , from station to station , and from time to time ; however , most follow a similar general pattern . Many stations follow the reverse process to their sign - on sequence at the start of the day . Sign - off messages can be initiated by a broadcast automation system just as for other television programming , and automatic transmission systems can cut off the carrier signal and trigger the actual shutdown of the transmitter by remote control . Generally , after the carrier signal is cut , the viewer only sees or hears static after an analog television station signs off . Digital stations will likely display a message after the sign off ; however , they may simply cut to a black screen with no sound ( as other digital subchannel networks on the same channel space space may broadcast 24 / 7 , requiring the station to remain powered up ; consideration after 2017 in the United States is now also given to channel sharing partners who may do the same ) . Occasionally , the signal is cut off entirely , causing digital broadcast receivers ( cable / satellite boxes , digital TVs / converter boxes ) to display error messages . </P> <P> Both sign - offs and sign - ons have become less common with the increasing prevalence of twenty - four hours a day , seven days a week broadcasting . They are , however , still conducted by a number of stations around the world , often by stations catering to small - markets or those in less -- developed countries , or when stations need to shut down for transmitter maintenance . Another consideration for whether providers shutdown is power consumption ; aerial signals , such as those for UHF analog TV transmissions , can require tens of thousands of watts of power , making electricity a major expense , while power consumption would usually be considerably lower for cable and satellite providers . In relation to costs , viewer numbers are also a consideration . Another consideration is the licence issued by the government which indicates when their transmitters can be operated . </P> <P> For broadcasters which do still close for a period each day , the station close most often takes place overnight or during the early hours of the morning . The daily sign - off typically occurs between around 11 : 00 p.m. and 2 : 00 a.m. and the station will remain closed until about 5 : 00 a.m. to 7 : 00 a.m. , although in countries with limited broadcast coverage , sign - off may occur at earlier times , and sign - on later . Sign - off may also vary depending on the day of the week ; for example some broadcasters may run for 24 hours on Saturday nights , but sign - off and close during the week when there are lower viewer numbers . Seasonality is also a consideration where some stations / networks stay open for 24 hours , while rarely few go off the air completely during peak times of religious observances . </P> <P> Many stations , while no longer conducting a sign - off and being off air for a period of time each day , instead run low -- cost programming during those times of low viewer numbers . This may include infomercials , movies , television shows , simple weather forecasts , low cost news or infotainment programming from other suppliers , or feeds of local cable TV companies ' programming via a fiber optic line to the cable headend . Other broadcasters that are part of a radio or television network may run an unedited feed of the network 's overnight programming from a central location , without local advertising . Some stations , after doing a sign - off , nonetheless continue to transmit throughout the off - air period on cable / satellite ; this transmission may involve a test pattern or static image that is accompanied by music or a local weather radio service . </P> <H3> Sign - off sequence ( edit ) </H3> <P> The sign - off sequence may include some or all of the following stages , but not necessarily in this order : </P> <Ol> <Li> Nearly when a program or movie ends , they show PSAs through Ad Council or any organizations , then station ID announced . </Li> <Li> An announcement made about the upcoming sign - off to inform the viewers that the station is about to go off - air . </Li> <Li> A station jingle or slogan may be played , accompanied on television with video clips featuring station programming or personalities . A series of program trailers may also be played . </Li> <Li> A prayer , hymn , or other religious acknowledgement , particularly in countries with a state religion or theocracies , and on religious broadcasters . For example , closedowns in Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , Morocco , Senegal , Brunei , Malaysia , Egypt , Niger , Oman , and Indonesia generally include a fifteen - minute reading from the Qur'an and a call for the midnight salat ; stations in Sri Lanka , Thailand , Hong Kong and Macau typically have a quote from the Buddha ; stations in Israel have a Jewish prayer ; stations in Germany , Italy , Philippines ( excluding the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao ) , Russia ( excluding some republics ) , the United Kingdom and in the Southern United States include a Christian prayer , Biblical passage , a Responsorial psalm or a hymn ; while stations in China , South Korea and India have a prayer of any religion depending on the day . </Li> <Li> A short weather forecast , newscast , or a pre-taped inspirational message known as a sermonette . </Li> <Li> A clock ident , usually silent , music or an announcer . In United Kingdom , BBC1 and BBC2 have announcer speaking during a clock ident , before switching to national anthem . </Li> <Li> A `` goodnight '' message to viewers or listeners thanking them for their patronage , along with an announcement of the time when the station is scheduled to sign on again . </Li> <Li> A program guide for the following day 's programs . </Li> <Li> Ownership information about the station and a list of related organizations . </Li> <Li> Contact information , such as street and mailing addresses , telephone number , zip code , e-mail , and website details . </Li> <Li> Technical information provided , such as the call sign , transmitter power , translators used , transmitter locations , a list of broadcast engineers ( in the Philippines only ) , and studio / transmitter links ( STL ) . </Li> <Li> A disclaimer that station programming is taped , aired live , or originates from a television or radio network . </Li> <Li> A disclaimer that programs are for personal use only ( sometimes with information on copyright restrictions ) , and a statement that businesses can not profit from showing them by applying a cover charge for viewing . </Li> <Li> A statement of commitment to quality ; this may be in the form of a recognized standard , such as the United States National Association of Broadcasters ' `` Seal of Good Practice '' ( before 1982 ) or the Philippines ' KBP Broadcast Code of the Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas ( Association of Broadcasters of the Philippines ) . </Li> <Li> An invitation to tune into alternate services hosted by their sister / affiliate stations ( for example , radio station ) . In the United Kingdom for example , when BBC1 or BBC2 closed down for the day , the announcer invited the outgoing viewers to tune into BBC radio services during the TV station 's off - hours . </Li> <Li> On television stations , a video and / or photo montage set to the national anthem or another patriotic piece of music may be played ; on radio stations , this would just consist of the music , usually the national anthem . The accompanying television video usually involves images of the national flag , head of states , national heroes , national military , national symbols , or other nationalistic imagery , particularly on state - owned broadcasters . </Li> <Li> The station may display some type of novelty item , such as an animated character , particular to that station or its locale . </Li> <Li> The display of a test pattern , a variation on the station logo , or a black signal , often accompanied by a monotone sound for a short period of time ; radio stations may just play a monotone . In Germany , before switching to the test card ( especially ARD and ZDF ) , a slide with the logo and the noun `` Sendeschluss '' or `` Sendeschluß '' is shown , before slowly fades to black . This means if a viewer ( especially knowing German language ) sees the word `` Sendeschluss '' it means the viewer should turn off their television sets . In ARD , while showing testcard , a female voiceover repeats itself , instead of playing tone . Nowadays , the transmission is handed over to a 24 / 7 channel . </Li> <Li> Viewers may be warned to remember to turn off their television sets just prior to the transmitter being switched off ; these announcements were particularly common in the early days of television , but are still in regular practice in some places ; in Russia this was common until the mid-90s , and in Japan this was also common in some prefectures when there is no 24 / 7 - hour service available ( Toyama , Nagano , etc . ) </Li> <Li> A signal to turn off remote transmitters may be played ; is usually a series of touch tones . Once the transmission has been cut off there will usually only be video static on television stations or radio static on radio stations . In the digital age , a black screen is displayed as no transmission is able to be decoded , with sets not able to receive a signal turning off automatically if the feature is enabled , and audibly for television and radio , the audio is completely silent . </Li> <Li> A loud tone may be played on the audio to encourage sleeping viewers to turn their television sets off . </Li> </Ol> <P> While most of these sign - off steps are done as a service to the public , or for advertising reasons , some of them may be required by the government of the country . For example , in the U.S. or in the Philippines , the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) regulations , or the National Telecommunications Commission require stations to identify themselves before leaving the air , which usually means they must announce their calls , city of license , and broadcast frequency or channel number . </P> <P> For those stations that now operate 24 hours daily , some broadcast an abbreviated version of the sign - on / off information , usually around 6 : 00 a.m. local time , or earlier , before the start of their morning newscast . ( In the USA , the broadcast logging day begins at 0600 local time . ) </P> <H2> Special sign - on / off cases ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Historical ( edit ) </H3> <P> In a number of countries closedowns formerly took place during the daytime as well as overnight . In the United Kingdom this was initially due to Government - imposed restrictions on daytime broadcasting hours , and later , due to budgetary constraints . The eventual relaxation of these rules meant that afternoon closedowns ceased permanently on the ITV network in October 1972 , but the BBC maintained the practice until Friday 24 October 1986 , before commencing a full daytime service on the following Monday . Afternoon closedowns continued in South Korea until December 2005 . Hong Kong 's broadcasting networks ( particularly the English - speaking channels ) also practiced this until mid 2008 . In these cases , the station 's transmitters later did not actually shut - down for the afternoon break ; either a test - card was played or a static schedule was posted telling viewers of the programming line - up once broadcasting resumes . </P> 2000 Today ( edit ) <P> During the start of the new millennium 2000 in the Philippines , the GMA Network , due to its corporate affiliation with 2000 Today , continued broadcasting while other TV and radio networks signed off immediately after the new year countdown . </P> <H3> Religious ( edit ) </H3> India ( edit ) <P> During religious holidays or occasions , Doordarshan and Akashvani will broadcast a prayer of any religion will play through the day , a week or a month ( e.g. During Ramadan , a reading from the Quran , a Muslim quote , or a call for Azan and Fajr prayer will be broadcast . During Lent , a Christian prayer , a hymn or a responsorial psalm will be broadcast ) . </P> Malaysia ( edit ) <P> During Ramadan , Malaysian public broadcaster RTM operates TV1 24 hours a day instead of signing off , but TV1 becomes 24 hours during the London Olympics in 2012 , but later became permanent in August 2012 , to coincide with their sister channel , TV2 by showing reruns of their old programmes shown on this broadcaster and telemovies on early - mornings before start - up . </P> Philippines ( edit ) <P> During the Holy Week in the Philippines , terrestrial TV and radio stations continue their respective broadcast schedules from Palm Sunday until Holy Wednesday . From the midnight of Holy Thursday until the early hours of Easter Sunday ( before 4 AM PST ) , most of the aforementioned outlets are off - the - air while other non-religious TV and radio networks commence transmission much later in the morning or at midday and close down at an earlier time . Catholic Media Network member stations also follow the same pattern , broadcasting Easter Triduum services and other similar programming . </P> <P> Campus radio stations ' operations during this time are left to the discretion of their respective schools by either closing down on the afternoon of Holy Wednesday or remain off - air the entirety of the week . </P> <P> On cable and satellite , most international networks fed to the country continue to broadcast their 24 / 7 regular programming service week - long , while a few continue with specially - arranged schedules from Holy Thursday to Black Saturday . For Philippine - exclusive channels , major commercial operators also follow an altered schedule during the same timeframe while specialty channels dedicated to broadcasting horse races , cockfights and the like sign - off and remain dormant during the Easter Triduum . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Off - the - air </Li> <Li> Goodnight Kiwi </Li> <Li> ITV Nightscreen </Li> <Li> Dark ( broadcasting ) </Li> <Li> Digital television transition in the United States </Li> <Li> Short - term Analog Flash and Emergency Readiness Act </Li> <Li> TVARK </Li> <Li> Indian - head test pattern </Li> <Li> Sign off routines in the United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> TV-Signoffs.com - J. Alan Wall 's website devoted to sign - offs and sign - ons of United States television stations </Li> <Li> TV - Ark </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sign-on_and_sign-off&oldid=834483129 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Broadcasting </Li> <Li> Interstitial programming </Li> <Li> Radio terminology </Li> <Li> Television presentation </Li> <Li> Television terminology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from April 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles that may contain original research from November 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles that may contain original research </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 April 2018 , at 23 : 46 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Trading post - wikipedia <H1> Trading post </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> A recreation of a typical trading post for trade with the Plains Indians . <P> A trading post , trading station , or trading house was a place or establishment where the trading of goods took place ; the term is generally used , in modern parlance , in reference to such establishments in historic Northern America , although the practice long predates that continent 's colonization by Europeans . The preferred travel route to a trading post or between trading posts , was known as a trade route . </P> <P> Trading posts were also places for people to meet and exchange the news of the world or simply the news from their home country ( many of the world 's trading posts were located in places which were popular destinations for emigration ) in a time when not even newspapers existed . </P> <P> European colonialism traces its roots to ancient Carthage . Originally a trading settlement of Phoenician colonists , Carthage grew into a vast economic and political power throughout the Mediterranean , accumulating wealth and influence through its economic ( trading ) prowess . Numerous cities of importance once started their history as trading posts : Venice , New York City , Shanghai , Singapore , Hong Kong , Naples , Rotterdam , Kansas City , etc . </P> <P> The annexation an trading posts along ancient trade routes took place in the 16th and 17th century by European powers like the Dutch and English . It began with the capture of Ceuta ( a terminus of the trans - Saharan trade route ) by the Portuguese in 1415 . They went on to establish further enclaves as they explored the coasts of Africa , Arabia , India and South East Asia in search of the source of the lucrative spice trade . Trading posts were also very common in the early settlements of Canada and the United States for the trade of such things as fur . They were also used in many camps across the United States as places to buy snacks , items and souvenirs . </P> <P> The Hudson 's Bay Company set up trading posts around Hudson Bay during the fur trade . Goods were traded for beaver pelts amongst the Europeans and the Native Americans . In the United States in the early 19th century , trading posts used by Native Americans were licensed by the federal government and called `` factories '' . Tribes were to concede substantial territory to the United States in order to access the `` factories '' as happened at Fort Clark in the Treaty of Fort Clark in which the Osage Nation conceded most of Missouri in order to access the trading post . </P> <H2> Other uses ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In the context of Scouting , trading post usually refers to a camp store where snacks , craft materials and general merchandise are sold . </Li> <Li> A `` trading post '' can also be referred to as the place where securities listed on the New York Stock Exchange are traded ( bought and sold ) . </Li> <Li> In recent years , many people have developed their own trading posts such as the Front Range Trading Post in Lobsterfest Springs , CO . Trades include handmade and hand grown / raised items , baked goods and more . Cash is not accepted , only bartering is allowed . </Li> <Li> Trading Post Outreach program has been established since 1995 , where founder Linette Crelly began to host `` trading swaps '' where parents of children could gather to `` swap or exchange '' clothing , infant items , and toys . This idea blossomed and by 2004 had grown to become a 4,000 sq. ft. community care center in Springville , New York . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fur trade </Li> <Li> Factory ( trading post ) </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trading_post&oldid=815464101 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Trading posts </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from December 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Ido </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 December 2017 , at 00 : 00 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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AK - 47 - wikipedia <H1> AK - 47 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the weapon . For other uses , see AK - 47 ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> AK - 47 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> AK - 47 with 6H2 bayonet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Assault rifle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Place of origin </Th> <Td> Soviet Union </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Service history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In service </Th> <Td> 1949 -- present ( worldwide ) 1949 -- 1978 ( Soviet Union ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Used by </Th> <Td> See Users </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wars </Th> <Td> Hungarian Revolution of 1956 Colombian conflict Moro Conflict South African Border War Indo - Pakistani War of 1965 War of Attrition Six Day War Yom Kippur War Ogaden War Vietnam War Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Cambodian -- Vietnamese War Sino - Vietnamese War Sri Lankan Civil War Chadian -- Libyan conflict Afghan Civil War Afghan - Soviet War First Liberian Civil War Second Liberian Civil War First Sudanese Civil War Second Sudanese Civil War South Sudanese Civil War Somali Civil War Algerian Civil War Abkhaz -- Georgian conflict Georgian -- Ossetian conflict Georgian Civil War Tajikistani Civil War Transnistria War East Prigorodny Conflict 1991 -- 1992 South Ossetia War War in Abkhazia ( 1992 -- 1993 ) War in Abkhazia ( 1998 ) First Chechen War Second Chechen War War in Afghanistan Iran -- Iraq War Gulf War Lebanese Civil War South Lebanon conflict ( 1985 -- 2000 ) Yugoslav Wars Croatian War Bosnian War Iraq War First Congo War Second Congo War Mexican Drug War 2006 Lebanese War Russo - Georgian War Insurgency in the North Caucasus Northern Mali Conflict Libyan Civil War Second Libyan Civil War Boko Haram insurgency Syrian Civil War Iraqi Civil War ( 2014 -- present ) Yemeni Civil War ( 2015 -- present ) Saudi - led intervention in Yemen ( 2015 -- present ) Conflict in Najran , Jizan and Asir </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production history </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designer </Th> <Td> Mikhail Kalashnikov </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designed </Th> <Td> 1946 -- 1948 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> Kalashnikov Concern and various others including Norinco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced </Th> <Td> 1949 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. built </Th> <Td> ≈ 75 million AK - 47s , 100 million Kalashnikov - family weapons . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Variants </Th> <Td> See Variants </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Specifications </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weight </Th> <Td> Without magazine : 3.47 kg ( 7.7 lb ) Magazine , empty : 0.43 kg ( 0.95 lb ) ( early issue ) 0.33 kg ( 0.73 lb ) ( steel ) 0.25 kg ( 0.55 lb ) ( plastic ) 0.17 kg ( 0.37 lb ) ( light alloy ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> Fixed wooden stock : 880 mm ( 35 in ) 875 mm ( 34.4 in ) folding stock extended 645 mm ( 25.4 in ) stock folded </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Barrel length </Th> <Td> Overall length : 415 mm ( 16.3 in ) Rifled bore length : 369 mm ( 14.5 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cartridge </Th> <Td> 7.62 × 39mm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Action </Th> <Td> Gas - operated , rotating bolt </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rate of fire </Th> <Td> Cyclic rate of fire : 600 rds / min Combat rate of fire : Semi-auto 40 rds / min Bursts 100 rds / min </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Muzzle velocity </Th> <Td> 715 m / s ( 2,350 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Effective firing range </Th> <Td> 350 m ( 380 yd ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feed system </Th> <Td> 30 - round detachable box magazine There are also 5 - 10 - , 20 - and 40 - round box and 75 - and 100 - round drum magazines available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sights </Th> <Td> 100 -- 800 m adjustable iron sights Sight radius : 378 mm ( 14.9 in ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The AK - 47 , or AK as it is officially known ( Russian : Автома́т Кала́шникова , tr . Avtomát Kaláshnikova , lit . Kalashnikov 's Automatic Rifle ) , also known as the Kalashnikov , is a gas - operated , 7.62 × 39mm assault rifle , developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov . It is the originating firearm of the Kalashnikov rifle ( or `` AK '' ) family . </P> <P> Design work on the AK - 47 began in 1945 . In 1946 , the AK - 47 was presented for official military trials , and in 1948 , the fixed - stock version was introduced into active service with selected units of the Soviet Army . An early development of the design was the AKS ( S -- Skladnoy or `` folding '' ) , which was equipped with an underfolding metal shoulder stock . In early 1949 , the AK - 47 was officially accepted by the Soviet Armed Forces and used by the majority of the member states of the Warsaw Pact . </P> <P> Even after almost seven decades , the model and its variants remain the most popular and widely used assault rifles in the world because of their substantial reliability under harsh conditions , low production costs compared to contemporary Western weapons , availability in virtually every geographic region and ease of use . The AK - 47 has been manufactured in many countries and has seen service with armed forces as well as irregular forces and insurgencies worldwide , and was the basis for developing many other types of individual , crew - served and specialised firearms . As of 2004 , `` Of the estimated 500 million firearms worldwide , approximately 100 million belong to the Kalashnikov family , three - quarters of which are AK - 47s '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origins </Li> <Li> 1.2 Concept </Li> <Li> 1.3 Early designs </Li> <Li> 1.4 Further development </Li> <Li> 1.5 Replacement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Design <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Cartridge </Li> <Li> 2.2 Operating mechanism </Li> <Li> 2.3 Barrel </Li> <Li> 2.4 Gas block </Li> <Li> 2.5 Fire selector </Li> <Li> 2.6 Sights </Li> <Li> 2.7 Furniture </Li> <Li> 2.8 Magazines </Li> <Li> 2.9 Accessories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Characteristics <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Service life </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Variants </Li> <Li> 5 Production </Li> <Li> 6 Accuracy potential <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Western method </Li> <Li> 6.2 Russian method </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Users <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Former users </Li> <Li> 7.2 Illicit trade </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Cultural influence and impact </Li> <Li> 9 Gallery </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 14 Further reading </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> <H3> Origins </H3> <P> During World War II , the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle used by German forces made a deep impression on their Soviet counterparts . The select - fire rifle was chambered for a new intermediate cartridge , the 7.92 × 33mm Kurz , and combined the firepower of a submachine gun with the range and accuracy of a rifle . On 15 July 1943 , an earlier model of the Sturmgewehr was demonstrated before the People 's Commissariat of Arms of the USSR . The Soviets were impressed with the weapon and immediately set about developing an intermediate caliber fully automatic rifle of their own , to replace the PPSh - 41 submachine guns and outdated Mosin -- Nagant bolt - action rifles that armed most of the Soviet Army . </P> <P> The Soviets soon developed the 7.62 × 39mm M43 cartridge , the semi-automatic SKS carbine and the RPD light machine gun . Shortly after World War II , the Soviets developed the AK - 47 assault rifle , which would quickly replace the SKS in Soviet service . In the 1960s , the Soviets introduced the RPK light machine gun , an AK - 47 type weapon with a stronger receiver , a longer heavy barrel , and a bipod , that would eventually replace the RPD light machine gun . </P> <H3> Concept </H3> A Type 2 AK - 47 , the first machined receiver variation <P> Mikhail Kalashnikov began his career as a weapon designer in 1941 , while recuperating from a shoulder wound which he received during the Battle of Bryansk . Kalashnikov himself stated ... `` I was in the hospital , and a soldier in the bed beside me asked : ' Why do our soldiers have only one rifle for two or three of our men , when the Germans have automatics ? ' So I designed one . I was a soldier , and I created a machine gun for a soldier . It was called an Avtomat Kalashnikova , the automatic weapon of Kalashnikov -- AK -- and it carried the date of its first manufacture , 1947 . '' </P> <P> The AK - 47 is best described as a hybrid of previous rifle technology innovations . `` Kalashnikov decided to design an automatic rifle combining the best features of the American M1 and the German StG44 . '' Kalashnikov 's team had access to these weapons and had no need to `` reinvent the wheel '' . Kalashnikov himself observed : `` A lot of Russian Army soldiers ask me how one can become a constructor , and how new weaponry is designed . These are very difficult questions . Each designer seems to have his own paths , his own successes and failures . But one thing is clear : before attempting to create something new , it is vital to have a good appreciation of everything that already exists in this field . I myself have had many experiences confirming this to be so . '' </P> <P> There are claims about Kalashnikov copying other designs , like Bulkin 's TKB - 415 or Simonov 's AVS - 31 . </P> <H3> Early designs </H3> <P> Kalashnikov started work on a submachine gun design in 1942 and with a light machine gun in 1943 . `` Early in 1944 , Kalashnikov was given some 7.62 × 39mm M43 cartridges and informed that there were several designers working on weapons for this new Soviet small - arms cartridge . It was suggested to him that this new weapon might well lead to greater things , and he undertook work on the new rifle . '' In 1944 , he entered a design competition with this new 7.62 × 39mm , semi-automatic , gas - operated , long stroke piston , carbine , strongly influenced by the American M1 Garand . `` The rifle that Kalashnikov designed was in the same class as the familiar SKS - 45 Simonov with fixed magazine and gas tube above the barrel . '' However , this new Kalashnikov design lost out to a Simonov design . </P> <P> In 1946 , a new design competition was initiated to develop a new assault rifle . Kalashnikov submitted an entry . It was gas - operated rifle with a short - stroke gas piston above the barrel , a breech - block mechanism similar to his 1944 carbine , and a curved 30 - round magazine . Kalashnikov 's rifles AK - 1 ( with a milled receiver ) and AK - 2 ( with a stamped receiver ) proved to be reliable weapons and were accepted to a second round of competition along with other designs . </P> <P> These prototypes ( also known as the AK - 46 ) had a rotary bolt , a two - part receiver with separate trigger unit housing , dual controls ( separate safety and fire selector switches ) and a non-reciprocating charging handle located on the left side of the weapon . This design had many similarities to the STG 44 . In late 1946 , as the rifles were being tested , one of Kalashnikov 's assistants , Aleksandr Zaitsev , suggested a major redesign to improve reliability . At first , Kalashnikov was reluctant , given that their rifle had already fared better than its competitors . Eventually , however , Zaitsev managed to persuade Kalashnikov . </P> 1955 AK - 47 with a milled Type 3A receiver showing the milled lightening cut on the side above the magazine that for Type 3 receivers is slanted to the barrel axis <P> In November 1947 , the new prototypes ( AK - 47s ) were completed . It utilized a long - stroke gas piston above the barrel . The upper and lower receivers were combined into a single receiver . The selector and safety were combined into a single control - lever / dust - cover on the right side of the rifle . And , the bolt - handle was simply attached to the bolt - carrier . This simplified the design and production of the rifle . The first army trial series began in early 1948 . The new rifle proved to be reliable under a wide range of conditions with convenient handling characteristics . In 1949 , it was adopted by the Soviet Army as `` 7.62 mm Kalashnikov assault rifle ( AK ) '' . </P> <H3> Further development </H3> AKMS with a stamped Type 4B receiver ( top ) , and an AK - 47 with a milled Type 2A receiver <P> There were many difficulties during the initial phase of production . The first production models had stamped sheet metal receivers with a milled trunnion and butt stock insert , and a stamped body . Difficulties were encountered in welding the guide and ejector rails , causing high rejection rates . Instead of halting production , a heavy machined receiver was substituted for the sheet metal receiver . This was a more costly process , but the use of machined receivers accelerated production as tooling and labor for the earlier Mosin -- Nagant rifle 's machined receiver were easily adapted . Partly because of these problems , the Soviets were not able to distribute large numbers of the new rifle to soldiers until 1956 . During this time , production of the interim SKS rifle continued . </P> <P> Once the manufacturing difficulties of non milled receivers had been overcome , a redesigned version designated the AKM ( M for `` modernized '' or `` upgraded '' ; in Russian : Автомат Калашникова Модернизированный ( Avtomat Kalashnikova Modernizirovanniy ) ) was introduced in 1959 . This new model used a stamped sheet metal receiver and featured a slanted muzzle brake on the end of the barrel to compensate for muzzle rise under recoil . In addition , a hammer retarder was added to prevent the weapon from firing out of battery ( without the bolt being fully closed ) , during rapid or fully automatic fire . This is also sometimes referred to as a `` cyclic rate reducer '' , or simply `` rate reducer '' , as it also has the effect of reducing the number of rounds fired per minute during fully automatic fire . It was also roughly one - third lighter than the previous model . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Receiver type </Th> <Th> Description </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type 1A / B </Th> <Td> The original stamped receiver for the AK - 47 first adopted and produced in 1949 . The 1B was modified for an underfolding stock with a large hole present on each side to accommodate the hardware for the underfolding stock . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type 2A / B </Th> <Td> The first milled receiver made from steel forging . It went into production in 1951 and production ended between 1953 and 1954 . The Type 2A has a distinctive socketed metal `` boot '' connecting the butt stock to the receiver and the milled lightening cut on the sides runs parallel to the barrel . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type 3A / B </Th> <Td> `` Final '' version of the AK - 47 milled receiver made from steel bar stock . It went into production between 1953 and 1954 . The most ubiquitous example of the milled - receiver AK - 47 . The milled lightening cut on the sides is slanted to the barrel axis . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type 4A / B </Th> <Td> AKM receiver stamped from a smooth 1.0 mm ( 0.04 in ) sheet of steel supported extensively by pins and rivets . It went into production in 1959 . Overall , the most - used design in the construction of the AK - series rifles . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Both licensed and unlicensed production of the Kalashnikov weapons abroad were almost exclusively of the AKM variant , partially due to the much easier production of the stamped receiver . This model is the most commonly encountered , having been produced in much greater quantities . All rifles based on the Kalashnikov design are frequently referred to as AK - 47s in the West , although this is only correct when applied to rifles based on the original three receiver types . In most former Eastern Bloc countries , the weapon is known simply as the `` Kalashnikov '' or `` AK '' . The differences between the milled and stamped receivers includes the use of rivets rather than welds on the stamped receiver , as well as the placement of a small dimple above the magazine well for stabilization of the magazine . </P> <H3> Replacement </H3> <P> In 1974 , the Soviets began replacing their AK - 47 and AKM rifles with a newer design , the AK - 74 , which uses 5.45 × 39mm ammunition . This new rifle and cartridge had only started to be manufactured in Eastern European nations when the Soviet Union collapsed , drastically slowing production of the AK - 74 and other weapons of the former Soviet bloc . </P> <H2> Design </H2> <P> The AK - 47 was designed to be a simple , reliable fully automatic rifle that could be manufactured quickly and cheaply , using mass production methods that were state of the art in the Soviet Union during the late 1940s . The AK - 47 uses a long stroke gas system that is generally associated with great reliability in adverse conditions . The large gas piston , generous clearances between moving parts , and tapered cartridge case design allow the gun to endure large amounts of foreign matter and fouling without failing to cycle . </P> <H3> Cartridge </H3> Main article : 7.62 × 39mm Wound Profiles of Russian small - arms ammunition compiled by Dr. Martin Fackler on behalf of the U.S. military <P> The AK fires the 7.62 × 39mm cartridge with a muzzle velocity of 715 m / s ( 2,350 ft / s ) . The cartridge weight is 16.3 g ( 0.6 oz ) , the projectile weight is 7.9 g ( 122 gr ) . The original Soviet M43 bullets are 123 grain boat - tail bullets with a copper - plated steel jacket , a large steel core , and some lead between the core and the jacket . The AK has excellent penetration when shooting through heavy foliage , walls or a common vehicle 's metal body and into an opponent attempting to use these things as cover . The 7.62 × 39mm M43 projectile does not generally fragment when striking an opponent and has an unusual tendency to remain intact even after making contact with bone . The 7.62 × 39mm round produces significant wounding in cases where the bullet tumbles ( yaws ) in tissue , but produces relatively minor wounds in cases where the bullet exits before beginning to yaw . In the absence of yaw , the M43 round can pencil through tissue with relatively little injury . </P> <P> Most , if not all , of the 7.62 × 39mm ammunition found today is of the upgraded M67 variety . This variety deleted the steel insert , shifting the center of gravity rearward , and allowing the projectile to destabilize ( or yaw ) at about 3.3 in ( 8.4 cm ) , nearly 6.7 in ( 17 cm ) earlier in tissue than the M43 round . This change also reduces penetration in ballistic gelatin to ~ 25 in ( 64 cm ) for the newer M67 round versus ~ 29 in ( 74 cm ) for the older M43 round . However , the wounding potential of M67 is mostly limited to the small permanent wound channel the bullet itself makes , especially when the bullet yaws . </P> <H3> Operating mechanism </H3> The gas - operated mechanism of a Chinese AK - 47 <P> To fire , the operator inserts a loaded magazine , pulls back and releases the charging handle , and then pulls the trigger . In semi-automatic , the firearm fires only once , requiring the trigger to be released and depressed again for the next shot . In fully automatic , the rifle continues to fire automatically cycling fresh rounds into the chamber until the magazine is exhausted or pressure is released from the trigger . After ignition of the cartridge primer and propellant , rapidly expanding propellant gases are diverted into the gas cylinder above the barrel through a vent near the muzzle . The build - up of gases inside the gas cylinder drives the long - stroke piston and bolt carrier rearward and a cam guide machined into the underside of the bolt carrier , along with an ejector spur on the bolt carrier rail guide , rotates the bolt approximately 35 ° and unlocks it from the barrel extension via a camming pin on the bolt . The moving assembly has about 5.5 mm ( 0.2 in ) of free travel , which creates a delay between the initial recoil impulse of the piston and the bolt unlocking sequence , allowing gas pressures to drop to a safe level before the seal between the chamber and the bolt is broken . The AK - 47 does not have a gas valve ; excess gases are ventilated through a series of radial ports in the gas cylinder . The Kalashnikov operating system offers no primary extraction upon bolt rotation , but uses an extractor claw to eject the spent cartridge case . </P> <H3> Barrel </H3> AK - 47 barrel and its distinctive gas block with a horizontal row of gas relief ports <P> The rifle received a barrel with a chrome - lined bore and four right - hand grooves at a 240 mm ( 1 in 9.45 in ) rifling twist rate . The gas block contains a gas channel that is installed at a slanted angle in relation to the bore axis . The muzzle is threaded for the installation of various muzzle devices such as a muzzle brake or a blank - firing adaptor . </P> <H3> Gas block </H3> <P> The gas block of the AK - 47 features a cleaning rod capture or sling loop . Gas relief ports that alleviate gas pressure are placed horizontally in a row on the gas cylinder . </P> <H3> Fire selector </H3> Việt Cộng soldier armed with an AK - 47 , standing beneath the flag of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam <P> The fire selector is a large lever located on the right side of the rifle , it acts as a dust - cover and prevents the charging handle from being pulled fully to the rear when it is on safe . It is operated by the shooter 's right fore - fingers and has 3 settings : safe ( up ) , full - auto ( center ) , and semi-auto ( down ) . The reason for this is that under stress a soldier will push the selector lever down with considerable force bypassing the full - auto stage and setting the rifle to semi-auto . To set the AK - 47 to full - auto requires the deliberate action of centering the selector lever . To operate the fire selector lever , right handed shooters have to briefly remove their right hand from the pistol grip , which is ergonomically sub-optimal . Some AK - type rifles also have a more traditional selector lever on the left side of the receiver just above the pistol grip . This lever is operated by the shooter 's right thumb and has three settings : safe ( forward ) , full - auto ( center ) , and semi-auto ( backward ) . </P> <H3> Sights </H3> Rear sight of a Chinese Type 56 , featuring 100 to 800 m ( 109 to 875 yd ) settings and omission of a battle zero setting <P> The AK - 47 uses a notched rear tangent iron sight calibrated in 100 m ( 109 yd ) increments from 100 to 800 m ( 109 to 875 yd ) . The front sight is a post adjustable for elevation in the field . Horizontal adjustment requires a special drift tool and is done by the armory before issue or if the need arises by an armorer after issue . The sight line elements are approximately 48.5 mm ( 1.9 in ) over the bore axis . The `` point - blank range '' battle zero setting `` П '' on the 7.62 × 39mm AK - 47 rear tangent sight element corresponds to a 300 m ( 328 yd ) zero . These settings mirror the Mosin -- Nagant and SKS rifles , which the AK - 47 replaced . For the AK - 47 combined with service cartridges , the 300 m battle zero setting limits the apparent `` bullet rise '' within approximately − 5 to + 31 cm ( − 2.0 to 12.2 in ) relative to the line of sight . Soldiers are instructed to fire at any target within this range by simply placing the sights on the center of mass ( the belt buckle , according to Russian and former Soviet doctrine ) of the enemy target . Any errors in range estimation are tactically irrelevant , as a well - aimed shot will hit the torso of the enemy soldier . Some AK - type rifles have a front sight with a flip - up luminous dot that is calibrated at 50 m ( 55 yd ) , for improved night fighting . </P> <H3> Furniture </H3> <P> The AK - 47 was originally equipped with a buttstock , handguard and an upper heat guard made from solid wood . With the introduction of the Type 3 receiver the buttstock , lower handguard and upper heatguard were manufactured from birch plywood laminates . Such engineered woods are stronger and resist warping better than the conventional one - piece patterns , do not require lengthy maturing , and are cheaper . The wooden furniture was finished with the Russian amber shellac finishing process . AKS and AKMS models featured a downward - folding metal butt - stock similar to that of the German MP40 submachine - gun , for use in the restricted space in the BMP infantry combat vehicle , as well as by paratroops . All 100 series AKs use plastic furniture with side - folding stocks . </P> <H3> Magazines </H3> `` Bakelite '' rust - colored steel - reinforced 30 - round plastic box 7.62 × 39mm AK magazines . Three magazines have an `` arrow in triangle '' Izhmash arsenal mark on the bottom right . The other magazine has a `` star '' Tula arsenal mark on the bottom right <P> The standard magazine capacity is 30 rounds . There are also 10 , 20 , and 40 - round box magazines , as well as 75 - round drum magazines . </P> <P> The AK - 47 's standard 30 - round magazines have a pronounced curve that allows them to smoothly feed ammunition into the chamber . Their heavy steel construction combined with `` feed - lips '' ( the surfaces at the top of the magazine that control the angle at which the cartridge enters the chamber ) machined from a single steel billet makes them highly resistant to damage . These magazines are so strong that `` Soldiers have been known to use their mags as hammers , and even bottle openers '' . This contributes to the AK - 47 magazine being more reliable , but makes it heavier than U.S. and NATO magazines . </P> <P> The early slab - sided steel AK - 47 30 - round detachable box magazines had 1 mm ( 0.039 in ) sheet - metal bodies and weigh 0.43 kg ( 0.95 lb ) empty . The later steel AKM 30 - round magazines had lighter sheet - metal bodies with prominent reinforcing ribs weighing 0.33 kg ( 0.73 lb ) empty . To further reduce weight , a light weight magazine with an aluminum body with a prominent reinforcing waffle rib pattern weighing 0.19 kg ( 0.42 lb ) empty was developed for the AKM that proved to be too fragile and the small issued amount of these magazines were quickly withdrawn from service . As a replacement steel - reinforced 30 - round plastic 7.62 × 39mm box magazines were introduced . These rust - colored magazines weigh 0.24 kg ( 0.53 lb ) empty and are often mistakenly identified as being made of Bakelite ( a phenolic resin ) , but were actually fabricated from two - parts of AG - S4 molding compound ( a glass - reinforced phenol - formaldehyde binder impregnated composite ) , assembled using an epoxy resin adhesive . Noted for their durability , these magazines did however compromise the rifle 's camouflage and lacked the small horizontal reinforcing ribs running down both sides of the magazine body near the front that were added on all later plastic magazine generations . A second generation steel - reinforced dark - brown ( color shades vary from maroon to plum to near black ) 30 - round 7.62 × 39mm magazine was introduced in the early 1980s , fabricated from ABS plastic . The third generation steel - reinforced 30 - round 7.62 × 39mm magazine is similar to the second generation , but is darker colored and has a matte nonreflective surface finish . The current issue steel - reinforced matte true black nonreflective surface finished 7.62 × 39mm 30 - round magazines , fabricated from ABS plastic weigh 0.25 kg ( 0.55 lb ) empty . </P> <P> Early steel AK - 47 magazines are 9.75 in ( 248 mm ) long ; the later ribbed steel AKM and newer plastic 7.62 × 39mm magazines are about 1 in ( 25 mm ) shorter . </P> <P> The transition from steel to mainly plastic magazines yields a significant weight reduction and allows a soldier to carry more ammunition for the same weight . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rifle </Th> <Th> Cartridge </Th> <Th> Cartridge weight </Th> <Th> Weight of empty magazine </Th> <Th> Weight of loaded magazine </Th> <Th> Max . 10.12 kg ( 22.3 lb ) ammunition load * </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AK - 47 ( 1949 ) </Td> <Td> 7.62 × 39mm </Td> <Td> 16.3 g ( 252 gr ) </Td> <Td> slab - sided steel 430 g ( 0.95 lb ) </Td> <Td> 30 - rounds 916 g ( 2.019 lb ) </Td> <Td> 11 magazines for 330 rounds 10.08 kg ( 22.2 lb ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AKM ( 1959 ) </Td> <Td> 7.62 × 39mm </Td> <Td> 16.3 g ( 252 gr ) </Td> <Td> ribbed stamped - steel 330 g ( 0.73 lb ) </Td> <Td> 30 - rounds 819 g ( 1.806 lb ) </Td> <Td> 12 magazines for 360 rounds 9.83 kg ( 21.7 lb ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AK - 103 ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> 7.62 × 39mm </Td> <Td> 16.3 g ( 252 gr ) </Td> <Td> steel - reinforced plastic 250 g ( 0.55 lb ) </Td> <Td> 30 - rounds 739 g ( 1.629 lb ) </Td> <Td> 13 magazines for 390 rounds 9.61 kg ( 21.2 lb ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All 7.62 × 39mm AK magazines are backwards compatible with older AK variants . </P> <P> 10.12 kg ( 22.3 lb ) is the maximum amount of ammo that the average soldier can comfortably carry . It also allows for best comparison of the three most common 7.62 × 39mm AK magazines . </P> <P> Most Yugoslavian and some East German AK magazines were made with cartridge followers that hold the bolt open when empty ; however , most AK magazine followers allow the bolt to close when the magazine is empty . </P> <H3> Accessories </H3> AK - 47 6H2 bayonet and scabbard AK - 103 with GP - 34 Grenade Launcher AK - 47 with Kalashnikov grenade launcher mounted on the muzzle <P> Accessories supplied with the rifle include a 387 mm ( 15.2 in ) long 6H3 bayonet featuring a 200 mm ( 7.9 in ) long spear point blade . The AK - 47 bayonet is installed by slipping the 17.7 mm ( 0.70 in ) diameter muzzle ring around the muzzle and latching the handle down on the bayonet lug under the front sight base . </P> <P> All current model AKM rifles can mount under - barrel 40 mm grenade launchers such as the GP - 25 and its variants , which can fire up to 20 rounds per minute and have an effective range of up to 400 metres . The main grenade is the VOG - 25 ( VOG - 25M ) fragmentation grenade which has a 6 m ( 9 m ) ( 20 ft ( 30 ft ) ) lethality radius . The VOG - 25P / VOG - 25PM ( `` jumping '' ) variant explodes 0.5 -- 1 metre ( 1.6 -- 3.3 ft ) above the ground . </P> <P> The AK - 47 can also mount a ( rarely used ) cup - type grenade launcher , the Kalashnikov grenade launcher that fires standard RGD - 5 Soviet hand - grenades . The maximum effective range is approximately 150 meters . This launcher can also be used to launch tear - gas and riot control grenades . </P> <P> All current AKs ( 100 series ) and some older models , have side rails for mounting a variety of scopes and sighting devices , such as the PSO - 1 Optical Sniper Sight . The side rails allow for the removal and remounting of optical accessories without interfering with the zeroing of the optic . However , the 100 series side folding stocks can not be folded with the optics mounted . </P> <H2> Characteristics </H2> <H3> Service life </H3> <P> The AK - 47 and its variants are made in dozens of countries , with `` quality ranging from finely engineered weapons to pieces of questionable workmanship . '' As a result , the AK - 47 has a service / system life of approximately 6,000 , to 10,000 , to 15,000 rounds . The AK - 47 was designed to be a cheap , simple , easy to manufacture assault rifle , perfectly matching Soviet military doctrine that treats equipment and weapons as disposable items . As units are often deployed without adequate logistical support and dependent on `` battlefield cannibalization '' for resupply , it is actually more cost - effective to replace rather than repair weapons . </P> <P> The AK - 47 has small parts and springs that need to be replaced every few thousand rounds . However , `` Every time it is disassembled beyond the field stripping stage , it will take some time for some parts to regain their fit , some parts may tend to shake loose and fall out when firing the weapon . Some parts of the AK - 47 line are riveted together . Repairing these can be quite a hassle , since the end of the rivet has to be ground off and a new one set after the part is replaced . '' </P> <H2> Variants </H2> 7.62 × 39mm cartridges from Russia , China and Pakistan <Dl> <Dt> Early variants ( 7.62 × 39mm ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Issue of 1948 / 49 : Type 1 : The very earliest models , stamped sheet metal receiver , are now very rare . </Li> <Li> Issue of 1951 : Type 2 : Has a milled receiver . Barrel and chamber are chrome plated to resist corrosion . </Li> <Li> Issue of 1954 / 55 : Type 3 : Lightened , milled receiver variant . Rifle weight is 3.47 kg ( 7.7 lb ) . </Li> <Li> AKS ( AKS - 47 ) : Type 1 , 2 , or 3 receiver : Featured a downward - folding metal stock similar to that of the German MP40 , for use in the restricted space in the BMP infantry combat vehicle , as well as by paratroops . </Li> <Li> AKN ( AKSN ) : Night scope rail . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Modernized ( 7.62 × 39mm ) </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> AKM : A simplified , lighter version of the AK - 47 ; Type 4 receiver is made from stamped and riveted sheet metal . A slanted muzzle device was added to counter climb in automatic fire . Rifle weight is 3.1 kg ( 6.8 lb ) due to the lighter receiver . This is the most ubiquitous variant of the AK - 47 . <Ul> <Li> AKMS : Under - folding stock version of the AKM intended for airborne troops . </Li> <Li> AKMN ( AKMSN ) : Night scope rail . </Li> <Li> AKML ( AKMSL ) : Slotted flash suppressor and night scope rail . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> RPK : Hand - held machine gun version with longer barrel and bipod . The variants -- RPKS , RPKN ( RPKSN ) , RPKL ( RPKSL ) -- mirror AKM variants . The `` S '' variants have a side - folding wooden stock . </Li> </Ul> <P> For the further developed AK models , see Kalashnikov rifle s . </P> <H2> Production </H2> <P> Manufacturing countries of AK - 47 and its variants in alphabetical order . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Military variant ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albania </Th> <Td> Automatiku Shqiptar 1978 model 56 ( ASH - 78 Tip - 1 ) made at Poliçan Arsenal ( copy of Type 56 based on AKM rifle ) ; model 56 Tip - 2 , copy of RPK ; model 56 Tip - 3 hybrid for multi-purpose roles with secondary assault rifle and grenade launcher capability ; 1982 model ( ASH - 82 ) copy of AKMS . Several other versions of the AKMS have been produced mainly with short barrels similar to Soviet AKS - 74U for special forces , tank & armoured crew and for helicopter pilots and police . There have also been modified ASh - 82 ( AKMS ) with SOPMOD accessories , mainly for Albania 's special forces RENEA & exports . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Armenia </Th> <Td> K - 3 ( bullpup , 5.45 × 39mm ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Azerbaijan </Th> <Td> Khazri ( AK - 74M ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bangladesh </Th> <Td> Chinese Type 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bulgaria </Th> <Td> AKK / AKKS ( Type 3 AK - 47 / w. side - folding buttstock ) ; AKKMS ( AKMS ) , AKKN - 47 ( fittings for NPSU night sights ) ; AK - 47M1 ( Type 3 with black polymer furniture ) ; AK - 47MA1 / AR - M1 ( same as - M1 , but in 5.56 mm NATO ) ; AKS - 47M1 ( AKMS in 5.56 × 45mm NATO ) ; AKS - 47S ( AK - 47M1 , short version , with East German folding stock , laser aiming device ) ; AKS - 47UF ( short version of - M1 , Russian folding stock ) , AR - SF ( same as − 47UF , but 5.56 mm NATO ) ; AKS - 93SM6 ( similar to − 47M1 , can not use grenade launcher ) ; and RKKS ( RPK ) , AKT - 47 (. 22 rimfire training rifle ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cambodia </Th> <Td> Chinese Type 56 , Soviet AK - 47 , and AKM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> China </Th> <Td> Type 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Colombia </Th> <Td> Galil ACE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Croatia </Th> <Td> APS - 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cuba </Th> <Td> AKM </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East Germany </Th> <Td> MPi - K / MPi - KS ( AK - 47 / AKS ) ; MPi - KM ( AKM ; wooden and plastic stock ) , MPi - KMS - 72 ( side - folding stock ) , MPi - KMS - K ( carbine ) ; MPi - AK - 74N ( AK - 74 ) , MPi - AKS - 74N ( side - folding stock ) , MPi - AKS - 74NK ( carbine ) ; KK - MPi Mod. 69 (. 22 LR select - fire trainer ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Egypt </Th> <Td> AK - 47 , Misr assault rifle ( AKMS ) , Maadi ARM ( AKM ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ethiopia </Th> <Td> AK - 47 , AK - 103 ( manufactured locally at the State - run Gafat Armament Engineering Complex as the Et - 97 / 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finland </Th> <Td> Rk 62 , Valmet M76 ( other names Rk 62 76 , M62 / 76 ) , Valmet M78 ( light machine gun ) , Rk 95 Tp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary </Th> <Td> AK - 55 ( domestic manufacture of the 2nd Model AK - 47 ) ; AKM - 63 ( also known as AMD - 63 in the US ; modernized AK - 55 ) , AMD - 65 M ( modernized AKM - 63 , shorter barrel and side - folding stock ) , AMP - 69 ( rifle grenade launcher ) ; AK - 63 F / D ( other name AMM / AMMSz ) , AK - 63MF ( modernized ) ; NGM - 81 ( 5.56 × 45mm NATO ; fixed and under - folding stock ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> India </Th> <Td> INSAS ( fixed and side - folding stock ) , KALANTAK ( carbine ) , INSAS light machine gun ( fixed and side - folding stock ) , a local unlicensed version with carbon fibre furniture designated as AK - 7 ; and Trichy Assault Rifle 7.62 mm manufactured by Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli of Ordnance Factories Board </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iran </Th> <Td> KLS / KLF ( AK - 47 / AKS ) , KLT ( AKMS ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iraq </Th> <Td> Tabuk Sniper Rifle , Tabuk Assault Rifle ( with fixed or underfolding stock , outright clones of Yugoslavian M70 rifles series ) , Tabuk Short Assault Rifle ( carbine ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Israel </Th> <Td> IMI Galil : AR ( assault / battle rifle ) , ARM ( assault rifle / light machine gun ) , SAR ( carbine ) , MAR ( compact carbine ) , Sniper ( sniper rifle ) , SR - 99 ( sniper rifle ) ; and Galil ACE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Td> Bernardelli VB - STD / VB - SR ( Galil AR / SAR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nigeria </Th> <Td> Produced by the Defence Industries Corporation of Nigeria as OBJ - 006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North Korea </Th> <Td> Type 58 A / B ( Type 3 AK - 47 / w. stamped steel folding stock ) , Type 68A / B ( AKM / AKMS ) , Type 88A / B - 2 ( AK - 74 / AKS - 74 / w . top folding stock ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pakistan </Th> <Td> Reverse engineered by hand and machine in Pakistan 's highland areas ( see Khyber Pass Copy ) near the border of Afghanistan ; more recently the Pakistan Ordnance Factories started the manufacture of an AK - 47 / AKM clone called PK - 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poland </Th> <Td> PmK ( kbk AK ) / PmKS ( kbk AKS ) , Kalashnikov SMG name change to Kbk AK , Kalashnikov Carbine in 1960s , ( AK - 47 / AKS ) ; kbkg wz. 1960 ( rifle grenade launcher ) , kbkg wz. 1960 / 72 ( modernized ) ; kbk AKM / kbk AKMS ( AKM / AKMS ) ; kbk wz. 1988 Tantal ( 5.45 × 39mm ) , skbk wz. 1989 Onyks ( compact carbine ) ; kbs wz. 1996 Beryl ( 5.56 × 45mm ) , kbk wz. 1996 Mini-Beryl ( compact carbine ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Romania </Th> <Td> PM md. 63 / 65 ( AKM / AKMS ) , PM md. 80 , PM md. 90 , collectively exported under the umbrella name AIM or AIMS ; PA md. 86 ( AK - 74 ) exported as the AIMS - 74 ; PM md. 90 short barrel , PA md. 86 short barrel exported as the AIMR ; PSL ( designated marksman rifle ; other names PSL - 54C , Romak III , FPK and SSG - 97 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South Africa </Th> <Td> R4 assault rifle , Truvelo Raptor , Vektor CR - 21 ( bullpup ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sudan </Th> <Td> MAZ ( based on the Type 56 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ukraine </Th> <Td> Vepr ( bullpup , 5.45 × 39mm ) , Malyuk ( bullpup ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> Century Arms : C39 ( AK - 47 var . ) , RAS47 ( AKM var . ) , and C39v2 ( AK - 47 var . ) ) , InterOrdnance : AKM247 ( AKM var . ) M214 ( pistol ) , Palmetto State Armory : PSAK - 47 ( AKM var . ) , Arsenal Inc : SA M - 7 ( AK - 47 var . ) , Destructive Devices Industries : DDI 47S ( AKM var . ) DDI 47M ( AK - 47 var ) , Rifle Dynamics : RD700 and other custom build AK / AKM guns </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vietnam </Th> <Td> AKM - 1 ( AKM ) , TUL - 1 ( RPK ) , Galil Ace 31 / 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venezuela </Th> <Td> License granted , factory under construction </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yugoslavia / Serbia </Th> <Td> M64 , M70 , M72 , M76 , M77 , M80 , M82 , M85 , M90 , M91 , M92 , M99 , M21 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A private company Kalashnikov Concern ( formerly Izhmash ) from Russia has repeatedly claimed that the majority of foreign manufacturers are producing AK - type rifles without proper licensing . </P> <H2> Accuracy potential </H2> <H3> Western method </H3> <P> The AK - 47 's accuracy has always been considered to be `` good enough '' to hit an adult male torso out to about 300 m ( 328 yd ) , though even experts firing from prone or bench rest positions at this range were observed to have difficulty placing ten consecutive rounds on target . Later designs did not significantly improve its accuracy . An AK can fire a 10 - shot group of 5.9 in ( 15 cm ) at 100 m ( 109 yd ) , and 17.5 in ( 44 cm ) at 300 m ( 328 yd ) The newer stamped - steel receiver AKM models , while more rugged and less prone to metal fatigue , are actually less accurate than the forged / milled receivers of their predecessors : the milled AK - 47s are capable of shooting 3 to 5 in ( 8 to 13 cm ) groups at 100 yd ( 91 m ) , whereas the stamped AKMs are capable of shooting 4 to 6 in ( 10 to 15 cm ) groups at 100 yd ( 91 m ) . </P> <P> The best shooters are able to hit a man - sized target at 800 m ( 875 yd ) within five shots ( firing from prone or bench rest position ) or ten shots ( standing ) . </P> <P> The single - shot hit - probability on the NATO E-type Silhouette Target ( a human upper body half and head silhouette ) of the AK - 47 and the later developed AK - 74 , M16A1 and M16A2 assault rifles were measured by the US military under ideal proving ground conditions in the 1980s as follows : </P> NATO E-type Silhouette Target <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="11"> Single - shot hit - probability on Crouching Man ( NATO E-type Silhouette ) Target </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rifle </Th> <Th> Chambering </Th> <Th_colspan="9"> Hit - probability ( With no range estimation or aiming errors ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 meters </Th> <Th> 100 meters </Th> <Th> 200 meters </Th> <Th> 300 meters </Th> <Th> 400 meters </Th> <Th> 500 meters </Th> <Th> 600 meters </Th> <Th> 700 meters </Th> <Th> 800 meters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AK - 47 ( 1949 ) </Td> <Td> 7.62 × 39mm </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 99 % </Td> <Td> 94 % </Td> <Td> 82 % </Td> <Td> 67 % </Td> <Td> 54 % </Td> <Td> 42 % </Td> <Td> 31 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AK - 74 ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> 5.45 × 39mm </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 99 % </Td> <Td> 93 % </Td> <Td> 81 % </Td> <Td> 66 % </Td> <Td> 51 % </Td> <Td> 34 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> M16A1 ( 1967 ) </Td> <Td> 5.56 × 45mm NATO M193 </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 96 % </Td> <Td> 87 % </Td> <Td> 73 % </Td> <Td> 56 % </Td> <Td> 39 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> M16A2 ( 1982 ) </Td> <Td> 5.56 × 45mm NATO SS109 / M855 </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 100 % </Td> <Td> 98 % </Td> <Td> 90 % </Td> <Td> 79 % </Td> <Td> 63 % </Td> <Td> 43 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Under worst field exercise circumstances , due to range estimation and aiming errors , the hit probabilities for the tested assault rifles were drastically reduced with differences without operational significance . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Russian method </H3> <P> The following table represents the Russian method for determining accuracy and it is far more complex than Western methods . In the West , one fires a group of shots into the target and then simply measure the overall diameter of the group . The Russians on the other - hand , fire a group of shots into the target . They then draw two circles on the target . One for the maximum vertical dispersion of hits and one for the maximum horizontal dispersion of hits . They then disregard the hits on the outer part of the target and only count half of the hits ( 50 % or R ) on the inner part of the circles . This dramatically reduces the overall diameter of the groups . They then use both the vertical and horizontal measurements of the reduced groups to measure accuracy . This circular error probable method used by the Russians and other European militaries can not be converted and is not comparable to US military methods for determining rifle accuracy . When the R results are doubled the hit probability increases to 93.7 % . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="7"> AK - 47 semi-automatic and short burst dispersion with 57 - N - 231 steel core service ammunition </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Range </Th> <Th> Vertical accuracy of fire ( R ) semi-automatic </Th> <Th> Horizontal accuracy of fire ( R ) semi-automatic </Th> <Th> Vertical accuracy of fire ( R ) short burst </Th> <Th> Horizontal accuracy of fire ( R ) short burst </Th> <Th> Remaining bullet energy </Th> <Th> Remaining bullet velocity </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 m ( 0 yd ) </Td> <Td> 0 cm ( 0.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 0 cm ( 0.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 0 cm ( 0.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 0 cm ( 0.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 2,036 J ( 1,502 ft ⋅ lbf ) </Td> <Td> 718 m / s ( 2,356 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 m ( 109 yd ) </Td> <Td> 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) </Td> <Td> 4 cm ( 1.6 in ) </Td> <Td> 9 cm ( 3.5 in ) </Td> <Td> 11 cm ( 4.3 in ) </Td> <Td> 1,540 J ( 1,140 ft ⋅ lbf ) </Td> <Td> 624 m / s ( 2,047 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 200 m ( 219 yd ) </Td> <Td> 11 cm ( 4.3 in ) </Td> <Td> 8 cm ( 3.1 in ) </Td> <Td> 18 cm ( 7.1 in ) </Td> <Td> 22 cm ( 8.7 in ) </Td> <Td> 1,147 J ( 846 ft ⋅ lbf ) </Td> <Td> 539 m / s ( 1,768 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 300 m ( 328 yd ) </Td> <Td> 17 cm ( 6.7 in ) </Td> <Td> 12 cm ( 4.7 in ) </Td> <Td> 27 cm ( 10.6 in ) </Td> <Td> 33 cm ( 13.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 843 J ( 622 ft ⋅ lbf ) </Td> <Td> 462 m / s ( 1,516 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 400 m ( 437 yd ) </Td> <Td> 23 cm ( 9.1 in ) </Td> <Td> 16 cm ( 6.3 in ) </Td> <Td> 31 cm ( 12.2 in ) </Td> <Td> 44 cm ( 17.3 in ) </Td> <Td> 618 J ( 456 ft ⋅ lbf ) </Td> <Td> 395 m / s ( 1,296 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 500 m ( 547 yd ) </Td> <Td> 29 cm ( 11.4 in ) </Td> <Td> 20 cm ( 7.9 in ) </Td> <Td> 46 cm ( 18.1 in ) </Td> <Td> 56 cm ( 22.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 461 J ( 340 ft ⋅ lbf ) </Td> <Td> 342 m / s ( 1,122 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 600 m ( 656 yd ) </Td> <Td> 35 cm ( 13.8 in ) </Td> <Td> 24 cm ( 9.4 in ) </Td> <Td> 56 cm ( 22.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 67 cm ( 26.4 in ) </Td> <Td> 363 J ( 268 ft ⋅ lbf ) </Td> <Td> 303 m / s ( 994 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 700 m ( 766 yd ) </Td> <Td> 42 cm ( 16.5 in ) </Td> <Td> 29 cm ( 11.4 in ) </Td> <Td> 66 cm ( 26.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 78 cm ( 30.7 in ) </Td> <Td> 314 J ( 232 ft ⋅ lbf ) </Td> <Td> 282 m / s ( 925 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 800 m ( 875 yd ) </Td> <Td> 49 cm ( 19.3 in ) </Td> <Td> 34 cm ( 13.4 in ) </Td> <Td> 76 cm ( 29.9 in ) </Td> <Td> 89 cm ( 35.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 284 J ( 209 ft ⋅ lbf ) </Td> <Td> 268 m / s ( 879 ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> R means the closest 50 percent of the shot group will all be within a circle of the mentioned diameter . </Li> </Ul> <P> The vertical and horizontal mean ( R ) deviations with service ammunition at 800 m ( 875 yd ) for AK platforms are . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> SKS , AK - 47 , AKM , and AK - 74 dispersion at 800 m ( 875 yd ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rifle </Th> <Th> Firing mode </Th> <Th> Vertical accuracy of fire ( R ) </Th> <Th> Horizontal accuracy of fire ( R ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SKS ( 1945 ) </Td> <Td> semi-automatic </Td> <Td> 38 cm ( 15.0 in ) </Td> <Td> 29 cm ( 11.4 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AK - 47 ( 1949 ) </Td> <Td> semi-automatic </Td> <Td> 49 cm ( 19.3 in ) </Td> <Td> 34 cm ( 13.4 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AK - 47 ( 1949 ) </Td> <Td> short burst </Td> <Td> 76 cm ( 29.9 in ) </Td> <Td> 89 cm ( 35.0 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AKM ( 1959 ) </Td> <Td> short burst </Td> <Td> 64 cm ( 25.2 in ) </Td> <Td> 90 cm ( 35.4 in ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AK - 74 ( 1974 ) </Td> <Td> short burst </Td> <Td> 48 cm ( 18.9 in ) </Td> <Td> 64 cm ( 25.2 in ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Users </H2> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> China : Type 56 variant . </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Estonia : Used in a small number after the independence . Replaced by the HK G3 , G36 and IMI Galil . </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Finland : Rk 62 , Rk 95 Tp . </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Greece : EKAM counter-terrorist unit of the Hellenic Police . </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> India : Used by Force One . </Li> <Li> Indonesia : Still used by TNI - AD , TNI - AL , TNI - AU , and Police </Li> <Li> Iran </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Israel : Widely used by Israeli Special Forces Units from the 1960 - 1980s . </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Kurdistan -- Peshmerga </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lebanon </Li> <Li> Lesotho </Li> <Li> Liberia </Li> <Li> Libya </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Malta : Type 56 variant . </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Myanmar : Used by the Myanmar Police Force ( include the Chinese Type 56 ) . </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Niger </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> North Korea : Type 58 variant . </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Pakistan : Type 56 and AK - 103 used . </Li> <Li> Palestinian National Authority </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Philippines : Used by the Santiago City PNP . </Li> <Li> Poland : Replaced by AKM , Tantal and Beryl . </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia : Replaced by the AK - 74 in 1974 . </Li> <Li> Rwanda </Li> <Li> Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Seychelles </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> South Africa : Used by the Special Forces Brigade . </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka : Type 56 variant . </Li> <Li> Sudan </Li> <Li> South Sudan </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Syria </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Tanzania </Li> <Li> Togo </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> <Li> Vietnam : Type 56 and Type 58 variants were used extensively by the North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong during the Vietnam War . </Li> <Li> Yemen </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> <H3> Former users </H3> <Ul> <Li> East Germany </Li> <Li> Rhodesia </Li> <Li> Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Yugoslavia </Li> </Ul> <H3> Illicit Trade </H3> See also : Crime in Russia § Arms trafficking AK - 47 copies confiscated from Somali pirates by Finnish mine - layer Pohjanmaa during Operation Atalanta , photographed in Manege Military Museum . The stocks are missing on the top three AKs <P> Throughout the world , the AK and its variants are commonly used by governments , revolutionaries , terrorists , criminals , and civilians alike . In some countries , such as Somalia , Rwanda , Mozambique , Congo and Tanzania , the prices for Black Market AKs are between $30 and $125 per weapon and prices have fallen in the last few decades due to mass counterfeiting . In Kenya , `` an AK - 47 fetches five head of cattle ( about 10,000 Kenya shillings or 100 U.S. dollars ) when offered for barter , but costs almost half that price when cash is paid '' . There are places around the world where AK type weapons can be purchased on the Black Market `` for as little as $6 , or traded for a chicken or a sack of grain '' . </P> <P> The AK - 47 has also spawned a cottage industry of sorts and has been copied and manufactured ( one gun at a time ) in small shops around the world ( see Khyber Pass Copy ) . The estimated numbers of AK - type weapons vary greatly . The Small Arms Survey suggest that `` between 70 and 100 million of these weapons have been produced since 1947 '' . The World Bank estimates that out of the 500 million total firearms available worldwide , 100 million are of the Kalashnikov family , and 75 million are AK - 47s . Because AK - type weapons have been made in many countries , often illicitly , it is impossible to know how many really exist . </P> <H2> Cultural influence and Impact </H2> `` Basically , it 's the anti-Western cachet of it ... And you know , one man 's terrorist is another man 's freedom fighter , so we all sort of think , oh boy , we 've got a little bit of Che Guevara in us . And this accounts for the popularity of the ( AK 47 ) weapon . Plus I think that in the United States it 's considered counterculture , which is always something that citizens in this country kind of like ... It 's kind of sticking a finger in the eye of the man , if you will . '' -- Larry Kahaner , author of AK - 47 : The Weapon That Changed the Face of War <P> During the Cold War , the Soviet Union and the People 's Republic of China , as well as United States and other NATO nations supplied arms and technical knowledge to numerous countries and rebel forces around the world . During this time the Western countries used relatively expensive automatic rifles , such as the FN FAL , the HK G3 , the M14 , and the M16 . In contrast , the Russians and Chinese used the AK - 47 ; its low production cost and ease of manufacture allow them to make AKs in vast numbers . </P> <P> In the pro-communist states , the AK - 47 became a symbol of the Third World revolution . They were utilized in the Cambodian Civil War and the Cambodian -- Vietnamese War . During the 1980s , the Soviet Union became the principal arms dealer to countries embargoed by Western nations , including Middle Eastern nations such as Iran , Libya , and Syria , which welcomed Soviet Union backing against Israel . After the fall of the Soviet Union , AK - 47s were sold both openly and on the black market to any group with cash , including drug cartels and dictatorial states , and more recently they have been seen in the hands of Islamic groups such as Al - Qaeda , ISIL , and the Taliban in Afghanistan and Iraq , and FARC , Ejército de Liberación Nacional guerrillas in Colombia . </P> Kalashnikov Vodka <P> In Russia , the Kalashnikov is a tremendous source of national pride . `` The family of the inventor of the world 's most famous assault rifle , Mikhail Kalashnikov , has authorized German engineering company MMI to use the well - known Kalashnikov name on a variety of not - so - deadly goods . '' In recent years , Kalashnikov Vodka has been marketed with souvenir bottles in the shape of the AK - 47 Kalashnikov . There are also Kalashnikov watches , umbrellas , and knives . </P> <P> The Kalashnikov Museum ( also called the AK - 47 museum ) opened on 4 November 2004 in Izhevsk , Udmurt Republic . This city is in the Ural Region of Russia . The museum chronicles the biography of General Kalashnikov and documents the invention of the AK - 47 . The museum complex of Kalashnikov 's small arms , a series of halls , and multimedia exhibitions are devoted to the evolution of the AK - 47 assault rifle and attracts 10,000 monthly visitors . Nadezhda Vechtomova , the museum director , stated in an interview that the purpose of the museum is to honor the ingenuity of the inventor and the hard work of the employees and to `` separate the weapon as a weapon of murder from the people who are producing it and to tell its history in our country '' . On 19 September 2017 a 9 metres ( 30 ft ) monument of Kalashnikov was unveiled in central Moscow . A protester , later detained by police , attempted to unfurl a banner reading `` a creator of weapons is a creator of death '' . </P> <P> The proliferation of this weapon is reflected by more than just numbers . The AK - 47 is included in the flag of Mozambique and its emblem , an acknowledgment that the country gained its independence in large part through the effective use of their AK - 47s . It is also found in the coats of arms of East Timor and the revolution era Burkina Faso , as well as in the flags of Hezbollah , Syrian Resistance , FARC - EP , the New People 's Army , TKP / TIKKO and the International Revolutionary People 's Guerrilla Forces . </P> <P> Some Western countries associate the AK - 47 with their enemies ; both Cold War era and present - day . For example , Western movies often portray criminals , gang members and terrorists using AK - 47s . For these reasons , in the U.S. and Western Europe , the AK - 47 is stereotypically regarded as the weapon of choice of insurgents , gangsters and terrorists . Conversely , throughout the developing world , the AK - 47 can be positively attributed with revolutionaries against foreign occupation , imperialism , or colonialism . </P> <P> The AK - 47 made an appearance in U.S. popular culture as a recurring focus in the Nicolas Cage film Lord of War ( 2005 ) . Numerous monologues in the movie focus on the weapon , and its effects on global conflict and the gun running market . </P> <P> In 2006 , the Colombian musician and peace activist César López devised the escopetarra , an AK converted into a guitar . One sold for US $17,000 in a fundraiser held to benefit the victims of anti-personnel mines , while another was exhibited at the United Nations ' Conference on Disarmament . </P> <P> In Mexico , the AK - 47 is known as `` Cuerno de Chivo '' ( literally `` Goat 's Horn '' ) because of its curved magazine design . It is one of the weapons of choice of Mexican drug cartels . It is sometimes mentioned in Mexican folk music lyrics . </P> <H2> Gallery </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> A map of current and former AK users </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A U.S. Army M.P inspects a Chinese AK - 47 recovered in Vietnam , 1968 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> AK - 47 's of the PAIGC - liberation movement , ready to be transported from Senegal to Guinea - Bissau , 1973 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A Soviet Spetsnaz ( special operations ) group prepares for a mission in Afghanistan , 1988 </P> </Li> <Li> <P> During the Soviet war in Afghanistan in the 1980s , several sources simultaneously armed both sides of the Afghan conflict , filling the country with AK - 47s and their derivatives . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Assault weapon </Li> <Li> Comparison of the AK - 47 and M16 </Li> <Li> List of Russian inventions </Li> <Li> List of Russian weaponry </Li> <Li> List of assault rifles </Li> <Li> Table of handgun and rifle cartridges </Li> <Li> Overview of gun laws by nation </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Table data covers the AK - 47 with Type 3 receiver </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2.6 lb milled from 6 lb stock . This was about 2.2 lb heavier than the stamped receiver . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2011/02/10/most-influential-weapon-our-time/ The Most Influential Weapon of Our Time . The New York Review of Books . Max Hastings FEBRUARY 10 , 2011 ISSUE . `` József Tibor Fejes , a young Hungarian identified by C.J. Chivers in The Gun as ' the first known insurgent to carry an AK - 47 . ' According to Chivers , ' Fejes obtained his prize after Soviet soldiers dropped their rifles during their attack on revolutionaries in Budapest in 1956 ... . The Hungarian Revolution marked the AK - 47 's true battlefield debut . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monetchikov 2005 , chpts. 6 and 7 : ( if AK - 46 and AK - 47 are to be seen as separate designs ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Killicoat , Phillip ( April 2007 ) . `` Weaponomics : The Global Market for Assault Rifles '' ( PDF ) . World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 4202 ( Post-Conflict Transitions Working Paper No. 10 ) . Oxford University . p. 3 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` AK - 47 Inventor Does n't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention '' . USA : Fox News Channel . 6 July 2007 . OCLC 36334372 . Retrieved 3 April 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : НСД. 7 , 62 - мм автомат АК 1967 , pp. 161 -- 162 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : НСД. 7 , 62 - мм автомат АКМ ( АКМС ) 1983 , pp. 149 -- 150 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` AKM ( AK - 47 ) Kalashnikov modernized assault rifle , caliber 7.62 mm '' . Izhmash . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Monetchikov 2005 , p. 67 ; Bolotin 1995 , p. 129 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hallock , Richard R. ( 16 March 1970 ) M16 Rifle Case Study . Prepared for the Presidents Blue Ribbon Defense Panel . pogoarchives.org </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : History of AK - 47 Gun -- The Gun Book Review . Popular Mechanics ( 12 October 2010 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Machine Carbine Promoted '' . Tactical and Technical Trends , No. 57 , April 1945 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rottman 2011 , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The History of Kalashnikov Gun . Pravda . 02.08. 2003 . English.pravda.ru . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mikhail Kalashnikov : The Father of 100 Million Rifles '' . Field & Stream . February 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Harold E. ( September 1973 ) Small Arms Identifiction and Operations Guide - Eurasain Communist Countries . U.S. Army Foreign Science and Technology Center of the U.S. Army Materiel Command . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh , Nick Paton ( 10 October 2003 ) . `` Mikhail Kalashnikov : ' I sleep soundly ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 12 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russia celebrates Mikhail Kalashnikov 's 90th birthday -- the designer who armed the world . 39 ; Rossiyskaya Gazeta via Telegraph.co.uk ( 28 October 2009 ) . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bolotin 1995 , pp. 123 -- 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov , Robert Fisk , The Independent ( centrist ) , London , England . April 22 , 2001 . http://www.worldpress.org/cover5.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AK - 47 Inventor Does n't Lose Sleep Over Havoc Wrought With His Invention . An interview with Mikhail Kalashnikov . Associated Press via Fox News Channel ( 6 July 2007 ) . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Popenker , Maksim ( 5 February 2009 ) . `` Kalashnikov AK ( AK - 47 ) AKS , AKM and AKMS assault rifles ( USSR ) '' . World Guns . Modern Firearms & Ammunition . Retrieved 14 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kuptsov , Andrei ( 2001 ) . Странная история оружия : С . Г . Симонов , неизвестный гений России , или кто и как разоружил русского солдата ( Odd History of Weapons : S.G. Simonov , an Unknown Genius of Russia , or How and Who Disarmed the Russian Soldier ) ( in Russian ) . Moscow : Kraft+ . p. 262 . ISBN 978 - 5 - 93675 - 025 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bolotin 1995 , p. 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monetchikov 2005 , p. 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bolotin , David Naumovich ( translation : Igor F. Naftul'eff ; edited by John Walter , Heikki Pohjolainen ) ( 1995 ) . Soviet Small - arms and Ammunition . Hyvinkää : Finnish Arms Museum Foundation ( Suomen asemuseosäätiö ) . p. 150 . ISBN 9519718419 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shilin , Val ; Cutshaw , Charlie . `` Mikhail Kalashnikov '' . Power Custom . Archived from the original on 2 April 2005 . Retrieved 19 October 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Patrick Sweeney ( 2010 ) The Gun Digest Book of The AR - 15 , Vol. 3 . Gun Digest Books . p. 20 . 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Retrieved 20 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFRICOM : 106th SOAR ( A ) Trains with Senegalese : Flickr -- Photo Sharing ! '' . Flickr . Retrieved 29 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harry McCallion . Killing Zone ( 11 April 1996 ed . ) . Bloomsbury Paperbacks . pp. 13 -- 281 . ISBN 0 - 7475 - 2567 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Modern Firearms -- AK - 47 AKM . World.guns.ru ( 2011 - 01 - 24 ) . Retrieved on 14 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wells , Rod . Part - Time War ( 2011 ed . ) . Fern House . p. 155 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 902702 - 25 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D.M.O. Miller ( 31 August 2001 ) . Illustrated directory of twentieth century guns . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84065 - 245 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The AK - 47 : The World 's Favourite Killing Machine . ControlArms Briefing Note ( 26 June 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Illicit Flows and Criminal Things : States , Borders , and the Other Side of Globalization . By Willem van Schendel , Itty Abraham . Indiana University Press , 4 November 2005 -- Political Science -- page 217 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Small arms in Africa : Counting the cost of gun violence . Un.org ( 6 July 2000 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . `` Refworld -- Playing with Fire : Weapons Proliferation , Political Violence , and Human Rights in Kenya '' . Refworld . Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AFTE Journal -- Volume 45 Number 3 -- Summer 2013 . ( PDF ) . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Santos , Soliman M. Jr. ( April 2010 ) Primed and purposeful armed groups and human security efforts in the Philippines . South -- South Network for Non-State Armed Group Engagement and the Small Arms Survey . Philippines / Switzerland . ISBN 978 - 2 - 940415 - 29 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Craft Production of Small Arms '' . Small Arms Survey Research Notes Number 3 March 2011 pp. 1 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Continuity and Change : PRODUCTS AND PRODUCERS '' . Small Arms Survey 2004 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graves - Brown , P. ( November 2007 ) . `` Avtomat Kalashnikova '' . Journal of Material Culture . 12 ( 3 ) : 285 -- 307 . doi : 10.1177 / 1359183507081896 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Seabrook , Andrea ( 26 November 2006 ) `` AK - 47 : The Weapon Changed the Face of War '' . NPR Weekend Edition Sunday . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christopher Jones ( December 20 , 1981 ) , `` IN THE LAND OF THE KHMER ROUGE . '' The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AK - 47 rifle inventor Mikhail Kalashnikov dies at 94 '' . Reuters UK . 24 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Care for a Kalashnikov Umbrella ? , THE MOSCOW TIMES '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The AK 47 Kalashnikov Vodka Souvenir Bottle . Russianvodka.com.au . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Celebrate 2010 with a Kalashnikov ! '' . WIRED. 31 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kalashnikov watchesswiss made -- Kalashnikov uhren '' . Kalashnikov watches - swiss made -- Kalashnikov uhren . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Europe -- Coming soon -- the Kalashnikov brolly ? '' . BBC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` EDC for CCW : Boker Kalashnikov Anniversary Knife '' . The Truth About Knives . June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Boker Kalashnikov Knives '' . bladehq.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chivers , C.J. ( February 18 , 2007 ) `` AK - 47 Museum : Homage to the Gun That Won the East '' . The New York Times </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bennetts , Marc ( 19 September 2017 ) . `` 30ft - high statue of Mikhail Kalashnikov unveiled in Moscow '' . Retrieved 19 September 2017 -- via www.theguardian.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gordon , Michael R. ( 13 March 1997 ) `` Burst of Pride for a Staccato Executioner : AK - 47 '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lord of War ( 2005 ) -- memorable quotes '' . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Héctor Latorre ( 24 January 2006 ) . `` Escopetarras : disparando música '' . BBC World . Archived from the original on 22 February 2007 . Retrieved 31 January 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Muessig , Ben ( 10 August 2010 ) . `` Narcocorridos : The Songs of Mexico 's Drug War '' . AolNews . Archived from the original on 14 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How did the AK - 47 become the most abundant weapon on earth ? '' . The Independent . 24 December 2013 . </Li> </Ol> <P> Cite error : A list - defined reference named `` St. John '' is not used in the content ( see the help page ) . </P> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bolotin , David Naumovich ( 1995 ) . История советского стрелкового оружия и патронов ( The History of Soviet Small - arms and Ammunition ) ( PDF ) . Voyenno - Istoricheskaya Biblioteka ( in Russian ) . Saint Petersburg : Poligon . ISBN 5 - 85503 - 072 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Monetchikov , Sergei Borisovich ( 2005 ) . История русского автомата ( The History of Russian Assault Rifle ) . Entsiklopediya Russkoi Armii ( in Russian ) . Izdatel'stvo `` Atlant 44 '' . ISBN 5 - 98655 - 006 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Poyer , Joe ( 1 January 2006 ) . The AK - 47 and AK - 74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations : A Shooter 's and Collector 's Guide . North Cape Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 882391 - 41 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Rottman , Gordon ( 24 May 2011 ) . The AK - 47 : Kalashnikov - series assault rifles . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84908 - 835 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chivers , C.J ( October 2010 ) . The Gun . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 7076 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Ezell , Edward Clinton ; R. Blake Stevens ( 1 December 2001 ) . Kalashnikov : The Arms and the Man . Cobourg , ON : Collector Grade Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88935 - 267 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Gulevich , I.D. , ed. ( 1967 ) . НСД. 7 , 62 - мм автомат АК ( 7.62 mm AK ) ( in Russian ) ( 3 ed . ) . Moscow : Voenizdat . </Li> <Li> Michael Hodges ( January 2007 ) . Ak47 : The Story of the People 's Gun . Hodder & Stoughton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 92104 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Honeycutt Jr , Fred L. and Anthony , Patt F. Military Rifles of Japan . ( 1996 ) Fifth Edition , 8th printing ; Julin Books . ISBN 0 - 9623208 - 7 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Kahaner , Larry ( 2007 ) . AK - 47 : the weapon that changed the face of war . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 471 - 72641 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Kalashnikov , Mikhail Timofeevich ; Joly , Elena ( 2006 ) . The gun that changed the world . Polity Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7456 - 3691 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Shilin , Valery ; Cutshaw , Charlie ( 1 March 2000 ) . Legends and Reality of the AK : A Behind - The Scenes Look at the History , Design , and Impact of the Kalashnikov Family of Weapons . Paladin Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58160 - 069 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Vilchinsky , I.K. , ed. ( 1983 ) . НСД. 7 , 62 - мм автомат АКМ ( АКМС ) ( 7.62 mm AKM ( AKMS ) ) ( in Russian ) ( 3 ed . ) . Moscow : Voenizdat . </Li> <Li> John Walter ( 4 September 1999 ) . Kalashnikov : machine pistols , assault rifles , and machine - guns , 1945 to the present . Greenhill Books / Lionel Leventhal . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85367 - 364 - 1 . </Li> <Li> How the AK - 47 Rewrote the Rules of Modern Warfare -- Three - part article by C.J. Chivers , for Wired Magazine </Li> <Li> Ружье . Оружие и амуниция 1999 / 3 , pp. 18 -- 21 has an article about the AK - 47 prototypes </Li> <Li> М. Т . Kalashnikov , `` Кто автор АК - 47 ? '' ( Who is the author of AK - 47 ? ) -- an article rejecting some of the alternative theories as to the authorship of the AK - 47 , Kalashnikov magazine , 2002 / 2 , pp. 4 -- 7 ( in Russian ) </Li> <Li> М . Degtyaryov , `` Неочевидное очевидное '' -- an article comparing the internals of the StG 44 and AK - 47 , Kalashnikov magazine , 2009 / 4 , pp. 18 -- 23 ( in Russian ) </Li> <Li> `` В преддверии юбилея ... '' Transcription of the commission report on the testing round from the summer of 1947 ; no winner was selected at this point , but the commission held Kalashnikov 's , Dementiev 's and Bulkin 's designs as most closely satisfying TTT number 3131 . Kalashnikov magazine , 2009 / 8 , pp. 18 -- 22 ( in Russian ) </Li> <Li> `` Путёвка в жизнь '' Report / letter on the final round of testing , 27 December 1947 , declaring Kalashnikov 's design the winner . Kalashnikov magazine , 2009 / 9 , pp. 16 -- 22 ( in Russian ) </Li> <Li> Articles on the 1948 military trials : `` На пути в войска '' and `` ПЕРВЫЙ В ДИНАСТИИ '' , Kalashnikov magazine , 2009 / 10 - 11 </Li> <Li> Fackler ; Surinchak , John S. ; Malinowski , John A. ; Bowen , Robert E. ( 1984 ) . `` Wounding potential of the Russian AK - 74 assault rifle '' . Journal of Trauma - Injury Infection & Critical Care . 24 ( 3 ) : 263 -- 6 . doi : 10.1097 / 00005373 - 198403000 - 00014 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Find more aboutAK - 47at Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> US Army Operator 's Manual for the AK - 47 Assault Rifle </Li> <Li> AK Site -- Kalashnikov Home Page ( Mirror ) at the Wayback Machine ( archived 29 September 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Nazarian 's Gun 's Recognition Guide ( MANUAL ) AK 47 Manual (. pdf ) </Li> <Li> The Timeless , Ubiquitous AK - 47 -- slideshow by Time magazine </Li> <Li> Legendary Kalashnikov : Story of AK - 47 Rifle ( RT 's Documentary ) </Li> <Li> AK - 47 : The Weapon Changed the Face of War -- audio report by NPR </Li> <Li> The AK - 47 : The Gun That Changed The Battlefield -- audio report by NPR </Li> <Li> AK - 47 Documentary : Part 1 & Part 2 by Al Jazeera English </Li> <Li> AK - 47 Full Auto , U.S. Army in Iraq from the Internet Archive </Li> <Li> Years of the gun : A political history of the AK - 47 in Pakistan by Dawn News </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Kalashnikov rifle and derivatives </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primary rifles </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> USSR / Russia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AK - 47 </Li> <Li> AKM </Li> <Li> AK - 74 </Li> <Li> AK - 101 </Li> <Li> AK - 102 </Li> <Li> AK - 103 </Li> <Li> AK - 104 </Li> <Li> AK - 12 </Li> <Li> AK - 15 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Warsaw Pact </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AK - 63 </Li> <Li> AKM - 63 </Li> <Li> Kbk AKM / Kbkg wz. 1960 / 72 </Li> <Li> MPi - KM </Li> <Li> MPi - AK - 74N </Li> <Li> PA md. 86 </Li> <Li> PM md. 63 / 65 </Li> <Li> PM md. 90 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assault and battle rifles </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Classic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AK - 107 / 108 / 109 </Li> <Li> AL - 7 </Li> <Li> APS - 95 </Li> <Li> ČZ 2000 </Li> <Li> INSAS </Li> <Li> Madsen LAR </Li> <Li> NGM - 81 </Li> <Li> Vektor R4 </Li> <Li> Trichy </Li> <Li> Type 56 </Li> <Li> Type 58 </Li> <Li> Wieger StG - 940 </Li> <Li> K2 </Li> <Li> SS1 </Li> <Li> SS2 </Li> <Li> MCIWS </Li> <Li> Ghatak </Li> <Li> WASR - series rifles </Li> <Li> Zastava PAP series </Li> <Li> Saiga semi-automatic rifle </Li> <Li> SA M - 7 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bullpup </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A-91 </Li> <Li> ASh - 12.7 </Li> <Li> K - 3 </Li> <Li> Malyuk </Li> <Li> OTs - 14 Groza </Li> <Li> TKB - 011 </Li> <Li> TKB - 059 </Li> <Li> TKB - 022PM </Li> <Li> TKB - 408 </Li> <Li> Truvelo Raptor </Li> <Li> Type 86S </Li> <Li> Vektor CR - 21 </Li> <Li> Vepr </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carbines </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 8 - 10 '' barrel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AG - 043 </Li> <Li> AKMSU </Li> <Li> AK - 9 </Li> <Li> AKS - 74U </Li> <Li> AR - M4 SF </Li> <Li> OTs - 12 Tiss </Li> <Li> OTs - 14 Groza </Li> <Li> SR - 3 Vikhr </Li> <Li> 9A - 91 </Li> <Li> SC - 2026C </Li> <Li> Kalashnikov MA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 - 13 '' barrel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AK - 102 / AK - 104 / AK - 105 </Li> <Li> AMD - 65 </Li> <Li> AMP - 69 </Li> <Li> KALANTAK </Li> <Li> MPi - AKS - 74NK </Li> <Li> PA md. 86 Carbine </Li> <Li> PM md. 80 </Li> <Li> PM md. 90 Carbine </Li> <Li> Truvelo Raptor C </Li> <Li> Type 56C </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Machine guns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> RPD </Li> <Li> RPK / RPKS </Li> <Li> RPK - 74 </Li> <Li> RPKM / RPK - 74M / RPK - 201 / RPK - 203 </Li> <Li> RPK - 16 </Li> <Li> PK / PKM / PKT / Pecheneg </Li> <Li> INSAS ( LMG ) </Li> <Li> PU - 1 / 2 / 21 </Li> <Li> Type 67 machine gun </Li> <Li> Type 73 light machine gun </Li> <Li> AEK - 999 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sniper rifles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> PSL </Li> <Li> SVD </Li> <Li> SVDK </Li> <Li> Tabuk </Li> <Li> As Val </Li> <Li> VSS Vintorez </Li> <Li> VSK - 94 </Li> <Li> SVK </Li> <Li> VSV - 338 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Submachine guns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AO - 46 </Li> <Li> Bizon </Li> <Li> Gepard </Li> <Li> MSMC </Li> <Li> Vityaz - SN </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shotguns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> KSK </Li> <Li> Origin 12 </Li> <Li> Saiga - 12 </Li> <Li> Vepr - 12 Molot </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special purpose </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 80.002 </Li> <Li> AK - 9 </Li> <Li> AO - 27 </Li> <Li> AO - 46 </Li> <Li> AO - 63 </Li> <Li> RWGŁ - 3 </Li> <Li> APS underwater rifle </Li> <Li> ASM - DT amphibious rifle </Li> <Li> ADS amphibious rifle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Competitors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AO - 31 </Li> <Li> Project Abakan </Li> <Li> SA - 006 </Li> <Li> AKB </Li> <Li> AKB - 1 </Li> <Li> AB - 46 </Li> <Li> VAHAN </Li> <Li> Dlugov assault rifle </Li> <Li> TKB - 010 </Li> <Li> TKB - 011 </Li> <Li> TKB - 408 </Li> <Li> TKB - 517 </Li> <Li> AO - 38 </Li> <Li> AO - 62 </Li> <Li> AO - 222 </Li> <Li> AEK - 971 / AEK - 972 / AEK - 973 / AEK - 971S / AEK - 973S </Li> <Li> AN - 94 </Li> <Li> A-545 </Li> <Li> A-762 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brands </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Galil </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ACE ( assault rifle / carbine ) </Li> <Li> AR ( assault / battle rifle ) </Li> <Li> ARM ( machine gun ) </Li> <Li> Galatz ( sniper rifle ) </Li> <Li> MAR ( carbine ) </Li> <Li> SAR ( carbine ) </Li> <Li> SR - 99 ( sniper rifle ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zastava </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> M70 ( assault rifle ) </Li> <Li> M72 ( machine gun ) </Li> <Li> M76 ( sniper rifle ) </Li> <Li> M77 ( machine gun / battle rifle ) </Li> <Li> M80 ( assault rifle ) </Li> <Li> M85 ( carbine ) </Li> <Li> M90 ( assault rifle ) </Li> <Li> M91 ( sniper rifle ) </Li> <Li> M92 ( carbine ) </Li> <Li> M21 ( assault rifle / carbine ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Valmet </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> M76 ( assault rifle ) </Li> <Li> M78 ( machine gun ) </Li> <Li> M82 ( bullpup assault rifle ) </Li> <Li> RK 62 ( assault rifle ) </Li> <Li> RK 95 TP ( assault rifle ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FB Radom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> FB Beryl ( assault rifle ) </Li> <Li> FB Mini-Beryl ( short - barreled rifle ) </Li> <Li> FB Tantal ( assault rifle ) </Li> <Li> FB Onyks ( short - barreled rifle ) </Li> <Li> Radom Hunter ( civilian rifle ) </Li> <Li> Radom Sport ( civilian rifle ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> List of modern Russian Small Arms and Light Weapons </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4240099 - 5 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AK-47&oldid=828144190 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1947 </Li> <Li> 7.62 × 39mm firearms </Li> <Li> Assault rifles </Li> <Li> Infantry weapons of the Cold War </Li> <Li> Rifles of the Cold War </Li> <Li> Cold War weapons of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Kalashnikov derivatives </Li> <Li> Soviet inventions </Li> <Li> Weapons of Russia </Li> <Li> Military equipment 1945 -- 1949 </Li> <Li> Kalashnikov Concern products </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with reference errors </Li> <Li> Pages with incorrect ref formatting </Li> <Li> CS1 uses Russian - 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Apple of My Eye ( song ) - Wikipedia <H1> Apple of My Eye ( song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Apple of My Eye '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Badfinger </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Ass </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Blind Owl '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> December 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 - inch single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Power pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Apple </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Pete Ham </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Chris Thomas , Badfinger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Badfinger UK singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Baby Blue '' ( 1972 ) </Td> <Td> `` Apple of My Eye '' ( 1973 ) </Td> <Td> `` Love Is Easy '' ( 1974 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Badfinger US singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Baby Blue '' ( 1972 ) </Td> <Td> `` Apple of My Eye '' ( 1973 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Miss You '' ( 1974 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Apple of My Eye '' is a song recorded by the rock / pop band Badfinger for inclusion on their 1973 album , Ass . The song was written and sung by Pete Ham , produced by Chris Thomas and Badfinger , and released on Apple Records . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Writing </Li> <Li> 2 Problems and release </Li> <Li> 3 Personnel </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Writing ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ham wrote the song about his mixed feelings upon the band 's leaving Apple Records ( which was the `` apple of my eye '' to Ham ) to pursue a larger contract by moving to Warner Bros. Records . The same concern is reflected on the Ass album cover , which shows a donkey following a carrot into the distance . Coincidentally , it was the last single ( Apple 49 ) released by Apple before its collapse that was n't performed by an ex-Beatle . </P> <H2> Problems and release ( edit ) </H2> <P> Due to Apple 's financial chaos and its problems with the group , no new picture sleeve was created for the single , although some countries ( such as the Netherlands , shown here ) used a variant of the `` Day After Day '' sleeve . It would become the original group 's last single to chart in the US , although it missed making the Billboard Hot 100 , peaking at number 102 on the `` Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles '' chart . </P> <P> In most countries , Tom Evans ' `` Blind Owl '' was released as the B - side . However , in Japan , `` Apple of My Eye '' was backed with Mike Gibbins ' song `` Cowboy '' , and in the Philippines , Evans ' `` When I Say '' was the B - side . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Pete Ham - vocals , acoustic guitar , keyboards </Li> <Li> Tom Evans - bass guitar </Li> <Li> Joey Molland - electric guitar </Li> <Li> Mike Gibbins - drums , percussion </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Matovina , Dan . Without You : The Tragic Story of Badfinger . ISBN 0 - 9657122 - 2 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scraping the Barrel : Apple 49 . Retrieved 4 - 30 - 2008 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Badfinger </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pete Ham </Li> <Li> Tom Evans </Li> <Li> Joey Molland </Li> <Li> Mike Gibbins </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bob Jackson </Li> <Li> Joe Tansin </Li> <Li> Tony Kaye </Li> <Li> Glenn Sherba </Li> <Li> Al Wodtke </Li> <Li> Richard Bryans </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Iveys : Ron Griffiths </Li> <Li> Dai Jenkins </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maybe Tomorrow ( as The Iveys ) </Li> <Li> Magic Christian Music </Li> <Li> No Dice </Li> <Li> Straight Up </Li> <Li> Ass </Li> <Li> Badfinger </Li> <Li> Wish You Were Here </Li> <Li> Airwaves </Li> <Li> Say No More </Li> <Li> Head First </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Concert for Bangladesh ( backing band ) </Li> <Li> Day After Day : Live </Li> <Li> BBC in Concert 1972 -- 1973 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Maybe Tomorrow '' ( as The Iveys ) </Li> <Li> `` Dear Angie '' ( as The Iveys ) </Li> <Li> `` Come and Get It '' </Li> <Li> `` No Matter What '' </Li> <Li> `` Day After Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby Blue '' </Li> <Li> `` Apple of My Eye '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Is Easy '' </Li> <Li> `` I Miss You '' </Li> <Li> `` Lost Inside Your Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Is Gonna Come at Last '' </Li> <Li> `` Hold On '' </Li> <Li> `` I Got You '' </Li> <Li> `` Because I Love You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Without You '' </Li> <Li> `` Name of the Game '' </Li> <Li> `` Meanwhile Back at the Ranch '' / `` Should I Smoke '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Magic Christian </Li> <Li> Apple Records discography </Li> <Li> David Garrick </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This 1970s single -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apple_of_My_Eye_(song)&oldid=803931705 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Apple Records singles </Li> <Li> Badfinger songs </Li> <Li> 1973 singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Pete Ham </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Chris Thomas ( record producer ) </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Pete Ham </Li> <Li> 1970s single stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 October 2017 , at 16 : 02 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man - wikipedia <H1> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man </H1> For the 1977 film adaptation , see A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ( film ) . <Table> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Front cover of the first edition , published by B.W. Huebsch in 1916 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> James Joyce </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Novel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Published </Th> <Td> 29 December 1916 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is the first novel by Irish writer James Joyce . A Künstlerroman in a modernist style , it traces the religious and intellectual awakening of young Stephen Dedalus , a fictional alter ego of Joyce and an allusion to Daedalus , the consummate craftsman of Greek mythology . Stephen questions and rebels against the Catholic and Irish conventions under which he has grown , culminating in his self - exile from Ireland to Europe . The work uses techniques that Joyce developed more fully in Ulysses ( 1922 ) and Finnegans Wake ( 1939 ) . </P> <P> A Portrait began life in 1904 as Stephen Hero -- a projected 63 - chapter autobiographical novel in a realistic style . After 25 chapters , Joyce abandoned Stephen Hero in 1907 and set to reworking its themes and protagonist into a condensed five - chapter novel , dispensing with strict realism and making extensive use of free indirect speech that allows the reader to peer into Stephen 's developing consciousness . American modernist poet Ezra Pound had the novel serialised in the English literary magazine The Egoist in 1914 and 1915 , and published as a book in 1916 by B.W. Huebsch of New York . The publication of A Portrait and the short story collection Dubliners ( 1914 ) earned Joyce a place at the forefront of literary modernism . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 Composition </Li> <Li> 3 Publication history </Li> <Li> 4 Major characters </Li> <Li> 5 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 6 Style </Li> <Li> 7 Themes <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Identity </Li> <Li> 7.2 Religion </Li> <Li> 7.3 Myth of Daedalus </Li> <Li> 7.4 Irish Freedom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Critical Reception </Li> <Li> 9 Adaptations </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Works cited </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> James Joyce in 1915 <P> Born into a middle - class family in Dublin , Ireland , James Joyce ( 1882 -- 1941 ) excelled as a student , graduating from University College , Dublin , in 1902 . He moved to Paris to study medicine , but soon gave it up . He returned to Ireland at his family 's request as his mother was dying of cancer . Despite her pleas , the impious Joyce and his brother Stanislaus refused to make confession or take communion , and when she passed into a coma they refused to kneel and pray for her . After a stretch of failed attempts to get published and launch his own newspaper , Joyce then took jobs teaching , singing and reviewing books , . </P> <P> Joyce made his first attempt at a novel , Stephen Hero , in early 1904 . That June he saw Nora Barnacle for the first time walking along Nassau Street . Their first date was on June 16 , the same date that his novel Ulysses takes place . Almost immediately , Joyce and Nora were infatuated with each other and they bonded over their shared disapproval of Ireland and the Church . Nora and Joyce eloped to continental Europe , first staying in Zürich before settling for ten years in Trieste ( then in Austria - Hungary ) , where he taught English . In March 1905 , Joyce was transferred to the Berlitz School In Trieste , presumably because of threats of spies in Austria . There Nora gave birth to their children , George in 1905 and Lucia in 1907 , and Joyce wrote fiction , signing some of his early essays and stories `` Stephen Daedalus '' . The short stories he wrote made up the collection Dubliners ( 1914 ) , which took about eight years to be published due to its controversial nature . While waiting on Dubliners to be published , Joyce reworked the core themes of the novel Stephen Hero he had begun in Ireland in 1904 and abandoned in 1907 into A Portrait , published in 1916 , a year after he had moved back to Zürich in the midst of the First World War . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Et ignotas animum dimittit in artes . ( `` And he turned his mind to unknown arts . '' ) </P> -- Ovid , Epigraph to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man James Joyce in 1915 <P> At the request of its editors , Joyce submitted a work of philosophical fiction entitled `` A Portrait of the Artist '' to the Irish literary magazine Dana on 7 January 1904 . Dana 's editor , W.K. Magee , rejected it , telling Joyce , `` I ca n't print what I ca n't understand . '' On his 22nd birthday , 2 February 1904 , Joyce began a realist autobiographical novel , Stephen Hero , which incorporated aspects of the aesthetic philosophy expounded in A Portrait . He worked on the book until mid-1905 and brought the manuscript with him when he moved to Trieste that year . Though his main attention turned to the stories that made up Dubliners , Joyce continued work on Stephen Hero . At 914 manuscript pages , Joyce considered the book about half - finished , having completed 25 of its 63 intended chapters . In September 1907 , however , he abandoned this work , and began a complete revision of the text and its structure , producing what became A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . By 1909 the work had taken shape and Joyce showed some of the draft chapters to Ettore Schmitz , one of his language students , as an exercise . Schmitz , himself a respected writer , was impressed and with his encouragement Joyce continued work on the book . </P> <P> In 1911 Joyce flew into a fit of rage over the continued refusals by publishers to print Dubliners and threw the manuscript of Portrait into the fire . It was saved by a `` family fire brigade '' including his sister Eileen . Chamber Music , a book of Joyce 's poems , was published in 1907 . </P> <P> Joyce showed , in his own words , `` a scrupulous meanness '' in his use of materials for the novel . He recycled the two earlier attempts at explaining his aesthetics and youth , A Portrait of the Artist and Stephen Hero , as well as his notebooks from Trieste concerning the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas ; they all came together in five carefully paced chapters . </P> <P> Stephen Hero is written from the point of view of an omniscient third - person narrator , but in Portrait Joyce adopts the free indirect style , a change that reflects the moving of the narrative centre of consciousness firmly and uniquely onto Stephen . Persons and events take their significance from Stephen , and are perceived from his point of view . Characters and places are no longer mentioned simply because the young Joyce had known them . Salient details are carefully chosen and fitted into the aesthetic pattern of the novel . </P> <H2> Publication history ( edit ) </H2> Ezra Pound had A Portrait brought into print . <P> In 1913 the Irish poet W.B. Yeats recommended Joyce 's work to the avant - garde American poet Ezra Pound , who was assembling an anthology of verse . Pound wrote to Joyce , and in 1914 Joyce submitted the first chapter of the unfinished Portrait to Pound , who was so taken with it that he pressed to have the work serialised in the London literary magazine The Egoist . Joyce hurried to complete the novel , and it appeared in The Egoist in twenty - five installments from 2 February 1914 to 1 September 1915 . </P> <P> There was difficulty finding a British publisher for the finished novel , so Pound arranged for its publication by an American publishing house , B.W. Huebsch , which issued it on 29 December 1916 . The Egoist Press republished it in the United Kingdom on 12 February 1917 and Jonathan Cape took over its publication in 1924 . In 1964 Viking Press issued a corrected version overseen by Chester Anderson . Garland released a `` copy text '' edition by Hans Walter Gabler in 1993 . </P> <H2> Major characters ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Stephen Dedalus -- The main character of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . Growing up , Stephen goes through long phases of hedonism and deep religiosity . He eventually adopts a philosophy of aestheticism , greatly valuing beauty and art . Stephen is essentially Joyce 's alter ego , and many of the events of Stephen 's life mirror events from Joyce 's own youth . His surname is taken from the ancient Greek mythical figure Daedalus , who also engaged in a struggle for autonomy . </P> <P> Simon Dedalus -- Stephen 's father , an impoverished former medical student with a strong sense of Irish nationalism . Sentimental about his past , Simon Dedalus frequently reminisces about his youth . Loosely based on Joyce 's own father and their relationship . </P> <P> Mary Dedalus -- Stephen 's mother who is very religious and often argues with Stephen about attending services . </P> <P> Emma Clery -- Stephen 's beloved , the young girl to whom he is fiercely attracted over the course of many years . Stephen constructs Emma as an ideal of femininity , even though ( or because ) he does not know her well . </P> <P> Charles Stewart Parnell -- An Irish political leader who is not an actual character in the novel , but whose death influences many of its characters . Parnell had powerfully led the Irish Parliamentary Party until he was driven out of public life after his affair with a married woman was exposed . </P> <P> Cranly -- Stephen 's best friend at university , in whom he confides some of his thoughts and feelings . In this sense Cranly represents a secular confessor for Stephen . Eventually Cranly begins to encourage Stephen to conform to the wishes of his family and to try harder to fit in with his peers , advice that Stephen fiercely resents . Towards the conclusion of the novel he bears witness to Stephen 's exposition of his aesthetic philosophy . It is partly due to Cranly that Stephen decides to leave , after witnessing Cranly 's budding ( and reciprocated ) romantic interest in Emma . </P> <P> Dante ( Mrs. Riordan ) -- The governess of the Dedalus children . She is very intense and a dedicated Catholic . </P> <P> Lynch -- Stephen 's friend from university who has a rather dry personality . </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Once upon a time and a very good time it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo ... </P> <P> His father told him that story : his father looked at him through a glass : he had a hairy face . </P> <P> He was baby tuckoo . The moocow came down the road where Betty Byrne lived : she sold lemon platt . </P> -- James Joyce , Opening to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man <P> The childhood of Stephen Dedalus is recounted using vocabulary that changes as he grows , in a voice not his own but sensitive to his feelings . The reader experiences Stephen 's fears and bewilderment as he comes to terms with the world in a series of disjointed episodes . Stephen attends the Jesuit - run Clongowes Wood College , where the apprehensive , intellectually gifted boy suffers the ridicule of his classmates while he learns the schoolboy codes of behaviour . While he can not grasp their significance , at a Christmas dinner he is witness to the social , political and religious tensions in Ireland involving Charles Stewart Parnell , which drive wedges between members of his family , leaving Stephen with doubts over which social institutions he can place his faith in . Back at Clongowes , word spreads that a number of older boys have been caught `` smugging '' ; discipline is tightened , and the Jesuits increase use of corporal punishment . Stephen is strapped when one of his instructors believes he has broken his glasses to avoid studying , but , prodded by his classmates , Stephen works up the courage to complain to the rector , Father Conmee , who assures him there will be no such recurrence , leaving Stephen with a sense of triumph . </P> <P> Stephen 's father gets into debt and the family leaves its pleasant suburban home to live in Dublin . Stephen realises that he will not return to Clongowes . However , thanks to a scholarship obtained for him by Father Conmee , Stephen is able to attend Belvedere College , where he excels academically and becomes a class leader . Stephen squanders a large cash prize from school , and begins to see prostitutes , as distance grows between him and his drunken father . </P> Stephen Dedalus has an aesthetic epiphany along Dollymount Strand . <P> As Stephen abandons himself to sensual pleasures , his class is taken on a religious retreat , where the boys sit through sermons . Stephen pays special attention to those on pride , guilt , punishment and the Four Last Things ( death , judgement , Hell , and Heaven ) . He feels that the words of the sermon , describing horrific eternal punishment in hell , are directed at himself and , overwhelmed , comes to desire forgiveness . Overjoyed at his return to the Church , he devotes himself to acts of ascetic repentance , though they soon devolve to mere acts of routine , as his thoughts turn elsewhere . His devotion comes to the attention of the Jesuits , and they encourage him to consider entering the priesthood . Stephen takes time to consider , but has a crisis of faith because of the conflict between his spiritual beliefs and his aesthetic ambitions . Along Dollymount Strand he spots a girl wading , and has an epiphany in which he is overcome with the desire to find a way to express her beauty in his writing . </P> <P> As a student at University College , Dublin , Stephen grows increasingly wary of the institutions around him : Church , school , politics and family . In the midst of the disintegration of his family 's fortunes his father berates him and his mother urges him to return to the Church . An increasingly dry , humourless Stephen explains his alienation from the Church and the aesthetic theory he has developed to his friends , who find that they can not accept either of them . Stephen concludes that Ireland is too restricted to allow him to express himself fully as an artist , so he decides that he will have to leave . He sets his mind on self - imposed exile , but not without declaring in his diary his ties to his homeland : </P> <P> ... I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race . </P> <H2> Style ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The novel mixes third - person narrative with free indirect speech , which allows both identification with and distance from Stephen . The narrator refrains from judgement . The omniscient narrator of the earlier Stephen Hero informs the reader as Stephen sets out to write `` some pages of sorry verse , '' while Portrait gives only Stephen 's attempts , leaving the evaluation to the reader . </P> <P> The novel is written primarily as a third - person narrative with minimal dialogue until the final chapter . This chapter includes dialogue - intensive scenes alternately involving Stephen , Davin and Cranly . An example of such a scene is the one in which Stephen posits his complex Thomist aesthetic theory in an extended dialogue . Joyce employs first - person narration for Stephen 's diary entries in the concluding pages of the novel , perhaps to suggest that Stephen has finally found his own voice and no longer needs to absorb the stories of others . Joyce fully employs the free indirect style to demonstrate Stephen 's intellectual development from his childhood , through his education , to his increasing independence and ultimate exile from Ireland as a young man . The style of the work progresses through each of its five chapters , as the complexity of language and Stephen 's ability to comprehend the world around him both gradually increase . The book 's opening pages communicate Stephen 's first stirrings of consciousness when he is a child . Throughout the work language is used to describe indirectly the state of mind of the protagonist and the subjective effect of the events of his life . </P> <P> The writing style is notable also for Joyce 's omission of quotation marks : he indicates dialogue by beginning a paragraph with a dash , as is commonly used in French , Spanish or Russian publications . </P> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Identity ( edit ) </H3> <P> As a narrative which depicts a character throughout his formative years , M. Angeles Conde - Parrilla posits that identity is possibly the most prevalent theme in the novel . Towards the beginning of the novel , Joyce depicts the young Stephen 's growing consciousness , which is said to be a condensed version of the arc of Dedalus ' entire life , as he continues to grow and form his identity . Stephen 's growth as an individual character is important because through him Joyce laments Irish society 's tendency to force individuals to conform to types , which some say marks Stephen as a modernist character . Themes that run through Joyce 's later novels find expression there . </P> <H3> Religion ( edit ) </H3> <P> As Stephen transitions into adulthood , he leaves behind his Catholic religious identity , which is closely tied to the national identity of Ireland . His rejection of this dual identity is also a rejection of constraint and an embrace of freedom in identity . Furthermore , the references to Dr Faustus throughout the novel conjure up something demonic in Stephen renouncing his Catholic faith . When Stephen stoutly refuses to serve his Easter duty later in the novel , his tone mirrors characters like Faust and Lucifer in its rebelliousness . </P> <H3> Myth of Daedalus ( edit ) </H3> <P> The myth of Daedalus and Icarus has parallels in the structure of the novel , and gives Stephen his surname , as well as the epigraph containing a quote from Ovid 's Metamorphoses . According to Ivan Canadas , the epigraph may parallel the heights and depths that end and begin each chapter , and can be seen to proclaim the interpretive freedom of the text . Stephen 's surname being connected to Daedalus may also call to mind the theme of going against the status quo , as Daedalus defies the King of Crete . </P> <H3> Irish freedom ( edit ) </H3> <P> Stephen 's struggle to find identity in the novel parallels the Irish struggle for independence during the early twentieth century . He rejects any outright nationalism , and is often prejudiced toward those that use Hiberno - English , which was the marked speech patterns of the Irish rural and lower - class . However , he is also heavily concerned with his country 's future and understands himself as an Irishman , which then leads him to question how much of his identity is tied up in said nationalism . </P> <H2> Critical reception ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2013 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> While some critics take the prose to be too ornate , critics on the whole praise the novel and its complexity , heralding Joyce 's talent and the beauty of the novel 's originality . These critics view potentially apparent lack of focus as intentional formlessness which imitates moral chaos in the developing mind . The lens of vulgarity is also commented on , as the novel is unafraid to delve the disgusting topics of adolescence . In many instances , critics that comment on the novel as a work of genius may concede that the work does not always exhibit this genius throughout . </P> <P> A Portrait won Joyce a reputation for his literary skills , as well as a patron , Harriet Shaw Weaver , the business manager of The Egoist . </P> <P> In 1917 H. G. Wells wrote that `` one believes in Stephen Dedalus as one believes in few characters in fiction , '' while warning readers of Joyce 's `` cloacal obsession , '' his insistence on the portrayal of bodily functions that Victorian morality had banished from print . </P> <H2> Adaptations ( edit ) </H2> <P> A film version adapted for the screen by Judith Rascoe and directed by Joseph Strick was released in 1977 . It features Bosco Hogan as Stephen Dedalus and T.P. McKenna as Simon Dedalus . John Gielgud plays Father Arnall , the priest whose lengthy sermon on Hell terrifies the teenage Stephen . </P> <P> The first stage version was produced by Léonie Scott - Matthews at Pentameters Theatre in 2012 using an adaptation by Tom Neill . </P> <P> Hugh Leonard 's stage work Stephen D is an adaptation of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Stephen Hero . It was first produced at the Gate Theatre during the Dublin Theatre Festival of 1962 . </P> <P> As of 2017 computer scientists and literature scholars at University College Dublin , Ireland are in a collaboration to create the multimedia version of this work , by charting the social networks of characters in the novel . Animations in the multimedia editions express the relation of every character in the chapter to the others . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The story is sometimes erroneously repeated as involving Stephen Hero and Joyce 's common - law wife , Nora Barnacle . The error was first publicised by Joyce 's patron Sylvia Beach in 1935 , and was included in Herbert Gorman 's biography James Joyce ( 1939 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bowker , Gordan ( 2011 ) . James Joyce : A New Biography. 18 West 18th Street , New York , NY 10011 : Farrar , Straus and Giroux . p. 219 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 374 - 17872 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , pp. 136 -- 137 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , pp. 134 -- 135 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 154 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bulson ( 2006 : 47 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 155 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read 1967 , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2000 : 222 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson ( 2000 : xviii ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Johnson ( 2000 : xvii ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Read 1967 , p. 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Herbert 2009 , p. 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Joyce , James ( 1916 ) . A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . New York , NY : B.W. Huebsch . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 137 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 136 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 138 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , pp. 138 -- 139 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 139 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , pp. 139 -- 140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 141 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , pp. 141 -- 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , pp. 142 -- 143 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fargnoli & Gillespie 2006 , p. 143 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Belanger 2001 , p. xviii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bulson ( 2006 : 51 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bulson ( 2006 : 50 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pericles Lewis . `` A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man '' ( PDF ) . Cambridge Introduction to Modernism . Retrieved 8 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conde - Parrilla , M Angeles . `` Hiberno - English and Identity in Joyce 's A Portrait . '' Language & Literature. 22.1 ( 2013 ) : 102 . Print . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenner 1948 , p. 362 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Güneş , Ali . `` Crisis of Identity in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man '' . Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi , 2002 / 6 , 37 - 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenner 1948 , pp. 363 -- 363 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man : James Joyce , the Myth of Icarus , and the Influence of Christopher Marlowe . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Akca , Catherine . `` Religion and Identity in Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . '' Online Journal of the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences . 1.1 ( 2008 ) : 52 . Researchgate.net . Web . 25 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canadas , Ivan . `` '' A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man : James Joyce , the Myth of Icarus , and the Influence of Christopher Marlowe. `` '' . Journal of Irish Studies . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conde - Parrilla , M Angeles . `` Hiberno - English and Identity in Joyce 's A Portrait . '' Language & Literature. 22.1 ( 2013 ) : 102 . Print . pp. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conde - Parrilla , M Ángeles ( February 2013 ) . `` Hiberno - English and identity in Joyce 's A Portrait '' . Language and Literature . pp. 32 -- 44 . doi : 10.1177 / 0963947012469750 . Retrieved 30 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wollaeger 2003 , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man on IMDb </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man - Pentameters '' . London Theatre Guide . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Irish Playography , Stephen D by Hugh Leonard ( 1 ) retrieved 7 July 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Digital Portrayal of James Joyce 's ' Portrait ' '' . Retrieved 7 January 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Works cited ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Belanger , Jacqueline ( 2001 ) . `` Introduction '' . A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . Wordsworth Editions . pp. i -- xxxii . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85326 - 006 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Bulson , Eric ( 2006 ) . `` 3 '' . The Cambridge Introduction to James Joyce . Cambridge University Press . pp. 47 -- 62 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 84037 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Fargnoli , A. Nicholas ; Gillespie , Michael Patrick ( 2006 ) . Critical Companion to James Joyce : A Literary Reference to His Life and Work . Infobase Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4381 - 0848 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Herbert , Stacey ( 2009 ) . `` Composition and publishing history of the major works : an overview '' . In McCourt , John . James Joyce in Context . Cambridge University Press . pp. 3 -- 16 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 88662 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Johnson , Jeri ( 2000 ) . `` Introduction '' . A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . Oxford world 's classics . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 283998 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Kenner , Hugh ( Summer 1948 ) . `` The ' Portrait ' in Perspective '' . 10 ( 3 ) . Kenyon College . pp. 361 -- 381 . JSTOR 4332957 . </Li> <Li> Read , Forrest , ed. ( 1967 ) . Pound / Joyce ; the Letters of Ezra Pound to James Joyce : With Pound 's Essays on Joyce . New Directions Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8112 - 0159 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Wollaeger , Mark A. ( 2003 ) . James Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man : A Casebook . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515076 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Attridge , Derek , ed . The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce , 2nd edition , Cambridge UP , 2004 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 54553 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Bloom , Harold . James Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . New York : Chelsea House , 1988 . ISBN 1 - 55546 - 020 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Brady , Philip and James F. Carens , eds . Critical Essays on James Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . New York : G.K. Hall , 1998 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7838 - 0035 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Doherty , Gerald . Pathologies of Desire : The Vicissitudes of the Self in James Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . New York : Peter Lang , 2008 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 9735 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Empric , Julienne H. The Woman in the Portrait : The Transforming Female in James Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . San Bernardino , CA : Borgo Press , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89370 - 193 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Epstein , Edmund L. The Ordeal of Stephen Dedalus : The Conflict of Generations in James Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . Carbondale : Southern Illinois UP , 1971 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8093 - 0485 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Harkness , Marguerite . Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man : Voices of the Text . Boston : Twayne , 1989 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8057 - 8125 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jaillant , Lise . `` Blurring the Boundaries : Fourteen Great Detective Stories and Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in the Modern Library Series . '' James Joyce Quarterly 50.3 ( 2013 ) : 767 - 95 . </Li> <Li> Morris , William E. and Clifford A. Nault , eds . Portraits of an Artist : A Casebook on James Joyce 's Portrait . New York : Odyssey , 1962 . </Li> <Li> Rickard , John S. `` A Portrait of the Animal as a Young Artist : Animality , Instinct , and Cognition in Joyce 's Early Prose . '' Humanities 6.3 ( 2017 ) : 56 . </Li> <Li> Seed , David . James Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . New York : St. Martin 's Press , 1992 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 08426 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Staley , Thomas F. and Bernard Benstock , ed . Approaches to Joyce 's Portrait : Ten Essays . Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press , 1976 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 82 - 293331 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Thornton , Weldon . The Antimodernism of Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . Syracuse , NY : Syracuse UP , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 2587 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Tindall , William York ( 1995 ) . A Reader 's Guide to James Joyce . Syracuse University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8156 - 0320 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Wollaeger , Mark A. , ed . James Joyce 's A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man : A Casebook . Oxford and New York : Oxford UP , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515075 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Yoshida , Hiromi . Joyce & Jung : The `` Four Stages of Eroticism '' in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man . New York : Peter Lang , 2007 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8204 - 6913 - 3 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the novel : A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man at Project Gutenberg <Ul> <Li> Hypertextual , self - referential version based on the Project Gutenberg edition , from an Imperial College London website </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Digitized copy of the first edition from Internet Archive </Li> <Li> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man public domain audiobook at LibriVox </Li> <Li> Study guide from SparkNotes </Li> <Li> Map of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man </Li> <Li> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man at the British Library </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> James Joyce </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Works </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Novels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ( 1916 ) </Li> <Li> Ulysses ( 1922 ) </Li> <Li> Finnegans Wake ( 1939 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Short stories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dubliners ( 1914 , written 1904 -- 07 ) <Ul> <Li> `` The Sisters '' </Li> <Li> `` Eveline '' </Li> <Li> `` After the Race '' </Li> <Li> `` An Encounter '' </Li> <Li> `` Araby '' </Li> <Li> `` The Boarding House '' </Li> <Li> `` Counterparts '' </Li> <Li> `` Clay '' </Li> <Li> `` A Painful Case '' </Li> <Li> `` Ivy Day in the Committee Room '' </Li> <Li> `` A Mother '' </Li> <Li> `` Two Gallants '' </Li> <Li> `` A Little Cloud '' </Li> <Li> `` Grace '' </Li> <Li> `` The Dead '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Play </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Exiles ( 1918 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Poetry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chamber Music ( 1907 ) </Li> <Li> Pomes Penyeach ( 1927 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posthumous publications </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stephen Hero ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Giacomo Joyce ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> The Cats of Copenhagen ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Finn 's Hotel ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ulysses in Nighttown ( 1958 play ) </Li> <Li> Ulysses ( 1967 film ) </Li> <Li> A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man ( 1977 film ) </Li> <Li> Ulysses ( 1982 broadcast ) </Li> <Li> The Dead ( 1987 film ) </Li> <Li> James Joyce 's The Dead ( 1999 musical ) </Li> <Li> Bloom ( 2003 film ) </Li> <Li> Waywords and Meansigns ( 2015 - 17 audio ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scholars of </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anthony Burgess </Li> <Li> Frank Delaney </Li> <Li> Richard Ellmann </Li> <Li> Francisco García Tortosa </Li> <Li> Stuart Gilbert </Li> <Li> Adaline Glasheen </Li> <Li> Michael Groden </Li> <Li> Hugh Kenner </Li> <Li> Declan Kiberd </Li> <Li> Ira Nadel </Li> <Li> David Norris </Li> <Li> William H. Quillian </Li> <Li> C. George Sandulescu </Li> <Li> John Simpson </Li> <Li> Ronald Symond </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Academic works about </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hamlet and the New Poetic : James Joyce and T.S. Eliot </Li> <Li> James Joyce ( biography ) </Li> <Li> James Joyce Quarterly </Li> <Li> Joysprick </Li> <Li> Our Exagmination Round His Factification for Incamination of Work in Progress </Li> <Li> A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bloomsday </Li> <Li> Obscenity trial of Ulysses in The Little Review </Li> <Li> United States v. One Book Called Ulysses </Li> <Li> James Joyce Centre </Li> <Li> James Joyce Tower and Museum </Li> <Li> James Joyce Award </Li> <Li> Quark </Li> <Li> Bellsybabble </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nora Barnacle ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Lucia Joyce ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> John Stanislaus Joyce ( father ) </Li> <Li> Stanislaus Joyce ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Stephen James Joyce ( grandson ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNE : XX2042950 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb119503132 ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4290389 - 0 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n80161103 </Li> <Li> NLA : 35255366 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 027469409 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 182255878 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man&oldid=848885085 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1916 novels </Li> <Li> Autobiographical novels </Li> <Li> Irish novels adapted into films </Li> <Li> Debut novels </Li> <Li> Künstlerroman </Li> <Li> Modernist novels </Li> <Li> Novels about writers </Li> <Li> Novels by James Joyce </Li> <Li> Novels first published in serial form </Li> <Li> Novels set in Dublin ( city ) </Li> <Li> Works originally published in The Egoist ( periodical ) </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> EngvarB from August 2014 </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from August 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles containing Latin - language text </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from November 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles with Project Gutenberg links </Li> <Li> Articles with LibriVox links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNE identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 贛 語 </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 26 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 01 : 16 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Planet of the apes characters - wikipedia <H1> List of Planet of the apes characters </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( September 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article . Please discuss this issue on the article 's talk page . ( September 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . Please consider splitting content into sub-articles , condensing it , or adding or removing subheadings . ( September 2010 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Planet of the Apes franchise contains many characters that appear in one or more works . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Caesar <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Original series <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Escape from the Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Conquest of the Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 In Battle for the Planet of the Apes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Reboot series <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Dawn of the Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 War for the Planet of the Apes </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Characters exclusive to Planet of the Apes ( 1968 - 1973 ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Aldo </Li> <Li> 2.2 Aldo ( chimpanzee ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Armando </Li> <Li> 2.4 Governor Breck </Li> <Li> 2.5 Brent </Li> <Li> 2.6 Cornelius </Li> <Li> 2.7 Dr. Otto Hasslein </Li> <Li> 2.8 Kolp </Li> <Li> 2.9 Landon <Ul> <Li> 2.9. 1 Rise of the Planet of the Apes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.10 The Lawgiver </Li> <Li> 2.11 Lisa </Li> <Li> 2.12 Mr. MacDonald </Li> <Li> 2.13 Maddox </Li> <Li> 2.14 Mandemus </Li> <Li> 2.15 Dr. Maximus </Li> <Li> 2.16 Méndez </Li> <Li> 2.17 Dr. Milo </Li> <Li> 2.18 Nova </Li> <Li> 2.19 Taylor <Ul> <Li> 2.19. 1 Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> 2.19. 2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> 2.19. 3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.20 General Ursus </Li> <Li> 2.21 Virgil </Li> <Li> 2.22 Dr. Zaius <Ul> <Li> 2.22. 1 Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> 2.22. 2 Beneath the Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> 2.22. 3 Escape from the Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> 2.22. 4 Television </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.23 Zira <Ul> <Li> 2.23. 1 Sequels </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Characters exclusive to Planet of the Apes ( 1974 TV series ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Veska </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Characters exclusive to Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 General Thade </Li> <Li> 4.2 Capt . Leo Davidson </Li> <Li> 4.3 Ari </Li> <Li> 4.4 Colonel Attar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Characters exclusive to Planet of the Apes ( 2011 - 2017 ) <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Dreyfus </Li> <Li> 5.2 Steven Jacobs </Li> <Li> 5.3 Koba </Li> <Li> 5.4 Dodge Landon </Li> <Li> 5.5 Malcolm </Li> <Li> 5.6 Nova </Li> <Li> 5.7 Charles Rodman </Li> <Li> 5.8 Will Rodman </Li> <Li> 5.9 Werner </Li> <Li> 5.10 Other characters from War for the Planet of the Apes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Notes and references </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Caesar ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Caesar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Planet of the Apes character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Paul Dehn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> <P> Walker Edmiston ( voice in Escape ) </P> Roddy McDowall ( Conquest and Battle ) Andy Serkis ( Rise , Dawn , and War ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voiced by </Th> <Td> Walker Edmiston ( voice in Escape ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Chimpanzee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tribal chief </Li> <Li> Circus performer </Li> <Li> Slave </Li> <Li> Messenger </Li> <Li> Revolutionary </Li> <Li> Ruler </Li> <Li> Scholar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Zira ( mother in Original film ) Cornelius ( father ) Armando ( foster father in Original film ) Bright Eyes ( mother in Reboot film ) Will Rodman ( foster father in Rise ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Lisa ( Conquest and Battle ) Cornelia ( Dawn ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> Cornelius II Blue Eyes & Cornelius ( reboot series ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> San Francisco , California , United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Caesar ( birth name : Milo ) is a fictional character in the Planet of the Apes franchise . He is the leader and later ruler of the apes in both the original and the 2011 reboot series . He does not appear in the 2001 film . </P> <H3> Original series ( edit ) </H3> Escape from the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> Caesar is the son of talking chimpanzees Cornelius and Zira . Originally named Milo after Dr. Milo , who travelled back in time with Cornelius and Zira to the Earth of Taylor 's era , he was reared by his human foster father Armando , a traveling circus owner who gave Cornelius and Zira sanctuary when Zira went into labor in the final act of Escape from the Planet of the Apes . Before departing , Zira switched the infant Milo with a young chimpanzee recently born to Armando 's primitive chimpanzee , Heloise . Heloise 's baby was killed , along with Zira , by the human Dr. Otto Hasslein . After Cornelius kills Hasslein , he is shot by a Marine Corps sniper . Milo speaks his first word , `` Mama '' , at the very end of the film . His false identity secure , Milo grew up as a mute acrobat . </P> Conquest of the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> Armando addresses Milo by the name Caesar in the next film . In the opening minutes of Conquest , he and Armando are visiting a large city for the first time , and Armando leads him around on a chain . In private , though , Caesar stands nearly erect , and he chats back and forth with Armando like a father and son . Armando critiques Caesar 's `` act '' of behaving like a primitive chimpanzee , then gives him an idea of what to expect : In the years Caesar has been growing up in the provinces , many of the events his parents warned humanity about ( before they were murdered , in an attempt to prevent their occurrence ) have taken place -- the most significant being the space - borne plague that killed virtually all of Earth 's dogs and cats , leaving humanity without pets . Monkeys at first took their place , then gradually apes , who progressed from companions to household helpers , and eventually to a state of slavery . </P> <P> Caesar tries to take what he sees ( groups of apes being dispersed , chimps and orangutans being scolded or punished for honest mistakes or for exhibiting apelike behavior ) in stride , but when he sees a chimp beaten by police , then shocked with a cattle prod , he impulsively cries out `` Lousy human bastards ! '' When the police turn their attention his way , Armando insists that he was the one who spoke , but nearby witnesses report differently . Caesar panics and runs away , leading them to suspect he understands what has occurred -- and perhaps is able to speak . </P> <P> Armando is arrested , but is later released and rejoins Caesar momentarily . He knows now their charade ( that Caesar is a mute , primitive ape ) might have failed , and instructs Caesar to hide among his own and join a shipment of apes brought in by boat , if Armando can not convince the authorities that Caesar is harmless and only ran away because of the commotion . Armando goes downtown , to try to bluff his way out of trouble . When he fails to return , Caesar infiltrates a shipment of apes . </P> <P> Passing his conditioning with flying colors , Caesar is next sold to Governor Breck , supervised by his assistant Mr. MacDonald , ironically an African - American descended from slaves . When Breck decides to formally name him , he takes out a reference book , turns to a page and points to a name at random , then bids Caesar to do likewise . Caesar chooses his adopted name , pretending to do so randomly , and is so registered . Next he is assigned to the city 's `` command post '' -- the communications center for Ape Management , and its lockup for disobedient apes . ( He is also selected to mate with Lisa , presumably resulting in the birth of their son Cornelius , who appears in the next movie . ) </P> <P> When Caesar learns that Armando died while in custody , he decides enough is enough , and he begins plotting an ape revolt , conspiring with other apes and driving them to turn on their masters . When Caesar is belatedly traced and discovered not to have been part of any ape shipment , he is captured and tortured by Breck , to see if he is indeed the talking offspring of two talking apes . MacDonald excuses himself from the scene and changes the breaker settings for the electroshock table Caesar is wired to . He can not prevent Caesar from being shocked to the point that he finally chokes out the words `` Have pity ! '' , but he does prevent Caesar from being electrocuted to death . </P> <P> Believed dead , Caesar kills the handler assigned to dispose of him , then throws the switch that opens all the cages in the ape lockup , and the revolt begins . Hours later , much of the city is in flames , the police and military have been beaten down , and the apes are in control , as Caesar predicts will follow around the world when word spreads . MacDonald tries to dissuade Caesar from further violence , while Lisa becomes the next ape to speak , telling Caesar `` No ! '' when he condemns all humanity . </P> In Battle for the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> In the fifth film , Battle , human and ape children gather around a statue of Caesar , now a legend who has been dead for over 600 years , as the Lawgiver tells them the story of how Caesar fought a battle that both solidified his position as ape leader and convinced him to give a joint ape - human society a chance , instead of one species dominating the other . Screenwriter Paul Dehn stated that the tear on Caesar 's statue at the end of the film was to tell the audience that Caesar 's efforts ultimately failed . </P> <H3> Reboot series ( edit ) </H3> Rise of the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> In Rise of the Planet of the Apes , Caesar ( Andy Serkis ) is the main protagonist . Will Rodman ( James Franco ) is working on a cure for Alzheimer 's by performing tests on apes for a pharmaceutical company in the San Francisco Bay Area . One of the first test subjects is Caesar 's mother , Bright Eyes , who is captured in Africa at the beginning of the film ( also depicted in an online comic strip shortly before the movie 's release ) . Rodman 's `` cure '' , ALZ - 112 , genetically increases Bright Eyes ' intelligence , and this is passed on to Caesar in the womb . After Bright Eyes is killed trying to protect her newborn child ( an action mistaken by lab security as her having run amok ) , all other test apes are ordered destroyed ; however , the sympathetic ape handler , Franklin , rescues Caesar and gives him to Will , who smuggles the baby chimp out of the lab and takes him to his home . Caesar spends years living with Rodman as his father and , from his time as an infant , shows intelligence that far surpasses humans at his age . After an incident where he attacks their aggressive neighbor who was being threatening to Will 's dementia - suffering father , he is eventually taken and forced into an ape `` sanctuary '' where he is often tormented by one of the caretakers . Caesar eventually proves smart enough to break free from his cage , even yelling his first word of `` No ! '' in a confrontation with one of the caretakers ; he steals Will 's new , stronger version of the intelligence - enhancing formula , ALZ - 113 , and releases it among the other captive apes . Unlike the original virus , ALZ - 112 , which is injected , ALZ - 113 is inhaled ( therefore , airborne ) . They escape the sanctuary and are joined by other captive apes from the zoo and the lab , rallying to escape San Francisco , violently clashing with police . Like his appearance in the fourth and fifth films , Caesar is shown to be compassionate , forbidding his followers from killing innocent humans and those who do n't seek to harm them . This clashes with the mindset of another ape , Koba , who is shown to be somewhat maniacal in his resistance . At the film 's conclusion , the apes escape to the redwood forest outside the city , with Rodman and Caesar sharing an emotional farewell as Caesar decides to live free among his own kind , telling Rodman `` Caesar is home '' before they part . </P> <P> The threat of retribution by humans - mentioned by Will as he says farewell -- is put to rest in a mid-credits scene . Will 's neighbor , a pilot , nose dripping blood and apparently infected with the ALZ - 113 virus , arrives at San Francisco International Airport for his flight . While ominous music plays , a graphic traces the spread of the humanity - killing virus to Paris and around the globe via airline flight routes . </P> Dawn of the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> After 10 years of living in peace and safety , Caesar still reigns strongly over the apes . Now middle - aged and raising a teenage son , Caesar leads his apes on a hunting expedition . He attempts to teach his son , Blue Eyes how to hunt without getting hurt but this does n't go to plan . Blue Eyes , who continuously ignores his father 's orders , wanders off and is attacked by a bear . Caesar , seeing his son in trouble rushes to help him but he too struggles with the bear . He calls for his friend Koba who spears the bear in the back , between the shoulder blades , killing it . Caesar emerges from under the bear 's corpse and attempts to check Blue Eyes ' injuries only to be brushed off . </P> <P> Arriving back in the village , Caesar is summoned home by his wife Cornelia 's midwives . Hurrying home , the Ape king joins his wife just as she gives birth to their second son . Overjoyed by the reality of having a second son , Caesar summons Blue Eyes over , telling him , `` Come meet your new brother '' . Together , the family celebrates the birth . </P> <P> Later , Caesar sits looking out over the village with his long - time friend Maurice . Maurice congratulates Caesar over the birth of his new son . Caesar , taking his best friend 's comments in stride , smiles . The conversation steers away from the boys and turns to the humans . Maurice asks if Caesar misses the humans in which Caesar replies that he does sometimes . Maurice then recounts everything that has happened in the last ten years as the human appearances have become less and less . </P> <P> Caesar awakens in the middle of the night by the sound of gunfire . Hurrying outside , he sees that the entire colony has heard it . Rushing out into the forest with Rocket and Maurice and various others , Caesar sees that his honorary nephew , Ash , the son of Rocket has been shot . Rocket begins to panic . Caesar tells Rocket to calm down and shouts in English at the humans to leave before ordering Koba to follow them . </P> <P> Back in the village , Caesar sits listening as his council argues over what is to be done about the humans . Koba and Blue Eyes argue with Ash and Rocket about Ash 's shooting while Maurice sits silently , looking through the bag one of the humans dropped in the rush . Caesar shouts to make the council go silent . Caesar tells them that he will have a decision by morning . Afterwards , Koba approaches Caesar and tells him the apes need to make a show of strength to the humans . </P> <P> The next morning the apes march into the remnants of San Francisco , on horseback and armed with spears . It is there , to the shock of most humans , that Caesar speaks and states that the apes have no interest in a war , but they will fight to protect themselves . He then tells the humans to not come back into the ape 's territory and has his son give Malcolm his son 's satchel and the ape army leaves back to their homes having given the message to the humans . </P> <P> The next day , a single human , Malcolm comes to Caesar to explain why they came . On the condition of surrendering their weapons , Caesar allows a small group of humans to repair a dam near the apes . While the human - hating Koba and Blue Eyes disagree , Caesar fears the humans may attack if refused . After one human smuggles a shotgun and threatens Caesar 's sons , he demands that they leave . After Malcolm 's girlfriend Ellie saves Cornelia , Caesar allows them to stay and orders the apes to help . This act pushes Koba and Caesar to a brutal fight that almost kills Koba . In revenge , Koba steals a human gun and shoots Caesar , leading the apes to war in retaliation . </P> <P> Caesar survives the gunshot and is nursed back to health by Malcolm and Ellie . With Blue Eyes ' help , he gathers loyal apes to him and confronts Koba , finally killing him . But Caesar considers the damage already done , as the coming human army will not forgive the apes for their actions . Wishing Malcolm goodbye , Caesar prepares to lead the remaining apes to war against the humans . </P> War for the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> Two years later , Caesar 's clan is at war with the human military faction known as Alpha - Omega . The apes have captured four soldiers led by Preacher , and the gorilla named Red ( a follower of Koba ) , who have joined the humans along with the other apes , after being disillusioned with Caesar 's leadership , in fear of retaliation from Caesar due to their betrayal . Caesar 's clan hides in Muir Woods , and Caesar offers the humans peace if the apes are left alone . Learning that Alpha - Omega follows the leadership of a mysterious Colonel , Caesar makes plans to relocate the clan across the desert , not wanting to suffer any more ape casualties after Koba 's wrath on San Francisco . The night before their journey , Alpha - Omega launches an assault on the ape home and Caesar 's wife Cornelia and eldest son Blue Eyes are slaughtered by the Colonel , leaving only Caesar 's youngest son Cornelius alive . </P> <P> Leaving Cornelius in the care of Lake , the mate of his deceased son , Caesar departs to confront the Colonel , accompanied only by Maurice , Luca and Rocket , while the other apes head for the desert . Confronting traitorous albino gorilla Winter , they learn that the Colonel has departed for a location called the `` border '' . During their journey , they are forced to kill a human living alone in an abandoned village , but when they discover his young daughter , apparently unable to speak , Maurice insists that they take her with them . Further along , they discover that some Alpha - Omega soldiers that have been shot and abandoned . They examine a survivor reveals that he , like the girl , can not speak . In an abandoned souvenir shop , the group meets Bad Ape , an ape hermit who lived in a zoo before he was exposed to the Simian Flu virus . Bad Ape is able to direct them to the border , a former weapons depot that was turned into a containment facility when the virus began to spread . </P> <P> When the group arrives at the border facility , they were ambushed by an Alpha - Omega patrol , in which Luca was fatally stabbed , prompting Caesar to enter the facility alone . However , he is captured shortly after learning that the rest of his ape family have been caught by the Colonel . Witnessing his fellow apes being forced to build a wall , Caesar confronts the Colonel , who reveals that the Simian Flu virus has evolved further and is now causing some surviving humans to become mute and regress back to a primitive mentality . The Colonel is barricading himself into the facility to fend off rival military forces coming to execute him , as he favors killing any infected humans -- including his own son - while others believe that a cure is still possible . </P> <P> While Caesar is tortured with starvation , the mute girl , whom Maurice names Nova , sneaks into the facility to give him food and water , although Rocket is forced to allow himself to be captured to create a distraction so that Nova can escape . Together , Caesar and Rocket are able to work out a means of accessing the ape cage via an underground tunnel that leads out of the facility , with Bad Ape and Maurice digging their way into the cage . After rescuing the children , Caesar sends his followers away while he confronts the Colonel , but the facility is subsequently attacked by the external military forces . When Caesar reaches the Colonel , he realizes that the Colonel has succumbed to the infection and is regressing to a primitive state . Caesar fights but ultimately spares the Colonel , who takes his own life rather than become a primitive . In a massive battle among Caesar 's apes , Alpha - Omega and the rival militants , Caesar attempts to throw the grenade to the facility 's fuel supplies , but he gets shot by Preacher . Red redeems and sacrifices himself by killing Preacher , and saving Caesar 's life , helping to destroy the fuel tank . As the apes fall in numbers , an oncoming avalanche arrives , and wipes out the remaining Alpha - Omega soldiers , as well as the opposing militant forces , while the apes and Nova retreat to the safety of the trees . </P> <P> Departing the facility , the remaining apes cross the desert and find a park that is rich in natural resources . Caesar reveals to Maurice that he is dying of his wounds . Before Caesar dies , Maurice assures Caesar that Cornelius will know who his father was , what he stood for and what he did to protect the apes . </P> <H2> Characters Exclusive to Planet of the apes ( 1968 - 1973 ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Aldo ( edit ) </H3> <P> Also ( portrayed by Claude Akins ) emerges as the villain in Battle for the Planet of the Apes . He is the general of the Gorilla militia , which mostly guards the outskirts of Ape City , and practices with mock weapons . He is both jealous of his human advisors and of Caesar ( and his son , Cornelius , who bests him in the school that all apes must attend ) and would like to take his place as leader . Humans live alongside apes in the city , but as second class citizens . </P> <P> Discovering a large number of ( irradiated ) humans still alive underground in the bomb - destroyed city they escaped , as he is discovered during a trip to the ruins , Caesar implores the apes to prepare themselves , in case those humans emerge to attack . Aldo uses the alarm as an excuse to corral all the humans of Ape City , break into the armory to seize guns and other weapons , and declare martial law . Meanwhile , Cornelius has been injured falling from a tree branch ( purposely cut by Aldo ) , and Caesar does n't want to leave his son 's side , therefore Aldo can do as he pleases . Caesar only remembers his duty toward the other apes when an attack comes . </P> <P> Caesar and Aldo fight together , but with the enemy driven back , Aldo ignores Caesar 's order to stand down , and leads his forces to catch and massacre the retreating mutant humans . Caesar discovers Aldo 's usurpation of power , his treatment of the humans , and Aldo 's role in his son 's death . Upon Aldo 's return from the slaughter , the two battle it out , from the ground to the trees , and for ultimate control of the ape / human society . According to ape lore , an ape had never killed another ; the population , aghast at Aldo 's sin , mournfully chant `` ape has killed ape '' while Aldo and Caesar fight in the tree . Caesar avenges Cornelius , knocking Aldo from the tree to his death . </P> <H3> Aldo ( chimpanzee ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Aldo is first referenced in the third Apes movie , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , when the chimpanzee Cornelius describes him as the first ape to acquire the power of speech -- and the first to say `` No ! '' to his human captors . Portrayed by David Chow , he appears in the next film , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , as a Chimpanzee whose beating at the hands of human guards is witnessed by Armando and Caesar , the son of Cornelius and Zira , who later leads the ape revolt . </P> <H3> Armando ( edit ) </H3> <P> Armando is a circus owner , a human friend of Cornelius and Zira , and foster - father of Caesar in the Planet of the Apes movie series . He was portrayed by Ricardo Montalbán . </P> <P> A believer in Saint Francis of Assisi , `` who loved all animals '' , the jovial , warm - hearted Armando readily comes to the aid of Cornelius and his pregnant wife Zira during Escape from the Planet of the Apes , when most of humanity has rejected them , and even the United States Government plans to prevent their ever having children , since they someday `` may constitute a threat to the human race . '' Armando states that if the human race is ever dominated by another species , he 'd like most of all for it to be the chimpanzee . While Armando does his best to help the pair , and conceal their newly born son Milo ( later called Caesar ) , he ca n't prevent their murder at the hands of Dr. Otto Hasslein . He takes responsibility for Caesar , raising him publicly as a circus chimpanzee , while privately teaching him human knowledge and introducing him to human habits . </P> <P> In the fourth Apes movie , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , Armando brings Caesar to a large city for the first time , after raising him mostly in `` the provinces '' and remote areas , where Caesar has been unaware of apes ' adoption as pets ( to replace the dogs and cats lost to a spaceborn plague ) , which has led gradually to their present enslavement . Armando keeps Caesar on a short leash in public , while coaching him on apelike mannerisms when nobody 's looking . All the same , fate gets the better of them ; when Caesar sees an ape ( a chimpanzee named Aldo ) mistreated , he swears his frustration -- bringing himself and Armando to the attention of the police . </P> <P> Slipping away , Armando and Caesar try to formulate a plan to prevent further trouble . Armando already claimed to be the one who cried out , and plans to tell the authorities that Caesar is frightened of cities , and ran away because of the public commotion . He tells Caesar to wait for him near the docks where shipments of apes arrive nightly for `` conditioning '' and training as servants , and to infiltrate a shipment if Armando fails to return . Caesar does so , finding himself by degrees sold to Governor Breck , and assigned to Ape Management 's command post . </P> <P> Armando undergoes a lengthy , tense interrogation at the hands of the state 's authorities , who ultimately believe his alibi , and that Caesar is mute and not the son of `` the talking apes '' . They insist , though , that he pass a screening by the `` Authenticator '' -- a hypnotic device which compels its subjects to tell the complete truth -- before he is released . Armando first refuses to submit on gentlemanly grounds , then when he sees no other way out , he throws himself through a window ( falling to his death ) rather than reveal what he knows about Caesar . </P> <P> When Caesar learns of Armando 's death , it becomes the last straw for him . Wanting revenge he begins to perpetrate an Ape revolt , executed over the rest of Conquest . </P> <H3> Governor Breck ( edit ) </H3> <P> Governor Breck is the main antagonist in the fourth film Conquest of the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by Academy Award - nominated actor Don Murray . </P> <P> In 1991 , the United States has gone from its original form of government to a system of provinces headed by governors , who rule in an authoritarian manner , with many curfews and restrictions imposed , and surveillance an everyday event . Protests and demonstrations are discouraged , or given time limits . </P> <P> After the death of Earth 's dogs and cats ( caused by a plague brought back by a space probe ) , apes took their place as pets -- and were genetically engineered to increase their intelligence . Progressing from performing tricks to doing household chores , apes have now become humanity 's slaves . The government supports this occurrence , since ape servants seem to lessen public discontent . Nobody considers the apes ' feelings or best interests , though , and tension is brewing . Governor Breck is n't fond of apes , but he does enjoy bossing them around , even more than the humans in his charge . </P> <P> Breck witnesses an ape auction one day , and on a whim bids on a young chimpanzee ( through his assistant Mr. MacDonald ) . His bid wins , and he shows the chimp how to choose a name from a book . The name he chooses is `` Caesar '' , pretending to just point randomly . While he is bright , and everyone suspects he was previously `` conditioned '' and not a wild ape , he makes a mistake in the chore given him ( mixing a cocktail for the governor ) . Breck decides to assign Caesar to his command post , as a messenger . </P> <P> What Breck does not know , but comes to suspect , is that Caesar is actually an evolved ape , whose parents Cornelius and Zira came from Earth 's future , when apes are the dominant species . Caesar was brought up by Armando , a human circus owner , who taught him about humanity , and how to be a leader . </P> <P> Armando dies in police custody , to protect Caesar 's secret . Angry and mournful , Caesar begins to set up an ape revolt , using his job at the command post to stay one step ahead of Breck , and his attempts to control the apes . Another assistant , Kolp , double - checks on recent ape shipments to Ape Management , and discovers that Caesar was the lone chimpanzee in a shipment from Borneo -- where chimps are not native . He reports this to Breck , who now wants to know exactly what Caesar knows . He also wonders if Caesar can tell him by speaking . </P> <P> Breck orders MacDonald to turn Caesar over the minute he returns from an errand , but instead MacDonald , who learns Caesar can indeed speak , gives him the chance to escape . Caesar is captured by police , taken to Ape Management , and brought to an interrogation room resembling a torture chamber . Strapped to an electroshock table , Caesar is jolted with higher and higher amounts of electricity , while Breck commands him again and again , `` Talk ! '' In agony , Caesar gasps `` Have pity ! '' and slumps back on the table , exhausted . MacDonald leaves , showing no stomach for what Breck is doing . </P> <P> Satisfied , Breck departs , and Kolp orders Caesar to be electrocuted immediately . MacDonald finds the room 's breaker box , and cuts off the electrical flow to the table . Caesar pretends to die , and everyone else leaves . Killing the handler sent to dispose of his body , Caesar decides the time has come to begin the revolt . </P> <P> Caesar sets the Ape Management building on fire , then seizes the intercom system and pretends to be the governor 's spokesman , ordering the guards to release all the apes in custody -- even the dangerous ones . With the apes loose , panic begins to spread , and apes around the Ape Management complex begin to riot . More and more fires begin to break out , all over the city . </P> <P> From his command post , Breck declares martial law , and issues one simple order concerning the rioting apes : `` Shoot to kill ! '' His troops are overwhelmed by the hundreds of apes they find in the streets , though , and nobody can believe the apes have acquired weapons -- and the skills to use them , or at least try them out . The apes smash the command post as they take control of Ape Management , seizing Breck , MacDonald and others . </P> <P> Several Gorillas handle Breck as Caesar was once handled by Breck 's policemen ; Caesar asks him the final question : Why was Breck so hateful toward apes , and toward himself most of all ? With nothing left to lose , Breck admits to Caesar that enslaving wild apes was a way of dealing with his own human impulses , and so with other humans . Breck is taken away , presumably to be imprisoned by the apes . In the fifth film , it is revealed that Breck died in the nuclear war . </P> <H3> Brent ( edit ) </H3> <P> Brent is an American astronaut and a main protagonist in the second film Beneath the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by James Franciscus . </P> <P> Brent is the copilot of a rescue mission , sent after George Taylor 's ship was determined to have gone awry , in its flight to another star . Brent 's ship follows the same trajectory , and runs into the same problems , crash - landing in the Forbidden Zone , only this time on land . His pilot , Maddox , is blinded , and suffers fatal injuries , dying soon after the crash . </P> <P> Once Brent has finished burying Maddox near their crash site , he is wondering if Taylor underwent a similar fate . It turns out he 's closer to meeting Taylor than he could have imagined , as he comes across a woman on horseback -- Taylor 's companion Nova , alone since Taylor disappeared . Discovering Nova is mute , but wearing Taylor 's dog tags , he climbs onto the horse also , demanding she take him to Taylor . </P> <P> Not knowing what else to do , and unable to explain Taylor 's absence , Nova takes Brent to Ape City , to look for Zira . Brent overhears an anti-human speech by General Ursus , and his mind reels with mounting horror at the place he 's come to : `` If this place has a name , it 's the Planet Nightmare ! '' Wounded by a gorilla soldier , Brent takes refuge with Nova at the home of Zira and Cornelius . </P> <P> Cornelius and Zira ( who tends to Brent 's wound ) help Brent and Nova get out of Ape City , but gorilla soldiers follow them into the Forbidden Zone . Hiding in a cave , they discover an old subway tunnel , and follow it deep underground to the ruins of New York City , and its mutant inhabitants . Brent is tested by the mutants , through their psychic abilities , forcing him to try to kill Nova , and to go where they want him . They interrogate him telepathically . </P> <P> After Brent and Nova witness a mutant religious service ( where mutants both worship an unexploded doomsday bomb , and reveal themselves to be hideously disfigured , from lingering radiation inside the zone ) , Brent is reunited with Taylor , who was taken prisoner . Their pleasure at meeting each other is broken by the sudden realisation of the mutants ' final plans for them both ; as their jailer explains : `` We do n't kill our enemies . We get our enemies to kill each other . '' Taylor and Brent are then forced by the jailer 's mental powers to fight one another . </P> <P> Nova , who was separated from Brent after the worship service , gets loose from her guard , and finds Taylor and Brent fighting to the death . She is so stirred by the sight that she speaks for the first time in her life , crying `` Taylor ! '' and bringing the fight to a sudden stop . The jailer 's concentration broken , Brent and Taylor act , killing him but inadvertently locking themselves in the cell with Nova . </P> <P> The three break the cell 's lock just as the gorilla army invades the underground city . A random shot kills Nova , demoralising Taylor , but Brent urges him to join the oncoming fight . Hurrying to the cathedral , Brent and Taylor take rifles and try to stop the apes from setting off the bomb and destroying everything . After killing General Ursus and several of his soldiers , Brent runs out of ammunition , and he is killed by the gorilla troops . A moment later the bomb detonates , triggered by Taylor as he falls in death , and Earth is destroyed . </P> <P> In early versions of the script the character is given the first and middle names ' John Christopher ' , but the names are not in the final film or in the film 's credits . </P> <H3> Cornelius ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Planet of the Apes character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Cornelius </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Chimpanzee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Planet of the Apes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Pierre Boulle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Roddy McDowall David Watson </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dr. Cornelius is a chimpanzee archaeologist and historian who appears in the original novel of Planet of the Apes ( La Planète des singes ) , and also the first three installments of the classic movie series of the same name , from the 1960s and 1970s . He was portrayed by Roddy McDowall and , in the second movie , by David Watson . </P> <P> In 1968 's Planet of the Apes , Cornelius is introduced as the fiancé of Dr. Zira , an animal psychologist and veterinarian ( who specializes in working with humans ) , both of whom are on the scientific staff of Dr. Zaius . While supporting the status quo , Cornelius has begun to question the infallibility of the Sacred Scrolls , which give the religious and mythological history of the ape society , and is considering the validity of evolution ( specifically , from human to ape ) to explain the scientific gaps in the scrolls . </P> <P> When Zira brings Taylor , an injured astronaut who is mistaken for a primitive human , home from the zoo for Cornelius to see , Taylor begins to communicate with them , first through gestures and then through writing on paper . While Cornelius dismisses Taylor 's story that he flew through the stars to their world ( since he has no proof ) , he agrees that Taylor is worthy of consideration as an intelligent being . When Taylor recovers his voice , he tries to plead his own case before a council session called to arrange his `` disposition '' . When the ape leaders wo n't allow Taylor to speak , Cornelius defends him . </P> <P> With Taylor marked for elimination , and at risk of their own careers , Cornelius and Zira escape with Taylor to the Forbidden Zone -- the wasteland where humans are said to come from , to a site where Cornelius had been digging the year before . When Dr. Zaius pursues them , Taylor turns the tables , first capturing Dr. Zaius , and then forcing him to examine Cornelius 's evidence for a human society predating their own . Cornelius marvels at Taylor 's explanations of the artifacts found , accepts that apes did n't evolve from humans , and those humans invented the technology that apes were rediscovering . Taylor departs from the apes ( after kissing Zira goodbye , to Cornelius 's consternation ) , who return to their city . </P> <P> Between the first movie and its follow up , Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Cornelius and Zira first undergo a show trial for heresy at Zaius 's instigation ( who then pleads for clemency on their behalf ) , then are married and continue their careers . Another astronaut , Brent , appears at their doorstep in the second movie . Zira tends to a gunshot wound he suffered at a gorilla 's hands , and Cornelius first shows Brent a map leading to where they left Taylor , then gives him the best possible advice : Never speak if he 's captured , or `` they will dissect you , and they will kill you -- in that order . '' Zaius also visits to announce that he 's accompanying an expedition to the Forbidden Zone , and asks for Cornelius and Zira 's promise not to cause trouble in his absence , which they give him . ( In the novelization of the movie , though , they lead a chimpanzee revolt after he departs . ) </P> <P> In the third movie , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , Cornelius and Zira themselves become ' astronauts ' , escaping their world in Taylor 's spacecraft , found and restored by their friend Dr. Milo , and travelling back in time to a few months after Taylor 's departure . They discover a world run by humans , and deduce ( correctly ) that this is not only where Taylor came from , but is their own planet from the apes ' prehistory . Cornelius has learned the truth about how the apes rose , from reading secret scrolls Dr. Zaius had kept under lock and key , and is able to answer questions put to him by the human leaders -- and offer tantalizing clues to both Taylor 's fate , and the planet 's . </P> <P> Discovering Zira is pregnant by Cornelius , and fearing a possible ape takeover , scientist Dr. Otto Hasslein takes it upon himself to make sure the baby is never born , and the pair 's arrival will not spark a human downfall -- inadvertently setting that downfall in motion . Milo , the son of Cornelius and Zira , is born and taken into hiding , while the two try to escape with another ape baby as a decoy . They and the baby are murdered , but their own son ( played in the next two movies , again by McDowall ) grows up , given the name Caesar by his human foster - father , and leads the apes as the human society destroys itself . </P> <P> Cornelius and Zira have no roles in Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , except in references to Caesar 's `` real parents '' and their prophecies of the origins of the ape takeover coming true , but appear in video stills examined by Caesar and two companions in the final film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , as Caesar tries to learn what they knew about Earth 's future . Caesar also gives his son -- by wife Lisa -- the name Cornelius , after his father . This Cornelius was killed by Aldo when he cut the branch on which Cornelius was . </P> <H3> Dr. Otto Hasslein ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Planet of the Apes movie series , Dr. Otto Hasslein is a physicist attached to the space flight project that sends astronauts Taylor , Dodge , Landon , and Brent to the world of the apes . He was portrayed by German American actor Eric Braeden . He serves as the main antagonist of the third Apes film Escape from the Planet of the Apes . In the novelization of the film , his first name is Victor . </P> <P> Even before appearing onscreen , Hasslein 's name is part of the series storyline , as the scientist who proposed the `` Hasslein curve '' -- a form of time dilation possible with the craft used in the movies . </P> <P> When he does appear in Escape , he explains to a television news presenter his theories of time , and his belief that changing the future may be possible . He analogizes time to be a highway with an infinite number of lanes , all going from the past to the future ; by changing lanes , one can change destiny . The theory , known as `` many - worlds interpretation , '' was first advanced in 1957 as `` relative state formation '' by Hugh Everett , and was popularised in the 1960s and 70s by Bryce Seligman DeWitt who applied its lasting name . Hasslein mentions neither real - life scientist in the film . </P> <P> Hasslein learns that talking chimpanzees , Doctors Cornelius , Zira and Milo ( who was killed by a primitive gorilla shortly after arriving ) , have actually arrived in the present day ( 1973 in the movie ) from Earth 's own future , where humanity has fallen to the level of beasts while apes rose to power and intellect . While the other members of the Presidential Commission appointed to deal with `` alien visitors '' are initially skeptical of the time - travel story , Hasslein sees confirmation of his theories -- and becomes afraid that the pair 's presence may somehow set humanity 's downfall in motion . As the President 's science advisor , he expresses his concerns , resulting in Cornelius and Zira first being taken into custody , then interrogated at length . </P> <P> Provoked by Zira 's drugged admissions of her experimentation on humans , and Cornelius giving details of his historical research into humanity 's decline , the Presidential Commission concludes ( in a reflection of Taylor 's fate before the Ape council in the first movie , with Hasslein in the place of Dr. Zaius ) that the couple 's unborn child should be `` prevented '' from birth , and that Zira and Cornelius should be `` humanely rendered incapable '' of conceiving again , with their ultimate fate to be decided later -- at Hasslein 's determination , though it appears likely they will be handed over either to scientists or the military for study . </P> <P> When Cornelius and Zira escape military custody ( at the beginnings of Zira 's labor pains ) , Hasslein mounts a full - scale hunt , including searches of all local circuses and zoos . Days later , a carpet bag abandoned by Zira turns up , near the derelict shipyard where they have been hiding , and the pair are spotted soon afterward , with Zira carrying a baby chimp , so Hasslein knows she has given birth . </P> <P> Boarding their ship , Hasslein approaches Zira , pistol in hand , and demands she give him the baby , as the authorities approach . Before they arrive , he shoots Zira , and fires several shots into the swaddling blankets . </P> <P> Cornelius had earlier asked Dr. Lewis Dixon , who had told the couple about the shipyard as a hiding place , for the means `` to kill ourselves '' to avoid being captured , and was given a pistol . Heretofore a pacifist , Cornelius now uses the pistol to avenge his wife , shooting at Hasslein from a crow 's nest on the ship . As the authorities arrive , Hasslein and Cornelius trade gunfire . Cornelius kills Hasslein , but is himself killed by sharpshooters , falling to the deck . </P> <P> Despite Hasslein 's intentions , the baby he killed was not the offspring of Zira and Cornelius -- and his treatment of their arrival may have just set in motion everything Hasslein hoped to prevent . </P> <H3> Kolp ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kolp is a government official and later Governor of a band of mutants , in the Planet of the Apes movie series , and the main antagonist of the fifth film Battle for the Planet of the Apes . He was played onscreen by Severn Darden . An early draft script of Conquest gives Kolp the first name of Arthur , but the comic book miniseries Revolution on the Planet of the Apes , from Mr. Comics , calls him Vernon . However , the Revolution comic is not considered canon . </P> <P> Kolp was a ruling secret police official on Governor Breck 's staff in Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , displaying himself as sinister , but in a detached , matter - of - fact manner . Kolp supervised the interrogation of Armando , which Armando ended by throwing himself through a high window , rather than confess what he knew about Caesar under hypnosis . Later Kolp tracked down the originating shipment that had carried Caesar to Ape Management ; he deduced that Caesar had sneaked himself into the shipment , to appear to have wild origins . Kolp was also present when Breck interrogated Caesar , strapped to an electroshock table , and he gave the order for Caesar to be electrocuted , once it was proven that Caesar could speak and reason . </P> <P> Kolp survived the Night of the Fires , when the apes revolted and took over , and also the nuclear war humanity then unleashed , all but destroying themselves in doing so , while the apes escaped to the wilderness . Much of the city 's governing staff were relatively safe in underground fallout shelters and bunkers ; nonetheless , lingering background radiation began to cause physical mutations in the survivors . After Breck 's death , Kolp took the few remaining reins of leadership himself . </P> <P> Several years after the end of the war ( in Battle for the Planet of the Apes ) , Caesar , Virgil and Mr. MacDonald revisit Ape Management ( now called the Forbidden City by the apes ) , in hopes of finding old video recordings of Caesar 's parents . Kolp 's agents discover their presence , and Kolp assumes they have come scouting for things to loot or reconquer . Shots are exchanged as Caesar , MacDonald and Virgil flee , and more scouts track them back to Ape City . With the city 's location known , and jealous of the relative health and prosperity of the apes and the humans living with them , Kolp decides to marshal his forces and conquer Ape City . At this point , Kolp is not only mad , but also vengeful . When his second - in - command Méndez points out to him that attacking the Ape city would constitute a direct violation of years of ceasefire peace , Kolp answer is one of a deranged state - of - mind : `` Yes , well things have gotten rather boring around here now , has n't it . '' </P> <P> Kolp supervises the attack , telling his troops to leave Ape City looking `` like the city we came from '' and to do their worst . When it appears Caesar is defeated , Kolp personally taunts him with a revolver , until a cry from Caesar 's wife Lisa destract him , allowing Caesar to launch a counterattack . Kolp is killed while retreating by Aldo and his Gorilla troops . </P> <H3> Landon ( edit ) </H3> <P> John Landon , more commonly known as Landon , was a human astronaut , who joined the NASA program some time in the 1960s . According to his colleague , George Taylor , Landon was an ambitious scientist who `` wanted to live forever '' . Along with Taylor and fellow astronaut Dodge , Landon participated in a mission to journey to another star . </P> <P> The crew launched out of Cape Kennedy in 1972 and spent over six months in outer space . Taylor , commander of the mission , placed the crew into a state of suspended animation , in preparation for the second leg of their journey . While they slept , the vessel was propelled two - thousand years into the future , confirming Dr. Hasslein 's theory of time in a vehicle travelling near the speed of light . The ship crash - landed back on Earth in the year 3978 . Splashing down into a stagnant salt lake , the crew revived and scurried to freedom . </P> <P> After crash landing on the planet , Landon and his fellow astronaut Taylor bicker as they explore the planet . Landon was an adventurer and a patriot . As such , he found it hardest of the three to come to terms with their fate and argued strongly with Taylor after their crash - landing . Taylor maintained a rigid attitude , while Dodge committed himself towards finding a means to survive on this new world . Landon meanwhile , found himself the target of Taylor 's acerbic wit . Taylor laughs as Landon plants a tiny U.S. flag on the surface of the planet near the lake where they crashed . </P> <P> Later , Landon and Taylor ( along with another astronaut named Dodge ) are captured by a group of apes and taken to a city populated by apes . During Taylor 's subsequent trial , he discovers that Landon has been lobotomized by an ape scientist ( which Dr. Zaius ordered ) and left a mere shell of his former self . Landon is taken back to his cage , while Zaius later admits he knew Landon could talk , and had him operated on . </P> <P> When Brent visited Zira and Cornelius in Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Cornelius told him that Taylor nearly ended up a museum specimen `` like his two friends '' , which suggests that Landon is also dead and displayed alongside Dodge by that point . It 's possible that during a skirmish involving gorilla soldiers , Landon was shot and killed . </P> Rise of the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> John Landon is a different version of the character from the original film ; now Landon runs the San Bruno Primate Shelter where Caesar was incarcerated following his attack on Hunsiker . The apes inside the facility were treated cruelly by his son , Dodge , who worked as a guard there . Landon was handed an envelope full of cash in perhaps hundreds or thousands of dollars by Will Rodman and he permitted Will to take Caesar home . However , Caesar realized that if he left the facility the other apes would continue to be abused by Dodge , so he shut the cage door and refused to come home with Will . This prompted Landon to say that Caesar perhaps preferred to stay with the other apes at the facility rather than go home . Caesar later led an escape from the shelter which resulted in Dodge 's death . Landon watched the video from a CCTV camera that recorded the death of his son . </P> <H3> The Lawgiver ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Lawgiver is an orangutan character in the science fiction movie series Planet of the Apes . While mentioned and quoted in the first two installments of the series , the Lawgiver only appears in the final Apes film , 1973 's Battle for the Planet of the Apes , played by actor - director John Huston . </P> <P> The Lawgiver is to the ape society in Planet of the Apes and Beneath the Planet of the Apes a figure much like Moses or Confucius -- his writings and quotes form the basis of the apes ' system of laws and customs , particularly with regard to humans , whom the Lawgiver declared `` the devil 's pawn '' , to be shunned and driven out , if not destroyed outright . Statues of the Lawgiver are common around Ape City ; when the gorilla army sees a vision of such a statue bleeding , they panic , showing their regard for this icon . </P> <P> While the Lawgiver 's works were used and quoted daily by the apes , they were n't the only ape writings ; secret scrolls told the details of the apes ' rise to dominance , but were kept from the masses . Dr. Zaius , the Chief Defender of the Faith in the ape world some 1200 years after the Lawgiver , kept a copy of the Lawgiver 's essential decrees in his coat pocket , but kept the secret scrolls under lock and key . </P> <P> Through the course of the series , the chimpanzee Caesar becomes leader of the apes , and attempts to change the timeline that led to the world abandoned by his parents , Zira and Cornelius , who travelled to Earth 's past . By the time the Lawgiver appears in Battle , the children he addresses ( as he tells them about Caesar ) are a mix of both humans and apes . However , in the book Planet of the Apes Revisited , the original screenwriter , Paul Dehn , stated that the tear on the statue of Caesar at the end of the film is meant as an indication to the audience that Caesar 's efforts ultimately failed . Roddy McDowall conversely asserts ( in Behind the Planet of the Apes , a 1998 documentary made for the thirtieth anniversary of the original film ) , that the tear was meant to be totally ambiguous , leaving it up to audience members to decide for themselves whether or not Caesar had succeeded in altering the future . </P> <H3> Lisa ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lisa is a chimpanzee character , and the wife of Caesar , from the later installments of the Planet of the Apes movie series . She was played by actress Natalie Trundy , then - wife of Planet of the Apes original film series producer Arthur P. Jacobs . </P> <P> In Conquest of the Planet of the Apes , Lisa and Caesar meet first in a bookstore , where she is collecting a book for her owner , and then in the City 's Command Center where both serve as slaves . Later , when Caesar launches an ape revolt , he makes a speech to the gathered apes ( and a few captured humans , including Governor Breck and Mr. MacDonald ) , and condemns humanity . Lisa , heretofore mute , speaks for the first time , telling Caesar `` No ! '' Listening to her , Caesar modifies his stand , telling the apes to leave their onetime human captors to their fate , and begin a world of their own . </P> <P> In Battle for the Planet of the Apes , Caesar and Lisa are married , and have a son , named Cornelius after Caesar 's own father Cornelius . Lisa is Caesar 's counsel , who reminds him of his duties toward the other apes , and also of the humans now in his charge . She also discourages her son Cornelius from playing `` war '' with his friends . </P> <P> After winning the battle when human mutants attack , Lisa supports Caesar 's decision to free the humans who live with the apes , and try to live together with them as equals . </P> <H3> Mr. MacDonald ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mr. MacDonald is the character name of two African - American brothers who appear in later installments of the Planet of the Apes movie series , as companions of Caesar . While their first names are never given in the Apes movies , they are called Malcolm and Bruce in the Marvel Comics adaptations . Both men are of similar character . </P> <P> The first , played by Hari Rhodes , appears in the fourth movie , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes as the personal assistant to Governor Breck , and a descendant of slaves who ironically commands slave apes , including Caesar , who later leads an ape revolt . MacDonald does not believe Caesar is the descendant of talking apes Cornelius and Zira , or that Caesar is capable of speech -- until Caesar admits otherwise . </P> <P> First giving Caesar the chance to escape when the authorities are onto him , then sabotaging the electroshock table Caesar is placed on to force him to speak , MacDonald helps Caesar to launch his revolt -- which turns into a night of fires and carnage , as apes around the city turn on their masters . He then takes Caesar on verbally at the movie 's end , when Caesar wants to fully punish humanity for its treatment of apes . </P> <P> In the novelization of the fifth film , Battle for the Planet of the Apes , set several years after the events of Conquest , MacDonald appears as Caesar 's human liaison and advisor . However , as Rhodes was unable to take part in the filming due to a prior commitment , his role was rewritten into MacDonald 's younger brother , played by Austin Stoker . The younger MacDonald speaks with his authority around Ape City , though he and the other humans otherwise have little authority over themselves , and mostly serve the apes . When Caesar wonders after his parents , and what they knew about right and wrong and the future , MacDonald suggests that old video recordings of Cornelius and Zira might have survived , under the wreckage of Central City ( now called the Forbidden City , after it was destroyed in a nuclear war ) , with answers to some of his questions . </P> <P> MacDonald and the orangutan Virgil journey with Caesar back to the Forbidden City , carrying a Geiger counter and small arms for protection . Discovering the intact ( though dilapidated ) archives , they scarcely have time to play back a short passage of the `` Alien Visitors '' ( namely , Zira and Cornelius ) tape before realising that they have also been discovered -- by mutant human survivors of the war . The three barely escape with their lives , but Caesar now has some insight into who his parents were , and what they knew about future events . </P> <P> Knowing that there are survivors under the city , who might someday want to wage war against them , Caesar prepares the apes to defend their city , but the head of the ape militia , General Aldo , does n't allow the humans of Ape City to help or to defend themselves . When an attack does come , Aldo corrals the humans to keep them from getting involved . The mutants are beaten back , and MacDonald and the other humans are released -- but they refuse to leave the corral , until their role in the city is redefined . Caesar then decrees that all apes must stop treating humans as second - class citizens , and they then work towards peaceful coexistence among the apes and the humans . </P> <H3> Maddox ( edit ) </H3> <P> Maddox is an American astronaut in the second film Beneath the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by Tod Andrews . </P> <P> Maddox commanded the rescue mission sent to find astronauts Taylor , Dodge , Landon and Stewart , who went missing in the events of the previous film , Planet of the Apes . Maddox was accompanied on this mission by John Brent . </P> <P> Following a tradition practiced in both the navy and the air force , Brent sometimes addressed the commander of the craft as `` Skipper '' , just as Landon had sometimes addressed Taylor in the previous film . </P> <P> Maddox and Brent 's spaceship passed through a `` Hasslein Curve '' , sending them two - thousand years into the future . The ship made a crash - landing , badly injuring and blinding Maddox in the process . Brent helped Maddox out of the ship , provided him with medical attention and made him as comfortable as possible . </P> <P> Brent reported the current year to him ( the year 3955 A.D. , according to their clocks ) . Maddox was horrified to hear that they had traveled two - thousand years forward in time . He spoke of his wife and two daughters being long since dead . Maddox himself died shortly afterwards and was buried by Brent . </P> <P> Although only referred to as `` Skipper '' in the film and the credits , the name Maddox appears on the character 's uniform . </P> <H3> Mandemus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mandemus is an evolved orangutan character in Battle for the Planet of the Apes , the final original Apes movie , from 1973 . He was portrayed by Lew Ayres . </P> <P> Elderly and an avowed pacifist , Mandemus appears to bear no grudges toward his former human captors , and wants everyone to simply live in peace . The nuclear war that destroyed much of the planet ( including the city which the apes narrowly escaped ) proved the futility of weapons and fighting to Mandemus . With such an attitude , the ape leader Caesar appointed him keeper of Ape City 's small armory , `` and of Caesar 's conscience '' , reasoning that Mandemus would talk him out of anything impulsive or unwise . </P> <P> Besides his other duties , Mandemus also became a teacher in Ape City 's first school . One of his students was the genius orangutan Virgil , who also became a teacher , and an advisor of Caesar . </P> <P> While Mandemus 's appearance in Battle is brief , the Marvel Comics graphic novel adaptation of the Apes storyline provided a longer backstory to the relationship between Mandemus and Caesar . </P> <H3> Dr. Maximus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dr. Maximus was a character in the original Planet of the Apes film . An orangutan , the highest caste of apes portrayed in the movie , Dr. Maximus is the Commissioner for Animal Affairs ( `` Animal '' meaning `` Human '' in the apes ' lexicon ) . </P> <P> Dr. Zaius brings Dr. Maximus to the laboratory where the scientists Cornelius and Zira have given safe haven to human astronaut Taylor . As Commissioner of Animal Affairs , Dr. Maximus notes that the chimpanzees are breaking the leash law and orders that Taylor be removed from the area , which is restricted to apes . </P> <P> Dr. Maximus appears as part of the National Academy tribunal that presides over the hearing that accuses the two scientists of surgically enabling Taylor to speak . As Dr. Maximus explains , the purpose of the hearing is `` to settle custodial and jurisdictional questions concerning this beast , and determine what 's to be done with him . '' As the first seated judge , Dr. Maximus covers his eyes when the three orangutans mime the `` See No Evil , Hear No Evil , Speak No Evil '' adage in one of the film 's many satirical flourishes . ( According to the film 's star , Charlton Heston , director Franklin Schaffner conceived the idea but was reluctant to film it , fearing it would be perceived as lowbrow and incongruous with the seriousness of the scene . ) </P> <P> Dr. Maximus is played by Woodrow Parfrey , who also appeared in the first episode of the TV series based on the film . Appearing in the first installments of both the film and TV series is a distinction he shares with Roddy McDowall . </P> <H3> Méndez ( edit ) </H3> <P> Méndez is the name of a successive dynasty of mutant , human leaders in the Planet of the Apes movie universe . Paul Richards played Méndez XXVI in 1970 's Beneath the Planet of the Apes , while Paul Stevens played his predecessor in 1973 's Battle for the Planet of the Apes , the final original movie . </P> <P> In the second movie , Méndez XXVI is a figure much like a Pope or other lineal authority , with his leadership basically spiritual in nature . His people are the descendants of survivors of a nuclear war , which destroyed most of humanity and allowed the apes to rise to power . Living underground for centuries among irradiated ruins has transformed them physically ; their psychic powers increased , as their appearance became disfigured through severe genetic mutation . The underground mutant people wear masks and wigs to resemble their ancestors more closely , and speak through telepathy , saving their voices for worship . They also regard their severe physical mutation as a true blessing of `` the divine bomb '' . During their worship ceremonies , the mutants put down their contrived masks , revealing their `` inmost selves '' unto their god , and much of their speech and daily rituals are stylized around terms used within the nuclear industry . </P> <P> Their object of worship is an ancient Alpha - Omega nuclear missile left over from the 20th century and still operational , though its original controls have long been replaced by carefully crafted jewel and crystal workings . They have installed the bomb in the former St. Patrick 's Cathedral before the organ pipes , in place of the crucifix . They see their life 's purpose as to guard the Divine Bomb , and to keep watch on the apes ; should the apes become a threat to their underground life , the Bomb will be used to destroy them . However , what is little understood is that the Alpha - Omega Device , which possesses a cobalt casing around its warhead , was designed to ignite the Earth 's atmosphere , and extinguish all life on the planet , not just the apes . Méndez XXVI wears a large gold rendering of the bomb as a pendant , much like a crucifix . </P> <P> When Taylor and Brent are captured , Méndez XXVI oversees their interrogations , and decides what is to be done with them , and about the apes , who are planning to invade the underground city to seize its food sources . When the apes arrive , Méndez XXVI tries to reason with their leader # General Ursus , but is shot down after arming the missile . Taylor later detonates the missile 's warhead , ending the battle between human and ape once and for all by destroying the entire planet . </P> <P> In Battle for the Planet of the Apes , set almost 2,000 years earlier , Méndez is the first of the underground humans to bear the name , and is a subordinate to Kolp , who became governor after Governor Breck 's death , following the nuclear war . When Kolp goes to battle with Ape City with his mutant army , Méndez remains behind , supervising the team who safeguard their `` secret weapon '' , the Alpha - Omega bomb . </P> <P> When Kolp loses the battle , the default order is to fire the missile at Ape City . Méndez instead rejects the order , reminding everyone that using the missile will not just destroy the apes . If they instead revere its power and preserve the missile through time , they will never lose hope or a sense of purpose . He becomes the new human leader , and his attitude toward the missile becomes the code of the underground humans , who build their society to reflect that code . His successors in turn carry his name , as a reminder of their purpose . </P> <H3> Dr. Milo ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Planet of the Apes movie series , Dr. Milo is a genius chimpanzee scientist who spurns the intellectual and technological limits placed on the ape society . He was portrayed in Escape from the Planet of the Apes by Sal Mineo , in one of his last roles . </P> <P> Dr. Milo was added to the storyline developed in Beneath the Planet of the Apes , in the interstitial period between Beneath and Escape . Whether Milo was an outcast from Ape City , or self - exiled from it , is not known . Unafraid of `` the beast Man '' and of human technology ( forbidden under Ape law ) as he is of reading banned books or visiting the Forbidden Zone , he is a friend of Cornelius and Zira , who also hold liberal views . </P> <P> In the Forbidden Zone , Dr. Milo is able to raise the spacecraft that carried the astronaut Taylor and is able to repair it well enough to relaunch . ( It is never revealed how he learned of the ship -- possibly in a conversation with Zira and Cornelius -- or of electronics or any other technique used in space flight ; his advanced intelligence would have provided some insight , possibly augmented by caches of old human books , or technological data found aboard the craft . ) </P> <P> While Milo never completely fathoms the technology or the purpose of Taylor 's ship ( and of course its crew are unavailable ) , he does come far enough to be able to attempt a flight . Cornelius and Zira join him , the three donning spacesuits and climbing aboard , after they become convinced the latest anti-human campaign will spell disaster . Once in space , they learn how true this becomes , as the Earth is destroyed . </P> <P> Whether Taylor 's ship followed a preprogrammed flight path , was affected by shock waves from the blast that destroyed Earth , or was flown by Dr. Milo is never revealed . ( From the attitudes shown in Escape , it is probable the apes knew very little about flying the ship , and simply let it follow its programming . ) In any case , their trip takes the apes back in time to the year 1973 , nearly two years after Taylor 's ship originally departed , and makes another water landing , this time floating off the California coast . </P> <P> Startling their human finders , Dr. Milo , Zira and Cornelius are taken to the local zoo while the US Government ponders what to do with them . Finding themselves in the reverse situation of what astronauts Taylor and Brent went through coming to their world , the three chimpanzees agree to make no sounds around humans , but talk furtively in private , and try to decide how to handle what has happened . ( Zira spoils this by openly declaring her dislike of bananas when the apes are fed , heightening the tension . ) </P> <P> As Dr. Milo paces , he draws the attention of a primitive gorilla from the next cage over , who grabs Dr. Milo at a vulnerable moment and strangles him to death . Mournful over the loss , Cornelius and Zira name their son ( born toward the end of Escape ) Milo , after their friend . To hide his identity , Milo 's foster father Armando gives him the name Caesar . Caesar becomes the main character in the next two Apes movies , and the leader of a new ape society . </P> <H3> Nova ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nova is a fictional character in the novel Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle . In the first two Planet of the Apes films , she is played by Linda Harrison . </P> <P> In Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) , Nova is a primitive girl who is captured by the intelligent and warlike apes during one of their hunting expeditions . American astronaut George Taylor is also captured . They are taken to Ape City where they are paired up in a cell . Taylor , having been shot through the throat by a gorilla , is unable to speak , but when his speech returns he befriends the chimpanzees Zira and Cornelius . They eventually help Taylor and Nova escape to the Forbidden Zone where Taylor learns the truth about the planet . </P> <P> In the sequel Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) , she and Taylor journey through the Forbidden Zone where Taylor mysteriously disappears . Meanwhile , a second astronaut , Brent , has arrived on the planet in search of Taylor . Brent is brought by Nova to Zira and Cornelius , but they are captured and held prisoner . Escaping , they head for the Forbidden Zone where they discover that beneath the surface of the planet is a forgotten city , peopled by mutants who worship a massive nuclear bomb . Under the mutants ' mind control , Brent attempts to drown Nova . Later , as Brent and Taylor stand in a cell , she watches in horror as the two men , under the control of mutant Ograna , try to kill each other . Fearing for the lives of her friend and the man she loves , she speaks for the first time , crying out Taylor 's name . The sound of her voice breaks the mutant 's mind control and frees Brent and Taylor , who kill Ograna and then leave the cell with Nova . As the three navigate around the corridors , General Ursus ' army invades the cathedral , killing any mutant they encounter ; the trio are ambushed by an armed gorilla soldier , who fatally shoots Nova , before Brent and Taylor manage to kill him . A devastated Taylor holds Nova in his hands before Brent convinces him that they must continue . The film ends with a mortally wounded Taylor detonating the bomb , destroying the planet . </P> <P> Variations on the character appeared in other interpretations of the Planet of the Apes mythos . Daena , from Tim Burton 's 2001 remake , was based on Harrison 's character from the earlier film series . Harrison also appeared in the film ( as an unnamed woman in a cart ) and a separate character named Nova ( a chimp , played by Lisa Marie ) also appeared in the film . </P> <P> In the film War for the Planet of the Apes , Nova is a young girl , portrayed by Amiah Miller . </P> <H3> Taylor ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Planet of the Apes character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Taylor </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Human </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Michael Wilson Rod Serling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Charlton Heston </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> George Taylor , more commonly known as Taylor , is the main protagonist of the original Planet of the Apes film and a supporting character of Beneath the Planet of the Apes . Taylor is an American astronaut and the leader of a space expedition . He is played by Charlton Heston . Taylor 's first name is never spoken in dialog ; the sources for it are the closing credits of the film and the 1998 documentary Behind the Planet of the Apes . While the character is never given a first name during the film , the end credits of Planet of the Apes identify him as George Taylor . Although no rank other than `` Skipper '' is given to the character in the two films in which he appears , the character is referred to as Colonel Taylor in Escape from the Planet of the Apes the third film in the series . </P> Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> In the opening minutes of the movie , Taylor is watching his crewmates enter a state of hibernation aboard their ship ( known noncanonically as the Icarus or the Liberty 1 ) , which is accelerating to nearly the speed of light , as he records his final report before joining them . Taylor muses about the fact that hundreds of years have already passed on Earth , in the six months the ship 's clock has recorded , and hopes that whoever is receiving his report on Earth belongs to a better breed than they left behind , when their ship launched in 1972 . He then climbs into his bunk , passing into hibernation , as the ship continues on auto - pilot to a faraway star . </P> <P> When Taylor and two of his crewmates awake ( discovering that a fourth , a woman named Stewart , died from an air leak while they were hibernating ) the ship has crash - landed in a lake , on what they take to be an Earth - like , but largely barren , planet orbiting a Sun - like star in the constellation Orion . The ship begins to take on water , then sinks rapidly , barely leaving the three astronauts time to break out survival kits and a life raft , and take an Earth - time reading ; the year is 3978 , leaving them just over two thousand years away from their starting point . </P> <P> Rowing the raft to dry land , Taylor assumes command of what they now know will be a no - return mission , but it pulls him and his companions , Dodge and Landon , together and they begin a search for life on this new planet . They also discuss their motivations for joining the mission ; Taylor 's is his quest to find someone or something wiser than humanity . As they leave their crash site behind , the astronauts first find a flowering plant , then a row of what appear to be scarecrows or a boundary line , then finally a lush valley with a waterfall and pool , where they peel off their uniforms and go swimming . </P> <P> Their equipment and clothing vanishes . The astronauts follow footprints leading away from the pool and discover primitive mute humans destroying everything the astronauts brought with them . The astronauts assess the possibility of taking command of these humans , but they are interrupted by the sound of gunfire . This planet has another dominant species : evolved apes . The apes hunt the humans , capturing many in nets . Dodge is killed outright , Landon suffers a head wound , and Taylor receives a bullet wound in his throat , preventing him from speaking . </P> <P> Taken to Ape City and caged , Taylor and a mute female ( whom he later calls Nova ) share a laboratory cell , and chimpanzee psychologist Dr. Zira hopes the two will mate . When Zira discovers that Taylor has intelligence beyond any human she has ever seen , she takes him out of the laboratory to meet her fiancé Dr. Cornelius . Both disbelieve Taylor 's assertion that he 's actually a visitor from a faraway planet , but they think he might be living proof of human intelligence -- if not a missing link between humans and their `` evolved superiors '' , the apes . </P> <P> Learning also of Taylor 's intelligence , and of his ability to speak as his throat recovers , Dr. Zaius wants Taylor first gelded , then put to death -- but first he wants to know where Taylor `` really comes from '' in the Forbidden Zone , and information about his `` tribe '' . Taylor of course ca n't tell Zaius anything he wants to know , and states that he learned how to read and write in Fort Wayne , Indiana . Taylor also blames Zaius for what happened to Landon -- who is brought to Taylor in a lobotomised , animal - like state . When Zira 's nephew Lucius breaks Taylor out of the laboratory , and he joins Cornelius and Zira as they flee to the Forbidden Zone ( under charges of heresy brought by Zaius ) , Taylor deliberately takes a rifle for himself , and declares nobody else is in charge of him , from here on . He also brings Nova , despite the apes ' objections . </P> <P> Dr. Zaius tracks the fleeing party down , but Taylor captures him , forcing Zaius to promise both to let him and Nova escape , and to drop the charges he 's made against Zira and Cornelius . Zaius agrees , but nonetheless condemns Taylor and all humans as doomed to folly . After Taylor and Nova depart , Zaius destroys the cave holding the evidence that would exonerate Cornelius and Zira , and takes them back to Ape City under escort . </P> <P> Finally free of the apes , Taylor discovers that he has n't been on a faraway planet at all , but has returned to Earth in its distant future , as he and Nova encounter the ruins of the Statue of Liberty along the shoreline . He was devastated to learn that humanity indeed had destroyed themselves , as Zaius asserted . </P> Beneath the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> Heston returned as Taylor for a brief appearance in the second Apes movie , Beneath the Planet of the Apes , as he and Nova encounter strange sights and sounds in what should be an empty landscape . When Taylor discovers a wall where there was none before , he tries to tear into it - and disappears , leaving the horrified Nova alone on their horse . </P> <P> Later in the movie , another astronaut named Brent , sent on a doomed mission to rescue Taylor and his companions , is fleeing with Nova from a squad of gorilla soldiers into the Forbidden Zone , when they come upon an entryway to the underground remains of New York City , and its mutant human inhabitants , whom as it turns out led them in deliberately -- as they earlier had Taylor , through the illusory wall . After probing both Taylor and Brent for what they know about the apes and their intentions , they force the two men to fight to the death , but Nova 's sudden reappearance breaks their jailer 's control . All three nearly escape , when Nova is shot and dies as the apes attack the underground city . Taylor loses hope , but he and Brent each grab weapons and fight against the apes . </P> <P> Taylor is shot trying to reach the console that controls the Alpha - Omega ( ΑΩ ) missile the mutants worship . Rising , he attempts to dismantle its nuclear warhead before either the mutants can trigger it , and destroy the whole planet , or the apes can set it off by their carelessness . Desperate , he calls out to Dr. Zaius for help , who flatly refuses him on the grounds that humans are `` capable of nothing but destruction '' . Taylor falls for the last time , his hand plunging the trigger mechanism with his last breath , and the Earth is destroyed . </P> Escape from the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> Taylor appears in references during the third Apes movie , Escape from the Planet of the Apes , ( where he is given the rank of Colonel which was never mentioned in the two previous films ) and a few times in flashbacks , but his ( and Heston 's ) role in the series was complete after the first two installments . Heston had n't wanted to come back , but the studio held him to his contract ; he agreed to appear if his salary were donated to charity , and if the original storyline ( which had Taylor and Nova surviving , to found a new human breed ) were changed to keep him from having to return for another sequel . </P> <H3> General Ursus ( edit ) </H3> <P> General Ursus is a gorilla character in the second film Beneath the Planet of the Apes , serving as the main antagonist of the film . He was portrayed by veteran actor James Gregory . </P> <P> General Ursus is very much the stereotyped `` mad general '' , on top of being a brutish gorilla . He sees little past the end of his own nose , and is interested mainly in his own dreams of conquest , glory and power . At a meeting of the ape council , Ursus uses the recent crop failures , drought , and raids by wild humans as the basis for a call to invade the Forbidden Zone , where no ape has trodden ( with rare exception ) since the beginning of their world . Suggesting that another tribe of humans lives there ( a belief based on Dr. Zaius ' encounter with Taylor in the previous film ) , and the disappearances of gorilla scouts ( save one who returned delirious ) sent into the zone to investigate , Ursus stirs the apes up to invade , and claim their food source ( `` If they live , then they must eat ! '' ) for themselves . </P> <P> Successful in persuading the apes to declare `` a holy war '' against the unknown , General Ursus assembles a gorilla army , and marches toward the Forbidden Zone , accompanied by Minister of Science Dr. Zaius -- who has his misgivings about the whole adventure , but goes along for the sake of science , and `` the faith '' of the apes . </P> <P> Indeed , a small group of intelligent mutant humans do dwell in the Forbidden Zone , underground among the ruins of New York City . While their physical features have been mutated by generations living in the irradiated area , they have advanced psychic powers , which are their only line of defense against `` enemies '' , i.e. any outsiders . Learning that the gorilla army is on its way , the mutants plant terrifying visions in their minds , of crucified and tortured apes surrounded by fire , and finally the familiar statue of the Lawgiver , prophet of the apes , beginning to crack and bleed . Ursus is frightened as are his soldiers . Having gone too far with their exposition , the mutants ' vision backfires by instilling rage in Dr. Zaius , and he rides into the heart of the vision , remaining unharmed . It grates Ursus that Zaius has shown him up , but he orders the army to advance , and they soon find the entrance to the mutant city . </P> <P> With their mental powers useless against the `` thick - skulled '' apes , the mutants have only one other weapon available -- their `` god '' or idol , a 20th - century nuclear missile with a cobalt casing capable of igniting the atmosphere and extinguishing all life on Earth . While the weapon has been passed down through generations , and forms the basis of the mutant culture , left unsaid ( but implied by the mutants calling it the `` Divine Bomb '' ) is whether the mutants know of its true destructive power . </P> <P> Leading the gorilla army into the heart of the mutant world ( the former cathedral which now houses the Divine Bomb ) , Ursus and the other apes are taken back momentarily when first a mutant ( their leader Méndez ) speaks , declaring `` This is the instrument of my god ! '' then the bomb rises into launch position . Recovering quickly , Ursus orders his sergeant to take Méndez into custody , but the sergeant shoots Méndez instead . Ursus taunts `` Your god did n't save you , did he ? ! '' as he falls . Thinking the missile is little more than a worshiped idol , Ursus orders a block and tackle be set up , to pull it down . </P> <P> Zaius pleads with General Ursus not to touch the missile , knowing only `` That weapon was built by Man ! '' and `` It 'll kill us all ! '' , but Ursus ignores him , even when the missile shell cracks open and propellant escapes , waylaying the nearby gorillas . Ursus is finally killed by a rifle shot , as humans Taylor and Brent vainly try to stop the gorilla army , only moments before Brent is killed by Ursus ' army and a mortally wounded Taylor detonates the bomb , putting an end to the gorilla 's ambitions -- along with everything else on the planet . </P> <H3> Virgil ( edit ) </H3> <P> Virgil is a genius orangutan character from Battle for the Planet of the Apes , the final original Apes movie from 1973 . He was played onscreen by actor / musician Paul Williams . </P> <P> A former student of orangutan pacifist Mandemus , Virgil went on to become Ape City 's resident scientist and theoretical thinker , and an advisor and friend of Caesar . Apes and humans are both among his students , and he feels sorry for the humans ' second - class status in Ape City . </P> <P> Caesar calls Virgil away from his teaching work , to accompany him and Mr. MacDonald on a trip back to the Forbidden City , to search for recordings of his parents Cornelius and Zira , and information about Earth 's future . Carrying a Geiger counter into the Forbidden City , Virgil warns Caesar plainly about the radioactivity and accompanying dangers . ( He also authorizes MacDonald to bring a pistol , in case he may `` wish to shoot , cook , and eat a rabbit '' during the trip ; something humans were normally not allowed to do . ) </P> <P> Returning from the Forbidden City ( after barely escaping with their lives , from mutated human survivors who stayed underground ) , Caesar and Virgil reluctantly prepare Ape City for a possible attack . General Aldo , called to action , sees the chance to take power instead . When Caesar 's son Cornelius is gravely injured in a fall from a tree , MacDonald discovers the ends of the broken branch , determining they were cut , and he and Virgil deduce Aldo was the culprit . </P> <P> Virgil fights and leads apes when the mutant humans do attack , calling Caesar out to take charge . After the battle , he is the one who must tell Caesar that Cornelius was murdered by Aldo . Later , he helps to rebuild Ape City , with its new status of apes and humans as equals . </P> <H3> Dr. Zaius ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Planet of the Apes character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dr. Zaius </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Orangutan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Planet of the Apes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Pierre Boulle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Maurice Evans Booth Colman Richard Blackburn ( voice ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dr. Zaius is a fictional character in the Pierre Boulle novel Planet of the Apes , and the film series and television series based upon it . ( In Boulle 's novel , his honorific was `` Mi '' , a term in the Ape language . ) He is an orangutan and although given a minor role devoid of dialogue in the novel , he becomes the main antagonist of the story in the subsequent film adaptation . Zaius was portrayed in the first and second films of the series by Maurice Evans , in the later television series by Booth Colman , and voiced in the animated series by Richard Blackburn . Prior to that , acting legend Edward G. Robinson also gave life to the character in a short film used to pitch the story _́ s concept to executives at 20th Century Fox . </P> Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> Zaius serves a dual role in Ape society , as Minister of Science in charge of advancing ape knowledge , and also as Chief Defender of the Faith . In the latter role , he has access to ancient scrolls and other information not given to the ape masses . Zaius knows the true origins of the ape society , how humanity fell as the dominant species , and the reasons why the Forbidden Zone is so regarded , and he blames human nature for it all . Zaius seems to prefer an imperfect , ignorant ape culture that keeps humans in check , to the open , scientific , human - curious one posed by Cornelius and Zira 's generation ( this is due to his fear of a war of self - destruction ) . The idea of an intelligent human ( such as Taylor ) threatening the balance of things frightens him deeply . Knowing the destruction that humanity ( with the aid of technology ) caused in its downfall , he does n't want even the possibility of a human resurgence . At the end of Planet of the Apes , Zaius has Cornelius 's archaeological findings ( human artifacts , predating the Ape society ) destroyed , and Cornelius and Zira arrested on heresy charges . </P> <P> Although cast as the antagonist in the film , Zaius 's actions are nonetheless driven by his deep belief that he is protecting the world ( at whatever cost ) from the `` walking pestilence '' of humanity , even if his actions cause undue harm to his ape brethren . And despite his animosity towards Taylor , Zaius nevertheless demonstrates a grudging respect for his adversary , calling him by his proper name , and even advising Taylor near the end of the film against delving into the mystery as to how the apes evolved from humans because as he cryptically warns the marooned astronaut : `` Do n't look for it , Taylor . You may not like what you find . '' The film 's final startling image of the corroded head of the Statue of Liberty by the sea shore can be seen as a vindication of Zaius 's views as to the destructive , genocidal nature of humanity and the means which Zaius is compelled to employ , even against his own colleagues , from the existential threat of a resurgent human race . </P> <P> Only once near the end does Zaius truly make what he knows and thinks known : </P> <P> `` I have always known about man . From the evidence , I believe his wisdom must walk hand and hand with his idiocy . His emotions must rule his brain . He must be a warlike creature who gives battle to everything around him , even himself ... The Forbidden Zone was once a paradise . ( Man ) made a desert of it '' </P> Beneath the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> By the second movie Beneath the Planet of the Apes , Cornelius recalls how Zaius brought them to trial , but then acted on their behalf . When Zaius leaves on a military expedition with General Ursus to invade the Forbidden Zone , Zaius trusts them both to continue his work . ( In the novelization of Beneath , they instead begin a revolt , once the gorilla army is gone . ) Zaius meets Taylor once more , in a showdown between the gorillas and a mutant human race living underground in the Zone . Taylor was trying to keep the mutant humans from activating a doomsday bomb , and was shot several times in the process by gorilla troops . Wounded and dying , Taylor begs Zaius to help him stop the bomb ; when Zaius refuses ( declaring `` Man is evil -- capable of nothing but destruction ! '' ) , Taylor deliberately activates the bomb in his last moments , ironically realizing Zaius 's worst fears , as the Earth is destroyed . </P> Escape from the Planet of the apes ( edit ) <P> During the third movie ( Escape from the Planet of the Apes ) Cornelius relates how he learned the truth about humans and apes from reading secret scrolls . Cornelius presumably had access to these while working for Dr. Zaius ( or after his departure ) , or perhaps was granted access by Zaius as a consolation for the loss of his archaeological work . </P> Television ( edit ) <P> In the television series , Councillor Zaius serves as a government official , with authority over all the humans in his district . The young chimpanzee Galen becomes his new assistant , but becomes a fugitive with two human astronauts Virdon and Burke , fleeing from Zaius and his enforcer , General Urko . </P> <P> In the animated series , Zaius again serves as a government official , who holds influence within the Ape Senate , and has authority over both Cornelius and Zira , and their scientific enterprises , as well as General Urko and his military . </P> <H3> Zira ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Planet of the Apes character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Zira </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Chimpanzee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Planet of the Apes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> Escape from the Planet of the Apes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Pierre Boulle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Kim Hunter </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dr. Zira is a chimpanzee psychologist and veterinarian , who specializes in the study of humans , in the novel and subsequent movie series Planet of the Apes . Zira was played in the first three Apes movies by actress Kim Hunter . Unique among the Apes characters , Zira has blue eyes . </P> <P> Zira is the fiancée ( later wife ) of Cornelius , and both are ultimately responsible to the Minister of Science , Dr. Zaius . Zira 's character and role are essentially the same in both the novel and the movies , though some story details differ . Her work in each involves both working with humans under laboratory conditions ( e.g. learning and behavioural experiments ) , and working on them physically ( lobotomy and other brain surgeries , vivisection , physical endurance and tolerance experiments , and subsequent autopsies ) . Zira is an outspoken liberal by nature , deploring war and militancy ( and despising the gorillas , who seem to make both a way of life ) , and eager to seek and develop intelligence anywhere it can be found . Zira literally stands for her principles -- or refuses to stand , as the case may be . </P> <P> In the original novel , Zira discovers that her charge Ulysse Mérou ( caged in the laboratory where she works ) is n't a native - born , mute human of her planet , but a space traveller capable of speech , and she secretly teaches him the language of the apes , in hopes of eventually making a public demonstration , with Mérou 's consent . Cornelius also becomes involved , helping prepare Mérou to meet ape society , and vice versa . </P> <P> In the first movie , Zira meets American astronaut George Taylor , who was shot in the throat when he was captured by gorillas , and can not speak , as the native humans of her world can not . She tends to his throat wound , discovers Taylor has intelligence beyond any human she 's seen , and pairs him with Nova , also intelligent , hoping the two will breed . When Taylor steals Zira 's notepad and writes his own name on it , Zira abruptly drops the nickname `` Bright Eyes '' she 'd given him , and takes Taylor to meet Cornelius . Both disbelieve Taylor 's story that he 's from another planet , but suppose that he might be a missing link , to explain the similarities between ape and human behaviour and anatomy ... and the strange artifacts Cornelius found at an archaeological dig the year before . She seems to be fond of the humans that she works with and gives them nicknames , such as an old one she named `` Old Timer '' . </P> <P> In both novel and movie , Zira ultimately helps Mérou / Taylor and Nova to escape the world of the apes , coming to appreciate each as thinking creatures like herself , as well as having a plain fondness for them . In the movie , she and Taylor kiss goodbye -- even though , as she tells him , `` You 're so damned ugly . '' </P> Sequels ( edit ) <P> Beneath the Planet of the Apes shows Zira and Cornelius married and at home ( after Zira makes a political spectacle of herself at an ape gathering ) , when another human enters their lives ; the astronaut Brent , sent to rescue Taylor but now needing help himself . Zira treats a bullet wound Brent sustained , and she and Cornelius send him and Nova ( who met Brent when she sought Zira , after Taylor vanished ) back out of the city , to spare them from the latest human roundup . When Dr. Zaius visits , he tells Cornelius and Zira he plans to appoint them as his proxies , while he is away on a military campaign with General Ursus ( Zira left her medical gear in sight ; covering part of her face , she pretends to Zaius that Cornelius hit her for upsetting the ape council ) . Zaius admonishes them both to maintain the status quo , and keep their more liberal values in check . Zira and Cornelius promise to do so , and Zaius departs . In the novel adaptation of the movie , they subsequently begin a chimpanzee revolt , with Zaius and the gorilla army gone . </P> <P> Escape from the Planet of the Apes has the pregnant Zira ( with Cornelius and their friend Dr. Milo ) making a different kind of experiment -- this time space flight , in Taylor 's restored craft , the Icarus , when they realize their world is doomed . In a reverse of Taylor 's experience , the spaceship travels back in time to a few months after his mission began , splashing down off the California coast . The movie follows Zira and Cornelius ( after the accidental death of Dr. Milo ) through their discovery , and eventual rejection , by and of human society . A large portion of the rejection comes from Zira 's drugged confessions of the details of her human experiments , to the shock of the reactionary Presidential Commission , who declare them atrocities since they were done to humans . Zira was glad she told the truth and understands why Taylor called them savages when Taylor was treated badly . Zira 's and Cornelius 's account of their origins , and of humanity 's coming downfall , further stigmatises the couple . Their baby is born ( named Milo after their friend , but later called Caesar ) , but Zira and Cornelius are murdered a few days afterward . Circus owner Armando took them in when the baby came ; Zira switched her newborn baby with a circus chimp when she and Cornelius had to go into hiding , leaving Armando a clue in case they did n't return . </P> <P> Zira makes no further appearances in the Apes movies , although she is mentioned by name in the following sequels , Conquest of the Planet of the Apes and Battle for the Planet of the Apes and appears in video stills ( while her recorded voice tells the story of their space flight , and of the Earth 's destruction ) the adult Caesar plays back , to learn more about his parents , in Battle for the Planet of the Apes . </P> <H2> Characters Exclusive to Planet of the apes ( 1974 TV series ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Veska ( edit ) </H3> Woodrow Parfrey as Veska in `` Escape from Tomorrow '' , the first episode of the TV series Planet of the Apes . <P> Veska is a character in the first episode of the TV series Planet of the Apes . He is a pragmatic chimpanzee and prefect of the ape village known as Chalo . </P> <P> In the episode , titled `` Escape From Tomorrow , '' in 3085 , his inquisitive young son Arno discovers the downed spacecraft called the Icarus some distance away from the prefecture that has delivered the human protagonists to their planet . Veska is shaken by the realization that humans have constructed and flown the ship , which is considerably more advanced than the primitive level of invention on his own planet . Veska 's fierce reaction to his son 's declaration that the humans must have come from a superior culture introduces a core theme present throughout the franchise , that the apes fear the human astronauts will threaten their dominion over the species . `` If humans could build and fly a ( spaceship ) like this , '' he tells Arno , `` they 'd begin to think they 're as good as we are ! '' Veska alerts the other ape leaders to the two surviving humans ' escape from the vehicle , which starts the hunt that drives almost all episodes of the short - lived series . </P> <P> Veska is played by Woodrow Parfrey , who along with appearing in this first series episode also appeared in the first Apes movie , a distinction he shares only with Roddy McDowall . ( Interestingly , their two characters in the series pilot are cousins . ) Veska 's eyepatch was a last - minute wardrobe solution to mask a visible eye infection Parfrey contracted after falling asleep while wearing the dark contact lenses that all blue - eyed actors wore to help the ape makeup appear more natural . The large patch , apparently shorn from the same material used to make his costume , enhances Veska 's frightening countenance . </P> <H2> Characters Exclusive to Planet of the apes ( 2001 ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> General Thade ( edit ) </H3> <P> General Thade is the main antagonist of Tim Burton 's 2001 remake of Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by Tim Roth . </P> <P> Thade is an ambitious and brutal leader ( along with his gorilla friend Attar ) of the Ape armies , who passionately hated all things human and wanted them exterminated . His father Zaius , who had instilled this hatred in him , knew that humans were once in charge , and Thade vowed to wipe out any resistance to ape rule and being direct descendants of the ape god Semos . He schemed to be given absolute power by the Ape Senate . General Thade pursued Ari romantically but never seemed to progress . Thade branded Ari with the mark of human slaves after she was found gathering with human rebels in the forbidden area of Calima . Thade ruled with cruelty and lived by a Machiavellian outlook on life . Any means justified the ends to Thade . When news of a crashed spacecraft reached him he personally killed those who told him , to ensure the information remained a secret . While willing to get a pet human child for his niece , Thade himself believed the world would be a better place if all humans were killed . When the ape army was halted by the appearance of a spacepod piloted by a chimp , Thade alone rejected the idea of the second coming of Semos . He chased the chimp and was eventually locked into the control room of the deserted space station . </P> <P> He was shown again in the closing scene , where Leo had returned to Earth in his own time only to find technologically advanced apes in charge and a large statue of Thade in place of Abraham Lincoln on the Lincoln Memorial . </P> <P> Thade is the only villain in the series to be alive , rather than to have lethal ordeal , in contrast to previous and future ape and human villains in other films where they died . </P> <H3> Capt . Leo Davidson ( edit ) </H3> <P> Capt . Leo Davidson is the protagonist of Tim Burton 's 2001 remake Planet of the Apes . He is portrayed by Mark Wahlberg . </P> <P> Leo Davidson is a United States Air Force astronaut who accidentally opens a portal to another world inhabited by talking human - like apes and is captured by them . After he escapes from slavery and freeing some humans , he plans to go back to his space station Oberon through Calima ( the temple of `` Semos '' ) , a forbidden , but holy , site for the apes . Along the way , he develops romantic feelings to Ari , a female chimpanzee who senses that there is cruelty with humans , and Daena , a female human slave . According to the computer logs , the station has been there for thousands of years . Leo deduces that when he entered the vortex , he was pushed forward in time while the Oberon , searching after him , was not , crashing on the planet long before he did . The Oberon 's log reveals that the apes on board , led by Semos , the first ape , organized a mutiny and took control of the vessel after it crashed . </P> <P> The human and ape survivors of the struggle left the ship and their descendants are the people Leo has encountered since landing . Realizing that General Thade will be coming after him with an army , he leads a human rebellion against the apes . As the battle between humans and apes goes on , a familiar vehicle descends from the sky and is identified immediately by Leo as the pod piloted by Pericles , the chimp astronaut who was pushed in time as Leo does . When Pericles lands , the apes interpret his landing as the return arrival of Semos , who is their god . They bow , and hostilities between humans and apes disappear . Pericles then runs into the Oberon and Leo runs after him , while being followed by General Thade . Inside , Thade and Leo wrestle , with Pericles trying to help Leo , only to be thrown hard against a wall . Seeing that Thade is in the pilot 's deck , Leo closes the automatic door of the entrance , trapping Thade as he shoots the gun , the bullets ricocheting off the door harmlessly . </P> <P> After the battle was finished , Leo decides that it is time for him to leave the Planet of the Apes , so he gives Pericles to Ari , with her promising to look after him , also saying farewell to Daena . Leo climbs aboard Pericles 's undamaged pod and uses it to travel back in time through the same electromagnetic storm . Leo ends up crashing in front of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington , D.C. on Earth in his own time . He looks up at the Memorial , and in shock , sees it is now a monument in honor of General Thade . A swarm of police officers , firefighters , and news reporters descend on Leo , but on closer inspection , they are all apes . </P> <H3> Ari ( edit ) </H3> <P> Ari was the daughter of Senator Sandar , a high - ranking member of the Ape Senate . She was portrayed by Helena Bonham Carter </P> <P> She had a passion for life and thrived for a world where apes and humans lived as equals . She was idealistic and despised the way the humans were treated . Ari spoke publicly about her outrageous beliefs , and used her father as a shield from the authorities . When Ari spotted astronaut Leo Davidson in a cage , she just had to have him . She bought him and the female Daena , whom he particularly liked , because she saw their rebelliousness . From there she became captivated by Leo whom she viewed as unique . Ari helped Leo and a band of others escape Ape City and followed them into the Forbidden Zone . General Thade , a suitor for her affections , explained this escape as a kidnapping of Ari and used this to justify his absolute power under martial law . Thade 's army marched on humanity , and Ari and her human friends waited in Calima for their arrival . She may have struggled to live up to her ideals but was the vital link between the human rebels and the more sympathetic members of ape society . </P> <H3> Colonel Attar ( edit ) </H3> <P> Attar was the commander of the Ape Armies . He was the loyal lieutenant of General Thade and enjoyed the thrill of hunting humans . He was portrayed by Michael Clarke Duncan . </P> <P> Attar demanded that everyone bow their heads before dinner so a prayer to Semos could be delivered . He even went into a rage after Leo deliberately set the tent where Attar kept his personal shrine of Semos on fire . Attar learned the art of fighting under his teacher Krull , whom he had to fight and kill in the ultimate battle . When the spacepod piloted by Pericles landed on the battle field , he and the other ape soldiers dropped their weapons believing it was the return of their god . He realised that Thade , Thade 's father , and the elders of ape society had been misleading the population for centuries and he took the side of Leo , Ari and the humans . </P> <H2> Characters Exclusive to Planet of the apes ( 2011 - 2017 ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Dreyfus ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dreyfus is a fictional character in the 2014 sequel Dawn of the Planet of the Apes as the secondary antagonist . He is portrayed by Gary Oldman . </P> <P> He is a former police officer who is appointed as the leader of the human resistance . Having experienced personal loss , Dreyfus sees Caesar and his colony as a threat after discovering an ape encampment at a local power station . Seeing no other solution , Dreyfus has one goal ; wipe them out . His plan was foiled by Caesar in War for the Planet of the Apes . </P> <H3> Steven Jacobs ( edit ) </H3> <P> Steven Jacobs is a fictional character and the main antagonist in the 2011 series reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by David Oyelowo . His last name is a reference to Arthur P. Jacobs , the producer of the original Planet of the Apes series . </P> <P> He ran the Gen - Sys Laboratories where Dr. Will Rodman was researching a cure to Alzheimer 's disease . After two years in charge of the lab , Jacobs shut down research on the ' ALZ - 112 ' drug after one of Rodman 's chimps went berserk . It was only eight years later , when Rodman revealed he had used the drug on his own father with limited results , that Jacobs approved development of a refined version . </P> <P> However , Jacobs ordered further testing of the `` ALZ - 113 '' virus despite Rodman 's warnings , caring only for the profits to be made on the success of the virus . Later on , Caesar escaped the San Bruno Primate Shelter along with all the other apes housed there , having first infected them with the ALZ - 113 . Caesar then went on to stage an attack on Gen - Sys and rescue the apes being held captive there by Jacobs and his staff . After the attack , Jacobs flagged down a San Francisco Police helicopter being commanded by Police Chief John Hamil , and directed them to attack and attempt to destroy the ape rebellion now taking place on the Golden Gate Bridge , in hopes of avoiding bad publicity for Gen - Sys and himself . Once the helicopter arrived at the bridge , Caesar and the other apes were already in the process of defeating the police force opposing them . The helicopter began firing on the apes , killing several , until Jacobs spotted Caesar and attempted to have the chopper pilot gun him down . Buck , a silverback gorilla , tossed Caesar aside and caused the helicopter to crash on to the very edge of the bridge by jumping on it and attacking Hamil and the pilot , which resulted in Buck 's death . Jacobs was the only survivor from the crash and pleaded for Caesar to help him out of the helicopter before it tipped over the side of the bridge . However , Caesar turned his back on Jacobs because of all the pain and suffering he 'd caused the apes for his own greed , as well as for Buck 's death . Just as Caesar turned away , Koba , an ape that Jacobs ordered testing on earlier , walked up to the crashed helicopter and , despite Jacobs asking for help , callously pushed it -- and a screaming Jacobs -- over the side of the bridge and into the water far below , presumably killing him . </P> <H3> Koba ( edit ) </H3> <P> Koba is a scar - faced bonobo who has spent most of his life in laboratories and holds a grudge against humans in Rise of the Planet of the Apes . Koba is portrayed by Christopher Gordon in Rise and Toby Kebbell in Dawn . </P> <P> Koba was tested with the ALZ - 113 drug by Will Rodman . Koba has a strong hatred of humans because he only has memories of them experimenting on him . When Caesar freed all of the apes at the lab including Koba , Koba respected Caesar for freeing him . When Buck died at the Golden Gate Bridge , Caesar allowed Koba to kill Steven Jacobs . Koba killed Steven Jacobs by pushing him off the bridge into the water . While Will was looking for Caesar in the Muir Woods , Koba attacked him and was about to kill him . Instead , Caesar stopped Koba from killing Will , which left Koba very angry . Koba returns in the Dawn of the Planet of the Apes as the main antagonist . </P> <H3> Dodge Landon ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dodge Landon is the secondary antagonist of Rise of the Planet of the Apes . He worked as a guard at the primate detention facility where he abused the apes . He was portrayed by Tom Felton . His first and last name are references to two of the astronauts Dodge and Landon in the original Planet of the Apes . </P> <P> Dodge made Caesar 's life miserable at the facility , including hosing him down in his cage to `` show him who 's the boss '' . When Dodge finds Caesar in the facility 's common area alone a struggle ensues and Caesar speaks for the first time - yelling `` No ! '' and then cages him . Dodge escapes - and wielding his cattle - prod - threatens to `` skin each and every one of you apes '' . Caesar uses the water hose on Dodge in defense , electrocuting him . </P> <H3> Malcolm ( edit ) </H3> <P> Malcolm is a fictional character in the 2014 sequel Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . He is portrayed by Jason Clarke . </P> <P> He is a leader of a small group that forms a strong bond with Caesar - to the extent that Caesar compares him to Will - and is also the father of Alexander . </P> <H3> Nova ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nova , portrayed by Amiah Miller , is a bold and kind war orphan whom Maurice adopts as his daughter . </P> <P> Nova is a victim of a mutated version of the Simian Flu virus that killed most of the human population while making the apes intelligent ; this new strain of the virus robs humans of the ability to speak , and causes them to regress to a more primitive mentality . The initially unnamed Nova is discovered living in an isolated house , with only a man presumed to be her father for company ; when her house is discovered by a small ape patrol consisting of Caesar , Maurice , Rocket and Luca , her father is killed when he attempts to shoot the apes , and Maurice encourages Caesar to take the girl with them as she will die on her own . The girl accompanies the apes as they travel , winning them over with her simple compassion , as well as demonstrating the ability to learn some elements of sign language . When the apes discover the facility where the ruthless Colonel is keeping the rest of their pack prisoner , Caesar is captured during an attempted raid , and learns about the Colonel 's plans to wipe out any humans infected with the new virus . While Caesar is held in a cage , deprived of food and water , the girl sneaks into the camp to give him water from a bucket and grain provided by the other apes , as well as her old doll for comfort . Rocket subsequently allows himself to be captured to give the girl a chance to escape . While helping Maurice dig a tunnel into the apes ' cage from an existing underground path , the girl asks if she can be an ape , but Maurice tells her instead that she is `` Nova '' , after a novelty item she received from a gift shop . After the apes escape and the Colonel 's facility is destroyed in an avalanche , Nova accompanies the apes to their new home , and is last shown playing with Caesar 's son Cornelius . </P> <H3> Charles Rodman ( edit ) </H3> <P> Charles Rodman is a fictional character in the 2011 series reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by John Lithgow . </P> <P> He was the father of scientist Dr. Will Rodman and the adoptive grandfather of Caesar . Once a talented pianist and professional music teacher who earned an honorary certificate , Charles began to suffer from Alzheimer 's disease , which his son ( either through coincidence or design ) researched a cure for at the Gen - Sys Laboratories . He had been cared for during his illness by a nurse named Irena , who could n't stand Charles ' behavior due to Alzheimer 's disease and wished that he would leave the house to stay at a shelter . Although trials of the ' ALZ - 112 ' were called off , Will adopted the baby chimp Caesar , who had been exposed to the drug . Three years later , noticing its effects on Caesar , he administered the drug to Charles , who immediately recovered his mental abilities and was once again able to play the piano . For five years they lived a happy life , with Charles taking care of Caesar when the chimpanzee was a newborn . </P> <P> Charles was on bad terms with his neighbor Hunsiker on two occasions . The first time was when Hunsiker used a baseball bat in an attempt to strike Caesar when he entered his garage to ride a bicycle , with Charles stating , `` He just wanted to play '' . The second and worst time was when Charles , having become immune to the drug and suffering once again from Alzheimer 's , got into Hunsiker 's car and tried to drive it , damaging the front and back of the car by bumping into the cars it was parked between . Hunsiker grabbed Charles out of his car and decided to get out his phone to call the police . Charles tried to grab the cell phone away from Hunsiker . Caesar saw the situation through a window and although not aware of why Hunsiker was angry at Charles , was aware that his grandfather figure was being threatened . To save him , Caesar attacked Hunsiker , refusing to let him run off to his house . After Caesar bit Hunsiker 's finger , Charles yelled at Caesar to stop . Their last moment together was when Caesar and Charles hugged each other , fearing what consequences awaited Caesar with Charles trying to comfort him . </P> <H3> Will Rodman ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Planet of the Apes character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Will Rodman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species </Th> <Td> Human </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Rise of the Planet of the Apes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> Dawn of the Planet of the Apes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Rick Jaffa Amanda Silver </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> James Franco </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Dr. Will Rodman is a fictional character in the 2011 series reboot Rise of the Planet of the Apes . He was portrayed by James Franco . </P> <P> Dr. Will Rodman is a young scientist working at Gen - Sys Industries , a pharmaceutical company in San Francisco . He has been working over five years on a cure for Alzheimer 's disease , which his father Charles Rodman ( played by John Lithgow ) , a former music teacher , is suffering from . An ape from Africa is captured and taken to the company , and is given the drug codenamed ALZ - 112 ; which experiments have shown allows the brain to repair itself by recreating its cells , with the only known side - effect being a change in the eyes iris to green . He and Steven Jacobs ( played by David Oyelowo ) , the executive overseeing the progress , decides to present it to the Board to move the testing to the next phase of clinical trials on humans . The captured ape that was given the drug , Chimp 9 a.k.a. `` Bright Eyes '' is seen attacking the handlers and goes on a rampage which ends with her getting shot . Too late , Franklin the ape handler , and Will realized that it was n't the drug that made her attack , but her newborn baby chimp whom her maternal primal instincts felt she needed to protect against the humans . The project is scrapped and all the other apes tested with the drug are ordered to be put down . However , Franklin can not bring himself to kill the baby chimp and pleas with Will to take the baby chimp home instead . </P> <P> Will adopts the baby chimp and names him `` Caesar '' . 3 years later , Will is witnessing the severe side effects of his father 's disease , while Caesar grows more intelligent -- this convinces him to steal some of the drugs from the lab and use it on his father . His father is shown to have made an instant recovery ; moving five more years forward Charles has been receiving routine doses via injection of ALZ - 112 . In the five years past , Caesar is also displaying great intellectual prowess and is now an adult chimp , who yearns to explore beyond his surrounding and starts questioning his identity after he sees a German Shepherd on a collared leash like the one he has on . He signs to Will if he 's a pet , which Will adamantly states no . He then signs to Will what he is , and Will says , `` I 'm your father '' , which he follows with a sign , `` What is Caesar ? '' Will decides to tell Caesar the truth and takes him to Gen - Sys and tells him that he works there , and that Caesar was born there , and his mother was given medicine along with other chimps . He explains to him that the medicine that was given to his mother passed through to him in - vitro , and that 's why his intelligence is so high . He also tells Caesar that his mother is dead . </P> <P> Will 's father ( whose body is fighting the artificial virus with antibodies being naturally created by the immune system ) , attempts to drive the neighbor 's car in one of his states of dementia ; the angered neighbor is being confrontational to Charles , and Caesar attacks the neighbor , biting off the finger that he was poking Charles repeatedly with . Caesar is taken to the San Bruno primate facility by animal control , and is kept there , when a concerned Will says that `` he has n't spent any time with other chimps '' . Heartbroken , Caesar is treated violently by the staff and other ape inmates . Will has been working on a stronger viral strain since he realizes that the immune system will eventually built an immunity to ALZ - 112 ( just like when someone is injected with a vaccination ) . After meeting with Jacobs and revealing he 's given his father the drug ( there - by already having a human trial phase ) , Jacobs gives him the okay to test the new strain , named ALZ - 113 . </P> <P> The new drug is given on an ape named Koba , who in a moment of fit during the administering knocks a gas mask off of Franklin . The ALZ - 113 , unlike the 112 , is not injected but inhaled instead ( which also means that the virus is airborne ) . The new drug seems to work on Koba , but Will quits after he realizes that he 's unable to change the mind of the greedy Jacobs . Will tried to test the ALZ - 113 on Charles , but he refused and died the next morning from Alzheimer 's . Franklin is later approaching the Rodman house for help realizing that he 's been infected by the virus , but sneezes blood on the neighbor . </P> <P> Will tries to take Caesar home by bribing the owner of the primate facility , who takes the bribe , but is refused by Caesar himself to go , believing he belongs there more so than with Will . Caesar realizes after befriending another ape , who also knows how to sign from being in the circus , that he needs to make the apes more intelligent if they are to break from their bondage . Caesar manages to escape and return to his former home , where he knows that Will use to keep stolen tubes of the original ALZ - 112 in the refrigerator . However , he finds the new 113 instead , and upon accidentally pressing the cap , a little bit of the virus is released on to the window pane and absorbed , letting the intelligent Caesar realize that the virus can be absorbed as it 's a gas . He releases the 113 down the corridor of where the apes are held in cages , and the virus fills the air with its gas . The next day , Caesar inspects every ape passing through to see if its eyes are green , thereby knowing if that ape has the virus or not . He leads a revolution against their captors and heads towards Gen - Sys , and proceeds to break out all the lab chimps and all the apes at the zoo . After fighting their way towards the Golden Gate and towards the Redwood Grove , Will calls for Caesar , but is attacked by Koba , but stopped by Caesar . Will tries to reason with him by trying to take him home . Caesar speaks to him , `` Caesar is home '' , and they part as the apes are overlooking San Francisco . Caesar appears to take on more human characteristic , like walking upright , riding a horse , and now speaking . </P> <P> In a post credits scene , Will 's neighbor , Douglas Hunsiker ( David Hewlett ) who has been unknowingly infected with the virus , later boards a plane to Paris , spreading the humanity - killing virus to France and then around the globe via airline flight routes . </P> <P> Will reappears in a cameo during Dawn of the Planet of the Apes , which takes place ten years later with the virus having become a global disaster , which Will is believed to have succumbed . A wounded Caesar and the group retreat to the Rodman house , which has fallen into disarray and neglect . Caesar and the group see a framed photo of Will interacting with Caesar , who also finds a video camera showing Will teaching Caesar sign language . When asked by human ally Malcolm as to who Will was , an emotional Caesar says that Will was a good man like Malcolm . </P> <H3> Werner ( edit ) </H3> <P> Werner is a fictional character in the 2014 sequel Dawn of the Planet of the Apes . He is portrayed by Jocko Sims . He is an ally of Dreyfus . </P> <H3> Other characters from war for the Planet of the apes ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Bad Ape '' , portrayed by Steve Zahn , a common chimpanzee who lived formerly in a zoo before the Simian Flu outbreak and spent his days as a hermit before joining Caesar 's tribe . </Li> <Li> Maurice , portrayed by Karin Konoval , is a wise and benevolent Bornean orangutan who is Caesar 's adviser and third - in - command . </Li> <Li> Rocket , portrayed by Terry Notary , is a common chimpanzee who is Caesar 's brother figure and second - in - command . </Li> <Li> Cornelia , portrayed by Judy Greer , is Caesar 's wife . </Li> <Li> Blue Eyes , portraed by Max Lloyd - Jones , Caesar and Cornelia 's oldest son . </Li> <Li> Cornelius , portrayed by Devyn Dalton , Caesar and Cornelia 's youngest son and Blue Eyes ' younger brother . Dalton previously played Cornelia in Rise . </Li> <Li> Luca , portrayed by Michael Adamthwaite , a virtuous Western lowland gorilla who acts as Caesar 's fourth - in - command . </Li> <Li> Red , portrayed by Ty Olsson , is a Western lowland gorilla traitor who was once a follower of Koba and now serves the Colonel to defeat Caesar . </Li> <Li> Winter , portrayed by Aleks Paunovic , an albino Western lowland gorilla in Caesar 's tribe . </Li> <Li> Spear , portrayed by Alessandro Juliani , a common chimpanzee in Caesar 's tribe . </Li> <Li> Lake , portrayed by Sara Canning , the mate of Caesar 's son Blue Eyes . </Li> <Li> The Colonel , portrayed by Woody Harrelson , an iron - fisted soldier obsessed with wiping out Caesar and his tribe to preserve his people 's role as the dominant species . </Li> <Li> Preacher , portrayed by Gabriel Chavarria , is a human soldier . </Li> <Li> Boyle , portrayed by Chad Rook , </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes and references ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Russo , Joe . Planet of the Apes Revisited p. 211 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rise of the Planet of the Apes Webcomic </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0874353/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IMDB Movie Database </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russo , Joe ( 2001 ) . Planet of the Apes Revisited : The Behind - the - Scenes Story of the Classic Science Fiction Saga . St. Martin 's Griffin . pp. 71 -- 72 . ISBN 0 - 312 - 25239 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes brings back original series character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Eugene Cordero Heads To ' Kong : Skull Island ' ; Amiah Miller Joins ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sullivan , Kevin P. ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes brings back original series character '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 22 , 2016 . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sneider , Jeff ( October 12 , 2015 ) . `` Steve Zahn to Play New Ape in Next ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie '' . TheWrap . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Han , Angie ( December 26 , 2016 ) . `` War for the Planet of the Apes : Steve Zahn Interview '' . Slashfilm.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kit , Borys ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Judy Greer Returning to ' Planet of the Apes ' ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( November 23 , 2015 ) . `` First Look at ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Reveals Motion - Capture Mayhem '' . Collider . Retrieved November 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ghosh , Subhro ( October 28 , 2015 ) . `` ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' Commences Filming in Vancouver ; Sara Canning , Judy Greer and Aleks Paunovic Join the Cast '' . Movie News Guide . Retrieved May 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ross A. Lincoln ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Aleks Paunovic To Make ' War for the Planet of the Apes ' ; Newcomer Zachary Haven Joins ' Bastards ' '' . Deadline . Retrieved October 23 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sara Canning To Monkey Around In ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . Deadline . October 26 , 2015 . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brandon Davis ( June 19 , 2017 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Was Once In Talks For A Marvel Or DC Movie '' . ComicBook . Retrieved July 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( September 15 , 2015 ) . `` Woody Harrelson to Play Villain in New ' Planet of the Apes ' Movie ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming Jr , Mike ; Hipes , Patrick ( August 24 , 2015 ) . `` ' War Of The Planet Of The Apes ' Recruits Gabriel Chavarria For Lead Role '' . deadline.com . Retrieved August 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A. Lincoln , Ross ( November 4 , 2015 ) . `` Elaine Hendrix Joins ' Shot ' ; Chad Rook Fights In ' War For The Planet Of The Apes ' '' . deadline.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Planet of the Apes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Original series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Planet of the Apes ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Beneath the Planet of the Apes ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Escape from the Planet of the Apes ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Conquest of the Planet of the Apes ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Battle for the Planet of the Apes ( 1973 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Remake </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reboot series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rise of the Planet of the Apes ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Dawn of the Planet of the Apes ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> War for the Planet of the Apes ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Planet of the Apes ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Return to the Planet of the Apes ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Behind the Planet of the Apes ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Planet of the Apes ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Revenge of the Apes ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Planet of the Apes : Last Frontier ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> La Planète des Singes </Li> <Li> Characters </Li> <Li> Comics <Ul> <Li> Star Trek / Planet of the Apes : The Primate Directive </Li> <Li> Tarzan on the Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> Planet of the Apes / Green Lantern </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Planet_of_the_Apes_characters&oldid=802266420 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Planet of the Apes </Li> <Li> Speculative fiction film characters lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from September 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles needing cleanup from September 2010 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from September 2010 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from September 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from September 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction </Li> <Li> Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from September 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify </Li> <Li> Articles that may be too long from September 2010 </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from March 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from July 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Română </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 September 2017 , at 01 : 32 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Table d'hôte - wikipedia <H1> Table d'hôte </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> A table d'hôte menu from the New York City Lotos Club , 1893 Set dinner menu from Heston Blumenthal <P> In restaurant terminology a table d'hôte ( French pronunciation : ( tablə. dot ) ; lit . `` table of the host '' ) menu is a menu where multi-course meals with only a few choices are charged at a fixed total price . Such a menu may be called prix fixe ( `` fixed price '' ) . The terms set meal and set menu are also used . The cutlery on the table may also already be set for all of the courses . </P> <P> Table d'hôte contrasts with à la carte , where customers may order any of the separately priced menu items available . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 Country - specific practices </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Table d'hôte is a French loan phrase that literally means `` the host 's table '' . The term is used to denote a table set aside for residents of a guesthouse ( fr ) , who presumably sit at the same table as their host . </P> <P> The meaning shifted to include any meal featuring a set menu at a fixed price . In the original sense , its use in English is documented as early as 1617 , while the later extended use , now more common , dates from the early nineteenth century . This meaning is not used in France . </P> <H2> Country - specific practices ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many restaurants in the United States convert their menus to prix fixe only for special occasions . Generally , this practice is limited to holidays where entire families dine together , such as Easter and Thanksgiving , or on couple - centric holidays like Valentine 's Day and Sweetest Day . </P> <P> In France , table d'hôte refers to the shared dining ( sometimes breakfast and lunch ) offered in a vacation named chambre d'hôte ( similar to `` bed and breakfast '' ) . Every guest of a chambre d'hôte can join this meal , cooked by the hosting family . It is not a restaurant , there is only one service , the price is fixed and usually included in the vacation . Everyone sits around a large table and makes small - talk about the house , the country , and so on . </P> <P> What is closer in French to the meaning of table d'hôte in English is a menu ( `` lunch special '' or `` fixed menu '' ) . It usually includes several dishes to pick in a fixed list : an entrée ( introductory course ) , a main course ( a choice between up to four dishes ) , a cheese , a dessert , bread , and sometimes beverage ( wine ) and coffee all for a set price fixed for the year between € 15 to € 55 . The menu du jour , a cheaper version with less choice , an entrée and a main course , the plat du jour ( `` dish of the day '' ) changed every day , is usually between € 9 to € 15 . </P> <P> In Belgium , restaurants in the medium to high price range tend to serve menus where the customer can compose a menu from a list of entrees , main courses and desserts . These dishes can be ordered separately and all have a different pricing depending on the ingredients used . However combined in a three - , five - , or seven - course menu they will be served at a fixed pricing that is usually € 10 -- 15 cheaper than when ordered separately . Also in many cases if a menu is chosen it will be accompanied by amuses ( little side dishes between the courses ) . Wine and other beverages are almost always excluded . </P> Japanese salt grilled salmon ( teishoku ) . <P> In Sweden almost all restaurants -- from the simplest diner to the finest luxury restaurant -- serve Dagens rätt ( `` the daily dish '' ) during lunch hours ( on weekdays ) at a much lower price than the same dish would cost at other times . Most commonly there is a choice of two or three dishes : a meat / fish / poultry dish , a vegetarian alternative , and a pasta . Salad buffet , bread and butter and beverage are included , and sometimes also a simple starter , like a soup . </P> <P> In India , the thali ( meaning `` plate '' ) is very common in restaurants . The main course consisting of rice or roti ( flat bread ) and assorted side dishes and vegetables is arranged on a large plate . This may be followed by dessert . There may be more than one kind of thali -- vegetarian , tandoori , deluxe -- the name signifying the prix - fixe items as well as the price . </P> <P> In Spain , there is the menú or menú del día , which usually includes a starter , a main dish , bread , drink and choice of coffee or dessert . It may range in price from € 8 to € 30 , with € 10 being the average price . </P> <P> In Romania , the most typical fix - price menu is called daily menu ( meniul zilei ) , taken in the daytime , on weekdays only . </P> <P> In Russia , the most typical fix - price menu is called business lunch ( бизнес - ланч ) , taken in the daytime , on weekdays only . </P> <P> In Japan , a similar practice is referred to as teishoku ( 定食 ) . This has a fixed menu and often comes with side dishes such as pickled vegetables and miso soup . Typical prices can range from ¥ 800 to ¥ 1,500 . </P> <P> In Italy , this is the typical practice in small rural restaurants called osterie ( singular osteria , from oste meaning `` host '' as in the French hôte mentioned above ) . Osterie vary widely in what they offer , but most serve simple foods and wine sourced locally , and prepared according to the local practices . Other Italian restaurants offer a selection of antipasti at a fixed price ; often enough to fare una tavola completa ( `` fill the table '' ) . Diners enjoy an informal meal as they serve themselves various small portions family style . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Food portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> À la carte , the opposite of table d'hôte </Li> <Li> Combination meal </Li> <Li> Full course dinner </Li> <Li> List of French words and phrases used by English speakers </Li> <Li> Meal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Table d'hôte '' . Oxford English Dictionary ( draft ed . ) . September 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jenny Turknett ( 2011 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Exploring the issue of holiday prix fixe menus '' . AJC.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About France '' . All Things French . 2006 - 08 - 28 . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Glossary of Japanese Terms '' . Japanvisitor.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boye De Mente ( 1995 ) . Japan Made Easy . McGraw - Hill Professional . p. 111 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up table d'hôte or prix fixe in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_d % 27hôte&oldid = 834169877 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Bundled products or services </Li> <Li> Restaurant menus </Li> <Li> Restaurant terminology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Interlanguage link template link number </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles containing Japanese - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 08 : 54 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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NATO - wikipedia <H1> NATO </H1> This article is about the military alliance . For other uses , see NATO ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <Table> North Atlantic Treaty Organization <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Logo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Flag </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Member states of NATO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abbreviation </Th> <Td> NATO , OTAN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 4 April 1949 ; 69 years ago ( 1949 - 04 - 04 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Military alliance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Brussels , Belgium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Membership </Th> <Td> 29 states ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official language </Th> <Td> English French </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Secretary General </Th> <Td> Jens Stoltenberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chairman of the NATO Military Committee </Th> <Td> Air Chief Marshal Stuart Peach , Royal Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supreme Allied Commander Europe </Th> <Td> General Curtis Scaparrotti , United States Army </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supreme Allied Commander Transformation </Th> <Td> Général Denis Mercier , French Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Expenses ( 2017 ) </Th> <Td> US $ 946 billion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> NATO.int </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO / ˈneɪtoʊ / ; French : Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord ; OTAN ) , also called the North Atlantic Alliance , is an intergovernmental military alliance between 29 North American and European countries . The alliance is based on the North Atlantic Treaty that was signed on 4 April 1949 . NATO constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its independent member states agree to mutual defence in response to an attack by any external party . NATO Headquarters are located in Haren , Brussels , Belgium , while the headquarters of Allied Command Operations is near Mons , Belgium . </P> <P> NATO was little more than a political association until the Korean War galvanized the organization 's member states , and an integrated military structure was built up under the direction of two US Supreme Commanders . The course of the Cold War led to a rivalry with nations of the Warsaw Pact which formed in 1955 . Doubts over the strength of the relationship between the European states and the United States ebbed and flowed , along with doubts over the credibility of the NATO defense against a prospective Soviet invasion -- doubts that led to the development of the independent French nuclear deterrent and the withdrawal of France from NATO 's military structure in 1966 for 30 years . After the fall of the Berlin Wall in Germany in 1989 , the organization conducted its first military interventions in Bosnia from 1992 to 1995 and later Yugoslavia in 1999 during the breakup of Yugoslavia . Politically , the organization sought better relations with former Warsaw Pact countries , several of which joined the alliance in 1999 and 2004 . </P> <P> Article 5 of the North Atlantic treaty , requiring member states to come to the aid of any member state subject to an armed attack , was invoked for the first and only time after the September 11 attacks , after which troops were deployed to Afghanistan under the NATO - led ISAF . The organization has operated a range of additional roles since then , including sending trainers to Iraq , assisting in counter-piracy operations and in 2011 enforcing a no - fly zone over Libya in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1973 . The less potent Article 4 , which merely invokes consultation among NATO members , has been invoked five times following incidents in the Iraq War , Syrian Civil War , and annexation of Crimea . </P> <P> Since its founding , the admission of new member states has increased the alliance from the original 12 countries to 29 . The most recent member state to be added to NATO is Montenegro on 5 June 2017 . NATO currently recognizes Bosnia and Herzegovina , Georgia , Macedonia and Ukraine as aspiring members . An additional 21 countries participate in NATO 's Partnership for Peace program , with 15 other countries involved in institutionalized dialogue programs . The combined military spending of all NATO members constitutes over 70 % of the global total . Members have committed to reach or maintain defense spending of at least 2 % of GDP by 2024 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Beginnings </Li> <Li> 1.2 Cold War </Li> <Li> 1.3 French withdrawal </Li> <Li> 1.4 Détente and escalation </Li> <Li> 1.5 After the Cold War </Li> <Li> 1.6 Enlargement and reform </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Military operations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Early operations </Li> <Li> 2.2 Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention </Li> <Li> 2.3 Kosovo intervention </Li> <Li> 2.4 War in Afghanistan </Li> <Li> 2.5 Iraq training mission </Li> <Li> 2.6 Gulf of Aden anti-piracy </Li> <Li> 2.7 Libya intervention </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Participating countries <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Members </Li> <Li> 3.2 Enlargement </Li> <Li> 3.3 Partnerships </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Structures <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Council </Li> <Li> 4.2 Parliamentary Assembly </Li> <Li> 4.3 Military structures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Similar organizations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History </H2> <H3> Beginnings </H3> The North Atlantic Treaty was signed by US President Harry S. Truman in Washington , on 4 April 1949 and was ratified by the United States in August 1949 . <P> The Treaty of Brussels was a mutual defence treaty against the Soviet threat at the start of the Cold War . It was signed on 17 March 1948 by Belgium , the Netherlands , Luxembourg , France , and the United Kingdom . It was the precursor to NATO . The Soviet threat became immediate with the Berlin Blockade in 1948 , leading to the creation of a multinational defence organization , the Western Union Defence Organisation , in September 1948 . However , the parties were too weak militarily to counter the Soviet Armed Forces . In addition , the 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état by the Communists had overthrown a democratic government and British Foreign Minister Ernest Bevin reiterated that the best way to prevent another Czechoslovakia was to evolve a joint Western military strategy . He got a receptive hearing in the United States , especially considering American anxiety over Italy ( and the Italian Communist Party ) . </P> <P> In 1948 , European leaders met with US defence , military and diplomatic officials at the Pentagon , under US Secretary of State George C. Marshall 's orders , exploring a framework for a new and unprecedented association . Talks for a new military alliance resulted in the North Atlantic Treaty , which was signed by US President Harry S. Truman in Washington on 4 April 1949 . It included the five Treaty of Brussels states plus the United States , Canada , Portugal , Italy , Norway , Denmark and Iceland . The first NATO Secretary General , Lord Ismay , stated in 1949 that the organization 's goal was `` to keep the Russians out , the Americans in , and the Germans down '' . Popular support for the Treaty was not unanimous , and some Icelanders participated in a pro-neutrality , anti-membership riot in March 1949 . The creation of NATO can be seen as the primary institutional consequence of a school of thought called Atlanticism which stressed the importance of trans - Atlantic cooperation . </P> <P> The members agreed that an armed attack against any one of them in Europe or North America would be considered an attack against them all . Consequently , they agreed that , if an armed attack occurred , each of them , in exercise of the right of individual or collective self - defence , would assist the member being attacked , taking such action as it deemed necessary , including the use of armed force , to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area . The treaty does not require members to respond with military action against an aggressor . Although obliged to respond , they maintain the freedom to choose the method by which they do so . This differs from Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels , which clearly states that the response will be military in nature . It is nonetheless assumed that NATO members will aid the attacked member militarily . The treaty was later clarified to include both the member 's territory and their `` vessels , forces or aircraft '' above the Tropic of Cancer , including some overseas departments of France . </P> <P> The creation of NATO brought about some standardization of allied military terminology , procedures , and technology , which in many cases meant European countries adopting US practices . The roughly 1300 Standardization Agreements ( STANAG ) codified many of the common practices that NATO has achieved . Hence , the 7.62 × 51mm NATO rifle cartridge was introduced in the 1950s as a standard firearm cartridge among many NATO countries . Fabrique Nationale de Herstal 's FAL , which used the 7.62 mm NATO cartridge , was adopted by 75 countries , including many outside of NATO . Also , aircraft marshalling signals were standardized , so that any NATO aircraft could land at any NATO base . Other standards such as the NATO phonetic alphabet have made their way beyond NATO into civilian use . </P> <H3> Cold War </H3> Main article : Cold War <P> The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 was crucial for NATO as it raised the apparent threat of all Communist countries working together and forced the alliance to develop concrete military plans . Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) was formed to direct forces in Europe , and began work under Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower in January 1951 . In September 1950 , the NATO Military Committee called for an ambitious buildup of conventional forces to meet the Soviets , subsequently reaffirming this position at the February 1952 meeting of the North Atlantic Council in Lisbon . The Lisbon conference , seeking to provide the forces necessary for NATO 's Long - Term Defence Plan , called for an expansion to ninety - six divisions . However this requirement was dropped the following year to roughly thirty - five divisions with heavier use to be made of nuclear weapons . At this time , NATO could call on about fifteen ready divisions in Central Europe , and another ten in Italy and Scandinavia . Also at Lisbon , the post of Secretary General of NATO as the organization 's chief civilian was created , and Lord Ismay was eventually appointed to the post . </P> The German Bundeswehr provided the largest element of the allied land forces guarding the frontier in Central Europe . <P> In September 1952 , the first major NATO maritime exercises began ; Exercise Mainbrace brought together 200 ships and over 50,000 personnel to practice the defence of Denmark and Norway . Other major exercises that followed included Exercise Grand Slam and Exercise Longstep , naval and amphibious exercises in the Mediterranean Sea , Italic Weld , a combined air - naval - ground exercise in northern Italy , Grand Repulse , involving the British Army on the Rhine ( BAOR ) , the Netherlands Corps and Allied Air Forces Central Europe ( AAFCE ) , Monte Carlo , a simulated atomic air - ground exercise involving the Central Army Group , and Weldfast , a combined amphibious landing exercise in the Mediterranean Sea involving American , British , Greek , Italian and Turkish naval forces . </P> <P> Greece and Turkey also joined the alliance in 1952 , forcing a series of controversial negotiations , in which the United States and Britain were the primary disputants , over how to bring the two countries into the military command structure . While this overt military preparation was going on , covert stay - behind arrangements initially made by the Western European Union to continue resistance after a successful Soviet invasion , including Operation Gladio , were transferred to NATO control . Ultimately unofficial bonds began to grow between NATO 's armed forces , such as the NATO Tiger Association and competitions such as the Canadian Army Trophy for tank gunnery . </P> A 1952 US postage stamp commemorating the third anniversary of NATO . Stamps honoring the organization were issued by many member countries . <P> In 1954 , the Soviet Union suggested that it should join NATO to preserve peace in Europe . The NATO countries , fearing that the Soviet Union 's motive was to weaken the alliance , ultimately rejected this proposal . </P> <P> On 17 December 1954 , the North Atlantic Council approved MC 48 , a key document in the evolution of NATO nuclear thought . MC 48 emphasized that NATO would have to use atomic weapons from the outset of a war with the Soviet Union whether or not the Soviets chose to use them first . This gave SACEUR the same prerogatives for automatic use of nuclear weapons as existed for the commander - in - chief of the US Strategic Air Command . </P> <P> The incorporation of West Germany into the organization on 9 May 1955 was described as `` a decisive turning point in the history of our continent '' by Halvard Lange , Foreign Affairs Minister of Norway at the time . A major reason for Germany 's entry into the alliance was that without German manpower , it would have been impossible to field enough conventional forces to resist a Soviet invasion . One of its immediate results was the creation of the Warsaw Pact , which was signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , Poland , Bulgaria , Romania , Albania , and East Germany , as a formal response to this event , thereby delineating the two opposing sides of the Cold War . </P> <P> Three major exercises were held concurrently in the northern autumn of 1957 . Operation Counter Punch , Operation Strikeback , and Operation Deep Water were the most ambitious military undertaking for the alliance to date , involving more than 250,000 men , 300 ships , and 1,500 aircraft operating from Norway to Turkey . </P> <P> </P> <H3> French withdrawal </H3> Map of the NATO air bases in France before Charles de Gaulle 's 1966 withdrawal from NATO military integrated command <P> NATO 's unity was breached early in its history with a crisis occurring during Charles de Gaulle 's presidency of France . De Gaulle protested against the United States ' strong role in the organization and what he perceived as a special relationship between it and the United Kingdom . In a memorandum sent to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958 , he argued for the creation of a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the US and the UK . </P> <P> Considering the response to be unsatisfactory , de Gaulle began constructing an independent defence force for his country . He wanted to give France , in the event of an East German incursion into West Germany , the option of coming to a separate peace with the Eastern bloc instead of being drawn into a larger NATO -- Warsaw Pact war . In February 1959 , France withdrew its Mediterranean Fleet from NATO command , and later banned the stationing of foreign nuclear weapons on French soil . This caused the United States to transfer two hundred military aircraft out of France and return control of the air force bases that it had operated in France since 1950 to the French by 1967 . </P> <P> Though France showed solidarity with the rest of NATO during the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 , de Gaulle continued his pursuit of an independent defence by removing France 's Atlantic and Channel fleets from NATO command . In 1966 , all French armed forces were removed from NATO 's integrated military command , and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave France . US Secretary of State Dean Rusk was later quoted as asking de Gaulle whether his order included `` the bodies of American soldiers in France 's cemeteries ? '' This withdrawal forced the relocation of SHAPE from Rocquencourt , near Paris , to Casteau , north of Mons , Belgium , by 16 October 1967 . France remained a member of the alliance , and committed to the defence of Europe from possible Warsaw Pact attack with its own forces stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany throughout the Cold War . A series of secret accords between US and French officials , the Lemnitzer -- Ailleret Agreements , detailed how French forces would dovetail back into NATO 's command structure should East - West hostilities break out . </P> <P> When de Gaulle announced his decision to withdraw from the integrated NATO command , President Lyndon Johnson suggested that when de Gaulle `` comes rushing down like a locomotive on the track , why the Germans and ourselves , we just stand aside and let him go on by , then we are back together again . '' The vision came true . France announced their return to full participation at the 2009 Strasbourg -- Kehl summit . </P> <H3> Détente and escalation </H3> Main article : Détente Détente led to many high level meetings between leaders from both NATO and the Warsaw Pact . Wim van Eekelen , Minister of Defence of the Netherlands , greeting US soldiers arriving as they are deployed to NATO bases ( 1987 ) <P> During most of the Cold War , NATO 's watch against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact did not actually lead to direct military action . On 1 July 1968 , the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons opened for signature : NATO argued that its nuclear sharing arrangements did not breach the treaty as US forces controlled the weapons until a decision was made to go to war , at which point the treaty would no longer be controlling . Few states knew of the NATO nuclear sharing arrangements at that time , and they were not challenged . In May 1978 , NATO countries officially defined two complementary aims of the Alliance , to maintain security and pursue détente . This was supposed to mean matching defences at the level rendered necessary by the Warsaw Pact 's offensive capabilities without spurring a further arms race . </P> During the Cold War , most of Europe was divided between two alliances . Members of NATO are shown in blue , with members of the Warsaw Pact in red , unaffiliated countries are in grey . Yugoslavia , although communist , had left the Soviet sphere in 1948 , while Albania was only a Warsaw Pact member until 1968 . <P> On 12 December 1979 , in light of a build - up of Warsaw Pact nuclear capabilities in Europe , ministers approved the deployment of US GLCM cruise missiles and Pershing II theatre nuclear weapons in Europe . The new warheads were also meant to strengthen the western negotiating position regarding nuclear disarmament . This policy was called the Dual Track policy . Similarly , in 1983 -- 84 , responding to the stationing of Warsaw Pact SS - 20 medium - range missiles in Europe , NATO deployed modern Pershing II missiles tasked to hit military targets such as tank formations in the event of war . This action led to peace movement protests throughout Western Europe , and support for the deployment wavered as many doubted whether the push for deployment could be sustained . </P> <P> The membership of the organization at this time remained largely static . In 1974 , as a consequence of the Turkish invasion of Cyprus , Greece withdrew its forces from NATO 's military command structure but , with Turkish cooperation , were readmitted in 1980 . The Falklands War between the United Kingdom and Argentina did not result in NATO involvement because article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty specifies that collective self - defence is only applicable to attacks on member state territories north of the Tropic of Cancer . On 30 May 1982 , NATO gained a new member when the newly democratic Spain joined the alliance ; Spain 's membership was confirmed by referendum in 1986 . At the peak of the Cold War , 16 member nations maintained an approximate strength of 5,252,800 active military , including as many as 435,000 forward deployed US forces , under a command structure that reached a peak of 78 headquarters , organized into four echelons . </P> <H3> After the Cold War </H3> Main article : NATO -- Russia relations <P> The Revolutions of 1989 and the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact in 1991 removed the de facto main adversary of NATO and caused a strategic re-evaluation of NATO 's purpose , nature , tasks , and their focus on the continent of Europe . This shift started with the 1990 signing in Paris of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe between NATO and the Soviet Union , which mandated specific military reductions across the continent that continued after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 . At that time , European countries accounted for 34 percent of NATO 's military spending ; by 2012 , this had fallen to 21 percent . NATO also began a gradual expansion to include newly autonomous Central and Eastern European nations , and extended its activities into political and humanitarian situations that had not formerly been NATO concerns . </P> Reforms made under Mikhail Gorbachev led to the end of the Warsaw Pact . <P> The first post-Cold War expansion of NATO came with German reunification on 3 October 1990 , when the former East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany and the alliance . This had been agreed in the Two Plus Four Treaty earlier in the year . To secure Soviet approval of a united Germany remaining in NATO , it was agreed that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the east . Whilst there was no formal commitment in the agreement not to expand NATO to the east , there are diverging views on whether negotiators gave informal commitments regarding further NATO expansion . Jack Matlock , American ambassador to the Soviet Union during its final years , said that the West gave a `` clear commitment '' not to expand , and declassified documents indicate that Soviet negotiators were given the impression that NATO membership was off the table for countries such as Czechoslovakia , Hungary , or Poland . Hans - Dietrich Genscher , the West German foreign minister at that time , said in a conversation with Eduard Shevardnadze that `` ( f ) or us , however , one thing is certain : NATO will not expand to the east . '' In 1996 , Gorbachev wrote in his Memoirs , that `` during the negotiations on the unification of Germany they gave assurances that NATO would not extend its zone of operation to the east , '' and repeated this view in an interview in 2008 . However in 2014 Gorbachev stated the opposite -- that `` The topic of ' NATO expansion ' was not discussed at all ( in 1990 ) , and it was n't brought up in those years . I say this with full responsibility . Western leaders did n't bring it up , either . '' According to Robert Zoellick , a State Department official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process , this appears to be a misperception , and no formal commitment regarding enlargement was made . Harvard University historian Mark Kramer also rejects that an informal agreement existed . </P> <P> As part of post-Cold War restructuring , NATO 's military structure was cut back and reorganized , with new forces such as the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps established . The changes brought about by the collapse of the Soviet Union on the military balance in Europe were recognized in the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty , which was signed in 1999 . The policies of French President Nicolas Sarkozy resulted in a major reform of France 's military position , culminating with the return to full membership on 4 April 2009 , which also included France rejoining the NATO Military Command Structure , while maintaining an independent nuclear deterrent . </P> <H3> Enlargement and reform </H3> Further information : Enlargement of NATO The NATO flag being raised in a ceremony marking Croatia 's joining of the alliance in 2009 <P> Between 1994 and 1997 , wider forums for regional cooperation between NATO and its neighbors were set up , like the Partnership for Peace , the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council . In 1998 , the NATO -- Russia Permanent Joint Council was established . On 8 July 1997 , three former communist countries , Hungary , the Czech Republic , and Poland , were invited to join NATO , an invitation which was accepted by all three , with Hungarian acceptance being endorsed in a a referendum in which 85.3 % of voters supported joining NATO . </P> <P> Czech President Vaclav Havel welcomed the expansion , stating that `` Never have we been part of such a broad , solid and binding security alliance , which at the same time respects in its essence the sovereignty and will of our nation . '' Polish foreign minister Bronislaw Geremek also welcomed the expansion saying that `` Poland forever returns where she has always belonged : the free world '' . Hungarian foreign minister Janos Martonyi stated that the expansion showed that Hungary was returning `` to her natural habitat . '' The expansion was also welcomed by US foreign secretary Madeleine Albright who stated that the expansion would do `` for Europe 's east what NATO has already helped to do for Europe 's west : steadily and systematically , we will continue erasing -- without replacing -- the line drawn in Europe by Stalin 's bloody boot . '' </P> <P> Expansion was criticised in the US by some policy experts as a `` a policy error of historic proportions . '' According to George F. Kennan , an American diplomat and an advocate of the containment policy , this decision `` may be expected to have an adverse effect on the development of Russian democracy ; to restore the atmosphere of the cold war to East - West relations , to impel Russian foreign policy in directions decidedly not to our liking . '' </P> <P> Membership went on expanding with the accession of seven more Central and Eastern European countries to NATO : Estonia , Latvia , Lithuania , Slovenia , Slovakia , Bulgaria , and Romania . They were first invited to start talks of membership during the 2002 Prague summit , and joined NATO on 29 March 2004 , shortly before the 2004 Istanbul summit . Slovenian membership was endorsed in a referendum in which 66.02 % of voters supported joining . </P> <P> New NATO structures were also formed while old ones were abolished . In 1997 , NATO reached agreement on a significant downsizing of its command structure from 65 headquarters to just 20 . The NATO Response Force ( NRF ) was launched at the 2002 Prague summit on 21 November , the first summit in a former Comecon country . On 19 June 2003 , a further restructuring of the NATO military commands began as the Headquarters of the Supreme Allied Commander , Atlantic were abolished and a new command , Allied Command Transformation ( ACT ) , was established in Norfolk , United States , and the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) became the Headquarters of Allied Command Operations ( ACO ) . ACT is responsible for driving transformation ( future capabilities ) in NATO , whilst ACO is responsible for current operations . In March 2004 , NATO 's Baltic Air Policing began , which supported the sovereignty of Latvia , Lithuania and Estonia by providing jet fighters to react to any unwanted aerial intrusions . Eight multinational jet fighters are based in Lithuania , the number of which was increased from four in 2014 . Also at the 2004 Istanbul summit , NATO launched the Istanbul Cooperation Initiative with four Persian Gulf nations . </P> Meetings between the government of Viktor Yushchenko and NATO leaders led to the Intensified Dialogue programme . <P> The 2006 Riga summit was held in Riga , Latvia , and highlighted the issue of energy security . It was the first NATO summit to be held in a country that had been part of the Soviet Union . At the April 2008 summit in Bucharest , Romania , NATO agreed to the accession of Croatia and Albania and both countries joined NATO in April 2009 . Ukraine and Georgia were also told that they could eventually become members . The issue of Georgian and Ukrainian membership in NATO prompted harsh criticism from Russia , as did NATO plans for a missile defence system . Studies for this system began in 2002 , with negotiations centered on anti-ballistic missiles being stationed in Poland and the Czech Republic . Though NATO leaders gave assurances that the system was not targeting Russia , both presidents Vladimir Putin and Dmitry Medvedev criticized it as a threat . </P> <P> In 2009 , US President Barack Obama proposed using the ship - based Aegis Combat System , though this plan still includes stations being built in Turkey , Spain , Portugal , Romania , and Poland . NATO will also maintain the `` status quo '' in its nuclear deterrent in Europe by upgrading the targeting capabilities of the `` tactical '' B61 nuclear bombs stationed there and deploying them on the stealthier Lockheed Martin F - 35 Lightning II . Following the 2014 annexation of Crimea by Russia , NATO committed to forming a new `` spearhead '' force of 5,000 troops at bases in Estonia , Lithuania , Latvia , Poland , Romania , and Bulgaria . </P> <P> The Russian intervention in Crimea in 2014 lead to strong condemnation by NATO nations , and Poland invoked Article 4 meetings . At the subsequent 2014 Wales summit , the leaders of NATO 's member states formally committed for the first time spend the equivalent of at least 2 % of their gross domestic products on defence by 2024 , which had previously been only an informal guideline . In 2015 , five of its 28 members met that goal . At the beginning of 2018 , eight of the 29 members either were meeting the target or were close to it ; six others had laid out plans to reach the target by 2024 as promised ; and Norway and Denmark had unveiled plans to substantially boost defense spending ( including Norway 's planned purchase 52 new F - 35 fighter jets . </P> <P> On 15 June 2016 , NATO officially recognized cyberwarfare as an operational domain of war , just like land , sea and aerial warfare . This means that any cyber attack on NATO members can trigger Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty . Montenegro became the 29th and newest member of NATO on 5 June 2017 , amid strong objections from Russia . </P> <H2> Military operations </H2> Main article : List of NATO operations <H3> Early operations </H3> <P> No military operations were conducted by NATO during the Cold War . Following the end of the Cold War , the first operations , Anchor Guard in 1990 and Ace Guard in 1991 , were prompted by the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait . Airborne early warning aircraft were sent to provide coverage of southeastern Turkey , and later a quick - reaction force was deployed to the area . </P> <H3> Bosnia and Herzegovina intervention </H3> Main article : NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina NATO planes engaged in aerial bombardments during Operation Deliberate Force after the Srebrenica massacre . <P> The Bosnian War began in 1992 , as a result of the breakup of Yugoslavia . The deteriorating situation led to United Nations Security Council Resolution 816 on 9 October 1992 , ordering a no - fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina , which NATO began enforcing on 12 April 1993 with Operation Deny Flight . From June 1993 until October 1996 , Operation Sharp Guard added maritime enforcement of the arms embargo and economic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . On 28 February 1994 , NATO took its first wartime action by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft violating the no - fly zone . </P> <P> On 10 and 11 April 1994 , during the Bosnian War , the United Nations Protection Force called in air strikes to protect the Goražde safe area , resulting in the bombing of a Bosnian Serb military command outpost near Goražde by two US F - 16 jets acting under NATO direction . This resulted in the taking of 150 U.N. personnel hostage on 14 April . On 16 April a British Sea Harrier was shot down over Goražde by Serb forces . A two - week NATO bombing campaign , Operation Deliberate Force , began in August 1995 against the Army of the Republika Srpska , after the Srebrenica massacre . </P> <P> NATO air strikes that year helped bring the Yugoslav wars to an end , resulting in the Dayton Agreement in November 1995 . As part of this agreement , NATO deployed a UN-mandated peacekeeping force , under Operation Joint Endeavor , named IFOR . Almost 60,000 NATO troops were joined by forces from non-NATO nations in this peacekeeping mission . This transitioned into the smaller SFOR , which started with 32,000 troops initially and ran from December 1996 until December 2004 , when operations were then passed onto European Union Force Althea . Following the lead of its member nations , NATO began to award a service medal , the NATO Medal , for these operations . </P> <H3> Kosovo intervention </H3> Main articles : 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia and KFOR German KFOR soldiers patrol southern Kosovo in 1999 . <P> In an effort to stop Slobodan Milošević 's Serbian - led crackdown on KLA separatists and Albanian civilians in Kosovo , the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1199 on 23 September 1998 to demand a ceasefire . Negotiations under US Special Envoy Richard Holbrooke broke down on 23 March 1999 , and he handed the matter to NATO , which started a 78 - day bombing campaign on 24 March 1999 . Operation Allied Force targeted the military capabilities of what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . During the crisis , NATO also deployed one of its international reaction forces , the ACE Mobile Force ( Land ) , to Albania as the Albania Force ( AFOR ) , to deliver humanitarian aid to refugees from Kosovo . </P> <P> Though the campaign was criticized for high civilian casualties , including bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade , Milošević finally accepted the terms of an international peace plan on 3 June 1999 , ending the Kosovo War . On 11 June , Milošević further accepted UN resolution 1244 , under the mandate of which NATO then helped establish the KFOR peacekeeping force . Nearly one million refugees had fled Kosovo , and part of KFOR 's mandate was to protect the humanitarian missions , in addition to deterring violence . In August -- September 2001 , the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest , a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia . As of 1 December 2013 , 4,882 KFOR soldiers , representing 31 countries , continue to operate in the area . </P> <P> The US , the UK , and most other NATO countries opposed efforts to require the UN Security Council to approve NATO military strikes , such as the action against Serbia in 1999 , while France and some others claimed that the alliance needed UN approval . The US / UK side claimed that this would undermine the authority of the alliance , and they noted that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia , and could do the same in future conflicts where NATO intervention was required , thus nullifying the entire potency and purpose of the organization . Recognizing the post-Cold War military environment , NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management . </P> <H3> War in Afghanistan </H3> Main articles : International Security Assistance Force and War in Afghanistan The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke its collective defence article for the first time . <P> The September 11 attacks in the United States caused NATO to invoke Article 5 of the NATO Charter for the first time in the organization 's history . The Article says that an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all . The invocation was confirmed on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty . The eight official actions taken by NATO in response to the attacks included Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour , a naval operation in the Mediterranean Sea which is designed to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction , as well as enhancing the security of shipping in general which began on 4 October 2001 . </P> <P> The alliance showed unity : On 16 April 2003 , NATO agreed to take command of the International Security Assistance Force ( ISAF ) , which includes troops from 42 countries . The decision came at the request of Germany and the Netherlands , the two nations leading ISAF at the time of the agreement , and all nineteen NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously . The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August , and marked the first time in NATO 's history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area . </P> ISAF General David M. Rodriguez at an Italian change of command in Herat <P> ISAF was initially charged with securing Kabul and surrounding areas from the Taliban , al Qaeda and factional warlords , so as to allow for the establishment of the Afghan Transitional Administration headed by Hamid Karzai . In October 2003 , the UN Security Council authorized the expansion of the ISAF mission throughout Afghanistan , and ISAF subsequently expanded the mission in four main stages over the whole of the country . </P> <P> On 31 July 2006 , the ISAF additionally took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a US - led anti-terrorism coalition . Due to the intensity of the fighting in the south , in 2011 France allowed a squadron of Mirage 2000 fighter / attack aircraft to be moved into the area , to Kandahar , in order to reinforce the alliance 's efforts . During its 2012 Chicago Summit , NATO endorsed a plan to end the Afghanistan war and to remove the NATO - led ISAF Forces by the end of December 2014 . ISAF was disestablished in December 2014 and replaced by the follow - on training Resolute Support Mission </P> <H3> Iraq training mission </H3> Main article : NATO Training Mission -- Iraq <P> In August 2004 , during the Iraq War , NATO formed the NATO Training Mission -- Iraq , a training mission to assist the Iraqi security forces in conjunction with the US led MNF - I . The NATO Training Mission - Iraq ( NTM - I ) was established at the request of the Iraqi Interim Government under the provisions of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1546 . The aim of NTM - I was to assist in the development of Iraqi security forces training structures and institutions so that Iraq can build an effective and sustainable capability that addresses the needs of the nation . NTM - I was not a combat mission but is a distinct mission , under the political control of NATO 's North Atlantic Council . Its operational emphasis was on training and mentoring . The activities of the mission were coordinated with Iraqi authorities and the US - led Deputy Commanding General Advising and Training , who was also dual - hatted as the Commander of NTM - I . The mission officially concluded on 17 December 2011 . </P> <P> Turkey invoked the first Article 4 meetings in 2003 at the start of the Iraq War . Turkey also invoked this article twice in 2012 during the Syrian Civil War , after the downing of an unarmed Turkish F - 4 reconnaissance jet , and after a mortar was fired at Turkey from Syria , and again in 2015 after threats by Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant to its territorial integrity . </P> <H3> Gulf of Aden anti-piracy </H3> Main article : Operation Ocean Shield USS Farragut destroying a Somali pirate skiff in March 2010 <P> Beginning on 17 August 2009 , NATO deployed warships in an operation to protect maritime traffic in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean from Somali pirates , and help strengthen the navies and coast guards of regional states . The operation was approved by the North Atlantic Council and involves warships primarily from the United States though vessels from many other nations are also included . Operation Ocean Shield focuses on protecting the ships of Operation Allied Provider which are distributing aid as part of the World Food Programme mission in Somalia . Russia , China and South Korea have sent warships to participate in the activities as well . The operation seeks to dissuade and interrupt pirate attacks , protect vessels , and abetting to increase the general level of security in the region . </P> <H3> Libya intervention </H3> Main article : 2011 military intervention in Libya <P> During the Libyan Civil War , violence between protestors and the Libyan government under Colonel Muammar Gaddafi escalated , and on 17 March 2011 led to the passage of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 , which called for a ceasefire , and authorized military action to protect civilians . A coalition that included several NATO members began enforcing a no - fly zone over Libya shortly afterwards , beginning with Opération Harmattan by the French Air Force on March 19 . </P> <P> On 20 March 2011 , NATO states agreed on enforcing an arms embargo against Libya with Operation Unified Protector using ships from NATO Standing Maritime Group 1 and Standing Mine Countermeasures Group 1 , and additional ships and submarines from NATO members . They would `` monitor , report and , if needed , interdict vessels suspected of carrying illegal arms or mercenaries '' . </P> Libyan Army Palmaria howitzers destroyed by the French Air Force near Benghazi in March 2011 <P> On 24 March , NATO agreed to take control of the no - fly zone from the initial coalition , while command of targeting ground units remained with the coalition 's forces . NATO began officially enforcing the UN resolution on 27 March 2011 with assistance from Qatar and the United Arab Emirates . By June , reports of divisions within the alliance surfaced as only eight of the 28 member nations were participating in combat operations , resulting in a confrontation between US Defense Secretary Robert Gates and countries such as Poland , Spain , the Netherlands , Turkey , and Germany to contribute more , the latter believing the organization has overstepped its mandate in the conflict . In his final policy speech in Brussels on 10 June , Gates further criticized allied countries in suggesting their actions could cause the demise of NATO . The German foreign ministry pointed to `` a considerable ( German ) contribution to NATO and NATO - led operations '' and to the fact that this engagement was highly valued by President Obama . </P> <P> While the mission was extended into September , Norway that day announced it would begin scaling down contributions and complete withdrawal by 1 August . Earlier that week it was reported Danish air fighters were running out of bombs . The following week , the head of the Royal Navy said the country 's operations in the conflict were not sustainable . By the end of the mission in October 2011 , after the death of Colonel Gaddafi , NATO planes had flown about 9,500 strike sorties against pro-Gaddafi targets . A report from the organization Human Rights Watch in May 2012 identified at least 72 civilians killed in the campaign . Following a coup d'état attempt in October 2013 , Libyan Prime Minister Ali Zeidan requested technical advice and trainers from NATO to assist with ongoing security issues . </P> <H2> Participating countries </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Map of NATO affiliations in Europe </Th> <Th> Map of NATO partnerships globally </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> NATO members </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Membership Action Plan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Individual Partnership Action Plan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Partnership for Peace </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mediterranean Dialogue </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Istanbul Cooperation Initiative </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Global Partners </Td> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Estonia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Italy </Li> <Li> Latvia </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Luxembourg </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bosnia - Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Bosnia - Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Armenia </Li> <Li> Austria </Li> <Li> Azerbaijan </Li> <Li> Belarus </Li> <Li> Bosnia </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> Kyrgyzstan </Li> <Li> Macedonia </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Moldova </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> Tajikistan </Li> <Li> Turkmenistan </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Uzbekistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Egypt </Li> <Li> Israel </Li> <Li> Jordan </Li> <Li> Mauritania </Li> <Li> Morocco </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> United Arab Emirates </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Iraq </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Mongolia </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Members </H3> Main article : Member states of NATO NATO organizes regular summits for leaders of their members states and partnerships . <P> NATO has twenty - nine members , mainly in Europe and North America . Some of these countries also have territory on multiple continents , which can be covered only as far south as the Tropic of Cancer in the Atlantic Ocean , which defines NATO 's `` area of responsibility '' under Article 6 of the North Atlantic Treaty . During the original treaty negotiations , the United States insisted that colonies such as the Belgian Congo be excluded from the treaty . French Algeria was however covered until their independence on 3 July 1962 . Twelve of these twenty - nine are original members who joined in 1949 , while the other seventeen joined in one of seven enlargement rounds . </P> <P> From the mid-1960s to the mid-1990s , France pursued a military strategy of independence from NATO under a policy dubbed `` Gaullo - Mitterrandism '' . Nicolas Sarkozy negotiated the return of France to the integrated military command and the Defence Planning Committee in 2009 , the latter being disbanded the following year . France remains the only NATO member outside the Nuclear Planning Group and unlike the United States and the United Kingdom , will not commit its nuclear - armed submarines to the alliance . Few members spend more than two percent of their gross domestic product on defence , with the United States accounting for three quarters of NATO defense spending . </P> <H3> Enlargement </H3> Main article : Enlargement of NATO NATO has added 13 new members since the German reunification and the end of the Cold War . <P> New membership in the alliance has been largely from Central and Eastern Europe , including former members of the Warsaw Pact . Accession to the alliance is governed with individual Membership Action Plans , and requires approval by each current member . NATO currently has two candidate countries that are in the process of joining the alliance : Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republic of Macedonia . In NATO official statements , the Republic of Macedonia is always referred to as the `` former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia '' , with a footnote stating that `` Turkey recognizes the Republic of Macedonia under its constitutional name '' . Though Macedonia completed its requirements for membership at the same time as Croatia and Albania , who joined NATO in 2009 , its accession was blocked by Greece pending a resolution of the Macedonia naming dispute . In order to support each other in the process , new and potential members in the region formed the Adriatic Charter in 2003 . Georgia was also named as an aspiring member , and was promised `` future membership '' during the 2008 summit in Bucharest , though in 2014 , US President Barack Obama said the country was not `` currently on a path '' to membership . </P> <P> Russia continues to oppose further expansion , seeing it as inconsistent with understandings between Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and European and American negotiators that allowed for a peaceful German reunification . NATO 's expansion efforts are often seen by Moscow leaders as a continuation of a Cold War attempt to surround and isolate Russia , though they have also been criticised in the West . A June 2016 Levada poll found that 68 % of Russians think that deploying NATO troops in the Baltic states and Poland -- former Eastern bloc countries bordering Russia -- is a threat to Russia . Ukraine 's relationship with NATO and Europe has been politically divisive , and contributed to `` Euromaidan '' protests that saw the ousting of pro-Russian President Viktor Yanukovych in 2014 . In March 2014 , Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk reiterated the government 's stance that Ukraine is not seeking NATO membership . Ukraine 's president subsequently signed a bill dropping his nation 's nonaligned status in order to pursue NATO membership , but signaled that it would hold a referendum before seeking to join . Ukraine is one of eight countries in Eastern Europe with an Individual Partnership Action Plan . IPAPs began in 2002 , and are open to countries that have the political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO . </P> <P> A 2006 study in the journal Security Studies argued that NATO enlargement contributed to democratic consolidation in Central and Eastern Europe . </P> <H3> Partnerships </H3> Further information : Foreign relations of NATO Partnership for Peace conducts multinational military exercises like Cooperative Archer , which took place in Tblisi in July 2007 with 500 servicemen from four NATO members , eight PfP members , and Jordan , a Mediterranean Dialogue participant . <P> The Partnership for Peace ( PfP ) programme was established in 1994 and is based on individual bilateral relations between each partner country and NATO : each country may choose the extent of its participation . Members include all current and former members of the Commonwealth of Independent States . The Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council ( EAPC ) was first established on 29 May 1997 , and is a forum for regular coordination , consultation and dialogue between all fifty participants . The PfP programme is considered the operational wing of the Euro - Atlantic Partnership . Other third countries also have been contacted for participation in some activities of the PfP framework such as Afghanistan . </P> <P> The European Union ( EU ) signed a comprehensive package of arrangements with NATO under the Berlin Plus agreement on 16 December 2002 . With this agreement , the EU was given the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wanted to act independently in an international crisis , on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act -- the so - called `` right of first refusal '' . For example , Article 42 ( 7 ) of the 1982 Treaty of Lisbon specifies that `` If a Member State is the victim of armed aggression on its territory , the other Member States shall have towards it an obligation of aid and assistance by all the means in their power '' . The treaty applies globally to specified territories whereas NATO is restricted under its Article 6 to operations north of the Tropic of Cancer . It provides a `` double framework '' for the EU countries that are also linked with the PfP programme . </P> <P> Additionally , NATO cooperates and discusses its activities with numerous other non-NATO members . The Mediterranean Dialogue was established in 1994 to coordinate in a similar way with Israel and countries in North Africa . The Istanbul Cooperation Initiative was announced in 2004 as a dialog forum for the Middle East along the same lines as the Mediterranean Dialogue . The four participants are also linked through the Gulf Cooperation Council . </P> <P> Political dialogue with Japan began in 1990 , and since then , the Alliance has gradually increased its contact with countries that do not form part of any of these cooperation initiatives . In 1998 , NATO established a set of general guidelines that do not allow for a formal institutionalisation of relations , but reflect the Allies ' desire to increase cooperation . Following extensive debate , the term `` Contact Countries '' was agreed by the Allies in 2000 . By 2012 , the Alliance had broadened this group , which meets to discuss issues such as counter-piracy and technology exchange , under the names `` partners across the globe '' or `` global partners '' . Australia and New Zealand , both contact countries , are also members of the AUSCANNZUKUS strategic alliance , and similar regional or bilateral agreements between contact countries and NATO members also aid cooperation . Colombia is the NATO 's latest partner and Colombia has access to the full range of cooperative activities NATO offers to partners ; Colombia became the first and only Latin American country to cooperate with NATO . </P> <H2> Structures </H2> Main article : Structure of NATO Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg ( right ) and his predecessor , Anders Fogh Rasmussen ( left ) , talk with members of the Norwegian army 's Telemark Battalion in Oslo . <P> The main headquarters of NATO is located on Boulevard Léopold III / Leopold III - laan , B - 1110 Brussels , which is in Haren , part of the City of Brussels municipality . A new € 750 million headquarters building began construction in 2010 , was completed in summer 2016 , and was dedicated on 25 May 2017 . The 250,000 square metres ( 2,700,000 sq ft ) complex was designed by Jo Palma and home to a staff of 3800 . Problems in the original building stemmed from its hurried construction in 1967 , when NATO was forced to move its headquarters from Porte Dauphine in Paris , France following the French withdrawal . </P> <P> The staff at the Headquarters is composed of national delegations of member countries and includes civilian and military liaison offices and officers or diplomatic missions and diplomats of partner countries , as well as the International Staff and International Military Staff filled from serving members of the armed forces of member states . Non-governmental citizens ' groups have also grown up in support of NATO , broadly under the banner of the Atlantic Council / Atlantic Treaty Association movement . </P> <P> The cost of the new headquarters building escalated to about € 1.1 billion or $1.23 billion . </P> <H3> Council </H3> Main article : North Atlantic Council <P> Like any alliance , NATO is ultimately governed by its 29 member states . However , the North Atlantic Treaty and other agreements outline how decisions are to be made within NATO . Each of the 29 members sends a delegation or mission to NATO 's headquarters in Brussels , Belgium . The senior permanent member of each delegation is known as the Permanent Representative and is generally a senior civil servant or an experienced ambassador ( and holding that diplomatic rank ) . Several countries have diplomatic missions to NATO through embassies in Belgium . </P> Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan with US President Barack Obama and Secretary of State John Kerry during the NATO Summit in Newport , 5 September 2014 NATO foreign ministers and Montenegro 's Prime Minister Milo Đukanović signed a protocol on Montenegro 's accession to NATO on 19 May 2016 . <P> Together , the Permanent Members form the North Atlantic Council ( NAC ) , a body which meets together at least once a week and has effective governance authority and powers of decision in NATO . From time to time the Council also meets at higher level meetings involving foreign ministers , defence ministers or heads of state or government ( HOSG ) and it is at these meetings that major decisions regarding NATO 's policies are generally taken . However , it is worth noting that the Council has the same authority and powers of decision - making , and its decisions have the same status and validity , at whatever level it meets . France , Germany , Italy , the United Kingdom and the United States are together referred to as the Quint , which is an informal discussion group within NATO . NATO summits also form a further venue for decisions on complex issues , such as enlargement . </P> <P> The meetings of the North Atlantic Council are chaired by the Secretary General and , when decisions have to be made , action is agreed upon on the basis of unanimity and common accord . There is no voting or decision by majority . Each nation represented at the Council table or on any of its subordinate committees retains complete sovereignty and responsibility for its own decisions . </P> <H3> Parliamentary Assembly </H3> Main article : NATO Parliamentary Assembly The NATO Parliamentary Assembly , an intergovernmental organization of NATO and associate countries ' elected representatives , meets in London prior to the start of the 2014 Newport summit . <P> The body that sets broad strategic goals for NATO is the NATO Parliamentary Assembly ( NATO - PA ) which meets at the Annual Session , and one other time during the year , and is the organ that directly interacts with the parliamentary structures of the national governments of the member states which appoint Permanent Members , or ambassadors to NATO . The NATO Parliamentary Assembly is made up of legislators from the member countries of the North Atlantic Alliance as well as thirteen associate members . Karl A. Lamers , German Deputy Chairman of the Defence Committee of the Bundestag and a member of the Christian Democratic Union , became president of the assembly in 2010 . It is however officially a different structure from NATO , and has as aim to join together deputies of NATO countries in order to discuss security policies on the NATO Council . </P> <P> The Assembly is the political integration body of NATO that generates political policy agenda setting for the NATO Council via reports of its five committees : </P> <Ul> <Li> Committee on the Civil Dimension of Security </Li> <Li> Defence and Security Committee </Li> <Li> Economics and Security Committee </Li> <Li> Political Committee </Li> <Li> Science and Technology Committee </Li> </Ul> <P> These reports provide impetus and direction as agreed upon by the national governments of the member states through their own national political processes and influencers to the NATO administrative and executive organizational entities . </P> <H3> Military structures </H3> SHAPE JFCBS JFCNP AIRCOM LANDCOM MARCOM STRIKFORNATO Location of the commands attatched to NATO 's Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe ( SHAPE ) , also referred to as Allied Command Operations ( ACO ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Petr Pavel ( right ) , of the Czech Republic , was Chairman of the NATO Military Committee from 2015 to 2018 . NATO flag raising at opening of Exercise Steadfast Jazz at Drawsko Pomorskie in Poland in November 2013 <P> NATO 's military operations are directed by the Chairman of the NATO Military Committee with the Deputy Chairman , and split into two Strategic Commands commanded by a senior US officer and ( currently ) a senior French officer assisted by a staff drawn from across NATO . The Strategic Commanders are responsible to the Military Committee for the overall direction and conduct of all Alliance military matters within their areas of command . </P> <P> Each country 's delegation includes a Military Representative , a senior officer from each country 's armed forces , supported by the International Military Staff . Together the Military Representatives form the Military Committee , a body responsible for recommending to NATO 's political authorities those measures considered necessary for the common defence of the NATO area . Its principal role is to provide direction and advice on military policy and strategy . It provides guidance on military matters to the NATO Strategic Commanders , whose representatives attend its meetings , and is responsible for the overall conduct of the military affairs of the Alliance under the authority of the Council . The Chairman of the NATO Military Committee is Air Chief Marshal Stuart Peach of the United States , since 2018 , and the Deputy Chairman is Steven Shepro of the United States , since 2016 . </P> <P> Like the Council , from time to time the Military Committee also meets at a higher level , namely at the level of Chiefs of Defence , the most senior military officer in each nation 's armed forces . Until 2008 the Military Committee excluded France , due to that country 's 1966 decision to remove itself from the NATO Military Command Structure , which it rejoined in 1995 . Until France rejoined NATO , it was not represented on the Defence Planning Committee , and this led to conflicts between it and NATO members . Such was the case in the lead up to Operation Iraqi Freedom . The operational work of the Committee is supported by the International Military Staff . </P> <P> The structure of NATO evolved throughout the Cold War and its aftermath . An integrated military structure for NATO was first established in 1950 as it became clear that NATO would need to enhance its defences for the longer term against a potential Soviet attack . In April 1951 , Allied Command Europe and its headquarters ( SHAPE ) were established ; later , four subordinate headquarters were added in Northern and Central Europe , the Southern Region , and the Mediterranean . </P> <P> From the 1950s to 2003 , the Strategic Commanders were the Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) and the Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic ( SACLANT ) . The current arrangement is to separate responsibility between Allied Command Transformation ( ACT ) , responsible for transformation and training of NATO forces , and Allied Command Operations ( ACO ) , responsible for NATO operations worldwide . Starting in late 2003 NATO has restructured how it commands and deploys its troops by creating several NATO Rapid Deployable Corps , including Eurocorps , I. German / Dutch Corps , Multinational Corps Northeast , and NATO Rapid Deployable Italian Corps among others , as well as naval High Readiness Forces ( HRFs ) , which all report to Allied Command Operations . </P> <P> In early 2015 , in the wake of the War in Donbass , meetings of NATO ministers decided that Multinational Corps Northeast would be augmented so as to develop greater capabilities , to , if thought necessary , prepare to defend the Baltic States , and that a new Multinational Division Southeast would be established in Romania . Six NATO Force Integration Units would also be established to coordinate preparations for defence of new Eastern members of NATO . </P> <P> Multinational Division Southeast was activated on 1 December 2015 . Headquarters Multinational Division South -- East ( HQ MND - SE ) is a North Atlantic Council ( NAC ) activated NATO military body under operational command ( OPCOM ) of Supreme Allied Commander Europe ( SACEUR ) which may be employed and deployed in peacetime , crisis and operations by NATO on the authority of the appropriate NATO Military Authorities by means of an exercise or operational tasking issued in accordance with the Command and Control Technical Arrangement ( C2 TA ) and standard NATO procedures . </P> <P> During August 2016 , it was announced that 650 soldiers of the British Army would be deployed on an enduring basis in Eastern Europe , mainly in Estonia with some also being deployed to Poland . This British deployment forms part of a four - battle group ( four - battalion ) deployment by various allies , NATO Enhanced Forward Presence , one each spread from Poland ( the Poland - deployed battle group mostly led by the US ) to Estonia . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> NATO portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ranks and insignia of NATO </Li> <Li> Common Security and Defence Policy of the European Union <Ul> <Li> History of the Common Security and Defence Policy </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Similar organizations </H3> <Ul> <Li> Australia , New Zealand , United States Security Treaty ( ANZUS ) </Li> <Li> Five Power Defence Arrangements ( FPDA ) </Li> <Li> Central Treaty Organization ( CENTO ) </Li> <Li> Islamic Military Counter Terrorism Coalition ( IMCTC ) </Li> <Li> Southeast Asia Treaty Organization ( SEATO ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` English and French shall be the official languages for the entire North Atlantic Treaty Organization . 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A month before ( the alliance 's summit in Riga in 2006 ) , Victoria Nuland , then the U.S. ambassador to NATO , called the 2 percent metric the `` unofficial floor '' on defense spending in NATO . But never had all governments of NATO 's 28 nations officially embraced it at the highest possible political level -- a summit declaration . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Military Spending by NATO Members '' . The Economist. 16 February 2017 . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bendavid , Naftali ( 22 June 2015 ) . `` Just Five of 28 NATO Members Meet Defense Spending Goal , Report Says '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ivana , Kottasova ( 8 July 2016 ) . `` These NATO Countries are Not Spending Their Fair Share on Defense '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 4 March 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gramer , Robbie ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Ahead of NATO Summit , U.S. President Exhorts Allies to Pay Up '' . Foreign Policy magazine . 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Retrieved 5 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ISAF Chronology '' . Nato.int . Retrieved 5 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morales , Alex ( 5 October 2006 ) . `` NATO Takes Control of East Afghanistan From U.S. - Led Coalition '' . Bloomberg L.P. Retrieved 4 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` La France et l'OTAN '' . Le Monde ( in French ) . France . Retrieved 16 July 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NATO sets `` irreversible '' but risky course to end Afghan war `` . Reuters . Reuters. 21 May 2012 . Retrieved 22 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Website '' . Jfcnaples.nato.int . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ El Gamal , Rania ( 17 December 2011 ) . `` NATO closes up training mission in Iraq '' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 January 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Croft , Adrian ( 3 October 2012 ) . `` NATO demands halt to Syria aggression against Turkey '' . Reuters . Retrieved 3 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ford , Dana ( 26 July 2015 ) . `` Turkey calls for rare NATO talks after attacks along Syrian border '' . Cnn.com . CNN . Retrieved 26 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Operation Ocean Shield '' . NATO . Archived from the original on 13 May 2011 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 Operation Ocean Shield News Articles '' . NATO . October 2010 . Archived from the original on 29 April 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Operation Ocean Shield purpose '' . 12 July 2016 . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Statement by the NATO Secretary General on Libya arms embargo '' . NATO . 22 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Press briefing by NATO Spokesperson Oana Lungescu , Brigadier General Pierre St - Amand , Canadian Air Force and General Massimo Panizzi , spokesperson of the Chairman of the Military Committee '' . NATO . 23 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NATO reaches deal to take over Libya operation ; allied planes hit ground forces '' . Washington Post . 25 March 2011 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NATO to police Libya no - fly zone '' . English.aljazeera.net. 24 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arieh ( 31 March 2011 ) . `` UAE and Qatar pack an Arab punch in Libya operation '' . Jerusalem Post . se . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NATO strikes Tripoli , Gaddafi army close on Misrata '' Archived 12 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine. , Khaled al - Ramahi . Malaysia Star . 9 June 2011 . Retrieved 9 June 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coughlin , Con ( 9 June 2011 ) . `` Political Gridlock at NATO '' , Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 9 June 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gates Calls on NATO Allies to Do More in Libya '' , Jim Garamone . US Department of Defense . 8 June 2011 . 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Retrieved 11 June 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Navy chief : Britain can not keep up its role in Libya air war due to cuts '' , James Kirkup . The Telegraph . 13 June 2011 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NATO : Ongoing resistance by pro-Gadhafi forces in Libya is ' surprising ' '' . The Washington Post . UPI. 11 October 2011 . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NATO strategy in Libya may not work elsewhere '' . USA Today . 21 October 2011 . Retrieved 22 October 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tharoor , Ishaan ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` How Many Innocent Civilians Did NATO Kill in Libya ? '' . Time Magazine . Retrieved 9 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Croft , Adrian . `` NATO to advise Libya on strengthening security forces '' . Reuters . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collins 2011 , pp. 122 -- 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The area of responsibility '' . NATO Declassified . NATO . 23 February 2013 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Washington Treaty '' . NATO . 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 28 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adrian Croft ( 19 September 2013 ) . `` Some EU states may no longer afford air forces - general '' . Reuters . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Craig Whitlock ( 29 January 2012 ) . `` NATO allies grapple with shrinking defense budgets '' . Washington Post . Archived from the original on 30 May 2013 . Retrieved 29 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joy , Oliver ( 16 January 2014 ) . `` Macedonian PM : Greece is avoiding talks over name dispute '' . CNN . Retrieved 18 April 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramadanovic , Jusuf ; Nedjeljko Rudovic ( 12 September 2008 ) . `` Montenegro , BiH join Adriatic Charter '' . Southeast European Times . 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Taking in Ukraine without also inducting Russia is the quickest way to alienate Russia ... and would justifiably give rise within Russia to fears of encirclement by , and exclusion from , the West . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levada - Center and Chicago Council on Global Affairs about Russian - American relations . Levada - Center . 4 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Polityuk , Pavel ( 18 March 2014 ) . `` PM tells Ukrainians : No NATO membership , armed groups to disarm '' . Reuters . Retrieved 27 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ukrainian President Signs Law Allowing NATO Membership Bid '' . Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty . 29 December 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NATO Topics : Individual Partnership Action Plans '' . Nato.int . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Epstein , Rachel ( 2006 ) . `` Nato Enlargement and the Spread of Democracy : Evidence and Expectations '' . Security Studies . 14 : 63 . doi : 10.1080 / 09636410591002509 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cooperative Archer military exercise begins in Georgia '' . RIA Novosti. 9 July 2007 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Partnership for Peace '' . Nato.int . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nato and Belarus -- partnership , past tensions and future possibilities '' . Foreign Policy and Security Research Center . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 25 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NATO Topics : The Euro - Atlantic Partnership Council '' . Nato.int . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Declaration by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan '' . Nato.int . Archived from the original on 8 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bram Boxhoorn , Broad Support for NATO in the Netherlands , 21 September 2005 , `` ATAedu.org '' . 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NATO Parliamentary Assembly , 16 November 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` General Stéphane Abrial , French Air Force , assumed duties as Supreme Allied Commander Transformation in summer 2009 '' . Act.nato.int. 29 July 2009 . Retrieved 5 May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Topic : The Military Committee '' . NATO . 5 March 2012 . Retrieved 5 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mehta , Aaron ( 29 June 2018 ) . `` NATO has a new top military adviser '' . Defensenews.com . Retrieved 10 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` France to rejoin NATO command '' . CNN . 17 June 2008 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fuller , Thomas ( 18 February 2003 ) . `` Reaching accord , EU warns Saddam of his ' last chance ' '' . International Herald Tribune . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1949 -- 1952 : Creating a Command Structure for NATO '' . NATO . 2013 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espen Barth , Eide ; Frédéric Bozo ( Spring 2005 ) . `` Should NATO play a more political role ? '' . Nato Review . NATO . Retrieved 15 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rapid Deployable Corps '' . NATO . 26 November 2012 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BBC , NATO Readjusts as Ukraine Crisis Looms , 5 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NATO Activates New Multinational Division Southeast Headquarters in Bucharest , Romania '' . NATO Headquarters , Belgium . 1 December 2015 . Retrieved 26 May 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography </H2> <Ul> <Li> Art , Robert J. ( 1998 ) . `` Creating a Disaster : NATO 's Open Door Policy '' . Political Science Quarterly . 113 ( 3 ) : 383 -- 403 . JSTOR 2658073 . </Li> <Li> Auerswald , David P. , and Stephen M. Saideman , eds . NATO in Afghanistan : Fighting Together , Fighting Alone ( Princeton U.P. , 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Behrman , Greg ( 2007 ) . The Most Noble Adventure : The Marshall Plan and the Time When America Helped Save Europe . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 8263 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Bethlehem , Daniel L. ; Weller , Marc ( 1997 ) . The ' Yugoslav ' Crisis in International Law . Cambridge International Documents Series . 5 . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 46304 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Clausson , M.I. ( 2006 ) . NATO : Status , Relations , and Decision - Making . Nova Publishers . ISBN 1 - 60021 - 098 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Collins , Brian J. ( 2011 ) . NATO : A Guide to the Issues . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 0 - 3133 - 5491 - X . </Li> <Li> Garthoff , Raymond L. ( 1994 ) . Détente and confrontation : American - Soviet relations from Nixon to Reagan . Brookings Institution Press . ISBN 0 - 8157 - 3041 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Gorbachev , Mikhail ( 1996 ) . Memoirs . London : Doubleday . ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 40668 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Harsch , Michael F. ( 2015 ) . The Power of Dependence : NATO - UN Cooperation in Crisis Management . Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 1910 - 3396 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Isby , David C. ; Kamps Jr. , Charles ( 1985 ) . Armies of NATO 's Central Front . Jane 's Information Group . ISBN 0 - 7106 - 0341 - X . </Li> <Li> Kaplan , Lawrence S. ( 2013 ) . NATO before the Korean War : April 1949 -- June 1950 . Kent , OH : Kent State University Press . </Li> <Li> Kaplan , Lawrence S. ( 2004 ) . NATO Divided , NATO United : The Evolution of an Alliance . Greenwood Publishing Group . ISBN 0 - 2759 - 8006 - 5 . </Li> <Li> National Defense University ( 1997 ) . Allied command structures in the new NATO . DIANE Publishing . ISBN 1 - 57906 - 033 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Njølstad , Olav ( 2004 ) . The last decade of the Cold War : from conflict escalation to conflict transformation . 5 . Psychology Press . ISBN 0 - 7146 - 8539 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Osgood , Robert E. ( 1962 ) . NATO : The Entangling Alliance . University of Chicago Press . </Li> <Li> Park , William ( 1986 ) . Defending the West : a history of NATO . Westview Press . ISBN 0 - 8133 - 0408 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Pedaliu , Effie G.H. ( 2003 ) . Britain , Italy , and the Origins of the Cold War . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 0 - 333 - 97380 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Reynolds , David ( 1994 ) . The Origins of the Cold War in Europe : International Perspectives . Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 10562 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Schoenbaum , Thomas J. ( 1988 ) . Waging Peace and War : Dean Rusk in the Truman , Kennedy , and Johnson Years . Ann Arbor , Michigan : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 60351 - 5 . </Li> <Li> van der Eyden , Ton ( 2003 ) . Public management of society : rediscovering French institutional engineering in the European context . 1 . IOS Press . ISBN 1 - 58603 - 291 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Wenger , Andreas ; Nuenlist , Christian ; Locher , Anna ( 2007 ) . Transforming NATO in the Cold War : Challenges beyond deterrence in the 1960s . Taylor & Francis . ISBN 0 - 415 - 39737 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Willbanks , James H. ( 2004 ) . Machine Guns : An Illustrated History of Their Impact . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 1 - 8510 - 9480 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Zenko , Micah ( 2010 ) . Between Threats and War : U.S. Discrete Military Operations in the Post-Cold War World . Stanford University Press . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 7191 - X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Asmus , Ronald ( 2010 ) . A Little War That Shook the World : Georgia , Russia , and the Future of the West . NYU . ISBN 978 - 0 - 230 - 61773 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> Find more aboutNATOat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Collected news </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> NATO collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English </Li> <Li> NATO collected news and commentary at Dawn </Li> <Li> `` NATO collected news and commentary '' . 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<Li> 16th ( Washington , D.C. ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NATO HQ summit ( Brussels ) </Li> <Li> 17th ( Rome ) </Li> <Li> 18th ( Prague ) </Li> <Li> 19th ( Istanbul ) </Li> <Li> 20th ( Brussels ) </Li> <Li> 21st ( Riga ) </Li> <Li> 22nd ( Bucharest ) </Li> <Li> 23rd ( Strasbourg -- Kehl ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 24th ( Lisbon ) </Li> <Li> 25th ( Chicago ) </Li> <Li> 26th ( Newport ) </Li> <Li> 27th ( Warsaw ) </Li> <Li> 28th ( Brussels ) </Li> <Li> 29th ( Brussels ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> North Atlantic Council </Li> <Li> Secretary General of NATO </Li> <Li> List of NATO Secretaries General </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Current leaders of NATO member states </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Secretary General Stoltenberg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Rama </Li> <Li> Michel </Li> <Li> Borisov </Li> <Li> Trudeau </Li> <Li> Plenković </Li> <Li> Babiš </Li> <Li> Løkke Rasmussen </Li> <Li> Ratas </Li> <Li> Macron </Li> <Li> Merkel </Li> <Li> Tsipras </Li> <Li> Orbán </Li> <Li> Katrín </Li> <Li> Conte </Li> <Li> Kučinskis </Li> <Li> Grybauskaitė </Li> <Li> Bettel </Li> <Li> Marković </Li> <Li> Rutte </Li> <Li> Solberg </Li> <Li> Morawiecki </Li> <Li> Costa </Li> <Li> Iohannis </Li> <Li> Pellegrini </Li> <Li> Cerar </Li> <Li> Sánchez </Li> <Li> Erdoğan </Li> <Li> May </Li> <Li> Trump </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cold War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> USA </Li> <Li> USSR </Li> <Li> ANZUS </Li> <Li> NATO </Li> <Li> Non-Aligned Movement </Li> <Li> SEATO </Li> <Li> Warsaw Pact </Li> <Li> Cold War II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1940s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Morgenthau Plan </Li> <Li> Hukbalahap Rebellion </Li> <Li> Dekemvriana </Li> <Li> Percentages agreement </Li> <Li> Yalta Conference </Li> <Li> Guerrilla war in the Baltic states <Ul> <Li> Forest Brothers </Li> <Li> Operation Priboi </Li> <Li> Operation Jungle </Li> <Li> Occupation of the Baltic states </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cursed soldiers </Li> <Li> Operation Unthinkable </Li> <Li> Operation Downfall </Li> <Li> Potsdam Conference </Li> <Li> Gouzenko Affair </Li> <Li> Division of Korea </Li> <Li> Operation Masterdom </Li> <Li> Operation Beleaguer </Li> <Li> Operation Blacklist Forty </Li> <Li> Iran crisis of 1946 </Li> <Li> Greek Civil War </Li> <Li> Baruch Plan </Li> <Li> Corfu Channel incident </Li> <Li> Turkish Straits crisis </Li> <Li> Restatement of Policy on Germany </Li> <Li> First Indochina War </Li> <Li> Truman Doctrine </Li> <Li> Asian Relations Conference </Li> <Li> May 1947 Crises </Li> <Li> Marshall Plan </Li> <Li> Comecon </Li> <Li> 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état </Li> <Li> Tito -- Stalin Split </Li> <Li> Berlin Blockade </Li> <Li> Western betrayal </Li> <Li> Iron Curtain </Li> <Li> Eastern Bloc </Li> <Li> Western Bloc </Li> <Li> Chinese Civil War ( Second round ) </Li> <Li> Malayan Emergency </Li> <Li> Albanian Subversion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1950s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Papua conflict </Li> <Li> Bamboo Curtain </Li> <Li> Korean War </Li> <Li> McCarthyism </Li> <Li> Egyptian Revolution of 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 Iranian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Uprising of 1953 in East Germany </Li> <Li> Dirty War ( Mexico ) </Li> <Li> Bricker Amendment </Li> <Li> 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état </Li> <Li> Partition of Vietnam </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> First Taiwan Strait Crisis </Li> <Li> Geneva Summit ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Bandung Conference </Li> <Li> Poznań 1956 protests </Li> <Li> Hungarian Revolution of 1956 </Li> <Li> Suez Crisis </Li> <Li> `` We will bury you '' </Li> <Li> Operation Gladio </Li> <Li> Arab Cold War <Ul> <Li> Syrian Crisis of 1957 </Li> <Li> 1958 Lebanon crisis </Li> <Li> Iraqi 14 July Revolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sputnik crisis </Li> <Li> Second Taiwan Strait Crisis </Li> <Li> 1959 Tibetan uprising </Li> <Li> Cuban Revolution </Li> <Li> Kitchen Debate </Li> <Li> Sino - Soviet split </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Congo Crisis </Li> <Li> 1960 U-2 incident </Li> <Li> Bay of Pigs Invasion </Li> <Li> 1960 Turkish coup d'état </Li> <Li> Soviet -- Albanian split </Li> <Li> Berlin Crisis of 1961 </Li> <Li> Berlin Wall </Li> <Li> Portuguese Colonial War <Ul> <Li> Angolan War of Independence </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau War of Independence </Li> <Li> Mozambican War of Independence </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cuban Missile Crisis </Li> <Li> Sino - Indian War </Li> <Li> Communist insurgency in Sarawak </Li> <Li> Iraqi Ramadan Revolution </Li> <Li> Eritrean War of Independence </Li> <Li> Sand War </Li> <Li> North Yemen Civil War </Li> <Li> Aden Emergency </Li> <Li> 1963 Syrian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Vietnam War </Li> <Li> Shifta War </Li> <Li> Guatemalan Civil War </Li> <Li> Colombian conflict </Li> <Li> Nicaraguan Revolution </Li> <Li> 1964 Brazilian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Dominican Civil War </Li> <Li> South African Border War </Li> <Li> Transition to the New Order </Li> <Li> Domino theory </Li> <Li> ASEAN Declaration </Li> <Li> Laotian Civil War </Li> <Li> 1966 Syrian coup d'état </Li> <Li> Argentine Revolution </Li> <Li> Korean DMZ Conflict </Li> <Li> Greek military junta of 1967 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Years of Lead ( Italy ) </Li> <Li> USS Pueblo incident </Li> <Li> Six - Day War </Li> <Li> War of Attrition </Li> <Li> Dhofar Rebellion </Li> <Li> Al - Wadiah War </Li> <Li> Protests of 1968 </Li> <Li> French May </Li> <Li> Tlatelolco massacre </Li> <Li> Cultural Revolution </Li> <Li> Prague Spring </Li> <Li> 1968 Polish political crisis </Li> <Li> Communist insurgency in Malaysia </Li> <Li> Invasion of Czechoslovakia </Li> <Li> Iraqi Ba'athist Revolution </Li> <Li> Goulash Communism </Li> <Li> Sino - Soviet border conflict </Li> <Li> CPP -- NPA -- NDF rebellion </Li> <Li> Corrective Move </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Détente </Li> <Li> Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty </Li> <Li> Black September in Jordan </Li> <Li> Corrective Movement ( Syria ) </Li> <Li> Cambodian Civil War </Li> <Li> Koza riot </Li> <Li> Realpolitik </Li> <Li> Ping - pong diplomacy </Li> <Li> Uganda -- Tanzania War </Li> <Li> 1971 Turkish military memorandum </Li> <Li> Corrective Revolution ( Egypt ) </Li> <Li> Four Power Agreement on Berlin </Li> <Li> Bangladesh Liberation War </Li> <Li> 1972 Nixon visit to China </Li> <Li> North Yemen - South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 </Li> <Li> Yemenite War of 1972 </Li> <Li> NDF Rebellion </Li> <Li> Eritrean Civil Wars </Li> <Li> 1973 Chilean coup d'état </Li> <Li> Yom Kippur War </Li> <Li> 1973 oil crisis </Li> <Li> Carnation Revolution </Li> <Li> Spanish transition </Li> <Li> Metapolitefsi </Li> <Li> Strategic Arms Limitation Talks </Li> <Li> Rhodesian Bush War </Li> <Li> Angolan Civil War </Li> <Li> Mozambican Civil War </Li> <Li> Oromo conflict </Li> <Li> Ogaden War </Li> <Li> Ethiopian Civil War </Li> <Li> Lebanese Civil War </Li> <Li> Sino - Albanian split </Li> <Li> Cambodian -- Vietnamese War </Li> <Li> Sino - Vietnamese War </Li> <Li> Operation Condor </Li> <Li> Dirty War ( Argentina ) </Li> <Li> 1976 Argentine coup d'état </Li> <Li> Korean Air Lines Flight 902 </Li> <Li> Yemenite War of 1979 </Li> <Li> Grand Mosque seizure </Li> <Li> Iranian Revolution </Li> <Li> Saur Revolution </Li> <Li> New Jewel Movement </Li> <Li> 1979 Herat uprising </Li> <Li> Seven Days to the River Rhine </Li> <Li> Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soviet -- Afghan War </Li> <Li> 1980 and 1984 Summer Olympics boycotts </Li> <Li> 1980 Turkish coup d'état </Li> <Li> Peruvian conflict </Li> <Li> Casamance conflict </Li> <Li> Ugandan Bush War </Li> <Li> Lord 's Resistance Army insurgency </Li> <Li> Eritrean Civil Wars </Li> <Li> 1982 Ethiopian -- Somali Border War </Li> <Li> Ndogboyosoi War </Li> <Li> United States invasion of Grenada </Li> <Li> Able Archer 83 </Li> <Li> Star Wars </Li> <Li> Iran -- Iraq War </Li> <Li> Somali Rebellion </Li> <Li> 1986 Black Sea incident </Li> <Li> 1988 Black Sea bumping incident </Li> <Li> South Yemen Civil War </Li> <Li> Bougainville Civil War </Li> <Li> 8888 Uprising </Li> <Li> Solidarity <Ul> <Li> Soviet reaction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Contras </Li> <Li> Central American crisis </Li> <Li> RYAN </Li> <Li> Korean Air Lines Flight 007 </Li> <Li> People Power Revolution </Li> <Li> Glasnost </Li> <Li> Perestroika </Li> <Li> Nagorno - Karabakh War </Li> <Li> Afghan Civil War </Li> <Li> United States invasion of Panama </Li> <Li> 1988 Polish strikes </Li> <Li> Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 </Li> <Li> Revolutions of 1989 </Li> <Li> Fall of the Berlin Wall </Li> <Li> Velvet Revolution </Li> <Li> Romanian Revolution </Li> <Li> Peaceful Revolution </Li> <Li> Die Wende </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mongolian Revolution of 1990 </Li> <Li> German reunification </Li> <Li> Yemeni unification </Li> <Li> Fall of communism in Albania </Li> <Li> Breakup of Yugoslavia </Li> <Li> Dissolution of the Soviet Union </Li> <Li> Dissolution of Czechoslovakia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frozen conflicts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abkhazia </Li> <Li> China - Taiwan </Li> <Li> Korea </Li> <Li> Nagorno - Karabakh </Li> <Li> South Ossetia </Li> <Li> Transnistria </Li> <Li> Sino - Indian border dispute </Li> <Li> North Borneo dispute </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foreign policy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Truman Doctrine </Li> <Li> Containment </Li> <Li> Eisenhower Doctrine </Li> <Li> Domino theory </Li> <Li> Hallstein Doctrine </Li> <Li> Kennedy Doctrine </Li> <Li> Peaceful coexistence </Li> <Li> Ostpolitik </Li> <Li> Johnson Doctrine </Li> <Li> Brezhnev Doctrine </Li> <Li> Nixon Doctrine </Li> <Li> Ulbricht Doctrine </Li> <Li> Carter Doctrine </Li> <Li> Reagan Doctrine </Li> <Li> Rollback </Li> <Li> Sovereignty of Puerto Rico during the Cold War </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ideologies </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Capitalism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chicago school </Li> <Li> Keynesianism </Li> <Li> Monetarism </Li> <Li> Neoclassical economics </Li> <Li> Reaganomics </Li> <Li> Supply - side economics </Li> <Li> Thatcherism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Communism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marxism -- Leninism </Li> <Li> Castroism </Li> <Li> Eurocommunism </Li> <Li> Guevarism </Li> <Li> Hoxhaism </Li> <Li> Juche </Li> <Li> Maoism </Li> <Li> Trotskyism </Li> <Li> Naxalism </Li> <Li> Stalinism </Li> <Li> Titoism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fascism </Li> <Li> Islamism </Li> <Li> Liberal democracy </Li> <Li> Social democracy </Li> <Li> Third - Worldism </Li> <Li> White supremacy </Li> <Li> Apartheid </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ASEAN </Li> <Li> CIA </Li> <Li> Comecon </Li> <Li> EEC </Li> <Li> KGB </Li> <Li> MI6 </Li> <Li> Non-Aligned Movement </Li> <Li> SAARC </Li> <Li> Safari Club </Li> <Li> Stasi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Propaganda </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Active measures </Li> <Li> Crusade for Freedom </Li> <Li> Izvestia </Li> <Li> Pravda </Li> <Li> Radio Free Europe / Radio Liberty </Li> <Li> Red Scare </Li> <Li> TASS </Li> <Li> Voice of America </Li> <Li> Voice of Russia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Races </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arms race </Li> <Li> Nuclear arms race </Li> <Li> Space Race </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War </Li> <Li> Soviet espionage in the United States </Li> <Li> Soviet Union -- United States relations </Li> <Li> USSR -- USA summits </Li> <Li> Russian espionage in the United States </Li> <Li> American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation </Li> <Li> Russia -- NATO relations </Li> <Li> Brinkmanship </Li> <Li> CIA and the Cultural Cold War </Li> <Li> Cold War II </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> List of conflicts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> War on Terror </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> War in Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Iraq War </Li> <Li> War in North - West Pakistan </Li> <Li> Symbolism of terrorism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Participants </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Operational </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ISAF </Li> <Li> Operation Enduring Freedom participants </Li> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Northern Alliance </Li> <Li> Iraq ( Iraqi Armed Forces ) </Li> <Li> NATO </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> European Union </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Targets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> al - Qaeda </Li> <Li> Osama bin Laden </Li> <Li> al - Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Abu Sayyaf </Li> <Li> Anwar al - Awlaki </Li> <Li> Al - Shabaab </Li> <Li> Boko Haram </Li> <Li> Harkat - ul - Jihad al - Islami </Li> <Li> Hizbul Mujahideen </Li> <Li> Islamic Courts Union </Li> <Li> Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant </Li> <Li> Jaish - e-Mohammed </Li> <Li> Jemaah Islamiyah </Li> <Li> Lashkar - e-Taiba </Li> <Li> Taliban </Li> <Li> Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conflicts </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Operation Enduring Freedom </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> War in Afghanistan </Li> <Li> OEF -- Philippines </Li> <Li> Georgia Train and Equip Program </Li> <Li> Georgia Sustainment and Stability </Li> <Li> OEF -- Horn of Africa </Li> <Li> OEF -- Trans Sahara </Li> <Li> Drone strikes in Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Operation Active Endeavour </Li> <Li> Insurgency in the Maghreb ( 2002 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Insurgency in the North Caucasus </Li> <Li> Moro conflict in the Philippines </Li> <Li> Iraq War </Li> <Li> Iraqi insurgency </Li> <Li> Operation Linda Nchi </Li> <Li> Terrorism in Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> War in North - West Pakistan </Li> <Li> War in Somalia ( 2006 -- 09 ) </Li> <Li> 2007 Lebanon conflict </Li> <Li> al - Qaeda insurgency in Yemen </Li> <Li> Korean conflict </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse </Li> <Li> Axis of evil </Li> <Li> Black sites </Li> <Li> Bush Doctrine </Li> <Li> Clash of Civilizations </Li> <Li> Cold War </Li> <Li> Combatant Status Review Tribunal </Li> <Li> Criticism of the War on Terror </Li> <Li> Death of Osama bin Laden </Li> <Li> Enhanced interrogation techniques </Li> <Li> Torture Memos </Li> <Li> Extrajudicial prisoners </Li> <Li> Extraordinary rendition </Li> <Li> Guantanamo Bay detention camp </Li> <Li> Iranian Revolution </Li> <Li> Islamic terrorism </Li> <Li> Islamism </Li> <Li> Military Commissions Act of 2006 </Li> <Li> North Korea and weapons of mass destruction </Li> <Li> Terrorist Surveillance Program </Li> <Li> Operation Noble Eagle </Li> <Li> Operation Eagle Assist </Li> <Li> Pakistan 's role </Li> <Li> Patriot Act </Li> <Li> President 's Surveillance Program </Li> <Li> Protect America Act of 2007 </Li> <Li> September 11 attacks </Li> <Li> State Sponsors of Terrorism </Li> <Li> Targeted killing </Li> <Li> Targeted Killing in International Law </Li> <Li> Targeted Killings : Law and Morality in an Asymmetrical World </Li> <Li> Unitary executive theory </Li> <Li> Unlawful combatant </Li> <Li> Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan </Li> <Li> CAGE </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Terrorism portal </Li> <Li> War portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Power in international relations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Types </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Energy </Li> <Li> Food </Li> <Li> Hard </Li> <Li> National </Li> <Li> Power politics </Li> <Li> Realpolitik </Li> <Li> Smart </Li> <Li> Soft </Li> <Li> Sharp </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Small </Li> <Li> Middle </Li> <Li> Regional </Li> <Li> Emerging </Li> <Li> Great </Li> <Li> Potential </Li> <Li> Super </Li> <Li> Hyper </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geopolitics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American ( Pax ) </Li> <Li> Asian </Li> <Li> British </Li> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Indian </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of ancient great powers </Li> <Li> List of medieval great powers </Li> <Li> List of modern great powers </Li> <Li> International relations of the Great Powers ( 1814 -- 1919 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theory </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balance of power <Ul> <Li> European </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Center of power </Li> <Li> Hegemonic stability theory </Li> <Li> Philosophy of power </Li> <Li> Polarity </Li> <Li> Power projection </Li> <Li> Power transition theory </Li> <Li> Second Superpower </Li> <Li> Sphere of influence </Li> <Li> Superpower collapse </Li> <Li> Superpower disengagement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Composite Index of National Capability </Li> <Li> Comprehensive National Power </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Organizations and groups by region or regions affected </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Union </Li> <Li> Union for the Mediterranean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa -- Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab League </Li> <Li> Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf ( GCC ) </Li> <Li> Organization of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mercosur </Li> <Li> North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) </Li> <Li> Organization of American States ( OAS ) </Li> <Li> Union of South American Nations ( Unasur ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asia Cooperation Dialogue ( ACD ) </Li> <Li> Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) </Li> <Li> Association of Southeast Asian Nations ( ASEAN ) </Li> <Li> China -- Japan -- South Korea trilateral summits </Li> <Li> Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) </Li> <Li> South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation ( SAARC ) </Li> <Li> Shanghai Cooperation Organisation ( SCO ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Council of Europe ( CE ) </Li> <Li> European Union ( EU ) </Li> <Li> Nordic Council </Li> <Li> Visegrád Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eurasia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Commonwealth of Independent States ( CIS ) </Li> <Li> Collective Security Treaty Organization ( CSTO ) </Li> <Li> Economic Cooperation Organization ( ECO ) </Li> <Li> Eurasian Economic Union ( EaEU ) </Li> <Li> Turkic Council </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America -- Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO ) </Li> <Li> Arctic Council </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa -- Asia -- Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Union for the Mediterranean </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa -- South America </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oceania -- Pacific </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia -- New Zealand -- United States Security Treaty ( ANZUS ) </Li> <Li> Asia - Pacific Economic Cooperation ( APEC ) </Li> <Li> Melanesian Spearhead Group ( MSG ) </Li> <Li> Pacific Islands Forum ( PIF ) </Li> <Li> Polynesian Leaders Group ( PLG ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non -- regional </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brazil -- Russia -- India -- China -- South Africa ( BRICS ) </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Nations </Li> <Li> Francophonie </Li> <Li> Colombia -- Indonesia -- Vietnam -- Egypt -- Turkey -- South Africa ( CIVETS ) </Li> <Li> E7 </Li> <Li> E9 </Li> <Li> G4 </Li> <Li> G7 </Li> <Li> G8 </Li> <Li> G8 + 5 </Li> <Li> G20 </Li> <Li> G24 </Li> <Li> G77 </Li> <Li> India -- Brazil -- South Africa Dialogue Forum ( IBSA ) </Li> <Li> Mexico -- Indonesia -- Nigeria -- Turkey ( MINT ) </Li> <Li> Next Eleven ( N - 11 ) </Li> <Li> Non-Aligned Movement ( NAM ) </Li> <Li> Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development ( OECD ) </Li> <Li> Uniting for Consensus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Global </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United Nations ( UN ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regional organizations </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> African Union </Li> <Li> Arab League </Li> <Li> Asia Cooperation Dialogue </Li> <Li> APEC </Li> <Li> OCS </Li> <Li> ASEAN </Li> <Li> BBIN </Li> <Li> BIMSTEC </Li> <Li> Caribbean Community </Li> <Li> Central American Integration System </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Independent States </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Nations </Li> <Li> Community of Latin American and Caribbean States </Li> <Li> Council of Europe </Li> <Li> East African Community </Li> <Li> ECOWAS </Li> <Li> Economic Cooperation Organization </Li> <Li> Eurasian Economic Union </Li> <Li> EU </Li> <Li> GUAM </Li> <Li> Gulf Cooperation Council </Li> <Li> IORA </Li> <Li> Latin American Parliament </Li> <Li> Melanesian Spearhead Group </Li> <Li> Mercosur </Li> <Li> NATO </Li> <Li> Nordic Council </Li> <Li> OAS </Li> <Li> PIF </Li> <Li> Polynesian Leaders Group </Li> <Li> RCEP </Li> <Li> SCO </Li> <Li> SAARC </Li> <Li> TAKM </Li> <Li> Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat </Li> <Li> Turkic Council </Li> <Li> Union of South American Nations </Li> <Li> V4 </Li> <Li> West Nordic Council </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Regional integration </Li> <Li> Regional organizations by population </Li> <Li> Regionalism ( international relations ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 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Bigg Boss Tamil 2 - Wikipedia <H1> Bigg Boss Tamil 2 </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Bigg Boss Tamil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> ◄ Season 2 ( 2018 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> show Housemates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name </Td> <Td> Entered </Td> <Td> Exited </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Riythvika </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 105 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 105 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vijayalakshmi </Td> <Td> Day 67 </Td> <Td> Day 105 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Janani </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 105 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yashika </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 98 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Balaji </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 98 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 91 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 84 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mahat </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Day 0 Day 46 </Td> <Td> Day 42 Day 63 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shariq </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 49 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ramya </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 35 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nithya </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 28 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ananth </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mamathi </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Day 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Runner - up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Finalist </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Bigg Boss Tamil 2 was the second season of the reality TV game show Bigg Boss Tamil , hosted by Kamal Haasan . This season had 17 housemates ( inclusive of wildcard entries ) with 60 cameras . The season commenced on 17 June 2018 and ended on 30 September 2018 after 105 days . The show aired on Star Vijay from 9 - 10 : 30 PM on weekdays and 9 - 11 PM on weekends . From Season 2 , Hotstar also provided content not aired on television , through segments such as Morning Masala , Midnight Masala , Unseen on TV and What 's Cooking and also a parallel weekly programme Fun Unlimited hosted by actor Rio Raj , which described the events in the Bigg Boss house in a humourous manner . </P> <P> A lavish house set , which was used in the first season was renovated just prior to the commencement of the programme . The set is located on the outskirts of the Chennai city in the EVP Film City at Chembarambakkam . The renovated house for the second season included special features including a jail room to increase the level of punishments to the contestants who commits mistakes . </P> <P> The winner of the second season of Bigg Boss Tamil was character actress Riythvika , who took home a trophy and a cash prize of ₹ 50 , 00,000 for her victory . Actress Aishwarya Dutta was the runner - up , while the other finalists included actresses Vijayalakshmi Feroz and Janani Iyer . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Housemates <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Original entrants </Li> <Li> 1.2 Wildcard entrant </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Nominations <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Guests </Li> <Li> 4 Weekly summary </Li> <Li> 5 Events </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Housemates </H2> <P> The housemates , in order of their entry to the house , are as follows : </P> <H3> Original entrants </H3> <Ol> <Li> Yashika Aannand , a model and actress known for her roles in the films Dhuruvangal Pathinaaru ( 2016 ) and Iruttu Araiyil Murattu Kuththu ( 2018 ) . </Li> <Li> Ponnambalam , an actor and stunt master who has appeared primarily in antagonist roles in Tamil films . </Li> <Li> Mahat Raghavendra , an actor known for his roles in the films Mankatha ( 2011 ) , Jilla ( 2014 ) and Chennai 600028 II ( 2016 ) . </Li> <Li> Daniel Annie Pope , an actor , theatre artist and television producer known for his role in the film Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara ( 2013 ) . </Li> <Li> Vaishnavi Prasad , a journalist , writer , activist and radio jockey , granddaughter of Tamil writer Saavi . </Li> <Li> Janani Iyer , an actress best known for playing the lead role in the films Avan Ivan ( 2011 ) , Thegidi ( 2014 ) and Adhe Kangal ( 2017 ) . </Li> <Li> Ananth Vaidyanathan , a voice expert best known for his role as a voice trainer in Star Vijay 's Super Singer and also known for playing a role in Avan Ivan ( 2011 ) . </Li> <Li> Ramya NSK , playback singer , granddaughter of N.S. Krishnan and T.A. Mathuram . </Li> <Li> Sendrayan , an actor known for his roles in the films Moodar Koodam ( 2013 ) and Metro ( 2016 ) . </Li> <Li> Riythvika , an actress known for her roles in the films Madras ( 2014 ) , Kabali ( 2016 ) and Iru Mugan ( 2016 ) . </Li> <Li> Mumtaz , an actress and dancer who has appeared primarily in character and item girl roles in Tamil films . </Li> <Li> Thadi Balaji , an actor who has primarily appeared as a comedian in Tamil films as well as in Tamil teleserials and is a judge in Star Vijay 's Kalakka Povathu Yaaru . </Li> <Li> Mamathi Chari , a television actress , anchor and video jockey , popular for hosting the shows Hello Tamizha and has acted in the Sun TV teleserial Vani Rani . </Li> <Li> Nithya Balaji , estranged wife of Thadi Balaji . </Li> <Li> Shariq Hassan Khan , an actor who appeared in the film Pencil ( 2016 ) , son of Riyaz Khan and Uma Riyaz Khan and grandson of Kamala Kamesh . </Li> <Li> Aishwarya Dutta , an actress who has appeared in the films Tamizhuku En Ondrai Azhuthavum ( 2015 ) and Paayum Puli ( 2015 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Wildcard entrant </H3> <Ol> <Li> Vijayalakshmi Feroz , an actress and producer known for playing the lead role in the films Chennai 600028 ( 2007 ) , Anjathe ( 2008 ) and Chennai 600028 II ( 2016 ) and had also acted in the lead role in the Sun TV teleserial Nayaki , daughter of director Agathiyan . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Nominations </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Week 1 </Th> <Th> Week 2 </Th> <Th> Week 3 </Th> <Th> Week 4 </Th> <Th> Week 5 </Th> <Th> Week 6 </Th> <Th> Week 7 </Th> <Th> Week 8 </Th> <Th> Week 9 </Th> <Th> Week 10 </Th> <Th> Week 11 </Th> <Th> Week 12 </Th> <Th> Week 13 </Th> <Th> Week 14 </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Week 15 Final </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House Captain </Th> <Td> Janani </Td> <Td> Nithya </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Ramya </Td> <Td> Mahat </Td> <Td> No Captain </Td> <Td> Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Shariq </Td> <Td> Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Yashika </Td> <Td> Mahat </Td> <Td> Yashika </Td> <Td> Riythvika </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> No Captain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nithya </Td> <Td> Yashika </Td> <Td> Sendrayan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Captain 's Nomination </Th> <Td> Vaishnavi Ananth </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Daniel </Td> <Td> Mahat Balaji </Td> <Td> Daniel </Td> <Td> Sendrayan Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Riythvika </Td> <Td> Janani </Td> <Td> Riythvika </Td> <Td> Aishwarya </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Balaji Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Vijayalakshmi Aishwarya Mumtaz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="17"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vote to : </Th> <Th_colspan="14"> Save </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Win </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="17"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Riythvika </Th> <Td> Nithya Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Ananth </Td> <Td> Balaji Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Nithya </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Yashika Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Balaji Mahat </Td> <Td> Sendrayan Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Daniel </Td> <Td> Mahat </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Aishwarya </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Winner ( Day 105 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aishwarya </Th> <Td> Nithya Riythvika </Td> <Td> Janani Riythvika </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Balaji </Td> <Td> Yashika </Td> <Td> Janani Balaji </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Janani Riythvika </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Mumtaz </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Janani Vijayalakshmi </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Runner - up ( Day 105 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vijayalakshmi </Th> <Td_colspan="9"> Not in House </Td> <Td> Exempt </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Aishwarya </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Third Place ( Day 105 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Janani </Th> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Mamathi </Td> <Td> Balaji Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Balaji </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Shariq </Td> <Td> Yashika Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Shariq </Td> <Td> Sendrayan Balaji </Td> <Td> Daniel Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Daniel </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Sendrayan </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Immune </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Fourth Place ( Day 105 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yashika </Th> <Td> Ananth Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Ananth </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Balaji </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Janani Balaji </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Balaji Riythvika </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Janani </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Evicted ( Day 98 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Balaji </Th> <Td> Ananth Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Mamathi </Td> <Td> Shariq Aishwarya </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Shariq </Td> <Td> Daniel Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Mahat Janani </Td> <Td> Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Aishwarya </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Evicted ( Day 98 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mumtaz </Th> <Td> Nithya Riythvika </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Janani </Td> <Td> Balaji </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Janani </Td> <Td> Sendrayan Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Mahat Janani </Td> <Td> Sendrayan Mahat </Td> <Td> Daniel Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Mahat </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Vijayalakshmi Aishwarya </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> Evicted ( Day 91 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sendrayan </Th> <Td> Mamathi Ramya </Td> <Td> Mamathi Shariq </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Yashika </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Mahat Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Mahat Janani </Td> <Td> Aishwarya </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Janani Mumtaz </Td> <Td_colspan="4"> Evicted ( Day 84 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daniel </Th> <Td> Ananth Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Ananth </Td> <Td> Balaji Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Nithya </Td> <Td> Balaji Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Riythvika Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Janani </Td> <Td> Janani Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Janani </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td_colspan="5"> Evicted ( Day 77 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mahat </Th> <Td> Nithya Ananth </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Ananth </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Yashika </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Sendrayan Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Mumtaz </Td> <Td_colspan="6"> Evicted ( Day 70 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vaishnavi </Th> <Td> Mumtaz Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Mamathi Mumtaz </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Daniel Mumtaz </Td> <Td> In Secret Room </Td> <Td> Sendrayan Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Sendrayan Daniel </Td> <Td_colspan="7"> Evicted ( Day 63 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ponnambalam </Th> <Td> Mamathi Riythvika </Td> <Td> Daniel Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Aishwarya </Td> <Td> No Nominations </Td> <Td> Balaji Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Daniel Yashika </Td> <Td> Mahat Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Daniel Sendrayan </Td> <Td_colspan="8"> Evicted ( Day 56 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shariq </Th> <Td> Riythvika Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Mamathi Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Sendrayan Balaji </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Janani Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Ponnambalam </Td> <Td_colspan="9"> Evicted ( Day 49 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ramya </Th> <Td> Ananth Riythvika </Td> <Td> Mamathi Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Balaji Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Nithya </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Balaji </Td> <Td_colspan="11"> Evicted ( Day 35 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nithya </Th> <Td> Ananth Mahat </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> Mumtaz Balaji </Td> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td_colspan="12"> Evicted ( Day 28 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ananth </Th> <Td> Vaishnavi Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Daniel Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam Balaji </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> Evicted ( Day 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mamathi </Th> <Td> Ponnambalam Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Mahat </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> Evicted ( Day 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="17"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notes </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 , 4 , 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 , 7 , 8 , 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11 , 12 , 13 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 15 , 16 , 17 </Td> <Td> 18 , 19 , 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 , 22 </Td> <Td> 6 , 23 , 24 , 25 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Against public vote </Th> <Td> Ananth Mumtaz Nithya Riythvika </Td> <Td> Ananth Mamathi Mumtaz Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Ananth Balaji Mumtaz Nithya Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Balaji Nithya Ponnambalam Yashika </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Balaji Janani Ponnambalam Ramya </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Mahat Mumtaz Ponnambalam Vaishnavi Yashika </Td> <Td> Balaji Mahat Mumtaz Ponnambalam Riythvika Shariq </Td> <Td> Janani Ponnambalam Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Daniel Janani Riythvika Sendrayan Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Balaji Mahat Mumtaz Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Balaji Daniel Janani </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Janani Mumtaz Sendrayan Vijayalakshmi </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Mumtaz Riythvika Vijayalakshmi </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Balaji Riythvika Vijayalakshmi Yashika </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> Aishwarya Janani Riythvika Vijayalakshmi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Evicted </Th> <Td> No Eviction </Td> <Td> Mamathi </Td> <Td> Ananth </Td> <Td> Nithya </Td> <Td> Ramya </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Shariq </Td> <Td> Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi </Td> <Td> Mahat </Td> <Td> Daniel </Td> <Td> Sendrayan </Td> <Td> Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Balaji </Td> <Td> Janani </Td> <Td> Vijayalakshmi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yashika </Td> <Td> Aishwarya </Td> <Td> Riythvika </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Notes </H3> <Dl> <Dd> indicates the House Captain . </Dd> <Dd> indicates the former House Captain . ( former meaning that the House Captain would have been stripped of the captaincy , or else evicted after being nominated as the Captain ) </Dd> <Dd> indicates that the housemate was directly nominated for eviction prior to the regular nominations process . </Dd> <Dd> indicates that the housemate was granted immunity from nominations . </Dd> <Dd> indicates that the housemate moved to the Secret Room . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> ^ Note 1 : There was no eviction during the first week , though the housemates were unaware about it and each nominated two housemates for eviction . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 2 : Nithya and Ananth were nominated for Week 3 's eviction by male and female housemates , respectively as they had performed poorly during the second week 's luxury budget task . However , Daniel and Riythvika , who was nominated as the best performers of the same luxury budget task by the male and female housemates respectively , were saved from the following week eviction . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 3 : For the Week 4 eviction , housemates were divided into groups and each group had to decide among themselves who would be nominated for eviction . While Balaji , Ponnambalam and Yashika accepted the decision of their groups to nominate them for eviction and did not nominate anyone else in their groups , Nithya nominated Daniel even though the rest of her group nominated her for eviction . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 4 : Ramya was stripped of the Week 4 captaincy and nominated for the following week eviction by Bigg Boss after she refused to take part in the luxury budget task for the week . She was replaced by Nithya as captain for the rest of the week . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 5 : Even though Nithya became the captain in the middle of Week 4 , she was not granted immunity from eviction and was evicted at the end of the week with the least public votes . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 6 : There was no House Captain for Weeks 6 , 14 and 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 7 : Mahat was sent to jail and directly nominated for eviction by Bigg Boss on Week 6 for frequently breaking the house rules . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 8 : Aishwarya was nominated for the Week 6 eviction , but she saved herself using the superpower she obtained after winning a daily task during the previous week ( Save from eviction shown in Italic in Against Public Vote ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 9 : Sendrayan and Yashika were nominated as the best performer for their teams during the Week 6 luxury budget task and hence were saved from the following week eviction . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 10 : Vaishnavi was evicted through the public voting process , but in accordance with the Secret Room twist , she was moved to a separate room and remained there for 4 days before returning to the house on Day 46 . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 11 : As a result of Aishwarya 's performance during the Week 7 luxury budget task , Bigg Boss granted her immunity from nomination for the following week eviction . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 12 : Shariq was supposed to be the house captain during Week 8 , but since he was evicted at the end of Week 7 , he chose Yashika as the Week 8 captain . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 13 : Janani was directly nominated for Week 8 eviction by house captain Yashika , who had the power to directly nominate a housemate for eviction . ( Direct nomination is shown in Bold ) </Li> <Li> ^ Note 14 : Riythvika was directly nominated for Week 9 eviction by house captain Aishwarya , who had the power to directly nominate a housemate for eviction . ( Direct nomination is shown in Bold ) </Li> <Li> ^ Note 15 : Balaji and Sendrayan were nominated as the worst performer for their teams during the Week 9 luxury budget task and hence were automatically nominated for the following week eviction . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 16 : Aishwarya was nominated for the Week 10 eviction , but she was saved by house captain for the week Yashika , who had the power to save a nominated housemate from the eviction . ( Save from eviction is shown in Bold Italic in Captain 's Nomination and in Italic in Against Public Vote ) </Li> <Li> ^ Note 17 : Vijayalakshmi was granted immunity from nominations for Week 10 as the new entrant . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 18 : Balaji , Daniel , Janani and Riythvika were nominated as the worst performers of the Week 10 luxury budget task and hence were directly nominated for the Week 11 eviction . However , Riythvika was granted immunity by Kamal Haasan as a prize for her honest opinions about her fellow housemates ' strategy during an interaction with Kamal which happened a week earlier . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 19 : Mahat was supposed to be the Week 11 house captain , but since he was evicted at the end of Week 10 , Kamal Haasan decided to nominate Sendrayan as the captain for Week 11 since he had not got the opportunity to be house captain and also as per the wishes of the other housemates . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 20 : There was no nomination process during Week 11 . Balaji , Daniel and Janani , who were directly nominated for the eviction after being adjudged as the worst performers of the previous week 's luxury budget task , faced the public vote . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 21 : Riythvika was directly nominated for the Week 13 eviction after failing to convince Mumtaz to perform the task assigned by the telephone caller to save herself from the direct nomination . She did not get immunity as well even though she was the house captain . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 22 : For the Week 13 nomination , housemates had to decide among themselves who would be nominated for the eviction . As none of them were able to come to a decision on who should be nominated , Riythvika , as the house captain , decided to nominate Vijayalakshmi , Aishwarya and Mumtaz for the eviction , which was accepted by the rest of the housemates . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 23 : Janani achieved immunity till the final week after winning the Ticket to Finale task . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 24 : There was a double - eviction during Week 14 . Both Balaji and Yashika were evicted during this double eviction process . </Li> <Li> ^ Note 25 : Except Janani , the remaining housemates were automatically nominated by Bigg Boss for the Week 14 eviction . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Guests </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Week </Th> <Th> Day </Th> <Th> Guest ( s ) </Th> <Th> Purpose of Visit </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Day 0 </Td> <Td> Oviya ( Season 1 contestant ) </Td> <Td> To give the housemates a piece of advice and wish them luck . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Day 26 </Td> <Td> Karthi , Soori and Pandiraj </Td> <Td> To promote their film Kadaikutty Singam . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Day 30 </Td> <Td> Snehan ( Season 1 runner - up ) </Td> <Td> To take a class as part of the Week 5 luxury budget task . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 32 </Td> <Td> Children from some Chennai orphanages </Td> <Td> To enjoy and spend their time with the housemates . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Day 41 </Td> <Td> Pooja Kumar , Andrea Jeremiah , Sathyaprakash and Mohamaad Ghibran </Td> <Td> To promote their film Vishwaroopam 2 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Day 47 </Td> <Td> Arya , Sathish , Dhivyadharshini and Santhosh P. Jayakumar </Td> <Td> To promote their film Ghajinikanth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Day 54 </Td> <Td> Harish Kalyan and Raiza Wilson ( Season 1 contestants ) and Elan </Td> <Td> To promote their film Pyaar Prema Kaadhal . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 56 </Td> <Td> Kamal Haasan ( host of the show ) </Td> <Td> To announce the evicted housemate for Week 8 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Day 72 </Td> <Td> Mumtaz 's mother , brother and nephew </Td> <Td> To surprise Mumtaz , Janani and Yashika respectively as part of the week 's luxury budget task . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Janani 's mother and sister </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yashika 's brother and sister </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 73 </Td> <Td> Daniel 's mother and girlfriend </Td> <Td> To surprise Daniel , Aishwarya and Riythvika respectively as part of the week 's luxury budget task . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aishwarya 's mother </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Riythvika 's parents </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A joker </Td> <Td> To entertain the housemates as part of the week 's luxury budget task . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 74 </Td> <Td> Sendrayan 's wife and parents </Td> <Td> To surprise Sendrayan , Balaji and Vijayalakshmi respectively as part of the week 's luxury budget task . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nithya Balaji ( ex-contestant ) and Poshika Balaji </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vijayalakshmi 's husband and son </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Day 85 - 91 </Td> <Td> Gayathri Raghuram , Harathi Ganesh , Snehan , Suja Varunee and Vaiyapuri ( Season 1 contestants ) </Td> <Td> They entered the house as guests for a week . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 88 - 89 </Td> <Td> Aarav ( Season 1 winner ) </Td> <Td> To announce the Ticket to Finale task and to release the first look of his debut film Raja Bheema . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Day 97 </Td> <Td> Samvitha and Jayakumar ( Amazon SMS Contest winners ) </Td> <Td> To bring the items bought with the week 's luxury budget . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Day 99 </Td> <Td> Vaishnavi Prasad and Ramya NSK ( ex-contestants ) </Td> <Td> To spend time with the finalists , give them a piece of advice and wish them luck . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 100 </Td> <Td> Shariq Hassan Khan and Nithya Balaji ( ex-contestants ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 101 </Td> <Td> Yashika Aannand and Thadi Balaji ( ex-contestants ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 102 </Td> <Td> Sendrayan and Mahat Raghavendra ( ex-contestants ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 103 </Td> <Td> All evicted housemates except Ponnambalam and Mumtaz </Td> <Td> Reunion with the finalists . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 104 </Td> <Td> Aishwarya 's friend Swaroopa </Td> <Td> To spend time with Aishwarya , Riythvika , Janani and Vijayalakshmi respectively . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kalaiyarasan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashok Selvan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kreshna and Sunaina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Day 105 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> All evicted housemates except Ponnambalam </Td> <Td> Invited to the Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Grand Finale . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vijay Devarakonda </Td> <Td> To unveil the Bigg Boss Tamil 2 trophy . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dancers </Td> <Td> To escort Janani out of the Bigg Boss house after she finished fourth . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aarav ( Season 1 winner ) </Td> <Td> To escort Vijayalakshmi out of the Bigg Boss house after she finished third . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kamal Haasan ( host of the show ) </Td> <Td> To take the final two housemates - Riythvika and Aishwarya - from the Bigg Boss house to the stage . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Weekly summary </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Week 1 </Th> <Td> Entrances </Td> <Td> hide <Ul> <Li> Yashika Aannand , Ponnambalam , Mahat Raghavendra , Daniel Annie Pope , Vaishnavi Prasad , Janani Iyer , Ananth Vaidyanathan , Ramya NSK , Sendrayan , Riythvika , Mumtaz , Thadi Balaji , Mamathi Chari , Nithya Balaji , Shariq Hassan Khan and Aishwarya Dutta entered the house on Day 0 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Janani </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahat and Mumtaz </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ananth , Mumtaz , Nithya and Riythvika </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Housemates providing feedback on each other . </Li> <Li> Feela Peela ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , one team tells a story and the other team must expose the lies in the story . ) </Li> <Li> Ivar Yaar Endru Therigiradha ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , with members of 1 team telling a story and the other team finding out who wrote the story . ) </Li> <Li> Sonnapadi Kelu ( Housemates are divided into 8 teams of 2 members each , each team has to follow what is written in an envelope . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nithya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chosen by Bigg Boss </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ananth , Mamathi , Mumtaz and Ponnambalam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Intha Veetil Yaar Sirapaaga Nirvaagam Seyya Koodiyavargal - Aangala Pengala ? ( Housemates were divided into 2 teams based on their gender . Initially , the male team acted as the owners with the female team acting as the servants . Each male housemate is assigned one female housemate as his servant , who has to obey the orders of the male owner . Later , the roles reversed , with the males acting as the servants and the females as the owners . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mamathi was evicted on Day 14 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 3 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vaishnavi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sendrayan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ananth , Balaji , Mumtaz , Nithya and Ponnambalam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thanni La Kandam ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , each team must stop water flowing out of a tank with their hands . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ananth was evicted on Day 21 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 4 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ramya , Nithya ( Former captain shown in Italic ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All housemates ( Ramya ) , self - nominated ( Nithya ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ponnambalam , Yashika , Nithya and Mahat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balaji , Nithya , Ponnambalam and Yashika </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Thittam Pottu Thirudara Kootam ( Housemates are divided into 3 teams . One team is made up of thieves , the other team police and the third team as common citizens . The police and common citizens need to stop the thieves from robbery and the police will determine the appropriate punishment for the thieves if they are caught . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nithya was evicted on Day 28 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 5 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balaji and Shariq </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balaji </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya , Balaji , Janani , Ponnambalam and Ramya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kanaa Kaanum Kaalangal ( School - related tasks . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ramya was evicted on Day 35 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 6 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> N / A </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahat and Balaji </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya , Mahat , Mumtaz , Ponnambalam , Vaishnavi and Yashika ( Housemate saved from eviction even though nominated shown in Italic ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Enga Area Ulla Varadha ( Housemates are split into 2 teams and given tasks to win and rule over different parts of the house . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vaishnavi was sent to the Secret Room on Day 42 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 7 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Entrances </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vaishnavi Prasad re-entered the house on Day 46 after spending 4 days in the Secret Room . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All housemates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All housemates except Aishwarya , Daniel , Janani and Balaji </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balaji , Mahat , Mumtaz , Ponnambalam , Riythvika and Shariq </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rani Maharani ( Housemates must obey the orders of Aishwarya , who is assigned as the dictator of the house . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shariq was evicted on Day 49 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 8 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shariq , Yashika ( Former captain shown in Italic ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Riythvika ( Shariq ) , Chosen by Shariq ( Yashika ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Janani , Ponnambalam and Sendrayan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yennaipol Oruvan ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , each team member must impersonate a housemate belonging to the other team . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ponnambalam was evicted on Day 56 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 9 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Janani </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daniel , Janani , Riythvika , Sendrayan and Vaishnavi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bommalattam ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams and each team must make toys out of the raw material brought from outside . A supervisor from each team will then check the other team 's toys and accept / reject them . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vaishnavi was evicted on Day 63 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 10 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Entrances </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vijayalakshmi Feroz entered the house on Day 67 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yashika </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya , Balaji , Mahat , Mumtaz and Sendrayan ( Housemate saved from eviction even though nominated shown in Italic ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Uthama Villaingal ( Housemates are divided into 2 teams , one consisting of super-heroes and the other comprising super-villains . The superheroes need to save a dummy locked up in the jail , while the super-villains should irritate the super-heroes such that they retaliate . Both teams interchanged their roles a day after , where now the objective was for the super-heroes team to stop the super-villains team from making bombs . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahat was evicted on Day 70 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 11 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mahat , Sendrayan ( Former captain shown in Italic ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya , Mumtaz , Sendrayan and Yashika ( Mahat ) , Chosen by Kamal Haasan ( Sendrayan ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balaji , Daniel and Janani </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Freeze and Release ( Housemates must freeze in their positions when Bigg Boss says Freeze and should not move again until Bigg Boss says Release . Housemates will be punished for failure . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Daniel was evicted on Day 77 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 12 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Yashika </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya , Mumtaz , Riythvika , Sendrayan and Vijayalakshmi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya , Janani , Mumtaz , Sendrayan and Vijayalakshmi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Housemates are told through telephone that they are directly nominated for the following week eviction process and must convince another housemate to perform a particular task in order to save themselves from the direct nomination . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sendrayan was evicted on Day 84 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Riythvika </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All housemates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya , Mumtaz , Riythvika and Vijayalakshmi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Housemates played various tasks with some of the Season 1 contestants , who stayed in the house during the week as guests . </Li> <Li> Ticket to Finale task - Suthi Suthi Vandheenga ( Housemates have to walk on a circular platform continuously with a bowl of water in their hand . After each round , the water levels of the bowls are checked . The housemate with the least amount of water in his / her bowl will be disqualified . The last housemate standing will achieve immunity till the final week . ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mumtaz was evicted on Day 91 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 14 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> N / A </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nominations </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aishwarya , Balaji , Riythvika , Vijayalakshmi and Yashika </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Housemates have to take part in various tasks to accumulate points . The housemate with the maximum points at the end of all the tasks will receive a special prize . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Exits </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Balaji and Yashika were evicted on Day 98 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Week 15 Final </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House Captain </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain 's Competition </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> N / A </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> In Jail </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> None </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luxury Budget Tasks </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> N / A </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finalists </Td> <Td> <P> During the final week the public vote for who they want to win Bigg Boss . The finalists for the title are as following : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> Aishwarya Dutta </Dd> <Dd> Janani Iyer </Dd> <Dd> Riythvika </Dd> <Dd> Vijayalakshmi Feroz </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> Riythvika <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> Aishwarya Dutta </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Third place </Td> <Td> Vijayalakshmi Feroz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fourth place </Td> <Td> Janani Iyer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Events </H2> <Ul> <Li> The partial audio launch of the Kamal Haasan 's film Vishwaroopam 2 was held on 30 June 2018 during the ongoing season with Shruti Haasan invited as a special guest of the show to inaugurate the audio launch . </Li> <Li> In episode 53 ( Day 52 ) aired on 8 August 2018 , the Bigg Boss housemates were issued the notice of the death of 5 - time former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi who died on 7 August 2018 . They paid tribute to him and shared their memories of him during the show . </Li> <Li> On 10 September 2018 an air conditioning mechanic fell from the second floor of the set . His injuries resulted in death . </Li> <Li> On 26 September 2018 , the Bigg Boss 2 votings were viewed in Vijay TV . When viewed , the votes of actresses Janani Iyer and Vijayalakshmi Feroz had decreased after a couple of hours instead on increasing . A rumour spread that the voting process is fake and the deducted votes from them were transferred to actress Aishwarya Dutta 's votes in the final week of Bigg Boss 2 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kamal Haasan returns to host ' Bigg Boss ' 2 '' . The News Minute. 2018 - 05 - 12 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` சேரெல்லாம் சைஸ் மாறிப் போச்சு ... பாத்ரூமுக்குள்ளேயே தம்மடிக்கலாம் ... புதுப் பொலிவுடன் பிக் பாஸ் வீடு ! '' . Filmibeat ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 : Kamal Haasan 's show opens on a high note '' . The Indian Express . 2018 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Real Face of Yaashika & Ishwarya Dutta '' . PakkaTv. 19 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2 : New promo videos featuring Kamal Haasan released -- Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss House Photos ( New ) : Colourful Bigg Boss Tamil season 2 House visit '' . WORLDHAB. 2018 - 06 - 15 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` புதிய ஜெயில் அறைத்தலான செட் ! EXCLUSIVE புகைப்படங்கள் ! ! - NDTV Tamil Cinema '' . NDTV Tamil Cinema ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' பிக் பாஸ் 2 ' வீட்டுக்குள் ஜெயில் : இந்த முறை என்ன மாதிரியெல்லாம் தண்டனை இதோ ... '' ( in Tamil ) . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Finale Highlights : Riythvika wins Bigg Boss Tamil season 2 '' . Times Of India . Retrieved 30 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 : Meet the contestants of Kamal Haasan 's show </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , June 29 , 2018 : Men 's team wins the task '' . 30 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 23 : Does sitting in the same bed as a man makes a woman characterless , asks Yaashika </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 : NSK Ramya 's leadership revoked ; Yaashika , Nithya , Ponnambalam , Balaji face elimination </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 37 : Aishwarya , Yaashika and Mahat get nominated </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 17 September 2018 : Vijayalakshmi and Yashika ace their tasks </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 27 July 2018 : Aishwarya Dutta becomes the captain of the house </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 43 : Vaishnavi Prasad sent to secret room , housemates think she is evicted </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 48 : Ghajinikanth team in house , Vaishnavi out of secret room </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 47 : Aishwarya 's rule ends in tears and recriminations </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 5 August 2018 : Shariq Hassan gets evicted from the house </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 6 August 2018 : Janani , Ponnambalam and Sendrayan get nominated </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 13 August 2018 : Daniel , Vaisnhavi , Sendrayan , Janani get nominated for eviction </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 16 August 2018 : Fights get uglier to win the task </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 20 August 2018 : Mumtaz , Mahat , Sendrayan and Bhalajie are nominated </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 24 August 2018 : Wildcard entrant Vijayalakshmi enters the house </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 71 : Mahat gets evicted , Yaashika wants to leave the show too </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 27 August 2018 : Housemates spent an emotional day </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 6 September 2018 : Riythvika to face direct nomination due to Mumtaz </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 10 September 2018 : Season 1 contestants visit the house </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 weekly updates : Mumtaz evicted ; Arav launches first look of Raja Bheema </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 22 September 2018 : Bhalajie evicted from reality show hosted by Kamal Haasan </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 elimination : Yashika evicted ; Riythvika Aishwarya , Vijayalakshmi enter grand finale </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 highlights : Oviya re-enters , this time as a guest ; Kamal Haasan returns with a bang </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ஓவியாவே இருக்காங்க ஓ. கே . ஆனா , பிக்பாஸ் - 2 ஓவியா யாரு பாஸ் ? # BiggBossTamil '' ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 18 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , July 13 , 2018 : Actors Karthi , Soori and Director Pandiraj cheer up the inmates - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karthi and Soori enter Bigg Boss house ! - Tamil Movie News - IndiaGlitz.com '' . IndiaGlitz.com . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Promo 2 - July 13 2018 '' . Behind Talkies. 2018 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S , KARTHIKEYAN . `` பிக்பாஸ் வீட்டுக்குள் ' கடைக்குட்டி சிங்கம் ' ... ! '' . Eenadu English Portal ( in Tamil ) . Retrieved 14 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 weekly updates : Ramya , Aishwarya , Balaji , Ponnambalam , Janani Iyer face elimination - Entertainment News , Firstpost '' . Firstpost . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` சினேகன் சொன்னதை கேட்டு பிக் பாஸ் பார்த்தவர்களுக்கு ஒரு நிமிஷம் தலையே சுத்திருச்சு '' . Filmibeat ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Episode 30 Highlights : பள்ளி பருவத்திற்கே அழைத்துச் செல்லப்பட்ட பிக்பாஸ் குடும்பத்தினா் - Samayam Tamil '' . samayam Tamil ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 19 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil Season 2 Jul 19 Preview : Housemates Turn Emotional As Orphaned Kids Pay Them A Visit </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 weekly updates : Contestants escape eviction ; Vishwaroopam 2 team visits the house </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 10 August 2018 : Aishwarya Dutta becomes captain for the second time </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction : Ponnambalam is the sixth contestant to be eliminated from Kamal Haasan 's show </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 28 August 2018 : Nithya 's letter leaves Bhalajie heartbroken </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 29 August 2018 : Aishwarya Dutta 's mom apologises to Bhalajie and Mumtaz </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 30 August 2018 : Sendrayan gets a pleasant surprise </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 24 September 2018 : Vaishnavi Prasad and Ramya NSK played a crazy prank with the inmates </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 25 September 2018 : Garbage throwing act leaves Nithya distressed over Aishwarya </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 26 September 2018 : Bhalajie enters the house ; Inmates revisit the controversial moments </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 27 September 2018 : Sendrayan and Mahat Raghavendra visit the house </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 day 104 highlights : Finalists and ex-contestants gather for a reunion - The Times of India </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 grand finale - Live updates : Janani Iyer eliminated from the show '' . IB Times . Retrieved 29 September 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 Written update , 19 June 2018 : Janani Iyer finishes the luxury budget task successfully </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 21 June 2018 : Inmates lose points for breaking the rules </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 10 : Mumtaz refuses to obey her ' masters ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 28 June 2018 : Men 's team became assistants for the luxury budget task </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 15 : Kamal Haasan launches Vishwaroopam 2 audio , Mamathi evicted '' . hindustantimes.com. 2018 - 07 - 02 . Retrieved 2 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 17 : Vaishnavi 's decision as captain questioned by Sharik </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction : Ananth Vaidyanathan eliminated from Kamal Haasan 's show </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 24 : Ponnambalam does n't understand double entendre , but delivers it well </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boss Tamil 2 third elimination : Nithya evicted from Kamal Haasan - hosted show </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 17 July 2018 : The housemates become students </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil elimination : Ramya evicted from Kamal Haasan 's show </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 38 : Aishwarya feels housemates are victimising her </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 45 : Aishwarya dumps trash on Balaji 's head </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 7 August 2018 : Housemates enjoy the role reversal task </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 14 August 2018 : Daniel and Mahat get into an ugly fight </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss 2 Tamil , episode 64 : Vaishnavi is evicted , Mahat feels betrayed by Yaashika </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 22 August 2018 : Mahat takes upper hand on Mumtaz , Daniel during the new task </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 23 August 2018 : Daniel and Mahat get into a fight </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 eviction : Danny is the ninth contestant to be eliminated from Kamal Haasan 's show </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 4 September 2018 : Aishwarya Dutta tricks Sendrayan </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , 9 September 2018 : Sendrayan gets evicted </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Episode 53 : தமிழ் என்றால் கலைஞர் கருணாநிதி தான் - ' பிக்பாஸ் ' போட்டியாளர்கள் உருக்கம் - Samayam Tamil '' . samayam Tamil ( in Tamil ) . 2018 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 housemates informed about Karunanidhi 's death , news leaves them shocked - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bigg Boss Tamil 2 written update , August 9 , 2018 : Housemates share the memories of Kalaignar M. Karunanidhi - Times of India '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 August 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Accident on Bigg Boss 2 Tamil sets , technician dead </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official Website at Hotstar </Li> <Li> Bigg Boss Tamil 2 on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Big Brother </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> Location of different versions of Big Brother . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Americas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> Canada <Ul> <Li> Québec </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> United States <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> <Li> Digital </Li> <Li> Spanish </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Asia - Pacific </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arab States </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> India <Ul> <Li> Hindi </Li> <Li> Kannada </Li> <Li> Bangla </Li> <Li> Tamil </Li> <Li> Telugu </Li> <Li> Marathi </Li> <Li> Malayalam </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indonesia </Li> <Li> Israel <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Europe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Albania <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Belgium </Li> <Li> Bulgaria <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Denmark </Li> <Li> Finland </Li> <Li> France <Ul> <Li> Loft Story </Li> <Li> Secret Story </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Germany <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Hungary <Ul> <Li> TV2 </Li> <Li> RTL II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Italy <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lithuania </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> <Li> Portugal </Li> <Li> Romania </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Serbia </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> Slovenia </Li> <Li> Spain <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> <Li> Sweden and Norway </Li> <Li> Switzerland </Li> <Li> United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> Celebrity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Virtual </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Second Life </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Kamal Haasan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Filmography </Li> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Unrealized projects </Li> <Li> Awards and honors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> As director </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chachi 420 ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Hey Ram ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Virumaandi ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Vishwaroopam / Vishwaroop ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Vishwaroopam II / Vishwaroop II ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Sabaash Naidu ( TBA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> As screenwriter </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Raja Paarvai / Amavasya Chandrudu ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Vikram ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Apoorva Sagodharargal ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Michael Madana Kama Rajan ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Thevar Magan ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Mahanadhi ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Magalir Mattum ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Nammavar ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Kuruthipunal ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Kaathala Kaathala ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Aalavandhan / Abhay ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Panchathantiram ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Anbe Sivam ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Nala Damayanthi ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Mumbai Xpress ( Tamil , 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Mumbai Xpress ( Hindi , 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Dasavathaaram ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Manmadan Ambu ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Uttama Villain ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Thoongaa Vanam / Cheekati Rajyam ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bigg Boss <Ul> <Li> season 1 </Li> <Li> season 2 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Marudhanayagam </Li> <Li> Raaj Kamal Films International </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shruti Haasan ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Akshara Haasan ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Charuhasan ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Chandrahasan ( brother ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Programs broadcast by Star Vijay </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Soap opera serials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kalyanamam Kalyanam </Li> <Li> Avalum Naanum </Li> <Li> Ponmagal Vanthal </Li> <Li> Eeramana Rojave </Li> <Li> Pagal Nilavu </Li> <Li> Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar </Li> <Li> Raja Rani </Li> <Li> Mouna Ragam </Li> <Li> Ponnukku Thanga Manasu </Li> <Li> Nenjam Marappathillai </Li> <Li> Aranmanai Kili </Li> <Li> Chinna Thambi </Li> <Li> Pandiyan Stores </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Talk shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Neeya Naana </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sitcoms & Game shows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kalakka Povathu Yaaru ? 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Army ranks and insignia of India - wikipedia <H1> Army ranks and insignia of India </H1> <Table> Indian Armed Forces <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Military Manpower </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Active troops </Th> <Td> 1,395,100 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reserve forces </Th> <Td> 2,142,800 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paramilitary forces and CAPF </Th> <Td> 1,403,700 ( 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Components </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indian Army </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indian Air Force </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indian Navy </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Paramilitary forces of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Central Armed Police Forces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Strategic Nuclear Command </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Military history of India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ranks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Air Force ranks and insignia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Army ranks and insignia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Naval ranks and insignia </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The following tables present the ranks of the Indian Army . These ranks generally correspond with those of Western militaries , and in particular reflect those of the British and Commonwealth armies . Traditional names for ranks are still used , as well as Western names . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Field marshal </Li> <Li> 3 Ranks and Insignia <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Current ranks </Li> <Li> 3.2 Ranks that are no longer in use </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Rank descriptions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Commissioned officers </Li> <Li> 4.2 Junior commissioned officers </Li> <Li> 4.3 Other ranks <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Non Commissioned Officers </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Soldiers </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Retired Officers : Form of Address </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Until 26 January 1950 , when India became a republic , the Indian Army utilized the British - pattern rank badges of the British Indian Army . Upon independence in 1947 , India became a dominion within the British Commonwealth of Nations , but the old rank insignia , incorporating the Tudor Crown and four - pointed Bath Star ( `` pip '' ) , was retained , as George VI remained Commander - in - Chief of the Indian Armed Forces . After 26 January 1950 , when India became a republic , the President of India became Commander - in - Chief , and the Ashoka Lion replaced the crown , with a five - pointed star being substituted for the `` pip . '' </P> <H2> Field marshal ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Field Marshal ( India ) <P> India has a field marshal rank , but it is mostly ceremonial . There are no field marshals in the army organizational structure at present and it has been conferred on only two officers in the past , the late Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw and the late Field Marshal KM Cariappa . </P> <P> Field marshals hold their rank for life , and are considered to be serving officers until their death . Unlike other officers , they do not draw a pension . A field marshal gets the full pay of a general equal to the Chief of the Army Staff . He wears full uniform on all official occasions and runs an office in army headquarters . He also has a dedicated secretariat of his own . </P> <H2> Ranks and insignia ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Equivalent ranks of Indian military </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indian Navy </Th> <Th> Indian Army </Th> <Th> Indian Air Force </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Commissioned ranks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Admiral of the Fleet </Td> <Td> Field Marshal </Td> <Td> Marshal of the Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Admiral </Td> <Td> General </Td> <Td> Air Chief Marshal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vice Admiral </Td> <Td> Lieutenant General </Td> <Td> Air Marshal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rear Admiral </Td> <Td> Major General </Td> <Td> Air Vice Marshal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Commodore </Td> <Td> Brigadier </Td> <Td> Air Commodore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain </Td> <Td> Colonel </Td> <Td> Group Captain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Commander </Td> <Td> Lieutenant Colonel </Td> <Td> Wing Commander </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lt. Commander </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> Squadron Leader </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lieutenant </Td> <Td> Captain </Td> <Td> Flight Lieutenant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sub Lieutenant </Td> <Td> Lieutenant </Td> <Td> Flying Officer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Junior commissioned ranks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Master Chief Petty Officer 1st Class </Td> <Td> Subedar Major </Td> <Td> Master warrant officer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Master Chief Petty Officer 2nd Class </Td> <Td> Subedar </Td> <Td> Warrant officer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chief Petty Officer </Td> <Td> Naib Subedar </Td> <Td> Junior warrant officer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Non-commissioned ranks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Petty Officer </Td> <Td> Havildar </Td> <Td> Sergeant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leading Seaman </Td> <Td> Naik </Td> <Td> Corporal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seaman 1 </Td> <Td> Lance Naik </Td> <Td> Leading aircraftsman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seaman 2 </Td> <Td> Sepoy </Td> <Td> Aircraftsman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Footnotes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Risaldar Major in cavalry and armoured regiments </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Naib Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments . Called as Jemadar until 1965 . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Current ranks ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Equivalent NATO code </Th> <Td_colspan="1"> OF - 10 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> OF - 9 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> OF - 8 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> OF - 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> OF - 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> OF - 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> OF - 4 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> OF - 3 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> OF - 2 </Td> <Td> OF - 1 </Td> </Tr> Ranks of the Indian Army - Officer Ranks <Tr> <Td> Shoulder Insignia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rank </Td> <Td> Field Marshal </Td> <Td> General </Td> <Td> Lieutenant General </Td> <Td> Major General </Td> <Td> Brigadier </Td> <Td> Colonel </Td> <Td> Lieutenant Colonel </Td> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> Captain </Td> <Td> Lieutenant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <Ul> <Li> Honorary / wartime rank . </Li> <Li> Held only by the Chief of the Army Staff </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Ranks of the Indian Army -- JCOs and Other Ranks <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Junior Commissioned Officer </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Other ranks </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shoulder Insignia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rank </Td> <Td> Subedar Major </Td> <Td> Subedar </Td> <Td> Naib Subedar </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Havildar </Td> <Td> Naik </Td> <Td> Lance Naik </Td> <Td> Sepoy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> <Ul> <Li> Risaldar Major in cavalry and armoured regiments </Li> <Li> Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments </Li> <Li> Naib Risaldar in cavalry and armoured regiments . Called Jemadar until 1965 . </Li> <Li> No Insignia , Sowar in cavalry and armoured regiments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Ranks that are no longer in use ( edit ) </H3> <P> The rank of Second Lieutenant is no longer in use ; all new officers are commissioned as Lieutenants . </P> <P> The appointments of Regimental Quartermaster Havildar and Regimental Havildar Major are no longer used in the Indian Army and those duties are now performed by JCOs . </P> <Table> Ranks of the Indian Army no longer in use <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="1"> Officers </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Non-commissioned officers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shoulder Insignia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arm </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rank </Td> <Td> Second Lieutenant </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Regimental Havildar Major </Td> <Td> Regimental Quartermaster Havildar </Td> <Td> Company Havildar Major </Td> <Td> Company Quartermaster Havildar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="8"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notable holders include Second Lieutenant Arun Khetarpal , Second Lieutenant Rama Raghoba Rane and Company Quartermaster Havildar Abdul Hamid . </P> <H2> Rank descriptions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Indian Army Ranks can be classified into three categories . <Ul> <Li> Commissioned Officers who are equivalent to All India Services & Group A Services in Defence Forces . </Li> <Li> Junior Commissioned Officers who are equivalent to Group B Gazetted officers . </Li> <Li> Other Ranks comprising non-commissioned officers and soldiers . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Commissioned officers ( edit ) </H3> Equivalent ranks of Indian Armed Forces ( click to enlarge ) <P> Commissioned officers are the leaders of the army and command anywhere from Platoon , Company , Battalion , Brigade , Division , Corps & the Whole army . </P> <P> Indian Army officers are continually put through different courses & assessed on merit throughout their career , for promotions and appointments . Substantive promotions up to Lieutenant Colonel or equivalent ( subject to clearance of Part B and Part D exam for Major and Lieutenant Colonel ) and are based on time in service whereas those for Colonel and above are based on selection , with promotion to Colonel also based on time served . Due to steep hierarchy and few vacancies , most of the officers retire at the rank of Colonel and only a few make it to the rank of Brigadier and above . Civilian equivalents are in accordance with government policies on functional allocation of duties in staff billets , otherwise the rank structure of the armed forces is different from the civilian with regard to years of service and vacancies available . </P> <P> Indian Army officers undergo various courses such as Young Officers Course , Junior Command Course , Defence Services Staff College course at DSSC Wellington , Management Development Programme : Senior Defence Management Course , Higher Defence Management Course at the College of Defence Management ( Secunderabad ) , Higher Command Courses , NDC courses at various premier institutions of Armed Forces for promotions . The same is applicable to officers other two services namely Indian Navy & Indian Air Force </P> <P> Dress insignia are in Gold / Black / Silver based on regiments of the officers commissioned </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Ranks </Th> <Th> Insignia </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> <Th> Retirement Age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Field marshal </Td> <Td> National emblem over a crossed baton and saber in a lotus blossom wreath . </Td> <Td> Only two appointments have ever been made . </Td> <Td> Not applicable . Life Long </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General </Td> <Td> National emblem over a five - pointed star , all over a crossed baton and saber . </Td> <Td> Held only by the Chief of Army Staff of the Indian Army . equivalent to Cabinet Secretary of India <P> Pay Level 18 Rs. 2 , 50,000 </P> </Td> <Td> 3 years as COAS or at the age of 62 , whichever is earlier . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lieutenant General </Td> <Td> National emblem over crossed baton and saber . </Td> <Td> By selection . <P> 36 years of commissioned service required . </P> <P> Lieutenant generals appointed as Vice Chief of Army Staff / Army Commanders / Equivalent / NFSG at Pay Level 17 , Rs. 2 , 25,000 </P> <P> HAG + Scale : Admissible to 1 / 3rd of total strength of Lt Generals Pay Level 16 , Rs. 2 , 05,400 - 2 , 24,400 </P> <P> HAG Scale : Pay Level 15 , Rs. 1 , 82,200 - 2 , 24,100 </P> </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Major General </Td> <Td> Five - pointed star over crossed baton and saber . </Td> <Td> By selection . <P> 32 years of commissioned service required . </P> <P> Pay Level 14 , Rs. 1 , 44,200 - 2 , 18,200 </P> </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brigadier </Td> <Td> National emblem over three five - pointed stars in a triangular formation . </Td> <Td> By selection . <P> 25 years of commissioned service required . </P> <P> Pay Level 13A , Rs. 1 , 39,600 - 2 , 17,600 </P> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colonel </Td> <Td> National emblem over two five - pointed stars </Td> <Td> Colonel & above are Selection Grade . <P> 15 years of commissioned service required for selection . Duration of Time Scale promotion to Colonel is 26 years of commissioned service . </P> <P> Pay Level 13 , Rs. 1 , 30,600 - 2 , 15,900 </P> </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lieutenant Colonel </Td> <Td> National emblem over five - pointed star . </Td> <Td> on completion of 13 years reckonable commissioned service subject to clearance of Part D exam . <P> Pay Level 12A , Rs. 1 , 21,200 - 2 , 12,400 </P> </Td> <Td> NA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Major </Td> <Td> National emblem . </Td> <Td> on completion of 6 years reckonable commissioned service subject to clearance of Part B exam . <P> Pay Level 11 , Rs. 69,400 - 2 , 07,200 </P> </Td> <Td> NA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Captain </Td> <Td> Three five - pointed stars . </Td> <Td> on completion of 2 years reckonable commissioned service . <P> Pay Level 10B , Rs. 61,300 - 1 , 93,900 </P> </Td> <Td> NA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lieutenant </Td> <Td> Two five - pointed stars . </Td> <Td> on commissioning into Indian Army as an Officer in Pay Level 10 <P> Rs. 56,100 - 1 , 77,500 </P> </Td> <Td> NA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Junior commissioned officers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Junior commissioned officers are commissioned as officers from the ranks and are broadly equivalent to warrant officers in Western armies . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ranks </Th> <Th> Insignia </Th> <Th> Retirement Age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Infantry and other arms </Th> <Th> Cavalry and armour </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subedar major </Td> <Td> Risaldar major </Td> <Td> Gold national emblem with stripe </Td> <Td> After 34 years service or at the age of 54 , whichever is sooner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subedar </Td> <Td> Risaldar </Td> <Td> Two gold stars with stripe </Td> <Td> After 30 years service or at the age of 52 , whichever is sooner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Naib subedar </Td> <Td> Naib risaldar </Td> <Td> One gold star with stripe </Td> <Td> After 28 years service or at the age of 52 , whichever is sooner . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Other ranks ( edit ) </H3> <P> Other ranks in the Indian Army include Non Commissioned Officers ( `` NCOs '' ) and Soldiers ( `` sepoys '' or `` jawans '' ) </P> Non commissioned officers ( edit ) <P> Non Commissioned Officers ( `` NCOs '' ) are soldiers promoted to positions of responsibility , and are equivalent to junior non-commissioned officers ( sergeants and corporals ) in Western armies . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ranks </Th> <Th> Insignia </Th> <Th> Retirement Age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Infantry and other arms </Th> <Th> Cavalry and armour </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Havildar </Td> <Td> Daffadar </Td> <Td> Three rank chevrons </Td> <Td> After 26 years service or at the age of 49 , whichever is sooner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Naik </Td> <Td> Lance daffadar </Td> <Td> Two rank chevrons </Td> <Td> After 24 years service or at the age of 49 , whichever is sooner . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lance Naik </Td> <Td> Acting lance daffadar </Td> <Td> Single rank chevron </Td> <Td> After 22 years service or at the age of 48 , whichever is sooner . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Soldiers ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ranks </Th> <Th> Insignia </Th> <Th> Retirement Age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Infantry and other arms </Th> <Th> Cavalry and armour </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sepoy </Td> <Td> Sowar </Td> <Td> Plain shoulder badge only </Td> <Td> After 19 years service or at the age of 42 , whichever is sooner . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Retired officers : form of address ( edit ) </H2> <P> On 21 July 2014 , the Indian Army issued a circular for retired personnel informing them that the correct form of addressing a retired officer is `` Brigadier ABC ( Retd ) and not Brigadier ( Retd ) ABC '' . The reason for this was stated as being , `` Rank never retires , it is an officer who retires . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Comparative military ranks </Li> <Li> Air Force ranks and insignia of India </Li> <Li> Naval ranks and insignia of India </Li> <Li> Police ranks and insignia of India </Li> <Li> Distinctive Unit Insignia - Indian Army </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Designs of Crests and Badges in the Services '' ( PDF ) . Press Information Bureau of India - Archive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Personnel Services Directorate . `` Psdte311212 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DSR Volume I , Chapter IV -- JCOs , WOs , OR AND NON-COMBATANTS ( ENROLLED ) '' . Indian Army . 2014 . Archived from the original on 9 November 2014 . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kumar , M.K. Sunil ( 16 May 2012 ) . `` Rules of the Raj hindering havildars ' promotion '' . The New Indian Express . Retrieved 3 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh , Navdeep . `` Clarification on the nature of ' Group - A ' services '' . India Military Info . India Military Info . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ India , Times of . `` JCOs are Gazetted '' . ToI . Times of India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Times , Hindustan . `` Army defers key annual promotion exam amid LoC tensions '' . Hindustan Times . Hindustan Times . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ India , USI . `` PROSPECTUS '' . USI . USI of India . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Government of India ( 4 November 2008 ) . `` MoD Letter No. 1 / 55 / 2008 D ( Pay / Services ) -- Terms and Conditions of Service '' ( PDF ) . Indian Army . Government of India , Ministry of Defence . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tirkey , Ajay ( 30 August 2008 ) . `` Ministry of Defence Resolution -- Sixth Central Pay Commission '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NCC Spl entry Scheme '' ( PDF ) . joinindianarmy.nic.in . Indian Army . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Army Pay Rules '' ( PDF ) . MoD . GoI . MoD . Retrieved 21 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Army , Indian . `` NCC SPL ENTRY NOTIFCATION '' ( PDF ) . Indian Army Offl website . Indian Army . Retrieved 22 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sura , Ajay ( 3 August 2014 ) . `` Rank never retires , officer does : Army '' . The Times of India . TNN . Retrieved 13 September 2015 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> World Rank Insignia site </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Military ranks and insignia by country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of comparative military ranks </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Africa </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Benin </Li> <Li> Botswana </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Burundi </Li> <Li> Cameroon </Li> <Li> Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> DR Congo </Li> <Li> Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Djibouti </Li> <Li> Egypt <Ul> <Li> Army </Li> <Li> Navy </Li> <Li> Air Force </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Eritrea </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Gabon </Li> <Li> Gambia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Guinea </Li> <Li> Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> 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Emil Minty - Wikipedia <H1> Emil Minty </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( November 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Emil Minty </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 1972 ( age 45 -- 46 ) Sydney , Australia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1981 -- 1992 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Emil Minty ( born 1972 ) is an Australian former child actor . He played The Feral Kid , a feral child in the 1981 film Mad Max 2 : The Road Warrior . As an actor , he had no lines in the film . After Mad Max 2 , Minty had minor parts in Fluteman ( 1982 ) and in The Winds of Jarrah ( 1983 ) . In 1990 he appeared in a few episodes of A Country Practice . </P> <P> Minty withdrew from acting when he finished school . He became a jeweller , and has worked at Chris Lewis Jewellers in Sydney 's Gladesville since the early 1990s . He is a father of two . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Filmography </Li> <Li> 2 References </Li> <Li> 3 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mad Max 2 : The Road Warrior ( 1981 ) - The Feral Kid </Li> <Li> Fluteman ( 1982 ) - Toby </Li> <Li> The Winds of Jarrah ( 1983 ) - Andy Marlow </Li> <Li> `` The Flying Doctors '' ( 1990 ) - Mat Coulson </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Lehmann , Megan ( May 9 , 2015 ) . `` From Mad Max 's feral child ... to Sydney jeweller '' . The Daily Telegraph . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Holmstrom , John . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich , Michael Russell , 1996 , p. 394 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Emil Minty on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 91608591 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article about an Australian film actor is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emil_Minty&oldid=820597474 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1972 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> Australian male child actors </Li> <Li> Australian male film actors </Li> <Li> Australian male television actors </Li> <Li> People from Sydney </Li> <Li> Australian screen actor stubs </Li> <Li> Film actor stubs </Li> <Li> Australian film biography stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> BLP articles lacking sources from November 2010 </Li> <Li> All BLP articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from September 2010 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 January 2018 , at 15 : 09 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Liberty Bowl - wikipedia <H1> Liberty Bowl </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the stadium , see Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Liberty Bowl </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> AutoZone Liberty Bowl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Memphis , Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Previous stadiums </Th> <Td> John F. Kennedy Stadium ( 1959 -- 1963 ) Convention Hall ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Previous locations </Th> <Td> Philadelphia ( 1959 -- 1963 ) Atlantic City , New Jersey ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operated </Th> <Td> 1959 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Conference tie - ins </Th> <Td> Big 12 # 4 Pick vs SEC Pool Pick The American ( alternate ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Previous conference tie - ins </Th> <Td> C - USA ( 1996 -- 2013 ) MWC ( 1998 -- 2005 ) winner of the Commander in Chief 's Trophy ( 1989 -- 1992 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Payout </Th> <Td> US $ 2,400,000 ( As of 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Sponsors </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> St. Jude ( 1993 -- 1996 ) AXA Financial ( 1997 -- 2003 ) AutoZone ( 2004 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Former names </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Liberty Bowl ( 1959 -- 1992 ) St. Jude Liberty Bowl ( 1993 -- 1996 ) AXA Liberty Bowl ( 1997 -- 2003 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 matchup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Georgia vs. TCU ( Georgia 31 -- 23 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 matchup </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Memphis vs. Iowa State ( Iowa State 21 -- 20 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Liberty Bowl , officially the AutoZone Liberty Bowl for sponsorship purposes , is an annual American college football bowl game played in late December or early January since 1959 . Since 1965 , the game has been held at Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium in Memphis , Tennessee . For its first five years , it was played in Philadelphia . Since 2004 , the game has been sponsored by Memphis - based auto parts retailer AutoZone . Because of the scheduling of the bowl game near the end of the calendar year , no game was played during calendar years 2008 or 2015 , while two games were played in calendar years 2010 and 2016 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Matchup <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Recent matchups of note </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Game results </Li> <Li> 4 MVPs </Li> <Li> 5 Broadcasters </Li> <Li> 6 Appearances by team </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> A.F. `` Bud '' Dudley , a former Villanova athletic - director , created the Liberty Bowl in Philadelphia in 1959 . The game was played at Philadelphia 's Municipal Stadium . It was the only cold - weather bowl game of its time , and was plagued by poor attendance . The inaugural game was the most successful of the five held in Philadelphia , as 38,000 fans watched Penn State beat Alabama 7 -- 0 in 1959 . </P> <P> A group of Atlantic City businessmen convinced Dudley to move his game from Philadelphia to Atlantic City 's Convention Hall for 1964 and guaranteed Dudley $25,000 . It would be the first major ( University Division , now Division I ) bowl game played indoors . AstroTurf was still in its developmental stages and was unavailable for the game . Convention Hall was equipped with a 4 - inch - thick ( 100 mm ) grass surface with two inches of burlap underneath it ( as padding ) on top of concrete . To keep the grass growing , artificial lighting was installed and kept on 24 hours a day . The entire process cost about $16,000 . End - zones were only 8 yards long . 6,059 fans saw Utah rout West Virginia . Dudley was paid $25,000 from Atlantic City businessmen , $60,000 from the gate , and $95,000 from television revenues , for $10,000 net profit . </P> <P> Dudley moved the game to Memphis in 1965 , where it has made its home at what became Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium to much larger crowds and has established itself as one of the oldest non-BCS bowls . </P> <H2> Matchup ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the late 1980s and early 1990s , the Liberty Bowl offered an automatic invitation to the winner of the Commander - in - Chief 's Trophy , if that team was bowl eligible . </P> <P> Beginning in 1996 , the Liberty Bowl began an affiliation with the newly launched Conference USA , offering its champion an automatic bid . Beginning in 2005 , the winner of C - USA was determined by the newly created C - USA championship game . The winner of that game was customarily offered the bowl berth from 2005 -- 2013 . </P> <P> In 1996 and 1997 , the opponent for the C - USA champion was a team from the Big East . In 1998 , the Liberty Bowl replaced the Holiday Bowl in a shared contract with the Cotton Bowl and had second choice between the WAC champion and a team from the SEC . From 1999 to 2005 , the opponent for the C - USA champion was the Mountain West champion . There were two exceptions : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2004 : Mountain West champion Utah qualified for the BCS . In their place , the Liberty Bowl chose WAC champion Boise State . </Li> <Li> 2005 : Mountain West champion TCU chose to play in the Houston Bowl . At - large WAC team Fresno State took their place . </Li> </Ul> <P> In 1999 , the Mountain West Conference did not have an outright champion , as three teams tied for the conference lead . The conference 's bid for the game was given to Colorado State . </P> <P> The bowl 's contract from 2006 until 2013 pitted the winner of the C - USA championship game against the eighth pick from the SEC . The American was to provide its fifth - place team as an alternate if the SEC could not provide a team . The SEC was also given veto power for the bowl , and elected to use it in 2011 to block C - USA champion Southern Miss from playing Vanderbilt ; instead Cincinnati got the spot and Southern Miss accepted an invitation to the Hawaii Bowl instead . </P> <P> Since 2014 , the matchup features a team from the SEC against the # 4 pick from the Big 12 Conference . The Liberty Bowl is part of a six - bowl SEC pool arrangement that also involves the Belk , Music City , Outback , TaxSlayer , and Texas bowls ; these bowls will choose one representative from the conference each , while the College Football Playoff receiving first choice ( usually the Sugar Bowl in years it does not serve as a national semifinal ) and the Citrus Bowl second choice . </P> <P> The game is televised nationally on ESPN , and is carried nationwide by ESPN Radio , and internationally by ESPN International . </P> <H3> Recent matchups of note ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 2010 win by UCF was the program 's first - ever bowl victory . </P> <P> The 2011 game matched Coaches ' Poll # 24 ranked Cincinnati against upstart Vanderbilt , and unlike most lower tier bowls , it aired on the broadcast network ABC rather than its cable brethren ESPN . Cincinnati defeated Vanderbilt in a second - half comeback . </P> <P> The 2012 Liberty Bowl featured a matchup between the Iowa State Cyclones ( 9th place in the Big 12 ) and the Tulsa Golden Hurricane ( Conference USA champions ) . Iowa State defeated Tulsa 38 -- 23 in the season 's first weekend , however Tulsa defeated Iowa State 31 -- 17 in the rematch of the regular season game . Though the bowl normally selects a team from the SEC , it invited Iowa State because the SEC did not have enough bowl - eligible teams to fill all of its contracted bowl games . </P> <H2> Game results ( edit ) </H2> Boise State and Louisville square off in the 2004 Liberty Bowl in Memphis , Tennessee . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date Played </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Winning Team </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Losing Team </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 19 , 1959 </Td> <Td> Penn State </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 20 , 1960 </Td> <Td> Penn State </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 16 , 1961 </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Miami ( Florida ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 15 , 1962 </Td> <Td> Oregon State </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Villanova </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 21 , 1963 </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> North Carolina State </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 19 , 1964 </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 18 , 1965 </Td> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 10 , 1966 </Td> <Td> Miami ( Florida ) </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Virginia Tech </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 16 , 1967 </Td> <Td> North Carolina State </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 14 , 1968 </Td> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Virginia Tech </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 13 , 1969 </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 12 , 1970 </Td> <Td> Tulane </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 20 , 1971 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 18 , 1972 </Td> <Td> Georgia Tech </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Iowa State </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 17 , 1973 </Td> <Td> North Carolina State </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 16 , 1974 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 , 1975 </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 20 , 1976 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> UCLA </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 19 , 1977 </Td> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 23 , 1978 </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> LSU </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 22 , 1979 </Td> <Td> Penn State </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Tulane </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 , 1980 </Td> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 , 1981 </Td> <Td> Ohio State </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Navy </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1982 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1983 </Td> <Td> Notre Dame </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 , 1984 </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 , 1985 </Td> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> LSU </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1986 </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1987 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 28 , 1988 </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1989 </Td> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Air Force </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 , 1990 </Td> <Td> Air Force </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Ohio State </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 1991 </Td> <Td> Air Force </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 1992 </Td> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Air Force </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 28 , 1993 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Michigan State </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 1994 </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> East Carolina </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 , 1995 </Td> <Td> East Carolina </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 27 , 1996 </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Houston </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 1997 </Td> <Td> Southern Mississippi </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Tulane </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Southern Mississippi </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Colorado State </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 2000 </Td> <Td> Colorado State </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2002 </Td> <Td> TCU </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Colorado State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Southern Mississippi </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2004 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Boise State </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2005 </Td> <Td> Tulsa </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Fresno State </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 2006 </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Houston </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Central Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 2 , 2009 </Td> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> East Carolina </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 2 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> East Carolina </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Central Florida </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2011 </Td> <Td> Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Vanderbilt </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2012 </Td> <Td> Tulsa </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Iowa State </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 31 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Rice </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 29 , 2014 </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 2 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Kansas State </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 , 2016 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> TCU </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 30 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Iowa State </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Memphis </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> notes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Mountain West Conference champion Utah was released from their contractual obligation to the Liberty Bowl after earning a BCS berth in 2004 . Western Athletic Conference champion Boise State took Utah 's place . </Li> </Ol> <H2> MVPs ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> MVP </Th> <Th> School </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Jay Huffman </Td> <Td> Penn State </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Dick Hoak </Td> <Td> Penn State </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> Dick Easterly </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 </Td> <Td> Terry Baker </Td> <Td> Oregon State </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1963 </Td> <Td> Ode Burrell </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> HB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1964 </Td> <Td> Ernest Allen </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1965 </Td> <Td> Tom Bryan </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> FB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1966 </Td> <Td> Jimmy Cox </Td> <Td> Miami ( Florida ) </Td> <Td> SE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Jim Donnan </Td> <Td> North Carolina State </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 </Td> <Td> Steve Hindman </Td> <Td> Ole Miss </Td> <Td> TB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1969 </Td> <Td> Bobby Anderson </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> TB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Dave Abercrombie </Td> <Td> Tulane </Td> <Td> TB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Joe Ferguson </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Jim Stevens </Td> <Td> Georgia Tech </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Stan Fritts </Td> <Td> North Carolina State </Td> <Td> FB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Randy White </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> DT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ricky Bell </Td> <Td> USC </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Barry Krauss </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> LB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Matt Kupec </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> James Wilder </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Roch Hontas </Td> <Td> Tulane </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Mark Herrmann </Td> <Td> Purdue </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Eddie Myers </Td> <Td> Navy </Td> <Td> TB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Jeremiah Castille </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> DB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Doug Flutie </Td> <Td> Boston College </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Bo Jackson </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Cody Carlson </Td> <Td> Baylor </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Jeff Francis </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greg Thomas </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1988 </Td> <Td> Dave Schnell </Td> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> MVP </Th> <Th> School </Th> <Th> Position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Randy Baldwin </Td> <Td> Ole Miss </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Rob Perez </Td> <Td> Air Force </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Rob Perez </Td> <Td> Air Force </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1992 </Td> <Td> Cassius Ware </Td> <Td> Ole Miss </Td> <Td> LB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1993 </Td> <Td> Jeff Brohm </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1994 </Td> <Td> Johnny Johnson </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Kwame Ellis </Td> <Td> Stanford </Td> <Td> CB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malcolm Thomas </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Sherrod Gideon </Td> <Td> Southern Miss . </Td> <Td> WR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Shaun King </Td> <Td> Tulane </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Adalius Thomas </Td> <Td> Southern Miss . </Td> <Td> DE </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Cecil Sapp </Td> <Td> Colorado State </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 </Td> <Td> Dave Ragone </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> LaTarence Dunbar </Td> <Td> TCU </Td> <Td> WR </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Brandon Warfield </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stefan LeFors </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Paul Smith </Td> <Td> Tulsa </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Blake Mitchell </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Derek Pegues </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> FS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Ventrell Jenkins </Td> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> DT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 ( Jan ) </Td> <Td> Ryan Mallett </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2010 ( Dec ) </Td> <Td> Latavius Murray </Td> <Td> UCF </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Isaiah Pead </Td> <Td> Cincinnati </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Trey Watts </Td> <Td> Tulsa </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Dak Prescott </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Kyle Allen </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> QB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 ( Jan ) </Td> <Td> Alex Collins </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> RB </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 ( Dec ) </Td> <Td> Trenton Thompson </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> DT </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Allen Lazard </Td> <Td> Iowa State </Td> <Td> WR </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Broadcasters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Liberty Bowl broadcasters <P> The inaugural Liberty Bowl in 1959 was televised by NBC , followed by ABC for 11 years . Between 1981 and 1988 , the game was broadcast by several different networks . Since 1990 , the game has been broadcast annually by ABC or ESPN . </P> <H2> Appearances by team ( edit ) </H2> <P> Through the December 2017 playing , there have been 59 games ( 118 total appearances ) . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Teams with multiple appearances </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Games </Th> <Th> W -- L </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T2 </Td> <Td> Ole Miss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T2 </Td> <Td> Louisville </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T2 </Td> <Td> Mississippi State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T2 </Td> <Td> Air Force </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T2 </Td> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T2 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T2 </Td> <Td> East Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T3 </Td> <Td> Penn State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T3 </Td> <Td> North Carolina State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T3 </Td> <Td> Southern Miss </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T3 </Td> <Td> Tulane </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T3 </Td> <Td> Colorado State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T3 </Td> <Td> Iowa State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Games </Th> <Th> W -- L </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Syracuse </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Tulsa </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> UCF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Auburn </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Miami ( Florida ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Ohio State </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Texas A&M </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> TCU </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> BYU </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Houston </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> LSU </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> Virginia Tech </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> T4 </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Teams with a single appearance </Dt> </Dl> <P> Won : Baylor , Cincinnati , Georgia Tech , Indiana , Kentucky , Nebraska , Notre Dame , Oregon State , Purdue , USC Lost : Boise State , Boston College , Fresno State , Kansas , Kansas State , Maryland , Memphis , Michigan State , Minnesota , Navy , North Carolina , Oregon , Pittsburgh , Rice , Stanford , UCLA , Vanderbilt , Villanova </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of college bowl games </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Liberty Bowl teams with Big 12 '' . ESPN.com . Associated Press . August 23 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ libertydev . `` AutoZone Liberty Bowl '' . www.libertybowl.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Athletic Conference - American Athletic Conference Announces 2014 - 19 Bowl Lineup '' . theamerican.org . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AutoZone Liberty Bowl doubling payout in new deal with SEC '' . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AutoZone Liberty Bowl '' . libertybowl.org . Retrieved May 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mazda , Jason ( Dec 31 , 2014 ) . `` 50 years ago , indoor college football debuted in Atlantic City '' . Press of Atlantic City . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Antonick , John ( 2005 - 06 - 22 ) . `` Unique Game '' . West Virginia Mountaineers . MSNsportsNET.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Jack ( 1989 - 11 - 12 ) . `` COLLEGE FOOTBALL ; Boston College Surprises Army '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UCF Knights news , scores & more for the University of Central Florida - Orlando Sentinel Archived 2011 - 12 - 07 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John ( 27 April 2010 ) . `` JSilver 's UConn blog : Big East Bowl lineup complete '' . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chatmon , Brandon ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) . `` AutoZone Liberty Bowl '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Higgins , Ron ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) . `` Tulsa , Iowa State land in Liberty Bowl ; Rebels to Birmingham '' . The Commercial Appeal . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AutoZoneLibertyBowl ( 30 December 2017 ) . `` Congratulations to game MVP @ AllenLazard # AZLB59 ! pic.twitter.com/SItOouRn6O '' . Retrieved 31 December 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Liberty Bowl </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History & conference tie - ins </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Philadelphia Municipal Stadium </Li> <Li> Convention Hall </Li> <Li> Liberty Bowl Memorial Stadium </Li> <Li> Broadcasters </Li> <Li> Big 12 Conference </Li> <Li> Southeastern Conference </Li> <Li> American Athletic Conference </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1959 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> 1971 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1973 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1977 </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1979 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1981 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 </Li> <Li> 1989 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1991 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1993 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1997 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2001 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2005 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2017 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> There was no Liberty Bowl in 2008 or 2015 . </Li> <Li> There was a Liberty Bowl in January and December of 2010 and 2016 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> NCAA Division I FBS bowl games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> College Football Playoff </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Championship Game </Li> <Li> Cotton </Li> <Li> Fiesta </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Peach </Li> <Li> Rose </Li> <Li> Sugar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other bowl games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alamo </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Armed Forces </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Belk </Li> <Li> Birmingham </Li> <Li> Boca Raton </Li> <Li> Cactus </Li> <Li> Camellia </Li> <Li> Camping World </Li> <Li> Citrus </Li> <Li> Cure </Li> <Li> Dollar General </Li> <Li> Famous Idaho Potato </Li> <Li> Foster Farms </Li> <Li> Frisco </Li> <Li> Gasparilla </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Heart of Dallas </Li> <Li> Holiday </Li> <Li> Independence </Li> <Li> Las Vegas </Li> <Li> Liberty </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Music City </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New Orleans </Li> <Li> Outback </Li> <Li> Pinstripe </Li> <Li> Quick Lane </Li> <Li> Sun </Li> <Li> TaxSlayer </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All - Star games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> East -- West Shrine Game </Li> <Li> NFLPA Collegiate Bowl </Li> <Li> Senior Bowl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liberty_Bowl&oldid=821046607 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Liberty Bowl </Li> <Li> College football bowls </Li> <Li> Sports in Memphis , Tennessee </Li> <Li> American football in Tennessee </Li> <Li> College sports in Tennessee </Li> <Li> Recurring sporting events established in 1959 </Li> <Li> 1959 establishments in Tennessee </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 03 : 09 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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God of War ( 2018 video game ) - Wikipedia <H1> God of War ( 2018 video game ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> God of War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Official cover art featuring Kratos and his son Atreus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> SIE Santa Monica Studio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> Sony Interactive Entertainment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director ( s ) </Th> <Td> Cory Barlog </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Richard Gaubert </Li> <Li> Matthew Sophos </Li> <Li> Cory Barlog </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Composer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bear McCreary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> God of War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform ( s ) </Th> <Td> PlayStation 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release </Th> <Td> Q1 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Action - adventure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mode ( s ) </Th> <Td> Single - player </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> God of War ( commonly referred to as God of War 4 ) is an upcoming third - person action - adventure video game in development by Santa Monica Studio and to be published by Sony Interactive Entertainment ( SIE ) . It is scheduled to be released in early 2018 for the PlayStation 4 ( PS4 ) console . It will be the eighth installment in the God of War series , the eighth chronologically , and the sequel to 2010 's God of War III . The game will be a soft reboot for the franchise and will take the series to the world of Norse mythology -- all previous games were based on Greek mythology . Series protagonist Kratos will return as the main character , and he now has a son named Atreus . Kratos acts as a mentor and protector to his son , and has to master the rage that has driven him for many years . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Gameplay </Li> <Li> 2 Synopsis <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Setting </Li> <Li> 2.2 Plot </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Development <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Characterization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Pre-release </Li> <Li> 5.2 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Gameplay ( edit ) </H2> Pre-release gameplay screenshot of God of War , taken from the trailer shown at E3 2016 : Kratos ( center ) and his son ( right ) are battling a troll . The son can assist in combat , such as firing lightning arrows on the player 's command , based on the orientation of the camera . <P> The gameplay will be vastly different from the previous installments , as it has been rebuilt from the ground up . Although the previous installment , Ascension ( 2013 ) , introduced multiplayer to the series , this new installment will be single - player - only . The game will feature elements similar to role playing games ( RPG ) , such as archery knowledge points , as well as a Spartan Rage timed - ability during battle . This ability appears to be a new take on the `` Rage '' ability of the previous installments . There will also be crafting resources for the player to find . The new installment features a third - person , over-the - shoulder free camera , a departure from the previous installments , which featured a third - person , fixed cinematic camera ( with the exception of 2007 's 2D side - scroller Betrayal ) . </P> <P> A major change is that Kratos will no longer use his signature double - chained blades , as he lost these at the conclusion of God of War III ( 2010 ) . Instead , he will use a magical battle axe , which can be infused with elemental abilities and thrown at enemies . The E3 2016 and 2017 trailers showed that the axe can be engulfed in ice , to which Kratos can hurl at an enemy and magically summon it back to his hand . Kratos will also be able to charge the axe and let out a burst of energy that will damage nearby enemies . Game director Cory Barlog said that the axe has a deep rooted history and connection with the characters ; it is connected to both the son and his mother . Another new weapon that Kratos will utilize is a shield . When not in use , it folds up and appears like armor on Kratos ' left forearm . When summoned , the shield can be used offensively and defensively . Kratos will also utilize hand - to - hand combat , a feature originally introduced in Ascension . </P> <P> Although players will play as Kratos throughout the entire game , there will be times when the player will passively control Kratos ' son , Atreus . One button is dedicated to Atreus and its use depends on the context . Barlog stated that Atreus is `` like magic , an additional combat resource , and ( the player is ) training him and teaching him . '' Atreus can shoot lightning arrows with his bow , depending on where the player looks . Over the course of the game , Atreus helps in combat , traversal , exploration , and puzzle - solving . When facing a large amount of enemies , he will freely act as a distraction for the weaker enemies as Kratos fights the stronger ones . </P> <P> The developers claim that they have matched the new gameplay with the same level of accessibility of the previous installments . Barlog confirmed that the game will be open , but it will not be open - world , and quick time events will not be like they were in previous games . The game will not feature any morality system or branching story ; all players will have the same story experience . The developers also confirmed that some of the more controversial mini-games found in previous entries will not return . </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Setting ( edit ) </H3> <P> While the first seven games were loosely based on Greek mythology , this new installment will be based on Norse mythology . Barlog explained the transition : `` it 's kind of this BC -- AD change over kind of thing . We 're moving and starting from zero and kind of moving forward on that . '' Before settling on Norse mythology , Egyptian mythology was also considered . Barlog said that half of the team was for it , but since `` there 's a lot more about civilization - it 's less isolated , less barren '' , they decided on the Norse setting because they wanted the focus to stay on Kratos : `` Having too much around distracts from that central theme of a stranger in a strange land . '' In explaining why Kratos is now in the Norse world , Barlog said that different cultures ' belief systems coexisted , but they were `` separated by geography '' , suggesting that Kratos traveled from Greece to Norway ( Scandinavia ) after the conclusion of God of War III . Barlog also confirmed that this game predates the Vikings ; it is the time in which their gods walked the Earth . Throughout the game , players will be able to visit some of the nine realms of Norse mythology . </P> <H3> Plot ( edit ) </H3> <P> Many years have passed since Kratos took his vengeance against the Olympian gods . Having survived his final encounter with his father Zeus , Kratos now lives with his young son Atreus in the world of the Norse gods , a savage land inhabited by many ferocious monsters and warriors . In order to teach his son how to survive in such a world , Kratos must master the rage that has driven him for many years and embrace his newfound role as a father and mentor . Kratos must also contend with the Norse gods themselves as they are taking precautions against him , due to them being aware of his role in the destruction of Olympus . Over the course of their time together , Atreus learns more about his father 's complicated and shady past , while struggling with whether to be like his father or choose to be his own person . </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the first annual PlayStation Experience on December 6 , 2014 , Santa Monica Studios 's creative director Cory Barlog confirmed that a new God of War was in very early development . He said that the game would not be a prequel , but it might be a reboot . In April 2016 , Polygon reported that concept art of the next installment had been leaked . The images showed Kratos in the world of Norse mythology ; a concept originally considered by series creator David Jaffe after Kratos eliminated the Greek gods . At the 2016 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , the next installment was officially announced with a gameplay demo and confirmed the concept art to be true . The demo showed a fully bearded Kratos , who now has a son , and Kratos is teaching the boy how to hunt . The pair also battle a troll , a creature from the mythology . The end of the demo showed the title God of War and confirmed it is in development for PlayStation 4 . E3 also confirmed that Barlog had returned to the series as game director for the new installment . Barlog has been a major contributor in the development of the God of War series since the original installment in 2005 , with his prior most notable role being game director of God of War II ( 2007 ) . This new installment is his fifth God of War game that he has worked on . Barlog stated that the game was deliberately titled God of War with no numeral or subtitle because although it is a continuation of the series , `` we are reimagining everything . '' </P> <P> Most of the development team that worked on the original God of War is working on the new installment . In regards to the camera change , Barlog said `` We wanted a much more intimate experience , a much more up close , and a much more player - controlled experience , so the camera really is a mechanic that we 're leaning into heavily for everything in the game . '' The entire game will be a single shot , meaning there will be no loading screens or fade - to - black . The frame rate will be 30 frames per second , and the enemy count has been increased to up to 100 enemies on - screen ; God of War III and Ascension could do up to 50 . Unlike the previous games , Santa Monica will not be making a demo specifically for public release . Barlog explained that making another demo would delay the game by a couple of months ; he did not mention whether or not the E3 2016 demo would become available . He also confirmed that the game was built for the standard PlayStation 4 , but the game `` will benefit from the power '' of the PlayStation 4 Pro ; an updated version of the PlayStation 4 that can render games in 4K and was released a few months after God of War was announced . God of War was absent from the annual PlayStation Experience event in early December 2016 , with Barlog promising that `` we will be showing something really awesome when it is ready . '' In late December 2016 , Barlog confirmed that the game was playable from start to finish . </P> <P> At E3 2017 , a new trailer was shown featuring new gameplay , cinematics , and characters . In the trailer , Kratos was shown using a shield that he could use offensively and defensively . At one point in the trailer , Kratos finds a Greek vase with himself on it , wielding his infamous double - chained blades . During the trailer , an unnamed woman warns Kratos about the Norse gods , as they know what he did to the Greek gods , while a pair of wolves were also shown . The trailer ends with Kratos and Atreus encountering the World Serpent . Atreus is able to translate what it says , which is that it wants to help the pair . It was confirmed that the game would release in early 2018 . </P> <H3> Characterization ( edit ) </H3> <P> During early development , there was talk about having a different protagonist for the game , but it was decided to keep Kratos . Referencing the Nintendo character Mario and the Mario games , Barlog said that just like Mario , `` Kratos is intrinsically tied '' to the God of War series . In regards to the new changes , Barlog said that : </P> <P> I knew I did n't want to simply reboot the franchise , starting over with a retelling of the origin story . I wanted to reimagine the gameplay , give players a fresh perspective and a new tactile experience while delving deeper into the emotional journey of Kratos to explore the compelling drama that unfolds when an immortal demigod makes a decision to change . </P> <P> Barlog explained that Kratos had to change his cycle of violence and learn how to control his rage . He said that Kratos had made many bad decisions , which led to the destruction of Olympus , and wanted to know what would happen if Kratos made a good decision . The birth of Barlog 's own son influenced the idea of Kratos ' character change . The canceled live - action Star Wars television series was also an influence . The bond between Kratos and his son is at the heart of the game and Barlog said `` This game is about Kratos teaching his son how to be a god , and his son teaching Kratos how to be human again . '' Referencing the Marvel Comics character Hulk , Barlog said that in regards to Kratos , `` We 've already told the story of The Hulk . We want to tell the story of Banner now . '' Christopher Judge , best known as Teal'c from Stargate SG - 1 , replaces T.C. Carson as the voice of Kratos in the game ; Carson had voiced Kratos since the original God of War . Commenting in response to the change , Carson said , `` Sony went in a new direction . '' </P> <P> During E3 2016 , GameSpot mistakenly reported that Kratos ' son 's name was Charlie , which Barlog laughingly denied . In January 2017 , after a fan downloaded the God of War overture and saw the track 's details that said `` An introduction to Kratos and Atreus '' , Barlog confirmed on Twitter that Atreus is in fact the son 's name . Barlog said that Atreus knows that Kratos is a demigod , but does not know about his past , and Barlog confirmed that this would not be Kratos ' last game . In regards to Atreus ' mother , Barlog said they are not talking about her yet , as she is a critical part of the story . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bear McCreary , who is best known for his work on television shows , such as Battlestar Galactica and The Walking Dead , will be scoring God of War , composing all - new themes for the game . McCreary said that he was called into Santa Monica Studio in November 2014 to meet with music producers Pete Scaturro and Keith Leary to discuss `` a secret project '' ; McCreary had previously collaborated with Scaturro and Leary on 2011 's SOCOM 4 : U.S. Navy SEALs . Ideas of folk music , mythology , Nordic ethnic instruments , vocal writing , and classical thematic development were discussed , to which McCreary correctly guessed that the discussions were about a new God of War . He met with Barlog early on , and they discussed Barlog 's narrative vision for the game . After meeting with Barlog , he knew the franchise was in good hands because God of War II , which Barlog also directed , was his favorite installment . </P> <P> McCreary 's initial efforts focused on writing the new main theme , or what he calls the Kratos Theme . He spent several months working with Barlog , Scaturro , Leary , Sony music director Chuck Doud , and the rest of the development team in making this new theme . McCreary described the Kratos Theme as `` arguably one of my most structurally satisfying and catchy melodies . '' The main theme features low orchestral instruments , Icelandic choir , deep male vocals , powerful female vocals ( in particular Faroese singer Eivør Pálsdóttir ) , folk percussion , and Nordic stringed instruments , such as the nyckelharpa and hurdy gurdy . When it was decided that God of War would be revealed at E3 2016 , Sony wanted McCreary to perform his original score with a live orchestra at the press conference . McCreary opened the show with the new main theme before the unveiling of God of War , and performed the gameplay demo 's music live during the presentation . </P> <P> On January 13 , 2017 , a live recording from E3 2016 of God of War 's overture was released for free for a limited time . Barlog released the overture as a thank you to fans for God of War 's E3 2016 trailer reaching fifteen million views on YouTube . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Pre-release ( edit ) </H3> <P> God of War 's E3 2016 impressions were positive . Marty Sliva of IGN said that although the original trilogy are three of the most influential action games of the past fifteen years , he was never able to connect with the series , mainly because of Kratos . The developing relationship between Kratos and his son and the more intimate experience of the new installment , based on the E3 2016 demo , has changed Sliva 's attitude and made him care for the series . Peter Brown of GameSpot said that changing the camera was a `` smart move '' and a change he was hoping for ; `` it 's super impressive . '' He said the intimate moment between Kratos and his son killing the deer `` inspired emotion from me , '' something that previous installments did not do for him . Alexa Ray Corriea , also of GameSpot , is also glad there is no fixed camera and that players can explore the world . Steve Watts of Shacknews noted that like recent games , it has a theme of parenthood , and that `` it 's a more thoughtful premise than we 've seen from the series , and it allows for narrative possibilities more complex than a deific murder spree . '' </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Ref </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Game Critics Awards 2016 </Td> <Td> Special Commendation for Graphics </Td> <Td> Won </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> IGN 's Best of E3 2016 Awards </Td> <Td> Game of the Show </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best PlayStation 4 Game </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Action Game </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Game Awards 2016 </Td> <Td> Most Anticipated Game </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Justin ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : New God of War Announced '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Skipper , Ben ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War 4 kicks off Sony E3 2016 press conference '' . International Business Times . IBT Media . Retrieved June 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Loveridge , Sam ; Mahboubian - Jones , Justin ( March 24 , 2017 ) . `` God of War 4 PS4 trailers , release date , price , gameplay and everything we know so far '' . Digital Spy . Hearst Magazines UK . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wagner , Jayce ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` In The New ' God of War 4 ' Trailer , Kratos Is Old , Grizzled , And As Brutal As Ever '' . Digital Trends . Designtechnica Corp . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Set After Third Game , Wo n't Be Open World '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paget , Mat ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Does n't Include Multiplayer , Wo n't Be Kratos 's Last Game '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Newhouse , Alex ; Crossley , Rob ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Revealed for PS4 at E3 2016 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sliva , Marty ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War Made Me Care About The Series For The First Time '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : De Meo , Francesco ( June 24 , 2016 ) . `` God Of War Original Team Is Working On New Game , 100 Enemies On Screen Confirmed And More '' . WCCF Tech . Retrieved July 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pereira , Chris ; Fillari , Alessandro ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` E3 2017 : New God Of War Trailer Released , Release Date Set For Early 2018 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lillah , Sarmad ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Details on God of War PS4 Game ; Same Storyline But New Gameplay '' . SegmentNext.com . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hussain , Tamoor ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War PS4 Director on the Challenge of Making People Take Kratos Seriously '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bratt , Chris ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` God of War team considered setting the new game in Egypt '' . Eurogamer . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War : Why Kratos Is in Norse Mythology Now '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 21 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maiberg , Emanuel ( December 6 , 2014 ) . `` New God of War in Development at Sony Santa Monica '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2015 . Retrieved December 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McWhertor , Michael ; Good , Owen ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Rumored God of War concept art shows Kratos tackling Norse mythology '' . Polygon . Vox Media . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Treese , Tyler ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Designed for Standard PS4 , Wo n't Have a Demo '' . PlayStation LifeStyle . CraveOnline . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ( October 15 , 2016 ) . `` oh we will benefit from the power of the Pro , for sure . You just dont need a pro to getthe experience we intend . '' . Twitter . Retrieved February 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( October 29 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Not Showing Up at PlayStation Experience , Director Says '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( December 22 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War PS4 Game Reaches `` Very Exciting Milestone '' `` . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Retrieved December 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barlog , Cory ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` First Look : Santa Monica Studio 's New God of War on PS4 '' . PlayStation. Blog . Sony Interactive Entertainment . Retrieved June 14 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Minotti , Mike ( June 20 , 2016 ) . `` God of War director Cory Barlog says that Sony 's violent series is growing up with the industry '' . VentureBeat . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paget , Mat ( June 15 , 2016 ) . `` New God of War Does Not Feature Original Kratos Voice Actor '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shuman , Sid ; Barlog , Cory ; Judge , Christopher ( June 14 , 2016 ) . God of War - E3 2016 LiveCast ( YouTube ) . PlayStation. Blog , Sony Interactive Entertainment . Event occurs at 13 : 35 . Retrieved June 15 , 2016 . Shuman : Does the son have a name by the way ? Barlog : Uh , GameSpot says it 's Charlie . Shuman : Charlie ? Barlog : Charlie ! ( laughs ) I do n't know where that came from . Shuman : That 's fun . ( laughs ) Barlog : Charlie , right ? ( looks at Judge ) Did you leak that ? Judge : I did . ( laughs ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Osborn , Alex ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` God of War : Kratos ' Son 's Name Revealed '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McCreary , Bear ( June 27 , 2016 ) . `` God of War at E3 '' . BearMcCreary.com . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barker , Sammy ( January 13 , 2017 ) . `` Download God of War 's Live E3 2016 Overture for Free '' . Push Square . Gamer Network . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Dwyer , Danny ; Te , Zorine ; Brown , Peter ; Corriea , Alexa Ray ( June 13 , 2016 ) . `` God of War Reactions - E3 2016 '' . GameSpot . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watts , Steve ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` E3 2016 : God of War Takes Unexpected Turn to Introspection '' . Shacknews . Gamerhub . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Game Critics Awards -- Best of E3 2016 '' . Game Critics Awards . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IGN 's E3 Crew ( June 14 , 2016 ) . `` Best of E3 2016 Awards '' . IGN . Ziff Davis . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Makuch , Eddie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` All the 2016 Game Awards Nominees '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 16 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> God of War U.S. PlayStation website </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 2010s portal </Li> <Li> Mythology portal </Li> <Li> Sony PlayStation portal </Li> <Li> Speculative fiction portal </Li> <Li> Video games portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> God of War series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Main series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> God of War ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> God of War II </Li> <Li> God of War III </Li> <Li> Ascension </Li> <Li> God of War ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Betrayal </Li> <Li> Chains of Olympus </Li> <Li> Ghost of Sparta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Universe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Characters <Ul> <Li> Kratos </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Comic series </Li> <Li> Collections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Soulcalibur : Broken Destiny </Li> <Li> Mortal Kombat </Li> <Li> PlayStation All - Stars Battle Royale </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=God_of_War_(2018_video_game)&oldid=806263406 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Action - adventure games </Li> <Li> God of War ( series ) </Li> <Li> Video games based on mythology </Li> <Li> PlayStation 4 games </Li> <Li> PlayStation 4 - only games </Li> <Li> PlayStation 4 Pro enhanced games </Li> <Li> Single - player video games </Li> <Li> Sony Interactive Entertainment games </Li> <Li> Upcoming video games scheduled for 2018 </Li> <Li> Video game sequels </Li> <Li> Video games based on Norse mythology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from December 2012 </Li> <Li> Use American English from November 2012 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in American English </Li> <Li> Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters </Li> <Li> Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images </Li> <Li> Official website not in Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 October 2017 , at 20 : 41 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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