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Kismet ( Marvel Comics ) - wikipedia <H1> Kismet ( Marvel Comics ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Kismet </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Her ( center ) on the cover of Alpha Flight # 97 ( June 1991 ) . Art by Jackson Guice . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Publication information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> Marvel Comics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> ( as Paragon ) The Incredible Hulk Annual # 6 ( 1977 ) ( as Her / Kismet ) Marvel Two - in - One # 61 ( Mar 1980 ) ( as Ayesha ) Fantastic Four Vol. 3 # 11 ( 1998 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Len Wein ( writer ) David Kraft Herb Trimpe ( artist ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> In - story information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable aliases </Th> <Td> Paragon , Her , Ayesha , J'Ridia Starduster , She Who Must be Obeyed , She Whose Trail Dusts Hope </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Abilities </Th> <Td> Flight Unaided survival in vacuum Energy Blasts Regeneration Super-strength and Durability </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Kismet ( / ˈkɪzmɪt , - mɛt , ˈkɪs - / ) , also known as Paragon , Her , and Ayesha ( / aɪ ˈiːʃə / ) , is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics . She exists in Marvel 's main shared universe , known as the Marvel Universe . </P> <P> Ayesha appears in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , portrayed by Elizabeth Debicki . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Publication history </Li> <Li> 2 Fictional character biography </Li> <Li> 3 Powers and abilities </Li> <Li> 4 Other versions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Earth X </Li> <Li> 4.2 Fantastic Four : The End </Li> <Li> 4.3 Guardians of the Galaxy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 In other media </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Publication history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( December 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The character first appeared as Paragon in The Incredible Hulk Annual # 6 and was created by Len Wein , David Kraft , and Herb Trimpe . She first appeared as Her and Kismet in Marvel Two - in - One # 61 , while Ayesha first appeared in Fantastic Four vol. 3 , # 11 . </P> <H2> Fictional character biography ( edit ) </H2> <P> Originally known as Paragon , Kismet was the second attempt by the Enclave to artificially create a super-powerful being in their Citadel of Science `` the Beehive '' ( their first attempt was Him , later known as Adam Warlock ) . The Enclave intended to create a super-powerful being to control . `` Born '' before being fully formed , Paragon appeared as a muscular male figure . Paragon battled the Hulk , then overrode the Enclave 's control and sunk their Beehive headquarters before incubating itself in a cocoon much like Warlock often would . </P> <P> When she emerged from the cocoon in her more familiar blond - haired , golden - skinned form she was scantily clad only in a red swimsuit - like costume . As a female replicant of Warlock , she took the name of Her ( a reference to Warlock 's original name , Him ) and sought Warlock to mate with him . However , Warlock had died some years earlier , traveling a short time into the future to steal his own soul with his Soul Gem in a twisted suicide . Confident she would be able to revive him , Her managed to restore and reanimate his body , but with his mind and soul missing , she was forced to sadly return him to his grave . She set out to explore the cosmos to find a possible mate . </P> <P> She helped the ecologically ravaged planet U'sr'pr recover , invoking the wrath of the Consortium . She was called by the natives J'ridia Starduster . Later , she was aided by Alpha Flight and the Avengers against the Consortium . </P> <P> Some time after beginning her quest to find Warlock , she discovered that Warlock had been resurrected body and soul . However , he rejects her , leaving her sobbing on the ground . After this , she held a competition among some of the most powerful men on Earth , attaching reproductive pods to their necks to see how they would react . She selected Quasar , Hercules , Wonder Man , Hyperion , Doc Samson , and Forgotten One for this task . She battled Quasar and was attacked by Jack of Hearts , but was saved by Quasar from Moondragon . As Quasar was the only one who did not destroy his pod , she turns her attentions to him for a time , until his girlfriend Kayla Ballantine ( in possession of the Star Brand ) severely beat her and forced her to return to cocoon form to heal . However , she decided to become Quasar 's companion for a time . </P> <P> Around this time , she examined the other heroes of Earth , judging them on mating status . For example , she rejects the men of the X-Men , as their genetic structure makes them too unstable . She also aids Quasar in the 1992 `` Operation : Galactic Storm '' , storyline Starbolt , and willingly guarding the Star Gates that , by their very operation , threaten Earth 's existence . This does not go well , as she becomes involved in a fight with Binary , and also the Super-Skrull . Soon after the war , she became engulfed by the Soul - Eater and was rescued by Quasar . </P> <P> During her adventures with Quasar she took the name Kismet , after the Arabic word for fate . She battled the Black Fleet destroying the planet Scadam . She later came to the rescue of her three creators in the Beehive . By healing them in cocoons similar to her own , they became golden skinned superhumans as well . The four of them journeyed into space . </P> <P> Later still , she changed her name again , to Ayesha . During this time , she was under the control of the supervillain Crucible on Genosha . </P> <H2> Powers and abilities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Kismet is an artificial being created through genetic engineering by the Enclave . She has the ability to tap , store , and manipulate cosmic energy for a variety of effects , including the projection of concussive force bolts and flight . The cosmic energy enhances her physical attributes to superhuman levels , and enhances her metabolism and her life force , preventing her from aging , and making her virtually immortal . She can recover from serious injuries by creating a cosmic energy cocoon from surrounding molecules in which she can rest and regenerate . She can reanimate dead tissue by projecting a portion of her cosmic life force into it . Kismet can not restore a being 's spirit ( astral self ) to a body that she resurrects if that spirit has left the body . She also has the ability to use cosmic energy to rearrange molecular structures ( of about three cubic feet at a time ) . </P> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Earth X ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Earth X <P> In the limited series Earth X , Mar - Vell is reincarnated as the child of the synthetic Adam Warlock / Him and Kismet / Her . </P> <H3> Fantastic Four : the End ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Fantastic Four : The End <P> In the limited series Fantastic Four : The End , Kismet ( under the name of Ayesha ) has apparently taken over the Captain Marvel mantle in the not - too - distant future . </P> <H3> Guardians of the Galaxy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Guardians of the Galaxy ( 1969 team ) <P> Stakar Vaughn , Starhawk , was born to the superheroes Quasar and Kismet in the Guardians of the Galaxy alternate timeline ( Earth - 691 ) around the year 2002 . Stakar is instantly stolen by Era , the evil child of Eon , and raised by friendly aliens . Kismet retreats to a monastery for hundreds of years , where she vows not to use her powers . Stakar , a grown adult , finds her . Together , they visit Quasar 's grave . It is learned , through Era and the Hawk - God Stakar worships , that Quasar had been purposely sent to his death and Eon himself had been entrapped . Kismet and Stakar dedicate themselves to hunting down Era . </P> <H2> In other media ( edit ) </H2> Elizabeth Debicki as Ayesha in the 2017 film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 <P> Ayesha appears in the film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , portrayed by Elizabeth Debicki . In this version , she is the high priestess of the golden - skinned Sovereign race . In a mid-credit scene , she is observing the gestation of a new member of the Sovereign race , and names it Adam . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Incredible Hulk Annual # 6 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marvel Two - in - One # 61 -- 62 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marvel Comics Presents # 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alpha Flight # 97 -- 100 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quasar # 27 -- 29 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quasar # 33 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quasar # 34 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quasar # 36 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quasar # 40 -- 41 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cosmic Powers Unlimited # 2 . Marvel Comics . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kismet at the Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Earth X # 10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fantastic Four : The End # 1 ( January 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy # 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guardians of the Galaxy # 62 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marston , George ( July 23 , 2016 ) . `` Star - Lord 's Father Revealed ... James Gunn Explains in Detail '' . Newsarama . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kismet at the Comic Book DB </Li> <Li> Kismet at the Marvel Universe </Li> <Li> Kismet at the Appendix to the Handbook of the Marvel Universe </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Guardians of the Galaxy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Creators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stan Lee </Li> <Li> Arnold Drake </Li> <Li> Roy Thomas </Li> <Li> Dan Abnett </Li> <Li> Andy Lanning </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1969 team members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlie - 27 </Li> <Li> Martinex T'Naga </Li> <Li> Nikki </Li> <Li> Starhawk </Li> <Li> Talon </Li> <Li> Vance Astro / Major Victory </Li> <Li> Yondu Udonta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 team members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adam Warlock </Li> <Li> Bug </Li> <Li> Cosmo the Spacedog </Li> <Li> Drax the Destroyer </Li> <Li> Gamora </Li> <Li> Groot </Li> <Li> Jack Flag </Li> <Li> Mantis </Li> <Li> Moondragon </Li> <Li> Quasar ( Phyla - Vell ) </Li> <Li> Rocket Raccoon </Li> <Li> Star - Lord </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Supporting characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Annihilators <Ul> <Li> Beta Ray Bill </Li> <Li> Gladiator </Li> <Li> Quasar </Li> <Li> Silver Surfer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Avengers </Li> <Li> Kismet </Li> <Li> Nova Corps <Ul> <Li> Richard Rider </Li> <Li> Sam Alexander </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Starjammers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Antagonists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Annihilus </Li> <Li> Badoon </Li> <Li> Blastaar </Li> <Li> Brood </Li> <Li> Ego the Living Planet </Li> <Li> Galactus </Li> <Li> Hala the Accuser </Li> <Li> J'son </Li> <Li> Korvac </Li> <Li> Magus </Li> <Li> Nebula </Li> <Li> Ronan the Accuser </Li> <Li> Shi'ar Empire <Ul> <Li> Vulcan </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Skrull </Li> <Li> Thanos </Li> <Li> Titus </Li> <Li> Universal Church of Truth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Storylines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Annihilation </Li> <Li> Annihilation : Conquest </Li> <Li> War of Kings </Li> <Li> Realm of Kings </Li> <Li> The Thanos Imperative </Li> <Li> The Black Vortex </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Guardians of the Galaxy ( film ) <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 <Ul> <Li> soundtrack </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Guardians of the Galaxy ( TV series ) </Li> <Li> Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series </Li> <Li> Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Guardians of the Galaxy : The Thanos Threat </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cosmic entities </Li> <Li> Knowhere </Li> <Li> Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! </Li> <Li> Guardians of the Galaxy ( roller coaster ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kismet_(Marvel_Comics)&oldid=841803363 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Marvel Comics superheroes </Li> <Li> Characters created by David Anthony Kraft </Li> <Li> Characters created by Herb Trimpe </Li> <Li> Characters created by Len Wein </Li> <Li> Comics characters introduced in 1977 </Li> <Li> Female characters in comics </Li> <Li> Fictional genetically engineered characters </Li> <Li> Guardians of the Galaxy characters </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Character pop </Li> <Li> Converting comics character infoboxes </Li> <Li> Converted category character infoboxes </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from December 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 May 2018 , at 04 : 54 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Nairobi - wikipedia <H1> Nairobi </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Nairobi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : Central business district , Nairobi National Park , Parliament of Kenya , Nairobi City Hall and the Kenyatta International Conference Centre . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Flag </Td> <Td> Coat of arms </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : `` Green City in the Sun '' , `` Nai '' , `` Nairobbery '' , `` Silicon Savannah '' `` Nairobae '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Nairobi Nairobi Show map of Kenya Show map of Africa Show all Location in Kenya & Africa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates : 1 ° 17 ′ S 36 ° 49 ′ E / 1.283 ° S 36.817 ° E / - 1.283 ; 36.817 Coordinates : 1 ° 17 ′ S 36 ° 49 ′ E / 1.283 ° S 36.817 ° E / - 1.283 ; 36.817 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Kenya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County </Th> <Td> Nairobi County </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1899 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituencies </Th> <Td> List ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Dagoretti North </Li> <Li> Dagoretti South </Li> <Li> Westlands </Li> <Li> Langata </Li> <Li> Kibra </Li> <Li> Roysambu </Li> <Li> Kasarani </Li> <Li> Ruaraka </Li> <Li> Embakasi South </Li> <Li> Embakasi North </Li> <Li> Embakasi Central </Li> <Li> Embakasi East </Li> <Li> Embakasi West </Li> <Li> Makadara </Li> <Li> Kamukunji </Li> <Li> Starehe </Li> <Li> Mathare </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Body </Th> <Td> Nairobi City County </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislature </Th> <Td> County Assembly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governor </Th> <Td> Mike Sonko </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deputy Governor </Th> <Td> Polycarp Igathe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> 696 km ( 269 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elevation </Th> <Td> 1,661 m ( 5,450 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2009 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> 3,138,369 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 4,850 / km ( 12,600 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metro </Th> <Td> 6,547,547 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym ( s ) </Th> <Td> Nairobian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> EAT / AST / MSK ( UTC + 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area code ( s ) </Th> <Td> 020 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> nairobi.go.ke </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nairobi ( / naɪˈroʊbi / ; locally ( naɪˈroːbi ) ) is the capital and largest city of Kenya . The name comes from the Maasai phrase Enkare Nairobi , which translates to `` cool water '' , a reference to the Nairobi River which flows through the city . The city proper has a population of 3,138,369 , while the metropolitan area has a population of 6,547,547 . The city is popularly referred to as the Green City in the Sun . </P> <P> Nairobi was founded in 1899 by the colonial authorities in British East Africa , as a rail depot on the Uganda Railway . The town quickly grew to replace Machakos as the capital of Kenya in 1907 . After independence in 1963 , Nairobi became the capital of the Republic of Kenya . During Kenya 's colonial period , the city became a centre for the colony 's coffee , tea and sisal industry . The city lies on the River Athi in the southern part of the country , and has an elevation of 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level . </P> <P> With a population of 3.36 million in 2011 , Nairobi is the second - largest city by population in the African Great Lakes region after Dar es Salaam , Tanzania . According to the 2009 census , in the administrative area of Nairobi , 3,138,295 inhabitants lived within 696 km ( 269 sq mi ) . Nairobi is the 10th - largest city in Africa , including the population of its suburbs . </P> <P> Home to thousands of Kenyan businesses and over 100 major international companies and organisations , including the United Nations Environment Programme ( UN Environment ) and the United Nations Office at Nairobi ( UNON ) , Nairobi is an established hub for business and culture . The Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) is one of the largest in Africa and the second - oldest exchange on the continent . It is Africa 's fourth - largest exchange in terms of trading volume , capable of making 10 million trades a day . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Nairobi Metropolitan Region </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 1899 -- 1925 </Li> <Li> 2.2 1925 -- 1950 </Li> <Li> 2.3 1950 -- 1975 </Li> <Li> 2.4 1975 -- 1999 </Li> <Li> 2.5 2000 -- Present </Li> <Li> 2.6 Historical population data for Nairobi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Geography <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Climate </Li> <Li> 3.2 Districts and neighborhoods <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Kibera slum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Parks and gardens </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Political divisions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Constituencies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Economy <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Central business district and skyline </Li> <Li> 5.2 Upper Hill </Li> <Li> 5.3 Tourism </Li> <Li> 5.4 Places of interest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Demographics </Li> <Li> 7 Society and culture <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Literature and film </Li> <Li> 7.2 Food </Li> <Li> 7.3 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Sport </Li> <Li> 9 Education <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Higher education </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Infrastructure <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Transport <Ul> <Li> 10.1. 1 Airports </Li> <Li> 10.1. 2 Matatu </Li> <Li> 10.1. 3 Buses </Li> <Li> 10.1. 4 Trains </Li> <Li> 10.1. 5 Roads </Li> <Li> 10.1. 6 Private Car Population Projection for Nairobi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10.2 Water supply and sanitation </Li> <Li> 10.3 Housing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Crime and law enforcement </Li> <Li> 12 Media </Li> <Li> 13 The future of Nairobi </Li> <Li> 14 Twin towns -- sister cities </Li> <Li> 15 Famous Nairobians </Li> <Li> 16 Image gallery </Li> <Li> 17 See also </Li> <Li> 18 References </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Nairobi Metropolitan Region ( edit ) </H2> Nairobi County ( Green ) surrounding Nairobi Metro ( Red ) <P> Nairobi is found within the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan region , which consists of 5 out of 47 counties in Kenya , which generates about 60 % of the entire nation 's . The counties are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Area </Th> <Th> County </Th> <Th> Area ( km ) </Th> <Th> Population Census 2009 </Th> <Th> Cities / Towns / Municipalities in the Counties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Core Nairobi </Td> <Td> Nairobi County </Td> <Td> 694.9 </Td> <Td> 3,138,369 </Td> <Td> Nairobi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Metro </Td> <Td> Kiambu County </Td> <Td> 2,449.2 </Td> <Td> 1,623,282 </Td> <Td> Kiambu , Thika , Limuru , Ruiru , Karuri , Kikuyu , Ruaka , Kahawa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Eastern Metro </Td> <Td> Murang'a County </Td> <Td> 2,325.8 </Td> <Td> 942,581 </Td> <Td> Gatanga , Kandara , Kenol / Kabati , Murang'a </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Southern Metro </Td> <Td> Kajiado County </Td> <Td> 21,292.7 </Td> <Td> 687,312 </Td> <Td> Kajiado , Olkejuado , Bissil , Ngong , Kitengela , Kiserian , Ongata Rongai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eastern Metro </Td> <Td> Machakos County </Td> <Td> 5,952.9 </Td> <Td> 1,098,584 </Td> <Td> Kangundo - Tala , Machakos , Athi River </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Totals </Td> <Td> Nairobi Metro </Td> <Td> 32,715.5 </Td> <Td> 7,490,128 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Source : NairobiMetro / Kenya Census </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : History of Nairobi and Timeline of Nairobi <H3> 1899 -- 1925 ( edit ) </H3> How Nairobi looked in 1899 , just a bunch of Tents and then a Railway Depot <P> The area was essentially uninhabited swamp until a supply depot of the Uganda Railway was built in 1899 , which soon became the railway 's headquarters . The city was named after a water hole known in Maasai as Enkare Nairobi , meaning `` place of cool waters '' . It was completely rebuilt in the early 1900s after an outbreak of plague and the burning of the original town . The location of the Nairobi railway camp was chosen due to its central position between Mombasa and Kampala . It was also chosen because its network of rivers could supply the camp with water and its elevation would make it cool enough for residential purposes . However , malaria was a serious problem , leading to at least one attempt to have the town moved . </P> Entrance to Nairobi Railway Station 1899 <P> In 1905 , Nairobi replaced Mombasa as capital of the British protectorate , and the city grew around administration and tourism , initially in the form of big game hunting . As the British occupiers started to explore the region , they started using Nairobi as their first port of call . This prompted the colonial government to encourage the building of several hotels in the city . The main occupants were British game hunters . </P> <P> Nairobi continued to grow under the British and many British subjects settled within the city 's suburbs . In 1919 , Nairobi was declared to be a municipality . </P> <H3> 1925 -- 1950 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In February 1926 , E.A.T. Dutton passed through Nairobi on his way to Mount Kenya , and said of the city : </P> <P> Maybe one day Nairobi will be laid out with tarred roads , with avenues of flowering trees , flanked by noble buildings ; with open spaces and stately squares ; a cathedral worthy of faith and country ; museums and of art ; theaters and public offices . And it is fair to say that the Government and the Municipality have already bravely tackled the problem and that a town - plan ambitious enough to turn Nairobi into a thing of beauty has been slowly worked out , and much has already been done . But until that plan has borne fruit , Nairobi must remain what she was then , a slatternly creature , unfit to queen it over so lovely a country . </P> <H3> 1950 -- 1975 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The continuous expansion of the city began to anger the Maasai , as the city was devouring their land to the south . It also angered the Kikuyu people , who wanted the land returned to them . After the end of World War II , this friction developed into the Mau Mau rebellion . Jomo Kenyatta , Kenya 's future president , was jailed for his involvement even though there was no evidence linking him to the rebellion . The pressure exerted from the locals onto the British resulted in Kenyan independence in 1963 , with Nairobi as the capital of the new republic . </P> <P> After independence , Nairobi grew rapidly and this growth put pressure on the city 's infrastructure . Power cuts and water shortages were a common occurrence , though in the past few years better city planning has helped to put some of these problems in check . </P> Nairobi in 1973 <P> On September 11 , 1973 , the Kenyatta International Conference Centre KICC was open to the public . The 28 - storey building at the time was designed by the Norwegian architect Karl Henrik Nøstvik and a Kenyan David Mutiso , the construction was done in three phases. Phase I was the construction of the podium , Phase II consisted of the main tower and Phase III involved the Plenary . Construction was completed in 1973 ; with the opening ceremony occurring on September 11 and being presided over by Kenya 's founding father President Kenyatta . It is the only building within the city with a helipad that is open to the public . Of the buildings built in the Seventies , the KICC was the most eco-friendly and most environmentally conscious structure ; its main frame was constructed with locally available materials Gravel , sand , cement and wood , it had wide open spaces which allowed for natural aeration and natural lighting . Cuboids made up the plenary hall , the tower consisted of a cylinder composed of several cuboids and the amphitheatre and helipad both resembled cones . The tower was built around a concrete core and it had no walls but glass windows , which allowed for maximum natural lighting . It had the largest halls in eastern and central Africa . </P> <H3> 1975 -- 1999 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Three years prior in 1972 , the World Bank approved funds for further expansion of the then Nairobi Airport ( now Jomo Kenyatta International Airport ) , including a new international and domestic passenger terminal building , the airport 's first dedicated cargo and freight terminal , new taxiways , associated aprons , internal roads , car parks , police and fire stations , a State Pavilion , airfield and roadway lighting , fire hydrant system , water , electrical , telecommunications and sewage systems , a dual carriageway passenger access road , security , drainage and the building of the main access road to the airport ( Airport South Road ) . The total cost of the project was more than US $29 million ( US $111.8 million in 2013 dollars ) . On 14 March 1978 , construction of the current terminal building was completed on the other side of the airport 's single runway and opened by President Jomo Kenyatta less than five months before his death . The airport was renamed Jomo Kenyatta International Airport in memory of its First President . </P> <P> The United States Embassy , then located in downtown Nairobi , was bombed in August 1998 by Al - Qaida , as one of a series of US embassy bombings . It is now the site of a memorial park . </P> <H3> 2000 -- present ( edit ) </H3> Nairobi showing Fedha Towers , ICEA Building , the Nairobi Safari Club and Anniversary Towers <P> On 9 November 2012 , President Mwai Kibaki opened the KES 31 billion Thika Superhighway. The mega-project in East and Central Africa started in 2009 and ended in 2011 . It involved expanding the four - lane carriageway to eight lanes , building underpasses , providing interchanges at roundabouts , erecting flyovers and building underpasses to ease congestion . The 50.4 kilometre road was built in three phases : Uhuru Highway to Muthaiga Roundabout ; Muthaiga Roundabout to Kenyatta University and ; Kenyatta University to Thika Town . </P> <H3> Historical population data for Nairobi ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> 1969 </Th> <Th> 1979 </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 1999 </Th> <Th> 2009 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NAIROBI </Td> <Td> 509 , 286 </Td> <Td> 827 , 775 </Td> <Td> 1 , 324 , 570 </Td> <Td> 2 , 143 , 254 </Td> <Td> 3 , 138 , 369 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> An aerial view of Nairobi , the central business district and Ngong Road Kenyatta International Conference Centre with Times Tower in the background Satellite View of Nairobi <P> The city is situated at 1 ° 09 ′ S 36 ° 39 ′ E / 1.150 ° S 36.650 ° E / - 1.150 ; 36.650 ( Nairobi , Kenya ) and 1 ° 27 ′ S 37 ° 06 ′ E / 1.450 ° S 37.100 ° E / - 1.450 ; 37.100 ( Nairobi , Kenya ) and occupies 696 square kilometres ( 270 sq mi ) . </P> <P> Nairobi is situated between the cities of Kampala and Mombasa . As Nairobi is adjacent to the eastern edge of the Rift Valley , minor earthquakes and tremors occasionally occur . The Ngong Hills , located to the west of the city , are the most prominent geographical feature of the Nairobi area . Mount Kenya is situated north of Nairobi , and Mount Kilimanjaro is towards the south - east . </P> <P> The Nairobi River and its tributaries traverse through the Nairobi County . Nobel Peace Prize laureate Wangari Maathai has fought fiercely to save the indigenous Karura Forest in northern Nairobi which was under threat of being replaced by housing and other infrastructure . </P> <P> Nairobi 's western suburbs stretch all the way from the Kenyatta National Hospital in the south to the UN headquarters at Gigiri suburb in the north , a distance of about 20 kilometres ( 12 mi ) . The city is centred on the City Square , which is located in the Central Business District . The Kenyan Parliament buildings , the Holy Family Cathedral , Nairobi City Hall , Nairobi Law Courts , and the Kenyatta Conference Centre all surround the square . </P> <H3> Climate ( edit ) </H3> <P> Under the Köppen climate classification , Nairobi has a subtropical highland climate ( Cfb / Cwb ) . At 1,795 metres ( 5,889 ft ) above sea level , evenings may be cool , especially in the June / July season , when the temperature can drop to 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) . The sunniest and warmest part of the year is from December to March , when temperatures average the mid-twenties during the day . The mean maximum temperature for this period is 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) . </P> <P> There are two rainy seasons , but rainfall can be moderate . The cloudiest part of the year is just after the first rainy season , when , until September , conditions are usually overcast with drizzle . As Nairobi is situated close to the equator , the differences between the seasons are minimal . The seasons are referred to as the wet season and dry season . The timing of sunrise and sunset varies little throughout the year for the same reason . </P> Nairobi southern suburbs . In the background is Wilson Airport <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( show ) Climate data for Nairobi ( Dagoretti ) 1961 -- 1990 , extremes 1955 -- 1982 and 1984 -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 29.8 ( 85.6 ) </Td> <Td> 30.5 ( 86.9 ) </Td> <Td> 30.9 ( 87.6 ) </Td> <Td> 29.0 ( 84.2 ) </Td> <Td> 26.8 ( 80.2 ) </Td> <Td> 28.1 ( 82.6 ) </Td> <Td> 32.7 ( 90.9 ) </Td> <Td> 32.5 ( 90.5 ) </Td> <Td> 30.0 ( 86 ) </Td> <Td> 29.0 ( 84.2 ) </Td> <Td> 27.9 ( 82.2 ) </Td> <Td> 27.6 ( 81.7 ) </Td> <Td> 32.7 ( 90.9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 25.5 ( 77.9 ) </Td> <Td> 26.7 ( 80.1 ) </Td> <Td> 26.8 ( 80.2 ) </Td> <Td> 25.0 ( 77 ) </Td> <Td> 23.5 ( 74.3 ) </Td> <Td> 22.5 ( 72.5 ) </Td> <Td> 22.0 ( 71.6 ) </Td> <Td> 22.7 ( 72.9 ) </Td> <Td> 25.0 ( 77 ) </Td> <Td> 25.7 ( 78.3 ) </Td> <Td> 24.0 ( 75.2 ) </Td> <Td> 24.5 ( 76.1 ) </Td> <Td> 24.5 ( 76.1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 18.0 ( 64.4 ) </Td> <Td> 18.8 ( 65.8 ) </Td> <Td> 19.4 ( 66.9 ) </Td> <Td> 19.2 ( 66.6 ) </Td> <Td> 17.8 ( 64 ) </Td> <Td> 16.3 ( 61.3 ) </Td> <Td> 15.6 ( 60.1 ) </Td> <Td> 15.9 ( 60.6 ) </Td> <Td> 17.3 ( 63.1 ) </Td> <Td> 18.5 ( 65.3 ) </Td> <Td> 18.4 ( 65.1 ) </Td> <Td> 18.1 ( 64.6 ) </Td> <Td> 17.8 ( 64 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 10.5 ( 50.9 ) </Td> <Td> 10.9 ( 51.6 ) </Td> <Td> 12.1 ( 53.8 ) </Td> <Td> 13.4 ( 56.1 ) </Td> <Td> 12.1 ( 53.8 ) </Td> <Td> 10.0 ( 50 ) </Td> <Td> 9.2 ( 48.6 ) </Td> <Td> 9.1 ( 48.4 ) </Td> <Td> 9.7 ( 49.5 ) </Td> <Td> 11.3 ( 52.3 ) </Td> <Td> 12.7 ( 54.9 ) </Td> <Td> 11.7 ( 53.1 ) </Td> <Td> 11.1 ( 52 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 3.3 ( 37.9 ) </Td> <Td> 2.2 ( 36 ) </Td> <Td> 6.7 ( 44.1 ) </Td> <Td> 7.8 ( 46 ) </Td> <Td> 7.9 ( 46.2 ) </Td> <Td> 4.4 ( 39.9 ) </Td> <Td> 1.1 ( 34 ) </Td> <Td> 2.9 ( 37.2 ) </Td> <Td> 3.9 ( 39 ) </Td> <Td> 5.5 ( 41.9 ) </Td> <Td> 6.7 ( 44.1 ) </Td> <Td> 6.2 ( 43.2 ) </Td> <Td> 1.1 ( 34 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 58.3 ( 2.295 ) </Td> <Td> 49.8 ( 1.961 ) </Td> <Td> 92.2 ( 3.63 ) </Td> <Td> 242.3 ( 9.539 ) </Td> <Td> 189.5 ( 7.461 ) </Td> <Td> 38.6 ( 1.52 ) </Td> <Td> 17.6 ( 0.693 ) </Td> <Td> 24.0 ( 0.945 ) </Td> <Td> 31.2 ( 1.228 ) </Td> <Td> 60.8 ( 2.394 ) </Td> <Td> 149.6 ( 5.89 ) </Td> <Td> 107.6 ( 4.236 ) </Td> <Td> 1,061.5 ( 41.791 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 288.3 </Td> <Td> 266.0 </Td> <Td> 266.6 </Td> <Td> 204.0 </Td> <Td> 189.1 </Td> <Td> 159.0 </Td> <Td> 130.2 </Td> <Td> 127.1 </Td> <Td> 180.0 </Td> <Td> 226.3 </Td> <Td> 198.0 </Td> <Td> 257.3 </Td> <Td> 2,491.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean daily sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 9.3 </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 8.6 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 6.1 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 4.1 </Td> <Td> 6.0 </Td> <Td> 7.3 </Td> <Td> 6.6 </Td> <Td> 8.3 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 1 : NOAA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source # 2 : Deutscher Wetterdienst ( extremes from 1955 -- 1982 and humidity , 1961 -- 1990 ) , Meteo Climat ( extremes from 1984 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( show ) Climate data for Nairobi ( Jomo Kenyatta International Airport ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 32.2 ( 90 ) </Td> <Td> 32.8 ( 91 ) </Td> <Td> 32.1 ( 89.8 ) </Td> <Td> 32.2 ( 90 ) </Td> <Td> 31.1 ( 88 ) </Td> <Td> 28.9 ( 84 ) </Td> <Td> 29.4 ( 84.9 ) </Td> <Td> 32.2 ( 90 ) </Td> <Td> 31.1 ( 88 ) </Td> <Td> 33.0 ( 91.4 ) </Td> <Td> 32.2 ( 90 ) </Td> <Td> 32.2 ( 90 ) </Td> <Td> 33.0 ( 91.4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 26.7 ( 80.1 ) </Td> <Td> 27.9 ( 82.2 ) </Td> <Td> 27.5 ( 81.5 ) </Td> <Td> 26.0 ( 78.8 ) </Td> <Td> 24.5 ( 76.1 ) </Td> <Td> 23.7 ( 74.7 ) </Td> <Td> 22.6 ( 72.7 ) </Td> <Td> 23.0 ( 73.4 ) </Td> <Td> 25.6 ( 78.1 ) </Td> <Td> 26.6 ( 79.9 ) </Td> <Td> 24.9 ( 76.8 ) </Td> <Td> 25.3 ( 77.5 ) </Td> <Td> 25.4 ( 77.7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 19.4 ( 66.9 ) </Td> <Td> 20.2 ( 68.4 ) </Td> <Td> 20.7 ( 69.3 ) </Td> <Td> 20.2 ( 68.4 ) </Td> <Td> 19.1 ( 66.4 ) </Td> <Td> 17.7 ( 63.9 ) </Td> <Td> 16.7 ( 62.1 ) </Td> <Td> 17.3 ( 63.1 ) </Td> <Td> 18.6 ( 65.5 ) </Td> <Td> 19.7 ( 67.5 ) </Td> <Td> 19.3 ( 66.7 ) </Td> <Td> 19.0 ( 66.2 ) </Td> <Td> 19.0 ( 66.2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 12.9 ( 55.2 ) </Td> <Td> 13.1 ( 55.6 ) </Td> <Td> 14.1 ( 57.4 ) </Td> <Td> 14.9 ( 58.8 ) </Td> <Td> 14.3 ( 57.7 ) </Td> <Td> 12.3 ( 54.1 ) </Td> <Td> 11.4 ( 52.5 ) </Td> <Td> 11.5 ( 52.7 ) </Td> <Td> 12.0 ( 53.6 ) </Td> <Td> 13.3 ( 55.9 ) </Td> <Td> 14.0 ( 57.2 ) </Td> <Td> 13.5 ( 56.3 ) </Td> <Td> 13.1 ( 55.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 4.7 ( 40.5 ) </Td> <Td> 7.2 ( 45 ) </Td> <Td> 7.2 ( 45 ) </Td> <Td> 9.8 ( 49.6 ) </Td> <Td> 6.3 ( 43.3 ) </Td> <Td> 6.1 ( 43 ) </Td> <Td> 4.6 ( 40.3 ) </Td> <Td> 4.4 ( 39.9 ) </Td> <Td> 4.2 ( 39.6 ) </Td> <Td> 5.4 ( 41.7 ) </Td> <Td> 7.8 ( 46 ) </Td> <Td> 7.9 ( 46.2 ) </Td> <Td> 4.2 ( 39.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 42.1 ( 1.657 ) </Td> <Td> 48.3 ( 1.902 ) </Td> <Td> 68.8 ( 2.709 ) </Td> <Td> 157.2 ( 6.189 ) </Td> <Td> 108.3 ( 4.264 ) </Td> <Td> 26.5 ( 1.043 ) </Td> <Td> 11.5 ( 0.453 ) </Td> <Td> 13.6 ( 0.535 ) </Td> <Td> 24.8 ( 0.976 ) </Td> <Td> 43.3 ( 1.705 ) </Td> <Td> 120.9 ( 4.76 ) </Td> <Td> 79.8 ( 3.142 ) </Td> <Td> 745.1 ( 29.335 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days ( ≥ 0.1 mm ) </Th> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 3.7 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 13.0 </Td> <Td> 11.1 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> <Td> 5.2 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 5.1 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 13.6 </Td> <Td> 9.0 </Td> <Td> 89.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 282.1 </Td> <Td> 265.6 </Td> <Td> 263.5 </Td> <Td> 204.0 </Td> <Td> 179.8 </Td> <Td> 159.0 </Td> <Td> 124.0 </Td> <Td> 124.0 </Td> <Td> 168.0 </Td> <Td> 213.9 </Td> <Td> 204.0 </Td> <Td> 254.2 </Td> <Td> 2,442.1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean daily sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 9.1 </Td> <Td> 9.4 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 5.8 </Td> <Td> 5.3 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 4.0 </Td> <Td> 5.6 </Td> <Td> 6.9 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 8.2 </Td> <Td> 6.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Deutscher Wetterdienst </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Districts and neighborhoods ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nairobi is divided into a series of constituencies with each being represented by members of Parliament in the National Assembly . These constituencies are : Makadara , Kamukunji , Starehe , Langata , Dagoretti , Westlands , Kasarani , and Embakasi . The main administrative divisions of Nairobi are Central , Dagoretti , Embakasi , Kasarani , Kibera , Makadara , Pumwani , and Westlands . Most of the upmarket suburbs are situated to the west and north - central of Nairobi , where most European settlers resided during the colonial times AKA ' Ubabini ' . These include Karen , Langata , Lavington , Gigiri , Muthaiga , Brookside , Spring Valley , Loresho , Kilimani , Kileleshwa , Hurlingham , Runda , Kitisuru , Nyari , Kyuna , Lower Kabete , Westlands , and Highridge , although Kangemi , Kawangware , and Dagoretti are lower income areas close to these affluent suburbs . The city 's colonial past is commemorated by many English place - names . Most lower - middle and upper middle income neighbourhoods are located in the north - central areas such as Highridge , Parklands , Ngara , Pangani , and areas to the southwest and southeast of the metropolitan area near the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport . The most notable ones include Avenue Park , Fedha , Pipeline , Donholm , Greenfields , Nyayo , Taasia , Baraka , Nairobi West , Madaraka , Siwaka , South B , South C , Mugoya , Riverbank , Hazina , Buru Buru , Uhuru , Harambee Civil Servants ' , Akiba , Kimathi , Pioneer , and Koma Rock to the centre - east and Kasarani to northeast area among others . The low and lower income estates are located mainly in far eastern Nairobi . These include , Umoja , Kariokor , Dandora , Kariobangi , Kayole , Embakasi , and Huruma . Kitengela suburb , though located further southeast , Ongata Rongai and Kiserian further southwest , and Ngong / Embulbul suburbs also known as ' Diaspora ' to the far west are considered part of the Greater Nairobi Metropolitan area . More than 90 % of Nairobi residents work within the Nairobi Metropolitan area , in the formal and informal sectors . Many Somali immigrants have also settled in Eastleigh , nicknamed `` Little Mogadishu '' . </P> 360 - degree Nairobi panorama Kibera slum ( edit ) Main article : Kibera Kibera slums being upgraded to New Apartment by the Kenyan Ministry of housing and United Nations Habitat <P> The Kibera slum in Nairobi ( with an estimated population of at least 500,000 to over 1,000,000 people ) was thought to be Africa 's second largest slum . However , recent census results have shown that Kibera is indeed much smaller than originally thought . </P> <H3> Parks and Gardens ( edit ) </H3> central park Nairobi Kenyatta Avenue with Uhuru Park between Upper Hill and the Nairobi CBD <P> Nairobi has many parks and open spaces throughout the city . Much of the city has dense tree - cover and plenty of green spaces . The most famous park in Nairobi is Uhuru Park . The park borders the central business district and the neighbourhood Upper Hill . Uhuru ( Freedom in Swahili ) Park is a centre for outdoor speeches , services , and rallies . The park was to be built over by former President Daniel arap Moi , who wanted the 62 - storey headquarters of his party , the Kenya African National Union , situated in the park . However , the park was saved following a campaign by Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai . </P> <P> Central Park is adjacent to Uhuru Park , and includes a memorial for Jomo Kenyatta , the first president of Kenya . Other notable open spaces include Jeevanjee Gardens , City Park , 7 August Memorial Park , and Nairobi Arboretum . </P> <P> The colonial 1948 Master Plan for Nairobi still acts as the governing mechanism when it comes to making decisions related to urban planning . The Master Plan at the time , which was designed for 250,000 people , allocated 28 % of Nairobi 's land to public space , but because of rapid population growth , much of the vitality of public spaces within the city are increasingly threatened . City Park , the only natural park in Nairobi , for example , was originally 150 acres , but has since lost approximately 50 acres of land to private development through squatting and illegal alienation which began in the 1980s . </P> <H2> Political divisions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The City of Nairobi enjoys the status of a full administrative County . </P> <P> The Nairobi province differs in several ways from other Kenyan regions . The county is entirely urban . It has only one local council , Nairobi City Council . Nairobi Province was not divided into `` districts '' until 2007 , when three districts were created . In 2010 , along with the new constitution , Nairobi was renamed a County . </P> <P> Nairobi County has seventeen constituencies . Constituency name may differ from division name , such that Starehe Constituency is equal to Central Division , Lang'ata Constituency to Kibera division , and Kamukunji Constituency to Pumwani Division in terms of boundaries . </P> <H3> Constituencies ( edit ) </H3> Co-operative Bank of Kenya headquarters <P> Nairobi is divided into seventeen constituencies and eighty five wards , mostly named after residential estates . Kibera Division , for example , includes Kibera ( Kenya 's largest slum ) as well as affluent estates of Karen and Langata . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Constituency </Th> <Th> Wards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Westlands </Th> <Td> Kitisuru Parklands / Highridge Karura Kangemi Mountain View </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dagoretti North </Th> <Td> Kilimani Kawangware Gatina Kileleshwa Kabiro </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dagoretti South </Th> <Td> Mutu - ini Ngand'o Riruta Uthiru / Ruthimitu Waithaka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Langata </Th> <Td> Karen Nairobi West Ngumo South C Nyayo Highrise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kibra </Th> <Td> Laini Saba Lindi Makina Woodley / Kenyatta Golf Course Sarang'ombe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Roysambu </Th> <Td> Roysambu Garden Estate Muthaiga Ridgeways Githurai Kahawa West Zimmermann Kahawa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kasarani </Th> <Td> Clay City Mwiki Kasarani Njiru Ruai </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ruaraka </Th> <Td> Babadogo Utalii Mathare North Lucky Summer Korogocho </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Embakasi South </Th> <Td> Imara Daima Kwa Njenga Kwa Reuben Pipeline Kware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Embakasi North </Th> <Td> Kariobangi North Dandora Area I Dandora Area II Dandora Area III Dandora Area IV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Embakasi Central </Th> <Td> Kayole North Kayole North Central Kayole South Komarock Matopeni / Spring Valley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Embakasi East </Th> <Td> Upper Savanna Lower Savanna Embakasi Utawala Mihang'o </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Embakasi West </Th> <Td> Umoja I Umoja II Mowlem Kariobangi South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Makadara </Th> <Td> Maringo / Hamza Viwandani Harambee Makongeni Mbotela </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kamukunji </Th> <Td> Pumwani Eastleigh North Eastleigh South Airbase California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starehe </Th> <Td> Nairobi Central Ngara Pangani Ziwani / Kariokor Landimawe Nairobi South </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mathare </Th> <Td> Hospital Mabatini Huruma Ngei Mlango Kubwa Kiamaiko </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of companies and organizations based in Nairobi Nairobi is a major financial capital of Africa . It is also one of the most modern cities in Africa . I&M Bank headquarters in Nairobi . <P> Nairobi is home to the Nairobi Securities Exchange ( NSE ) , one of Africa 's largest . The NSE was officially recognised as an overseas stock exchange by the London Stock Exchange in 1953 . The exchange is Africa 's 4th largest in terms of trading volumes , and 5th largest in terms of Market Capitalization as a percentage of GDP . </P> <P> Nairobi is the regional headquarters of several international companies and organisations . In 2007 , General Electric , Young & Rubicam , Google , Coca - Cola , IBM Services , Airtel , and Cisco Systems relocated their African headquarters to the city . The United Nations Office at Nairobi hosts UN Environment and UN-Habitat headquarters . </P> <P> Several of Africa 's largest companies are headquartered in Nairobi . KenGen , which is the largest African stock outside South Africa , is based in the city . Kenya Airways , Africa 's fourth largest airline , uses Nairobi 's Jomo Kenyatta International Airport as a hub . </P> <P> Goods manufactured in Nairobi include clothing , textiles , building materials , processed foods , beverages , and cigarettes . Several foreign companies have factories based in and around the city . These include Goodyear , General Motors , Toyota Motors , and Coca - Cola . </P> <P> Nairobi has a large tourist industry , being both a tourist destination and a transport hub . </P> <H3> Central Business district and skyline ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nairobi has grown around its central business district . This takes a rectangular shape , around the Uhuru Highway , Haille Selassie Avenue , Moi Avenue , and University Way . It features many of Nairobi 's important buildings , including the City Hall and Parliament Building . The city square is also located within the perimeter . </P> <P> Most of the skyscrapers in this region are the headquarters of businesses and corporations , such as I&M and the Kenyatta International Conference Centre . The United States Embassy bombing took place in this district , prompting the building of a new embassy building in the suburbs . </P> <P> In 2011 , the city was considered to be about 4 million residents . A large beautification project took place in the Central Business District , as the city prepared to host the 2006 Afri - Cities summit . Iconic buildings such as the Kenyatta International Conference Centre had their exteriors cleaned and repainted . </P> <P> Nairobi downtown area or central business district is bordered to the southwest by Uhuru Park and Central Park . The Mombasa to Kampala railway runs to the southeast of the district . </P> Panorama of Kenyatta Avenue , Nairobi CBD 's main street <H3> Upper Hill ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Upper Hill , Nairobi <P> Today , many businesses are considering relocating and / or establishing their headquarters outside the Central Business District area . This is because land is cheaper , and better facilities can easily be built and maintained elsewhere . Two areas that are seeing a growth in companies and office space are Upper Hill , which is located , approximately 4 km ( 2.5 mi ) from the Central Business District and Westlands , which is also about the same distance , away from the city centre . </P> <P> Companies that have moved from the Central Business District to Upper Hill include Citibank and in 2007 , Coca - Cola began construction of their East and Central African headquarters in Upper Hill , cementing the district as the preferred location for office space in Nairobi . The largest office development in this area is UAP Tower , a recently completed 33 - storey tower at 163 meters high . The World Bank and International Finance Corporation ( part of the World Bank Group ) are also located in Upper Hill at the Delta Center , Menegai Road . Earlier on , they were located in the Hill Park Building and CBA Building respectively ( both also in Upper Hill ) , and prior to that in View Park towers in the Central Business District . </P> <P> To accommodate the large demand for floor space in Nairobi , various commercial projects are being constructed . New business parks are being built in the city , including the flagship Nairobi Business Park . </P> Nairobi panorama , viewed from Westlands <P> Construction boom and real estate development projects </P> A view of Nairobi from the Kenyatta International Conference Centre <P> Nairobi is currently undergoing a construction boom . Major real estate projects and skyscrapers are coming up in the city . Among them are : Hass twin towers which will tower at 212m , Britam Tower ( 198m ) , Avic International Africa headquarters ( 176m ) , Prism tower ( 140m ) , Pan Africa insurance towers , Pallazzo offices , and many other projects . Shopping malls are also being constructed like the recently completed Garden city Mall , Centum 's Two rivers Mall , The Hub in Karen , Karen waterfront , Thika Greens , and the recently reconstructed Westgate Mall . High - class residential apartments for living are coming up like Le Mac towers , a residential tower in Westlands Nairobi with 23 floors . Avic International is also putting up a total of four residential apartments on Waiyaki way : a 28 - level tower , two 24 - level towers , and a 25 - level tower . Hotel towers are also being erected in the city . Avic International is putting up a 30 - level hotel tower of 141m in the Westlands . The hotel tower will be operated by Marriot group . Jabavu limited is constructing a 35 floor hotel tower in Upper Hill which will be high over 140 metres in the city skyline . Arcon Group Africa has also announced plans to erect a skyscraper in Upper hill which will have 66 floors and tower over 290 metres , further cementing Upper hill as the preferred metropolis for multinational corporations launching their operations in the Kenyan capital . </P> <Table> Nairobi 's tallest skyscrapers <Tr> <Td> Pinnacle Towers </Td> <Td> 274 m ( 899 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UAP Tower </Td> <Td> 163 m ( 535 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Times Tower </Td> <Td> 140 m ( 460 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Teleposta Towers </Td> <Td> 120 m ( 390 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kenyatta International Conference Centre </Td> <Td> 105 m ( 344 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NSSF Building </Td> <Td> 103 m ( 338 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> I&M Bank Tower </Td> <Td> 100 m ( 330 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nyayo House </Td> <Td> 84 m ( 276 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cooperative Bank House </Td> <Td> 83 m ( 272 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> National Bank House </Td> <Td> 82 m ( 269 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hazina Towers </Td> <Td> 81 m ( 266 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rahimtulla Tower </Td> <Td> 80 m ( 260 ft ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Tourism ( edit ) </H3> A giraffe at Nairobi National Park , with Nairobi 's skyline in background <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Nairobi is one of the few cities in the world with a national park within its boundaries , making it a prime tourist destination as well , with several other tourist attractions . The most famous is the Nairobi National Park , the only game reserve of this nature to border a capital city , or any major city . The park contains many animals including lions , giraffes , and black rhinos . The park is home to over 400 species of birds . The Nairobi Safari Walk is a major attraction to the Nairobi National Park as it offers a rare on - foot experience of the animals . </P> <P> Nairobi is home to several museums , sites , and monuments . The Nairobi National Museum is the country 's national museum and the largest in the city . It houses a large collection of artefacts portraying Kenya 's rich heritage through history , nature , culture , and contemporary art . It also includes the full remains of a homo erectus popularly known as the Turkana boy . Other prominent museums include the Nairobi Gallery , Nairobi Railway Museum , and the Karen Blixen Museum located in the affluent Karen suburb . Uhuru Gardens , a national monument and the largest memorial park in Kenya , is also the place where the first Kenyan flag was raised at independence . It is located along Langata road near the Wilson Airport . </P> The Sarova Stanley <P> Nairobi is nicknamed the Safari Capital of the World or the City Under the Sun , and has many hotels to cater for safari - bound tourists . Five - star hotels in Nairobi include the Nairobi Serena , Laico Regency ( formerly Grand Regency Hotel ) , Windsor ( Karen ) , Holiday Inn , Nairobi Safari Club ( Lilian Towers ) , The Sarova Stanley Hotel , Safari Park & Casino , InterContinental , Panari Hotel , Hilton , and the Norfolk Hotel . Other newer ones include the Crowne Plaza Hotel Nairobi in Upper Hill area , the Sankara Nairobi in Westlands , Tribe Hotel - Village Market , House of Wayne , The Eastland Hotel , Ole Sereni , and The Boma located along Mombasa Highway . International chains apart from the Hilton , the Intercontinental group , and Serena Hotels are also setting up properties in Nairobi city . Upcoming establishments include Radisson Blu and the upscale boutique Bidwood Suite Hotel in Westlands , which are nearing completion . The Best Western Premier - Nairobi and The Villa Rosa Kempinski have been completed and opened . </P> <P> Nairobi is also home to the largest ice rink in Africa : the Solar Ice Rink at the Panari Hotel 's Sky Centre . The rink , opened in 2005 , covers 15,000 square feet ( 1,400 m ) and can accommodate 200 people . </P> <P> Shopping malls in Nairobi include the Greenspan Mall ( Donholm ) , Yaya Centre ( Hurlingham ) , Sarit Centre ( Westlands ) , Westgate Shopping Mall ( Westlands ) , ABC Place ( Westlands ) , The Village Market ( Gigiri ) , Junction Shopping Mall ( Ngong Road ) , Prestige Plaza ( Ngong Road ) , Crossroads Shopping Centre ( Karen ) , T - Mall ( Langata ) , Garden City Mall and Thika Road Mall ( TRM ) . Nakumatt , Uchumi , and Tuskys , Naivas are the largest supermarket chains with modern stores throughout the city . </P> Woodvale Grove , Westlands <P> The Nairobi Java House is a coffee house and restaurant chain with branches located around the city including one at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport . Other coffee chains include Art Caffe , Dormans Coffee House and Savannah , which is part of Sasini Tea . </P> <P> Nairobi 's night life is popular with tourists , young and old . From a collection of gourmet restaurants offering local and international cuisine , Nairobi has something to offer to every age and pocket . Most common known food establishments include The Carnivore and The Tamarind Restaurants which have outlets in Langata , City Centre , and the Village Market . For those more discerning travellers , one can choose from a wide array of local cuisine , Mediterranean , fast food , Ethiopian , and Arabian . The city 's nightlife is mostly centred along friends and colleagues meeting after work especially on Fridays -- commonly known as `` Furahiday '' ( Happy Day ) , theme nights , events and concerts , and Shisha cafés . The most popular clubbing spots are centred in upmarket Westlands which has come to be known as `` Electric Avenue '' , Karen , Langata , Hurlingham , and `` uptown '' venues in the city centre . Nairobians generally go out every day of the week and most establishments are open till late . </P> <P> Other sites include Jomo Kenyatta 's Mausoleum , Kenya National Theatre , and the Kenya National Archives . Art galleries in Nairobi include the Rahimtulla Museum of Modern Art ( Ramoma ) , the Mizizi Arts Centre , and the Nairobi National Museum . </P> <H3> Places of interest ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Carnivore </Li> <Li> Nairobi Mamba Village </Li> <Li> Florida Discothèque ( demolished ) </Li> <Li> Oloo 's Children Center in Kibera Slums </Li> <Li> Nairobi National Park </Li> <Li> Nairobi National Museum </Li> <Li> Uhuru Gardens </Li> <Li> David Sheldrick Centre </Li> <Li> Giraffe Centre </Li> <Li> Bomas of Kenya </Li> <Li> Karen Blixen Museum </Li> <Li> The National Council of Churches of Kenya HQ , Hurlingham </Li> <Li> The Karura Forest </Li> <Li> Kenyatta International Conference Centre Rooftop and View of City Skyline </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Nairobi Arboretum </Li> <Li> The Memorial Park Garden </Li> <Li> United Nations Office at Nairobi </Li> <Li> Utamaduni Craft Centre </Li> <Li> City Park </Li> <Li> Uhuru Park </Li> <Li> Splash Water World </Li> <Li> Ngong Racecourse </Li> <Li> Karen Blixen Home </Li> </Ul> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Population of Nairobi between 1906 and 2009 . </P> <P> Nairobi has experienced one of the highest growth rates of any city in Africa . Since its foundation in 1899 , Nairobi has grown to become the second largest city in the African Great Lakes , despite being one of youngest cities in the region . The growth rate of Nairobi is currently 4.1 % a year . It is estimated that Nairobi 's population will reach 5 million in 2025 . </P> <P> These data fit remarkably closely ( r ^ 2 = 0.9994 ) to a logistic curve with t ( 0 ) = 1900 , P ( 0 ) = 8500 , r = 0.059 and K = 8,000,000 . This suggests a current ( 2011 ) growth rate of 3.5 % ( the CIA estimate of 4.5 % cited above would have been true in 2005 ) . According to this curve , the population of the city will be below 4 million in 2015 , and will reach 5 million in 2025 . </P> <P> Given this high population growth , owing itself both to urban migration and high birth rates , the economy has yet to catch up . Unemployment is estimated at 40 % within the city , mainly in the high - density , low income areas of the city which can make them seem even denser than the higher - income neighborhoods . </P> <H2> Society and culture ( edit ) </H2> Basilica of the Holy Family in Nairobi <P> Nairobi is a cosmopolitan and multicultural city . The names of some of its suburbs , including Hurlingham and Parklands reflect Nairobi 's early history of colonial occupation . </P> <P> By the mid twentieth century , many foreigners settled in Nairobi from other parts of the British Empire , primarily India and parts of ( present - day ) Pakistan . These immigrants were workers who arrived to construct the Kampala -- Mombasa railway , settling in Nairobi after its completion , and also merchants from Gujarat . Nairobi also has established communities from Somalia and Sudan . </P> <P> There are a number of churches , mosques , temples , and gurdwaras within the city . Prominent places of worship in Nairobi include the Cathedral Basilica of the Holy Family , All Saints Cathedral , Ismaili Jamat Khana , and Jamia Mosque . </P> <P> Nairobi has two informal nicknames . The first is `` The Green City in the Sun '' , which is derived from the city 's foliage and warm climate . The second is the `` Safari Capital of the World '' , which is used due to Nairobi 's prominence as a hub for safari tourism . </P> <P> There are a number of shopping malls in the Nairobi Area . These include : Garden city mall , Thika road mall ( TRM ) , the West Gate mall , Prestige Plaza , the Village Market , the Sarit Centre , the Junction . A variety of amenities are provided at these malls and include : cinemas , fashion and apparel retailers , bookshops , electronics and grocery stores , coffeehouses , restaurants and bars . </P> <H3> Literature and film ( edit ) </H3> Nairobi Cinema <P> Kwani ? is Kenya 's first literary journal and was established by writers living in Nairobi . Nairobi 's publishing houses have also produced the works of some of Kenya 's authors , including Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o and Meja Mwangi who were part of post-colonial writing . </P> <P> Many film makers also practice their craft out of Nairobi . Film - making is still young in the country , but people like producer Njeri Karago and director Judy Kibinge are paving the way for others . </P> <P> Perhaps the most famous book and film set in Nairobi is Out of Africa . The book was written by Karen Blixen , whose pseudonym was Isak Dinesen , and it is her account of living in Kenya . Karen Blixen lived in the Nairobi area from 1917 to 1931 . The neighbourhood in which she lived , Karen , is named after her . </P> <P> In 1985 , Out of Africa was made into a film , directed by Sydney Pollack . The film won 28 awards , including seven Academy Awards . The popularity of the film prompted the opening of Nairobi 's Karen Blixen Museum . </P> <P> Nairobi is also the setting of many of the novels of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o , Kenya 's foremost writer . </P> <P> Nairobi has been the set of several other American and British films . The most recent of these was The Constant Gardener ( 2005 ) , a large part of which was filmed in the city . The story revolves around a British diplomat in Nairobi whose wife is murdered in northern Kenya . Much of the filming was in the Kibera slum . </P> <P> Among the latest Kenyan actors in Hollywood who identify with Nairobi is Lupita Nyong'o . Lupita received an Oscar award for best supporting actress in her role as Patsy in the film 12 Years a Slave during the 86th Academy Awards at the Dolby theatre in Los Angeles . Lupita is the daughter of Kenyan politician Peter Anyang ' Nyong'o </P> <P> Most new Hollywood films are nowadays screened at Nairobi 's cinemas . Up until the early 1990s , there were only a few film theatres and the repertoire was limited . There are also two drive - in cinemas in Nairobi . </P> <P> In 2015 and 2016 , Nairobi was the focus point for the American television series Sense8 which shot its first and second seasons partly in the city . The TV series has high reviews in The Internet Movie Database ( IMDB ) . </P> <P> In 2015 Nairobi was also featured in the British thriller film Eye in the Sky ( 2015 film ) , which is a story about a lieutenant general and a colonel who faced political opposition after ordering a drone missile strike to take out a group of suicide bombers in Nairobi , Kenya . </P> <H3> Food ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Nairobi , there is a range of restaurants and , besides being home to nyama choma which is a local term used to refer to roasted meat , there are American fast food restaurants such as KFC , Subway , Dominos Pizza , Pizza Hut , Hardees and Burger King which are popular , and the longer established South African chains , Galittos , Steers , PizzaMojo , Spur Steak Ranches . Coffee houses , doubling up as restaurants , mostly frequented by the upper middle classes , such as Artcaffe , Nairobi Java House and Dormans have become increasingly popular in recent days . Traditional food joints such as the popular K'osewe's in the city centre and Amaica , which specialise in African delicacies are also widepsread . The Kenchic franchise which specialised in old - school chicken and chips meals was also popular , particularly among the lower classes and students , with restaurants all over the city and its suburbs . However , as at February 2016 , Kenchic stopped operating its eatery businesses . Upscale restaurants specialising in specific cuisines , ranging from Italian , Lebanese , Ethiopian , French and seafood are more likely to be found in five star hotels and the wealthier suburbs in the West and South of the city . </P> <P> Nairobi has an annual restaurant week ( NRW ) at the beginning of the year , January -- February . Nairobi 's restaurants offer dining packages at reduced prices . NRW is managed by Eatout Kenya which is an online platform that lists and reviews restaurants in Nairobi , and provides a platform for Kenyan foodies to congregate and share . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nairobi is the centre of Kenya 's music scene . Benga is a Kenyan genre which was developed in Nairobi . The style is a fusion of jazz and Luo music forms . Mugithi is another popular genre in Kenya , with its origins in the central parts of the country . A majority of music videos of leading local musicians are also filmed in the city . </P> <P> In the 1970s , Nairobi became the prominent centre for music in the African Great Lakes . During this period , Nairobi was established as a hub of soukous music . This genre was originally developed in Kinshasa and Brazzaville . After the political climate in the region deteriorated , many Congolese artists relocated to Nairobi . Artists such as Orchestra Super Mazembe moved from Congo to Nairobi and found great success . Virgin records became aware of the popularity of the genre and signed recording contracts with several soukous artists . </P> <P> More recently , Nairobi has become the centre of the Kenyan hip hop scene , with Kalamashaka , Gidi Gidi Majimaji being the pioneers of urban music in Kenyan . The genre has become very popular amongst local youth , and domestic musicians have become some of the most popular in the region . Successful artists based in Nairobi include Jua Cali , Nonini , Camp Mulla , Juliani , Eric Wainaina , Suzanna Owinyo and Nameless . Popular Record labels include Ogopa DJs , Grand Pa Records , Main Switch , Red Black and Green Republik , Calif Records and Bornblack Music Group . </P> <P> Many foreign musicians who tour Africa perform in Nairobi . Bob Marley 's first - ever visit to Africa started in Nairobi . Acts that have performed in Nairobi include Lost Boyz , Wyclef Jean , Shaggy , Akon , Eve , T.O.K , Sean Paul , Wayne Wonder , Alaine , Konshens , Ja Rule , and Morgan Heritage , and Cabo Snoop . Other international musicians who have performed in Nairobi include the rocking show by Don Carlos , Demarco , Busy Signal , Mr. Vegas and the Elephant man crew . </P> <P> Nairobi , including the coastal towns of Mombasa and Diani , have recently become the centre of Electronic Dance Music ( EDM ) in Kenya , which includes Trance , Techno , House , Progressive , Drum & Bass , and Dubstep . Prominent international composers & DJs have graced their presence in these cities , including Kyau & Albert , Solarity , Ronski Speed , and Boom Jinx . </P> <P> Many nightclubs in and around the city have witnessed a growth in the population that exclusively listen to Electronic Dance Music , especially amongst the younger generations . These youth also support many local EDM producers & DJs , such as Jahawi , Mikhail Kuzi , Barney Barrow , Jack Rooster , HennessyLive , Trancephilic5 As well as up and comers such as L.A Dave , Eric K , Raj El Rey , Tom Parker and more . </P> <P> Gospel music is also very popular in Nairobi just as in the rest of Kenya , with gospel artistes having a great impact in the mostly Christian city . Artistes such as Esther Wahome , Eunice Njeri , Daddy Owen , Emmy Kosgei and the late Angela Chibalonza , among others , have a great pull over the general population while others like MOG , Juliani , Ecko dyda , DK Kwenye Beat have great influence over the younger generation . Their concerts are also very popular and they have as much influence as the great secular artistes . The most popular being Groove tours , TSO ( Totally Sold Out ) new year concerts . </P> <P> Musical group Sauti Sol performed for U.S. President Barack Obama when he was in the city for the 2015 Global Entrepreneurship summit . </P> <H2> Sport ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nairobi is the African Great Lakes region 's sporting centre . The premier sports facility in Nairobi and generally in Kenya is the Moi International Sports Centre in the suburb of Kasarani . The complex was completed in 1987 , and was used to host the 1987 All Africa Games . The complex comprises a 60,000 seater stadium , the second largest in the African Great Lakes ( after Tanzania 's new national stadium ) , a 5,000 seater gymnasium , and a 2,000 seater aquatics centre . </P> <P> The Nyayo National Stadium is Nairobi 's second largest stadium renowned for hosting global rugby event under the `` Safaricom Sevens . '' Completed in 1983 , the stadium has a capacity of 30,000 . This stadium is primarily used for football . The facility is located close to the Central Business District , which makes it a convenient location for political gatherings . </P> <P> Nairobi City Stadium is the city 's first stadium , and used for club football . Nairobi Gymkhana is the home of the Kenyan cricket team , and was a venue for the 2003 Cricket World Cup . Notable annual events staged in Nairobi include Safari Rally ( although it lost its World Rally Championship status in 2003 ) , Safari Sevens rugby union tournament , and Nairobi Marathon . </P> <P> Football is the most popular sport in the city by viewership and participation . This is highlighted by the number of football clubs in the city , including Kenyan Premier League sides Gor Mahia , A.F.C. Leopards , Tusker and Mathare United . </P> <P> There are six golf courses within a 20 km radius of Nairobi . The oldest 18 - hole golf course in the city is the Royal Nairobi Golf Club . It was established in 1906 by the British , just seven years after the city was founded . Other notable golf clubs include the Windsor Country Club , Karen Country Club , and Muthaiga Golf Club . The Kenya Open golf tournament , which is part of the Challenge Tour , takes place in Nairobi . The Ngong Racecourse in Nairobi is the centre of horse racing in Kenya . </P> <P> Rugby is also a popular sport in Nairobi with 8 of the 12 top flight clubs based here . </P> <P> Basketball is also a popular Sport played in the City 's Primary , Secondary and College leagues . Most of the City 's Urban youth and are basketball fans and watch the American NBA . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> <P> The majority of schools follow either the Kenyan Curriculum or the British Curriculum . There is also International School of Kenya which follows the North American Curriculum and the German school in Gigiri . Kenya High School , one of the schools in Kenya , is located in Nairobi . </P> <H3> Higher education ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nairobi is home to several Universities and Colleges . </P> <Ul> <Li> The University of Nairobi is the largest and oldest university in Kenya . It was established in 1956 , as part of the University of East Africa , but became an independent university in 1970 . The university has approximately 84,000 students . </Li> <Li> Kenyatta University is situated 16 km ( 9.9 mi ) from Nairobi on the Nairobi -- Thika dual carriageway on 1,100 acres ( 4.5 km ) of land . The university was chartered in 1985 , offering mainly education - related courses , but has since diversified , offering medicine , environmental studies , engineering , law , business , statistics , agriculture , and economics . It has a student body of about 32,000 , the bulk of whom ( 17,000 ) are in the main ( Kahawa ) campus . Currently it is one of the fastest growing public universities . </Li> <Li> Strathmore University started in 1961 as an Advanced Level ( UK ) Sixth Form College offering Science and Arts subjects . The college started to admit accountancy students in March 1966 , and thus became a university . In January 1993 , Strathmore College merged with Kianda College and moved to Ole Sangale Road , Madaraka Estate , Nairobi . </Li> <Li> United States International University -- Nairobi was originally a branch of the United States International University , but became a fully autonomous university in 2005 . It was first established in 1969 . The university has accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges , in USA , and the Government of Kenya . It is located in a quiet west side location of Kasarani area north - central Nairobi opposite the Safari Park Hotel . </Li> <Li> In 2005 , The Aga Khan Hospital , Nairobi was upgraded to a health sciences teaching hospital , providing post graduate education in medicine and surgery including nursing education , henceforth renamed the Aga Khan University Hospital . </Li> <Li> The Catholic University of Eastern Africa located in Langata suburb , obtained its `` Letter of Interim Authority '' in 1989 . Following negotiations between the Authority of the Graduate School of Theology and the Commission for Higher Education ( CHIEA ) , the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences was established three years later , culminating in the granting of the Civil Charter to CHIEA on 3 November 1992 . </Li> <Li> The Technical University of Kenya ( formerly Kenya Polytechnic ) is the only Technical University in the country . Established in 1961 as the Kenya Technical Institute , the University was chartered by Mwai Kibaki in 2013 to become an independent institution of higher learning ( It was previously a constituent college of the University of Nairobi ) . It offers highly technical degree courses in three faculties : Engineering and Built Environment , Applied Sciences and Technologies , and Social Sciences and Technologies . </Li> <Li> KCA University ( formerly the Kenya College of Accountancy ) , located in Ruaraka . </Li> <Li> The Presbyterian University of East Africa ( PUEA ) is also another Institution of higher learning that is located in the town . It has several campuses around the town . </Li> <Li> Pan African Christian University in Kasarani . </Li> <Li> East Africa Institute of Certified Studies ( well known as ICS College ) is located at Stanbank House with branches in Mombasa and Kisumu . </Li> <Li> Compugoal College </Li> </Ul> <P> Numerous other universities have also opened satellite campuses in Nairobi . The Railways Training Institute established in 1956 , is also a notable institution of higher learning with a campus in Nairobi . </P> <H2> Infrastructure ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Transport ( edit ) </H3> Syokimau Railway Station <P> Major plans are being implemented in the need to decongest the city 's traffic and the completion of Thika Road has given the city a much needed face - lift attributed to road 's enhancement of global standards . Several projects have been completed ( Syokimau Rail Station , the Eastern and Northern Bypasses ) while numerous other projects are still underway . The country 's head of state announced ( when he opened Syokimau Rail Service ) that Kenya was collaborating with other countries in the region to develop railway infrastructure to improve regional connectivity under the ambitious LAPPSET project which is the single largest and most expensive in the continent . </P> <P> Kenya signed a bilateral agreement with Uganda to facilitate joint development of the Mombasa - Malaba - Kampala standard gauge railway . A branch line will also be extended to Kisumu . </P> <P> Similarly , Kenya signed a Memorandum of Understanding with the Government of Ethiopia for the development of Lamu - Addis Ababa standard gauge railway . Under the Lamu - South Sudan and Ethiopia Transport Corridor Project , the development of a railway component is among the priority projects . </P> <P> The development of these critical transport facilities will , besides reducing transport costs due to faster movement of goods and people within the region , also increase trade , improve the socio - economic welfare of Northern Kenya and boost the country 's potential in attracting investments from all over the world . </P> <P> The first phase of the Standard Gauge Railway project was launched on 31 May 2017 by the President of Kenya Uhuru Kenyatta in a ceremony that saw thousands of Kenyans ride on the inaugural trip free of charge . The two passenger locomotives christened Madaraka Express currently operate daily trips between Nairobi and Mombasa with the fixed departure time of 9 : 00 AM . </P> Jomo Kenyatta International Airport Airports ( edit ) <P> Jomo Kenyatta International Airport is the largest airport in East and Central Africa . Domestic travelers made up 40 % of overall passengers in 2016 . An increase of 32 % in 5 yrs since 2012 . JKIA had more than 7 million passengers going through it in 2016 . In February 2017 , JKIA received a Category One Status from the FAA boosting the airport 's status as a Regional Aviation hub . </P> <P> Wilson Airport ; A general aviation airport handling smaller aircraft mostly propeller driven . In July 2016 , construction of a new Air Traffic Control Tower commenced at a cost of KES 163 Million ( approximately USD 1.63 Million ) </P> <P> Eastleigh Airport ; a military base airport . In its earlier years , it was utilised as a landing strip in the pre-jet airline era . It was mostly used as a British Passenger and mail route from Southampton to Cape Town in the 1930s & 1940 's . This route was served by flying boats between Britain and Kisumu and then by land - based aircraft on the routes to the south . </P> Matatu ( edit ) Main article : Matatu <P> Matatus are the most common form of public transport in Nairobi . Matatu , which literally translates to `` three cents for a ride '' ( nowadays much more ) are privately owned minibuses , and the most popular form of local transport , and generally seat fourteen to twenty - four . Matatus operate within Nairobi , its environs and suburbs and from Nairobi to other towns around the country . The matatu 's route is imprinted along a yellow stripe on the side of the bus , and matatus plying specific routes have specific route numbers . However , in November 2014 President Uhuru Kenyatta lifted the ban on the yellow stripe and allowed matatus to maintain the colourful graphics in an effort to support the youth in creating employment . Matatus in Nairobi were easily distinguishable by their extravagant paint schemes , as owners would paint their matatu with various colourful decorations , such as their favourite football team or hip hop artist . More recently , some have even painted Barack Obama 's face on their vehicle . They are notorious for their poor safety records , which are a result of overcrowding and reckless driving . Due to the intense competition between matatus , many are equipped with powerful sound systems and television screens to attract more customers . </P> <P> However , in 2004 , a law was passed requiring all matatus to include seat belts and speed governors and to be painted with a yellow stripe . At first , this caused a furore amongst Matatu operators , but they were pressured by government and the public to make the changes . Matatus are now limited to 80 kilometres per hour ( 50 mph ) . However , many of the matatu vehicles have had their speed governors disabled , which is evident by them travelling at speeds well over 80 kilometres per hour ( 50 mph ) . </P> <P> In December 2010 , the Government embarked on a policy to phase out matatus as a means of public transport . Consequently , no new matatus are licensed to operate from January 2011 while the current ones will be allowed to live out their lifespan ; a move aimed at enhancing the safety of citizens and visitors as well . However , the matatus continue to occupy the road ways in large numbers contributing to the congestion of Nairobi . </P> Buses ( edit ) <P> Buses are increasingly becoming common in the city with some even going to the extents of installing complimentary WiFi systems in partnership with the leading mobile service provider . There are four major bus companies operating the city routes and are the traditional Kenya Bus Service ( KBS ) , and newer private operators Citi Hoppa , Compliant MOA and Double M. The Citi Hoppa buses are distinguishable by their green livery , the Double M buses are painted purple , Compliant MOA by their distinctively screaming names and mix of white , blue colours while the KBS buses are painted blue . </P> Public Transport in Nairobi <P> Companies such as Easy Coach , Crown Bus , Coast Bus , Modern Coast , Eldoret Express , Chania , the Guardian Angel , Spanish and Mash Poa run scheduled buses and luxury coaches to other cities and towns . </P> Trains ( edit ) <P> Nairobi was founded as a railway town , and the main headquarters of Kenya Railways ( KR ) is still situated at Nairobi railway station , which is located near the city centre . The line runs through Nairobi , from Mombasa to Kampala . Its main use is freight traffic connecting Nairobi to Mombasa and Kisumu . A number of morning and evening commuter trains connect the centre with the suburbs , but the city has no proper light rail , tramway , or rapid transit lines . A proposal has been passed for the construction of a commuter rail line . The country 's third president since independence , President Mwai Kibaki on Tuesday , 13 November 2012 launched the Syokimau Rail Service marking a major milestone in the history of railway development in the country . The opening of the station marked another milestone in efforts to realise various projects envisaged under the Vision 2030 Economic Blueprint . The new station has a train that ferries passengers from Syokimau to the city centre cutting travel time by half . Opening of the station marks the completion of the first phase of the Sh24b Nairobi Commuter Rail Network that is geared at easing traffic congestion in Nairobi , blamed for huge economic losses . Other modern stations include Imara Daima Railway Station and Makadara Railway Station . </P> <P> The new Mombasa - Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway connects the port city of Mombasa and Nairobi . The new railway line has replaced the 1900 metre - gauge railway . The Nairobi Terminus is located at Syokimau , some 20 km from the city centre . Passengers travelling from Mombasa are usually transferred from the metre - gauge trains to the CBD . </P> Roads ( edit ) Museum hill interchange , where uhuru highway links to forest road which is an extension of the Thika superhighway. Nairobi 's tall skyscrapers can be seen on the background . The A104 heading to Nairobi CBD <P> Nairobi is served by highways that link Mombasa to Kampala in Uganda and Arusha in Tanzania . These are earmarked to ease the daily motor traffic within and surrounding the metro area . However , driving in Nairobi is chaotic . Most of the roads are tarmacked and there are signs showing directions to certain neighbourhoods . The city is connected to the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport by the Mombasa Highway , which passes through Industrial Area , South B , South C and Embakasi . Ongata Rongai , Langata and Karen are connected to the city centre by Langata Road , which runs to the south . Lavington , Riverside , Westlands , etc. are connected by Waiyaki Way . Kasarani , Eastlands , and Embakasi are connected by Thika Road , Jogoo Road , and Outer Ring Road . </P> <P> Highways connect the city with other major towns such as Mombasa , Machakos , Voi , ( A109 ) , Kisumu , Nakuru , Eldoret , Namanga Border Tanzania ( A104 ) etc . </P> <P> Nairobi is currently undergoing major road constructions to update its infrastructure network . The new systems of roads , flyovers , and bridges would cut outrageous traffic levels caused the inability of the current infrastructure to cope with the soaring economic growth in the past few years . It is also a major component of Kenya 's Vision 2030 and Nairobi Metropolis plans . Most roads now , though , are well lit and surfaced with adequate signage . </P> Eastern Bypass , Nairobi <P> The proposed Nairobi Bypasses are currently under construction by the Kenyan government and financed by Chinese Government . Their construction seeks to ease congestion in Nairobi 's downtown area and the surrounding suburbs . The Bypasses will comprise the : </P> <Ul> <Li> Northern bypass -- linking Limuru road to Thika Road </Li> <Li> Eastern bypass -- linking Mombasa road to Ruiru - Kiambu road near Kamiti prison </Li> <Li> Southern bypass -- run from Kikuyu to Mombasa road via Ngong road & Langata </Li> </Ul> Private Car Population Projection for Nairobi ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> YEAR </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 2015 </Th> <Th> 2025 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Number Of Private Cars </Td> <Td> 207,339 </Td> <Td> 327,366 </Td> <Td> 486,207 </Td> <Td> 716,138 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Water supply and sanitation ( edit ) </H3> For more details on this topic , see Water supply and sanitation in Nairobi . <P> 94 % of the piped water supply for Nairobi comes from rivers and reservoirs in the Aberdare Range north of the city , of which the reservoir of the Thika Dam is the most important one . Water distribution losses -- technically called non-revenue water -- are 40 % , and only 40 % of those with house connections receive water continuously . Slum residents receive water through water kiosks and end up paying much higher water prices than those fortunate enough to have access to piped water at their residence . In the middle of a severe drought , the board of the Nairobi City Water and Sewerage Company was sacked July 2009 for `` malpractices '' , following the publication of a report by Transparency International - Kenya and the Kenyan NGO Maji Na Ufanisi ( Water and Development ) . The report had found cases of bribery for illegal connections , tampering with meter readings , and diversion of water from domestic users to industries in five cities , with the highest incidence of bribery in Nairobi . </P> <H3> Housing ( edit ) </H3> Nairobi Metro Map Nairobi County ( red ) Kajiado County ( green ) Machakos County ( yellow ) Kiambu County ( purple ) <P> There is wide variety regarding standards of living in Nairobi . Most wealthy Kenyans live in Nairobi , but the majority of Nairobians are average and poor . Half of the population have been estimated to live in slums which cover just 5 % of the city area . The growth of these slums is a result of urbanisation , poor town planning , and the unavailability of loans for low income earners . </P> <P> Kibera is one of the largest slums in Africa , and is situated to the west of Nairobi . ( Kibera comes from the Nubian word Kibra , meaning `` forest '' or `` jungle '' ) . The slums cover two square kilometres and are on government land . Kibera has been the setting for several films , the most recent being The Constant Gardener . </P> <P> Other notable slums include Mathare and Korogocho . Altogether , 66 areas are counted as slums within Nairobi . </P> <P> Many Nairobi non-slum - dwellers live in relatively good housing conditions . Large houses can be found in many of the upmarket neighbourhoods , especially to the west of Nairobi . Historically , British occupiers have settled in Gigiri , Muthaiga , Langata and Karen . Other middle and high income estates include Parklands , Westlands , Hurlingham , Kilimani , Milimani , Spring Valley , Lavington , Rosslyn , Kitisuru , and Nairobi Hill . </P> <P> To accommodate the growing middle class , many new apartments and housing developments are being built in and around the city . The most notable development is Greenpark , at Athi River , Machakos County 25 km ( 16 mi ) from Nairobi 's Central Business District . Over 5,000 houses , villas and apartments are being constructed at this development , including leisure , retail and commercial facilities . The development is being marketed to families , as are most others within the city . Eastlands also houses most of the city 's middle class and includes South C , South B , Embakasi , Buru Buru , Komarock , Donholm , Umoja , and various others . </P> <H2> Crime and law enforcement ( edit ) </H2> <P> Throughout the 1990s , Nairobi had struggled with rising crime , earning a reputation for being a dangerous city and the nickname `` Nairobbery , '' a name which persists today . On 7 August 1998 , the US Embassy was bombed , killing 224 people and injuring 4000 . In 2001 , the United Nations International Civil Service Commission rated Nairobi as among the most insecure cities in the world , classifying the city as `` status C '' . In the United Nations report , it was stated that in 2001 , nearly one third of all Nairobi residents experienced some form of robbery in the city . The head of one development agency cited the notoriously high levels of violent armed robberies , burglaries , and carjackings . Crime had risen in Nairobi as a result of unplanned urbanisation , with a minimal number of police stations and a proper security infrastructure . However , many claim that the biggest factor for the city 's alarming crime rate is police corruption , which leaves many criminals unpunished . As a security precaution , most large houses have a watch guard , burglar grills , and dogs to patrol their grounds during the night . Most crimes , however , occur around the poor neighbourhoods where it gets dangerous during night hours . </P> <P> In 2006 , crime decreased in the city , due to increased security and an improved police presence . Despite this , in 2007 , the Kenyan government and US State Department have announced that Nairobi is experiencing a greater level of violent crime than in previous years . Since then , the government has taken measures to combat crime with heavy police presence in and around the city while US government has updated its travel warning for the country . </P> <P> Following a grenade attack in October 2011 by a local Kenyan man , with terrorist links , the city faced a heightened security presence . Fears spread over further promised retaliations by the Al - Shabaab group of rebels over Kenya 's involvement in a coordinated operation with the Somalian military against the insurgent outfit . </P> <P> There have been a spate of Blasts in Nairobi which started on 10 March 2012 , where assailants threw grenades at a busy bus station and a blue - collar bar in Nairobi , killing nine and injuring more than 50 . On 28 May 2012 , 28 people were injured in an explosion in a shopping complex in downtown Nairobi , near Moi avenue . On 21 September 2013 , Al - Shabaab - associated militants attacked the Westgate Mall . 67 people were killed . </P> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> Nation Centre , headquarters of the Nation Media Group <P> Nairobi is home to most of Kenya 's news and media organisations . The city is also home to the African Great Lakes region 's largest newspapers : the Daily Nation and The Standard . These are circulated within Kenya and cover a range of domestic and regional issues . Both newspapers are published in English . </P> <P> Kenya Broadcasting Corporation , a state - run television and radio station , is headquartered in the city . Kenya Television Network is part of the Standard Group and was Kenya 's first privately owned TV station . The Nation Media Group runs NTV which is based in Nairobi . East Africa Television Channel 5 is 24 - hour music channel based in Dar es Salaam Tanzania and broadcasts in Uganda , Tanzania , and Kenya . There are also a number of prominent radio stations located in Kenya 's capital including KISS 100 , Capital FM , East FM , Kameme FM , Metro FM , and Family FM , among others . </P> <P> Several multinational media organisations have their regional headquarters in Nairobi . These include the BBC , CNN , Agence France - Presse , Reuters , Deutsche Welle , and the Associated Press . The East African bureau of CNBC Africa is located in Nairobi 's city centre , while the Nairobi bureau of the New York Times is located in the suburb of Gigiri . The broadcast headquarters of CCTV Africa are located in Nairobi . </P> <P> Nairobi is also home to the East African School of Media Studies due to its large media focus . </P> <H2> The future of Nairobi ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nairobi has grown through three centuries . Its population projection in the 21st century is listed below . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> YEAR </Th> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Th> 2018 </Th> <Th> 2023 </Th> <Th> 2030 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Population size </Td> <Td> 3,138,372 </Td> <Td> 4,174,952 </Td> <Td> 4,677,677 </Td> <Td> 5,212,500 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Twin towns -- sister cities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nairobi is twinned with : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> County / District / Province / Region / State </Th> <Th> Date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Denver </Td> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> USA </Td> <Td> Raleigh </Td> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> Rio de Janeiro </Td> <Td> Rio de Janeiro state </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Kunming </Td> <Td> Yunnan </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> Pingxiang </Td> <Td> Jiangxi </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> Mexico City </Td> <Td> Federal District </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> Colonia Tovar </Td> <Td> Aragua </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Famous Nairobians ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Uhuru Kenyatta , ( born 1961 ) , the 4th President of Kenya </Li> <Li> Edi Gathegi , ( born 1979 ) , Hollywood actor . </Li> <Li> Richard Dawkins , ( born 1941 ) , British ethologist and evolutionary biologist </Li> <Li> Chris Froome , ( born 1985 ) , British cyclist , winner of the Tour de France in 2013 , 2015 , 2016 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Sharon Laws , ( born 1974 ) , British cyclist </Li> <Li> Richard Leakey , ( born 1944 ) , paleoanthropologist </Li> <Li> McDonald Mariga , ( born 1987 ) , footballer </Li> <Li> Mercy Apondi Obiero , ( born 1978 ) , weightlifter </Li> <Li> Christina Odone , ( born 1960 ) , British - Italian journalist </Li> <Li> Wangechi Mutu , ( born 1972 ) , Brooklyn - based Kenyan artist and sculptor </Li> <Li> Dennis Oliech , ( born 1985 ) , footballer </Li> <Li> George Owino , ( born 1981 ) , footballer </Li> <Li> Simon Shaw , ( born 1973 ) , English rugby union national team </Li> <Li> Victor Wanyama , ( born 1991 ) , footballer </Li> <Li> Roger Whittaker , ( born 1936 ) , British singer and songwriter </Li> <Li> Evans Kidero , ( born 1957 ) , the 1st Governor of Nairobi </Li> <Li> Peter Kenneth , ( born 1965 ) , politician </Li> <Li> Kiran Shah , ( born 1956 ) Kenyan - Indian actor and stuntman </Li> <Li> Philippa Gregory , ( born 1954 ) British novelist </Li> <Li> Simon King , ( born 1962 ) British television presenter and cameraman </Li> <Li> Arap Bethke , ( born 1980 ) Mexican actor </Li> <Li> Gurinder Chadha , ( born 1960 ) British film director </Li> <Li> Charles Mnene , ( born 1985 ) Kenyan - British actor </Li> <Li> Zena Marshall , ( born 1926 ) British actress </Li> </Ul> <H2> Image gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Nairobi at sunrise </P> </Li> <Li> <P> KICC Auditorium </P> </Li> <Li> <P> State House </P> </Li> <Li> <P> I&M Bank Tower </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nairobi City Hall </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Entrance to Parliament </P> </Li> <Li> <P> University of Nairobi </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Times Tower </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Jomo Kenyatta Statue </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nairobi at sunset </P> </Li> <Li> <P> NSSF Building </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Anniversary Towers </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology </Li> <Li> Stanley Hotel , Nairobi </Li> <Li> United Nations Environment Programme </Li> <Li> Nairobi in German </Li> <Li> Nations Environment Programme </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Nairobi portal </Li> <Li> Kenya portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Population Distribution by Political Units '' . knbs.or.ke . 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Retrieved 8 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nairobi.go.ke/assets/Documents/EI-JR14112-Master-Plan-02-2-1.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sister Cities International '' . Sister-cities.org . Archived from the original on 16 July 2010 . Retrieved 18 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Raleigh , North Carolina '' . Sister Cities International . Retrieved 29 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Denver Mayor Michael Hancock gets set for African trip '' . Blogs.denverpost.com. 18 April 2013 . Archived from the original on 2 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenya , Coastweek . `` The most from the coast '' . Coastweek . Retrieved 12 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Convenio de amistad entre Ciudad de México y Nairobi '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . SEGOB . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Nairobi . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nairobi . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Nairobi '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . </Li> <Li> The City Council of Nairobi ( official website ) </Li> <Li> National Museums of Kenya ( official website ) </Li> <Li> The Nairobi Social Audit Report </Li> <Li> Nairobi 's Local Online Business directory </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> News </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Daily Nation </Li> <Li> The Standard </Li> <Li> Latest News from Kenya </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Articles and topics related to Nairobi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nairobi , Kenya </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Buildings </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Government <Ul> <Li> County governor </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> History <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Media </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Sport </Li> <Li> Transport </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Neighbourhoods </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Huruma </Li> <Li> Mathare </Li> <Li> Ngara </Li> <Li> Dandora </Li> <Li> Embakasi </Li> <Li> Gigiri </Li> <Li> Kariobangi </Li> <Li> Karen </Li> <Li> Kibera </Li> <Li> Korogocho </Li> <Li> Lang'ata </Li> <Li> Eastleigh </Li> <Li> Highridge </Li> <Li> Lavington </Li> <Li> Parklands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> County Divisions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Dagoretti </Li> <Li> Embakasi </Li> <Li> Kasarani </Li> <Li> Kibera </Li> <Li> Makadara </Li> <Li> Pumwani </Li> <Li> Westlands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Nairobi at Wikimedia Commons . Kenya portal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Nairobi metropolitan area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Population - 7.8 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kajiado </Li> <Li> Kiambu </Li> <Li> Machakos </Li> <Li> Nairobi </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Major city 3.8 million </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nairobi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Urban Centres over 200K </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ruiru </Li> <Li> Kangundo - Tala </Li> <Li> Kikuyu </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other major Urban Centres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Athi River </Li> <Li> Juja </Li> <Li> Karuri </Li> <Li> Kiambu </Li> <Li> Kitengela </Li> <Li> Limuru </Li> <Li> Machakos </Li> <Li> Ngong </Li> <Li> Ongata Rongai </Li> <Li> Thika </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Future developments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Konza Technology City </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> First - and second - level administrative divisions of Kenya </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 counties ( since March 2013 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baringo ( 30 ) </Li> <Li> Bomet ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Bungoma ( 39 ) </Li> <Li> Busia ( 40 ) </Li> <Li> Elgeyo - Marakwet ( 28 ) </Li> <Li> Embu ( 14 ) </Li> <Li> Garissa ( 07 ) </Li> <Li> Homa Bay ( 43 ) </Li> <Li> Isiolo ( 11 ) </Li> <Li> Kajiado ( 34 ) </Li> <Li> Kakamega ( 37 ) </Li> <Li> Kericho ( 35 ) </Li> <Li> Kiambu ( 22 ) </Li> <Li> Kilifi ( 03 ) </Li> <Li> Kirinyaga ( 20 ) </Li> <Li> Kisii ( 45 ) </Li> <Li> Kisumu ( 42 ) </Li> <Li> Kitui ( 15 ) </Li> <Li> Kwale ( 02 ) </Li> <Li> Laikipia ( 31 ) </Li> <Li> Lamu ( 05 ) </Li> <Li> Machakos ( 16 ) </Li> <Li> Makueni ( 17 ) </Li> <Li> Mandera ( 09 ) </Li> <Li> Marsabit ( 10 ) </Li> <Li> Meru ( 12 ) </Li> <Li> Migori ( 44 ) </Li> <Li> Mombasa ( 01 ) </Li> <Li> Murang'a ( 21 ) </Li> <Li> Nairobi ( 47 ) </Li> <Li> Nakuru ( 32 ) </Li> <Li> Nandi ( 29 ) </Li> <Li> Narok ( 33 ) </Li> <Li> Nyamira ( 46 ) </Li> <Li> Nyandarua ( 18 ) </Li> <Li> Nyeri ( 19 ) </Li> <Li> Samburu ( 25 ) </Li> <Li> Siaya ( 41 ) </Li> <Li> Taita - Taveta ( 06 ) </Li> <Li> Tana River ( 04 ) </Li> <Li> Tharaka - Nithi ( 13 ) </Li> <Li> Trans - Nzoia ( 26 ) </Li> <Li> Turkana ( 23 ) </Li> <Li> Uasin Gishu ( 27 ) </Li> <Li> Vihiga ( 38 ) </Li> <Li> Wajir ( 08 ) </Li> <Li> West Pokot ( 24 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Principal cities and towns </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nairobi ( capital ) </Li> <Li> Athi River </Li> <Li> Baragoi </Li> <Li> Bomet </Li> <Li> Bungoma </Li> <Li> Busia </Li> <Li> Chuka </Li> <Li> Eldoret </Li> <Li> Embu </Li> <Li> Garissa </Li> <Li> Hola </Li> <Li> Homa Bay </Li> <Li> Isiolo </Li> <Li> Iten </Li> <Li> Kabarnet </Li> <Li> Kajiado </Li> <Li> Kakamega </Li> <Li> Kapsabet </Li> <Li> Kangundo - Tala </Li> <Li> Kapenguria </Li> <Li> Karuri </Li> <Li> Kericho </Li> <Li> Kerugoya </Li> <Li> Kiambu </Li> <Li> Kibwezi </Li> <Li> Kikuyu </Li> <Li> Kilifi </Li> <Li> Kisii </Li> <Li> Kisumu </Li> <Li> Kitale </Li> <Li> Kitengela </Li> <Li> Kitui </Li> <Li> Kwale </Li> <Li> Limuru </Li> <Li> Lodwar </Li> <Li> Lokichogio </Li> <Li> Loiyangalani </Li> <Li> Lamu </Li> <Li> Machakos </Li> <Li> Makindu </Li> <Li> Malindi </Li> <Li> Mandera </Li> <Li> Maralal </Li> <Li> Marsabit </Li> <Li> Masii </Li> <Li> Meru </Li> <Li> Mombasa </Li> <Li> Moyale </Li> <Li> Mtito Andei </Li> <Li> Mumias </Li> <Li> Murang'a </Li> <Li> Mutomo </Li> <Li> Mwingi </Li> <Li> Naivasha </Li> <Li> Nakuru </Li> <Li> Namanga </Li> <Li> Nanyuki </Li> <Li> Narok </Li> <Li> Nyahururu </Li> <Li> Nyamira </Li> <Li> Nyeri </Li> <Li> Ol Kalou </Li> <Li> Ongata Rongai </Li> <Li> Ruiru </Li> <Li> Siaya </Li> <Li> Thika </Li> <Li> Vihiga </Li> <Li> Voi </Li> <Li> Wajir </Li> <Li> Webuye </Li> <Li> Wote </Li> <Li> Wundanyi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Capitals of Africa </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abuja , Nigeria </Li> <Li> Accra , Ghana </Li> <Li> Addis Ababa , Ethiopia </Li> <Li> Algiers , Algeria </Li> <Li> Antananarivo , Madagascar </Li> <Li> Asmara , Eritrea </Li> <Li> Bamako , Mali </Li> <Li> Bangui , Central African Republic </Li> <Li> Banjul , Gambia </Li> <Li> Bissau , Guinea - Bissau </Li> <Li> Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo </Li> <Li> Bujumbura , Burundi </Li> <Li> Cairo , Egypt </Li> <Li> Conakry , Guinea </Li> <Li> Dakar , Senegal </Li> <Li> Djibouti , Djibouti </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dodoma , Tanzania </Li> <Li> El Aaiún ( claimed ) / Tifariti ( factual ) , Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic </Li> <Li> Freetown , Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Funchal , Madeira </Li> <Li> Gaborone , Botswana </Li> <Li> Harare , Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> Hargeisa , Somaliland </Li> <Li> Jamestown , St Helena , Ascension & Tristan da Cunha </Li> <Li> Juba , South Sudan </Li> <Li> Kampala , Uganda </Li> <Li> Khartoum , Sudan </Li> <Li> Kigali , Rwanda </Li> <Li> Kinshasa , D.R. Congo </Li> <Li> Libreville , Gabon </Li> <Li> Lilongwe , Malawi </Li> <Li> Lomé , Togo </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Luanda , Angola </Li> <Li> Lusaka , Zambia </Li> <Li> Malabo , Equatorial Guinea </Li> <Li> Mamoudzou , Mayotte </Li> <Li> Maputo , Mozambique </Li> <Li> Maseru , Lesotho </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Mbabane ( executive ) </Li> <Li> Lobamba ( legislative ) , Swaziland </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mogadishu , Somalia </Li> <Li> Monrovia , Liberia </Li> <Li> Moroni , Comoros </Li> <Li> Nairobi , Kenya </Li> <Li> N'Djamena , Chad </Li> <Li> Niamey , Niger </Li> <Li> Nouakchott , Mauritania </Li> <Li> Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Port Louis , Mauritius </Li> <Li> Porto - Novo , Benin </Li> <Li> Praia , Cape Verde </Li> <Li> Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ) , South Africa </Li> <Li> Rabat , Morocco </Li> <Li> Saint - Denis , Réunion </Li> <Li> Santa Cruz de Tenerife and Las Palmas , Canary Islands </Li> <Li> São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe </Li> <Li> Tripoli , Libya </Li> <Li> Tunis , Tunisia </Li> <Li> Victoria , Seychelles </Li> <Li> Windhoek , Namibia </Li> <Li> Yamoussoukro ( political ) Abidjan ( economic ) , Ivory Coast </Li> <Li> Yaoundé , Cameroon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> An unrecognised or partially - recognised nation </Li> <Li> British Overseas Territory </Li> <Li> Overseas region of France </Li> <Li> Autonomous region of Portugal </Li> <Li> Autonomous community of Spain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> All - Africa Games host cities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1965 : Brazzaville </Li> <Li> 1973 : Lagos </Li> <Li> 1978 : Algiers </Li> <Li> 1987 : Nairobi </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1991 : Cairo </Li> <Li> 1995 : Harare </Li> <Li> 1999 : Johannesburg </Li> <Li> 2003 : Abuja </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2007 : Algiers </Li> <Li> 2011 : Maputo </Li> <Li> 2015 : Brazzaville </Li> <Li> 2019 : Luanda </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 157819637 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79011090 </Li> <Li> GND : 4041172 - 2 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb118650453 ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00628843 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nairobi&oldid=817198557 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Nairobi </Li> <Li> County capitals in Kenya </Li> <Li> Capitals in Africa </Li> <Li> Populated places established in 1899 </Li> <Li> Provinces of Kenya </Li> <Li> Populated places in Nairobi Province </Li> <Li> 1899 establishments in Africa </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from June 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from June 2016 </Li> <Li> CS1 German - 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Michael Scott Paper Company - wikipedia <H1> Michael Scott Paper Company </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Office episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Michael Scott Paper Company logo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Td> Season 5 Episode 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Gene Stupnitsky </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Justin Spitzer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production code </Th> <Td> 523 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Td> April 9 , 2009 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Idris Elba as Charles Miner </Li> <Li> Ellie Kemper as Erin Hannon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← Previous `` Dream Team '' </Td> <Td> Next → `` Heavy Competition '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Office ( U.S. season 5 ) List of The Office ( U.S. TV series ) episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' is the twenty - third episode of the fifth season of the television series The Office , and the 95th overall episode of the series . It originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 9 , 2009 . </P> <P> In the episode , Michael , Pam and Ryan try to get their new paper company off the ground , but end up bickering among themselves due to the stress and cramped office space . Meanwhile , Jim tries to do a `` rundown '' for new boss Charles Miner without admitting he does not know what a rundown is , while Dwight and Andy compete for the affections of the new receptionist , Erin , played by Ellie Kemper . </P> <P> The episode was written by Justin Spitzer and directed by Gene Stupnitsky . It included a guest appearance by Idris Elba , who played new Dunder Mifflin vice president Charles Miner . The episode aired the same day as the Office episode `` Dream Team '' ; the debut episode of the new NBC show Parks and Recreation was shown between the two episodes . `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' included a new title sequence with footage of the series characters in the new Michael Scott Paper Company office setting , rather than the Dunder Mifflin setting from previous episodes . The episode received mostly positive reviews . According to Nielsen ratings , it was watched by eight million viewers and captured the most viewers in its time slot for adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half - Hour ) and Animation . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Synopsis </Li> <Li> 2 Production </Li> <Li> 3 Cultural references </Li> <Li> 4 Reception </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Synopsis ( edit ) </H2> <P> Michael ( Steve Carell ) , Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) , and Ryan ( B.J. Novak ) are struggling to adjust to the work environment of the new Michael Scott Paper Company . The office space used to be a closet ; water pipes run through the room , so they can hear the toilets flush from the Dunder Mifflin bathrooms above them . Ryan openly goofs off in front of Pam and Michael and insults both of them in their presence during phone conversations . Pam and Ryan bicker over who is responsible for making copies until Michael separates them into corners . Pam , who joined the company as a saleswoman , is given the corner where the photocopier sits . She is concerned that Michael will force her to be the receptionist , which is why she quit Dunder Mifflin in the first place . She goes upstairs and asks Charles Miner ( Idris Elba ) for her job back , but Charles has already given the job to a new employee , Kelly Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) , who ends up going by her middle name -- Erin -- to avoid confusion with Kelly Kapoor ( Mindy Kaling ) . </P> <P> Michael hosts a pancake luncheon to introduce the company to potential clients , but only one person and the Dunder Mifflin employees show up . When Michael , Pam , and Ryan come close to giving up , the potential client from the luncheon calls asking for paper . Pam closes the sale and the three cheer in celebration . </P> <P> In the Dunder Mifflin office , Charles asks Jim ( John Krasinski ) for a `` rundown '' of his client information . Jim does not know what a rundown is , but is too embarrassed to ask because he has been making such a poor impression with Charles . Jim spends much of the day trying to figure out what a rundown is , making several failed attempts to figure it out by chatting vaguely about it with Charles and other coworkers . When he finally finishes what he believes is a rundown , Charles does not look at it and simply asks Jim to fax it to everyone on the distribution list . Jim does not know what the distribution list is either , but rather than asking Charles , he simply faxes the rundown to his father . </P> <P> Meanwhile , Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) and Andy ( Ed Helms ) plan a hunting trip , but their new friendship is tested by their mutual romantic interest in Erin . Both make passes at her , but eventually agree their friendship is more valuable than a romantic interest . However , they end up trying simultaneously to impress Erin during a competitive duet of John Denver 's `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' , with Andy on a banjo and Dwight playing guitar ; both sing , and Dwight sings part of the song in German . Erin is initially impressed with both of them , but winds up awkwardly sneaking out of the room as they play . The loud duet is finally stopped by a frustrated Toby ( Paul Lieberstein ) . Angela ( Angela Kinsey ) is visibly annoyed by Dwight and Andy 's budding friendship . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' was written by Justin Spitzer and directed by Gene Stupnitsky . It originally aired April 9 , 2009 , the same day as the episode `` Dream Team '' ; the debut episode of the new NBC show Parks and Recreation was shown between the two episodes . `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' was the fourth of six episodes guest starring Idris Elba , best known as Stringer Bell from The Wire . Elba said he did not watch the episode after it aired because `` I 'm hypercritical about my work , so I try not to torture myself . '' According to the Season 5 DVD episode commentary , B.J. Novak came up with the story idea involving Jim and the `` run - down '' and worked it into Spitzer 's final script . The episode included a new title sequence with footage of the series characters in the new Michael Scott Paper Company office setting , rather than the Dunder Mifflin setting from the previous episodes . Rainn Wilson and Ed Helms practiced the guitar competition in Helms ' trailer during lunch the day of the filming ; Helms , a proficient bluegrass banjo player , coached Wilson , who is proficient at guitar and drums . Wilson said he proposed doing a full studio cover of the song , with Creed Bratton providing backup guitar and vocals , and selling it on iTunes for charity . Helms said he was happy to have the opportunity to play banjo on screen , but did not feel the instrument made much sense for his character ; Helms said , `` It 's so fun and weird , but he 's a Connecticut preppy guy . How did he pick up a banjo ? It 's one of Andy 's many mysteries , not all of which I even understand . '' </P> <P> Prior to the episode 's airing , NBC set up a web site for the new Michael Scott Paper Company at www.michaelscottpapercompany.com , which included a mission statement for the company , photos of the new office space and a downloadable copy of the coupon for `` unparalleled customer service '' featured in the episode . The official website for The Office included four cut scenes from `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' within a week of the episode 's original release . In one 85 - second clip , Dwight and Andy pretend to shoot , stab and throw grenades at each other in pantomime in anticipation of their hunting trip ; they pretend to kill Jim and pester him until he plays dead , after which Charles walks in and believes he is napping . A second one - minute clip includes Pam and Ryan fighting around the new office until they are interrupted by a janitor who believes the room is still a closet and leaves water jugs on the floor . In a third , 40 - second clip , Jim asks Charles directly what a `` run - down '' is , but when an annoyed Charles asks if this is `` one of your pranks '' , Jim gives up and leaves . The fourth and final clip , which is 85 seconds long , features Andy and Dwight both making passes at Erin ; Andy discusses how easy it would be to learn sign language , while Dwight tells her to be careful not to get her hair or clothes caught in the nearby paper shredder . </P> <H2> Cultural references ( edit ) </H2> <P> Dwight and Andy sing and perform the John Denver song `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' while trying to impress the new receptionist . At one point , Toby is overheard through a vent discussing and praising the FX show Damages while on the phone in a bathroom . He said it is as good as anything on HBO , a premium television channel known for such shows as The Sopranos , Six Feet Under and The Wire . During the workday , Ryan watches a YouTube video of a rap music commercial for Flea Market Montgomery ; the low - budget rap music advertisement for the Montgomery , Alabama flea market gained Internet fame . Michael uses Evite , social - planning website for creating online invitations , to invite people to his pancake luncheon . On a whiteboard , Michael writes a quote of himself quoting Wayne Gretzky , the popular ice hockey player who said `` You miss 100 % of the shots you do n't take '' The new paper company office included Apple computers and a Nerf basketball hoop . During a phone conversation , Ryan said he wants an iPod music player that also serves as a phone , but not an iPhone , which is essentially that very product ; both items are Apple products . Michael listens to `` Just Dance '' , a Lady Gaga song , while driving his convertible to work , which he mistakes for a Britney Spears song . Near the end of the episode , when Andy states that every song sounds better a cappella , Dwight asks about the songs `` Cherry Pie '' by Warrant , `` Enter Sandman '' by Metallica and `` Rebel Yell '' by Billy Idol . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> In its original American broadcast on April 9 , 2009 , `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' was watched by 8 million overall viewers , according to Nielsen ratings . The episode earned more ratings than `` Dream Team '' , the other Office episode of the night , which had 7.2 million viewers . It also performed better than the Parks and Recreation pilot , which ran between the two Office episodes and had 6.8 million viewers . `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' , as well as `` Dream Team '' , had the most viewers in its time slot among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . </P> <P> The episode received mostly positive reviews . Travis Fickett of IGN said this and other recent episodes are `` proving that the show has plenty of life in it and ( that ) The Office has still got it . '' He said the funniest element of the show was the emerging `` bro - mance '' between Dwight and Andy . Will Leitch of New York magazine said , `` The Office kind of needed this sort of shake - up , even if it 's something as simple as another room to put all our characters in . '' Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club said he liked the plot aspects involve the new company , particularly the pancake breakfast and the first successful sales call : `` I know the series probably has to revert to something like the old status quo at some point , but I almost wish it could stay in that dank little corner a little longer . '' Phipps , who gave the episode a B+ grade , said the `` rundown '' subplot between Jim and Charles was a bit strained by the end . Steven Mullen of The Tuscaloosa News called the episode `` stellar '' and particularly praised the comedic chemistry between Andy and Dwight . </P> <P> Alan Sepinwall of The Star - Ledger said he was enjoying the new paper company storyline , but that `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' was not as funny as `` Dream Team '' , which aired the same day . Sepinwall praised particular scenes such as Dwight and Andy 's competitive duet and Kelly 's plan to make Charles want her . She criticized the cramped new office space jokes as being less funny than those in previous episodes . Sepinwall also said the storyline between Jim and Charles was getting repetitive and , `` It would help if the writers ever gave Idris Elba something funny to do . '' Margaret Lions of Entertainment Weekly said , `` This episode was n't one of my favorites ... No bombs , no bits that failed , and by The Office 's standards , nothing even particularly cringe worthy . But ' TMSPC ' is more groundwork than payoff . '' She said Dwight 's rendition of `` Take Me Home , Country Roads '' in German was `` the absolute funniest moment of the episode '' . </P> <P> In her list of the top ten moments from the fifth season of The Office , phillyBurbs.com writer Jen Wielgus ranked Michael 's formation of the Michael Scott Paper Company in the downstairs storage closet as the number one , citing the `` Dream Team '' , `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' and `` Heavy Competition '' episodes in particular . She also said she specifically enjoyed the paper - shaped pancakes from `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' . `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' was voted the twelfth highest - rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season , according to an episode poll at the fansite OfficeTally ; the episode was rated 8.27 out of 10 . </P> <P> This episode received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half - Hour ) and Animation . `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' accounted for one of the ten Primetime Emmy Award nominations The Office received for the show 's fifth season at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards , which were held on September 20 , 2009 . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Phipps , Keith ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` The Office : Season 5 : Episode 20 & 21 `` The Dream Team '' / `` The Michael Scott Paper Company '' `` . The A.V. Club . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chaney , Jen ( April 19 , 2009 ) . `` '' I 've Been Just the Ordinary Chap for 30 - Odd Years `` : From Stringer Bell to DJ Driis , Idris Elba Is a Looker With Many Faces '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Leitch , Will ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` The New Office Same as the Old Office '' . New York . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sepinwall , Alan ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` The Office , `` Dream Team '' & `` The Michael Scott Paper Company '' : Michael 's new business `` . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rainn Wilson visits the OfficeTally Chat Room '' . OfficeTally. April 21 , 2009 . Retrieved April 22 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( April 9 , 2009 ) . `` The Office Puts On Its Dancing Shoes '' . E !. Retrieved May 8 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Scott Paper Company Website '' . NBC . April 9 , 2009 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2011 . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michael Scott Paper Company Inc '' . NBC . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Michael Scott Paper Company -- Clip One -- Video '' . NBC . April 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Michael Scott Paper Company -- Clip Two -- Video '' . NBC . April 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Michael Scott Paper Company -- Clip Three -- Video '' . NBC . April 10 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Office -- Michael Scott Paper Company -- Clip Four -- Video '' . NBC . April 14 , 2009 . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2009 . Retrieved April 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Famous Sports People -- Wayne Gretzky `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on May 4 , 2016 . Retrieved April 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lyons , Margaret ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` ' The Office ' Recap : Paper Chase '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` Michael Scott Joins The Lady Gaga Bandwagon On ' The Office ' '' . MTV News . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' The Office `` : The Michael Scott Paper Company Recap '' . Channel Guide Magazine . April 10 , 2009 . Retrieved April 14 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lyons , Margaret ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` Ratings : `` Southland , '' `` Parks & Recreation '' score decent debuts `` . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , Joal ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` Parks and Rec 's Solid Approval Rating '' . E !. Archived from the original on November 15 , 2010 . Retrieved April 11 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fickett , Travis ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` The Office : `` Dream Team '' Review : Michael and Pam find some help in an unlikely place `` . IGN . Retrieved April 10 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mullen , Steve ( April 10 , 2009 ) . `` Office , P&R , 30 Rock '' . The Tuscaloosa News . Retrieved April 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wielgus , Jen ( May 14 , 2009 ) . `` '' The Office `` : Top 10 moments from Season 5 '' . phillyBurbs.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tan , Jennie ( May 19 , 2009 ) . `` The Office Fan Ratings , Season 5 '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved May 21 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tan , Jennie ( July 16 , 2009 ) . `` The Office 2009 Emmy post '' . OfficeTally . Retrieved July 16 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Michael Scott Paper Company </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' at NBC.com </Li> <Li> `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' on IMDb </Li> <Li> `` Michael Scott Paper Company '' at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Office ( U.S. ) episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` Diversity Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Health Care '' </Li> <Li> `` The Alliance '' </Li> <Li> `` Basketball '' </Li> <Li> `` Hot Girl '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Dundies '' </Li> <Li> `` Sexual Harassment '' </Li> <Li> `` Office Olympics '' </Li> <Li> `` The Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Halloween '' </Li> <Li> `` The Fight '' </Li> <Li> `` The Client '' </Li> <Li> `` Performance Review '' </Li> <Li> `` Email Surveillance '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Booze Cruise '' </Li> <Li> `` The Injury '' </Li> <Li> `` The Secret '' </Li> <Li> `` The Carpet '' </Li> <Li> `` Boys and Girls '' </Li> <Li> `` Valentine 's Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Dwight 's Speech '' </Li> <Li> `` Take Your Daughter to Work Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Michael 's Birthday '' </Li> <Li> `` Drug Testing '' </Li> <Li> `` Conflict Resolution '' </Li> <Li> `` Casino Night '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Gay Witch Hunt '' </Li> <Li> `` The Convention '' </Li> <Li> `` The Coup '' </Li> <Li> `` Grief Counseling '' </Li> <Li> `` Initiation '' </Li> <Li> `` Diwali '' </Li> <Li> `` Branch Closing '' </Li> <Li> `` The Merger '' </Li> <Li> `` The Convict '' </Li> <Li> `` A Benihana Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Back from Vacation '' </Li> <Li> `` Traveling Salesmen '' </Li> <Li> `` The Return '' </Li> <Li> `` Ben Franklin '' </Li> <Li> `` Phyllis ' Wedding '' </Li> <Li> `` Business School '' </Li> <Li> `` Cocktails '' </Li> <Li> `` The Negotiation '' </Li> <Li> `` Safety Training '' </Li> <Li> `` Product Recall '' </Li> <Li> `` Women 's Appreciation '' </Li> <Li> `` Beach Games '' </Li> <Li> `` The Job '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Fun Run '' </Li> <Li> `` Dunder Mifflin Infinity '' </Li> <Li> `` Launch Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Money '' </Li> <Li> `` Local Ad '' </Li> <Li> `` Branch Wars '' </Li> <Li> `` Survivor Man '' </Li> <Li> `` The Deposition '' </Li> <Li> `` Dinner Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Chair Model '' </Li> <Li> `` Night Out '' </Li> <Li> `` Did I Stutter ? 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Schrute , ( Acting ) Manager '' </Li> <Li> `` Search Committee '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 8 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The List '' </Li> <Li> `` The Incentive '' </Li> <Li> `` Lotto '' </Li> <Li> `` Garden Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Spooked '' </Li> <Li> `` Doomsday '' </Li> <Li> `` Pam 's Replacement '' </Li> <Li> `` Gettysburg '' </Li> <Li> `` Mrs. California '' </Li> <Li> `` Christmas Wishes '' </Li> <Li> `` Trivia '' </Li> <Li> `` Pool Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Jury Duty '' </Li> <Li> `` Special Project '' </Li> <Li> `` Tallahassee '' </Li> <Li> `` After Hours '' </Li> <Li> `` Test the Store '' </Li> <Li> `` Last Day in Florida '' </Li> <Li> `` Get the Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Welcome Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Angry Andy '' </Li> <Li> `` Fundraiser '' </Li> <Li> `` Turf War '' </Li> <Li> `` Free Family Portrait Studio '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 9 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` New Guys '' </Li> <Li> `` Roy 's Wedding '' </Li> <Li> `` Andy 's Ancestry '' </Li> <Li> `` Work Bus '' </Li> <Li> `` Here Comes Treble '' </Li> <Li> `` The Boat '' </Li> <Li> `` The Whale '' </Li> <Li> `` The Target '' </Li> <Li> `` Dwight Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Lice '' </Li> <Li> `` Suit Warehouse '' </Li> <Li> `` Customer Loyalty '' </Li> <Li> `` Junior Salesman '' </Li> <Li> `` Vandalism '' </Li> <Li> `` Couples Discount '' </Li> <Li> `` Moving On '' </Li> <Li> `` The Farm '' </Li> <Li> `` Promos '' </Li> <Li> `` Stairmageddon '' </Li> <Li> `` Paper Airplane '' </Li> <Li> `` Livin ' the Dream '' </Li> <Li> `` A.A.R.M. '' </Li> <Li> `` Finale '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Webisodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Accountants </Li> <Li> Kevin 's Loan </Li> <Li> The Outburst </Li> <Li> Blackmail </Li> <Li> Subtle Sexuality </Li> <Li> The Mentor </Li> <Li> The 3rd Floor </Li> <Li> The Podcast </Li> <Li> The Girl Next Door </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Scott_Paper_Company&oldid=832628785 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2009 American television episodes </Li> <Li> The Office ( U.S. season 5 ) episodes </Li> <Li> Fictional companies </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from June 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Tv.com template using numeric id </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 March 2018 , at 03 : 07 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Rolling Stones - wikipedia <H1> The Rolling Stones </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Rolling Stones '' redirects here . For other uses , see Rolling Stones ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Rolling Stones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The Rolling Stones performing at Summerfest in Milwaukee in 2015 Left to right : Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , Mick Jagger and Keith Richards </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Background information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> London , England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> Rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1962 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Decca </Li> <Li> London </Li> <Li> Rolling Stones </Li> <Li> Virgin </Li> <Li> ABKCO </Li> <Li> Interscope </Li> <Li> Polydor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated acts </Th> <Td> The New Barbarians , Billy Preston , Faces , John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers , Bill Wyman 's Rhythm Kings </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> rollingstones.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mick Jagger </Li> <Li> Keith Richards </Li> <Li> Charlie Watts </Li> <Li> Ronnie Wood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past members </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brian Jones </Li> <Li> Ian Stewart </Li> <Li> Bill Wyman </Li> <Li> Mick Taylor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Rolling Stones are an English rock band formed in London , England in 1962 . The first stable line - up consisted of Brian Jones ( guitar , harmonica ) , Mick Jagger ( lead vocals ) , Keith Richards ( guitar , backing vocals ) , Bill Wyman ( bass ) , Charlie Watts ( drums ) , and Ian Stewart ( piano ) . Stewart was removed from the official line - up in 1963 but continued as a touring member until his death in 1985 . Jones left the band less than a month prior to his death in 1969 , having already been replaced by Mick Taylor , who remained until 1974 . After Taylor left the band , Ronnie Wood took his place in 1975 and has been on guitar in tandem with Richards ever since . Following Wyman 's departure in 1993 , Darryl Jones joined as their touring bassist . Touring keyboardists for the band have been Nicky Hopkins ( 1967 -- 1982 ) , Ian McLagan ( 1978 -- 1981 ) , Billy Preston ( through the mid-1970s ) and Chuck Leavell ( 1982 -- present ) . The band was first led by Brian Jones , but after developing into the band 's songwriters , Jagger and Richards assumed leadership while Jones dealt with legal and personal troubles . </P> <P> The Rolling Stones were at the forefront of the British Invasion of bands that became popular in the United States in 1964 , and identified with the youthful and rebellious counterculture of the 1960s . Rooted in blues and early rock and roll , the group began a short period of musical experimentation in the mid-1960s that peaked with the psychedelic album Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) . Subsequently , the group returned to its `` bluesy '' roots with Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) which along with its follow - ups Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) , Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) and Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) is generally considered to be the band 's best work and is seen as their `` Golden Age '' . During this period , they were first introduced on stage as `` The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World '' . Musicologist Robert Palmer attributed the endurance of the Rolling Stones to their being `` rooted in traditional verities , in rhythm - and - blues and soul music '' , while `` more ephemeral pop fashions have come and gone '' . </P> <P> The band continued to release commercially successful albums , including Some Girls ( 1978 ) and Tattoo You ( 1981 ) , which were their most popular albums worldwide . From 1983 to 1987 , tensions between Jagger and Richards almost caused the band to split . However , they managed to patch up their friendship after they separated temporarily to work on solo projects , and experienced a comeback with Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) , which was followed by a large stadium and arena tour . Since the 1990s , new recorded material from the group has been less well - received and less frequent . Despite this , the Rolling Stones have continued to be a huge attraction on the live circuit , with stadium tours in the 1990s and 2000s . By 2007 , the band had four of the top five highest - grossing concert tours of all time : Voodoo Lounge Tour ( 1994 -- 1995 ) , Bridges to Babylon Tour ( 1997 -- 1998 ) , Licks Tour ( 2002 -- 2003 ) and A Bigger Bang Tour ( 2005 -- 2007 ) . </P> <P> The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989 and the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 . Rolling Stone magazine ranked them fourth on the `` 100 Greatest Artists of All Time '' list and their estimated album sales are above 250 million . They have released 30 studio albums , 18 live albums and numerous compilations . Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) was their first of five consecutive No. 1 studio and live albums in the UK . Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) was the first of eight consecutive No. 1 studio albums in the US . In 2008 , the band ranked 10th on the Billboard Hot 100 All - Time Top Artists chart . In 2012 , the band celebrated its 50th anniversary . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history </Li> <Li> 1.2 1962 -- 1964 : Building a following </Li> <Li> 1.3 1965 -- 1967 : Height of fame </Li> <Li> 1.4 1968 -- 1972 : `` Back to basics '' </Li> <Li> 1.5 1972 -- 1977 </Li> <Li> 1.6 1978 -- 1982 : Commercial peak </Li> <Li> 1.7 1983 -- 1988 : Band turmoil and solo efforts </Li> <Li> 1.8 1989 -- 1999 : Comeback , return to popularity , and record - breaking tours </Li> <Li> 1.9 2000 -- 2011 : A Bigger Bang and continued success </Li> <Li> 1.10 2012 -- present : 50th anniversary and covers album </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Musical development </Li> <Li> 3 Legacy </Li> <Li> 4 Tours </Li> <Li> 5 Band members <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Timeline </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Discography </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 9.2 Sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early History ( edit ) </H3> <P> Keith Richards and Mick Jagger became childhood friends and classmates in 1950 in Dartford , Kent , before the Jagger family moved to Wilmington , five miles ( 8.05 km ) away , in 1954 . In the mid-1950s , Jagger formed a garage band with his friend Dick Taylor ; the group mainly played material by Muddy Waters , Chuck Berry , Little Richard , Howlin ' Wolf and Bo Diddley . Jagger met Richards again in 1960 on Dartford railway station , and the Chuck Berry and Muddy Waters records that Jagger was carrying revealed a common interest . A musical partnership began shortly afterwards . Richards joined Jagger and Taylor at frequent meetings at Jagger 's house . The meetings switched to Taylor 's house in late 1961 , where the three were joined by Alan Etherington and Bob Beckwith ; the quintet called themselves the Blues Boys . </P> <P> In March 1962 the Blue Boys read about the Ealing Jazz Club in Jazz News newspaper , which mentioned Alexis Korner 's rhythm and blues band , Blues Incorporated . The group sent a tape of their best recordings to Korner , who was favourably impressed and visited Ealing Jazz Club on 7 April where they met the members of Blues Incorporated , who included the slide guitarist Brian Jones , the keyboardist Ian Stewart and the drummer Charlie Watts . After a meeting with Korner , Jagger and Richards started jamming with the group . </P> <P> Jones , no longer in a band , advertised for bandmates in Jazz Weekly , while Stewart found them a practice space ; together they decided to start a band playing Chicago blues . Soon after , Jagger , Taylor and Richards left Blues Incorporated to join Jones and Stewart . At the first rehearsal were also the guitarist Geoff Bradford and the vocalist Brian Knight , both of whom decided not to join the band , citing objections to playing the Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs preferred by Jagger and Richards . In June 1962 the line - up of Jagger , Richards , Jones , Stewart and Taylor was completed with the addition of the drummer Tony Chapman . According to Richards , Jones named the band during a phone call to Jazz News . When asked by a journalist for the band 's name , Jones saw a Muddy Waters LP lying on the floor ; one of the tracks was `` Rollin ' Stone '' . </P> <H3> 1962 -- 1964 : building a following ( edit ) </H3> The back room of what was the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond , London where the Rolling Stones had their first residency in 1963 <P> Jones , Jagger , Richards , Stewart and Taylor played a gig billed as `` the Rollin ' Stones '' on 12 July 1962 , at the Marquee Club in London . Shortly afterwards the band went on their first tour of the UK , which they called a `` training ground '' tour , because it was a new experience for all of them . Their material included the Chicago blues as well as Chuck Berry and Bo Diddley songs . At that time , the line - up included neither bassist Bill Wyman , who joined in December 1962 , nor drummer Charlie Watts , who joined in January 1963 , thus completing the band 's original rhythm section . By 1963 they were finding their musical stride as well as popularity , and in 1964 two unscientific opinion polls rated them as Britain 's most popular group , even outranking the Beatles . The name of the band was changed shortly after their first gig to `` The Rolling Stones '' . The group 's then acting manager Giorgio Gomelsky secured a Sunday afternoon residency at the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond in February 1963 , which , Gomelsky claimed , triggered an `` international renaissance for the blues '' . </P> <P> In May 1963 , The Rolling Stones signed Andrew Loog Oldham as their manager ; he was a former publicist who had been directed to the band by his previous clients , the Beatles . Because Oldham was only nineteen and had not reached the age of majority -- he was also younger than anyone in the band -- he could not get an agent 's licence nor sign any contracts without his mother also signing . By necessity he joined with booking agent Eric Easton in order to secure record financing and assistance booking venues . Gomelsky , who had no written agreement with the band , was not consulted . Initially , Oldham tried to apply the strategy used by Brian Epstein , the Beatles ' manager : making the band members wear suits . Later , he changed his mind and imagined a band which contrasted with the Beatles , featuring unmatched clothing , long hair , an unclean appearance . He later said he wanted to make the Stones `` a raunchy , gamy , unpredictable bunch of undesirables '' and to `` establish that the Stones were threatening , uncouth and animalistic '' . Stewart left the official line - up , but remained road manager and touring keyboardist . On Stewart 's decision , Oldham later said `` Well , he just does n't look the part , and six is too many for ( fans ) to remember the faces in the picture . '' Later , Oldham reduced the ages of the band members in publicity to make them appear as teenagers . </P> <P> Decca Records , which had declined to enter into a deal with the Beatles , gave the Rolling Stones a recording contract with favourable terms . The band got three times a new act 's typical royalty rate , full artistic control of recordings and ownership of the recording master tapes . The deal also let the band use non-Decca recording studios . Regent Sound Studios , a mono facility equipped with egg boxes on the ceiling for sound treatment , became their preferred location . Oldham , who had no recording experience but made himself the band 's producer , said Regent had a sound that `` leaked , instrument - to - instrument , the right way '' creating a `` wall of noise '' that worked well for the band . Because of Regent 's low booking rates , the band could record for extended periods rather than the usual three - hour blocks then common at other studios . All tracks on the first Rolling Stones album were recorded there . </P> <P> Oldham contrasted the Rolling Stones ' independence with the Beatles ' obligation to record in EMI 's studios , saying it made them appear as `` mere mortals ... sweating in the studio for the man '' . He promoted the Rolling Stones as the nasty counterpoints to the Beatles by having the band pose unsmiling on the cover of their first album . He also encouraged the press to use provocative headlines such as `` Would you let your daughter marry a Rolling Stone ? '' , although Wyman says `` Our reputation and image as the Bad Boys came later , completely there , accidentally ... ( Oldham ) never did engineer it . He simply exploited it exhaustively '' . In a 1972 interview , Wyman stated `` We were the first pop group to break away from the whole Cliff Richard thing where the bands did little dance steps , wore identical uniforms and had snappy patter . '' </P> <P> A cover version of Chuck Berry 's `` Come On '' was the Rolling Stones ' first single , released on 7 June 1963 . The band refused to play it at live gigs , and Decca bought only one ad to promote the record . With Oldham 's direction , fan - club members bought copies at record shops polled by the charts , helping `` Come On '' rise to No. 21 on the UK Singles Chart . Having a charting single gave the band entree to play outside London , starting with a booking at the Outlook Club in Middlesbrough on 13 July , sharing the billing with the Hollies . </P> <P> Later in 1963 Oldham and Easton arranged the band 's first big UK concert tour as a supporting act for American stars including Bo Diddley , Little Richard and the Everly Brothers . The tour gave the band the opportunity to hone their stagecraft . During the tour the band recorded their second single , a Lennon -- McCartney - penned number entitled `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' ; it reached No. 12 in the UK charts . `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' was written and given to the Stones when John Lennon and Paul McCartney visited them in the studio as the two Beatles liked to give the copyrights to songs away to their friends . A Beatles version of the song was also recorded and released on the 1963 album With the Beatles . The third single by the Stones , Buddy Holly 's `` Not Fade Away '' , itself based on Bo Diddley 's style , was released in February 1964 and reached No. 3 . </P> <P> Oldham saw little future for an act that lost significant songwriting royalties by playing songs of what he described as `` middle - aged blacks '' , limiting the appeal to teenage audiences . Jagger and Richards decided to write songs together , the first batch of which Oldham described as `` soppy and imitative '' . Because the band 's songwriting developed slowly , songs on their first album The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ; issued in the US as England 's Newest Hit Makers ) , were primarily covers , with only one Jagger / Richards original -- `` Tell Me ( You 're Coming Back ) '' -- and two numbers credited to Nanker Phelge , the pen name for songs written by the entire group . </P> <P> The Rolling Stones ' first US tour in June 1964 was , according to Wyman , `` a disaster ... When we arrived , we did n't have a hit record ( there ) or anything going for us . '' When the band appeared on the variety show The Hollywood Palace , that week 's guest host Dean Martin mocked both their hair and their performance . During the tour they recorded for two days at Chess Studios in Chicago , meeting many of their most important influences , including Muddy Waters . These sessions included what would become the Rolling Stones ' first No. 1 hit in the UK , their cover version of Bobby and Shirley Womack 's `` It 's All Over Now '' . </P> <P> The Stones followed the Famous Flames -- featuring James Brown -- in the filmed theatrical release of the 1964 film T.A.M.I. Show , which showcased American acts with British Invasion artists . According to Jagger , `` We were n't actually following James Brown because there was considerable time between the filming of each section . Nevertheless , he was still very annoyed about it ... '' On 25 October the band also appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show . Because of the initial pandemonium the Rolling Stones caused , Sullivan banned the band from his show , though he booked them for subsequent appearances in the following years . Their second LP , 12 X 5 , which was only available in the US , was released during the tour . </P> <P> During the early Stones releases , Richards was typically credited as ' Richard ' . The Rolling Stones ' fifth UK single , a cover of Willie Dixon 's `` Little Red Rooster '' -- with `` Off the Hook '' , credited to Nanker Phelge , as the B - side -- was released in November 1964 and became their second No. 1 hit in the UK . The band 's US distributors , London Records , declined to release `` Little Red Rooster '' as a single . In December 1964 , the distributor released the band 's first single with Jagger / Richards originals on both sides : `` Heart of Stone '' , with `` What a Shame '' as the B - side ; the single went to No. 19 in the US . </P> <H3> 1965 -- 1967 : height of Fame ( edit ) </H3> The Rolling Stones performing at Georgia Southern College in Statesboro , Georgia , May 1965 <P> The band 's second UK LP , The Rolling Stones No. 2 , was released in January 1965 and reached No. 1 in the charts . The US version was released in February as The Rolling Stones , Now ! and reached No. 5 . The album was recorded at Chess Studios in Chicago and RCA Studios in Los Angeles . In January and February that year the band played 34 shows for around 100,000 people in Australia and New Zealand . The single `` The Last Time '' , released in February , was the first Jagger / Richards composition to reach No. 1 in the UK charts ; it reached No. 9 in the US . It was later identified by Richards as `` the bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones . It gave us a level of confidence ; a pathway of how to do it . '' </P> <P> Their first international No. 1 hit was `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' , recorded in May 1965 during the band 's third North American tour . Richards recorded the guitar riff that drives the song with a fuzzbox , planning to be a scratch track to guide a horn section . Nevertheless , the final cut was without the planned horn overdubs . Issued in the summer of 1965 , it was their fourth UK No. 1 and first in the US where it spent four weeks at the top of the Billboard Hot 100 , establishing worldwide commercial success for the band . The US version of the LP Out of Our Heads , released in July 1965 , also went to No 1 ; it included seven original songs , three Jagger / Richards numbers and four credited to Nanker Phelge . Their second international No. 1 single , `` Get Off of My Cloud '' was released in the autumn of 1965 , followed by another US - only LP , December 's Children . </P> A trade ad for the 1965 Rolling Stones ' North American tour <P> The album Aftermath , released in the late spring of 1966 , was the first LP to be composed entirely of Jagger / Richards songs ; it reached No. 1 in the UK and No. 2 in the US . On this album Jones ' contributions expanded beyond guitar and harmonica . To the Middle Eastern - influenced `` Paint It , Black '' he added sitar , to the ballad `` Lady Jane '' he added dulcimer and to `` Under My Thumb '' he added marimbas . Aftermath also contained `` Goin ' Home '' , a nearly 12 - minute - long song that included elements of jamming and improvisation . </P> <P> The Stones ' success on the British and American singles charts peaked during the 1960s . `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' was released in February 1966 , and reached No. 2 in the UK and US charts ; it was followed by their `` Paint It , Black '' , which reached No. 1 in the UK and US in May 1966 . `` Mother 's Little Helper '' , released in June 1966 , reached No. 8 in the US ; it was one of the first pop songs to address the issue of prescription drug abuse . The single `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' was released in September 1966 single and reached No. 5 in the UK and No. 9 in the US . It had a number of firsts for the group : it was the first Stones recording to feature brass horns , the back - cover photo on the original US picture sleeve depicted the group satirically dressed in drag and the song was accompanied by one of the first official music videos , directed by Peter Whitehead . </P> <P> January 1967 saw the release of Between the Buttons ( UK No. 3 ; US 2 ) ; the album was Andrew Oldham 's last venture as the Rolling Stones ' producer ; Oldham 's role as the band 's manager was taken over by Allen Klein in 1965 to `` get ( them ) out of the original English scene '' and due to Oldham 's fear , after the 12 February drug bust in Sussex , of being arrested . The US version included the double A-side single `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' and `` Ruby Tuesday '' , which went to No. 1 in the US and No. 3 in the UK . When the band went to New York to perform the numbers on The Ed Sullivan Show , they were ordered to change the lyrics of the refrain to `` let 's spend some time together '' . </P> <P> In early 1967 , Jagger , Richards and Jones began to be hounded by authorities over their recreational drug use , after News of the World ran a three - part feature entitled `` Pop Stars and Drugs : Facts That Will Shock You '' . The series described alleged LSD parties hosted by the Moody Blues and attended by top stars including the Who 's Pete Townshend and Cream 's Ginger Baker , and alleged admissions of drug use by leading pop musicians . The first article targeted Donovan ( who was raided and charged soon after ) ; the second instalment ( published on 5 February ) targeted the Rolling Stones . </P> <P> A reporter who contributed to the story spent an evening at the exclusive London club Blaise 's , where a member of the Rolling Stones allegedly took several Benzedrine tablets , displayed a piece of hashish and invited his companions back to his flat for a `` smoke '' . The article claimed that this was Mick Jagger , but it turned out to be a case of mistaken identity ; the reporter had in fact been eavesdropping on Brian Jones . On the night the article was published Jagger appeared on the Eamonn Andrews chat show and announced that he was filing a writ for libel against the News of the World . </P> Brian Jones , 1965 <P> A week later on 12 February , Sussex police , tipped off by the paper , who in turn were tipped off by Richards ' chauffeur , raided a party at Keith Richards ' home , Redlands . No arrests were made at the time but Jagger , Richards and their friend art dealer Robert Fraser were subsequently charged with drug offences . Richards said in 2003 , `` When we got busted at Redlands , it suddenly made us realize that this was a whole different ball game and that was when the fun stopped . Up until then it had been as though London existed in a beautiful space where you could do anything you wanted . '' On the treatment of the man responsible for the raid he later added : `` As I heard it , he never walked the same again . '' </P> <P> In March 1967 , while awaiting the consequences of the police raid , Jagger , Richards and Jones took a short trip to Morocco , accompanied by Marianne Faithfull , Jones ' girlfriend Anita Pallenberg and other friends . During this trip the stormy relations between Jones and Pallenberg deteriorated to the point that Pallenberg left Morocco with Richards . Richards said later : `` That was the final nail in the coffin with me and Brian . He 'd never forgive me for that and I do n't blame him , but hell , shit happens . '' Richards and Pallenberg would remain a couple for twelve years . Despite these complications , the Rolling Stones toured Europe in March and April 1967 . The tour included the band 's first performances in Poland , Greece , and Italy . </P> <P> On 10 May 1967 , the same day Jagger , Richards and Fraser were arraigned in connection with the Redlands charges , Jones ' house was raided by police and he was arrested and charged with possession of cannabis . Three out of five Rolling Stones now faced drug charges . Jagger and Richards were tried at the end of June . On 29 June , Jagger received a three - month prison sentence for the possession of four amphetamine tablets ; Richards was found guilty of allowing cannabis to be smoked on his property and sentenced to one year in prison . Both Jagger and Richards were imprisoned at that point , but were released on bail the next day pending appeal . The Times ran the famous editorial entitled `` Who breaks a butterfly on a wheel ? '' in which conservative editor William Rees - Mogg surprised his readers by his unusually critical discourse on the sentencing , pointing out that Jagger had been treated far more harshly for a minor first offence than `` any purely anonymous young man '' . </P> <P> While awaiting the appeal hearings , the band recorded a new single , `` We Love You '' , as a thank - you for the loyalty shown by their fans . It began with the sound of prison doors closing , and the accompanying music video included allusions to the trial of Oscar Wilde . On 31 July , the appeals court overturned Richards ' conviction , and Jagger 's sentence was reduced to a conditional discharge . Jones ' trial took place in November 1967 ; in December , after appealing the original prison sentence , Jones received a £ 1,000 fine and was put on three years ' probation , with an order to seek professional help . </P> <P> December 1967 also saw the release of Their Satanic Majesties Request ( UK No. 3 ; US No. 2 ) , which received unfavourable reviews and was widely regarded as a poor imitation of the Beatles ' Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band . Satanic Majesties had been recorded in difficult circumstances while Jagger , Richards and Jones were dealing with their court cases . The band parted ways with Oldham during the sessions . The split was amicable , at least publicly , but in 2003 Jagger said : `` The reason Andrew left was because he thought that we were n't concentrating and that we were being childish . It was not a great moment really -- and I would have thought it was n't a great moment for Andrew either . There were a lot of distractions and you always need someone to focus you at that point , that was Andrew 's job . '' </P> <P> Satanic Majesties thus became the first album the Rolling Stones produced on their own . Its psychedelic sound was complemented by the cover art , which featured a 3D photo by Michael Cooper , who had also photographed the cover of Sgt . Pepper . Bill Wyman wrote and sang a track on the album : `` In Another Land '' , which was also released as a single , the first on which Jagger did not sing lead . </P> <H3> 1968 -- 1972 : `` back to Basics '' ( edit ) </H3> Keith Richards , 1972 <P> The band spent the first few months of 1968 working on material for their next album . Those sessions resulted in the song `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' , released as a single in May . The song and the subsequent album , Beggars Banquet ( UK No. 3 ; US 5 ) , an eclectic mix of country and blues - inspired tunes , marked the band 's return to their roots , and the beginning of their collaboration with producer Jimmy Miller . It featured the lead single `` Street Fighting Man '' ( which addressed the political upheavals of May 1968 ) and `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . </P> <P> Beggars Banquet was delayed for nearly six months due to controversy over the design of the album cover , which featured a public toilet with graffiti covering the walls of the stall . Beggars Banquet was well received at the time of release . Richards said , `` There is a change between material on Satanic Majesties and Beggars Banquet . I 'd grown sick to death of the whole Maharishi guru shit and the beads and bells . Who knows where these things come from , but I guess ( the music ) was a reaction to what we 'd done in our time off and also that severe dose of reality . A spell in prison ... will certainly give you room for thought ... I was fucking pissed with being busted . So it was , ' Right we 'll go and strip this thing down . ' There 's a lot of anger in the music from that period . '' </P> <P> The end of 1968 saw the filming of The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus , which originally started as an idea about `` the new shape of the rock - and - roll concert tour '' . It featured John Lennon , Yoko Ono , the Dirty Mac , the Who , Jethro Tull , Marianne Faithfull , and Taj Mahal . The footage was shelved for twenty - eight years but was finally released officially in 1996 , with a DVD version released in October 2004 . </P> <P> By the release of Beggars Banquet , Brian Jones was only sporadically contributing to the band . Jagger said that Jones was `` not psychologically suited to this way of life '' . His drug use had become a hindrance , and he was unable to obtain a US visa . Richards reported that , in a June meeting with Jagger , Richards , and Watts at Jones ' house , Jones admitted that he was unable to `` go on the road again '' , and left the band , saying , `` I 've left , and if I want to I can come back '' . On 3 July 1969 , less than a month later , Jones drowned in the swimming pool under mysterious circumstances at his home , Cotchford Farm , in Hartfield , East Sussex . </P> Mick Taylor , 1972 <P> The Rolling Stones were scheduled to play at a free concert for Blackhill Enterprises in London 's Hyde Park , two days after Jones ' death ; they decided to proceed with the show as a tribute to him . The concert , their first with new guitarist Mick Taylor , was performed in front of an estimated 250,000 fans . The performance was filmed by a Granada Television production team , and was shown on British television as The Stones in the Park . The Blackhill Enterprises stage manager Sam Cutler introduced them as `` The Greatest Rock and Roll Band in the World '' , a description he repeated throughout their 1969 US tour , and which has stuck to this day ( Cutler left Blackhill Enterprises to become the Stones ' road manager following the Hyde Park concert ) . </P> <P> Jagger read an excerpt from Shelley 's poem Adonaïs , an elegy written on the death of his friend John Keats , and they released thousands of butterflies in memory of Jones before opening their set with `` I 'm Yours and I 'm Hers '' , a Johnny Winter number . Also performed , but previously unheard by the audience , were `` Midnight Rambler '' and `` Love in Vain '' from their forthcoming album Let It Bleed ( released December 1969 ) and `` Give Me A Drink '' which eventually appeared on Exile on Main St. ( released May 1972 ) . The show also included the concert debut of `` Honky Tonk Women '' , which the band had just released the previous day . Attributing the birth of arena rock to the Stones 1969 US tour , The Guardian ranked the tour number 19 on their list of the 50 key events in rock music history . Prior to the tour the loudest sound at big - capacity shows was often the crowd , so the Stones ensured they had lighting and sound systems that would allow them to be seen and heard in the biggest arenas , with The Guardian stating their `` combination of front - of - house excellence and behind the scenes savvy took the business of touring to an entirely new level . '' </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Gimme Shelter '' Sample of `` Gimme Shelter '' by the Rolling Stones , from Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) `` Brown Sugar '' Sample of `` Brown Sugar '' by the Rolling Stones , from Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing these files ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Let It Bleed ( UK No. 1 ; US 3 ) was released in December . Their last album of the sixties , it featured `` Gimme Shelter '' with guest lead female vocals from Merry Clayton ( sister of Sam Clayton , of the American rock band Little Feat ) . Other tracks include `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' ( with accompaniment by the London Bach Choir , who initially asked for their name to be removed from the album 's credits after being apparently ' horrified ' by the content of some of its other material , but later withdrew this request ) , `` Midnight Rambler '' as well as a cover of Robert Johnson 's `` Love in Vain '' . Jones and Taylor are both featured on the album . </P> <P> Just after the US tour the band performed at the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway , about 50 miles east of San Francisco . The biker gang Hells Angels provided security , and a fan , Meredith Hunter , was stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels after they realised that he was armed . Part of the tour and the Altamont concert were documented in Albert and David Maysles ' film Gimme Shelter . As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings ( in particular Live'r Than You 'll Ever Be , recorded during the 1969 tour ) , the album Get Yer Ya - Yas Out ! ( UK 1 ; US 6 ) was released in 1970 ; it was declared by critic Lester Bangs to be the best ever live album . </P> <P> At the end of the decade the band appeared on the BBC 's review of the sixties music scene Pop Go the Sixties , performing `` Gimme Shelter '' , which was broadcast live on 31 December 1969 . That following year , the band wanted out of contracts with both Klein and Decca , but still owed them a Jagger / Richards credited single . To get back at the label , and fulfil their final contractual obligation , the band came up with the track `` Schoolboy Blues '' -- deliberately making it as crude as they could in hopes of forcing Decca to keep it `` in the vaults . '' Amid contractual disputes with Klein , they formed their own record company , Rolling Stones Records . Sticky Fingers ( UK No. 1 ; US No. 1 ) , released in March 1971 , the band 's first album on their own label , featured an elaborate cover design by Andy Warhol . The cover of the album was an Andy Warhol photograph of a man in tight jeans ( from the waist down ) featuring a functioning zipper . When unzipped , it revealed the subject 's underwear , imprinted with a saying -- `` This Is Not Etc . '' In some markets , an alternate cover was released due to the zippered cover 's offensive nature at the time . The Stones ' Decca catalogue is currently owned by Klein 's ABKCO label . </P> <P> In 1968 , the Stones , following a suggestion by pianist Ian Stewart , put a control room in a van and created a mobile recording studio so that they would not be limited to the standard 9 -- 5 hours most recording studios operated by . The band lent the mobile studio out to other artists , including Led Zeppelin , which used it to record Led Zeppelin III ( 1970 ) and Led Zeppelin IV ( 1971 ) . </P> The Rolling Stones ' logo , designed by John Pasche and modified by Craig Braun , was introduced in 1971 . <P> Sticky Fingers was the first to feature the logo of Rolling Stones Records , which effectively became the band 's logo . It consisted of a pair of lips with a lapping tongue . Designer John Pasche created the logo following a suggestion by Jagger to copy the outstuck tongue of the Hindu goddess Kali . Critic Sean Egan has said of the logo , `` Without using the Stones ' name , it instantly conjures them , or at least Jagger , as well as a certain lasciviousness that is the Stones ' own ... It quickly and deservedly became the most famous logo in the history of popular music . '' The tongue and lips design was part of a package that , in 2003 , VH1 named the `` No. 1 Greatest Album Cover '' of all time . </P> <P> The album contains one of their best known hits , `` Brown Sugar '' , and the country - influenced `` Dead Flowers '' . Both were recorded at Alabama 's Muscle Shoals Sound Studio during the 1969 American tour . The album continued the band 's immersion into heavily blues - influenced compositions . The album is noted for its `` loose , ramshackle ambience '' and marked Mick Taylor 's first full release with the band . </P> <P> Following the release of Sticky Fingers , the Rolling Stones left England after receiving financial advice from their financial manager at the time , Prince Rupert Loewenstein , recommending that they go into tax exile before the start of the next financial year . They had learned that despite promises made that taxes were taken care of , they had not been paid for seven years and that they owed the UK government a relative fortune that could have meant the end of the band . They moved to the South of France , where Richards rented the Villa Nellcôte and sublet rooms to band members and entourage . Using the Rolling Stones Mobile Studio , they held recording sessions in the basement ; they completed the resulting tracks , along with material dating as far back as 1969 , at Sunset Studios in Los Angeles . The resulting double album , Exile on Main St. ( UK No. 1 ; US No. 1 ) , was released in May 1972 . Given an A+ grade by critic Robert Christgau and disparaged by Lester Bangs -- who reversed his opinion within months -- Exile is now accepted as one of the Stones ' best albums . The films Cocksucker Blues ( never officially released ) and Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( released in 1974 ) document the subsequent highly publicised 1972 North American Tour . </P> <P> The band 's double compilation , Hot Rocks 1964 -- 1971 , was released in 1972 ; it reached number 3 in the UK charts and No. 4 in the US . It is certified Diamond in the US having sold over 12 million copies , and has spent over 264 weeks on the Billboard album chart . In 1974 Wyman released his first solo album , Monkey Grip , making him the first Rolling Stone to release solo material . As of 2017 Wyman has published five solo albums , with the most recent , Back to Basics , released in 2015 . </P> <H3> 1972 -- 1977 ( edit ) </H3> <P> Members of the band set up a complex financial structure in 1972 to reduce payment of taxes . Their holding company , Promogroup , has offices in both The Netherlands and the Caribbean . The Netherlands was chosen because it does not directly tax royalty payments . The band has been tax exiles ever since , meaning they no longer can use Britain as their main residence . Due to the arrangements with the holding company , the band has reportedly paid a tax of just 1.6 % on their total earnings of £ 242 million over the past 20 years . '' </P> <P> In November 1972 the band began recording sessions in Kingston , Jamaica for the album Goats Head Soup ; it was released in 1973 and reached No. 1 in both the UK and US . The album , which contained the worldwide hit `` Angie '' , proved to be the first in a string of commercially successful but tepidly received studio albums . The sessions for Goats Head Soup contained unused material , most notably an early version of the popular ballad `` Waiting on a Friend '' , which was not released until the LP Tattoo You eight years later . </P> Bill Wyman , 1975 <P> The making of Goats Head Soup was interrupted by another legal battle over drugs , dating back to their stay in France ; a warrant for Richards ' arrest had been issued , and the other band members had to return briefly to France for questioning . This , along with Jagger 's 1967 and 1970 convictions on drug charges , complicated the band 's plans for their Pacific tour in early 1973 : they were denied permission to play in Japan and almost banned from Australia . This was followed by a European tour in September and October 1973 which bypassed France , prior to which Richards had been arrested once more on drug charges , this time in England . </P> <P> The 1974 album It 's Only Rock ' n Roll was recorded in the Musicland studios in Munich , Germany ; it reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 1 in the US . Miller was not invited , and Jagger and Richards produced the album under the credit of `` the Glimmer Twins '' . Both the album and the single of the same name were hits . </P> <P> Near the end of 1974 , Taylor began to lose patience . The band 's situation made normal functioning complicated , with band members living in different countries , and legal barriers restricting where they could tour . In addition , drug use was starting to affect Richards ' productivity , and Taylor felt some of his own creative contributions were going unrecognised . At the end of 1974 , with a recording session already booked in Munich to record another album , Taylor quit the Rolling Stones . </P> <P> Taylor said in 1980 , `` I was getting a bit fed up . I wanted to broaden my scope as a guitarist and do something else ... I was n't really composing songs or writing at that time . I was just beginning to write , and that influenced my decision ... There are some people who can just ride along from crest to crest ; they can ride along somebody else 's success . And there are some people for whom that 's not enough . It really was n't enough for me . '' </P> Ronnie Wood ( left ) and Jagger ( right ) in Chicago , 1975 <P> The Rolling Stones needed to find a new guitarist , and the recording sessions for the next album , Black and Blue ( UK 2 ; US 1 ) ( 1976 ) in Munich provided an opportunity for some hopefuls to work while trying out for the band . Guitarists as stylistically disparate as Peter Frampton and Jeff Beck were auditioned as well as Robert A. Johnson and Shuggie Otis . Both Beck and Irish blues rock guitarist Rory Gallagher later claimed that they had played without realising they were being auditioned , and both agreed that they would never have joined . American session players Wayne Perkins and Harvey Mandel also tried out but Richards and Jagger had a preference for the band to remain purely British . When Ronnie Wood auditioned , everyone agreed that he was the right choice . He had already recorded and played live with Richards , and had contributed to the recording and writing of the track `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll '' . He had earlier declined Jagger 's offer to join the Stones , because of his commitment to the Faces , saying `` that 's what 's really important to me '' . Faces ' lead singer Rod Stewart went so far as to say he would take bets that Wood would not join the Stones . </P> <P> Wood officially joined the Rolling Stones in 1975 for their upcoming Tour of the Americas , while the Faces disbanded . Unlike the other band members , however , Wood was paid an employee 's salary , and that remained the case until the early 1990s , when he finally joined the Rolling Stones ' business partnership . </P> <P> The 1975 Tour of the Americas kicked off in New York City with the band performing on a flatbed trailer being pulled down Broadway . The tour featured stage props including a giant phallus and a rope on which Jagger swung out over the audience . Jagger had booked live recording sessions at the El Mocambo club in Toronto to balance a long - overdue live album , 1977 's Love You Live ( UK 3 ; US 5 ) , the first Stones live album since Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! . </P> Tour of the Americas ' 75 , 23 July 1975 . Wood , Richards and Jagger . <P> Richards ' addiction to heroin delayed his arrival in Toronto ; the other members had already arrived , waiting for him , and sent him a telegram asking him where he was . On 24 February 1977 , when Richards and his family flew in from London , they were temporarily detained by Canada Customs after Richards was found in possession of a burnt spoon and hash residue . Three days later , the Royal Canadian Mounted Police , armed with an arrest warrant for Pallenberg , discovered 22 grams of heroin in Richards ' room . Richards was charged with importing narcotics into Canada , an offence that carried a minimum seven - year sentence . </P> <P> Later the Crown prosecutor conceded that Richards had procured the drugs after arrival . Despite the incident , the band played two shows in Toronto , only to raise more controversy when Margaret Trudeau , then - wife of Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau , was seen partying with the band after one show . The band 's two shows were not advertised to the public . Instead , the El Mocambo had been booked for the entire week by April Wine for a recording session . 1050 CHUM , a local radio station , ran a contest for free tickets to see April Wine . Contest winners who selected tickets for Friday or Saturday night were surprised to find the Rolling Stones playing . </P> <P> On 4 March , Richards ' partner Anita Pallenberg pleaded guilty to drug possession and incurred a fine in connection with the original airport incident . The drug case against Richards dragged on for over a year . Ultimately , Richards received a suspended sentence and was ordered to play two free concerts for the CNIB in Oshawa ; both shows featured the Rolling Stones and the New Barbarians , a group that Wood had put together to promote his latest solo album , and which Richards also joined . This episode strengthened Richards ' resolve to stop using heroin . It also ended his relationship with Pallenberg , which had become strained since the death of their third child , Tara . Pallenberg was unable to curb her heroin addiction while Richards struggled to get clean . While Richards was settling his legal and personal problems , Jagger continued his jet - set lifestyle . He was a regular at New York 's Studio 54 disco club , often in the company of model Jerry Hall . His marriage to Bianca Jagger ended in 1977 , although they had long been estranged . </P> <P> Although the Rolling Stones remained popular through the early 1970s , music critics had begun to grow dismissive of the band 's output , and record sales failed to meet expectations . By the mid-1970s , after punk rock became influential , many people had begun to view the Rolling Stones as an outdated band . </P> <H3> 1978 -- 1982 : commercial peak ( edit ) </H3> <P> The group 's fortunes changed in 1978 , after the band released Some Girls ( UK No. 2 ; US No. 1 ) , which included the hit single `` Miss You '' , the country ballad `` Far Away Eyes '' , `` Beast of Burden '' , and `` Shattered '' . In part as a response to punk , many songs , particularly `` Respectable '' , were fast , basic , guitar - driven rock and roll , and the album 's success re-established the Rolling Stones ' immense popularity among young people . Following the US Tour 1978 , the band guested on the first show of the fourth season of the TV series Saturday Night Live . </P> <P> Following the success of Some Girls , the band released their next album Emotional Rescue ( UK 1 ; US 1 ) in mid-1980 . During the recording sessions of the album , a rift between Jagger and Richards was slowly beginning to form . Richards wanted to tour in summer or autumn of 1980 to promote the new album . Much to his disappointment , Jagger declined . Emotional Rescue hit the top of the charts on both sides of the Atlantic and the title track reached No. 3 in the US . </P> The Rolling Stones performing in December 1981 <P> In early 1981 , the group reconvened and decided to tour the US that year , leaving little time to write and record a new album , as well as rehearse for the tour . That year 's resulting album , Tattoo You ( UK 2 ; US 1 ) , featured a number of outtakes , including lead single `` Start Me Up '' , which reached No. 2 in the US and ranked No. 22 on Billboard 's Hot 100 year - end chart . Two songs ( `` Waiting on a Friend '' ( US No. 13 ) and `` Tops '' ) featured Mick Taylor 's unused rhythm guitar tracks , while jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins played on `` Slave '' and `` Waiting on a Friend '' . </P> <P> The Rolling Stones scored one more top 20 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1982 , the No. 20 hit `` Hang Fire '' . The Stones ' American Tour 1981 was their biggest , longest and most colourful production to date , with the band playing from 25 September through 19 December . It was the highest grossing tour of that year . The tour included a concert at Chicago 's Checkerboard Lounge with Muddy Waters , in what would be one of his last performances before his death in 1983 . Some shows were recorded , resulting in the 1982 live album Still Life ( American Concert 1981 ) ( UK 4 ; US 5 ) , and the 1983 Hal Ashby concert film Let 's Spend the Night Together , which was filmed at Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe , Arizona and the Brendan Byrne Arena in the Meadowlands , New Jersey . </P> <P> In mid-1982 , to commemorate their 20th anniversary , the Rolling Stones took their American stage show to Europe . The European Tour 1982 was their first European tour in six years , with a similar format to the American tour . The band were joined by former Allman Brothers Band keyboardist Chuck Leavell , who continues to perform and record with the Rolling Stones . By the end of the year , the band had signed a new four - album recording deal with a new label , CBS Records , for a reported $50 million , then the biggest record deal in history . </P> <H3> 1983 -- 1988 : band turmoil and solo efforts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before leaving Atlantic , the Rolling Stones released Undercover ( UK 3 ; US 4 ) in late 1983 . Despite good reviews and the Top Ten peak position of the title track , the record sold below expectations and there was no tour to support it . Subsequently , the Stones ' new marketer / distributor CBS Records took over distributing the Stones ' Atlantic catalogue . </P> Charlie Watts in 1981 <P> By this time , the Jagger / Richards rift had grown significantly . To Richards ' annoyance , Jagger had signed a solo deal with CBS Records , and he spent much of 1984 writing songs for his first album . He also declared his growing lack of interest in the Rolling Stones . By 1985 , Jagger was spending more time on solo recordings , and much of the material on 1986 's Dirty Work was generated by Richards , with more contributions by Wood than on previous Rolling Stones albums . The album was recorded in Paris , and Jagger was often absent from the studio , leaving Richards to keep the recording sessions moving forward . </P> <P> In June 1985 , Jagger teamed up with David Bowie for `` Dancing in the Street '' , which was recorded as part of the Live Aid charity movement . This was one of Jagger 's first solo performances , and the song reached No. 1 in the UK , and No. 7 in the US . In December 1985 , Stewart died of a heart attack . The Rolling Stones played a private tribute concert for him at London 's 100 Club in February 1986 , two days before they were presented with a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award . </P> <P> Dirty Work ( UK No. 4 ; US No. 4 ) was released in March 1986 to mixed reviews despite the presence of the US Top Five hit `` Harlem Shuffle '' . With relations between Richards and Jagger at a low , Jagger refused to tour to promote the album , and instead undertook his own solo tour , which included Rolling Stones songs . As a result of the animosity within the band during this period , they almost broke up . Jagger 's solo records , She 's the Boss ( UK 6 ; US 13 ) ( 1985 ) and Primitive Cool ( UK 26 ; US 41 ) ( 1987 ) , met with moderate success , and in 1988 , with the Rolling Stones mostly inactive , Richards released his first solo album , Talk Is Cheap ( UK 37 ; US 24 ) . It was well received by fans and critics , going gold in the US . Richards has subsequently referred to this late - 80s period , where the two were recording solo albums with no obvious reunion of the Stones in sight , as `` World War III '' . The following year 5x5 : The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones , a documentary spanning the career of the band was released for their 25th anniversary . </P> <H3> 1989 -- 1999 : comeback , return to popularity , and record - breaking tours ( edit ) </H3> <P> In early 1989 , the Rolling Stones , including Mick Taylor and Ronnie Wood as well as Brian Jones and Ian Stewart ( posthumously ) , were inducted into the American Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Jagger and Richards set aside animosities and went to work on a new Rolling Stones album , Steel Wheels ( UK 2 ; US 3 ) . Heralded as a return to form , it included the singles `` Mixed Emotions '' ( US No. 5 ) , `` Rock and a Hard Place '' ( US No. 23 ) and `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' . The album also included `` Continental Drift '' , which the Rolling Stones recorded in Tangier , Morocco in 1989 with the Master Musicians of Jajouka led by Bachir Attar , coordinated by Tony King and Cherie Nutting . A BBC documentary film , The Rolling Stones in Morocco , was produced by Nigel Finch . </P> <P> The subsequent Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tours , encompassing North America , Japan , and Europe , saw the Rolling Stones touring for the first time in seven years and it was their biggest stage production to date . Opening acts included Living Colour and Guns N ' Roses ; the onstage personnel included a horn section and backup singers Lisa Fischer and Bernard Fowler , both of whom continue to tour regularly with the band . Recordings from the Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle tours produced the 1991 concert album Flashpoint ( UK 6 ; US 16 ) , which also included two studio tracks recorded in 1991 : the single `` Highwire '' and `` Sex Drive '' . The tour produced the IMAX concert film Live at the Max released in 1991 . </P> <P> The tour was the last to feature Wyman , who left the band after years of deliberation , although his retirement was not made official until January 1993 . He then published Stone Alone , an autobiography based on scrapbooks and diaries he had been keeping since the band 's early days . A few years later he formed Bill Wyman 's Rhythm Kings and began recording and touring again . </P> <P> After the successes of the Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle tours , the band took a break . Watts released two jazz albums ; Wood recorded his fifth solo album , the first in 11 years , called Slide On This , Wyman released his fourth solo album , Richards released his second solo album in late 1992 , Main Offender , and did a small tour including big concerts in Spain and Argentina . Jagger got good reviews and sales with his third solo album , Wandering Spirit ( UK 12 ; US 11 ) . The album sold more than two million copies worldwide , going gold in the US . </P> Multiple platinum award for their 1994 album Voodoo Lounge , on display at the Museo del Rock in Madrid <P> After Wyman 's departure , the Rolling Stones ' new distributor / record label , Virgin Records , remastered and repackaged the band 's back catalogue from Sticky Fingers to Steel Wheels , except for the three live albums , and issued another hits compilation in 1993 entitled Jump Back . By 1993 , the Rolling Stones were ready to start recording another studio album . Darryl Jones , former sideman of Miles Davis and Sting , was chosen by Charlie Watts as Wyman 's replacement for 1994 's Voodoo Lounge ( UK 1 ; US 2 ) . The album met strong reviews and sales , going double platinum in the US . Reviewers took note of the album 's `` traditionalist '' sounds , which were credited to the Rolling Stones ' new producer Don Was . Voodoo Lounge would win the Stones the Grammy Award for Best Rock Album at the 1995 Grammy Awards . </P> <P> 1994 also brought the accompanying Voodoo Lounge Tour , which lasted into the following year . The tour grossed $320 million , becoming the world 's highest grossing tour at the time . Numbers from various concerts and rehearsals ( mostly acoustic ) made up Stripped ( UK 9 ; US 9 ) , which featured a cover of Bob Dylan 's `` Like a Rolling Stone '' , as well as infrequently played songs like `` Shine a Light '' , `` Sweet Virginia '' and `` The Spider and the Fly '' . On 8 September 1994 , the Rolling Stones performed their new song `` Love Is Strong '' as well as `` Start Me Up '' at the 1994 MTV Video Music Awards at Radio City Music Hall in New York . The band received the Lifetime Achievement Award at the ceremony . </P> <P> The Rolling Stones were the first major recording artists to broadcast a concert over the Internet ; a 20 - minute video was broadcast on 18 November 1994 using the Mbone at 10 frames per second . The broadcast , engineered by Thinking Pictures and financed by Sun Microsystems , was one of the first demonstrations of streaming video ; while it was not a true webcast , it introduced many to the technology . </P> Keith Richards , 2006 <P> The Rolling Stones ended the 1990s with the album Bridges to Babylon ( UK 6 ; US 3 ) , released in 1997 to mixed reviews . The video of the single `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' featured Angelina Jolie as guest and met steady rotation on both MTV and VH1 . Sales were reasonably equivalent to those of previous records ( about 1.2 million copies sold in the US ) , and the subsequent Bridges to Babylon Tour , which crossed Europe , North America and other destinations , proved the band to be a strong live attraction . Once again , a live album was culled from the tour , No Security ( UK 67 ; US 34 ) , only this time all but two songs ( `` Live With Me '' and `` The Last Time '' ) were previously unreleased on live albums . In 1999 , the Rolling Stones staged the No Security Tour in the US and continued the Bridges to Babylon tour in Europe . </P> <H3> 2000 -- 2011 : a Bigger Bang and continued success ( edit ) </H3> <P> In late 2001 , Mick Jagger released his fourth solo album , Goddess in the Doorway ( UK 44 ; US 39 ) which met with mixed reviews . A month after the September 11 attacks , Jagger and Richards took part in `` The Concert for New York City '' , performing `` Salt of the Earth '' and `` Miss You '' with a backing band . </P> <P> In 2002 , the band released Forty Licks ( UK 2 ; US 2 ) , a greatest hits double album , to mark their forty years as a band . The collection contained four new songs recorded with the latter - day core band of Jagger , Richards , Watts , Wood , Leavell and Jones . The album has sold more than 7 million copies worldwide . The same year , Q magazine named the Rolling Stones as one of the `` 50 Bands To See Before You Die '' , and the 2002 -- 2003 Licks Tour gave people that chance . The tour included shows in small theatres . The band headlined the Molson Canadian Rocks for Toronto concert in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , to help the city -- which they have used for rehearsals since the Steel Wheels tour -- recover from the 2003 SARS epidemic . The concert was attended by an estimated 490,000 people . </P> <P> On 9 November 2003 , the band played their first concert in Hong Kong as part of the Harbour Fest celebration , also in support of the SARS - affected economy . The same month , the band exclusively licensed the right to sell their new four - DVD boxed set , Four Flicks , recorded on the band 's most recent world tour , to the US Best Buy chain of stores . In response , some Canadian and US music retail chains ( including HMV Canada and Circuit City ) pulled Rolling Stones CDs and related merchandise from their shelves and replaced them with signs explaining the situation . In 2004 , a double live album of the Licks Tour , Live Licks ( UK 38 ; US 50 ) , was released , going gold in the US . In November 2004 , the Rolling Stones were among the inaugural inductees into the UK Music Hall of Fame . </P> The Rolling Stones , 2006 <P> On 26 July 2005 ( Jagger 's birthday ) , the band announced the name of their new album , A Bigger Bang ( UK 2 ; US 3 ) , their first album in almost eight years . It was released on 6 September to strong reviews , including a glowing write - up in Rolling Stone magazine . The single `` Streets of Love '' reached the top 15 in the UK . The album included the political `` Sweet Neo Con '' , a criticism of American Neoconservatism from Jagger . The song was reportedly almost dropped from the album because of objections from Richards . When asked if he was afraid of political backlash such as the Dixie Chicks had endured , Richards responded that the album came first , and that , `` I do n't want to be sidetracked by some little political ' storm in a teacup ' . '' </P> <P> The subsequent A Bigger Bang Tour began in August 2005 , and visited North America , South America and East Asia . In February 2006 , the group played the half - time show of Super Bowl XL in Detroit , Michigan . By the end of 2005 , the Bigger Bang tour set a record of $162 million in gross receipts , breaking the North American mark also set by the Rolling Stones 1994 . On 18 February 2006 the band played a free concert to over one million people at the Copacabana beach in Rio de Janeiro ; one of the biggest rock concerts of all time . </P> The Rolling Stones at Twickenham Stadium , London during A Bigger Bang Tour in August 2006 <P> After performances in Japan , China , Australia and New Zealand in March / April 2006 , the Rolling Stones tour took a scheduled break before proceeding to Europe ; during this break Keith Richards was hospitalised in New Zealand for cranial surgery after a fall from a tree on Fiji , where he had been on holiday . The incident led to a six - week delay in launching the European leg of the tour . In June 2006 it was reported that Ronnie Wood was continuing his programme of rehabilitation for alcohol abuse , but this did not affect the rearranged European tour schedule . Two out of the 21 shows scheduled for July -- September 2006 were later cancelled due to Mick Jagger 's throat problems . The Rolling Stones returned to North America for concerts in September 2006 , and returned to Europe on 5 June 2007 . By November 2006 , the Bigger Bang tour had been declared the highest grossing tour of all time . </P> <P> The Rolling Stones performances at New York City 's Beacon Theatre on 29 October and 1 November 2006 were filmed by Martin Scorsese for a documentary film , Shine a Light , which was released in 2008 . The film also features guest appearances by Buddy Guy , Jack White , and Christina Aguilera . An accompanying soundtrack , also titled Shine a Light ( UK 2 ; US 11 ) , was released in April 2008 . The album 's debut at No. 2 in the UK charts was the highest position for a Rolling Stones concert album since Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! The Rolling Stones in Concert in 1970 . At the Beacon Theater show , Music Executive , Ahmet Ertegun fell and ultimately succumbed to his injury . </P> <P> On 24 March 2007 , the band announced a tour of Europe called the `` Bigger Bang 2007 '' tour . 12 June 2007 saw the release of the band 's second four - disc DVD set : The Biggest Bang , a seven - hour document featuring their shows in Austin , Rio de Janeiro , Saitama , Shanghai and Buenos Aires , along with extras . On 10 June 2007 , the band performed their first gig at a festival in 30 years , at the Isle of Wight Festival , to a crowd of 65,000 , and were joined onstage by Amy Winehouse . On 26 August 2007 , they played their last concert of the Bigger Bang tour at the O2 Arena in London . At the conclusion of the tour , the band had grossed a record setting $558 million and were listed in the latest edition of Guinness World Records . </P> <P> Mick Jagger released a compilation of his solo work called The Very Best of Mick Jagger ( UK 57 ; US 77 ) , including three unreleased songs , on 2 October 2007 . On 12 November 2007 , ABKCO released Rolled Gold : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( UK 26 ) , a double - CD remake of the 1975 compilation Rolled Gold . </P> The Rolling Stones in 2008 ( from left to right : Watts , Wood , Richards , Jagger ) at the Berlin Film Festival 's world premiere of Martin Scorsese 's documentary film Shine a Light <P> In March 2008 , Richards sparked rumours that a new Rolling Stones studio album may be forthcoming , saying during an interview following the premiere of Shine a Light , `` I think we might make another album . Once we get over doing promotion on this film '' . Watts remarked that he got ill whenever he stopped working . In July 2008 it was announced that the Rolling Stones were leaving EMI and signing with Vivendi 's Universal Music , taking with them their catalogue stretching back to Sticky Fingers . New music released by the band while under this contract will be issued through Universal 's Polydor label . Mercury Records will hold the US rights to the pre-1994 material , while the post-1994 material will be handled by Interscope Records ( once a subsidiary of Atlantic ) . </P> <P> During the autumn , Jagger and Richards worked with producer Don Was to add new vocals and guitar parts to ten unfinished songs from the Exile on Main St. sessions . Jagger and Taylor also recorded a session together in London where Taylor added lead guitar to what would be the expanded album 's single , `` Plundered My Soul '' . On 17 April 2010 , the band released a limited edition 7 - inch vinyl single of the previously unreleased track `` Plundered My Soul '' as part of Record Store Day . The track , part of the group 's 2010 re-issue of Exile on Main St. , was combined with `` All Down the Line '' as its B - side . The band appeared at Cannes Festival for the premiere of the documentary Stones in Exile ( directed by Stephen Kijak ) about the recording of the album Exile on Main St ... On 23 May , the re-issue of Exile on Main St. reached No. 1 in the UK charts , almost 38 years to the week after it first occupied that position , with the band becoming the first act to see a classic work return to No. 1 decades after it was first released . In the US , the album re-entered the charts at No. 2 . </P> <P> In October 2010 , the Stones released Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones to the cinemas and later on to DVD . A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the United States . Although originally released to cinemas in 1974 , it had never been available for home release apart from bootleg recordings . </P> <P> In October 2011 , the Stones released The Rolling Stones : Some Girls Live In Texas ' 78 to the cinemas and later on to DVD . A digitally remastered version of the film was shown in select cinemas across the US . This live performance was recorded during one show in Ft . Worth , Texas in support of their US Tour 1978 and their album Some Girls . The film was released in ( DVD / Blu - ray Disc ) on 15 November 2011 . On 21 November , the band reissued Some Girls as a 2 CD deluxe edition with a second CD of twelve previously unreleased tracks ( except `` So Young , '' which was a B - side to `` Out of Tears '' ) from the sessions with mostly newly recorded vocals from Jagger . </P> <H3> 2012 -- present : 50th anniversary and covers album ( edit ) </H3> Jagger and Richards on stage in December 2012 <P> The Rolling Stones celebrated their 50th anniversary in the summer of 2012 by releasing the book The Rolling Stones : 50 . A new take on the band 's lip - and - tongue logo , designed by Shepard Fairey , was also released and used during the celebrations . Jagger 's brother Chris performed a gig at The Rolling Stones Museum in Slovenia in conjunction with the celebrations . </P> <P> The documentary Crossfire Hurricane , directed by Brett Morgen , was released in October 2012 . He conducted approximately fifty hours of interviews for the documentary , including extensive interviews with Wyman and Taylor . This would be the first official career - spanning documentary since 1989 's 25x5 : The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones , which was filmed for their 25th anniversary in 1988 . </P> <P> A new compilation album , GRRR ! , was released on 12 November , available in four different formats and including two new tracks , `` Doom and Gloom '' and `` One More Shot '' , which were recorded at Studio Guillaume Tell in Paris , France , within the last few weeks of August 2012 . The album debuted at No. 3 in the UK and No. 19 in the US and went to sell over 2 million copies worldwide . The music video for `` Doom and Gloom '' featuring Noomi Rapace was released on 20 November . </P> Stage set for the 50 & Counting tour at the Prudential Center , New Jersey <P> In November 2012 , the Stones commenced their 50 & Counting ... tour at London 's O2 Arena , where they were joined by Jeff Beck . At their second show in London the group was joined onstage by Eric Clapton and Florence Welch . Their third anniversary concert took place on 8 December at the Barclays Center , Brooklyn , New York . The last two dates were at the Prudential Center in Newark , New Jersey on 13 and 15 December , and the band were joined by Bruce Springsteen and blues rock band the Black Keys on the final night . They also played two songs at 12 - 12 - 12 : The Concert for Sandy Relief . </P> <P> The Stones played nineteen shows in the US in spring 2013 , before returning to the UK . The band announced a return to Hyde Park , though it would not be free like the 1969 concert . Jagger quipped , `` I 'll try and keep the poetry to a minimum , '' and remarked , in respect of the white dress that he wore for the 1969 concert , `` I can still just about get into the zippers . '' On 29 June , the band performed at the Glastonbury Festival 2013 . Hyde Park Live , a live album recorded at the two Hyde Park gigs on 6 and 13 July , was released exclusively as a digital download through iTunes later that month and peaked at No. 16 in the UK and No. 19 in the US . A live DVD , Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park , was released on 11 November . </P> The Rolling Stones performing at Hyde Park , London on 13 July 2013 <P> In February 2014 , the band embarked on their 14 On Fire tour spanning Middle East , Asia , Australia and Europe , scheduled to last through to the summer . On 17 March , Jagger 's longtime partner L'Wren Scott died suddenly , resulting in the cancellation and rescheduling of the opening tour dates to October . On 4 June , The Rolling Stones performed for the first time in Israel with Haaretz describing the concert as being `` Historic with a capital H '' . In a 2015 interview with Jagger , when asked if retirement crosses his mind he stated , `` Nah , not in the moment . I 'm thinking about what the next tour is . I 'm not thinking about retirement . I 'm planning the next set of tours , so the answer is really , `` No , not really . '' '' </P> <P> The Rolling Stones embarked on their Latin American tour in February 2016 . On 25 March , the band played a bonus show , a free open air concert in Havana , Cuba . In June of that year , The Rolling Stones released , Totally Stripped , an expanded and reconceived edition of Stripped , available in multiple formats . The Rolling Stones announced on 28 July that their concert on 25 March 2016 in Cuba had been commemorated in the film Havana Moon , which premiered on 23 September for one night only in more than a thousand theatres worldwide . The Rolling Stones announced Olé Olé Olé : A Trip Across Latin America on 7 September , a documentary of their 2016 Latin America tour , which was shown in theatres on 12 December for one night only . Olé Olé Olé : A Trip Across Latin America came out on DVD and Blu - ray 26 May 2017 . </P> <P> The band released Blue & Lonesome on 2 December 2016 . The album consisted of 12 blues covers of artists such as Howlin ' Wolf , Jimmy Reed and Little Walter . Recording took place in British Grove Studios , London , in December 2015 , and featured Eric Clapton on two tracks . The album reached No. 1 in the UK , the second - highest opening sales week for an album that year . It also debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 . </P> <P> In July 2017 , it was reported that the Rolling Stones were getting ready to record their first album of original material in more than a decade . In early October 2017 , the Rolling Stones announced the forthcoming release on 1 December 2017 of On Air , a collection of 18 recordings ( plus 14 bonus tracks on the Deluxe edition ) the band performed on the BBC between October 1963 and September 1965 . The compilation featured eight songs the band has never recorded or released commercially . </P> <H2> Musical development ( edit ) </H2> See also : Instruments played by the Rolling Stones <P> The Rolling Stones have assimilated various musical genres into their own collective sound . Throughout the band 's career , their musical contributions have been marked by a continual reference and reliance on musical styles including blues , psychedelia , R&B , country , folk , reggae , dance , and world music , exemplified by Jones ' collaboration with the Master Musicians of Jajouka , as well as traditional English styles that use stringed instrumentation like harps . Brian Jones experimented with the use of non-traditional instruments such as the sitar and slide guitar in their early days . The group started out covering early rock ' n ' roll and blues songs , and have never stopped playing live or recording cover songs . </P> <P> Jagger and Richards shared an admiration of Jimmy Reed , Muddy Waters , Howlin ' Wolf , and Little Walter , which influenced Brian Jones , of whom Richards says , `` He was more into T - Bone Walker and jazz blues stuff . We 'd turn him onto Chuck Berry and say , ' Look , it 's all the same shit , man , and you can do it . ' '' Charlie Watts , a traditional jazz drummer , was also introduced to the blues through his association with the pair . `` Keith and Brian turned me on to Jimmy Reed and people like that . I learned that Earl Phillips was playing on those records like a jazz drummer , playing swing , with a straight four . '' Jagger , recalling when he first heard the likes of Chuck Berry , Bo Diddley , Muddy Waters , Fats Domino , and other major American R&B artists , said it `` seemed the most real thing '' he had heard up to that point . Similarly , Keith Richards , describing the first time he listened to Muddy Waters , said it was the `` most powerful music ( he had ) ever heard ... the most expressive . '' He also stated , `` when you think of some dopey , spotty seventeen year old from Dartford , who wants to be Muddy Waters -- and there were a lot of us -- in a way , very pathetic , but in another way , very ... heartwarming '' . </P> <P> Despite the Rolling Stones ' predilection for blues and R&B numbers on their early live set lists , the first original compositions by the band reflected a more wide - ranging interest . The first Jagger / Richards single , `` Tell Me ( You 're Coming Back ) '' , has been described by critic Richie Unterberger as a `` pop rock ballad ... When ( Jagger and Richards ) began to write songs , they were usually not derived from the blues , but were often surprisingly fey , slow , Mersey - type pop numbers '' . `` As Tears Go By '' , the ballad originally written for Marianne Faithfull , was one of the first songs written by Jagger and Richards and also one of many written by the duo for other artists . Jagger said of the song , `` It 's a relatively mature song considering the rest of the output at the time . And we did n't think of ( recording ) it , because the Rolling Stones were a butch blues group . '' The Rolling Stones did later record a version which became a top five hit in the US . </P> <P> On the early experience , Richards said , `` The amazing thing is that although Mick and I thought these songs were really puerile and kindergarten - time , every one that got put out made a decent showing in the charts . That gave us extraordinary confidence to carry on , because at the beginning songwriting was something we were going to do in order to say to Andrew ( Loog Oldham ) , ' Well , at least we gave it a try ... ' '' Jagger said , `` We were very pop - orientated . We did n't sit around listening to Muddy Waters ; we listened to everything . In some ways it 's easy to write to order ... Keith and I got into the groove of writing those kind of tunes ; they were done in ten minutes . I think we thought it was a bit of a laugh , and it turned out to be something of an apprenticeship for us . '' </P> <P> The writing of `` The Last Time '' , the Rolling Stones ' first major single , proved a turning point . Richards called it `` a bridge into thinking about writing for the Stones . It gave us a level of confidence ; a pathway of how to do it . '' The song was based on a traditional gospel song popularised by the Staple Singers , but the Rolling Stones ' number features a distinctive guitar riff , played by Brian Jones . Prior to the emergence of Jagger / Richards as the Stones ' songwriters , the band members occasionally were given collective credit under the pseudonym Nanker Phelge . Some songs attributed to Nanker Phelge have been re-attributed to Jagger / Richards . </P> <P> Beginning with Jones and continuing with Wood , the Rolling Stones have developed what Richards refers to as the `` ancient art of weaving '' responsible for part of their sound -- the interplay between two guitarists on stage . Unlike most bands , the Stones follow Richards ' lead rather than the drummer 's ( Watts ) . Likewise , Watts is primarily a jazz player who was able to bring that genre 's influences to the style of the band 's drumming . The following of Richards ' lead has led to conflicts between Jagger and Richards and they have been known to annoy one another , but they have both agreed it makes a better record ; Watts in particular has praised Jagger 's production skills . In the studio , the band have tended to use a fluid personnel for recordings and not use the same players for each song . Guest pianists were commonplace on recordings ; several songs on Beggars Banquet are driven by Nicky Hopkins ' piano playing . On Exile on Main St. , Richards plays bass on three tracks while Taylor plays on four . </P> <P> Richards started using open tunings for rhythm parts ( often in conjunction with a capo ) , most prominently an open - E or open - D tuning in 1968 . Beginning in 1969 , he often used 5 - string open - G tuning ( with the lower 6th string removed ) , as heard on the 1969 single `` Honky Tonk Women '' , `` Brown Sugar '' ( Sticky Fingers , 1971 ) , `` Tumbling Dice '' ( capo IV ) , `` Happy '' ( capo IV ) ( Exile on Main St. , 1972 ) , and `` Start Me Up '' ( Tattoo You , 1981 ) . </P> <P> The feuds between Jagger and Richards had some origin in the 1970s when Richards was a heroin addict , resulting in Jagger managing the band 's affairs for numerous years . When Richards got himself off heroin and became more present in the decision making , Jagger was not used to this and did not like his authority diminished , resulting in the period which Richards has referred to as `` World War III '' . </P> <P> Musical collaboration between members of the band and supporting musicians was key , due to the fluid lineups typically experienced by the band in the studio , as tracks tended to be recorded `` by whatever members of the group happened to be around at the time of the sessions . '' Over time , Jagger has developed into the template for rock frontmen and , with the help of the Stones , has , in the words of the Telegraph , `` changed music '' through his contributions to it as a pioneer of the modern music industry . </P> <H2> Legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since their formation in 1962 , the Rolling Stones survived multiple feuds and have gone on to release 30 studio albums , 13 live albums and 109 singles . According to OfficialCharts.com , the Stones are ranked the fourth bestselling group of all time , with their top single being `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' , regarded by many at the time as `` the classic example of rock and roll . '' The Stones have also contributed to the blues lexicon , creating their own `` codewords '' and slang , which they have used throughout their catalog of songs , including some of their more popular songs . The band has been viewed as the musical `` vanguard of a major transfusion '' of various cultural attitudes , making them accessible to youth in both America and Britain . Muddy Waters was quoted as stating that the Rolling Stones and other English bands enhanced the interest of American youth into blues musicians ; after they came to the United States , sales of Waters ' albums -- and those of other blues musicians -- increased with public interest , thus helping to reconnect the country with its own music . </P> <P> The Rolling Stones have sold over 240 million albums worldwide and have held over 48 tours of varying length . The Stones have also held three of the highest grossing tours of all time , Bridges to Babylon , Voodoo Lounge , and A Bigger Bang . In May 2013 , Rolling Stone declared them the `` most definitional band that rock & roll has produced , '' with the Telegraph stating that Mick Jagger was `` the Rolling Stone who changed music '' . The band has been the subject of numerous documentaries and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Pete Townshend in 1989 . The Rolling Stones have inspired and mentored new generations of musical artists both as a band and individually . They are also credited with changing the `` whole business model of popular music . '' </P> <P> The band has received -- and been nominated for -- multiple awards during their 55 years as a band ; including two Grammy awards ( and 11 nominations ) , the Juno award for International Entertainer of the Year in 1991 , U.K. 's Jazz FM Awards Album of the Year ( 2017 ) for their album Blue & Lonesome , and NME awards such as best live band and the NME award for best music film , for their documentary Crossfire Hurricane . </P> <H2> Tours ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Rolling Stones concerts <P> The Rolling Stones ' first concert was on 12 July 1962 at the Marquee Club in London . The most documented of all the band 's concerts was the Altamont Free Concert at the Altamont Speedway in 1969 . For this concert , the biker gang Hells Angels provided security , which resulted in a fan , Meredith Hunter , being stabbed and beaten to death by the Angels . Part of the tour and the Altamont concert were documented in Albert and David Maysles ' film Gimme Shelter . As a response to the growing popularity of bootleg recordings , the album Get Yer Ya - Yas Out ! ( UK 1 ; US 6 ) was released in 1970 ; it was declared by critic Lester Bangs to be the best live album ever . </P> <P> From small clubs and hotels in London with little room for Jagger to move around to selling out stadiums worldwide , Rolling Stones tours have significantly changed over the decades . Setups for the band started off simplistic compared to what they later became in the band 's career . with pyrotechnics , giant screens , and elaborate stage designs . By the Rolling Stones American tour of 1969 , the band began to fill large halls and arenas , such as The Forum in Inglewood , California . They were also using more equipment , such as lighting rigs and better sound equipment compared to the clubs . The 1969 tour is considered a `` great watershed tour '' by Mick Jagger due to the fact that they `` started hanging the sound and therefore hanging the lights '' . During the 1972 tour , the Stones developed a `` complex light show '' in which they hung up giant mirrors and bounced the light off them . </P> <P> During the 1975 Tour of the Americas , arena shows became an industry for the band and the Stones hired a new lighting director , Jules Fisher . The props used on stage by the band increased in both size and sophistication , similar to things done on Broadway . The band started to use multiple stages , from which they would select for a particular show . On this tour they had two versions what Jagger referred to as the `` lotus stage '' -- one version of the stage that had a large Venetian ( cylindrical ) curtain and the other has leaves that would start in the folded up position and lower during the beginning of the concert . This period also included a variety of props , including inflatables and other gimmicks ranging from inflatable penises `` and things . '' The tour also incorporated a number of circus tricks . </P> <P> `` ... at the beginning of the show the stage was completely covered with a kind of sheath gauze . I had to get inside the lotus , climb up a ladder and hang on like grim death to one of the petals , which then opened to reveal the band playing . '' </P> -- Mick Jagger , speaking of stage design in According to The Rolling Stones <P> During the 1981 -- 1982 American tour , the Stones worked with Japanese designer Kazuhide Yamazari in constructing their stages for stadium sized locations and audiences . During this period , stages increased in size to include runways , movable sections of stage going out into the audience , and growing in all other aspects . This tour used coloured panels and was one of the last Stones tours to do so before switching to devices such as video screens . Stadium shows provided a new challenge for the band , the venues were large enough in size that the band became `` like ants '' to audience members . This resulted in Jagger having to project himself `` over the footlights '' and the band needing to employ more gimmicks , such as pyrotechnics , lights , and video screens . </P> <P> `` When you 're out there in this vast stadium , you have to physically tiny up on stage , so that 's why on the 1981 - 2 tour we had those coloured panels and later we started using devices like video screens . We became very aware of not being seen , of just being there like ants . Mick is the one who really has to project himself over the footlights . And when the show gets that big , you need a little extra help , you need a couple of gimmicks , as we call it , in the show . You need fireworks , you need lights , you need a bit of theatre . '' </P> -- Charlie Watts , According to the Rolling Stones <P> As time went on , their props and stage equipment became increasingly sophisticated . When they started to fill stadium sized venues and bigger , they ran into the problem of the audience no longer being able to see them due to the increased seating capacity -- this problem was especially clear in their free 2006 concert in Rio de Janeiro on the A Bigger Bang tour , which used over 500 lights , hundreds of speakers , and a video screen almost 13 metres in length . Due to the vast size of the beach which the Stones performed on ( 2.5 km ) , sound systems had to be set up in a relay pattern down the length of the beach , in order to keep the sound in sync with music from the stage ; for every 340 metres of beach , the sound had to be delayed an additional second . </P> <H2> Band members ( edit ) </H2> <P> Current members </P> <Ul> <Li> Mick Jagger -- vocals , harmonica , rhythm guitar , percussion , keyboards ( 1962 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Keith Richards -- rhythm and lead guitar , bass guitar , vocals ( 1962 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Watts -- drums , percussion ( 1963 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Ronnie Wood -- lead and rhythm guitar , bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1975 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Former members </P> <Ul> <Li> Brian Jones -- rhythm guitar , harmonica , keyboards , piano , backing vocals ( 1962 -- 1969 ; died 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Ian Stewart -- keyboards , piano ( 1962 -- 1963 ; touring 1969 , 1975 -- 1976 , 1978 , 1981 -- 1982 ; died 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Mick Taylor -- lead guitar , bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1969 -- 1974 ; guest 1981 , 2012 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Bill Wyman -- bass guitar , keyboards , piano , backing vocals ( 1962 -- 1993 ; guest 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Early members </P> <Ul> <Li> Dick Taylor -- bass guitar ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Mick Avory -- drums ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> Ricky Fenson -- bass guitar ( 1962 -- 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Colin Golding -- bass guitar ( 1962 -- 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Chapman -- drums ( 1962 -- 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Carlo Little -- drums ( 1962 -- 1963 ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Current touring members </P> <Ul> <Li> Chuck Leavell -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1982 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Bernard Fowler -- backing vocals , percussion ( 1989 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Darryl Jones -- bass guitar , backing vocals ( 1993 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Matt Clifford -- keyboards , French horn , musical integrator ( 1989 -- 1990 , 2012 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Tim Ries -- saxophone , keyboards ( 1999 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Karl Denson -- saxophone ( 2014 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Sasha Allen -- backing vocals , co-lead vocals on `` Gimme Shelter '' ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Former touring musicians </P> <Ul> <Li> Bobby Keys -- saxophone ( 1969 -- 1973 ; 1981 -- 2014 ; died 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Jim Price -- trumpet ( 1970 -- 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Lisa Fischer -- backing vocals , co-lead vocals on `` Gimme Shelter '' ( 1989 -- 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Billy Preston -- keyboards , backing vocals ( 1973 -- 1977 ; died 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Nicky Hopkins -- keyboards ( 1971 -- 1973 ; died 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Ernie Watts -- saxophone ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Ian McLagan -- keyboards ( 1978 -- 1981 ; died 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Blondie Chaplin -- additional guitar , backing vocals ( 1997 -- 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Timeline ( edit ) </H3> <H2> Discography ( edit ) </H2> Main article : The Rolling Stones discography <P> Studio albums </P> <Ul> <Li> The Rolling Stones ( 1964 , UK ) / England 's Newest Hit Makers ( 1964 , US ) </Li> <Li> 12 X 5 ( 1964 , US ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones No. 2 ( 1965 , UK ) / The Rolling Stones , Now ! ( 1965 , US ) </Li> <Li> Out of Our Heads ( 1965 , UK ) / Out of Our Heads ( 1965 , US ) </Li> <Li> December 's Children ( And Everybody 's ) ( 1965 , US ) </Li> <Li> Aftermath ( 1966 , UK ) / Aftermath ( 1966 , US ) </Li> <Li> Between the Buttons ( 1967 , UK ) / Between the Buttons ( 1967 , US ) </Li> <Li> Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Goats Head Soup ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Black and Blue ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Some Girls ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Emotional Rescue ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Tattoo You ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Undercover ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Dirty Work ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Voodoo Lounge ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Bridges to Babylon ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> A Bigger Bang ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Blue & Lonesome ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Rolling Stones portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book : The Rolling Stones </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Rolling Stones Museum </Li> <Li> List of highest - grossing concert tours </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Mick Avory himself has categorically denied `` on many occasions '' that he played with the Rollin ' Stones that night . In fact he only rehearsed twice with them in the Bricklayers Arms pub , before they became known as the Rollin ' Stones . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 's book Rolling With The Stones incorrectly states the band played the Alcove club that night . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The comma in the title of the song was later dropped . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Footnotes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rolling Stones : are they really the world 's greatest rock ' n ' roll band ? '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 11 July 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Stones may be old , but they can still rock '' . Msnbc . Archived from the original on 26 December 2005 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert ( 27 December 1981 ) . `` The Year of the Rolling Stones '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on 1 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 141 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mick Jagger The Rolling Stones '' . www.rollingstones.com . Retrieved 2 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ White , Charles . ( 2003 ) , pp. 119 -- 120 , The Life and Times of Little Richard : The Authorised Biography , Omnibus Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 8 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greenfield 1981 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , pp. 10 -- 11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brian Jones Leaves Rolling Stones '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , p. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 36 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Faulk , B.J. ( 2011 ) . New Left in Victorian Drag : `` The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus '' . Texas Studies In Literature & Language , 53 ( 2 ) , 138 -- 158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It 's Only Rock ' n ' Roll , The Ultimate Guide To The Rolling Stones , James Karnbach and Carol Bernson , Facts On File , Inc. , New York , NY , 1997 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill . Rolling With the Stones New York : DK Publishing , 2002 . 36 . Print </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bockris 1992 , pp. 42 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , pp. 14 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 40 -- 41 ; 44 -- 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman , Bill . Rolling With the Stones New York : DK Publishing , 2002 . 122 . Print </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mick Jagger '' entry , Contemporary Musicians , Volume 53 . Thomson Gale , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Januszczak , Waldemar . `` The Rolling Stones up close '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haslam , Dave ( 2015 - 08 - 13 ) . Life After Dark : A History of British Nightclubs & Music Venues . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 9780857207005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , pp. 50 -- 51 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Andrew Loog Oldham '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nelson 2010 , p. 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 1990 , p. 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Andrew Loog Oldham '' . Rock & Roll Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 1990 , pp. 135 -- 136 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Szatmary 2014 , p. 123 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Keith Richard : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 18 April 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis 2001 , p. 79 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , p. 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oldham 2000 , pp. 205 , 212 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oldham 2000 , pp. 209 -- 210 , 212 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coral , Hinckley & Rodman 1995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oldham 2000 , pp. 252 -- 253 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nelson 2010 , p. 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oldham 2000 , p. 213 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oldham 2000 , p. 205 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marshall 2012 , p. 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 1990 , p. 136 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 1990 , p. 133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Living with Superstardom : The Stones Bill Wyman says ' It Keeps Getting Harder ' '' . Billboard. 6 November 1971 . p. 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 1990 , p. 139 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oldham 2000 , p. 221 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` This Day in Music Spotlight : Rolling Stones Riot on Ed Sullivan '' . gibson.com . Archived from the original on 31 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 November 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haslam 2015 , p. 91 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 65 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 80 -- 83 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fricke , David ( 17 April 2008 ) . `` Blues Brothers '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 5 April 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 30 , track 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yes , The Beatles Once Wrote a Song for the Rolling Stones '' . Ultimate Classic Rock . Archived from the original on 9 July 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How The Beatles ended up writing `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' for The Rolling Stones `` . The Beatles . Archived from the original on 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` UK Charts -- The Rolling Stones '' . Official Charts Company . Archived from the original on 20 October 2014 . Retrieved 22 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Oldham 2000 , pp. 256 -- 257 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 126 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Hollywood Palace '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 1 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 128 -- 129 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 158 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 137 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 85 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 154 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Rolling Stones Biography '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Archived from the original on 5 April 2013 . Retrieved 12 April 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 12 X 5 The Rolling Stones '' . www.rollingstones.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cutler 2010 , p. 137 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Let it Bleed ( Media notes ) . Decca . p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Beggar 's Banquet '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 7 August 2017 . Retrieved 17 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 159 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 164 -- 165 ; 171 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 166 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 95 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 187 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 195 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McPherson , Ian . `` The Rolling Stones ' Complete Discography '' . Archived from the original on 29 April 2008 . Retrieved 30 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones ' Top 10 Albums -- Ranked -- NME '' . NME. 23 April 2015 . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rolling Stones : 25 defining moments in their career '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Going Home -- The Rolling Stones Song Info AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . www.officialcharts.com . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Rolling Stones Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 38 , track 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nineteenth Nervous Breakdown full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mick Jagger and The Rolling Stones ' Biggest Billboard Hot 100 Hits '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Inglis - Arkell , Esther . `` This Is The Drug In The Rolling Stones ' Song `` Mother 's Little Helper '' `` . io9 . Archived from the original on 14 August 2017 . Retrieved 14 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Warner , Judith . `` Valium Invalidation : What if Mother ( and Father ) Really Did Need A Little Help ? '' . Time . ISSN 0040 - 781X . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Have You Seen Your Mother Baby Standing in the Shadow full Official Chart History Official Charts Company '' . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` MoMA -- Music promos for `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' ( two versions ) and `` We Love You '' `` . moma.org. 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 September 2014 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Project MUSE -- Standing in the Shadow : Peter Whitehead , Swinging London 's Insider / Outsider '' . muse.jhu.edu. 2014 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2015 . Retrieved 6 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Keith Richards : The Rolling Stone Interview '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 16 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inside Allen Klein 's Role in 1967 Jagger - Richards Drug Bust '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 11 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BBC ON THIS DAY 10 1967 : Two Rolling Stones on drugs charges '' . news.bbc.co.uk . Archived from the original on 10 February 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilliland 1969 , show 46 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Rolling Stones Biography '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 30 April 2011 . Retrieved 6 June 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 256 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wells 2012 , p. 110 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paytress 2003 , p. 116 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen 2016 , p. 153 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Meltzer , Tom ( 18 October 2010 ) . `` Keith Richards : the Keef facts '' . The Guardian . London / Manchester . Archived from the original on 28 December 2013 . Retrieved 19 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 112 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 264 -- 265 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jagger et al. 2003 , p. 113 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , p. 268 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Police raid Keith Richard 's `` Redlands '' home in Sussex for drugs `` . The History of Rock Music . Archived from the original on 26 June 2015 . Retrieved 25 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Booth 2000 , p. 276 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wyman 2002 , pp. 278 -- 282 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Booth 2000 , pp. 271 -- 278 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Janovitz , Bill . `` We Love You -- song review '' . Allmusic . Archived from the original on 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 14 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tannenbaum , Rob ; Marks , Craig ( 2011 - 10 - 27 ) . I Want My MTV : The Uncensored Story of the Music Video Revolution . Penguin . 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Retrieved 22 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones : Still The World 's Greatest Rock And Roll Band ? '' . Grammy.com . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 2 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mick Jagger : we will play same set list at Hyde Park gig as in 1969 '' . The Telegraph . Archived from the original on 20 October 2013 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HYDE PARK , LONDON SETLIST : 13TH JULY 2013 The Rolling Stones '' . www.rollingstones.com . Archived from the original on 23 May 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Rolling Stones release iconic Hyde Park 1969 performance on Blu - ray '' . AXS . Archived from the original on 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hann , Michael ( 12 June 2011 ) . `` The birth of arena rock '' . The Guardian . 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The British Are Coming ! : The U.S.A. is invaded by a wave of long - haired English rockers '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . </Li> <Li> Greenfield , Robert ( 1981 ) . The Rolling Stone Interviews : Keith Richards . New York : St. Martin 's Press / Rolling Stone Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 68954 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Greenspan , Edward , ed. ( 1980 ) . `` Regina v. Richards 49 C.C.C. ( 2d ) '' . Canadian Criminal Cases . Canada Law Book . </Li> <Li> Haslam , Dave ( 2015 ) . Life After Dark : A History of British Nightclubs & Music Venues . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 857 - 20700 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jagger , Mick ; Richards , Keith ; Watts , Charlie ; Wood , Ronnie ( 2003 ) . According to the Rolling Stones . San Francisco , California : Chronicle Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8118 - 4060 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Marshall , Jim ( 2012 ) . The Rolling Stones 1972 . San Francisco , California : Chronicle Books . 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ISBN 0 - 283 - 07277 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Oldham , Andrew Loog ( 2000 ) . Stoned . St. Martin 's Griffin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 312 - 27094 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Patell , Cyrus R.K. ( 2011 ) . Rolling Stones ' Some Girls . A&C Black . p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Paytress , Mark ( 2003 ) . Rolling Stones : Off the Record . London : Omnibus . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7119 - 8869 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Perone , James ( 2012 ) . The Album : A Guide to Pop Music 's Most Provocative , Influential , and Important Creations . ABC - CLIO . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 37906 - 2 . < / ref > </Li> <Li> Richards , Keith ( 2010 ) . Life ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 316 - 03438 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Sandford , Christopher ( 1999 ) . Mick Jagger : Primitive Cool . New York : Cooper Square Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8154 - 1002 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Sandford , Christopher ( 2003 ) . Keith Richards : Satisfaction . New York : Caroll & Graf . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7867 - 1368 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Schinder , Scott ; Schwartz , Andy ( 2010 ) . Icons of Rock : An Encyclopedia of the Legends Who Changed Music Forever . ABC - CLIO . p. 230 . </Li> <Li> Szatmary , David P. ( 2014 ) . Rockin ' in Time ( 8th ed . ) . Pearson . </Li> <Li> Wells , Simon ( 2012 ) . The Great Rolling Stones Drug Bust . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 857 - 12711 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Wyman , Bill ( 1990 ) . Bill Wyman , Stone Alone : The Story of a Rock ' n ' Roll Band . New York : Viking . ISBN 978 - 0 - 670 - 82894 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Wyman , Bill ( 2002 ) . Rolling with the Stones . DK Publishing . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7894 - 8967 - 8 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Booth , Stanley ( 1984 ) . Dance with the Devil : The Rolling Stones & Their Times . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 394 - 53488 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Booth , Stanley ( 1995 ) . Keith : Standing in the Shadows . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 11841 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Carr , Roy ( 1976 ) . The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record . Harmony Books . ISBN 0 - 517 - 52641 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Cutler , Tom ( 2010 ) . A Gentleman 's Bedside Book : Entertainment for the Last Fifteen Minutes of the Day . Little , Brown Book Group . ISBN 978 - 1 - 849 - 01803 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Egan , Sean ( 2006 ) . The Rough Guide to the Rolling Stones . London : Penguin . ISBN 1 - 84353 - 719 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Flippo , Chet ( 1985 ) . On the Road With the Rolling Stones . Doubleday / Dolphin . ISBN 0 - 385 - 19374 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Forget , Thomas ( 2003 ) . The Rolling Stones . New York : Rosen Central . ISBN 0 - 8239 - 3644 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Greenfield , Robert ( 2002 ) ( 1974 ) . S.T.P. : A Journey Through America with the Rolling Stones . Da Capo Press . ISBN 0 - 306 - 81199 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Hector , James ( 1995 ) . The Complete Guide to the Music of the Rolling Stones . London : Omnibus . ISBN 0 - 7119 - 4303 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Hotchner , A.E. ( 1990 ) . Blown Away : The Rolling Stones and the Death of the Sixties . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 671 - 69316 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jackson , Laura ( 1993 ) . Golden Stone : The Untold Life and Tragic Death of Brian Jones . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 0 - 312 - 09820 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Janovitz , Bill ( 2013 ) . Rocks Off : 50 Tracks That Tell the Story of the Rolling Stones . New York : St. Martin 's Press . ISBN 1 - 250 - 02631 - 8 . </Li> <Li> McMillian , John ( 2013 ) . Beatles vs. Stones . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 1 - 4391 - 5969 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Miller , Jim ( 1980 ) . The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll : The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music . New York : Random House . ISBN 0 - 679 - 73728 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Phelge , James ( 2000 ) . Nankering with the Stones . ISBN 1 - 55652 - 373 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Sanchez , Tony ( 1996 ) . Up and Down with The Rolling Stones . New York : Da Capo . ISBN 0 - 306 - 80711 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Spitz , Marc ( 2011 ) . Jagger : Rebel , Rock Star , Rambler , Rogue . Gotham Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59240 - 655 - 5 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutThe Rolling Stonesat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Data from Wikidata </Li> <Li> Discussion from Meta - Wiki </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones at Encyclopædia Britannica </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> <Li> `` The Rolling Stones '' . Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones at AllMusic </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones discography at Discogs </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones on IMDb </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones discography at MusicBrainz </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Rolling Stones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Rolling Stones </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Mick Jagger </Li> <Li> Keith Richards </Li> <Li> Charlie Watts </Li> <Li> Ronnie Wood </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Brian Jones </Li> <Li> Ian Stewart </Li> <Li> Mick Taylor </Li> <Li> Bill Wyman </Li> <Li> Mick Avory </Li> <Li> Tony Chapman </Li> <Li> Ricky Fenson </Li> <Li> Colin Golding </Li> <Li> Carlo Little </Li> <Li> Dick Taylor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Four Flicks ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Documentaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Stones in the Park ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Video Rewind ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> 25 × 5 : the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Shine a Light ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> British Tour 1963 </Li> <Li> 1964 tours </Li> <Li> 1965 tours </Li> <Li> 1966 tours </Li> <Li> European Tour 1967 </Li> <Li> American Tour 1969 </Li> <Li> European Tour 1970 </Li> <Li> UK Tour 1971 </Li> <Li> American Tour 1972 </Li> <Li> Pacific Tour 1973 </Li> <Li> European Tour 1973 </Li> <Li> Tour of the Americas ' 75 </Li> <Li> Tour of Europe ' 76 </Li> <Li> US Tour 1978 </Li> <Li> American Tour 1981 </Li> <Li> European Tour 1982 </Li> <Li> Steel Wheels / Urban Jungle Tour </Li> <Li> Voodoo Lounge Tour </Li> <Li> Bridges to Babylon Tour </Li> <Li> No Security Tour </Li> <Li> Licks Tour </Li> <Li> A Bigger Bang </Li> <Li> 50 & Counting </Li> <Li> 14 On Fire </Li> <Li> Zip Code Tour </Li> <Li> América Latina Olé Tour 2016 </Li> <Li> Fall 2016 US Tour </Li> <Li> No Filter Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated places </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Redlands </Li> <Li> Stargroves </Li> <Li> Nellcôte </Li> <Li> The Wick </Li> <Li> Downe House </Li> <Li> The Mick Jagger Centre </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Songs </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones concerts </Li> <Li> Jagger / Richards </Li> <Li> Nanker Phelge </Li> <Li> Rolling Stones Records </Li> <Li> Promotone </Li> <Li> The Stones in the Park </Li> <Li> Altamont Free Concert </Li> <Li> Rolling Stones Mobile Studio </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones : An Illustrated Record </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus </Li> <Li> Andrew Loog Oldham </Li> <Li> Allen Klein </Li> <Li> Peter Meaden </Li> <Li> John Pasche </Li> <Li> Instruments played </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Rolling Stones discography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Decca ( UK ) and London ( US ) singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Come On '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wanna Be Your Man '' / `` Stoned '' </Li> <Li> `` Not Fade Away '' / `` Little by Little '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's All Over Now '' </Li> <Li> `` Tell Me '' / `` I Just Want to Make Love to You '' </Li> <Li> `` Time Is on My Side '' </Li> <Li> `` Little Red Rooster '' </Li> <Li> `` Heart of Stone '' </Li> <Li> `` The Last Time '' / `` Play with Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' / `` The Spider and the Fly '' </Li> <Li> `` Get Off of My Cloud '' / `` I 'm Free '' </Li> <Li> `` As Tears Go By '' </Li> <Li> `` 19th Nervous Breakdown '' / `` As Tears Go By '' </Li> <Li> `` Paint It Black '' / `` Stupid Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Mother 's Little Helper '' / `` Lady Jane '' </Li> <Li> `` Have You Seen Your Mother , Baby , Standing in the Shadow ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Let 's Spend the Night Together '' / `` Ruby Tuesday '' </Li> <Li> `` We Love You '' / `` Dandelion '' </Li> <Li> `` In Another Land '' </Li> <Li> `` She 's a Rainbow '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' </Li> <Li> `` Street Fighting Man '' / `` No Expectations '' </Li> <Li> `` Honky Tonk Women '' / `` You Ca n't Always Get What You Want '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rolling Stones / Atlantic singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Brown Sugar '' / `` Bitch '' / `` Let It Rock '' </Li> <Li> `` Wild Horses '' / `` Sway '' </Li> <Li> `` Tumbling Dice '' / `` Sweet Black Angel '' </Li> <Li> `` Happy '' / `` All Down the Line '' </Li> <Li> `` Angie '' / `` Silver Train '' </Li> <Li> `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' / `` Dancing with Mr. D '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( But I Like It ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Ai n't Too Proud to Beg '' / `` Dance Little Sister '' </Li> <Li> `` Fool to Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` Hot Stuff '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rolling Stones </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Miss You '' / `` Far Away Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` Beast of Burden '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Respectable '' / `` When the Whip Comes Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Shattered '' </Li> <Li> `` Emotional Rescue '' </Li> <Li> `` She 's So Cold '' / `` Send It to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Start Me Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Waiting on a Friend '' / `` Little T&A '' </Li> <Li> `` Hang Fire '' / `` Neighbours '' </Li> <Li> `` Going to a Go - Go '' ( live ) / `` Beast of Burden '' ( live ) </Li> <Li> `` Time Is on My Side '' ( live ) / `` Twenty Flight Rock '' ( live ) </Li> <Li> `` Undercover of the Night '' </Li> <Li> `` She Was Hot '' </Li> <Li> `` Too Much Blood '' </Li> <Li> `` Harlem Shuffle '' </Li> <Li> `` One Hit ( To the Body ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Mixed Emotions '' </Li> <Li> `` Rock and a Hard Place '' </Li> <Li> `` Almost Hear You Sigh '' </Li> <Li> `` Highwire '' / `` 2000 Light Years from Home '' ( live ) </Li> <Li> `` Ruby Tuesday '' ( live ) / `` Play with Fire '' ( live ) </Li> <Li> `` Jumpin ' Jack Flash '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Virgin singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Love Is Strong '' </Li> <Li> `` You Got Me Rocking '' </Li> <Li> `` Out of Tears '' </Li> <Li> `` I Go Wild '' </Li> <Li> `` Like a Rolling Stone '' ( live ) / `` Black Limousine '' / `` All Down the Line '' </Li> <Li> `` Wild Horses '' ( live ) / `` Live with Me '' ( live ) / `` Tumbling Dice '' ( live ) </Li> <Li> `` Anybody Seen My Baby ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Saint of Me '' / `` Gimme Shelter '' ( live ) </Li> <Li> `` Out of Control '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Stop '' / `` Miss You '' ( remix ) </Li> <Li> `` Streets of Love '' / `` Rough Justice '' </Li> <Li> `` Rain Fall Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Biggest Mistake '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' ( live ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Universal singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Plundered My Soul '' / `` All Down the Line '' </Li> <Li> `` No Spare Parts '' / `` Before They Make Me Run '' </Li> <Li> `` Doom and Gloom '' </Li> <Li> `` One More Shot '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other countries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Let It Bleed '' / `` You Got the Silver '' ( London Japan ) </Li> <Li> `` Rocks Off '' / `` Sweet Virginia '' ( Japan ) </Li> <Li> `` Star Star '' / `` Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo ( Heartbreaker ) '' ( France , Germany ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Rolling Stones album discography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> UK & US releases 1964 -- 1967 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> UK releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones No. 2 ( 1965 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rolling Stones ( England 's Newest Hit Makers ) ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> 12 X 5 ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones , Now ! ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> December 's Children ( And Everybody 's ) ( 1965 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK & US releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Out of Our Heads ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Aftermath ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Between the Buttons ( 1967 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US live releases </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Got Live If You Want It ! ( 1966 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rolling Stones ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Five by Five ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Got Live If You Want It ! ( 1965 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Big Hits ( High Tide and Green Grass ) ( UK & US ) ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Flowers ( US ) ( 1967 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> International releases 1967 -- present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Their Satanic Majesties Request ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Beggars Banquet ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Let It Bleed ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Sticky Fingers ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Exile on Main St. ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Goats Head Soup ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> It 's Only Rock ' n Roll ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Black and Blue ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Some Girls ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Emotional Rescue ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Tattoo You ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Undercover ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Dirty Work ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Steel Wheels ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Voodoo Lounge ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Bridges to Babylon ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> A Bigger Bang ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Blue & Lonesome ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ' Get Yer Ya - Ya 's Out ! ' ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Love You Live ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Still Life ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Flashpoint ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Stripped ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> No Security ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Live Licks ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Shine a Light ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Brussels Affair ( Live 1973 ) ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Some Girls : Live in Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Hampton Coliseum ( Live 1981 ) ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> L.A. Friday ( Live 1975 ) ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Live at the Tokyo Dome ( 1990 ) ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Light the Fuse ( Live 2005 ) ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Live at Leeds ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Hyde Park Live ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Marquee Club ( Live in 1971 ) ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Sticky Fingers Live ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Totally Stripped ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Havana Moon ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Through the Past , Darkly ( Big Hits Vol. 2 ) ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Made in the Shade ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Time Waits for No One : Anthology 1971 -- 1977 ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Sucking in the Seventies ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Rewind ( 1971 -- 1984 ) ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Jump Back : The Best of The Rolling Stones ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Forty Licks ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Rarities 1971 -- 2003 ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> GRRR ! ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> On Air ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Post-contract ABKCO albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hot Rocks 1964 -- 1971 ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> More Hot Rocks ( Big Hits & Fazed Cookies ) ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Metamorphosis ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Singles Collection : The London Years ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Post-contract Decca albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stone Age ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Gimme Shelter ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Milestones ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Rock ' n ' Rolling Stones ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> No Stone Unturned ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Rolled Gold : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Solid Rock ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Slow Rollers ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Rolled Gold+ : The Very Best of the Rolling Stones ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jamming with Edward ! ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Story of The Stones ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Live at the Checkerboard Lounge , Chicago 1981 ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box sets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Singles 1963 -- 1965 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Singles 1965 -- 1967 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Singles 1968 -- 1971 ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones Box Set ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Singles 1971 -- 2006 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones in Mono ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Rolling Stones videography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Videos </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> T.A.M.I. Show ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Charlie Is My Darling ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Sympathy for the Devil ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Gimme Shelter ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Cocksucker Blues ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Ladies and Gentlemen : The Rolling Stones ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Let 's Spend the Night Together ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Video Rewind ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> 25x5 : The Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Stones at the Max ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones : Voodoo Lounge Live ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Bridges to Babylon Tour ' 97 -- 98 ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Four Flicks ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Biggest Bang ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Shine a Light ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Stones in Exile ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones : Some Girls Live In Texas ' 78 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Muddy Waters & The Rolling Stones Live At The Checkerboard Lounge , Chicago 1981 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Crossfire Hurricane ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Sweet Summer Sun : Live in Hyde Park ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones : Havana Moon ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones Olé Olé Olé ! : A Trip Across Latin America ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> From The Vault - Sticky Fingers : Live At The Fonda Theatre 2015 ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Class of 1989 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Performers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dion </Li> <Li> Otis Redding </Li> <Li> The Rolling Stones ( Mick Jagger , Brian Jones , Keith Richards , Ian Stewart , Mick Taylor , Charlie Watts , Ronnie Wood , Bill Wyman ) </Li> <Li> The Temptations ( Dennis Edwards , Melvin Franklin , Eddie Kendricks , David Ruffin , Otis Williams , Paul Williams ) </Li> <Li> Stevie Wonder </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Early influences </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Ink Spots </Li> <Li> Bessie Smith </Li> <Li> The Soul Stirrers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Phil Spector </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Mick Jagger </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> She 's the Boss </Li> <Li> Primitive Cool </Li> <Li> Wandering Spirit </Li> <Li> Goddess in the Doorway </Li> <Li> Alfie </Li> <Li> The Very Best of Mick Jagger </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Memo from Turner '' </Li> <Li> `` State of Shock '' </Li> <Li> `` Just Another Night '' </Li> <Li> `` Lucky in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Dancing in the Street '' </Li> <Li> `` Let 's Work '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Thing '' </Li> <Li> `` God Gave Me Everything '' </Li> <Li> `` Visions of Paradise '' </Li> <Li> `` Joy '' </Li> <Li> `` Old Habits Die Hard '' </Li> <Li> `` England Lost '' </Li> <Li> `` Gotta Get a Grip '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` T.H.E. ( The Hardest Ever ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rolling Stones </Li> <Li> Jagger / Richards </Li> <Li> SuperHeavy </Li> <Li> Performance ( soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> Being Mick </Li> <Li> The Mick Jagger Centre </Li> <Li> Chris Jagger </Li> <Li> `` Moves like Jagger '' </Li> <Li> Vinyl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Species named for Jagger </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aegrotocatellus jaggeri -- trilobite </Li> <Li> Anomphalus jaggerius -- snail </Li> <Li> Jaggermeryx naida -- anthracotheriidae </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Keith Richards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Talk Is Cheap </Li> <Li> Live at the Hollywood Palladium , December 15 , 1988 </Li> <Li> Main Offender </Li> <Li> Vintage Vinos </Li> <Li> Crosseyed Heart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Take It So Hard '' </Li> <Li> `` Trouble '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Rolling Stones </Li> <Li> The Dirty Mac </Li> <Li> The New Barbarians </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Jagger / Richards </Li> <Li> Life </Li> <Li> Anita Pallenberg </Li> <Li> Patti Hansen ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Theodora Richards ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Alexandra Richards ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Hail ! Hail ! Rock ' n ' Roll </Li> <Li> Wingless Angels </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bill Wyman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monkey Grip </Li> <Li> Green Ice </Li> <Li> Back to Basics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` In Another Land '' </Li> <Li> `` ( Si Si ) Je Suis un Rock Star '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 156609707 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n80123108 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 2192 4040 </Li> <Li> GND : 2074630 - 1 </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 333421 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 029185149 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb13906219j ( data ) </Li> <Li> BIBSYS : 11053891 </Li> <Li> MusicBrainz : b071f9fa - 14b0 - 4217 - 8e97 - eb41da73f598 </Li> <Li> NLA : 35460187 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00629452 </Li> <Li> NKC : ko2002161839 </Li> <Li> BNE : XX98942 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Rolling_Stones&oldid=816006086 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Rolling Stones </Li> <Li> 1962 establishments in England </Li> <Li> Atlantic Records artists </Li> <Li> British Invasion artists </Li> <Li> British rhythm and blues boom musicians </Li> <Li> Columbia Records artists </Li> <Li> Counterculture of the 1960s </Li> <Li> Decca Records artists </Li> <Li> English blues rock musical groups </Li> <Li> English hard rock musical groups </Li> <Li> Grammy Award winners </Li> <Li> Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners </Li> <Li> Juno Award for International Entertainer of the Year winners </Li> <Li> NME Awards winners </Li> <Li> London Records artists </Li> <Li> Musical groups established in 1962 </Li> <Li> Musical groups from London </Li> <Li> Musical quartets </Li> <Li> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees </Li> <Li> Virgin Records artists </Li> <Li> World Music Awards winners </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - 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Flag of India - wikipedia <H1> Flag of India </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Tiranga '' redirects here . For the Bollywood film , see Tirangaa . <Table> India <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Td> Tiraṅgā ( meaning `` Tricolour '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Use </Th> <Td> National flag </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proportion </Th> <Td> 2 : 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adopted </Th> <Td> 22 July 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 07 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> A horizontal triband of India saffron , white , and India green ; charged with a navy blue wheel with 24 spokes in the centre </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Designed by </Th> <Td> Pingali Venkayya </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron , white and India green ; with the Ashoka Chakra , a 24 - spoke wheel , in navy blue at its centre . It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947 , and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947 . The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India . In India , the term `` tricolour '' ( Hindi : तिरंगा , translit . Tiraṅgā ) almost always refers to the Indian national flag . The flag is based on the Swaraj flag , a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya . </P> <P> By law , the flag is to be made of khadi , a special type of hand - spun cloth or silk , made popular by Mahatma Gandhi . The manufacturing process and specifications for the flag are laid out by the Bureau of Indian Standards . The right to manufacture the flag is held by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , who allocates it to regional groups . As of 2009 , the Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha has been the sole manufacturer of the flag . </P> <P> Usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India and other laws relating to the national emblems . The original code prohibited use of the flag by private citizens except on national days such as the Independence day and the Republic Day . In 2002 , on hearing an appeal from a private citizen , Naveen Jindal , the Supreme Court of India directed the Government of India to amend the code to allow flag usage by private citizens . Subsequently , the Union Cabinet of India amended the code to allow limited usage . The code was amended once more in 2005 to allow some additional use including adaptations on certain forms of clothing . The flag code also governs the protocol of flying the flag and its use in conjunction with other national and non-national flags . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Design and construction details </Li> <Li> 2 Symbolism </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Manufacturing process </Li> <Li> 5 Protocol <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Display </Li> <Li> 5.2 Half - mast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Design and construction details </H2> <Table> Sizes of the National Flag <Tr> <Th> Flag size </Th> <Th> Length and width ( mm ) </Th> <Th> Size of Ashoka Chakra ( mm ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6300 × 4200 </Td> <Td> 1295 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3600 × 2400 </Td> <Td> 740 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2700 × 1800 </Td> <Td> 555 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1800 × 1200 </Td> <Td> 370 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1350 × 900 </Td> <Td> 280 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 900 × 600 </Td> <Td> 185 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 450 × 300 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 225 × 150 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 150 × 100 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> According to the Flag code of India , the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three ( where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width ) . All three stripes of the flag ( saffron , white and green ) are to be equal in width and length . The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code , but it has twenty - four spokes that are evenly spaced . In section 4.3. 1 of `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' , there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag . In both the Flag code and IS1 , they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue . Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag , with the exception of Navy Blue , from `` IS1 : Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag '' as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C. The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS : 1803 - 1973 . </P> <Table> Materials 3.1. 2.2 : Colours <Tr> <Th> Colour </Th> <Th> X </Th> <Th> Y </Th> <Th> Z </Th> <Th> Brightness </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India saffron ( Kesari ) </Td> <Td> 0.538 </Td> <Td> 0.360 </Td> <Td> 0.102 </Td> <Td> 21.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> White </Td> <Td> 0.313 </Td> <Td> 0.319 </Td> <Td> 0.368 </Td> <Td> 72.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India green </Td> <Td> 0.288 </Td> <Td> 0.395 </Td> <Td> 0.317 </Td> <Td> 8.9 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Note that the values given in the table correspond to CIE 1931 color space . Approximate RGB values for use may be taken to be : India saffron # FF9933 , white # FFFFFF , India green # 138808 , navy blue # 000080 . Pantone values closest to this are 130 U , White , 2258 C and 2735 C . </P> <H2> Symbolism </H2> Flag of India , New Delhi <P> Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921 . The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya . In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel , symbolising Gandhi 's goal of making Indians self - reliant by fabricating their own clothing . The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities , and provide a background for the spinning wheel . Subsequently , to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme , saffron , white and green were chosen for the three bands , representing courage and sacrifice , peace and truth , and faith and chivalry respectively . </P> <P> A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947 , the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities . A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen ; the tricolour remained the same saffron , white and green . However , the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law . The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , who later became India 's first Vice President and second President , clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> Bhagwa or the Saffron denotes renunciation or disinterestedness . Our leaders must be indifferent to material gains and dedicate themselves to their work . The white in the centre is light , the path of truth to guide our conduct . The green shows our relation to ( the ) soil , our relation to the plant life here , on which all other life depends . The `` Ashoka Chakra '' in the centre of the white is the wheel of the law of dharma . Truth or satya , dharma or virtue ought to be the controlling principle of those who work under this flag . Again , the wheel denotes motion . There is death in stagnation . There is life in movement . India should no more resist change , it must move and go forward . The wheel represents the dynamism of a peaceful change . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> History </H2> <P> A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states ; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857 , which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule . The first flag , whose design was based on western heraldic standards , were similar to the flags of other British colonies , including Canada and Australia ; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper - left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half . To address the question of how the star conveyed `` Indianness '' , Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects . Subsequently , all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns . </P> Flag of British India , 1880 -- 1947 <P> In the early twentieth century , around the coronation of Edward VII , a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire . William Coldstream , a British member of the Indian Civil Service , campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star , which he considered to be a common choice , to something more appropriate . His proposal was not well received by the government ; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags . Around this time , nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition . The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha , advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak , and Kali , advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay . Another symbol was the cow , or Gau Mata ( cow mother ) . However , all these symbols were Hindu - centric and did not suggest unity with India 's Muslim population . </P> Based on the Calcutta Flag , design of the `` Flag of Indian Independence '' raised by Bhikaji Cama on 22 August 1907 , at the International Socialist Conference in Stuttgart , Germany . <P> The partition of Bengal ( 1905 ) resulted in the introduction of a new flag representing the Indian independence movement that sought to unite the multitude of castes and races within the country . The Vande Mataram flag , part of the Swadeshi movement against the British , comprised Indian religious symbols represented in western heraldic fashion . The tricolour flag included eight white lotuses on the upper green band representing the eight provinces , a sun and a crescent on the bottom red band , and the Vande Mataram slogan in Hindi on the central yellow band . The flag was launched in Calcutta bereft of any ceremony and the launch was only briefly covered by newspapers . The flag was not covered in contemporary governmental or political reports either , but was used at the annual session of the Indian National Congress . A slightly modified version was subsequently used by Madam Bhikaji Cama at the second International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in 1907 . Despite the multiple uses of the flag , it failed to generate enthusiasm amongst Indian nationalists . </P> <P> Around the same time , another proposal for the flag was initiated by Sister Nivedita , a Hindu reformist and disciple of Swami Vivekananda . The flag consisted of a thunderbolt in the centre and a hundred and eight oil lamps for the border , with the Vande Mataram caption split around the thunderbolt . It was also presented at the Indian National Congress meeting in 1906 . Soon , many other proposals were initiated , but none of them gained attention from the nationalist movement . </P> <P> In 1909 , Lord Ampthill , former Governor of the Madras Presidency , wrote to The Times of London in the run up to Empire Day pointing out that there existed `` no flag representative of India as a whole or any Indian province ... Surely this is strange , seeing that but for India there would be no Empire . '' </P> <P> In 1916 , Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs , in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras . These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive . The same year , Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement . The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner , a star and crescent in the upper right , and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right , on a background of five red and four green alternating bands . The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag , as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use . The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag . </P> <P> In the early 1920s , national flag discussions gained prominence across most British dominions following the peace treaty between Britain and Ireland . In November 1920 , the Indian delegation to the League of Nations wanted to use an Indian flag , and this prompted the British Indian government to place renewed emphasis on the flag as a national symbol . </P> Gandhi 's Flag , introduced at the Congress meeting in 1921 <P> In April 1921 , Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag , proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre . The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj , and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner , the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims . Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921 , but it was not delivered on time , and another flag was proposed at the session . Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented ; he then added white to the banner colours , to represent all the other religions . Finally , owing to the religious - political sensibilities , in 1929 , Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours , stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people , white for purity , and green for hope . </P> <P> On 13 April 1923 , during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre , the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel , designed by Pingali Venkayya , was hoisted . This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police , after which five people were imprisoned . Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting . Subsequently , on the first of May , Jamnalal Bajaj , the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee , started the Flag Satyagraha , gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement . The satyagraha , promoted nationally by the Congress , started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group , the Swarajists , called it inconsequential . </P> <P> Finally , at the All India Congress Committee meeting in July , 1923 , at the insistence of Jawaharlal Nehru and Sarojini Naidu , Congress closed ranks and the flag movement was endorsed . The flag movement was managed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel with the idea of public processions and flag displays by common people . By the end of the movement , over 1500 people had been arrested across all of British India . The Bombay Chronicle reported that the movement drew from diverse groups of society including farmers , students , merchants , labourers and `` national servants '' . While Muslim participation was moderate , the movement enthused women , who had hitherto rarely participated in the independence movement . </P> <P> While the flag agitation got its impetus from Gandhi 's writings and discourses , the movement received political acceptance following the Nagpur incident . News reports , editorials and letters to editors published in various journals and newspapers of the time attest to the subsequent development of a bond between the flag and the nation . Soon , the concept of preserving the honour of the national flag became an integral component of the independence struggle . While Muslims were still wary of the Swaraj flag , it gained acceptance among Muslim leaders of the Congress and the Khilafat Movement as the national flag . </P> The Swaraj Flag , officially adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931 <P> Detractors of the flag movement , including Motilal Nehru , soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity . Thus , the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India . In contrast to the subdued responses of the past , the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag , and began to define a policy of response . The British parliament discussed public use of the flag , and based on directives from England , the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag . The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting . However , by then , the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement . </P> <P> A few days before India gained its independence in August 1947 , the Constituent Assembly was formed . To select a flag for independent India , on 23 June 1947 , the assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad and including Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , Sarojini Naidu , C. Rajagopalachari , K.M. Munshi and B.R. Ambedkar as its members . </P> Indian Flag , the first stamp of independent India , released on 21 Nov 1947 , was meant for foreign correspondence . <P> On 14 July 1947 , the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications , so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities . It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones . The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra ( wheel ) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka . According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law . However , Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature , as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel , this design would appear symmetrical . Gandhi was not very pleased by the change , but eventually came around to accepting it . </P> <P> The flag was proposed by Nehru at the Constituent Assembly on 22 July 1947 as a horizontal tricolour of deep saffron , white and dark green in equal proportions , with the Ashoka wheel in blue in the centre of the white band . Nehru also presented two flags , one in Khadi - silk and the other in Khadi - cotton , to the assembly . The resolution was approved unanimously . It served as the national flag of the Dominion of India between 15 August 1947 and 26 January 1950 , and has served as the flag of the Republic of India since then . </P> <H2> Manufacturing process </H2> A header of an Indian flag ( size 6 , date 2007 / 2008 ) certified by the ISI <P> The design and manufacturing process for the national flag is regulated by three documents issued by the Bureau of Indian Standards ( BIS ) . All of the flags are made out of khadi cloth of silk or cotton . The standards were created in 1968 and were updated in 2008 . Nine standard sizes of the flag are specified by law . </P> <P> In 1951 , after India became a republic , the Indian Standards Institute ( now the BIS ) brought out the first official specifications for the flag . These were revised in 1964 to conform to the metric system which was adopted in India . The specifications were further amended on 17 August 1968 . The specifications cover all the essential requirements of the manufacture of the Indian flag including sizes , dye colour , chromatic values , brightness , thread count and hemp cordage . The guidelines are covered under civil and criminal laws and defects in the manufacturing process can result in punishments that include fines or jail terms . </P> <P> Khadi or hand - spun cloth is the only material allowed to be used for the flag , and flying a flag made of any other material is punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , besides a fine . Raw materials for khadi are restricted to cotton , silk and wool . There are two kinds of khadi used : The first is the khadi - bunting which makes up the body of the flag , and the second is the khadi - duck , which is a beige - coloured cloth that holds the flag to the pole . The khadi - duck is an unconventional type of weave that meshes three threads into a weave , compared to the two threads used in conventional weaving . This type of weaving is extremely rare , and there are fewer than twenty weavers in India professing this skill . The guidelines also state that there should be exactly 150 threads per square centimetre , four threads per stitch , and one square foot should weigh exactly 205 grams ( 7.2 oz ) . </P> <P> There are four places in the country licensed to make the cloth for the national flag , they are in Karnataka , Marathwada , Barabanki in UP , and Banetha in Rajasthan . The woven khadi is obtained from two handloom units in the Dharwad and Bagalkot districts of northern Karnataka . Currently , Karnataka Khadi Gramodyoga Samyukta Sangha based in Hubli is the only licensed flag production and supply unit in India . Permission for setting up flag manufacturing units in India is allotted by the Khadi Development and Village Industries Commission , though the BIS has the power to cancel the licences of units that flout guidelines . The hand - woven khadi for the National Flag was initially manufactured at Garag , a small village in the Dharwad district . A Centre was established at Garag in 1954 by a few freedom fighters under the banner of Dharwad Taluk Kshetriya Seva Sangh and obtained the Centre 's licence to make flags . </P> <P> Once woven , the material is sent to the BIS laboratories for testing . After quality testing , the material , if approved , is returned to the factory . It is then separated into three lots which are dyed saffron , white and green . The Ashoka Chakra is screen printed , stencilled or suitably embroidered onto each side of the white cloth . Care also has to be taken that the chakra is completely visible and synchronised on both sides . Three pieces of the required dimension , one of each colour , are then stitched together according to specifications and the final product is ironed and packed . The BIS then checks the colours and only then can the flag be sold . </P> <H2> Protocol </H2> Main article : Flag Code of India Correct horizontal and vertical display of the flag <P> Display and usage of the flag is governed by the Flag Code of India , 2002 ( successor to the Flag Code -- India , the original flag code ) ; the Emblems and Names ( Prevention of Improper Use ) Act , 1950 ; and the Prevention of Insults to National Honour Act , 1971 . Insults to the national flag , including gross affronts or indignities to it , as well as using it in a manner so as to violate the provisions of the Flag Code , are punishable by law with imprisonment up to three years , or a fine , or both . </P> <P> Official regulation states that the flag must never touch the ground or water , or be used as a drapery in any form . The flag may not be intentionally placed upside down , dipped in anything , or hold any objects other than flower petals before unfurling . No sort of lettering may be inscribed on the flag . When out in the open , the flag should always be flown between sunrise and sunset , irrespective of the weather conditions . Prior to 2009 , the flag could be flown on a public building at night under special circumstances ; currently , Indian citizens can fly the flag even at night , subject to the restriction that the flag should be hoisted on a tall flagpole and be well - illuminated . </P> <P> The flag should never be depicted , displayed or flown upside down . Tradition also states that when draped vertically , the flag should not merely be rotated 90degrees , but also reversed . One `` reads '' a flag like the pages of a book , from top to bottom and from left to right , and after rotation the results should be the same . It is considered insulting to display the flag in a frayed or dirty state , and the same rule applies to the flagpoles and halyards used to hoist the flag , which should always be in a proper state of maintenance . </P> <P> The original flag code of India did not allow private citizens to fly the national flag except on national days such as Independence Day or Republic Day . In 2001 , Naveen Jindal , an industrialist used to the more egalitarian use of the flag in the United States where he studied , flew the Indian flag on his office building . The flag was confiscated and he was warned of prosecution . Jindal filed a public interest litigation petition in the High Court of Delhi ; he sought to strike down the restriction on the use of the flag by private citizens , arguing that hoisting the national flag with due decorum and honour was his right as a citizen , and a way of expressing his love for the country . </P> <P> At the end of the appeals process , the case was heard by the Supreme Court of India ; the court ruled in Jindal 's favour , asking the Government of India to consider the matter . The Union Cabinet of India then amended the Indian Flag Code with effect from 26 January 2002 , allowing private citizens to hoist the flag on any day of the year , subject to their safeguarding the dignity , honour and respect of the flag . It is also held that the code was not a statute and restrictions under the code ought to be followed ; also , the right to fly the flag is a qualified right , unlike the absolute rights guaranteed to citizens , and should be interpreted in the context of Article 19 of the Constitution of India . </P> <P> The original flag code also forbade use of the flag on uniforms , costumes and other clothing . In July 2005 , the Government of India amended the code to allow some forms of usage . The amended code forbids usage in clothing below the waist and on undergarments , and forbids embroidering onto pillowcases , handkerchiefs or other dress material . </P> <P> Disposal of damaged flags is also covered by the flag code . Damaged or soiled flags may not be cast aside or disrespectfully destroyed ; they have to be destroyed as a whole in private , preferably by burning or by any other method consistent with the dignity of the flag . </P> <H3> Display </H3> Placement protocol for the Indian flag with another country 's flag <P> The rules regarding the correct methods to display the flag state that when two flags are fully spread out horizontally on a wall behind a podium , their hoists should be towards each other with the saffron stripes uppermost . If the flag is displayed on a short flagpole , this should be mounted at an angle to the wall with the flag draped tastefully from it . If two national flags are displayed on crossed staffs , the hoists must be towards each other and the flags must be fully spread out . The flag should never be used as a cloth to cover tables , lecterns , podiums or buildings , or be draped from railings . </P> <P> Whenever the flag is displayed indoors in halls at public meetings or gatherings of any kind , it should always be on the right ( observers ' left ) , as this is the position of authority . So when the flag is displayed next to a speaker in the hall or other meeting place , it must be placed on the speaker 's right hand . When it is displayed elsewhere in the hall , it should be to the right of the audience . The flag should be displayed completely spread out with the saffron stripe on top . If hung vertically on the wall behind the podium , the saffron stripe should be to the left of the onlookers facing the flag with the hoist cord at the top . </P> A flag procession <P> The flag , when carried in a procession or parade or with another flag or flags , should be on the marching right or alone in the centre at the front . The flag may form a distinctive feature of the unveiling of a statue , monument , or plaque , but should never be used as the covering for the object . As a mark of respect to the flag , it should never be dipped to a person or thing , as opposed to regimental colours , organisational or institutional flags , which may be dipped as a mark of honour . During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the flag , or when the flag is passing in a parade or in a review , all persons present should face the flag and stand at attention . Those present in uniform should render the appropriate salute . When the flag is in a moving column , persons present will stand at attention or salute as the flag passes them . A dignitary may take the salute without a head dress . The flag salutation should be followed by the playing of the national anthem . </P> Indian Flag at the Red Fort , Delhi <P> The privilege of flying the national flag on vehicles is restricted to the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister , Governors and Lieutenant Governors of states , Chief Ministers , Union Ministers , members of the Parliament of India and state legislatures of the Indian states ( Vidhan Sabha and Vidhan Parishad ) , judges of the Supreme Court of India and High Courts , and flag officers of the Army , Navy and Air Force . The flag has to be flown from a staff affixed firmly either on the middle front or to the front right side of the car . When a foreign dignitary travels in a car provided by government , the flag should be flown on the right side of the car while the flag of the foreign country should be flown on the left side . </P> <P> The flag should be flown on the aircraft carrying the President , the Vice-President or the Prime Minister on a visit to a foreign country . Alongside the National Flag , the flag of the country visited should also be flown ; however , when the aircraft lands in countries en route , the national flags of the respective countries would be flown instead . When carrying the president within India , aircraft display the flag on the side the president embarks or disembarks ; the flag is similarly flown on trains , but only when the train is stationary or approaching a railway station . </P> <P> When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags , the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags . When flags are placed in a straight line , the rightmost flag ( leftmost to the observer facing the flag ) is the Indian flag , followed by other national flags in alphabetical order . When placed in a circle , the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically . In such placement , all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag . Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another . In addition to being the first flag , the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically . When placed on crossed poles , the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag , and to the right ( observer 's left ) of the other flag . The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations , which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag . </P> <P> When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags , including corporate flags and advertising banners , the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs , the flag of India should be in the middle , or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers , or at least one flag 's breadth higher than the other flags in the group . Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group , but if they are on the same staff , it must be the uppermost flag . If the flag is carried in procession with other flags , it must be at the head of the marching procession , or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast , it must be carried to the marching right of the procession . </P> <H3> Half - mast </H3> <P> The flag should be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . The decision to do so lies with the President of India , who also decides the period of such mourning . When the flag is to be flown at half mast , it must first be raised to the top of the mast and then slowly lowered . Only the Indian flag is flown half mast ; all other flags remain at normal height . </P> <P> The flag is flown half - mast nationwide on the death of the president , Vice-president or prime minister . It is flown half - mast in New Delhi and the state of origin for the Speaker of the Lok Sabha , Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , and Union Ministers . On deaths of Governors , Lt. Governors and Chief Ministers , the flag is flown at half - mast in the respective states and union territories . </P> <P> The Indian flag can not be flown at half - mast on Republic Day ( 26 January ) , Independence day ( 15 August ) , Gandhi Jayanti ( 2 October ) , National Week ( 6 -- 13 April ) or state formation anniversaries , except over buildings housing the body of the deceased dignitary . However , even in such cases , the flag must be raised to full - mast when the body is moved from the building . </P> <P> Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag at half - mast . </P> <P> On occasions of state , military , central para-military forces funerals , the flag shall be draped over the bier or coffin with the saffron towards the head of the bier or coffin . The flag should not be lowered into the grave or burnt in the pyre . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Indian flags </Li> <Li> Jana Gana Mana </Li> <Li> National Pledge ( India ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : The current flag is an adaptation of Venkayya 's original design , but he is generally credited as the designer of the flag . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Flag Code of India '' . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . 25 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 10 January 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IS 1 ( 1968 ) : Specification for The National Flag of India ( Cotton Khadi , PDF version ) '' ( PDF ) . Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 October 2016 . Retrieved 9 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1968 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) '' . Government of India . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bureau of Indian Standards ( 1979 ) . `` IS 1 : 1968 Specification for the national flag of India ( cotton khadi ) , Amendment 2 '' . Government of India . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Flag code of India , 2002 '' . Fact Sheet . Press Information Bureau , Government of India . 4 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wikipedia articles for the respective colour names </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flag of India '' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 2009 . Archived from the original on 15 December 2008 . Retrieved 2 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Heimer , Željko ( 2 July 2006 ) . `` India '' . Flags of the World . Archived from the original on 18 October 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flag Code of India , 2002 '' . Press Information Bureau . Government of India . 3 April 2002 . Archived from the original on 20 May 2015 . Retrieved 23 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 172 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 498 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Volker Preuß . `` British Raj Marineflagge '' ( in German ) . Archived from the original on 17 September 2005 . Retrieved 4 September 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , p. 174 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 175 -- 176 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 498 -- 499 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Flag for India '' . Luton Times and Advertiser. 21 May 1909 . Retrieved 27 August 2015 -- via British Newspaper Archive . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 176 -- 177 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 504 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 177 -- 178 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , pp. 503 -- 505 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 181 -- 186 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NCERT Text book - CBSE - Class 10 - Social Science </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virmani 1999 , pp. 187 -- 191 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roy 2006 , p. 508 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ India Postage Stamps 1947 -- 1988. ( 1989 ) Philately branch , Department of Posts , India . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Souvenir sheet of the Independence series of stamps , Indian Posts , 1948 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jha 2008 , pp. 106 -- 107 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 11 September 2008 . Retrieved 29 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vattam , Shyam Sundar ( 15 June 2004 ) . `` Why all national flags will be ' Made in Hubli ' '' . Deccan Herald . Archived from the original on 22 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Aruna Chandaraju ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The Flag Town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chandaraju , Aruna ( 15 August 2004 ) . `` The flag town '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 23 September 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The tricolour weavers of Rajasthan 's Dausa are on the decline '' . 11 February 2017 . Archived from the original on 13 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Prevention of Insults To National Honour Act , 1971 '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 January 2017 . Retrieved 30 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Press Trust of India ( 24 December 2009 ) . `` Now , Indians can fly Tricolour at night '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 10 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com. 13 June 2001 . Archived from the original on 21 November 2007 . Retrieved 15 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Union of India v. Navin Jindal '' . Supreme Court of India . Archived from the original on 24 December 2004 . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chadha , Monica ( 6 July 2005 ) . `` Indians can wear flag with pride '' . BBC . Retrieved 18 February 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References </H2> <Ul> <Li> Virmani , Arundhati ( 2008 ) . A National Flag for India . Rituals , Nationalism and the Politics of Sentiment . Delhi , Permanent Black . pp. 356 p . ISBN 81 - 7824 - 232 - X . </Li> <Li> Virmani , Arundhati ( August 1999 ) . `` National Symbols under Colonial Domination : The Nationalization of the Indian Flag , March -- August 1923 '' . Past & Present. 164 : 169 -- 197 . doi : 10.1093 / past / 164.1. 169 . JSTOR 651278 ... </Li> <Li> Roy , Srirupa ( August 2006 ) . `` A Symbol of Freedom : The Indian Flag and the Transformations of Nationalism , 1906 -- '' . Journal of Asian Studies . 65 ( 3 ) . ISSN 0021 - 9118 . OCLC 37893507 . </Li> <Li> Jha , Sadan ( 25 October 2008 ) . `` The Indian National Flag as a site of daily plebiscite '' . Economic and Political Weekly : 102 -- 111 . ISSN 0012 - 9976 . OCLC 1567377 ... </Li> <Li> `` Indian Standards '' ( PDF ) . Bureau of Indian Standards . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . </Li> <Li> `` India '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . </Li> <Li> `` India : Historical Flags '' . Flags of the World . Retrieved 30 June 2005 . </Li> <Li> `` Flying the real tricolour '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . </Li> <Li> `` My Flag , My Country '' . Rediff.com . Retrieved 1 July 2005 . </Li> <Li> Royle , Trevor ( 1997 ) . The Last Days of the Raj . John Murray . p. 217 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 5686 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to National flag of India . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Flag Code of India </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` National Flag '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 26 January 2010 . Retrieved 8 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> `` History of Indian Tricolour '' . National Portal of India . Government of India . Archived from the original on 9 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> `` Flag Code of India '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 19 October 2017 . 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The House of the Rising Sun - wikipedia <H1> The House of the Rising Sun </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see The House of the Rising Sun ( disambiguation ) . <P> `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is a traditional folk song , sometimes called `` Rising Sun Blues '' . It tells of a life gone wrong in New Orleans ; many versions also urge a sibling to avoid the same fate . The most successful commercial version , recorded in 1964 by British rock group the Animals , was a number one hit on the UK Singles Chart and also in the United States and France . As a traditional folk song recorded by an electric rock band , it has been described as the `` first folk rock hit '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Origin and early versions <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Origin </Li> <Li> 1.2 Early folk and blues releases </Li> <Li> 1.3 Van Ronk arrangement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 The Animals ' version <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Recording and releases </Li> <Li> 2.2 Reception </Li> <Li> 2.3 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Frijid Pink version <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Sales and certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Billboard Country Chart <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Jody Miller version </Li> <Li> 4.2 Dolly Parton version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Five Finger Death Punch version </Li> <Li> 6 Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Possible real locations </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Origin and early versions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Origin ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like many classic folk ballads , `` The House of the Rising Sun '' is of uncertain authorship . Musicologists say that it is based on the tradition of broadside ballads , and thematically it has some resemblance to the 16th - century ballad The Unfortunate Rake . According to Alan Lomax , `` Rising Sun '' was used as the name of a bawdy house in two traditional English songs , and it was also a name for English pubs . He further suggested that the melody might be related to a 17th - century folk song , `` Lord Barnard and Little Musgrave '' , also known as `` Matty Groves '' , but a survey by Bertrand Bronson showed no clear relationship between the two songs . Lomax proposed that the location of the house was then relocated from England to New Orleans by white southern performers . However , Vance Randolph proposed an alternative French origin , the `` rising sun '' referring to the decorative use of the sunburst insignia dating to the time of Louis XIV , which was brought to North America by French immigrants . </P> <P> `` House of Rising Sun '' was said to have been known by miners in 1905 . The oldest published version of the lyrics is that printed by Robert Winslow Gordon in 1925 , in a column `` Old Songs That Men Have Sung '' in Adventure Magazine . The lyrics of that version begin : </P> <P> There is a house in New Orleans , it 's called the Rising Sun </P> <P> It 's been the ruin of many a poor girl </P> Great God , and I for one <P> The oldest known recording of the song , under the title `` Rising Sun Blues '' , is by Appalachian artists Clarence `` Tom '' Ashley and Gwen Foster , who recorded it for Vocalion Records on September 6 , 1933 . Ashley said he had learned it from his grandfather , Enoch Ashley . Roy Acuff , an `` early - day friend and apprentice '' of Ashley 's , learned it from him and recorded it as `` Rising Sun '' on November 3 , 1938 . Several older blues recordings of songs with similar titles are unrelated , for example , `` Rising Sun Blues '' by Ivy Smith ( 1927 ) and `` The Risin ' Sun '' by Texas Alexander ( 1928 ) . </P> <P> The song was among those collected by folklorist Alan Lomax , who , along with his father , was a curator of the Archive of American Folk Song for the Library of Congress . On an expedition with his wife to eastern Kentucky , Lomax set up his recording equipment in Middlesboro , Kentucky , in the house of singer and activist Tilman Cadle . In 1937 he recorded a performance by Georgia Turner , the 16 - year - old daughter of a local miner . He called it The Rising Sun Blues . Lomax later recorded a different version sung by Bert Martin and a third sung by Daw Henson , both eastern Kentucky singers . In his 1941 songbook Our Singing Country , Lomax credits the lyrics to Turner , with reference to Martin 's version . </P> <H3> Early folk and Blues releases ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1941 , Woody Guthrie recorded a version . A recording made in 1947 by Libby Holman and Josh White ( who is also credited with having written new words and music that have subsequently been popularized in the versions made by many other later artists ) was released by Mercury Records in 1950 . White learned the song from a `` white hillbilly singer '' , who might have been Ashley , in North Carolina in 1923 -- 1924 . Lead Belly recorded two versions of the song , in February 1944 and in October 1948 , called `` In New Orleans '' and `` The House of the Rising Sun '' , respectively ; the latter was recorded in sessions that were later used on the album Lead Belly 's Last Sessions ( 1994 , Smithsonian Folkways ) . </P> <P> In 1957 Glenn Yarbrough recorded the song for Elektra Records . The song is also credited to Ronnie Gilbert on an album by The Weavers released in the late 1940s or early 1950s . Pete Seeger released a version on Folkways Records in 1958 , which was re-released by Smithsonian Folkways in 2009 . Andy Griffith recorded the song on his 1959 album Andy Griffith Shouts the Blues and Old Timey Songs . In 1960 Miriam Makeba recorded the song on her eponymous RCA album . </P> <P> Joan Baez recorded it in 1960 on her self - titled debut album ; she frequently performed the song in concert throughout her career . Nina Simone recorded her first version for the album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962 . Tim Hardin sang it on This is Tim Hardin , recorded in 1964 but not released until 1967 . The Chambers Brothers recorded a version on Feelin ' the Blues , released on Vault records ( 1970 ) . </P> <H3> Van Ronk arrangement ( edit ) </H3> <P> In late 1961 , Bob Dylan recorded the song for his debut album , released in March 1962 . That release had no songwriting credit , but the liner notes indicate that Dylan learned this version of the song from Dave Van Ronk . In an interview for the documentary No Direction Home , Van Ronk said that he was intending to record the song and that Dylan copied his version . Van Ronk recorded it soon thereafter for the album Just Dave Van Ronk . </P> <P> I had learned it sometime in the 1950s , from a recording by Hally Wood , the Texas singer and collector , who had got it from an Alan Lomax field recording by a Kentucky woman named Georgia Turner . I put a different spin on it by altering the chords and using a bass line that descended in half steps -- a common enough progression in jazz , but unusual among folksingers . By the early 1960s , the song had become one of my signature pieces , and I could hardly get off the stage without doing it . </P> <H2> The Animals ' version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` The House of the Rising Sun '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Artwork for US release </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Animals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Animals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Talkin ' ' bout You '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> <P> June 19 , 1964 ( 1964 - 06 - 19 ) ( UK ) </P> August 1964 ( USA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 - inch single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> May 18 , 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Folk rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 59 , 4 : 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia Graphophone </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Traditional , arranged by Alan Price </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mickie Most </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Animals singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'm Crying '' ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> An interview with Eric Burdon revealed that he first heard the song in a club in Newcastle , England , where it was sung by the Northumbrian folk singer Johnny Handle . The Animals were on tour with Chuck Berry and chose it because they wanted something distinctive to sing . </P> <P> The Animals ' version transposes the narrative of the song from the point of view of a woman led into a life of degradation to that of a man whose father was now a gambler and drunkard , rather than the sweetheart in earlier versions . </P> <P> The Animals had begun featuring their arrangement of `` House of the Rising Sun '' during a joint concert tour with Chuck Berry , using it as their closing number to differentiate themselves from acts that always closed with straight rockers . It got a tremendous reaction from the audience , convincing initially reluctant producer Mickie Most that it had hit potential , and between tour stops the group went to a small recording studio on Kingsway in London to capture it . </P> <H3> Recording and releases ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song was recorded in just one take on May 18 , 1964 , and it starts with a now - famous electric guitar A minor chord arpeggio by Hilton Valentine . According to Valentine , he simply took Dylan 's chord sequence and played it as an arpeggio . The performance takes off with Burdon 's lead vocal , which has been variously described as `` howling , '' `` soulful , '' and as `` ... deep and gravelly as the north - east English coal town of Newcastle that spawned him . '' Finally , Alan Price 's pulsating organ part ( played on a Vox Continental ) completes the sound . Burdon later said , `` We were looking for a song that would grab people 's attention . '' </P> <P> As recorded , `` House of the Rising Sun '' ran four and a half minutes , regarded as far too long for a pop single at the time . Producer Most , who initially did not really want to record the song at all , said that on this occasion : `` Everything was in the right place ... It only took 15 minutes to make so I ca n't take much credit for the production '' . He was nonetheless now a believer and declared it a single at its full length , saying `` We 're in a microgroove world now , we will release it . '' </P> <P> In the United States however , the original single ( MGM 13264 ) was a 2 : 58 version . The MGM Golden Circle reissue ( KGC 179 ) featured the unedited 4 : 29 version , although the record label gives the edited playing time of 2 : 58 . The edited version was included on the group 's 1964 U.S. debut album The Animals , while the full version was later included on their best - selling 1966 U.S. greatest hits album , The Best of the Animals . However , the very first American release of the full - length version was on a 1965 album of various groups entitled Mickie Most Presents British Go - Go ( MGM SE - 4306 ) , the cover of which , under the listing of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , described it as the `` Original uncut version . '' Americans could also hear the complete version in the movie Go Go Mania in the spring of 1965 . </P> <P> `` House of the Rising Sun '' was not included on any of the group 's British albums , but it was reissued as a single twice in subsequent decades , charting both times , reaching number 25 in 1972 and number 11 in 1982 , using the famous Wittlesbach organ . </P> <P> The Animals version was played in 6 / 8 meter , unlike the 4 / 4 of most earlier versions . Arranging credit went only to Alan Price . According to Burdon , this was simply because there was insufficient room to name all five band members on the record label , and Alan Price 's first name was first alphabetically . However , this meant that only Price received songwriter 's royalties for the hit , a fact that has caused bitterness ever since , especially with Valentine . </P> <H3> Reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` House of the Rising Sun '' was a trans - Atlantic hit : after reaching the top of the UK pop singles chart in July 1964 , it topped the U.S. pop singles chart two months later , on September 5 , 1964 , where it stayed for three weeks , and became the first British Invasion number one unconnected with the Beatles . It was the group 's breakthrough hit in both countries and became their signature song . The song was also a hit in a number of other countries , including Ireland , where it reached No. 10 and dropped off the charts one week later . </P> <P> Bob Dylan said he first heard The Animals ' version on his car radio and `` jumped out of his car seat '' because he liked it so much ; but he stopped playing the song after the Animals ' recording became a hit because fans accused him of plagiarism . Dave Van Ronk said that The Animals ' version -- like Dylan 's version before it -- was based on his arrangement of the song . </P> <P> Dave Marsh described the Animals ' take on `` The House of the Rising Sun '' as `` ... the first folk - rock hit , '' sounding `` ... as if they 'd connected the ancient tune to a live wire . '' Writer Ralph McLean of the BBC agreed that `` It was arguably the first folk rock tune , '' calling it `` a revolutionary single '' , after which `` the face of modern music was changed forever . '' </P> <P> The Animals ' rendition of the song is recognized as one of the classics of British pop music . Writer Lester Bangs labeled it `` a brilliant rearrangement '' and `` a new standard rendition of an old standard composition . '' It ranked number 122 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' . It is also one of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's `` 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll '' . The RIAA ranked it number 240 on their list of `` Songs of the Century '' . In 1999 it received a Grammy Hall of Fame Award . It has long since become a staple of oldies and classic rock radio formats . A 2005 Channel Five poll ranked it as Britain 's fourth - favourite number one song . </P> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1964 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand ( Listener ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1972 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1982 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Where Did Our Love Go '' by The Supremes </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot 100 number - one single September 5 , 1964 -- September 19 , 1964 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Oh , Pretty Woman '' by Roy Orbison </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` It 's Over '' by Roy Orbison </Td> <Td> UK Singles Chart number - one single July 9 , 1964 -- July 15 , 1964 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` It 's All Over Now '' by The Rolling Stones </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Frijid Pink version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` House of the Rising Sun '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Artwork for Danish , French and German releases ( French pressing pictured ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Frijid Pink </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Frijid Pink </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Drivin ' Blues '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> March 1970 ( 1970 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 - inch single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Psychedelic rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 44 ( album ) 3 : 23 ( single ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Parrot Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Traditional , arranged by Alan Price </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Michael Valvano </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Frijid Pink singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) </Td> <Td> `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1970 ) </Td> <Td> `` Sing a Song for Freedom '' ( 1970 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1969 , the Detroit band Frijid Pink recorded a psychedelic version of `` House of the Rising Sun '' , which became an international hit in 1970 . Their version is in 4 / 4 time ( like Van Ronk 's and most earlier versions , rather than the 6 / 8 used by the Animals ) and was driven by Gary Ray Thompson 's distorted guitar with fuzz and wah - wah effects , set against the frenetic drumming of Richard Stevers . </P> <P> According to Stevers , the Frijid Pink recording of `` House of the Rising Sun '' was done impromptu when there was time left over at a recording session booked for the group at the Tera Shirma Recording Studios . Stevers later played snippets from that session 's tracks for Paul Cannon , the music director of Detroit 's premier rock radio station , WKNR ; the two knew each other , as Cannon was the father of Stevers 's girlfriend . Stevers recalled , `` we went through the whole thing and ( and Cannon ) did n't say much . Then ' House ( of the Rising Sun ) ' started up and I immediately turned it off because it was n't anything I really wanted him to hear . '' However , Cannon was intrigued and had Stevers play the complete track for him , then advising Stevers , `` Tell Parrot ( Frijid Pink 's label ) to drop God Gave Me You ( the group 's current single ) and go with this one . '' </P> <P> Frijid Pink 's `` House of the Rising Sun '' debuted at # 29 on the WKNR hit parade dated January 6 , 1970 and broke nationally after some seven weeks -- during which the track was re-serviced to radio three times -- with a number 73 debut on the Hot 100 in Billboard dated February 27 , 1970 ( number 97 Canada 1970 / 01 / 31 ) with a subsequent three - week ascent to the Top 30 en route to a Hot 100 peak of number 7 on April 4 , 1970 . The certification of the Frijid Pink single `` House of the Rising Sun '' as a gold record for domestic sales of one million units was reported in the issue of Billboard dated May 30 , 1970 . </P> <P> The Frijid Pink single of `` House of the Rising Sun '' would give the song its most widespread international success , with Top Ten status reached in Austria ( number 3 ) , Belgium ( Flemish region , number 6 ) , Canada ( number 3 ) , Denmark ( number 3 ) , Germany ( two weeks at number 1 ) , Greece , Ireland ( number 7 ) , Israel ( number 4 ) , the Netherlands ( number 3 ) , Norway ( seven weeks at number 1 ) , Poland ( number 2 ) , Sweden ( number 6 ) , Switzerland ( number 2 ) , and the UK ( number 4 ) . The single also charted in Australia ( number 14 ) , France ( number 36 ) , and Italy ( number 54 ) . </P> <H3> Sales and certifications ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Billboard country chart ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song has twice been a hit record on Billboard 's country chart . </P> <H3> Jody Miller version ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1973 , Jody Miller 's version reached number 29 on the country charts and number 41 on the adult contemporary chart . </P> <H3> Dolly Parton version ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` The House of the Rising Sun '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Artwork for German release </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Dolly Parton </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Workin ' Girl '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 1981 ( 1981 - 09 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 - inch single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> November 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> RCA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Traditional </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Mike Post </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dolly Parton singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` The House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` But You Know I Love You '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 1981 ) </Td> <Td> `` Single Women '' ( 1982 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In September 1981 , Dolly Parton released a cover of the song as the third single from her album 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs . Like Miller 's earlier country hit , Parton 's remake returns the song to its original lyric of being about a fallen woman . The Parton version makes it quite blunt , with a few new lyric lines that were written by Parton . Parton 's remake reached number 14 on the U.S. country singles chart and crossed over to the pop charts , where it reached number 77 on the Billboard Hot 100 ; it also reached number 30 on the U.S. adult contemporary chart . Parton has occasionally performed the song live , including on her 1987 -- 88 television show , in an episode taped in New Orleans . </P> <H2> Five Finger Death Punch version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` House of the Rising Sun '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Five Finger Death Punch </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> February 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 02 - 03 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> November 2013 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Hard rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Prospect Park </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Traditional </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Five Finger Death Punch singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Battle Born '' ( 2013 ) </Td> <Td> `` House of the Rising Sun '' ( 2014 ) </Td> <Td> `` Mama Said Knock You Out '' ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The American heavy metal band Five Finger Death Punch released a cover of `` House of the Rising Sun '' on their fifth studio album , The Wrong Side of Heaven and the Righteous Side of Hell , Volume 2 , which was later released as the album 's second single and the band 's third single of the Wrong Side era . The references to New Orleans have been changed to Sin City , a reference to the negative effects of gambling in Las Vegas . The song was a top ten hit on mainstream rock radio in the United States . It also in the video game Guitar Hero Live . </P> <H2> Johnny Hallyday version ( in French ) ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Le Pénitencier '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Johnny Hallyday </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album ' Le Pénitencier ' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> October 1964 ( 1964 - 10 ) ( France ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 - inch single , 25 - cm LP </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> September 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Philips </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Hugues Aufray / Vline Buggy , Alan Price </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Lee Hallyday </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Johnny Hallyday singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Les Mauvais garçons '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` Le Pénitencier '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` Un ami ça n'a pas de prix '' ( 1965 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live on French TV , 1966 ) `` Le Pénitencier '' ( Live at the Théâtre de Paris , 2013 ) on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The song was covered in French by Johnny Hallyday . His version ( titled `` Le Pénitencier '' ) was released in October 1964 and spent one week at no . 1 on the singles sales chart in France ( from October 17 to 23 ) . In Wallonia ( French Belgium ) his single spent 28 weeks on the chart , also peaking at number 1 . </P> <P> He performed the song during his 2014 USA tour . </P> <H3> Charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1964 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> France ( singles sales ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Possible real locations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Various places in New Orleans have been proposed as the inspiration for the song , with varying plausibility . The phrase `` House of the Rising Sun '' is often understood as a euphemism for a brothel , but it is not known whether or not the house described in the lyrics was an actual or a fictitious place . One theory is that the song is about a woman who killed her father , an alcoholic gambler who had beaten his wife . Therefore , the House of the Rising Sun may be a jailhouse , from which one would be the first person to see the sun rise ( an idea supported by the lyric mentioning `` a ball and chain , '' though that phrase has been slang for marital relationships for at least as long as the song has been in print ) . Because women often sang the song , another theory is that the House of the Rising Sun was where prostitutes were detained while treated for syphilis . Since cures with mercury were ineffective , going back was very unlikely . </P> 1867 ad noting the `` Rising Sun Coffee House '' building for rent or lease <P> Only three candidates that use the name Rising Sun have historical evidence -- from old city directories and newspapers . The first was a small , short - lived hotel on Conti Street in the French Quarter in the 1820s . It burned down in 1822 . An excavation and document search in early 2005 found evidence that supported this claim , including an advertisement with language that may have euphemistically indicated prostitution . Archaeologists found an unusually large number of pots of rouge and cosmetics at the site . </P> <P> The second possibility was a `` Rising Sun Hall '' listed in late 19th - century city directories on what is now Cherokee Street , at the riverfront in the uptown Carrollton neighborhood , which seems to have been a building owned and used for meetings of a Social Aid and Pleasure Club , commonly rented out for dances and functions . It also is no longer extant . Definite links to gambling or prostitution ( if any ) are undocumented for either of these buildings . </P> <P> A third was `` The Rising Sun '' , which advertised in several local newspapers in the 1860s , located on what is now the lake side of the 100 block of Decatur Street . In various advertisements it is described as a `` Restaurant , '' a `` Lager Beer Salon , '' and a `` Coffee House . '' At the time , New Orleans businesses listed as coffee houses often also sold alcoholic beverages . </P> <P> Dave Van Ronk claimed in his biography `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' that at one time when he was in New Orleans someone approached him with a number of old photos of the city from the turn of the century . Among them `` was a picture of a forbidding stone doorway with a carving on the lintel of a stylized rising sun ... It was the Orleans Parish women 's prison . '' </P> <P> Bizarre New Orleans , a guidebook on New Orleans , asserts that the real house was at 1614 Esplanade Avenue between 1862 and 1874 and was said to have been named after its madam , Marianne LeSoleil Levant , whose surname means `` the rising sun '' in French . </P> <P> Another guidebook , Offbeat New Orleans , asserts that the real House of the Rising Sun was at 826 -- 830 St. Louis St. between 1862 and 1874 , also purportedly named for Marianne LeSoleil Levant . The building still stands , and Eric Burdon , after visiting at the behest of the owner , said , `` The house was talking to me . '' </P> <P> There is a contemporary B&B called the House of the Rising Sun , decorated in brothel style . The owners are fans of the song , but there is no connection with the original place . </P> <P> Not everyone believes that the house actually existed . Pamela D. Arceneaux , a research librarian at the Williams Research Center in New Orleans , is quoted as saying : </P> <P> I have made a study of the history of prostitution in New Orleans and have often confronted the perennial question , `` Where is the House of the Rising Sun ? '' without finding a satisfactory answer . Although it is generally assumed that the singer is referring to a brothel , there is actually nothing in the lyrics that indicate that the `` house '' is a brothel . Many knowledgeable persons have conjectured that a better case can be made for either a gambling hall or a prison ; however , to paraphrase Freud : sometimes lyrics are just lyrics . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : York , Barry ( July 9 , 2004 ) . `` House of worship '' . The Age . Retrieved January 12 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dave Marsh , The Heart of Rock & Soul : The 1001 Greatest Singles Ever Made , NAL , 1989 . Entry # 91 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McLean , Ralph . `` Stories Behind the Song : ' House of the Rising Sun ' '' . BBC . BBC . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2011 . Retrieved May 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 21 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sullivan , Steve ( 2013 ) . Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 9780810882966 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Matteson , Jr. , Richard L. , Richard Matteson . Bluegrass Picker 's Tune Book . Mel Bay Music . p. 111 . ISBN 9781609745523 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` House of the Rising Sun - the History and the Song '' . BBC h2g2 . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved December 26 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Harvey , Todd ( 2001 ) . The Formative Dylan : Transmission and Stylistic Influences 1961 - 1963 . Scarecrow Press . pp. 48 -- 50 . ISBN 978 - 0810841154 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steve Sullivan , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 1 , Scarecrow Press ( 2013 ) ISBN 0810882965 , 9780810882966 , p. 98 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The same opening lyrics are in the first recorded version in 1933 : Robert B. Waltz and David G. Engle , `` House of the Rising Sun , The , '' The Traditional Ballad Index , 4.0 , Fresno State University , ( 2016 ) ( accessed October 19 , 2016 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Pete Seeger - American Favorite Ballads '' ( PDF ) . Volume 2 ( pages 11 -- 12 ) . Smithsonian Folkways. 2009 . pp. 27 -- 28 . Retrieved December 4 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unterberger , Richie . `` This is Tim Hardin '' . Allmusic . Retrieved February 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Mayor of MacDougal Street , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 81479 - 2 , p. 115 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : BBC Radio 4 program January 18 , 2008 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eric Burdon , I Used to Be an Animal , but I 'm All Right Now , Faber and Faber , 1986 , pp. 60 - 62 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ray Marshall , `` The rise of supergroup '' , Newcastle Evening Chronicle , August 17 , 2005 . Accessed May 5 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 146 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gina Vivinetto , `` More animal magnetism '' , St. Petersburg Times , January 15 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' House of the Rising Sun `` '' . Archived from the original on 27 April 2007 . Retrieved 3 May 2007 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) , Rolling Stone , posted December 9 , 2004 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Jon Kutner , Spencer Leigh , 1000 UK Number One Hits , Omnibus Press , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sullivan , S. ( 2013 ) , Encyclopedia of Great Popular Song Recordings , Volume 2 , Scarecrow Press , ISBN 978 - 0810882959 , p. 99 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anthony , Ted ( 2007 ) . Chasing the Rising Sun : The Journey of an American Song . Simon & Schuster . p. 149 . ISBN 9781416539308 . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Animals '' , Rock and Roll Hall of Fame , 1994 . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Muze article , `` Best Of The Animals ( Abkco ) '' , Tower Records . Accessed May 4 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dave Van Ronk : The Mayor of MacDougal Street . Then , sometime in 1968 , Eric Burdon and the Animals made a number - one chart hit out of the damn thing . Same arrangement . I would have loved to sue for royalties , but I found that it is impossible to defend the copyright on an arrangement . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lester Bangs , The British Invasion , in The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll , 1980 , p. 176 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles : Issue 4715 . '' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- The House of the Rising Sun '' . Irish Singles Chart . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- The Animals -- The House of the Rising Sun '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hung , Steffen . `` charts.org.nz - Forum - 1964 Chart ( General ) '' . charts.org.nz . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Animals : Artist Chart History '' . Official Charts Company . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Animals Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frijid Pink entry , Allmusic . Accessed May 19 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David A. Carson . Grit , Noise , and Revolution : The Birth of Detroit Rock ' n ' Roll The University of Michigan Press ( 2009 reprint ) p. 239 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Frijid Pink -- House of the Rising Sun '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Le pénitencier - Johnny Hallyday - Hit-Parade.net '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` spanishcharts.com - Johnny Hallyday - Le pénitencier '' . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Le Pénitencier -- Wikipédia </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Johnny Hallyday -- Le pénitencier '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Unknown title '' . New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) . Archived from the original on 20 February 2009 . Retrieved 26 December 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New Digs For Old Things , June 26 , 2007 , New Orleans Net ( NOLA ) , retrieved December 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LEJ 's Blog '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Ronk , Dave and Wald , Elijah , `` The Mayor of MacDougal Street '' 2005 , Da Capo Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 306 - 82216 - 2 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` In Search of the House of the Rising Sun '' . ABC News . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ B&B site , more theories </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Songfacts `` House Of The Rising Sun '' entry </Li> <Li> The sheet music </Li> <Li> The REAL Meaning Behind The Song `` House Of The Rising Sun </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bob Dylan ( album ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Side one </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` You 're No Good '' </Li> <Li> `` Talkin ' New York '' </Li> <Li> `` In My Time of Dyin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Man of Constant Sorrow '' </Li> <Li> `` Fixin ' to Die '' </Li> <Li> `` Pretty Peggy - O '' </Li> <Li> `` Highway 51 '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Side two </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Gospel Plow '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby , Let Me Follow You Down '' </Li> <Li> `` House of the Risin ' Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` Freight Train Blues '' </Li> <Li> `` Song to Woody '' </Li> <Li> `` See That My Grave Is Kept Clean '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Animals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The ( Original ) Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 , 1977 , 1983 ) : Eric Burdon </Li> <Li> Chas Chandler </Li> <Li> Mick Gallagher </Li> <Li> Barry Jenkins </Li> <Li> Alan Price </Li> <Li> Dave Rowberry </Li> <Li> John Steel </Li> <Li> Hilton Valentine </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Eric Burdon & The ( New ) Animals ( 1966 -- 1969 ) : Vic Briggs </Li> <Li> Eric Burdon </Li> <Li> Barry Jenkins </Li> <Li> Danny McCulloch </Li> <Li> Zoot Money </Li> <Li> Andy Summers </Li> <Li> John Weider </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> The Animals ( 1962 -- 1966 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ( UK ) The Animals </Li> <Li> Animal Tracks </Li> <Li> Animalisms ( US ) The Animals </Li> <Li> The Animals on Tour </Li> <Li> Animal Tracks </Li> <Li> Animalization </Li> <Li> Animalism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eric Burdon and the Animals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eric Is Here ( US only ) </Li> <Li> Winds of Change </Li> <Li> The Twain Shall Meet </Li> <Li> Every One of Us ( US only ) </Li> <Li> Love Is </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Animals ( 1977 , 1983 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Before We Were So Rudely Interrupted </Li> <Li> Ark </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Best of The Animals ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> The Greatest Hits of Eric Burdon and The Animals </Li> <Li> The Most of Animals </Li> <Li> The Best of The Animals ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Best of The Animals ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Absolute Animals 1964 -- 1968 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hit singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Baby Let Me Take You Home '' </Li> <Li> `` The House of the Rising Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Crying '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Let Me Be Misunderstood '' </Li> <Li> `` Bring It On Home to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` We Gotta Get out of This Place '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Inside - Looking Out '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Bring Me Down '' </Li> <Li> `` See See Rider '' </Li> <Li> `` Help Me Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` When I Was Young '' </Li> <Li> `` Good Times '' </Li> <Li> `` San Franciscan Nights '' </Li> <Li> `` Monterey '' </Li> <Li> `` Sky Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` The Night '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Animals discography </Li> <Li> Eric Burdon discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sandi Thom </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Smile ... It Confuses People </Li> <Li> The Pink & the Lily </Li> <Li> Merchants and Thieves </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Wish I Was a Punk Rocker ( With Flowers in My Hair ) '' </Li> <Li> `` What If I 'm Right '' </Li> <Li> `` Lonely Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` The Devil 's Beat '' </Li> <Li> `` Saturday Night '' </Li> <Li> `` This Ol ' World '' </Li> <Li> `` Gold Dust '' </Li> <Li> `` House of the Rising Sun '' </Li> <Li> `` Maggie McCall '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> RCA Records </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dolly Parton </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Albums </Li> <Li> Singles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hello , I 'm Dolly ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Just Because I 'm a Woman ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> In the Good Old Days ( When Times Were Bad ) ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> My Blue Ridge Mountain Boy ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> The Fairest of Them All ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Golden Streets of Glory ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Joshua ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Coat of Many Colors ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Touch Your Woman ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> My Favorite Songwriter , Porter Wagoner ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> My Tennessee Mountain Home ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Bubbling Over ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Jolene ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Love Is Like a Butterfly ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Bargain Store ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Dolly ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> All I Can Do ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> New Harvest ... First Gathering ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Here You Come Again ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Heartbreaker ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Great Balls of Fire ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Dolly , Dolly , Dolly ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> 9 to 5 and Odd Jobs ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Heartbreak Express ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Burlap & Satin ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Pretender ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Real Love ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Rainbow ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> White Limozeen ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Eagle When She Flies ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Slow Dancing with the Moon ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Something Special ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Treasures ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hungry Again ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> The Grass Is Blue ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Little Sparrow ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Halos & Horns ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> For God and Country ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Those Were The Days ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Backwoods Barbie ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Better Day ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Blue Smoke ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Pure & Simple ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> As Long as I Love ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> The Best of Dolly Parton ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Just the Way I Am ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Mine ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Best of Dolly Parton ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Dolly Parton 's Greatest Hits ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Collector 's Series ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Think About Love ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Best There Is ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Best of Dolly Parton , Vol. 3 ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> I Will Always Love You and Other Greatest Hits ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Ultimate Dolly Parton ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Singer , Songwriter & Legendary Performer ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> 16 Biggest Hits ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Playlist : The Very Best of Dolly Parton ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Dolly ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Exclusives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Precious Memories ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Sha - Kon - O - Hey ! 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( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> An Evening with Belafonte / Makeba ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> The Magic of Makeba ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> The Magnificent Miriam Makeba ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> All About Miriam ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Pata Pata ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Makeba ! 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_House_of_the_Rising_Sun&oldid=818093585 | -1,235,156,643,868,189,000 |
Lost in London - wikipedia <H1> Lost in London </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Lost in London </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Woody Harrelson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Woody Harrelson Ken Kao </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Woody Harrelson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Woody Harrelson Owen Wilson Willie Nelson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Nigel Willoughby </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 19 January 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 19 ) ( London ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 100 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> UK </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Lost in London is a 2017 American comedy film written and directed by Woody Harrelson . The film stars Harrelson , Owen Wilson and Willie Nelson . The film was shot and screened live in select theatres on 19 January 2017 . It is the first time a film was live broadcast into theatres . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast </Li> <Li> 2 Development </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Woody Harrelson as himself </Li> <Li> Eleanor Matsuura as Laura , Woody 's wife </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson as himself </Li> <Li> Willie Nelson as himself </Li> <Li> Martin McCann as Paddy </Li> <Li> Sean Power as Dave </Li> <Li> Amir El - Masry as Omar </Li> <Li> David Mumeni as Alan </Li> <Li> David Avery as Sayed </Li> <Li> Nathan Willcocks as Eugene </Li> <Li> Bono as himself ( voice ) </Li> <Li> Ali Hewson as herself ( voice ) </Li> <Li> Daniel Radcliffe as himself </Li> </Ul> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> Woody Harrelson in 2016 <P> The idea for the film came to Harrelson following a night out in Chinawhite , a club in Soho , in 2002 . He broke an ashtray in a London taxicab , which led to him being chased by police in a different taxicab , and spending a night in jail . In the film , Harrelson , Wilson and Nelson play themselves in a story based on the real event , where Harrelson struggles to get home , while running into friends and members of a royal family . </P> <P> Harrelson announced the film in September 2016 . According to Harrelson , the film contains 30 cast members and 14 shooting locations . The film also includes car and foot chase scenes . It is the first film that Harrelson has directed . The film was produced by Harrelson and Ken Kao of Waypoint Entertainment , while Fathom Events assisted in the live production . Nigel Willoughby is the cinematographer . They began shooting the film at 2 : 00 a.m. UTC on 20 January , and it was broadcast in over 550 theatres in the United States starting at 9 : 00 p.m. EST and 6 : 00 p.m. PST on 19 January . The film was shot in a single take with one camera . The running time is approximately 100 minutes . After the live showing , Harrelson participated in a question and answer session . In addition to Harrelson , Wilson and Nelson , Zrinka Cvitešić were also cast . The film officially premiered in London on 27 January 2017 . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 75 % based on 8 reviews , and an average rating of 6.3 / 10 . </P> <P> Writing for the London Evening Standard , Nick Curtis judged Harrelson 's film , `` A daft idea , the kind of mad , experimental challenge dreamed up by stoned film nerds after a Hitchcock all - nighter , but one he pulled off with considerable wit and brio . Lost In London is not a great film . How could it be when character and plot are slaves to the concept , when all we have is the frame of a single camera ? But it is a brilliant technical and logistical achievement , especially from a first - time director previously known for comedy and character roles , and a hippyish devotion to marijuana . Laced with self - mockery , it 's very funny , and far better than we had any right to expect . '' </P> <P> In The Daily Telegraph , Tim Robey found , `` It went alright on the night , with no hideous glitches '' , adding that , `` Breaking new ground with this live experiment was only a matter of time , and single - take gambits of its ilk have been dabbled in for years . Had the technology allowed him back in 2000 , Mike Figgis would surely have shown his brilliant , split - screen Timecode this way . Harrelson acknowledges his debt to the mesmeric German thriller Victoria , with its similar sense of urban emergency . '' Robey praised Harrelson and Owen Wilson 's trading of insults , before concluding , `` ( ... ) the film lurches to a halt more with relief that it 's crossed the finish line than with anything you 'd call an elegant climax . Who knows what it 'll look like down the line as a record of its own premiere -- the live - streaming may well have been its oxygen . But we did watch the boundaries crumble outright between live performance and real , on - the - hoof film - making , to amply entertaining effect . '' </P> <P> Ryan Gilbey , reviewing the film for The Guardian , noted that , `` Actors who try their hand as a director typically start off with something small - scale -- a sensitive coming - of - age story , say , such as Jodie Foster 's Little Man Tate or Robert De Niro 's A Bronx Tale . With Lost in London , Harrelson went as far in the opposite direction as one can imagine . This was edge - of - the - seat , seat - of - the - pants film - making . He did n't just jump in at the deep end : he did so into shark - filled waters . '' Overall , Gilbey wrote , `` Bumps and wrinkles in the film would doubtless have been remedied with the luxury of reshoots . ( ... ) Nothing , though , will quite match the sensation of having watched the messy but miraculous birth of a genuine oddity : part celebrity satire , part mea culpa , part site - specific , one - night - only art installation . '' </P> <P> Lost in London was favourably reviewed by Jason Solomons on BBC Radio 4 's Front Row on 20 January 2017 , having previewed it the evening before . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Woody Harrelson Will Make History With World 's First - Ever ' Live Cinema ' Movie -- Exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . December 15 , 2016 . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Busis , Hillary . `` See Jennifer Lawrence , Justin Timberlake , and More Roast Woody Harrelson '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Lost in London ' movie release date , latest news : Woody Harrelson stars in first - ever live streamed movie '' . The Christian Times . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gilbey , Ryan ( 17 January 2017 ) . `` Live - shooting with Woody Harrelson at 2am : ' There 's something about the terror of it I love ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Harrelson 's Lost in London to be shot and screened live '' . RTÉ.ie . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lodderhose , Diana ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Woody Harrelson Writes , Directs & Stars In Live - Event Film ' Lost In London ' With Owen Wilson & Willie Nelson '' . Deadline . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pulver , Andrew ( December 15 , 2016 ) . `` Woody Harrelson 's Lost in London film to shoot and screen live '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 January 2017 -- via The Guardian . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Woody Harrelson on His Crazy , Live Directorial Debut ' Lost in London ' '' . Collider . January 16 , 2017 . Retrieved 17 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harrelson to shoot ' Lost in London ' in real time '' . Newsday . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Croatian Actress Zrinka Cvitešić With Woody Harrelson in Upcoming Live Movie '' . Total Croatia News . Retrieved 14 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lost in London Live ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Curtis , Nick ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` Lost In London , film review : Self - mocking romp is far better than we had any right to expect '' . London Evening Standard . London . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robey , Tim ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` Lost in London review : Woody Harrelson breaks boundaries with supercharged Allen-esque live film '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gilbey , Ryan ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` Lost in London review : Woody Harrelson 's live movie is a miraculous oddity '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 24 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Presenter : John Wilson ; Producer : Rachel Simpson ( 20 January 2017 ) . `` Front Row : Siobhan Davies , Peter Bazalgette , Lost in London , Royal Albert Hall ticket resales '' . Front Row. 10 : 42 minutes in . BBC . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Presenter : Kirsty Lang ( 19 January 2017 ) . `` Front Row : Urban myths , Author Michael Chabon , The Snow Maiden opera , Presidents on film '' . Front Row. 13 : 00 minutes in . BBC . BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lost in London on IMDb </Li> <Li> Lost in London at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lost_in_London&oldid=849375306 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> Films set in London </Li> <Li> Directorial debut films </Li> <Li> British comedy films </Li> <Li> 2010s comedy - drama films </Li> <Li> British drama films </Li> <Li> Biographical films </Li> <Li> Films about actors </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from June 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 8 July 2018 , at 15 : 09 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Dead Sea - wikipedia <H1> Dead Sea </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the novel , see Dead Sea ( novel ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Dead Sea ים המלח ( in Hebrew ) البحر الميت ( in Arabic ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> A view of the sea from the Israeli shore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Israel Jordan Palestine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E / 31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E / 31.500 ; 35.500 Coordinates : 31 ° 30 ′ N 35 ° 30 ′ E / 31.500 ° N 35.500 ° E / 31.500 ; 35.500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lake type </Th> <Td> Endorheic Hypersaline </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primary inflows </Th> <Td> Jordan River </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Primary outflows </Th> <Td> None </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Catchment area </Th> <Td> 41,650 km ( 16,080 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Basin countries </Th> <Td> Israel Jordan Palestine </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max. length </Th> <Td> 50 km ( 31 mi ) ( northern basin only ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max . width </Th> <Td> 15 km ( 9.3 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface area </Th> <Td> 605 km ( 234 sq mi ) ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average depth </Th> <Td> 199 m ( 653 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Max . depth </Th> <Td> 298 m ( 978 ft ) ( elevation of deepest point , 728 m BSL ( below sea level ) , minus current surface elevation ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water volume </Th> <Td> 114 km ( 27 cu mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shore length </Th> <Td> 135 km ( 84 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Surface elevation </Th> <Td> − 430.5 m ( − 1,412 ft ) ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> References </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Shore length is not a well - defined measure . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Play media Short video about the Dead Sea from the Israeli News Company <P> The Dead Sea ( Hebrew : יָם הַמֶּלַח Yam ha - Melah lit . Sea of Salt ; Arabic : البحر الميت Al - Bahr al - Mayyit ) is a salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and Israel and Palestine to the west . Its surface and shores are 430.5 metres ( 1,412 ft ) below sea level , Earth 's lowest elevation on land . The Dead Sea is 304 m ( 997 ft ) deep , the deepest hypersaline lake in the world . With a salinity of 342 g / kg , or 34.2 % , ( in 2011 ) , it is 9.6 times as salty as the ocean and one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water . This salinity makes for a harsh environment in which plants and animals can not flourish , hence its name . The Dead Sea is 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) long and 15 kilometres ( 9 mi ) wide at its widest point . It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley , and its main tributary is the Jordan River . </P> <P> The Dead Sea has attracted visitors from around the Mediterranean basin for thousands of years . It was one of the world 's first health resorts ( for Herod the Great ) , and it has been the supplier of a wide variety of products , from asphalt for Egyptian mummification to potash for fertilisers . People also use the salt and the minerals from the Dead Sea to create cosmetics and herbal sachets . </P> <P> The Dead Seawater has a density of 1.24 kg / litre , which makes swimming similar to floating . </P> <P> The Dead Sea is receding at an alarming rate . Multiple canals and pipelines were proposed to reduce its recession , which had begun causing many problems . The Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance project , carried out by Jordan , will provide water to neighbouring countries , while the brine will be carried to the Dead Sea to help stabilise its levels . The first phase of the project is scheduled to begin in 2018 and be completed in 2021 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology and toponymy </Li> <Li> 2 Geography </Li> <Li> 3 Natural history </Li> <Li> 4 Climate </Li> <Li> 5 Chemistry </Li> <Li> 6 Putative therapies <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Psoriasis </Li> <Li> 6.2 Rhinosinusitis </Li> <Li> 6.3 Osteoarthritis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Fauna and flora </Li> <Li> 8 Human settlement </Li> <Li> 9 Human history <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Biblical period </Li> <Li> 9.2 Greek and Roman period </Li> <Li> 9.3 Byzantine period </Li> <Li> 9.4 Modern times </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Tourism and leisure <Ul> <Li> 10.1 British Mandate period </Li> <Li> 10.2 Israel </Li> <Li> 10.3 Jordan </Li> <Li> 10.4 West Bank </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Chemical industry <Ul> <Li> 11.1 British Mandate period </Li> <Li> 11.2 Israel </Li> <Li> 11.3 Jordan </Li> <Li> 11.4 West Bank </Li> <Li> 11.5 Extraction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Recession and environmental concerns </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology and toponymy </H2> <P> In Hebrew , the Dead Sea is Yām ha - Melaḥ ( help info ) ( ים המלח ) , meaning `` sea of salt '' ( Genesis 14 : 3 ) . The Bible uses this term alongside two others : the Sea of the Arabah ( Yām ha - ' Ărāvâ ים הערבה ) , and the Eastern Sea ( Yām ha - Mizraḥî ים המזרחי ) . The designation `` Dead Sea '' never appears in the Bible . </P> <P> In prose sometimes the term Yām ha - Māvet ( ים המוות , `` sea of death '' ) is used , due to the scarcity of aquatic life there . In Arabic the Dead Sea is called al - Bahr al - Mayyit ( help info ) ( `` the Dead Sea '' ) , or less commonly baḥru lūṭa ( بحر لوط , `` the Sea of Lot '' ) . Another historic name in Arabic was the `` Sea of Zoʼar '' , after a nearby town in biblical times . The Greeks called it Lake Asphaltites ( Attic Greek ἡ Θάλαττα ἀσφαλτῖτης , hē Thálatta asphaltĩtēs , `` the Asphaltite sea '' ) . </P> <H2> Geography </H2> Satellite photograph showing the location of the Dead Sea east of the Mediterranean Sea <P> The Dead Sea is an endorheic lake located in the Jordan Rift Valley , a geographic feature formed by the Dead Sea Transform ( DST ) . This left lateral - moving transform fault lies along the tectonic plate boundary between the African Plate and the Arabian Plate . It runs between the East Anatolian Fault zone in Turkey and the northern end of the Red Sea Rift offshore of the southern tip of Sinai . It is here that the Upper Jordan River / Sea of Galilee / Lower Jordan River water system comes to an end . </P> <P> The Jordan River is the only major water source flowing into the Dead Sea , although there are small perennial springs under and around the Dead Sea , forming pools and quicksand pits along the edges . There are no outlet streams . </P> <P> The Mujib River , biblical Arnon , is one the larger water sources of the Dead Sea other than the Jordan . The Wadi Mujib valley , 420 m below the sea level in the southern of Jordan valley , is a biosphere reserve , with an area of 212 km ( 82 sq mi ) . Other more substantial sources are Wadi Darajeh ( Arabic ) / Nahal Dragot ( Hebrew ) , and Nahal Arugot . Wadi Hasa ( biblical Zered ) is another wadi flowing into the Dead Sea . </P> <P> Rainfall is scarcely 100 mm ( 4 in ) per year in the northern part of the Dead Sea and barely 50 mm ( 2 in ) in the southern part . The Dead Sea zone 's aridity is due to the rainshadow effect of the Judaean Mountains . The highlands east of the Dead Sea receive more rainfall than the Dead Sea itself . </P> <P> To the west of the Dead Sea , the Judaean mountains rise less steeply and are much lower than the mountains to the east . Along the southwestern side of the lake is a 210 m ( 700 ft ) tall halite formation called `` Mount Sodom '' . </P> <H2> Natural History </H2> <P> There are two contending hypotheses about the origin of the low elevation of the Dead Sea . The older hypothesis is that the Dead Sea lies in a true rift zone , an extension of the Red Sea Rift , or even of the Great Rift Valley of eastern Africa . A more recent hypothesis is that the Dead Sea basin is a consequence of a `` step - over '' discontinuity along the Dead Sea Transform , creating an extension of the crust with consequent subsidence . </P> <P> Around 3.7 million years ago , what is now the valley of the Jordan River , Dead Sea , and the northern Wadi Arabah was repeatedly inundated by waters from the Mediterranean Sea . The waters formed in a narrow , crooked bay that is called by geologists the Sedom Lagoon , which was connected to the sea through what is now the Jezreel Valley . The floods of the valley came and went depending on long - scale climate change . The Sedom Lagoon deposited beds of salt that eventually became 2.5 km ( 1.55 mi ) thick . </P> <P> Approximately two million years ago , the land between the Rift Valley and the Mediterranean Sea rose to such an extent that the ocean could no longer flood the area . Thus , the long lagoon became a landlocked lake . The Sedom Lagoon extended at its maximum from the Sea of Galilee in the north to somewhere around 50 km ( 30 mi ) south of the current southern end of the Dead Sea , and the subsequent lakes obviously never surpassed this expanse . The Hula Depression was never part of any of these water bodies due to its higher elevation and the high threshold of the Korazim block separating it from the Sea of Galilee basin . </P> <P> The first prehistoric lake to follow the Sedom Lagoon is named Lake Amora , followed by Lake Lisan and finally by the Dead Sea . The water levels and salinity of these lakes have either risen or fallen as an effect of the tectonic dropping of the valley bottom , and due to climate variation . As the climate became more arid , Lake Lisan finally shrank and became saltier , leaving the Dead Sea as its last remainder . </P> Pebbles cemented with halite on the western shore of the Dead Sea near Ein Gedi . <P> In prehistoric times , great amounts of sediment collected on the floor of Lake Amora . The sediment was heavier than the salt deposits and squeezed the salt deposits upwards into what are now the Lisan Peninsula and Mount Sodom ( on the southwest side of the lake ) . Geologists explain the effect in terms of a bucket of mud into which a large flat stone is placed , forcing the mud to creep up the sides of the bucket . When the floor of the Dead Sea dropped further due to tectonic forces , the salt mounts of Lisan and Mount Sodom stayed in place as high cliffs ( see salt dome ) . </P> <P> From 70,000 to 12,000 years ago , the lake 's level was 100 m ( 330 ft ) to 250 m ( 820 ft ) higher than its current level . This lake , Lake Lisan , fluctuated dramatically , rising to its highest level around 26,000 years ago , indicating a very wet climate in the Near East . Around 10,000 years ago , the lake 's level dropped dramatically , probably to even lower than today 's . During the last several thousand years , the lake has fluctuated approximately 400 m ( 1,300 ft ) , with some significant drops and rises . Current theories as to the cause of this dramatic drop in levels rule out volcanic activity ; therefore , it may have been a seismic event . </P> <H2> Climate </H2> <P> The Dead Sea 's climate offers year - round sunny skies and dry air . It has less than 50 millimetres ( 2 in ) mean annual rainfall and a summer average temperature between 32 and 39 ° C ( 90 and 102 ° F ) . Winter average temperatures range between 20 and 23 ° C ( 68 and 73 ° F ) . The region has weaker ultraviolet radiation , particularly the UVB ( erythrogenic rays ) . Given the higher atmospheric pressure , the air has a slightly higher oxygen content ( 3.3 % in summer to 4.8 % in winter ) as compared to oxygen concentration at sea level . Barometric pressures at the Dead Sea were measured between 1061 and 1065 hPa and clinically compared with health effects at higher altitude . ( This barometric measure is about 5 % higher than sea level standard atmospheric pressure of 1013.25 hPa , which is the global ocean mean or ATM . ) The Dead Sea affects temperatures nearby because of the moderating effect a large body of water has on climate . During the winter , sea temperatures tend to be higher than land temperatures , and vice versa during the summer months . This is the result of the water 's mass and specific heat capacity . On average , there are 192 days above 30C ( 86F ) annually . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Dead Sea , Sedom ( 390 m below sea level ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 26.4 ( 79.5 ) </Td> <Td> 30.4 ( 86.7 ) </Td> <Td> 33.8 ( 92.8 ) </Td> <Td> 42.5 ( 108.5 ) </Td> <Td> 45.0 ( 113 ) </Td> <Td> 46.4 ( 115.5 ) </Td> <Td> 47.0 ( 116.6 ) </Td> <Td> 44.5 ( 112.1 ) </Td> <Td> 43.6 ( 110.5 ) </Td> <Td> 40.0 ( 104 ) </Td> <Td> 35.0 ( 95 ) </Td> <Td> 28.5 ( 83.3 ) </Td> <Td> 47.0 ( 116.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 20.5 ( 68.9 ) </Td> <Td> 21.7 ( 71.1 ) </Td> <Td> 24.8 ( 76.6 ) </Td> <Td> 29.9 ( 85.8 ) </Td> <Td> 34.1 ( 93.4 ) </Td> <Td> 37.6 ( 99.7 ) </Td> <Td> 39.7 ( 103.5 ) </Td> <Td> 39.0 ( 102.2 ) </Td> <Td> 36.5 ( 97.7 ) </Td> <Td> 32.4 ( 90.3 ) </Td> <Td> 26.9 ( 80.4 ) </Td> <Td> 21.7 ( 71.1 ) </Td> <Td> 30.4 ( 86.7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 16.6 ( 61.9 ) </Td> <Td> 17.7 ( 63.9 ) </Td> <Td> 20.8 ( 69.4 ) </Td> <Td> 25.4 ( 77.7 ) </Td> <Td> 29.4 ( 84.9 ) </Td> <Td> 32.6 ( 90.7 ) </Td> <Td> 34.7 ( 94.5 ) </Td> <Td> 34.5 ( 94.1 ) </Td> <Td> 32.4 ( 90.3 ) </Td> <Td> 28.6 ( 83.5 ) </Td> <Td> 23.1 ( 73.6 ) </Td> <Td> 17.9 ( 64.2 ) </Td> <Td> 26.1 ( 79 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 12.7 ( 54.9 ) </Td> <Td> 13.7 ( 56.7 ) </Td> <Td> 16.7 ( 62.1 ) </Td> <Td> 20.9 ( 69.6 ) </Td> <Td> 24.7 ( 76.5 ) </Td> <Td> 27.6 ( 81.7 ) </Td> <Td> 29.6 ( 85.3 ) </Td> <Td> 29.9 ( 85.8 ) </Td> <Td> 28.3 ( 82.9 ) </Td> <Td> 24.7 ( 76.5 ) </Td> <Td> 19.3 ( 66.7 ) </Td> <Td> 14.1 ( 57.4 ) </Td> <Td> 21.9 ( 71.4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 5.4 ( 41.7 ) </Td> <Td> 6.0 ( 42.8 ) </Td> <Td> 8.0 ( 46.4 ) </Td> <Td> 11.5 ( 52.7 ) </Td> <Td> 19.0 ( 66.2 ) </Td> <Td> 23.0 ( 73.4 ) </Td> <Td> 26.0 ( 78.8 ) </Td> <Td> 26.8 ( 80.2 ) </Td> <Td> 24.2 ( 75.6 ) </Td> <Td> 17.0 ( 62.6 ) </Td> <Td> 9.8 ( 49.6 ) </Td> <Td> 6.0 ( 42.8 ) </Td> <Td> 5.4 ( 41.7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 7.8 ( 0.307 ) </Td> <Td> 9.0 ( 0.354 ) </Td> <Td> 7.6 ( 0.299 ) </Td> <Td> 4.3 ( 0.169 ) </Td> <Td> 0.2 ( 0.008 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> ( 0.047 ) </Td> <Td> 3.5 ( 0.138 ) </Td> <Td> 8.3 ( 0.327 ) </Td> <Td> 41.9 ( 1.65 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days </Th> <Td> 3.3 </Td> <Td> 3.5 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 15.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 31.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : Israel Meteorological Service </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Chemistry </H2> Halite deposits ( and teepee structure ) along the western Dead Sea coast . Beach pebbles made of halite ; western Dead Sea coast . <P> With 34.2 % salinity ( in 2011 ) , it is one of the world 's saltiest bodies of water , though Lake Vanda in Antarctica ( 35 % ) , Lake Assal in Djibouti ( 34.8 % ) , Lagoon Garabogazköl in the Caspian Sea ( up to 35 % ) and some hypersaline ponds and lakes of the McMurdo Dry Valleys in Antarctica ( such as Don Juan Pond ( 44 % ) ) have reported higher salinities . </P> <P> Until the winter of 1978 -- 79 , when a major mixing event took place , the Dead Sea was composed of two stratified layers of water that differed in temperature , density , age , and salinity . The topmost 35 meters ( 115 ft ) or so of the Dead Sea had an average salinity of 342 parts per thousand ( in 2002 ) , and a temperature that swung between 19 ° C ( 66 ° F ) and 37 ° C ( 99 ° F ) . Underneath a zone of transition , the lowest level of the Dead Sea had waters of a consistent 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) temperature and complete saturation of sodium chloride ( NaCl ) . Since the water near the bottom is saturated , the salt precipitates out of solution onto the sea floor . </P> <P> Beginning in the 1960s , water inflow to the Dead Sea from the Jordan River was reduced as a result of large - scale irrigation and generally low rainfall . By 1975 , the upper water layer was saltier than the lower layer . Nevertheless , the upper layer remained suspended above the lower layer because its waters were warmer and thus less dense . When the upper layer cooled so its density was greater than the lower layer , the waters mixed ( 1978 -- 79 ) . For the first time in centuries , the lake was a homogeneous body of water . Since then , stratification has begun to redevelop . </P> <P> The mineral content of the Dead Sea is very different from that of ocean water . The exact composition of the Dead Sea water varies mainly with season , depth and temperature . In the early 1980s , the concentration of ionic species ( in g / kg ) of Dead Sea surface water was Cl ( 181.4 ) , Br ( 4.2 ) , SO ( 0.4 ) , HCO ( 0.2 ) , Ca ( 14.1 ) , Na ( 32.5 ) , K ( 6.2 ) and Mg ( 35.2 ) . The total salinity was 276 g / kg . These results show that the composition of the salt , as anhydrous chlorides on a weight percentage basis , was calcium chloride ( CaCl ) 14.4 % , potassium chloride ( KCl ) 4.4 % , magnesium chloride ( MgCl ) 50.8 % and sodium chloride ( NaCl ) 30.4 % . In comparison , the salt in the water of most oceans and seas is approximately 85 % sodium chloride . The concentration of sulfate ions ( SO ) is very low , and the concentration of bromide ions ( Br ) is the highest of all waters on Earth . </P> <P> The salt concentration of the Dead Sea fluctuates around 31.5 % . This is unusually high and results in a nominal density of 1.24 kg / l . Anyone can easily float in the Dead Sea because of natural buoyancy . In this respect the Dead Sea is similar to the Great Salt Lake in Utah in the United States . </P> <P> An unusual feature of the Dead Sea is its discharge of asphalt . From deep seeps , the Dead Sea constantly spits up small pebbles and blocks of the black substance . Asphalt - coated figurines and bitumen - coated Neolithic skulls from archaeological sites have been found . Egyptian mummification processes used asphalt imported from the Dead Sea region . </P> <H2> Putative therapies </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs more medical references for verification or relies too heavily on primary sources . Please review the contents of the article and add the appropriate references if you can . Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2015 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Dead Sea area has become a location for health research and potential treatment for several reasons . The mineral content of the water , the low content of pollens and other allergens in the atmosphere , the reduced ultraviolet component of solar radiation , and the higher atmospheric pressure at this great depth each may have specific health effects . For example , persons experiencing reduced respiratory function from diseases such as cystic fibrosis seem to benefit from the increased atmospheric pressure . </P> <P> The region 's climate and low elevation have made it a popular center for assessment of putative therapies : </P> <Ul> <Li> Climatotherapy : Treatment which exploits local climatic features such as temperature , humidity , sunshine , barometric pressure and special atmospheric constituents </Li> <Li> Heliotherapy : Treatment that exploits the biological effects of the sun 's radiation </Li> <Li> Thalassotherapy : Treatment that exploits bathing in Dead Sea water </Li> </Ul> <H3> Psoriasis </H3> <P> Climatotherapy at the Dead Sea may be a therapy for psoriasis by sunbathing for long periods in the area due to its position below sea level and subsequent result that UV rays are partially blocked by the increased cloud cover over the Dead Sea . </P> <H3> Rhinosinusitis </H3> <P> Rhinosinusitis patients receiving Dead Sea saline nasal irrigation exhibited improved symptom relief compared to standard hypertonic saline spray in one study . </P> <H3> Osteoarthritis </H3> <P> Dead Sea mud pack therapy has been suggested to temporarily relieve pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knees . According to researchers of the Ben Gurion University of the Negev , treatment with mineral - rich mud compresses can be used to augment conventional medical therapy . </P> Panorama of the Dead Sea from the Mövenpick Resort , Jordan . <H2> Fauna and flora </H2> Dead Sea in the morning , seen from Masada <P> The sea is called `` dead '' because its high salinity prevents macroscopic aquatic organisms , such as fish and aquatic plants , from living in it , though minuscule quantities of bacteria and microbial fungi are present . </P> <P> In times of flood , the salt content of the Dead Sea can drop from its usual 35 % to 30 % or lower . The Dead Sea temporarily comes to life in the wake of rainy winters . In 1980 , after one such rainy winter , the normally dark blue Dead Sea turned red . Researchers from Hebrew University of Jerusalem found the Dead Sea to be teeming with a type of alga called Dunaliella . Dunaliella in turn nourished carotenoid - containing ( red - pigmented ) halobacteria , whose presence caused the color change . Since 1980 , the Dead Sea basin has been dry and the algae and the bacteria have not returned in measurable numbers . </P> <P> In 2011 a group of scientists from Be'er Sheva , Israel and Germany discovered fissures in the floor of the Dead Sea by scuba diving and observing the surface . These fissures allow fresh and brackish water to enter the Dead Sea . They sampled biofilms surrounding the fissures and discovered numerous species of bacteria and archaea . </P> <P> Many animal species live in the mountains surrounding the Dead Sea . Hikers can see ibex , hares , hyraxes , jackals , foxes , and even leopards . Hundreds of bird species inhabit the zone as well . Both Jordan and Israel have established nature reserves around the Dead Sea . </P> <P> The delta of the Jordan River was formerly a jungle of papyrus and palm trees . The Jewish historian Flavius Josephus described Jericho as `` the most fertile spot in Judea '' . In Roman and Byzantine times , sugarcane , henna , and sycamore fig all made the lower Jordan valley wealthy . One of the most valuable products produced by Jericho was the sap of the balsam tree , which could be made into perfume . By the 19th century , Jericho 's fertility had disappeared . </P> <H2> Human settlement </H2> <P> There are several small communities near the Dead Sea . These include Ein Gedi , Neve Zohar and the Israeli settlements in the Megilot Regional Council : Kalya , Mitzpe Shalem and Avnat . There is a nature preserve at Ein Gedi , and several Dead Sea hotels are located on the southwest end at Ein Bokek near Neve Zohar . Highway 90 runs north - south on the Israeli side for a total distance of 565 km ( 351 mi ) from Metula on the Lebanese border in the north to its southern terminus at the Egyptian border near the Red Sea port of Eilat . </P> <P> Potash City is a small community on the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , and others including Suweima . Highway 65 runs north - south on the Jordanian side from near Jordan 's northern tip down past the Dead Sea to the port of Aqaba . </P> <H2> Human History </H2> Mount Sodom , Israel , showing the so - called `` Lot 's Wife '' pillar ( made of halite like the rest of the mountain ) A cargo boat on the Dead Sea as seen on the Madaba Map , from the 6th century AD <H3> Biblical period </H3> <P> Dwelling in caves near the Dead Sea is recorded in the Hebrew Bible as having taken place before the Israelites came to Canaan , and extensively at the time of King David . </P> <P> Just northwest of the Dead Sea is Jericho . Somewhere , perhaps on the southeastern shore , would be the cities mentioned in the Book of Genesis which were said to have been destroyed in the time of Abraham : Sodom and Gomorra ( Genesis 18 ) and the three other `` Cities of the Plain '' , Admah , Zeboim and Zoar ( Deuteronomy 29 : 23 ) . Zoar escaped destruction when Abraham 's nephew Lot escaped to Zoar from Sodom ( Genesis 19 : 21 - 22 ) . Before the destruction , the Dead Sea was a valley full of natural tar pits , which was called the vale of Siddim . King David was said to have hidden from Saul at Ein Gedi nearby . </P> <P> In Ezekiel 47 : 8 - 9 there is a specific prophecy that the sea will `` be healed and made fresh '' , becoming a normal lake capable of supporting marine life . A similar prophecy is stated in Zechariah 14 : 8 , which says that `` living waters will go out from Jerusalem , half of them to the eastern sea ( likely the Dead Sea ) and half to the western sea ( the Mediterranean ) . '' </P> <H3> Greek and Roman period </H3> <P> Aristotle wrote about the remarkable waters . The Nabateans and others discovered the value of the globs of natural asphalt that constantly floated to the surface where they could be harvested with nets . The Egyptians were steady customers , as they used asphalt in the embalming process that created mummies . The Ancient Romans knew the Dead Sea as `` Palus Asphaltites '' ( Asphalt Lake ) . </P> <P> King Herod the Great built or rebuilt several fortresses and palaces on the western bank of the Dead Sea . The most famous was Masada , where in 70 CE a small group of Jewish zealots fled after the fall of the destruction of the Second Temple . The zealots survived until 73 CE , when a siege by the X Legion ended in the deaths by suicide of its 960 inhabitants . Another historically important fortress was Machaerus ( מכוור ) , on the eastern bank , where , according to Josephus , John the Baptist was imprisoned by Herod Antipas and died . </P> <P> Also in Roman times , some Essenes settled on the Dead Sea 's western shore ; Pliny the Elder identifies their location with the words , `` on the west side of the Dead Sea , away from the coast ... ( above ) the town of Engeda '' ( Natural History , Bk 5.73 ) ; and it is therefore a hugely popular but contested hypothesis today , that same Essenes are identical with the settlers at Qumran and that `` the Dead Sea Scrolls '' discovered during the 20th century in the nearby caves had been their own library . </P> <P> Josephus identified the Dead Sea in geographic proximity to the ancient Biblical city of Sodom . However , he referred to the lake by its Greek name , Asphaltites . </P> <P> Various sects of Jews settled in caves overlooking the Dead Sea . The best known of these are the Essenes of Qumran , who left an extensive library known as the Dead Sea Scrolls . The town of Ein Gedi , mentioned many times in the Mishna , produced persimmon for the temple 's fragrance and for export , using a secret recipe . `` Sodomite salt '' was an essential mineral for the temple 's holy incense , but was said to be dangerous for home use and could cause blindness . The Roman camps surrounding Masada were built by Jewish slaves receiving water from the towns around the lake . These towns had drinking water from the Ein Feshcha springs and other sweetwater springs in the vicinity . </P> <H3> Byzantine period </H3> <P> Intimately connected with the Judean wilderness to its northwest and west , the Dead Sea was a place of escape and refuge . The remoteness of the region attracted Greek Orthodox monks since the Byzantine era . Their monasteries , such as Saint George in Wadi Kelt and Mar Saba in the Judaean Desert , are places of pilgrimage . </P> <H3> Modern times </H3> <P> In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835 , Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847 , William Francis Lynch in 1848 , and John MacGregor in 1869 . The full text of W.F. Lynch 's 1949 book Narrative of the United States ' Expedition to the River Jordan and the Dead Sea is available online . Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles travelled along the shores of the Dead Sea already in 1817 - 18 , but did n't navigate on its waters . </P> World 's lowest ( dry ) point , Jordan , 1971 <P> Explorers and scientists arrived in the area to analyze the minerals and research the unique climate . </P> <P> After the find of the `` Moabite Stone '' in 1868 on the plateau east of the Dead Sea , Moses Wilhelm Shapira and his partner Salim al - Khouri forged and sold a whole range of presumed `` Moabite '' antiquities , and in 1883 Shapira presented what is now known as the `` Shapira Strips '' , a supposedly ancient scroll written on leather strips which he claimed had been found near the Dead Sea . The strips were declared to be forgeries and Shapira took his own life in disgrace . </P> <P> In the late 1940s and early 1950s , hundreds of religious documents dated between 150 BCE and 70 CE were found in caves near the ancient settlement of Qumran , about one mile ( 1.6 kilometres ) inland from the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea ( presently in the West Bank ) . They became known and famous as the Dead Sea Scrolls . </P> <P> The world 's lowest roads , Highway 90 , run along the Israeli and West Bank shores of the Dead Sea , along with Highway 65 on the Jordanian side , at 393 m ( 1,289 ft ) below sea level . </P> <H2> Tourism and leisure </H2> Ein Bokek , a resort on the Israeli shore <H3> British mandate period </H3> <P> A golf course named for Sodom and Gomorrah was built by the British at Kalia on the northern shore . </P> <H3> Israel </H3> <P> The first major Israeli hotels were built in nearby Arad , and since the 1960s at the Ein Bokek resort complex . </P> <P> Israel has 15 hotels along the Dead Sea shore , generating total revenues of $291 million in 2012 . Most Israeli hotels and resorts on the Dead Sea are on a six - kilometre ( 3.7 - mile ) stretch of the southern shore . </P> <H3> Jordan </H3> Kempinski Hotel , one of the many hotels on the Jordanian shore <P> On the Jordanian side , nine international franchises have opened seaside resort hotels near the King Hussein Bin Talal Convention Center , along with resort apartments , on the eastern shore of the Dead Sea . The 9 hotels have boosted the Jordanian side 's capacity to 2,800 rooms . </P> <P> On November 22 , 2015 , the Dead Sea panorama road was included along with 40 archaeological locations in Jordan , to become live on Google Street View . </P> <H3> West Bank </H3> <P> The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea tourism industry could generate $290 million of revenues per year and 2,900 jobs . However , Palestinians have been unable to obtain construction permits for tourism - related investments on the Dead Sea . According to the World Bank , Officials in the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities state that the only way to apply for such permits is through the Joint Committees established under the Oslo Agreement , but the relevant committee has not met with any degree of regularity since 2000 . </P> <H2> Chemical industry </H2> The southern basin of the Dead Sea as of 1817 - 18 , with the Lisan Peninsula and its ford ( now named Lynch Strait ) . North is to the right . View of salt evaporation pans on the Dead Sea , taken in 1989 from the Space Shuttle Columbia ( STS - 28 ) . The southern half is separated from the northern half at what used to be the Lisan Peninsula because of the fall in level of the Dead Sea . View of the mineral evaporation ponds almost 12 years later ( STS - 102 ) . A northern and small southeastern extension were added and the large polygonal ponds subdivided . The dwindling water level of the Dead Sea <H3> British mandate period </H3> <P> In the early part of the 20th century , the Dead Sea began to attract interest from chemists who deduced the sea was a natural deposit of potash ( potassium chloride ) and bromine . The Palestine Potash Company was chartered in 1929 , after its founder , Siberian Jewish engineer and pioneer of Lake Baikal exploitation , Moses Novomeysky , worked for the charter for over ten years . The first plant was on the north shore of the Dead Sea at Kalya and produced potash by solar evaporation of the brine . Employing Arabs and Jews , it was an island of peace in turbulent times . The company quickly grew into the largest industrial site in the Middle East , and in 1934 built a second plant on the southwest shore , in the Mount Sodom area , south of the ' Lashon ' region of the Dead Sea . Palestine Potash Company supplied half of Britain 's potash during World War II . Both plants were destroyed by the Jordanians in the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . </P> <H3> Israel </H3> <P> The Dead Sea Works was founded in 1952 as a state - owned enterprise based on the remnants of the Palestine Potash Company . In 1995 , the company was privatized and it is now owned by Israel Chemicals . From the Dead Sea brine , Israel produces ( 2001 ) 1.77 million tons potash , 206,000 tons elemental bromine , 44,900 tons caustic soda , 25,000 tons magnesium metal , and sodium chloride . Israeli companies generate around US $3 billion annually from the sale of Dead Sea minerals ( primarily potash and bromine ) , and from other products that are derived from Dead Sea Minerals . </P> <H3> Jordan </H3> <P> On the Jordanian side of the Dead Sea , Arab Potash ( APC ) , formed in 1956 , produces 2.0 million tons of potash annually , as well as sodium chloride and bromine . The plant is located at Safi , South Aghwar Department , in the Karak Governorate . </P> <P> Jordanian Dead Sea mineral industries generate about $1.2 billion in sales ( equivalent to 4 percent of Jordan 's GDP ) . </P> <H3> West Bank </H3> <P> The Palestinian Dead Sea Coast is about 40 kilometres ( 25 miles ) long . The Palestinian economy is unable to benefit from Dead Sea chemicals due to restricted access , permit issues and the uncertainties of the investment climate . The World Bank estimates that a Palestinian Dead Sea chemicals industry could generate $918 m incremental value added per year , `` almost equivalent to the contribution of the entire manufacturing sector of Palestinian territories today '' . </P> <H3> Extraction </H3> <P> Both companies , Dead Sea Works Ltd. and Arab Potash , use extensive salt evaporation pans that have essentially diked the entire southern end of the Dead Sea for the purpose of producing carnallite , potassium magnesium chloride , which is then processed further to produce potassium chloride . The ponds are separated by a central dike that runs roughly north - south along the international border . The power plant on the Israeli side allows production of magnesium metal ( by a subsidiary , Dead Sea Magnesium Ltd . ) . </P> <P> Due to the popularity of the sea 's therapeutic and healing properties , several companies have also shown interest in the manufacturing and supplying of Dead Sea salts as raw materials for body and skin care products . </P> <H2> Recession and environmental concerns </H2> The planned Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance , whose first phase will begin construction in 2018 , will work towards stabilizing the falling levels of the Dead Sea . <P> Since 1930 , when its surface was 1,050 km ( 410 sq mi ) and its level was 390 m ( 1,280 ft ) below sea level , the Dead Sea has been monitored continuously . In recent decades , the Dead Sea has been rapidly shrinking because of diversion of incoming water from the Jordan River to the north . The southern end is fed by a canal maintained by the Dead Sea Works , a company that converts the sea 's raw materials . From a water surface of 395 m ( 1,296 ft ) below sea level in 1970 it fell 22 m ( 72 ft ) to 418 m ( 1,371 ft ) below sea level in 2006 , reaching a drop rate of 1 m ( 3 ft ) per year . As the water level decreases , the characteristics of the Sea and surrounding region may substantially change . </P> <P> The Dead Sea level drop has been followed by a groundwater level drop , causing brines that used to occupy underground layers near the shoreline to be flushed out by freshwater . This is believed to be the cause of the recent appearance of large sinkholes along the western shore -- incoming freshwater dissolves salt layers , rapidly creating subsurface cavities that subsequently collapse to form these sinkholes . </P> Gully in unconsolidated Dead Sea sediments exposed by recession of water levels . It was excavated by floods from the Judean Mountains in less than a year . <P> In May 2009 at the World Economic Forum , Jordan announced its plans to construct the `` Jordan National Red Sea Development Project '' ( JRSP ) . This is a plan to convey seawater from the Red Sea near Aqaba to the Dead Sea . Water would be desalinated along the route to provide fresh water to Jordan , with the brine discharge sent to the Dead Sea for replenishment . The early planning called for developer and financier selection to be completed by year 's end , with detailed design to begin in early 2010 , and water delivery by 2017 . Israel expressed its support and will likely benefit from some of the water delivery to its Negev region . Some hydro - power will be collected near the Dead Sea from the dramatic change in elevation on the downhill side of the project . </P> <P> At a regional conference in July 2009 , officials expressed concern about the declining water levels . Some suggested industrial activities around the Dead Sea might need to be reduced . Others advised environmental measures to restore conditions such as increasing the volume of flow from the Jordan River to replenish the Dead Sea . Currently , only sewage and effluent from fish ponds run in the river 's channel . Experts also stressed the need for strict conservation efforts . They said agriculture should not be expanded , sustainable support capabilities should be incorporated into the area and pollution sources should be reduced . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Water level ( m ) </Th> <Th> Surface ( km ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1930 </Td> <Td> − 390 </Td> <Td> 1050 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> − 400 </Td> <Td> 680 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 407 </Td> <Td> 675 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 411 </Td> <Td> 670 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 417 </Td> <Td> 662 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> − 423 </Td> <Td> 655 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> − 430.5 </Td> <Td> 605 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Sources : Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research , Haaretz , Jewish Virtual Library , Jordan Valley Authority . </P> <P> In October 2009 , the Jordanians announced accelerated plans to extract around 300 million cubic metres ( 11 billion cubic feet ) of water per year from the Red Sea , desalinate it for use as fresh water and send the waste water to the Dead Sea by tunnel , despite concerns about inadequate time to assess the potential environmental impact . According to Jordan 's minister for water , General Maysoun Zu'bi , this project could be considered as the first phase of the Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance . </P> <P> In December 2013 , Israel , Jordan and the Palestinian Authority signed an agreement for laying a water pipeline to link the Red Sea with the Dead Sea . The pipeline will be 180 km ( 110 mi ) long and is estimated to take up to five years to complete . In January 2015 it was reported that the level of water is now dropping by 1 m ( 3 ft ) a year . </P> <P> On 27 November 2016 , it was announced that the Jordanian government is shortlisting five consortiums to implement the project . Jordan 's ministry of Water and Irrigation said that the $100 million first phase of the project will begin construction in the first quarter of 2018 , and will be completed by 2021 . </P> Views in 1972 , 1989 , and 2011 compared <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance </Li> <Li> Aral Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea Works </Li> <Li> Great Salt Lake </Li> <Li> List of drying lakes </Li> <Li> List of places on land with elevations below sea level </Li> <Li> Mediterranean -- Dead Sea Canal </Li> <Li> Benjamin Elazari Volcani </Li> <Li> World Discoveries III : Dead Sea </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Virtual Israel Experience : The Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 21 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Dead Sea Is Dying Fast : Is It Too Late to Save It , or Was It Always a Lost Cause ? '' . Haaretz. 7 October 2016 . 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Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` 5 alliances shortlisted to execute Red - Dead 's phase I '' . The Jordan Times . 27 November 2016 . Retrieved 3 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Bridger ; Samuel Wolk ( September 1976 ) . The New Jewish Encyclopedia . Behrman House , Inc. p. 109 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87441 - 120 - 1 . Retrieved July 25 , 2011 . It was named the `` Dead Sea '' because of the fact that no living thing can exist there , since the water is extremely salty and bitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See bitumen and asphalt for more about asphaltite . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Springs and quicksand at the Dead Sea '' . Retrieved August 27 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Red Sea -- Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study ( RSDSC ) Program : Dead Sea Study , July 2010 , p. 64 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mujib '' . UNESCO . Retrieved 7 May 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea '' . Exact Me.org . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . 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Oceanogr. 28 ( 3 ) , 1983 , 580 - 583 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bein , A. ; O. Amit ( 2007 ) . `` The evolution of the Dead Sea floating asphalt blocks : simulations by pyrolisis '' . Journal of Petroleum Geology . Journal of Petroleum Geology. 2 ( 4 ) : 439 -- 447 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1747 - 5457.1980. tb00971. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Niemi , Tina M. , Zvi Ben - Avraham and Joel Gat , eds. , The Dead Sea : the lake and its setting , 1997 , Oxford University Press , p. 251 ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 508703 - 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Rullkötter ; A. Nissenbaum ( December 1988 ) . `` Dead sea asphalt in Egyptian mummies : Molecular evidence '' . Naturwissenschaften. 75 ( 12 ) : 618 . Bibcode : 1988NW ... 75 ... 618R . doi : 10.1007 / BF00366476 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asthma , Cystic Fibrosis , Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease '' . Dead Sea Research Center . Retrieved May 22 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen , Arnon D. ; Van ‐ Dijk , Dina ; Naggan , Lechaim ; Vardy , Daniel A. ( 2005 ) . `` Effectiveness of climatotherapy at the Dead Sea for psoriasis vulgaris : A community - oriented study introducing the Beer Sheva Psoriasis Severity Score '' . Dermatological Treatment . 16 ( 5 -- 6 ) : 308 -- 313 . doi : 10.1080 / 09546630500375841 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Halevy ; et al. `` Dead sea bath salt for the treatment of psoriasis vulgaris : a double - blind controlled study '' . 9 ( 3 ) . Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : 237 -- 242 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Friedman ; Ramakrishnan Vidyasagar ; Ninos Joseph ( June 2006 ) . A Randomized , Prospective , Double - Blind Study on the Efficacy of Dead Sea Salt Nasal Irrigations. 116 . The Laryngoscope . pp. 878 -- 882 . doi : 10.1097 / 01. mlg. 0000216798.10007. 76 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flusser , Daniel ; Abu - Shakra , Mahmoud ; Friger , Michael ; Codish , Shlomi ; Sukenik , Shaul ( August 2002 ) . `` Therapy With Mud Compresses for Knee Osteoarthritis : Comparison of Natural Mud Preparations With Mineral - Depleted Mud '' ( PDF ) . 8 ( 4 ) . Journal of Clinical Rheumatology : 197 -- 203 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2011 - 08 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PLOS ONE '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asphaltites examples from ancient sources '' . Wordnik.com . Retrieved 2013 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews 18.119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephus. `` 9 '' . Antiquities of the Jews . 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Found today in the Shrine of the Book at the Israel Museum of Jerusalem </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sodomite salt could cause blindness '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A synagogue mosaic floor ( circa 100 BCE ) at Ein Gedi repeats the Mishna , portraying a curse on whoever reveals the town 's secret persimmon recipe . Papyrus parchments found in caves near the Dead Sea document the vast amount of cultivated land in the area , especially persimmon trees , but also olive and date trees </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Dead Sea - Discover the Dead Sea with Us ! '' . 1 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' The unfortunate Costigan ' , first surveyor of the Dead Sea '' . 25 February 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : World Bank , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department , Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy , October 2 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dead Sea , Aqaba hotels packed during Eid Al Fitr holiday '' . The Jordan Times . 10 July 2016 . Retrieved 12 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Google Street View '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wealth From The Dead Sea '' . Popular Mechanics . Chicago : Hearst Magazines . 54 ( 5 ) : 794 -- 798 . November 1930 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hurlbert , Stuart H. ( 6 December 2012 ) . `` Saline Lakes V : Proceedings of the Vth International Symposium on Inland Saline Lakes , held in Bolivia , 22 -- 29 March 1991 '' . Springer Science & Business Media -- via Google Books . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schechter , Asher ( 14 April 2013 ) . `` Who Really Owns the Dead Sea ? '' -- via Haaretz . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Overview of Middle East Water Resources_Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . December 1998 . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C. Klein ; A. Flohn . Contribution to the Knowledge in the Fluctuations of the Dead Sea Level . 38 . Theoretical and Applied Climatology . pp. 151 -- 156 , 1987 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ M. Abelson ; Y . Yechieli ; O. Crouvi ; G. Baer ; D. Wachs ; A. Bein ; V. Shtivelman ( 2006 ) . Evolution of the Dead Sea Sinkholes in . special paper 401 . Geological Society of America . pp. 241 -- 253 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ehud Zion Waldoks ( July 8 , 2009 ) . ( tp://www.jpost.com/Features/Article.aspx?id=148034 `` Back from the Dead ? '' ) . The Jerusalem Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Water level of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Water level and surface area of the Dead Sea '' . Jewish Virtual Library . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eng . Sa'ad Abu Hammour , JVA . `` River Basin Management '' ( PDF ) . Jordan Valley Authority . Retrieved 31 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jordan to refill shrinking Dead Sea '' . Daily Telegraph . 10 October 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherwood , Harriet ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Dead Sea neighbours agree to pipeline to pump water from Red Sea '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Catholic Online . `` Dead Sea Dying : Levels of salt water are dropping by three feet annually '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Dead Sea : Image of the Day '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> The World Bank - ' The Red Sea - Dead Sea Water Conveyance Study Program ' - 2013 , and source of basic data on the Dead Sea . </Li> <Li> Yehouda Enzel , et al. , eds ( 2006 ) New Frontiers in Dead Sea Paleoenvironmental Research , Geological Society of America , ISBN 0 - 8137 - 2401 - 5 </Li> <Li> Niemi , Tina M. , Ben - Avraham , Z. , and Gat , J. , eds. , 1997 , The Dead Sea : The Lake and Its Setting : N.Y. , Oxford University Press , 286 p . </Li> <Li> World Bank , Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Department , Area C and the Future of the Palestinian Economy , October 2 , 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Dead Sea at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Dead Sea travel guide from Wikivoyage ( Israeli 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Karakoram <Ul> <Li> Saltoro Mountains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Siachen Glacier </Li> <Li> Bay of Bengal </Li> <Li> Gulf of Khambhat </Li> <Li> Gulf of Kutch </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mannar </Li> <Li> Trans - Karakoram Tract </Li> <Li> Wakhan Corridor </Li> <Li> Wakhjir Pass </Li> <Li> Lakshadweep </Li> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Islands <Ul> <Li> Andaman Islands </Li> <Li> Nicobar Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maldive Islands </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southeast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mainland <Ul> <Li> Indochina </Li> <Li> Malay Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maritime <Ul> <Li> Peninsular Malaysia </Li> <Li> Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Greater Sunda Islands </Li> <Li> Lesser Sunda Islands </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Indonesian Archipelago </Li> <Li> Timor </Li> <Li> New Guinea <Ul> <Li> Bonis Peninsula </Li> <Li> Papuan Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Peninsula </Li> <Li> Huon Gulf </Li> <Li> Bird 's Head Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gazelle Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Philippine Archipelago <Ul> <Li> Luzon </Li> <Li> Visayas </Li> <Li> Mindanao </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Leyte Gulf </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> East Indies </Li> <Li> Nanyang </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Asia - Pacific </Li> <Li> Tropical Asia </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of Europe </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nordic </Li> <Li> Northwestern </Li> <Li> Scandinavia </Li> <Li> Scandinavian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Fennoscandia </Li> <Li> Baltoscandia </Li> <Li> Sápmi </Li> <Li> West Nordic </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Bothnia </Li> <Li> Gulf of Finland </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Faroe Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> East </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danubian countries </Li> <Li> Prussia </Li> <Li> Galicia </Li> <Li> Volhynia </Li> <Li> Donbass </Li> <Li> Sloboda Ukraine </Li> <Li> Sambia Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Amber Coast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Curonian Spit </Li> <Li> Izyum Trail </Li> <Li> Lithuania Minor </Li> <Li> Nemunas Delta </Li> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Vyborg Bay </Li> <Li> Karelia <Ul> <Li> East Karelia </Li> <Li> Karelian Isthmus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lokhaniemi </Li> <Li> Southeastern <Ul> <Li> Balkans </Li> <Li> Aegean Islands </Li> <Li> Gulf of Chania </Li> <Li> North Caucasus </Li> <Li> Greater Caucasus </Li> <Li> Kabardia </Li> <Li> European Russia <Ul> <Li> Southern Russia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Central </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baltic </Li> <Li> Baltic Sea </Li> <Li> Alpine states </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> <Li> Mitteleuropa </Li> <Li> Visegrád Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benelux </Li> <Li> Low Countries </Li> <Li> Northwest </Li> <Li> British Isles </Li> <Li> English Channel </Li> <Li> Channel Islands </Li> <Li> Cotentin Peninsula </Li> <Li> Normandy </Li> <Li> Brittany </Li> <Li> Gulf of Lion </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pyrenees </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Italian Peninsula </Li> <Li> Insular Italy </Li> <Li> Tuscan Archipelago </Li> <Li> Aegadian Islands </Li> <Li> Iberia <Ul> <Li> Al - Andalus </Li> <Li> Baetic System </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gibraltar Arc </Li> <Li> Southeastern </Li> <Li> Mediterranean </Li> <Li> Crimea </Li> <Li> Alpide belt </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Germanic </Li> <Li> Celtic </Li> <Li> Slavic countries </Li> <Li> Uralic </Li> <Li> European Plain </Li> <Li> Eurasian Steppe </Li> <Li> Pontic -- Caspian steppe </Li> <Li> Wild Fields </Li> <Li> Pannonian Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Little Hungarian Plain </Li> <Li> Eastern Slovak Lowland </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Regions of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eastern Canada </Li> <Li> Western Canada </Li> <Li> Canadian Prairies </Li> <Li> Central Canada </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Atlantic Canada </Li> <Li> The Maritimes </Li> <Li> French Canada </Li> <Li> English Canada </Li> <Li> Acadia <Ul> <Li> Acadian Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quebec City -- Windsor Corridor </Li> <Li> Peace River Country </Li> <Li> Cypress Hills </Li> <Li> Palliser 's Triangle </Li> <Li> Canadian Shield </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Newfoundland ( island ) </Li> <Li> Vancouver Island </Li> <Li> Gulf Islands </Li> <Li> Strait of Georgia </Li> <Li> Canadian Arctic Archipelago </Li> <Li> Labrador Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gaspé Peninsula </Li> <Li> Avalon Peninsula <Ul> <Li> Bay de Verde Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Brodeur Peninsula </Li> <Li> Melville Peninsula </Li> <Li> Bruce Peninsula </Li> <Li> Banks Peninsula ( Nunavut ) </Li> <Li> Cook Peninsula </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Georgian Bay </Li> <Li> Hudson Bay </Li> <Li> James Bay </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pacific Northwest </Li> <Li> Inland Northwest </Li> <Li> Northeast <Ul> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> Mid-Atlantic </Li> <Li> Commonwealth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> West <Ul> <Li> Midwest </Li> <Li> Upper Midwest </Li> <Li> Mountain States </Li> <Li> Intermountain West </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oregon Trail </Li> <Li> Mormon Corridor </Li> <Li> Calumet Region </Li> <Li> Southwest <Ul> <Li> Old Southwest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Llano Estacado </Li> <Li> Central United States <Ul> <Li> Tallgrass prairie </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> South <Ul> <Li> South Central </Li> <Li> Deep South </Li> <Li> Upland South </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Four Corners </Li> <Li> East Coast </Li> <Li> West Coast </Li> <Li> Gulf Coast </Li> <Li> Third Coast </Li> <Li> Coastal states </Li> <Li> Eastern United States <Ul> <Li> Appalachia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Trans - Mississippi </Li> <Li> Great North Woods </Li> <Li> Great Plains </Li> <Li> Interior Plains </Li> <Li> Great Lakes </Li> <Li> Great Basin <Ul> <Li> Great Basin Desert </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Acadia </Li> <Li> Ozarks </Li> <Li> Ark - La - Tex </Li> <Li> Waxhaws </Li> <Li> Siouxland </Li> <Li> Twin Tiers </Li> <Li> Driftless Area </Li> <Li> Palouse </Li> <Li> Piedmont </Li> <Li> Atlantic coastal plain </Li> <Li> Outer Lands </Li> <Li> Black Dirt Region </Li> <Li> Blackstone Valley </Li> <Li> Piney Woods </Li> <Li> Rocky Mountains </Li> <Li> Mojave Desert </Li> <Li> The Dakotas </Li> <Li> The Carolinas </Li> <Li> Shawnee Hills </Li> <Li> San Fernando Valley </Li> <Li> Tornado Alley </Li> <Li> North Coast </Li> <Li> Lost Coast </Li> <Li> Emerald Triangle </Li> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Bay </Li> <Li> North Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> East Bay ( San Francisco Bay Area ) </Li> <Li> Silicon Valley </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Interior Alaska - Yukon lowland taiga </Li> <Li> Gulf of Mexico </Li> <Li> Lower Colorado River Valley </Li> <Li> Sacramento -- San Joaquin River Delta </Li> <Li> Yukon -- Kuskokwim Delta </Li> <Li> Colville Delta </Li> <Li> Arkansas Delta </Li> <Li> Mobile -- Tensaw River Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi Delta </Li> <Li> Mississippi River Delta </Li> <Li> Columbia River Estuary </Li> <Li> Great Basin </Li> <Li> High Desert </Li> <Li> Monterey Peninsula </Li> <Li> Upper Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Lower Peninsula of Michigan </Li> <Li> Virginia Peninsula </Li> <Li> Keweenaw Peninsula </Li> <Li> Middle Peninsula </Li> <Li> Delmarva Peninsula </Li> <Li> Alaska Peninsula </Li> <Li> Kenai Peninsula </Li> <Li> Niagara Peninsula </Li> <Li> Beringia </Li> <Li> Belt regions <Ul> <Li> Bible Belt </Li> <Li> Black Belt </Li> <Li> Corn Belt </Li> <Li> Cotton Belt </Li> <Li> Frost Belt </Li> <Li> Rice Belt </Li> <Li> Rust Belt </Li> <Li> Sun Belt </Li> <Li> 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<Li> West Indies </Li> <Li> Los Llanos </Li> <Li> The Guianas </Li> <Li> Amazon basin <Ul> <Li> Amazon rainforest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gulf of Paria </Li> <Li> Paria Peninsula </Li> <Li> Paraguaná Peninsula </Li> <Li> Orinoco Delta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> South </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tierra del Fuego </Li> <Li> Patagonia </Li> <Li> Pampas </Li> <Li> Pantanal </Li> <Li> Gran Chaco </Li> <Li> Chiquitano dry forests </Li> <Li> Valdes Peninsula </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> West </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andes <Ul> <Li> Tropical Andes </Li> <Li> Wet Andes </Li> <Li> Dry Andes </Li> <Li> Pariacaca mountain range </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Altiplano </Li> <Li> Atacama Desert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Latin </Li> <Li> Hispanic </Li> <Li> American Cordillera </Li> <Li> Ring of Fire </Li> <Li> LAC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Polar regions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Antarctic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antarctic Peninsula </Li> <Li> East Antarctica </Li> <Li> West Antarctica </Li> <Li> Eklund Islands </Li> <Li> Ecozone </Li> <Li> Extreme points </Li> <Li> Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arctic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arctic Alaska </Li> <Li> British Arctic Territories </Li> <Li> Canadian Arctic Archipelago </Li> <Li> Finnmark </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Northern Canada </Li> <Li> Northwest Territories </Li> <Li> Nunavik </Li> <Li> Nunavut </Li> <Li> Russian Arctic </Li> <Li> Sakha </Li> <Li> Sápmi </Li> <Li> Yukon </Li> <Li> North American Arctic </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Earth 's oceans and seas </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arctic Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amundsen Gulf </Li> <Li> Barents Sea </Li> <Li> Beaufort Sea </Li> <Li> Chukchi Sea </Li> <Li> East Siberian Sea </Li> <Li> Greenland Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Boothia </Li> <Li> Kara Sea </Li> <Li> Laptev Sea </Li> <Li> Lincoln Sea </Li> 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Sea </Li> <Li> Bering Sea </Li> <Li> Bismarck Sea </Li> <Li> Bohai Sea </Li> <Li> Bohol Sea </Li> <Li> Camotes Sea </Li> <Li> Celebes Sea </Li> <Li> Ceram Sea </Li> <Li> Chilean Sea </Li> <Li> Coral Sea </Li> <Li> East China Sea </Li> <Li> Gulf of Alaska </Li> <Li> Gulf of Anadyr </Li> <Li> Gulf of California </Li> <Li> Gulf of Carpentaria </Li> <Li> Gulf of Fonseca </Li> <Li> Gulf of Panama </Li> <Li> Gulf of Thailand </Li> <Li> Gulf of Tonkin </Li> <Li> Halmahera Sea </Li> <Li> Koro Sea </Li> <Li> Mar de Grau </Li> <Li> Molucca Sea </Li> <Li> Moro Gulf </Li> <Li> Philippine Sea </Li> <Li> Salish Sea </Li> <Li> Savu Sea </Li> <Li> Sea of Japan </Li> <Li> Sea of Okhotsk </Li> <Li> Seto Inland Sea </Li> <Li> Shantar Sea </Li> <Li> Sibuyan Sea </Li> <Li> Solomon Sea </Li> <Li> South China Sea </Li> <Li> Sulu Sea </Li> <Li> Tasman Sea </Li> <Li> Visayan Sea </Li> <Li> Yellow Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern Ocean </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amundsen Sea </Li> <Li> Bellingshausen Sea </Li> <Li> Cooperation Sea </Li> <Li> Cosmonauts Sea </Li> <Li> Davis Sea </Li> <Li> D'Urville Sea </Li> <Li> King Haakon VII Sea </Li> <Li> Lazarev Sea </Li> <Li> Mawson Sea </Li> <Li> Riiser - Larsen Sea </Li> <Li> Ross Sea </Li> <Li> Scotia Sea </Li> <Li> Somov Sea </Li> <Li> Weddell Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landlocked seas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aral Sea </Li> <Li> Caspian Sea </Li> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Salton Sea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 239922660 </Li> <Li> GND : 4106540 - 2 </Li> <Li> SELIBR : 143283 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 027708403 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb15367124k ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 00636059 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dead_Sea&oldid=822861094 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Dead Sea </Li> <Li> Endorheic lakes of Asia </Li> <Li> Extreme 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] | where is dead sea located on a map | [
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Triceps surae muscle - wikipedia <H1> Triceps surae muscle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Triceps surae </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Posterior view of the human calf with the triceps surae . ( Two heads of the gastrocnemius visible at first ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> distal femur ( gastrocnemius ) , posterior tibia ( soleus ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insertion </Th> <Td> achilles tendon , calcaneus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artery </Th> <Td> posterior tibial artery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nerve </Th> <Td> tibial nerve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Actions </Th> <Td> plantarflexion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Latin </Th> <Td> musculus triceps surae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dorlands / Elsevier </Th> <Td> triceps surae muscle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TA </Th> <Td> A04. 7.02. 043 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FMA </Th> <Td> 51062 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of muscle ( edit on Wikidata ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The triceps surae ( / ˈtraɪsɛps ˈsjʊəriː / ) ( from Latin caput and sura . `` three - headed ( muscle ) of the calf '' ) is a pair of muscles located at the calf - the two - headed gastrocnemius and the soleus . These muscles both insert into the calcaneus , the bone of the heel of the human foot , and form the major part of the muscle of the posterior leg , commonly known as the calf muscle . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure </Li> <Li> 2 Function </Li> <Li> 3 Clinical significance <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Calf strain ( torn calf muscle ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Additional images </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> The two muscle layers that make up the triceps surae , namely the gastrocnemius and soleus . <P> The triceps surae is connected to the foot through the Achilles tendon , and has 3 heads deriving from the 2 major masses of muscle . </P> <Ul> <Li> The superficial portion ( the gastrocnemius ) gives off 2 heads attaching to the base of the femur directly above the knee . </Li> <Li> The deep ( profundis ) mass of muscle ( the soleus ) forms the remaining head which attaches to the superior posterior area of the tibia . </Li> </Ul> <P> The triceps surae is innervated by the tibial nerve , specifically , nerve roots L5 -- S2 . </P> <H2> Function ( edit ) </H2> <P> Contraction of the triceps surae induce plantar flexion ( sagittal plane ) and stabilization of the ankle complex in the transverse plane . Functional activities include primarily movement in the sagittal plane , stabilization during locomotion ( walking , running ) and power jumping . </P> <H2> Clinical significance ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Calf strain ( torn calf muscle ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> A torn calf muscle occurs when the calf muscle is pulled apart from the Achilles tendon . Severe pain is often felt by the victim and is often , but not always , accompanied by a `` pop . '' </P> <P> This injury happens during acceleration or changes in direction . The torn calf muscle may spasm , and contract forcefully . The toes may also point down . Bruises can show up in the leg , foot and ankle due to pooling of blood from internal bleeding . It may take some time for the bruises to occur , from hours to days depending upon where the tear occurred . The circumference of the leg will likely increase . This injury may take several months to heal . </P> <P> Calf muscles are also very suspectable to Fasciculations and people with Benign Fasciculation syndrome often complain of twitching in either one or both calves . </P> <H2> Additional images ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Nerves , arteries and veins surround the gastrocnemius and soleus . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Cross section of the lower leg , with triceps surae at back ( soleus and gastrocnemius ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Lateral view of the lower leg with muscle visible </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Nerves and blood - vessels overlying the triceps surae </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Triceps surae muscle . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> McCarthy , John P. ; Hunter , Gary R. ; Larson - Meyer , D. Enette ; Bamman , Marcas M. ; Landers , Kathleen A. ; Newcomer , Bradley R. ( 2006 ) . `` Ethnic Differences in Triceps Surae Muscle - Tendon Complex and Walking Economy '' . The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research . 20 ( 3 ) : 511 -- 8 . doi : 10.1519 / 17395.1 . PMID 16937962 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Muscles of the hip and human leg </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iliac region </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iliopsoas <Ul> <Li> psoas major / psoas minor </Li> <Li> iliacus </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Buttocks </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Gluteal muscles <Ul> <Li> maximus </Li> <Li> medius </Li> <Li> minimus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> tensor fasciae latae </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> lateral rotator group : </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> quadratus femoris </Li> <Li> inferior gemellus </Li> <Li> superior gemellus </Li> <Li> internal obturator </Li> <Li> external obturator </Li> <Li> piriformis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thigh / compartments </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Anterior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> sartorius </Li> <Li> quadriceps <Ul> <Li> rectus femoris </Li> <Li> vastus lateralis </Li> <Li> vastus intermedius </Li> <Li> vastus medialis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> articularis genus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posterior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> hamstring <Ul> <Li> biceps femoris </Li> <Li> semitendinosus </Li> <Li> semimembranosus </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> pectineus </Li> <Li> external obturator </Li> <Li> gracilis </Li> <Li> adductor <Ul> <Li> longus </Li> <Li> brevis </Li> <Li> magnus </Li> <Li> minimus </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fascia </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Femoral sheath <Ul> <Li> Femoral canal </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Femoral ring </Li> <Li> Adductor canal </Li> <Li> Adductor hiatus </Li> <Li> Muscular lacuna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> fascia lata </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Iliotibial tract </Li> <Li> Lateral intermuscular septum of thigh </Li> <Li> Medial intermuscular septum of thigh </Li> <Li> Cribriform fascia </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leg / compartments </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Anterior </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> tibialis anterior </Li> <Li> extensor hallucis longus </Li> <Li> extensor digitorum longus </Li> <Li> peroneus tertius </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Posterior </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> superficial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> triceps surae <Ul> <Li> gastrocnemius </Li> <Li> soleus </Li> <Li> accessory soleus </Li> <Li> Achilles tendon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> plantaris </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> deep </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> tarsal tunnel <Ul> <Li> flexor hallucis longus </Li> <Li> flexor digitorum longus </Li> <Li> tibialis posterior </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> popliteus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lateral </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> peroneus muscles <Ul> <Li> longus </Li> <Li> brevis </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fascia </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pes anserinus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Intermuscular septa </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> anterior </Li> <Li> posterior </Li> <Li> transverse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foot </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dorsal </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> extensor hallucis brevis </Li> <Li> extensor digitorum brevis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plantar </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st layer <Ul> <Li> abductor hallucis </Li> <Li> flexor digitorum brevis </Li> <Li> abductor digiti minimi </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2nd layer <Ul> <Li> quadratus plantae </Li> <Li> lumbrical muscle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3rd layer <Ul> <Li> flexor hallucis brevis </Li> <Li> adductor hallucis </Li> <Li> flexor digiti minimi brevis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4th layer <Ul> <Li> dorsal interossei </Li> <Li> plantar interossei </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fascia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Plantar fascia </Li> <Li> retinacula <Ul> <Li> Peroneal </Li> <Li> Inferior extensor </Li> <Li> Superior extensor </Li> <Li> Flexor </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Triceps_surae_muscle&oldid=698273284 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Calf muscles </Li> <Li> Muscles of the lower limb </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from September 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> <Li> Medicine infobox template using GraySubject or GrayPage </Li> <Li> Medicine infobox template using Dorlands parameter </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 January 2016 , at 02 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of World Series of Poker Main Event champions - wikipedia <H1> List of World Series of Poker Main Event champions </H1> Joe Cada won the WSOP Main Event in 2009 . <P> The following is the list of World Series of Poker Main Event champions . The World Series of Poker ( WSOP ) is `` the oldest , largest , most prestigious , and most media - hyped gaming competition in the world '' . It is held annually since 1970 in Las Vegas . Since 1972 , the Main Event of the WSOP has been the $10,000 buy - in no - limit Texas Hold ' Em tournament . The winner of the WSOP Main Event receives a World Series of Poker bracelet , millions of dollars ( with the exact amount based on the number of entrants ) , and the right to be considered the year 's World Champion of Poker . From 2008 to 2016 , the nine players who made it to the final table of the Main Event were called the November Nine , a reference to the fact that the final table was completed in November , months after the Main Event 's preliminary rounds were completed . </P> <P> Until 2005 , the WSOP was held at Binion 's Horseshoe . In 2005 , the event moved to the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino . The 2005 Main Event was not played completely at the Rio . The final three tables , which comprised the final 27 players , played the conclusion of the event at Binion 's Horseshoe . All of the Main Events that proceeded the 2005 event were played completely at the Rio . Consequently , this made Joe Hachem the final player to win the Main Event at the original home of the World Series of Poker . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Milestones </Li> <Li> 2 Key </Li> <Li> 3 World Series of Poker Main Event </Li> <Li> 4 World Series of Poker Europe Main Event </Li> <Li> 5 World Series of Poker Asia Pacific Main Event </Li> <Li> 6 Notes </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Milestones ( edit ) </H2> <P> Johnny Moss was the first person to win the WSOP . Since then only Moss and Stu Ungar have won the Main Event three times ; Ungar is the only one to have won three times in the freeze - out format . Moss , Ungar , Doyle Brunson and Johnny Chan are the only people who have won the Main Event two years in a row . Johnny Chan 's second victory in 1988 was featured on the 1998 film Rounders . Peter Eastgate was the youngest person to win the Main Event when he won it in 2008 , at 22 years of age . He held that record for one year , when 21 - year - old Joe Cada became the youngest Main Event champion . </P> <H2> Key ( edit ) </H2> The 2007 Main Event WSOP Bracelet <Table> <Tr> <Td> * </Td> <Td> Elected to the Poker Hall of Fame . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> † </Td> <Td> Denotes player who is deceased . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Year </Td> <Td> The year of the tournament linked to the WSOP for the given year . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> The person who won the Main Event . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nickname </Td> <Td> Nickname of the player . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hand </Td> <Td> The two hole cards the winner held on the final hand . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Prize ( US $ ) </Td> <Td> WSOP Main Event prize money . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Entrants </Td> <Td> The number of players in that year 's Main Event . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Winnings </Td> <Td> Lifetime winnings in WSOP and WSOP Circuit events as of April 15 , 2013 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bracelets </Td> <Td> WSOP victories are counted in terms of bracelets , as of April 15 , 2013 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ref . </Td> <Td> References </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> World Series of Poker Main Event ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Image </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Nickname </Th> <Th> Hand </Th> <Th> Prize ( US $ ) </Th> <Th> Entrants </Th> <Th> Total tournament earnings ( US $ ) </Th> <Th> WSOP bracelets </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1970 </Td> <Td> Johnny Moss * † </Td> <Td> The Grand Old Man of Poker </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 </Td> <Td> 7005824922000000000 ♠ 824,922 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> Johnny Moss * † </Td> <Td> The Grand Old Man of Poker </Td> <Td> 6 6 </Td> <Td> 7004300000000000000 ♠ 30,000 </Td> <Td> 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> 7005824922000000000 ♠ 824,922 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1972 </Td> <Td> Thomas Preston * † </Td> <Td> Amarillo Slim </Td> <Td> K J </Td> <Td> 7004800000000000000 ♠ 80,000 </Td> <Td> 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 </Td> <Td> 7005436055000000000 ♠ 436,055 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Walter Pearson * † </Td> <Td> Puggy </Td> <Td> A ♠ 7 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7005130000000000000 ♠ 130,000 </Td> <Td> 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 </Td> <Td> 7005245740000000000 ♠ 245,740 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johnny Moss * † </Td> <Td> The Grand Old Man of Poker </Td> <Td> 3 ♥ 3 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7005160000000000000 ♠ 160,000 </Td> <Td> 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 </Td> <Td> 7005824922000000000 ♠ 824,922 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brian Roberts * † </Td> <Td> Sailor </Td> <Td> J ♠ J ♥ </Td> <Td> 7005210000000000000 ♠ 210,000 </Td> <Td> 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 </Td> <Td> 7005266650000000000 ♠ 266,650 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1976 </Td> <Td> Doyle Brunson * </Td> <Td> Texas Dolly </Td> <Td> 10 ♠ 2 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7005220000000000000 ♠ 220,000 </Td> <Td> 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 </Td> <Td> 7006280894500000000 ♠ 2,808,945 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1977 </Td> <Td> Doyle Brunson * </Td> <Td> Texas Dolly </Td> <Td> 10 ♠ 2 ♥ </Td> <Td> 7005340000000000000 ♠ 340,000 </Td> <Td> 7001340000000000000 ♠ 34 </Td> <Td> 7006280894500000000 ♠ 2,808,945 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Bobby Baldwin * </Td> <Td> The Owl </Td> <Td> Q Q ♣ </Td> <Td> 7005210000000000000 ♠ 210,000 </Td> <Td> 7001420000000000000 ♠ 42 </Td> <Td> 7005604900000000000 ♠ 604,900 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1979 </Td> <Td> Hal Fowler † </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 ♠ 6 </Td> <Td> 7005270000000000000 ♠ 270,000 </Td> <Td> 7001540000000000000 ♠ 54 </Td> <Td> 7005270000000000000 ♠ 270,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1980 </Td> <Td> Stu Ungar * † </Td> <Td> Stuey or The Kid </Td> <Td> 5 ♠ 4 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7005385000000000000 ♠ 385,000 </Td> <Td> 7001730000000000000 ♠ 73 </Td> <Td> 7006207883800000000 ♠ 2,078,838 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> Stu Ungar * † </Td> <Td> Stuey or The Kid </Td> <Td> A ♥ Q ♥ </Td> <Td> 7005375000000000000 ♠ 375,000 </Td> <Td> 7001750000000000000 ♠ 75 </Td> <Td> 7006207883800000000 ♠ 2,078,838 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1982 </Td> <Td> Jack Straus * † </Td> <Td> Treetop </Td> <Td> A ♥ 10 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7005520000000000000 ♠ 520,000 </Td> <Td> 7002104000000000000 ♠ 104 </Td> <Td> 7005555000000000000 ♠ 555,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tom McEvoy * </Td> <Td> Grand Rapids Tom </Td> <Td> Q Q ♠ </Td> <Td> 7005540000000000000 ♠ 540,000 </Td> <Td> 7002108000000000000 ♠ 108 </Td> <Td> 7006129103100000000 ♠ 1,291,031 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1984 </Td> <Td> Jack Keller * † </Td> <Td> Gentleman </Td> <Td> 10 ♥ 10 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7005660000000000000 ♠ 660,000 </Td> <Td> 7002132000000000000 ♠ 132 </Td> <Td> 7006204876300000000 ♠ 2,048,763 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1985 </Td> <Td> Bill Smith † </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3 ♠ 3 ♥ </Td> <Td> 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 </Td> <Td> 7002140000000000000 ♠ 140 </Td> <Td> 7005788000000000000 ♠ 788,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1986 </Td> <Td> Berry Johnston * </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> A ♠ 10 ♥ </Td> <Td> 7005570000000000000 ♠ 570,000 </Td> <Td> 7002141000000000000 ♠ 141 </Td> <Td> 7006226552300000000 ♠ 2,265,523 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johnny Chan * </Td> <Td> Orient Express </Td> <Td> A ♠ 9 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7005625000000000000 ♠ 625,000 </Td> <Td> 7002152000000000000 ♠ 152 </Td> <Td> 7006439774900000000 ♠ 4,397,749 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Johnny Chan * </Td> <Td> Orient Express </Td> <Td> J ♣ 9 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7005700000000000000 ♠ 700,000 </Td> <Td> 7002167000000000000 ♠ 167 </Td> <Td> 7006439774900000000 ♠ 4,397,749 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Phil Hellmuth * </Td> <Td> The Poker Brat </Td> <Td> 9 ♠ 9 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7005755000000000000 ♠ 755,000 </Td> <Td> 7002178000000000000 ♠ 178 </Td> <Td> 7007146122130000000 ♠ 14,612,213 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mansour Matloubi </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 6 ♥ 6 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7005895000000000000 ♠ 895,000 </Td> <Td> 7002194000000000000 ♠ 194 </Td> <Td> 7006601963000000000 ♠ 6,019,630 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Brad Daugherty </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> K ♠ J ♠ </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002215000000000000 ♠ 215 </Td> <Td> 7006116517000000000 ♠ 1,165,170 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hamid Dastmalchi </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 8 ♥ 4 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002201000000000000 ♠ 201 </Td> <Td> 7006164246300000000 ♠ 1,642,463 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jim Bechtel </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> J ♠ 6 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002220000000000000 ♠ 220 </Td> <Td> 7006194462300000000 ♠ 1,944,623 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Russ Hamilton </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> K ♠ 8 ♥ </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002268000000000000 ♠ 268 </Td> <Td> 7006126194000000000 ♠ 1,261,940 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1995 </Td> <Td> Dan Harrington * </Td> <Td> Action Dan </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002273000000000000 ♠ 273 </Td> <Td> 7006349151300000000 ♠ 3,491,513 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Huck Seed </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 9 8 </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002295000000000000 ♠ 295 </Td> <Td> 7006242684200000000 ♠ 2,426,842 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stu Ungar * † </Td> <Td> Stuey or The Kid </Td> <Td> A ♥ 4 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002312000000000000 ♠ 312 </Td> <Td> 7006207883800000000 ♠ 2,078,838 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1998 </Td> <Td> Scotty Nguyen * </Td> <Td> The Train or The Prince of Poker </Td> <Td> J 9 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002350000000000000 ♠ 350 </Td> <Td> 7006589573200000000 ♠ 5,895,732 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> Noel Furlong </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 ♣ 5 </Td> <Td> 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002393000000000000 ♠ 393 </Td> <Td> 7006107078500000000 ♠ 1,070,785 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 </Td> <Td> Chris Ferguson </Td> <Td> Jesus </Td> <Td> A ♠ 9 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 </Td> <Td> 7002512000000000000 ♠ 512 </Td> <Td> 7006503359300000000 ♠ 5,033,593 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Carlos Mortensen * </Td> <Td> El Matador </Td> <Td> K ♣ Q ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006150000000000000 ♠ 1,500,000 </Td> <Td> 7002613000000000000 ♠ 613 </Td> <Td> 7006316821600000000 ♠ 3,168,216 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Robert Varkonyi </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Q 10 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7006200000000000000 ♠ 2,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7002631000000000000 ♠ 631 </Td> <Td> 7006211021200000000 ♠ 2,110,212 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 </Td> <Td> Chris Moneymaker </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 5 4 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7006250000000000000 ♠ 2,500,000 </Td> <Td> 7002839000000000000 ♠ 839 </Td> <Td> 7006253204100000000 ♠ 2,532,041 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Greg Raymer </Td> <Td> Fossilman </Td> <Td> 8 ♠ 8 </Td> <Td> 7006500000000000000 ♠ 5,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7003257600000000000 ♠ 2,576 </Td> <Td> 7006666941700000000 ♠ 6,669,417 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Joe Hachem </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 7 ♣ 3 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7006750000000000000 ♠ 7,500,000 </Td> <Td> 7003561900000000000 ♠ 5,619 </Td> <Td> 7006826185900000000 ♠ 8,261,859 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Jamie Gold </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Q ♠ 9 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7007120000000000000 ♠ 12,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7003877300000000000 ♠ 8,773 </Td> <Td> 7007120672920000000 ♠ 12,067,292 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Jerry Yang </Td> <Td> The Shadow </Td> <Td> 8 8 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006825000000000000 ♠ 8,250,000 </Td> <Td> 7003635800000000000 ♠ 6,358 </Td> <Td> 7006828091300000000 ♠ 8,280,913 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Peter Eastgate </Td> <Td> Isser </Td> <Td> A 5 ♠ </Td> <Td> 7006915241600000000 ♠ 9,152,416 </Td> <Td> 7003684400000000000 ♠ 6,844 </Td> <Td> 7006943050600000000 ♠ 9,430,506 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Joe Cada </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 9 9 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006857464900000000 ♠ 8,574,649 </Td> <Td> 7003649400000000000 ♠ 6,494 </Td> <Td> 7007103394480000000 ♠ 10,339,448 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jonathan Duhamel </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> A ♠ J ♥ </Td> <Td> 7006894413800000000 ♠ 8,944,138 </Td> <Td> 7003731900000000000 ♠ 7,319 </Td> <Td> 7007146122130000000 ♠ 14,612,213 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Pius Heinz </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> A ♠ K ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006871563800000000 ♠ 8,715,638 </Td> <Td> 7003686500000000000 ♠ 6,865 </Td> <Td> 7006882105600000000 ♠ 8,821,056 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Greg Merson </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> K 5 </Td> <Td> 7006853185300000000 ♠ 8,531,853 </Td> <Td> 7003659800000000000 ♠ 6,598 </Td> <Td> 7007101740290000000 ♠ 10,174,029 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Ryan Riess </Td> <Td> Riess the Beast </Td> <Td> A ♥ K ♥ </Td> <Td> 7006835953100000000 ♠ 8,359,531 </Td> <Td> 7003635200000000000 ♠ 6,352 </Td> <Td> 7006892067200000000 ♠ 8,920,672 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Martin Jacobson </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 10 ♥ 10 </Td> <Td> 7007100000000000000 ♠ 10,000,000 </Td> <Td> 7003668300000000000 ♠ 6,683 </Td> <Td> 7007121022320000000 ♠ 12,102,232 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Joe McKeehen </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> A ♥ 10 </Td> <Td> 7006768334600000000 ♠ 7,683,346 </Td> <Td> 7003642000000000000 ♠ 6,420 </Td> <Td> 7007104808610000000 ♠ 10,480,861 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> Qui Nguyen </Td> <Td> Tommy Gun </Td> <Td> K ♣ 10 ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006800531000000000 ♠ 8,005,310 </Td> <Td> 7003673700000000000 ♠ 6,737 </Td> <Td> 7006802228700000000 ♠ 8,022,287 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Scott Blumstein </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> A ♥ 2 </Td> <Td> 7006815000000000000 ♠ 8,150,000 </Td> <Td> 7003722100000000000 ♠ 7,221 </Td> <Td> 7006815522700000000 ♠ 8,155,227 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> John Cynn </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> K ♣ J ♣ </Td> <Td> 7006880000000000000 ♠ 8,800,000 </Td> <Td> 7003787400000000000 ♠ 7,874 </Td> <Td> 7006951307100000000 ♠ 9,513,071 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> World Series of Poker Europe Main Event ( edit ) </H2> <P> The World Series of Poker Europe ( WSOPE ) is the first expansion effort of World Series of Poker - branded poker tournaments outside the United States . Since 1970 , the bracelet events have occurred every year in Las Vegas . The inaugural WSOPE , held in 2007 , marked the first time that a WSOP bracelet was awarded outside Las Vegas . The 2007 Main Event , a GBP 10,000 buy - in no - limit hold ' em tournament , was won by Norwegian player Annette Obrestad on the day before her 19th birthday . This made her the youngest person to win a WSOP bracelet , a record that can not be broken in the Las Vegas WSOP under current laws because the minimum legal age for casino gaming in Nevada is 21 . Obrestad could play in the WSOPE because the minimum age for casino gaming in the United Kingdom is 18 . The World Series of Poker Europe has a unique identity from the Las Vegas WSOP , but according to Harrah 's will remain true to the traditions and heritage . The 2011 WSOP Europe main event was an 8 - handed event . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Image </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Nickname </Th> <Th> Hand </Th> <Th> Prize </Th> <Th> Entrants </Th> <Th> Winnings </Th> <Th> WSOP bracelets </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Annette Obrestad </Td> <Td> Annette_15 </Td> <Td> 7 ♥ 7 ♠ </Td> <Td> £ 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 362 </Td> <Td> $ 7006208643700000000 ♠ 2,086,437 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> John Juanda * </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> K ♠ 6 ♣ </Td> <Td> £ 7005868800000000000 ♠ 868,800 </Td> <Td> 362 </Td> <Td> $ 7006482581600000000 ♠ 4,825,816 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Barry Shulman </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 10 ♠ 10 ♣ </Td> <Td> £ 7005801603000000000 ♠ 801,603 </Td> <Td> 334 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Bord </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 10 10 ♥ </Td> <Td> £ 7005830401000000000 ♠ 830,401 </Td> <Td> 346 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Elio Fox </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> A 10 ♠ </Td> <Td> € 7006140000000000000 ♠ 1,400,000 </Td> <Td> 593 </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Phil Hellmuth * </Td> <Td> The Poker Brat </Td> <Td> A ♥ 10 </Td> <Td> € 7006102237600000000 ♠ 1,022,376 </Td> <Td> 7002420000000000000 ♠ 420 </Td> <Td> $ 7007140261670000000 ♠ 14,026,167 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Adrián Mateos </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> A ♠ K ♣ </Td> <Td> £ 7006100000000000000 ♠ 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 375 </Td> <Td> $ 7006137520000000000 ♠ 1,375,200 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Kevin MacPhee </Td> <Td> ImaLuckSac </Td> <Td> A 4 </Td> <Td> £ 7005883000000000000 ♠ 883,000 </Td> <Td> 313 </Td> <Td> $ 7006545629800000000 ♠ 5,456,298 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Marti Roca de Torres </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Q ♥ 5 </Td> <Td> € 7006111520700000000 ♠ 1,115,207 </Td> <Td> 529 </Td> <Td> $ 7006129556600000000 ♠ 1,295,566 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> World Series of Poker Asia Pacific Main Event ( edit ) </H2> <P> The World Series of Poker Asia Pacific ( WSOP APAC ) is the most recent expansion of World Series of Poker - branded tournaments outside the United States . On April 30 , 2012 , WSOP owner Caesars Entertainment and Australian casino Crown Melbourne announced that the first WSOP APAC would be launched with five bracelet events in April 2013 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Image </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Nickname </Th> <Th> Hand </Th> <Th> Prize ( A $ ) </Th> <Th> Entrants </Th> <Th> Winnings ( US $ ) </Th> <Th> WSOP bracelets </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Daniel Negreanu * </Td> <Td> Kid Poker </Td> <Td> 2 ♠ 2 ♥ </Td> <Td> $ 7006103882500000000 ♠ 1,038,825 </Td> <Td> 405 </Td> <Td> $ 7007163464860000000 ♠ 16,346,486 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Scott Davies </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 6 6 ♠ </Td> <Td> $ 7005850136000000000 ♠ 850,136 </Td> <Td> 329 </Td> <Td> $ 7006165359300000000 ♠ 1,653,593 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first World Series of Poker was not a freeze out tournament , but rather a game with a set start and stop time . Benny Binion took a secret ballot that asked the players who the best player was . According to poker lore , everybody said that they were the best player . Binion then asked who the second - best player was , and Johnny Moss won . </P> <P> Jack Straus ' 1982 WSOP tournament victory is considered to be one of the greatest comebacks in poker history . At one point , Straus was down to one chip , and he came back to win . This victory is considered the origin of the poker saying , `` A chip and a chair . '' A saying that means that as long as you have a chip and a chair you have a chance . Modern lore indicates that this happened at the final table , but the 1983 book The Biggest Game in Town implies this occurred on the first day of the tournament . </P> <P> Chris Moneymaker won the entry into the WSOP Main Event via a $39 online satellite . </P> <P> Joe Cada is the youngest person to have won the WSOP Main Event . </P> <P> Annette Obrestad won the WSOPE at the age of 18 years , 364 days , making her the youngest person to have won a WSOP bracelet . She is also the first woman to have won a Main Event tournament and in 2007 was considered to be one of the best online multi-table tournament players in the world . </P> <P> The final table at the 2008 WSOPE Main Event , was the longest final table in the WSOP history . The tournament lasted 22 hours ( a WSOP record ) and 434 hands ( a WSOP record ) . </P> <P> At the 2012 World Series of Poker Europe Main Event , Hellmuth won his record - breaking 13th bracelet . This also made him the first player ever to win the Main Events at both the WSOP and WSOPE . Hellmuth also holds the records for most WSOP cashes ( 100 ) and most WSOP final tables ( 53 ) . </P> <P> Doyle Brunson obtained the nickname of Texas Dolly when Jimmy The Greek mispronounced his name . </P> <P> In recent years , the prize pool for the WSOP Main Event has become so large that the winner instantly becomes one of the top money winners in tournament poker . Jamie Gold ( 2006 ) is number eight on that list , Joe Hachem ( 2005 ) is number ten , and Peter Eastgate ( 2008 ) is number eleven . </P> <P> The Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006 curtailed online gambling in the United States . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` World Series of Poker History '' . ESPN.com . ESPN . July 28 , 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Final Table Set at World Series of Poker Main Event ; Nine to Compete at Rio for $12 Million and Title of World Champion '' . Business Wire. 2006 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dala , Nolan . `` From Moss to Gold : A Brief History of the World Series of Poker '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Entertainment . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sexton , Tom ( 2008 - 08 - 25 ) . `` Sexton 's Corner , Vol. 59 , Johnny Chan , Legend of Legends : Part 4 , `` The Golden Touch '' `` . pokernews.com . pokernews.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Peter Eastgate '' . Poker Listing . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Championships by Year '' . World Series of Poker Bracelet Winners . Harrah 's Casinos . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All - Time List of World Series of Poker Bracelet Winners '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Moss '' . World Series of Poker . Harrahs Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amarillo Slim Preston -- The Worlds Greatest Gambler ! '' . The Official Site Of Amarillo Slim Preston . Amarilloslim.org . Archived from the original on 2006 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thomas Preston '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Archived from the original on 2008 - 09 - 22 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caldwell , John ( 2006 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Legend of Poker : Walter Clyde ' Puggy ' Pearson 1929 - 2006 '' . Pokernews.co . Poker News . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Puggy Pearson '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monroe , Billy ( 2008 - 01 - 30 ) . `` Where Are They Now : Brian `` Sailor '' Roberts `` . Pokerworks.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ pokerjunkie - WSOP final hands </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brian Roberts '' . World Series of Poker . Harrahs ' Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McGuire , Paul . `` Doyle Brunson '' . Professional-poker.com . Professional - Poker Online . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Doyle Brunson '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bobby `` The Owl '' Baldwin `` . PokerPlayerPress.com . PokerPlayerPress . Archived from the original on 2006 - 11 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bobby Baldwin '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hal Fowler '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley , Alessandra . `` High Roller : The Stu Ungar Story '' . New York Times . New York Times Company . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Stu Unger '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Poker Pro : Jack `` Treetop '' Straus `` . American Jewish Life Magazine . Leader Publishing . May -- June 2006 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jack Straus '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tom McEvoy '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Jack Keller '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bill Smith '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Berry Johnston '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moe , Al ( 2005 - 07 - 05 ) . `` Legends of Poker -- Johnny `` The Orient Express '' Chan `` . Poker News . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Johnny Chan '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradley , Lance ( 2009 - 01 - 14 ) . `` Hellmuth Appearing on Best Damn Sports Show Wednesday '' . Bluff Magazine . Bluff Media . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Phil Hellmuth '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mansour Matloubi '' . PokerPages.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brad Daugherty '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hamid Dastmalchi '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jim Bechtel '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lucchesi , Ryan ( 2008 - 06 - 08 ) . `` WSOP : History -- 1993 Recap '' . CardPlayer.com . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russ Hamilton '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harrington , ' Action ' Dan ( 2008 - 04 - 18 ) . `` Action Dan Harrington -- Bullying The Bully '' . All In Magazine . All In Magazine . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dan Harrington '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Huck Seed '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stu Unger '' . PokerPages.com . PokerPage . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marchand , Justin ( 2006 - 03 - 01 ) . `` Poker 's Prince is Back ' On Track ' '' . Card Player Magazine . Card Player Media . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scotty Nguyen '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Noel Furlong '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chris `` Jesus '' Ferguson `` . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shulman , Allyn ( 2004 - 12 - 31 ) . `` Juan Carlos Mortensen : El Matador ! '' . Card Player Magazine . Card Player Media . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carlos Mortensen '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Archived from the original on 2009 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Robert Varkonyi '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chris Moneymaker '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greg Raymer '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Hachem '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jamie Gold '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WSOP Circuit - Harrah 's New Orleans Pt. 2 '' . All In Magazine . 2008 - 05 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jerry Yang '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Peter Eastgate '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe Cada '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peters , Donnie ( 2010 - 11 - 09 ) . `` 2010 World Series of Poker : Jonathan Duhamel Wins 2010 WSOP Main Event ! '' . PokerNews.com . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pius Heinz '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greg Merson '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ryan Riess '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Martin Jacobson '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Joe McKeehen '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2014 - 11 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Qui Nguyen '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scott Blumstein '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Harrah 's Set to Launch World Series of Poker Europe '' . Gaming Business . iGamingBusiness.com. 27 Feb 2007 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 World Series of Poker Europe : Saturday , October 15 , 2011 to Wednesday , October 19 , 2011 : Event # 7 : WSOPE Main Event Championship '' . World Series of Poker. 2011 - 10 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` World Series of Poker Live Results Reporting '' . WSOP . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Annette Obrestad '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Juanda '' . World Series of Poker . Harrah 's Casino . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 21 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cahlik , Josh ; Donnie Peters ( 2012 - 10 - 04 ) . `` Phil Hellmuth Wins 2012 World Series of Poker Europe Main Event ; Watson Wins High Roller '' . PokerNews.com . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official WSOP Live Updates : Main Event -- No - Limit Hold'em '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kevin MacPhee '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WSOP Announces Partnership With Crown for April 2013 Event in Melbourne , Australia '' ( Press release ) . World Series of Poker. April 30 , 2012 . Retrieved May 10 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Daniel Negreanu Became `` Kid Poker '' `` . UnknownPoker.com . January 7 , 2006 . Archived from the original on June 18 , 2013 . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Feldman , Andrew ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Negreanu wins APAC main event '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dacey , Rick ( April 15 , 2013 ) . `` Daniel Negreanu wins WSOP APAC , $1 m and bracelet number five '' . PokerStars Blog . Retrieved June 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Scott Davies '' . World Series of Poker . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A History of the WSOP : The Champions '' . The Poker Room . 2007 - 06 - 13 . Archived from the original on 2007 - 11 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A chip and a chair ! '' . betfair.com . Betfair . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` PokerStars.com Launches Moneymaker Millionaire Tournament '' . PokerStars.com . Rational Enterprises . 2006 - 07 - 26 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` John Juanda wins WSOPE 2008 Main Event '' . betfair.com . Betfair . Archived from the original on 2008 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hellmuth 's legacy ? '' . espn.com . ESPN . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Time Money List '' . PokerPages.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brunker , Mike ( October 17 , 2006 ) . `` Will ban end Internet gambling ? Do n't bet on it '' . MSNBC.com . MSNBC . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 20 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> World Series of Poker -- Main Event champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 1970 : Moss </Li> <Li> 1971 : Moss </Li> <Li> 1972 : Preston </Li> <Li> 1973 : Pearson </Li> <Li> 1974 : Moss </Li> <Li> 1975 : Roberts </Li> <Li> 1976 : Brunson </Li> <Li> 1977 : Brunson </Li> <Li> 1978 : Baldwin </Li> <Li> 1979 : Fowler </Li> <Li> 1980 : Ungar </Li> <Li> 1981 : Ungar </Li> <Li> 1982 : Straus </Li> <Li> 1983 : McEvoy </Li> <Li> 1984 : Keller </Li> <Li> 1985 : Smith </Li> <Li> 1986 : Johnston </Li> <Li> 1987 : Chan </Li> <Li> 1988 : Chan </Li> <Li> 1989 : Hellmuth </Li> <Li> 1990 : Matloubi </Li> <Li> 1991 : Daugherty </Li> <Li> 1992 : Dastmalchi </Li> <Li> 1993 : Bechtel </Li> <Li> 1994 : Hamilton </Li> <Li> 1995 : Harrington </Li> <Li> 1996 : Seed </Li> <Li> 1997 : Ungar </Li> <Li> 1998 : S. Nguyen </Li> <Li> 1999 : Furlong </Li> <Li> 2000 : Ferguson </Li> <Li> 2001 : Mortensen </Li> <Li> 2002 : Varkonyi </Li> <Li> 2003 : Moneymaker </Li> <Li> 2004 : Raymer </Li> <Li> 2005 : Hachem </Li> <Li> 2006 : Gold </Li> <Li> 2007 : Yang </Li> <Li> 2008 : Eastgate </Li> <Li> 2009 : Cada </Li> <Li> 2010 : Duhamel </Li> <Li> 2011 : Heinz </Li> <Li> 2012 : Merson </Li> <Li> 2013 : Riess </Li> <Li> 2014 : Jacobson </Li> <Li> 2015 : McKeehen </Li> <Li> 2016 : Q. Nguyen </Li> <Li> 2017 : Blumstein </Li> <Li> 2018 : Cynn </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Series_of_Poker_Main_Event_champions&oldid=855761561 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> World Series of Poker </Li> <Li> Lists of celebrities </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from October 2010 </Li> <Li> Pages containing links to subscription - only content </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from September 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Featured lists </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 August 2018 , at 17 : 15 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Series_of_Poker_Main_Event_champions&oldid=855761561 | -8,136,449,854,028,694,000 |
Powdered sugar - wikipedia <H1> Powdered sugar </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Closeup of unsifted powdered sugar Powdered sugar on cannoli <P> Powdered sugar , also called confectioners ' sugar , icing sugar , and icing cake , is a finely ground sugar produced by milling granulated sugar into a powdered state . It usually contains a small amount of anti-caking agent to prevent clumping and improve flow . Although most often produced in a factory , powdered sugar can also be made by processing ordinary granulated sugar in a coffee grinder , or by crushing it by hand in a mortar and pestle . </P> <P> Powdered sugar is utilized in industrial food production when a quick - dissolving sugar is required . Home cooks use it principally to make icing or frosting and other cake decorations . It is often dusted onto baked goods to add a subtle sweetness and delicate decoration . </P> <P> Powdered sugar is available in varying degrees of fineness , most commonly XXX , XXXX , and 10X : the greater the number of Xs , the finer the particles . Finer particles absorb more moisture , which results in caking . Corn starch or tricalcium phosphate is added at 3 to 5 % concentration to absorb moisture and to improve flow by reducing friction between sugar crystals. Because of these anticaking agents , it can not always be used as a substitute for granulated sugar , such as in coffee or tea . </P> <H2> Other varieties ( edit ) </H2> <P> Caster sugar ( also referred to as superfine or baker 's sugar ) has a larger particle size than powdered sugar , approximately half that of granulated sugar . It is commonly used in baking and cold mixed drinks because it dissolves faster than granulated white sugar . Caster sugar can be easily prepared at home by grinding white sugar in a food processor to make it finer . The most common food caster sugar is used in is meringue . </P> <P> Snow powder ( or snow sugar ) is a non-melting form of icing sugar usually consisting of dextrose , starch and anti-binding agents , useful for retaining its structure when dusted onto cakes or pastries that require refrigeration . It is mostly used for decorative purposes . There is also titanium dioxide in it , which gives it a vibrant white colour . Use of this sugar is for visual appeal without the sugar melting into the pastry from moisture . It is mostly used on baked goods that are slightly wet like fruit bars and tarts . It will not melt even if it is sprinkled on whipped cream or ice cream . Snow sugar is less sweet than regular powdered sugar because dextrose ( a type of sugar made when starchy plants are broken down into monosaccharides using enzymes ) around 205 % less sweet than regular sugar . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to powdered sugar at Wikimedia Commons </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Crushing Difference Between Granulated & Confectioners ' Sugar '' . O Chef . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Asadi ( 2006 ) , 451 - 452 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chen ( 1993 ) , 530 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` C&H Baker 's Sugar '' . C&H Sugar . Retrieved 30 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://bakingbites.com/2014/03/what-is-snow-sugar/ http://www.livestrong.com/article/274155-what-is-dextrose-in-food/ </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Asadi , Mosen . Beet - Sugar Handbook . John Wiley & Sons , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Chen , James C.P. , Chung Chi Chou . Cane Sugar Handbook : A Manual for Cane Sugar Manufacturers and Their Chemists . John Wiley & Sons , 1993 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sugar ( as food commodity ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> List of sugars and sugar products </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chemistry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fructose </Li> <Li> Galactose </Li> <Li> Glucose </Li> <Li> Lactose </Li> <Li> Maltose </Li> <Li> Sucrose </Li> <Li> Trehalose </Li> <Li> Xylose </Li> <Li> Monosaccharide </Li> <Li> Disaccharide </Li> <Li> Free sugar </Li> <Li> Reducing sugar </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sources </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sugar beet </Li> <Li> Sugarcane </Li> <Li> Agave nectar </Li> <Li> Birch </Li> <Li> Coconut </Li> <Li> Date </Li> <Li> Honeydew </Li> <Li> Maple </Li> <Li> Palm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Syrups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Candi sugar </Li> <Li> Cheong <Ul> <Li> Maesil - cheong </Li> <Li> Mogwa - cheong </Li> <Li> Yuja - cheong </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Corn syrup </Li> <Li> Glucose syrup </Li> <Li> Golden syrup </Li> <Li> High - fructose corn syrup </Li> <Li> High - maltose corn syrup </Li> <Li> Honey </Li> <Li> Inverted sugar syrup </Li> <Li> Kuromitsu </Li> <Li> Maple syrup </Li> <Li> Molasses </Li> <Li> Pine honey </Li> <Li> Steen 's cane syrup </Li> <Li> Treacle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Solid forms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brown <Ul> <Li> Peen tong </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chancaca </Li> <Li> Crystalline fructose </Li> <Li> Gelling </Li> <Li> Gula melaka </Li> <Li> Jaggery </Li> <Li> Misri </Li> <Li> Mizuame </Li> <Li> Molasses sugar </Li> <Li> Muscovado </Li> <Li> Nib </Li> <Li> Non-centrifugal cane sugar </Li> <Li> Panela </Li> <Li> Plantation Reserve </Li> <Li> Powdered </Li> <Li> Preserving </Li> <Li> Rock candy </Li> <Li> Sucanat </Li> <Li> Sugar candy <Ul> <Li> Barley sugar </Li> <Li> Butterscotch </Li> <Li> Candy </Li> <Li> Hard </Li> <Li> Toffee </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sugar glass </Li> <Li> Sugarloaf </Li> <Li> Wasanbon </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other forms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caramel </Li> <Li> Cotton candy floss </Li> <Li> Maple sugar foods </Li> <Li> Rum </Li> <Li> Sugar alcohol </Li> <Li> Sugar confectionery </Li> <Li> Sugarcane juice </Li> <Li> Tuzemák </Li> <Li> Unrefined sweeteners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boilery </Li> <Li> Plantation <Ul> <Li> Casa grande </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Refinery </Li> <Li> Sugar bush </Li> <Li> Sugar cane mill </Li> <Li> Engenho </Li> <Li> Batey </Li> <Li> Zafra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By region ( current ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Caribbean </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> U.S. Sugar Program </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By region ( historical ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danish West Indies </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amelioration Act 1798 </Li> <Li> Blackbirding </Li> <Li> Colonial molasses trade </Li> <Li> Demerara rebellion of 1823 </Li> <Li> Holing cane </Li> <Li> Molasses Act </Li> <Li> Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 </Li> <Li> Slavery in the British and French Caribbean </Li> <Li> Sugar Act </Li> <Li> Sugar Duties Act 1846 </Li> <Li> Sugar Intervention </Li> <Li> Taiwan Sugar Railways </Li> <Li> Triangular trade </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Crop over </Li> <Li> Sugar house </Li> <Li> Sugaring </Li> <Li> Sugar nips </Li> <Li> Sugar packet <Ul> <Li> Sucrology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sugar people </Li> <Li> Sugar tit </Li> <Li> Sugar sculpture </Li> <Li> Treacle mine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Added sugar </Li> <Li> Australian Aboriginal sweet foods </Li> <Li> Bagasse </Li> <Li> Barley malt syrup </Li> <Li> Brown rice syrup </Li> <Li> Cane knife </Li> <Li> Flavored syrup </Li> <Li> Fruit syrup <Ul> <Li> Date honey </Li> <Li> Grape </Li> <Li> Jallab </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Health effects </Li> <Li> Nectar </Li> <Li> Sugar addiction </Li> <Li> Sugars in wine <Ul> <Li> Residual sugar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sugar substitute </Li> <Li> Sweetened beverage </Li> <Li> Sweetener </Li> <Li> Sweetness </Li> <Li> Vinasse </Li> <Li> Yacón syrup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Production </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Powdered_sugar&oldid=808443640 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Sugar substitutes </Li> <Li> Sugar </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Ripoarisch </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 22 : 05 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec ( film ) - Wikipedia <H1> The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec ( film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( September 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> French film poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Luc Besson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Virginie Besson - Silla </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Luc Besson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> `` Adèle and the Beast '' and `` Mummies on Parade '' by Jacques Tardi </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Louise Bourgoin </Li> <Li> Mathieu Amalric </Li> <Li> Philippe Nahon </Li> <Li> Gilles Lellouche </Li> <Li> Jean - Paul Rouve </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Narrated by </Th> <Td> Bernard Lanneau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Éric Serra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Thierry Arbogast </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Julien Rey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> EuropaCorp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> EuropaCorp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 9 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 09 ) ( Brussels ) </Li> <Li> 14 April 2010 ( 2010 - 04 - 14 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 107 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> France </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> French </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> € 25 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $34.1 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec ( French : Les Aventures extraordinaires d'Adèle Blanc - Sec ) , released as Adèle : Rise of the Mummy in Malaysia and Singapore , is a 2010 French fantasy adventure feature film written and directed by Luc Besson . It is loosely based on the comic book series The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec by Jacques Tardi and , as in the comic , follows the eponymous writer and a number of recurring side characters in a succession of far - fetched incidents in 1910s Paris and beyond , in this episode revolving around parapsychology and ultra-advanced Ancient Egyptian technology , which both pastiche and subvert adventure and speculative fiction of the period . The primarily live - action film , shot in Super 35 , incorporates much use of computer animation to portray its fanciful elements and contemporary action film special and visual effects within the form of the older - style adventure films they have largely superseded . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 Home media </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film incorporates characters and events from several of the albums , in particular the first , `` Adèle and the Beast '' , first published in 1976 , and the fourth , 1978 's `` Mummies on Parade , '' within an overall plot of Besson 's construction and takes place primarily in Paris , c. 1912 . </P> <P> While experimenting with the telepathic techniques he has been researching , Professor Espérandieu hatches a 136 million year - old pterosaur egg within the Galerie de paléontologie et d'anatomie comparée , resulting in the death of a former prefect ( scandalously sharing a taxicab with a Moulin Rouge showgirl ) which though witnessed only by the then - drunk Choupard sparks an epidemic of claimed sightings of the creature . The President of France orders the case be considered of utmost urgency by the National Police , only for it to be handed down to the bumbling Inspector Albert Caponi . </P> <P> Adèle Blanc - Sec , a journalist and travel writer of some fame , finds herself involved after returning from Egypt , where she was searching for Ramesses II 's mummified doctor / physician Patmosis . She wants to revive the mummy with the help of Espérandieu so the doctor can save her sister Agathe , who is comatose following an unfortunate tennis incident involving a hatpin . After a brief struggle with her nemesis , the mysterious Professor Dieuleveult , she retrieves the mummy and returns home . Her mission is complicated further by Espérandieu being on death row , having been blamed for the pterosaur 's attacks , in lieu of Inspector Caponi and celebrity big game hunter Justin de Saint - Hubert having any success in taking down the beast itself . Andrej Zborowski , a researcher at the Jardin des Plantes who is enamored with Adèle , is able to lure the pterosaur into hiding . Adèle , riding the pterosaur , rescues Espérandieu moments before his execution . </P> <P> Saint - Hubert fatally shoots the pterosaur along with Espérandieu , but not before Espérandieu is able to revive the mummy . The mummy ends up being the Pharaoh 's physicist ( `` I 'm a nuclear physicist . I deal in figures , signs and equations . '' ) and is unable to help her sister medically . He does , however , accompany Adèle to the Louvre , where they revive the rest of the Pharaoh 's mummified court on display there , including the Pharaoh himself . The Pharaoh 's doctor uses their advanced medical techniques to revive Agathe . The Pharaoh then decides he wants to see Paris , so the entire court wanders out into the night , scaring the ever - hapless Choupard yet again . </P> <P> Adèle decides she needs a vacation to relax . The final scene shows her boarding a ship , and the camera pans out to reveal the name of the ship , the RMS Titanic . Dieuleveult is then shown , maliciously smiling . </P> <P> In a mid-credits scene , Ménard ) pursues Saint - Hubert with a rifle , still outraged that Saint - Hubert shot the pterosaur . Ménard is arrested by Caponi as two gorillas stare menacingly at Saint - Hubert . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Louise Bourgoin as Adèle Blanc - Sec </Li> <Li> Mathieu Amalric as Dieuleveult </Li> <Li> Philippe Nahon as Professor Ménard </Li> <Li> Gilles Lellouche as Inspector Albert Caponi </Li> <Li> Jean - Paul Rouve as Justin de Saint - Hubert </Li> <Li> Jacky Nercessian as Professor Espérandieu </Li> <Li> Nicolas Giraud as Andrej Zborowski </Li> <Li> Frédérique Bel as The Bourgeois </Li> <Li> Laure de Clermont as Agathe Blanc - Sec </Li> <Li> Swann Arlaud as The Elysée crier </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film received positive reviews . Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 83 % based on reviews from 24 critics . </P> <P> Variety magazine called the film a `` polished comicbook adaptation '' and praised the performance of Louise Bourgoin 's as the titular heroine . The reviewer complains that Besson 's work is uneven , and the reviewer suggests that Besson would benefit from fresh collaborative voices , and a scissors for the overlong third act . </P> <P> Angie Errigo of Empire magazine gave the film 4 stars , proclaiming that `` Besson is back '' . Matthew Turner of ViewLondon gave the film 5 stars , writing : `` impressively directed and beautifully designed , this is a highly entertaining and frequently funny action - adventure romp with a witty script , great special effects and a terrific central performance from rising star Louise Bourgoin '' . </P> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> Shout ! Factory released a censored PG - rated version of the film in the United States on Blu - ray and DVD in August 2013 . An unedited director 's cut Blu - ray followed in October . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> April and the Extraordinary World , a 2015 animated film , also based on the visual style of Tardi </Li> <Li> List of films based on French - language comics </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thomas , G.W. `` Adèle Blanc - Sec ( 1976 -- 1998 ) by Jacques Tardi '' . The Ghostbreakers . Retrieved 18 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec '' ( PDF ) ( Press release ) . EuropaCorp . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec '' . uniFrance . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official trailer '' ( in French ) . EuropaCorp. 2010 . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les Aventures extraordinaires d'Adèle Blanc - Sec -- The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2 March 2011 . Retrieved 9 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Box office / business for The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec ( 2010 ) '' . IMDb . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Les aventures extraordinaires d'Adèle Blanc - Sec ( The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec ) ( 2010 ) '' . Boxofficemojo.com . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adèle : Rise of the Mummy '' . Yahoo ! Malaysia Movies . Retrieved 15 June 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adèle Blanc - Sec '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 14 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mintzer , Jordan ( 18 April 2010 ) . `` The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec '' . Variety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Errigo , Angie . `` Adèle Blanc - Sec '' . Empire . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Adèle Blanc - Sec '' . ViewLondon . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec coming to Blu - ray '' . Los Angeles Times . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Luc Besson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Le Dernier Combat ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Subway ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Big Blue ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Nikita ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantis ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Léon : The Professional ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> The Fifth Element ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The Messenger : The Story of Joan of Arc ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Angel - A ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Extraordinary Adventures of Adèle Blanc - Sec ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> The Lady ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Family ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Lucy ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Anna ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Le Dernier Combat ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Subway ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantis ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Cold Moon ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Nil by Mouth ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi 2 ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss of the Dragon ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Wasabi ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> La Turbulence des fluides ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Transporter ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Fanfan la Tulipe ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Les Côtelettes ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Michel Vaillant ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi 3 ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> District 13 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Revolver ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Transporter 2 ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Unleashed ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Angel - A ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur and the Invisibles ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Bandidas ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Love and Other Disasters ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Nuovomondo ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Tell No One ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> The Secret ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi 4 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Hitman ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Taken ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Transporter 3 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> District 13 : Ultimatum ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Home ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Staten Island ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur and the Revenge of Maltazard ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Arthur 3 : The War of the Two Worlds ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> From Paris with Love ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> 22 Bullets ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Colombiana ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Source ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> A Monster in Paris ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> The Lady ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Lockout ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Taken 2 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> No Limit ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Collison ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Jack and the Cuckoo - Clock Heart ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> 3 Days to Kill ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Family ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Brick Mansions ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The Homesman ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Taken 3 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Transporter Refueled ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Warriors Gate ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Renegades ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi 5 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Anna ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Taxi ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi 2 ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Kiss of the Dragon ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Wasabi ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Yamakasi ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> The Transporter ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Fanfan la Tulipe ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi 3 ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Michel Vaillant ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Crimson Rivers II : Angels of the Apocalypse ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> District 13 ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Revolver ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Transporter 2 ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Unleashed ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bandidas ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi 4 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Taken ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Transporter 3 ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> District 13 : Ultimatum ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> From Paris with Love ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Colombiana ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Lockout ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Taken 2 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 3 Days to Kill ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Brick Mansions ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Lucy ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Taken 3 ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Transporter Refueled ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> The Warriors Gate ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Renegades ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Valerian and the City of a Thousand Planets ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Anna ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TV series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> No Limit ( 2012 - 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Taxi Brooklyn ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Taken ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Filmography </Li> <Li> EuropaCorp </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= The_Extraordinary_Adventures_of_Adèle_Blanc - Sec_ ( film ) &oldid = 818854091 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2010 films </Li> <Li> French - language films </Li> <Li> French films </Li> <Li> 2010s adventure films </Li> <Li> 2010s fantasy films </Li> <Li> 2010s historical films </Li> <Li> French adventure films </Li> <Li> French fantasy films </Li> <Li> Dinosaur films </Li> <Li> Fantasy adventure films </Li> <Li> Films scored by Éric Serra </Li> <Li> Films based on French comics </Li> <Li> Films directed by Luc Besson </Li> <Li> Films set in 1912 </Li> <Li> Films set in Egypt </Li> <Li> Films set in ancient Egypt </Li> <Li> Films set in Paris </Li> <Li> Films shot in Egypt </Li> <Li> Films with live action and animation </Li> <Li> Mummy films </Li> <Li> Live - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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DNA - wikipedia <H1> DNA </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For a non-technical introduction to the topic , see Introduction to genetics . For other uses , see DNA ( disambiguation ) . The structure of the DNA double helix . The atoms in the structure are colour - coded by element and the detailed structures of two base pairs are shown in the bottom right . The structure of part of a DNA double helix <P> Deoxyribonucleic acid ( / diˈɒksiˌraɪboʊnjʊˌkliːɪk , - ˌkleɪɪk / ( listen ) ; DNA ) is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions used in the growth , development , functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses . DNA and ribonucleic acid ( RNA ) are nucleic acids ; alongside proteins , lipids and complex carbohydrates ( polysaccharides ) , they are one of the four major types of macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life . Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix . </P> <P> The two DNA strands are called polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler monomer units called nucleotides . Each nucleotide is composed of one of four nitrogen - containing nucleobases ( cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) , adenine ( A ) or thymine ( T ) ) , a sugar called deoxyribose , and a phosphate group . The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next , resulting in an alternating sugar - phosphate backbone . The nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands are bound together , according to base pairing rules ( A with T and C with G ) , with hydrogen bonds to make double - stranded DNA . </P> <P> The complementary nitrogenous bases are divided into two groups , pyrimidines and purines . In a DNA molecule , the pyrimidines are thymine and cytosine , the purines are adenine and guanine . </P> <P> DNA stores biological information . The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage , and both strands of the double - stranded structure store the same biological information . This information is replicated as and when the two strands separate . A large part of DNA ( more than 98 % for humans ) is non-coding , meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences . </P> <P> The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are thus antiparallel . Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases ( informally , bases ) . It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information . RNA strands are created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription . Under the genetic code , these RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins in a process called translation . </P> <P> Within eukaryotic cells DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes . During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication , providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes . Eukaryotic organisms ( animals , plants , fungi and protists ) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles , such as mitochondria or chloroplasts . In contrast prokaryotes ( bacteria and archaea ) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm . Within the eukaryotic chromosomes , chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA . These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins , helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed . </P> <P> DNA was first isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 . Its molecular structure was first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge in 1953 , whose model - building efforts were guided by X-ray diffraction data acquired by Raymond Gosling , who was a post-graduate student of Rosalind Franklin . DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories , such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity . The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro - and nano - fabrication . Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA - based hybrid materials . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Properties <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Nucleobase classification </Li> <Li> 1.2 Non canonical bases </Li> <Li> 1.3 Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA </Li> <Li> 1.4 Grooves </Li> <Li> 1.5 Base pairing </Li> <Li> 1.6 Sense and antisense </Li> <Li> 1.7 Supercoiling </Li> <Li> 1.8 Alternative DNA structures </Li> <Li> 1.9 Alternative DNA chemistry </Li> <Li> 1.10 Quadruplex structures </Li> <Li> 1.11 Branched DNA </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Base modifications and DNA packaging </Li> <Li> 2.2 Damage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Biological functions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Genes and genomes </Li> <Li> 3.2 Transcription and translation </Li> <Li> 3.3 Replication </Li> <Li> 3.4 Extracellular nucleic acids </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Interactions with proteins <Ul> <Li> 4.1 DNA - binding proteins </Li> <Li> 4.2 DNA - modifying enzymes <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Nucleases and ligases </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Topoisomerases and helicases </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Polymerases </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Genetic recombination </Li> <Li> 6 Evolution </Li> <Li> 7 Uses in technology <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Genetic engineering </Li> <Li> 7.2 DNA profiling </Li> <Li> 7.3 DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA </Li> <Li> 7.4 Bioinformatics </Li> <Li> 7.5 DNA nanotechnology </Li> <Li> 7.6 History and anthropology </Li> <Li> 7.7 Information storage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 History of DNA research </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Properties </H2> Chemical structure of DNA ; hydrogen bonds shown as dotted lines <P> DNA is a long polymer made from repeating units called nucleotides . The structure of DNA is dynamic along its length , being capable of coiling into tight loops , and other shapes . In all species it is composed of two helical chains , bound to each other by hydrogen bonds . Both chains are coiled round the same axis , and have the same pitch of 34 ångströms ( 3.4 nanometres ) . The pair of chains has a radius of 10 ångströms ( 1.0 nanometre ) . According to another study , when measured in a different solution , the DNA chain measured 22 to 26 ångströms wide ( 2.2 to 2.6 nanometres ) , and one nucleotide unit measured 3.3 Å ( 0.33 nm ) long . Although each individual nucleotide repeating unit is very small , DNA polymers can be very large molecules containing millions to hundreds of millions of nucleotides . For instance , the DNA in the largest human chromosome , chromosome number 1 , consists of approximately 220 million base pairs and would be 85 mm long if straightened . </P> <P> In living organisms , DNA does not usually exist as a single molecule , but instead as a pair of molecules that are held tightly together . These two long strands entwine like vines , in the shape of a double helix . The nucleotide contains both a segment of the backbone of the molecule ( which holds the chain together ) and a nucleobase ( which interacts with the other DNA strand in the helix ) . A nucleobase linked to a sugar is called a nucleoside and a base linked to a sugar and one or more phosphate groups is called a nucleotide . A polymer comprising multiple linked nucleotides ( as in DNA ) is called a polynucleotide . </P> <P> The backbone of the DNA strand is made from alternating phosphate and sugar residues . The sugar in DNA is 2 - deoxyribose , which is a pentose ( five - carbon ) sugar . The sugars are joined together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings . These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction . In a double helix , the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand : the strands are antiparallel . The asymmetric ends of DNA strands are said to have a directionality of five prime ( 5 ′ ) and three prime ( 3 ′ ) , with the 5 ′ end having a terminal phosphate group and the 3 ′ end a terminal hydroxyl group . One major difference between DNA and RNA is the sugar , with the 2 - deoxyribose in DNA being replaced by the alternative pentose sugar ribose in RNA . </P> A section of DNA . The bases lie horizontally between the two spiraling strands . ( animated version ) . <P> The DNA double helix is stabilized primarily by two forces : hydrogen bonds between nucleotides and base - stacking interactions among aromatic nucleobases . In the aqueous environment of the cell , the conjugated π bonds of nucleotide bases align perpendicular to the axis of the DNA molecule , minimizing their interaction with the solvation shell . The four bases found in DNA are adenine ( A ) , cytosine ( C ) , guanine ( G ) and thymine ( T ) . These four bases are attached to the sugar - phosphate to form the complete nucleotide , as shown for adenosine monophosphate . Adenine pairs with thymine and guanine pairs with cytosine . It was represented by A-T base pairs and G-C base pairs . </P> <H3> Nucleobase classification </H3> <P> The nucleobases are classified into two types : the purines , A and G , being fused five - and six - membered heterocyclic compounds , and the pyrimidines , the six - membered rings C and T. A fifth pyrimidine nucleobase , uracil ( U ) , usually takes the place of thymine in RNA and differs from thymine by lacking a methyl group on its ring . In addition to RNA and DNA , many artificial nucleic acid analogues have been created to study the properties of nucleic acids , or for use in biotechnology . </P> <H3> Non canonical bases </H3> <P> Uracil is not usually found in DNA , occurring only as a breakdown product of cytosine . However , in several bacteriophages , Bacillus subtilis bacteriophages PBS1 and PBS2 and Yersinia bacteriophage piR1 - 37 , thymine has been replaced by uracil . Another phage - Staphylococcal phage S6 - has been identified with a genome where thymine has been replaced by uracil . </P> <P> 5 - hydroxymethyldeoxyuracil ( dU ) is also known to replace thymidine in several genomes including the Bacillus phages SPO1 , φe , SP8 , H1 , 2C and SP82 . Another modified uracil - 5 - dihydroxypentauracil -- has also been described . </P> <P> Base J ( beta - d - glucopyranosyloxymethyluracil ) , a modified form of uracil , is also found in several organisms : the flagellates Diplonema and Euglena , and all the kinetoplastid genera . Biosynthesis of J occurs in two steps : in the first step , a specific thymidine in DNA is converted into hydroxymethyldeoxyuridine ; in the second , HOMedU is glycosylated to form J. Proteins that bind specifically to this base have been identified . These proteins appear to be distant relatives of the Tet1 oncogene that is involved in the pathogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia . J appears to act as a termination signal for RNA polymerase II . </P> <P> In 1976 a bacteriophage - S - 2L - which infects species of the genus Synechocystis was found to have all the adenosine bases within its genome replaced by 2 , 6 - diaminopurine . In 2016 deoxyarchaeosine was found to be present in the genomes of several bacteria and the Escherichia phage 9g . </P> <P> Modified bases also occur in DNA . The first of these recognised was 5 - methylcytosine which was found in the genome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1925 . The complete replacement of cytosine by 5 - glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine in T even phages ( T2 , T4 and T6 ) was observed in 1953 In the genomes of Xanthomonas oryzae bacteriophage Xp12 and halovirus FH the full complement of cystosine has been replaced by 5 - methylcytosine . 6N - methyadenine was discovered to be present in DNA in 1955 . N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine was described in 1975 . 7 - methylguanine was described in 1976 . N4 - methylcytosine in DNA was described in 1983 . In 1985 5 - hydroxycytosine was found in the genomes of the Rhizobium phages RL38JI and N17 . α - putrescinylthymine occurs in both the genomes of the Delftia phage ΦW - 14 and the Bacillus phage SP10 . α - glutamythymidine is found in the Bacillus phage SP01 and 5 - dihydroxypentyluracil is found in the Bacillus phage SP15 . </P> <P> The reason for the presence of these non canonical bases in DNA is not known . It seems likely that at least part of the reason for their presence in bacterial viruses ( phages ) is to avoid the restriction enzymes present in bacteria . This enzyme system acts at least in part as a molecular immune system protecting bacteria from infection by viruses . </P> <P> This does not appear to be the entire story . Four modifications to the cytosine residues in human DNA have been reported . These modifications are the addition of methyl ( CH ) - , hydroxymethyl ( CH OH ) - , formyl ( CHO ) - and carboxyl ( COOH ) - groups . These modifications are thought to have regulatory functions . </P> <H3> Listing of non canonical bases found in DNA </H3> <P> Seventeen non canonical bases are known to occur in DNA . Most of these are modifications of the canonical bases plus uracil . </P> <Ul> <Li> Modified Adenosine <Ul> <Li> N6 - carbamoyl - methyladenine </Li> <Li> N6 - methyadenine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Modified Guanine <Ul> <Li> 7 - Methylguanine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Modified Cytosine <Ul> <Li> N4 - Methylcytosine </Li> <Li> 5 - Carboxylcytosine </Li> <Li> 5 - Formylcytosine </Li> <Li> 5 - Glycosylhydroxymethylcytosine </Li> <Li> 5 - Hydroxycytosine </Li> <Li> 5 - Methylcytosine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Modified Thymidine <Ul> <Li> α - Glutamythymidine </Li> <Li> α - Putrescinylthymine </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Uracil and modifications <Ul> <Li> Base J </Li> <Li> Uracil </Li> <Li> 5 - Dihydroxypentauracil </Li> <Li> 5 - Hydroxymethyldeoxyuracil </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Others <Ul> <Li> Deoxyarchaeosine </Li> <Li> 2 , 6 - Diaminopurine </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> DNA major and minor grooves . The latter is a binding site for the Hoechst stain dye 33258 . <H3> Grooves </H3> <P> Twin helical strands form the DNA backbone . Another double helix may be found tracing the spaces , or grooves , between the strands . These voids are adjacent to the base pairs and may provide a binding site . As the strands are not symmetrically located with respect to each other , the grooves are unequally sized . One groove , the major groove , is 22 Å wide and the other , the minor groove , is 12 Å wide . The width of the major groove means that the edges of the bases are more accessible in the major groove than in the minor groove . As a result , proteins such as transcription factors that can bind to specific sequences in double - stranded DNA usually make contact with the sides of the bases exposed in the major groove . This situation varies in unusual conformations of DNA within the cell ( see below ) , but the major and minor grooves are always named to reflect the differences in size that would be seen if the DNA is twisted back into the ordinary B form . </P> <H3> Base pairing </H3> Further information : Base pair <P> In a DNA double helix , each type of nucleobase on one strand bonds with just one type of nucleobase on the other strand . This is called complementary base pairing . Here , purines form hydrogen bonds to pyrimidines , with adenine bonding only to thymine in two hydrogen bonds , and cytosine bonding only to guanine in three hydrogen bonds . This arrangement of two nucleotides binding together across the double helix is called a Watson - Crick base pair . Another type of base pairing is Hoogsteen base pairing where two hydrogen bonds form between guanine and cytosine . As hydrogen bonds are not covalent , they can be broken and rejoined relatively easily . The two strands of DNA in a double helix can thus be pulled apart like a zipper , either by a mechanical force or high temperature . As a result of this base pair complementarity , all the information in the double - stranded sequence of a DNA helix is duplicated on each strand , which is vital in DNA replication . This reversible and specific interaction between complementary base pairs is critical for all the functions of DNA in living organisms . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Top , a GC base pair with three hydrogen bonds . Bottom , an AT base pair with two hydrogen bonds . Non-covalent hydrogen bonds between the pairs are shown as dashed lines . <P> The two types of base pairs form different numbers of hydrogen bonds , AT forming two hydrogen bonds , and GC forming three hydrogen bonds ( see figures , right ) . DNA with high GC - content is more stable than DNA with low GC - content . </P> <P> As noted above , most DNA molecules are actually two polymer strands , bound together in a helical fashion by noncovalent bonds ; this double - stranded ( dsDNA ) structure is maintained largely by the intrastrand base stacking interactions , which are strongest for G , C stacks . The two strands can come apart -- a process known as melting -- to form two single - stranded DNA ( ssDNA ) molecules . Melting occurs at high temperature , low salt and high pH ( low pH also melts DNA , but since DNA is unstable due to acid depurination , low pH is rarely used ) . </P> <P> The stability of the dsDNA form depends not only on the GC - content ( % G , C basepairs ) but also on sequence ( since stacking is sequence specific ) and also length ( longer molecules are more stable ) . The stability can be measured in various ways ; a common way is the `` melting temperature '' , which is the temperature at which 50 % of the ds molecules are converted to ss molecules ; melting temperature is dependent on ionic strength and the concentration of DNA . As a result , it is both the percentage of GC base pairs and the overall length of a DNA double helix that determines the strength of the association between the two strands of DNA . Long DNA helices with a high GC - content have stronger - interacting strands , while short helices with high AT content have weaker - interacting strands . In biology , parts of the DNA double helix that need to separate easily , such as the TATAAT Pribnow box in some promoters , tend to have a high AT content , making the strands easier to pull apart . </P> <P> In the laboratory , the strength of this interaction can be measured by finding the temperature necessary to break the hydrogen bonds , their melting temperature ( also called T value ) . When all the base pairs in a DNA double helix melt , the strands separate and exist in solution as two entirely independent molecules . These single - stranded DNA molecules have no single common shape , but some conformations are more stable than others . </P> <H3> Sense and antisense </H3> Further information : Sense ( molecular biology ) <P> A DNA sequence is called `` sense '' if its sequence is the same as that of a messenger RNA copy that is translated into protein . The sequence on the opposite strand is called the `` antisense '' sequence . Both sense and antisense sequences can exist on different parts of the same strand of DNA ( i.e. both strands can contain both sense and antisense sequences ) . In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes , antisense RNA sequences are produced , but the functions of these RNAs are not entirely clear . One proposal is that antisense RNAs are involved in regulating gene expression through RNA - RNA base pairing . </P> <P> A few DNA sequences in prokaryotes and eukaryotes , and more in plasmids and viruses , blur the distinction between sense and antisense strands by having overlapping genes . In these cases , some DNA sequences do double duty , encoding one protein when read along one strand , and a second protein when read in the opposite direction along the other strand . In bacteria , this overlap may be involved in the regulation of gene transcription , while in viruses , overlapping genes increase the amount of information that can be encoded within the small viral genome . </P> <H3> Supercoiling </H3> Further information : DNA supercoil <P> DNA can be twisted like a rope in a process called DNA supercoiling . With DNA in its `` relaxed '' state , a strand usually circles the axis of the double helix once every 10.4 base pairs , but if the DNA is twisted the strands become more tightly or more loosely wound . If the DNA is twisted in the direction of the helix , this is positive supercoiling , and the bases are held more tightly together . If they are twisted in the opposite direction , this is negative supercoiling , and the bases come apart more easily . In nature , most DNA has slight negative supercoiling that is introduced by enzymes called topoisomerases . These enzymes are also needed to relieve the twisting stresses introduced into DNA strands during processes such as transcription and DNA replication . </P> From left to right , the structures of A , B and Z DNA <H3> Alternative DNA structures </H3> Further information : Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids : A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid , Molecular models of DNA , and DNA structure <P> DNA exists in many possible conformations that include A-DNA , B - DNA , and Z - DNA forms , although , only B - DNA and Z - DNA have been directly observed in functional organisms . The conformation that DNA adopts depends on the hydration level , DNA sequence , the amount and direction of supercoiling , chemical modifications of the bases , the type and concentration of metal ions , and the presence of polyamines in solution . </P> <P> The first published reports of A-DNA X-ray diffraction patterns -- and also B - DNA -- used analyses based on Patterson transforms that provided only a limited amount of structural information for oriented fibers of DNA . An alternative analysis was then proposed by Wilkins et al. , in 1953 , for the in vivo B - DNA X-ray diffraction - scattering patterns of highly hydrated DNA fibers in terms of squares of Bessel functions . In the same journal , James Watson and Francis Crick presented their molecular modeling analysis of the DNA X-ray diffraction patterns to suggest that the structure was a double - helix . </P> <P> Although the B - DNA form is most common under the conditions found in cells , it is not a well - defined conformation but a family of related DNA conformations that occur at the high hydration levels present in living cells . Their corresponding X-ray diffraction and scattering patterns are characteristic of molecular paracrystals with a significant degree of disorder . </P> <P> Compared to B - DNA , the A-DNA form is a wider right - handed spiral , with a shallow , wide minor groove and a narrower , deeper major groove . The A form occurs under non-physiological conditions in partly dehydrated samples of DNA , while in the cell it may be produced in hybrid pairings of DNA and RNA strands , and in enzyme - DNA complexes . Segments of DNA where the bases have been chemically modified by methylation may undergo a larger change in conformation and adopt the Z form . Here , the strands turn about the helical axis in a left - handed spiral , the opposite of the more common B form . These unusual structures can be recognized by specific Z - DNA binding proteins and may be involved in the regulation of transcription . </P> <H3> Alternative DNA chemistry </H3> <P> For many years exobiologists have proposed the existence of a shadow biosphere , a postulated microbial biosphere of Earth that uses radically different biochemical and molecular processes than currently known life . One of the proposals was the existence of lifeforms that use arsenic instead of phosphorus in DNA . A report in 2010 of the possibility in the bacterium GFAJ - 1 , was announced , though the research was disputed , and evidence suggests the bacterium actively prevents the incorporation of arsenic into the DNA backbone and other biomolecules . </P> <H3> Quadruplex structures </H3> Further information : G - quadruplex <P> At the ends of the linear chromosomes are specialized regions of DNA called telomeres . The main function of these regions is to allow the cell to replicate chromosome ends using the enzyme telomerase , as the enzymes that normally replicate DNA can not copy the extreme 3 ′ ends of chromosomes . These specialized chromosome caps also help protect the DNA ends , and stop the DNA repair systems in the cell from treating them as damage to be corrected . In human cells , telomeres are usually lengths of single - stranded DNA containing several thousand repeats of a simple TTAGGG sequence . </P> DNA quadruplex formed by telomere repeats . The looped conformation of the DNA backbone is very different from the typical DNA helix . The green spheres in the center represent potassium ions . <P> These guanine - rich sequences may stabilize chromosome ends by forming structures of stacked sets of four - base units , rather than the usual base pairs found in other DNA molecules . Here , four guanine bases form a flat plate and these flat four - base units then stack on top of each other , to form a stable G - quadruplex structure . These structures are stabilized by hydrogen bonding between the edges of the bases and chelation of a metal ion in the centre of each four - base unit . Other structures can also be formed , with the central set of four bases coming from either a single strand folded around the bases , or several different parallel strands , each contributing one base to the central structure . </P> <P> In addition to these stacked structures , telomeres also form large loop structures called telomere loops , or T - loops . Here , the single - stranded DNA curls around in a long circle stabilized by telomere - binding proteins . At the very end of the T - loop , the single - stranded telomere DNA is held onto a region of double - stranded DNA by the telomere strand disrupting the double - helical DNA and base pairing to one of the two strands . This triple - stranded structure is called a displacement loop or D - loop . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Single branch </Td> <Td> Multiple branches </Td> </Tr> </Table> Branched DNA can form networks containing multiple branches . <H3> Branched DNA </H3> Further information : Branched DNA and DNA nanotechnology <P> In DNA , fraying occurs when non-complementary regions exist at the end of an otherwise complementary double - strand of DNA . However , branched DNA can occur if a third strand of DNA is introduced and contains adjoining regions able to hybridize with the frayed regions of the pre-existing double - strand . Although the simplest example of branched DNA involves only three strands of DNA , complexes involving additional strands and multiple branches are also possible . Branched DNA can be used in nanotechnology to construct geometric shapes , see the section on uses in technology below . </P> <H2> Chemical modifications and altered DNA packaging </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> cytosine </Td> <Td> 5 - methylcytosine </Td> <Td> thymine </Td> </Tr> </Table> Structure of cytosine with and without the 5 - methyl group . Deamination converts 5 - methylcytosine into thymine . <H3> Base modifications and DNA packaging </H3> Further information : DNA methylation and Chromatin remodeling <P> The expression of genes is influenced by how the DNA is packaged in chromosomes , in a structure called chromatin . Base modifications can be involved in packaging , with regions that have low or no gene expression usually containing high levels of methylation of cytosine bases . DNA packaging and its influence on gene expression can also occur by covalent modifications of the histone protein core around which DNA is wrapped in the chromatin structure or else by remodeling carried out by chromatin remodeling complexes ( see Chromatin remodeling ) . There is , further , crosstalk between DNA methylation and histone modification , so they can coordinately affect chromatin and gene expression . </P> <P> For one example , cytosine methylation produces 5 - methylcytosine , which is important for X-inactivation of chromosomes . The average level of methylation varies between organisms -- the worm Caenorhabditis elegans lacks cytosine methylation , while vertebrates have higher levels , with up to 1 % of their DNA containing 5 - methylcytosine . Despite the importance of 5 - methylcytosine , it can deaminate to leave a thymine base , so methylated cytosines are particularly prone to mutations . Other base modifications include adenine methylation in bacteria , the presence of 5 - hydroxymethylcytosine in the brain , and the glycosylation of uracil to produce the `` J - base '' in kinetoplastids . </P> <H3> Damage </H3> Further information : DNA damage ( naturally occurring ) , Mutation , and DNA damage theory of aging A covalent adduct between a metabolically activated form of benzo ( a ) pyrene , the major mutagen in tobacco smoke , and DNA <P> DNA can be damaged by many sorts of mutagens , which change the DNA sequence . Mutagens include oxidizing agents , alkylating agents and also high - energy electromagnetic radiation such as ultraviolet light and X-rays . The type of DNA damage produced depends on the type of mutagen . For example , UV light can damage DNA by producing thymine dimers , which are cross-links between pyrimidine bases . On the other hand , oxidants such as free radicals or hydrogen peroxide produce multiple forms of damage , including base modifications , particularly of guanosine , and double - strand breaks . A typical human cell contains about 150,000 bases that have suffered oxidative damage . Of these oxidative lesions , the most dangerous are double - strand breaks , as these are difficult to repair and can produce point mutations , insertions , deletions from the DNA sequence , and chromosomal translocations . These mutations can cause cancer . Because of inherent limits in the DNA repair mechanisms , if humans lived long enough , they would all eventually develop cancer . DNA damages that are naturally occurring , due to normal cellular processes that produce reactive oxygen species , the hydrolytic activities of cellular water , etc. , also occur frequently . Although most of these damages are repaired , in any cell some DNA damage may remain despite the action of repair processes . These remaining DNA damages accumulate with age in mammalian postmitotic tissues . This accumulation appears to be an important underlying cause of aging . </P> <P> Many mutagens fit into the space between two adjacent base pairs , this is called intercalation . Most intercalators are aromatic and planar molecules ; examples include ethidium bromide , acridines , daunomycin , and doxorubicin . For an intercalator to fit between base pairs , the bases must separate , distorting the DNA strands by unwinding of the double helix . This inhibits both transcription and DNA replication , causing toxicity and mutations . As a result , DNA intercalators may be carcinogens , and in the case of thalidomide , a teratogen . Others such as benzo ( a ) pyrene diol epoxide and aflatoxin form DNA adducts that induce errors in replication . Nevertheless , due to their ability to inhibit DNA transcription and replication , other similar toxins are also used in chemotherapy to inhibit rapidly growing cancer cells . </P> <H2> Biological functions </H2> Location of eukaryote nuclear DNA within the chromosomes . <P> DNA usually occurs as linear chromosomes in eukaryotes , and circular chromosomes in prokaryotes . The set of chromosomes in a cell makes up its genome ; the human genome has approximately 3 billion base pairs of DNA arranged into 46 chromosomes . The information carried by DNA is held in the sequence of pieces of DNA called genes . Transmission of genetic information in genes is achieved via complementary base pairing . For example , in transcription , when a cell uses the information in a gene , the DNA sequence is copied into a complementary RNA sequence through the attraction between the DNA and the correct RNA nucleotides . Usually , this RNA copy is then used to make a matching protein sequence in a process called translation , which depends on the same interaction between RNA nucleotides . In alternative fashion , a cell may simply copy its genetic information in a process called DNA replication . The details of these functions are covered in other articles ; here the focus is on the interactions between DNA and other molecules that mediate the function of the genome . </P> <H3> Genes and genomes </H3> Further information : Cell nucleus , Chromatin , Chromosome , Gene , and Noncoding DNA <P> Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation , to fit the small available volumes of the cell . In eukaryotes , DNA is located in the cell nucleus , with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts . In prokaryotes , the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid . The genetic information in a genome is held within genes , and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype . A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism . Genes contain an open reading frame that can be transcribed , and regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers , which control transcription of the open reading frame . </P> <P> In many species , only a small fraction of the total sequence of the genome encodes protein . For example , only about 1.5 % of the human genome consists of protein - coding exons , with over 50 % of human DNA consisting of non-coding repetitive sequences . The reasons for the presence of so much noncoding DNA in eukaryotic genomes and the extraordinary differences in genome size , or C - value , among species , represent a long - standing puzzle known as the `` C - value enigma '' . However , some DNA sequences that do not code protein may still encode functional non-coding RNA molecules , which are involved in the regulation of gene expression . </P> T7 RNA polymerase ( blue ) producing an mRNA ( green ) from a DNA template ( orange ) . <P> Some noncoding DNA sequences play structural roles in chromosomes . Telomeres and centromeres typically contain few genes but are important for the function and stability of chromosomes . An abundant form of noncoding DNA in humans are pseudogenes , which are copies of genes that have been disabled by mutation . These sequences are usually just molecular fossils , although they can occasionally serve as raw genetic material for the creation of new genes through the process of gene duplication and divergence . </P> <H3> Transcription and translation </H3> Further information : Genetic code , Transcription ( genetics ) , and Protein biosynthesis <P> A gene is a sequence of DNA that contains genetic information and can influence the phenotype of an organism . Within a gene , the sequence of bases along a DNA strand defines a messenger RNA sequence , which then defines one or more protein sequences . The relationship between the nucleotide sequences of genes and the amino - acid sequences of proteins is determined by the rules of translation , known collectively as the genetic code . The genetic code consists of three - letter ' words ' called codons formed from a sequence of three nucleotides ( e.g. ACT , CAG , TTT ) . </P> <P> In transcription , the codons of a gene are copied into messenger RNA by RNA polymerase . This RNA copy is then decoded by a ribosome that reads the RNA sequence by base - pairing the messenger RNA to transfer RNA , which carries amino acids . Since there are 4 bases in 3 - letter combinations , there are 64 possible codons ( 4 combinations ) . These encode the twenty standard amino acids , giving most amino acids more than one possible codon . There are also three ' stop ' or ' nonsense ' codons signifying the end of the coding region ; these are the TAA , TGA , and TAG codons . </P> DNA replication . The double helix is unwound by a helicase and topoisomerase . Next , one DNA polymerase produces the leading strand copy . Another DNA polymerase binds to the lagging strand . This enzyme makes discontinuous segments ( called Okazaki fragments ) before DNA ligase joins them together . <H3> Replication </H3> Further information : DNA replication <P> Cell division is essential for an organism to grow , but , when a cell divides , it must replicate the DNA in its genome so that the two daughter cells have the same genetic information as their parent . The double - stranded structure of DNA provides a simple mechanism for DNA replication . Here , the two strands are separated and then each strand 's complementary DNA sequence is recreated by an enzyme called DNA polymerase . This enzyme makes the complementary strand by finding the correct base through complementary base pairing and bonding it onto the original strand . As DNA polymerases can only extend a DNA strand in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction , different mechanisms are used to copy the antiparallel strands of the double helix . In this way , the base on the old strand dictates which base appears on the new strand , and the cell ends up with a perfect copy of its DNA . </P> <H3> Extracellular nucleic acids </H3> <P> Naked extracellular DNA ( eDNA ) , most of it released by cell death , is nearly ubiquitous in the environment . Its concentration in soil may be as high as 2 μg / L , and its concentration in natural aquatic environments may be as high at 88 μg / L. Various possible functions have been proposed for eDNA : it may be involved in horizontal gene transfer ; it may provide nutrients ; and it may act as a buffer to recruit or titrate ions or antibiotics . Extracellular DNA acts as a functional extracellular matrix component in the biofilms of several bacterial species . It may act as a recognition factor to regulate the attachment and dispersal of specific cell types in the biofilm ; it may contribute to biofilm formation ; and it may contribute to the biofilm 's physical strength and resistance to biological stress . </P> <P> Cell - free fetal DNA is found in the blood of the mother , and can be sequenced to determine a great deal of information about the developing fetus . </P> <H2> Interactions with proteins </H2> <P> All the functions of DNA depend on interactions with proteins . These protein interactions can be non-specific , or the protein can bind specifically to a single DNA sequence . Enzymes can also bind to DNA and of these , the polymerases that copy the DNA base sequence in transcription and DNA replication are particularly important . </P> <H3> DNA - binding proteins </H3> Further information : DNA - binding protein <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Interaction of DNA ( in orange ) with histones ( in blue ) . These proteins ' basic amino acids bind to the acidic phosphate groups on DNA . <P> Structural proteins that bind DNA are well - understood examples of non-specific DNA - protein interactions . Within chromosomes , DNA is held in complexes with structural proteins . These proteins organize the DNA into a compact structure called chromatin . In eukaryotes , this structure involves DNA binding to a complex of small basic proteins called histones , while in prokaryotes multiple types of proteins are involved . The histones form a disk - shaped complex called a nucleosome , which contains two complete turns of double - stranded DNA wrapped around its surface . These non-specific interactions are formed through basic residues in the histones , making ionic bonds to the acidic sugar - phosphate backbone of the DNA , and are thus largely independent of the base sequence . Chemical modifications of these basic amino acid residues include methylation , phosphorylation , and acetylation . These chemical changes alter the strength of the interaction between the DNA and the histones , making the DNA more or less accessible to transcription factors and changing the rate of transcription . Other non-specific DNA - binding proteins in chromatin include the high - mobility group proteins , which bind to bent or distorted DNA . These proteins are important in bending arrays of nucleosomes and arranging them into the larger structures that make up chromosomes . </P> <P> A distinct group of DNA - binding proteins is the DNA - binding proteins that specifically bind single - stranded DNA . In humans , replication protein A is the best - understood member of this family and is used in processes where the double helix is separated , including DNA replication , recombination , and DNA repair . These binding proteins seem to stabilize single - stranded DNA and protect it from forming stem - loops or being degraded by nucleases . </P> The lambda repressor helix - turn - helix transcription factor bound to its DNA target <P> In contrast , other proteins have evolved to bind to particular DNA sequences . The most intensively studied of these are the various transcription factors , which are proteins that regulate transcription . Each transcription factor binds to one particular set of DNA sequences and activates or inhibits the transcription of genes that have these sequences close to their promoters . The transcription factors do this in two ways . Firstly , they can bind the RNA polymerase responsible for transcription , either directly or through other mediator proteins ; this locates the polymerase at the promoter and allows it to begin transcription . Alternatively , transcription factors can bind enzymes that modify the histones at the promoter . This changes the accessibility of the DNA template to the polymerase . </P> <P> As these DNA targets can occur throughout an organism 's genome , changes in the activity of one type of transcription factor can affect thousands of genes . Consequently , these proteins are often the targets of the signal transduction processes that control responses to environmental changes or cellular differentiation and development . The specificity of these transcription factors ' interactions with DNA come from the proteins making multiple contacts to the edges of the DNA bases , allowing them to `` read '' the DNA sequence . Most of these base - interactions are made in the major groove , where the bases are most accessible . </P> The restriction enzyme EcoRV ( green ) in a complex with its substrate DNA <H3> DNA - modifying enzymes </H3> Nucleases and ligases <P> Nucleases are enzymes that cut DNA strands by catalyzing the hydrolysis of the phosphodiester bonds . Nucleases that hydrolyse nucleotides from the ends of DNA strands are called exonucleases , while endonucleases cut within strands . The most frequently used nucleases in molecular biology are the restriction endonucleases , which cut DNA at specific sequences . For instance , the EcoRV enzyme shown to the left recognizes the 6 - base sequence 5 ′ - GATATC - 3 ′ and makes a cut at the horizontal line . In nature , these enzymes protect bacteria against phage infection by digesting the phage DNA when it enters the bacterial cell , acting as part of the restriction modification system . In technology , these sequence - specific nucleases are used in molecular cloning and DNA fingerprinting . </P> <P> Enzymes called DNA ligases can rejoin cut or broken DNA strands . Ligases are particularly important in lagging strand DNA replication , as they join together the short segments of DNA produced at the replication fork into a complete copy of the DNA template . They are also used in DNA repair and genetic recombination . </P> Topoisomerases and helicases <P> Topoisomerases are enzymes with both nuclease and ligase activity . These proteins change the amount of supercoiling in DNA . Some of these enzymes work by cutting the DNA helix and allowing one section to rotate , thereby reducing its level of supercoiling ; the enzyme then seals the DNA break . Other types of these enzymes are capable of cutting one DNA helix and then passing a second strand of DNA through this break , before rejoining the helix . Topoisomerases are required for many processes involving DNA , such as DNA replication and transcription . </P> <P> Helicases are proteins that are a type of molecular motor . They use the chemical energy in nucleoside triphosphates , predominantly adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) , to break hydrogen bonds between bases and unwind the DNA double helix into single strands . These enzymes are essential for most processes where enzymes need to access the DNA bases . </P> Polymerases <P> Polymerases are enzymes that synthesize polynucleotide chains from nucleoside triphosphates . The sequence of their products is created based on existing polynucleotide chains -- which are called templates . These enzymes function by repeatedly adding a nucleotide to the 3 ′ hydroxyl group at the end of the growing polynucleotide chain . As a consequence , all polymerases work in a 5 ′ to 3 ′ direction . In the active site of these enzymes , the incoming nucleoside triphosphate base - pairs to the template : this allows polymerases to accurately synthesize the complementary strand of their template . Polymerases are classified according to the type of template that they use . </P> <P> In DNA replication , DNA - dependent DNA polymerases make copies of DNA polynucleotide chains . To preserve biological information , it is essential that the sequence of bases in each copy are precisely complementary to the sequence of bases in the template strand . Many DNA polymerases have a proofreading activity . Here , the polymerase recognizes the occasional mistakes in the synthesis reaction by the lack of base pairing between the mismatched nucleotides . If a mismatch is detected , a 3 ′ to 5 ′ exonuclease activity is activated and the incorrect base removed . In most organisms , DNA polymerases function in a large complex called the replisome that contains multiple accessory subunits , such as the DNA clamp or helicases . </P> <P> RNA - dependent DNA polymerases are a specialized class of polymerases that copy the sequence of an RNA strand into DNA . They include reverse transcriptase , which is a viral enzyme involved in the infection of cells by retroviruses , and telomerase , which is required for the replication of telomeres . For example , HIV reverse transcriptase is an enzyme for AIDS virus replication . Telomerase is an unusual polymerase because it contains its own RNA template as part of its structure . It synthesizes telomeres at the ends of chromosomes . Telomeres prevent fusion of the ends of neighboring chromosomes and protect chromosome ends from damage . </P> <P> Transcription is carried out by a DNA - dependent RNA polymerase that copies the sequence of a DNA strand into RNA . To begin transcribing a gene , the RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called a promoter and separates the DNA strands . It then copies the gene sequence into a messenger RNA transcript until it reaches a region of DNA called the terminator , where it halts and detaches from the DNA . As with human DNA - dependent DNA polymerases , RNA polymerase II , the enzyme that transcribes most of the genes in the human genome , operates as part of a large protein complex with multiple regulatory and accessory subunits . </P> <H2> Genetic recombination </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Structure of the Holliday junction intermediate in genetic recombination . The four separate DNA strands are coloured red , blue , green and yellow . Further information : Genetic recombination Recombination involves the breaking and rejoining of two chromosomes ( M and F ) to produce two rearranged chromosomes ( C1 and C2 ) . <P> A DNA helix usually does not interact with other segments of DNA , and in human cells , the different chromosomes even occupy separate areas in the nucleus called `` chromosome territories '' . This physical separation of different chromosomes is important for the ability of DNA to function as a stable repository for information , as one of the few times chromosomes interact is in chromosomal crossover which occurs during sexual reproduction , when genetic recombination occurs . Chromosomal crossover is when two DNA helices break , swap a section and then rejoin . </P> <P> Recombination allows chromosomes to exchange genetic information and produces new combinations of genes , which increases the efficiency of natural selection and can be important in the rapid evolution of new proteins . Genetic recombination can also be involved in DNA repair , particularly in the cell 's response to double - strand breaks . </P> <P> The most common form of chromosomal crossover is homologous recombination , where the two chromosomes involved share very similar sequences . Non-homologous recombination can be damaging to cells , as it can produce chromosomal translocations and genetic abnormalities . The recombination reaction is catalyzed by enzymes known as recombinases , such as RAD51 . The first step in recombination is a double - stranded break caused by either an endonuclease or damage to the DNA . A series of steps catalyzed in part by the recombinase then leads to joining of the two helices by at least one Holliday junction , in which a segment of a single strand in each helix is annealed to the complementary strand in the other helix . The Holliday junction is a tetrahedral junction structure that can be moved along the pair of chromosomes , swapping one strand for another . The recombination reaction is then halted by cleavage of the junction and re-ligation of the released DNA . Only strands of like polarity exchange DNA during recombination . There are two types of cleavage : east - west cleavage and north - south cleavage . The north - south cleavage nicks both strands of DNA , while the east - west cleavage has one strand of DNA intact . The formation of a Holliday junction during recombination makes it possible for genetic diversity , genes to exchange on chromosomes , and expression of wild - type viral genomes . </P> <H2> Evolution </H2> Further information : RNA world hypothesis <P> DNA contains the genetic information that allows all modern living things to function , grow and reproduce . However , it is unclear how long in the 4 - billion - year history of life DNA has performed this function , as it has been proposed that the earliest forms of life may have used RNA as their genetic material . RNA may have acted as the central part of early cell metabolism as it can both transmit genetic information and carry out catalysis as part of ribozymes . This ancient RNA world where nucleic acid would have been used for both catalysis and genetics may have influenced the evolution of the current genetic code based on four nucleotide bases . This would occur , since the number of different bases in such an organism is a trade - off between a small number of bases increasing replication accuracy and a large number of bases increasing the catalytic efficiency of ribozymes . However , there is no direct evidence of ancient genetic systems , as recovery of DNA from most fossils is impossible because DNA survives in the environment for less than one million years , and slowly degrades into short fragments in solution . Claims for older DNA have been made , most notably a report of the isolation of a viable bacterium from a salt crystal 250 million years old , but these claims are controversial . </P> <P> Building blocks of DNA ( adenine , guanine , and related organic molecules ) may have been formed extraterrestrially in outer space . Complex DNA and RNA organic compounds of life , including uracil , cytosine , and thymine , have also been formed in the laboratory under conditions mimicking those found in outer space , using starting chemicals , such as pyrimidine , found in meteorites . Pyrimidine , like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ( PAHs ) , the most carbon - rich chemical found in the universe , may have been formed in red giants or in interstellar cosmic dust and gas clouds . </P> <H2> Uses in technology </H2> <H3> Genetic engineering </H3> Further information : Molecular biology , Nucleic acid methods , and Genetic engineering <P> Methods have been developed to purify DNA from organisms , such as phenol - chloroform extraction , and to manipulate it in the laboratory , such as restriction digests and the polymerase chain reaction . Modern biology and biochemistry make intensive use of these techniques in recombinant DNA technology . Recombinant DNA is a man - made DNA sequence that has been assembled from other DNA sequences . They can be transformed into organisms in the form of plasmids or in the appropriate format , by using a viral vector . The genetically modified organisms produced can be used to produce products such as recombinant proteins , used in medical research , or be grown in agriculture . </P> <H3> DNA profiling </H3> Further information : DNA profiling <P> Forensic scientists can use DNA in blood , semen , skin , saliva or hair found at a crime scene to identify a matching DNA of an individual , such as a perpetrator . This process is formally termed DNA profiling , but may also be called `` genetic fingerprinting '' . In DNA profiling , the lengths of variable sections of repetitive DNA , such as short tandem repeats and minisatellites , are compared between people . This method is usually an extremely reliable technique for identifying a matching DNA . However , identification can be complicated if the scene is contaminated with DNA from several people . DNA profiling was developed in 1984 by British geneticist Sir Alec Jeffreys , and first used in forensic science to convict Colin Pitchfork in the 1988 Enderby murders case . </P> <P> The development of forensic science and the ability to now obtain genetic matching on minute samples of blood , skin , saliva , or hair has led to re-examining many cases . Evidence can now be uncovered that was scientifically impossible at the time of the original examination . Combined with the removal of the double jeopardy law in some places , this can allow cases to be reopened where prior trials have failed to produce sufficient evidence to convince a jury . People charged with serious crimes may be required to provide a sample of DNA for matching purposes . The most obvious defense to DNA matches obtained forensically is to claim that cross-contamination of evidence has occurred . This has resulted in meticulous strict handling procedures with new cases of serious crime . DNA profiling is also used successfully to positively identify victims of mass casualty incidents , bodies or body parts in serious accidents , and individual victims in mass war graves , via matching to family members . </P> <P> DNA profiling is also used in DNA paternity testing to determine if someone is the biological parent or grandparent of a child with the probability of parentage is typically 99.99 % when the alleged parent is biologically related to the child . Normal DNA sequencing methods happen after birth , but there are new methods to test paternity while a mother is still pregnant . </P> <H3> DNA enzymes or catalytic DNA </H3> Further information : Deoxyribozyme <P> Deoxyribozymes , also called DNAzymes or catalytic DNA , are first discovered in 1994 . They are mostly single stranded DNA sequences isolated from a large pool of random DNA sequences through a combinatorial approach called in vitro selection or systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment ( SELEX ) . DNAzymes catalyze variety of chemical reactions including RNA - DNA cleavage , RNA - DNA ligation , amino acids phosphorylation - dephosphorylation , carbon - carbon bond formation , and etc . DNAzymes can enhance catalytic rate of chemical reactions up to 100,000,000,000-fold over the uncatalyzed reaction . The most extensively studied class of DNAzymes is RNA - cleaving types which have been used to detect different metal ions and designing therapeutic agents . Several metal - specific DNAzymes have been reported including the GR - 5 DNAzyme ( lead - specific ) , the CA1 - 3 DNAzymes ( copper - specific ) , the 39E DNAzyme ( uranyl - specific ) and the NaA43 DNAzyme ( sodium - specific ) . The NaA43 DNAzyme , which is reported to be more than 10,000-fold selective for sodium over other metal ions , was used to make a real - time sodium sensor in living cells . </P> <H3> Bioinformatics </H3> Further information : Bioinformatics <P> Bioinformatics involves the development of techniques to store , data mine , search and manipulate biological data , including DNA nucleic acid sequence data . These have led to widely applied advances in computer science , especially string searching algorithms , machine learning , and database theory . String searching or matching algorithms , which find an occurrence of a sequence of letters inside a larger sequence of letters , were developed to search for specific sequences of nucleotides . The DNA sequence may be aligned with other DNA sequences to identify homologous sequences and locate the specific mutations that make them distinct . These techniques , especially multiple sequence alignment , are used in studying phylogenetic relationships and protein function . Data sets representing entire genomes ' worth of DNA sequences , such as those produced by the Human Genome Project , are difficult to use without the annotations that identify the locations of genes and regulatory elements on each chromosome . Regions of DNA sequence that have the characteristic patterns associated with protein - or RNA - coding genes can be identified by gene finding algorithms , which allow researchers to predict the presence of particular gene products and their possible functions in an organism even before they have been isolated experimentally . Entire genomes may also be compared , which can shed light on the evolutionary history of particular organism and permit the examination of complex evolutionary events . </P> <H3> DNA nanotechnology </H3> The DNA structure at left ( schematic shown ) will self - assemble into the structure visualized by atomic force microscopy at right . DNA nanotechnology is the field that seeks to design nanoscale structures using the molecular recognition properties of DNA molecules . Image from Strong , 2004 . Further information : DNA nanotechnology <P> DNA nanotechnology uses the unique molecular recognition properties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self - assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties . DNA is thus used as a structural material rather than as a carrier of biological information . This has led to the creation of two - dimensional periodic lattices ( both tile - based and using the DNA origami method ) and three - dimensional structures in the shapes of polyhedra . Nanomechanical devices and algorithmic self - assembly have also been demonstrated , and these DNA structures have been used to template the arrangement of other molecules such as gold nanoparticles and streptavidin proteins . </P> <H3> History and anthropology </H3> Further information : Phylogenetics and Genetic genealogy <P> Because DNA collects mutations over time , which are then inherited , it contains historical information , and , by comparing DNA sequences , geneticists can infer the evolutionary history of organisms , their phylogeny . This field of phylogenetics is a powerful tool in evolutionary biology . If DNA sequences within a species are compared , population geneticists can learn the history of particular populations . This can be used in studies ranging from ecological genetics to anthropology ; For example , DNA evidence is being used to try to identify the Ten Lost Tribes of Israel . </P> <H3> Information storage </H3> Main article : DNA digital data storage <P> In a paper published in Nature in January 2013 , scientists from the European Bioinformatics Institute and Agilent Technologies proposed a mechanism to use DNA 's ability to code information as a means of digital data storage . The group was able to encode 739 kilobytes of data into DNA code , synthesize the actual DNA , then sequence the DNA and decode the information back to its original form , with a reported 100 % accuracy . The encoded information consisted of text files and audio files . A prior experiment was published in August 2012 . It was conducted by researchers at Harvard University , where the text of a 54,000 - word book was encoded in DNA . </P> <P> Moreover , in living cells , the storage can be turned active by enzymes . Light - gated protein domains fused to DNA processing enzymes are suitable for that task in vitro . Fluorescent exonucleases can transmit the output according to the nucleotide they have read . </P> <H2> History of DNA Research </H2> Further information : History of molecular biology James Watson and Francis Crick ( right ) , co-originators of the double - helix model , with Maclyn McCarty ( left ) . Pencil sketch of the DNA double helix by Francis Crick in 1953 <P> DNA was first isolated by the Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher who , in 1869 , discovered a microscopic substance in the pus of discarded surgical bandages . As it resided in the nuclei of cells , he called it `` nuclein '' . In 1878 , Albrecht Kossel isolated the non-protein component of `` nuclein '' , nucleic acid , and later isolated its five primary nucleobases . In 1919 , Phoebus Levene identified the base , sugar , and phosphate nucleotide unit . Levene suggested that DNA consisted of a string of nucleotide units linked together through the phosphate groups . Levene thought the chain was short and the bases repeated in a fixed order . In 1937 , William Astbury produced the first X-ray diffraction patterns that showed that DNA had a regular structure . </P> <P> In 1927 , Nikolai Koltsov proposed that inherited traits would be inherited via a `` giant hereditary molecule '' made up of `` two mirror strands that would replicate in a semi-conservative fashion using each strand as a template '' . In 1928 , Frederick Griffith in his experiment discovered that traits of the `` smooth '' form of Pneumococcus could be transferred to the `` rough '' form of the same bacteria by mixing killed `` smooth '' bacteria with the live `` rough '' form . This system provided the first clear suggestion that DNA carries genetic information -- the Avery -- MacLeod -- McCarty experiment -- when Oswald Avery , along with coworkers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty , identified DNA as the transforming principle in 1943 . DNA 's role in heredity was confirmed in 1952 when Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase in the Hershey -- Chase experiment showed that DNA is the genetic material of the T2 phage . </P> A blue plaque outside The Eagle pub commemorating Crick and Watson <P> Late in 1951 , Francis Crick started working with James Watson at the Cavendish Laboratory within the University of Cambridge . In 1953 , Watson and Crick suggested what is now accepted as the first correct double - helix model of DNA structure in the journal Nature . Their double - helix , molecular model of DNA was then based on one X-ray diffraction image ( labeled as `` Photo 51 '' ) taken by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling in May 1952 , and the information that the DNA bases are paired . On 28 February 1953 Crick interrupted patrons ' lunchtime at The Eagle pub in Cambridge to announce that he and Watson had `` discovered the secret of life '' . </P> <P> Experimental evidence supporting the Watson and Crick model was published in a series of five articles in the same issue of Nature . Of these , Franklin and Gosling 's paper was the first publication of their own X-ray diffraction data and original analysis method that partly supported the Watson and Crick model ; this issue also contained an article on DNA structure by Maurice Wilkins and two of his colleagues , whose analysis and in vivo B - DNA X-ray patterns also supported the presence in vivo of the double - helical DNA configurations as proposed by Crick and Watson for their double - helix molecular model of DNA in the prior two pages of Nature . In 1962 , after Franklin 's death , Watson , Crick , and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine . Nobel Prizes are awarded only to living recipients . A debate continues about who should receive credit for the discovery . </P> <P> In an influential presentation in 1957 , Crick laid out the central dogma of molecular biology , which foretold the relationship between DNA , RNA , and proteins , and articulated the `` adaptor hypothesis '' . Final confirmation of the replication mechanism that was implied by the double - helical structure followed in 1958 through the Meselson -- Stahl experiment . Further work by Crick and coworkers showed that the genetic code was based on non-overlapping triplets of bases , called codons , allowing Har Gobind Khorana , Robert W. Holley , and Marshall Warren Nirenberg to decipher the genetic code . These findings represent the birth of molecular biology . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Autosome </Li> <Li> Crystallography </Li> <Li> DNA - encoded chemical library </Li> <Li> DNA microarray </Li> <Li> DNA sequencing </Li> <Li> Macromolecule </Li> <Li> Genetic disorder </Li> <Li> Genetic genealogy </Li> <Li> Haplotype </Li> <Li> Comparison of nucleic acid simulation software </Li> <Li> Meiosis </Li> <Li> Mitochondrial DNA </Li> <Li> Nuclear DNA </Li> <Li> Nucleic acid double helix </Li> <Li> Nucleic acid notation </Li> <Li> Nucleic acid sequence </Li> <Li> Pangenesis </Li> <Li> Phosphoramidite </Li> <Li> Ribosomal DNA </Li> <Li> Southern blot </Li> <Li> X-ray scattering techniques </Li> <Li> Xeno nucleic acid </Li> <Li> RNA </Li> <Li> Deoxyribozyme </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` deoxyribonucleic acid '' . Merriam - Webster Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alberts B , Johnson A , Lewis J , Raff M , Roberts K , Walter P ( 2014 ) . 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ISBN 0 - 12 - 155089 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Carina D , Clayton J ( 2003 ) . 50 years of DNA . Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 1479 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Judson HF ( 1979 ) . The Eighth Day of Creation : Makers of the Revolution in Biology ( 2nd ed . ) . Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 671 - 22540 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Olby RC ( 1994 ) . The path to the double helix : the discovery of DNA . New York : Dover Publications . ISBN 0 - 486 - 68117 - 3 . , first published in October 1974 by MacMillan , with foreword by Francis Crick ; the definitive DNA textbook , revised in 1994 with a 9 - page postscript </Li> <Li> Micklas D ( 2003 ) . DNA Science : A First Course . Cold Spring Harbor Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87969 - 636 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Ridley M ( 2006 ) . Francis Crick : discoverer of the genetic code . Ashland , OH : Eminent Lives , Atlas Books . ISBN 0 - 06 - 082333 - X . </Li> <Li> Olby RC ( 2009 ) . Francis Crick : A Biography . Plainview , N.Y : Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press . ISBN 0 - 87969 - 798 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Rosenfeld I ( 2010 ) . DNA : A Graphic Guide to the Molecule that Shook the World . Columbia University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 14271 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Schultz M , Cannon Z ( 2009 ) . The Stuff of Life : A Graphic Guide to Genetics and DNA . Hill and Wang . ISBN 0 - 8090 - 8947 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Stent GS , Watson J ( 1980 ) . The Double Helix : A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA . New York : Norton . ISBN 0 - 393 - 95075 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Watson , James ( 2004 ) . DNA : The Secret of Life . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 945184 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Wilkins M ( 2003 ) . The third man of the double helix the autobiography of Maurice Wilkins . Cambridge , England : University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860665 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Library resources about DNA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Online books </Li> <Li> Resources in your library </Li> <Li> Resources in other libraries </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : DNA </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to DNA . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Listen to this article ( info / dl ) <P> </P> This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` DNA '' dated 2007 - 02 - 12 , and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article . ( Audio help ) More spoken articles <Ul> <Li> DNA at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> <Li> DNA binding site prediction on protein </Li> <Li> DNA the Double Helix Game From the official Nobel Prize web site </Li> <Li> DNA under electron microscope </Li> <Li> Dolan DNA Learning Center </Li> <Li> Double Helix : 50 years of DNA , Nature </Li> <Li> Proteopedia DNA </Li> <Li> Proteopedia Forms_of_DNA </Li> <Li> ENCODE threads explorer ENCODE home page . Nature ( journal ) </Li> <Li> Double Helix 1953 -- 2003 National Centre for Biotechnology Education </Li> <Li> Genetic Education Modules for Teachers -- DNA from the Beginning Study Guide </Li> <Li> PDB Molecule of the Month DNA </Li> <Li> Clue to chemistry of heredity found The New York Times June 1953 . First American newspaper coverage of the discovery of the DNA structure </Li> <Li> Olby R ( January 2003 ) . `` Quiet debut for the double helix '' . Nature . 421 ( 6921 ) : 402 -- 5 . Bibcode : 2003Natur. 421 ... 402O . doi : 10.1038 / nature01397 . PMID 12540907 . </Li> <Li> DNA from the Beginning Another DNA Learning Center site on DNA , genes , and heredity from Mendel to the human genome project . </Li> <Li> The Register of Francis Crick Personal Papers 1938 -- 2007 at Mandeville Special Collections Library , University of California , San Diego </Li> <Li> Seven - page , handwritten letter that Crick sent to his 12 - year - old son Michael in 1953 describing the structure of DNA . 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Month - Wikipedia <H1> Month </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> A month is a unit of time , used with calendars , which is approximately as long as a natural period related to the motion of the Moon ; month and Moon are cognates . The traditional concept arose with the cycle of moon phases ; such months ( lunations ) are synodic months and last approximately 29.53 days . From excavated tally sticks , researchers have deduced that people counted days in relation to the Moon 's phases as early as the Paleolithic age . Synodic months , based on the Moon 's orbital period with respect to the Earth - Sun line , are still the basis of many calendars today , and are used to divide the year . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Types of months in astronomy </Li> <Li> 2 Calendrical consequences </Li> <Li> 3 Months in various calendars <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Beginning of the lunar month </Li> <Li> 3.2 Julian and Gregorian calendars <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Calends , nones , and ides </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Hebrew calendar </Li> <Li> 3.4 Islamic calendar </Li> <Li> 3.5 Arabic calendar </Li> <Li> 3.6 Hindu calendar </Li> <Li> 3.7 Bahá'í calendar </Li> <Li> 3.8 Iranian calendars ( Persian calendars ) </Li> <Li> 3.9 Reformed Bengali calendar </Li> <Li> 3.10 Nanakshahi calendar </Li> <Li> 3.11 Khmer calendar </Li> <Li> 3.12 Thai calendar </Li> <Li> 3.13 Tongan calendar </Li> <Li> 3.14 Kollam era ( Malayalam ) calendar </Li> <Li> 3.15 Sinhala calendar </Li> <Li> 3.16 Germanic calendar </Li> <Li> 3.17 Old Georgian calendar </Li> <Li> 3.18 Old Swedish calendar </Li> <Li> 3.19 Old English calendar </Li> <Li> 3.20 Old Hungarian calendar </Li> <Li> 3.21 Old Egyptian calendar </Li> <Li> 3.22 Nisga'a calendar </Li> <Li> 3.23 French Republican calendar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Adhik Maas </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Types of months in astronomy ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Lunar month <P> The following types of months are mainly of significance in astronomy , most of them ( but not the distinction between sidereal and tropical months ) first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy . </P> <Ol> <Li> The sidereal month is defined as the Moon 's orbital period in a non-rotating frame of reference ( which on average is equal to its rotation period in the same frame ) . It is about 27.32166 days ( 27 days , 7 hours , 43 minutes , 11.6 seconds ) . It is closely equal to the time it takes the Moon to pass twice a `` fixed '' star ( different stars give different results because all have a very small proper motion and are not really fixed in position ) . </Li> <Li> A synodic month is the most familiar lunar cycle , defined as the time interval between two consecutive occurrences of a particular phase ( such as new moon or full moon ) as seen by an observer on Earth . The mean length of the synodic month is 29.53059 days ( 29 days , 12 hours , 44 minutes , 2.8 seconds ) . Due to the eccentricity of the lunar orbit around Earth ( and to a lesser degree , the Earth 's elliptical orbit around the Sun ) , the length of a synodic month can vary by up to seven hours . </Li> <Li> The tropical month is the average time for the Moon to pass twice through the same equinox point of the sky . It is 27.32158 days , very slightly shorter than the sidereal month ( 27.32166 ) days , because of precession of the equinoxes . </Li> <Li> An anomalistic month is the average time the Moon takes to go from perigee to perigee - the point in the Moon 's orbit when it is closest to Earth . An anomalistic month is about 27.55455 days on average . </Li> <Li> The draconic month , draconitic month , or nodal month is the period in which the Moon returns to the same node of its orbit ; the nodes are the two points where the Moon 's orbit crosses the plane of the Earth 's orbit . Its duration is about 27.21222 days on average . </Li> </Ol> <P> A synodic month is longer than a sidereal month because the Earth - Moon system is orbiting the Sun in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth . The Sun moves eastward with respect to the stars ( as does the Moon ) and it takes about 2.2 days longer for the Moon to return to the same apparent position with respect to the Sun . </P> <P> An anomalistic month is longer than a sidereal month because the perigee moves in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth , one revolution in nine years . Therefore , the Moon takes a little longer to return to perigee than to return to the same star . </P> <P> A draconic month is shorter than a sidereal month because the nodes move in the opposite direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth , one revolution in 18.6 years . Therefore , the Moon returns to the same node slightly earlier than it returns to the same star . </P> <H2> Calendrical consequences ( edit ) </H2> For more details on this topic , see lunar calendar and lunisolar calendar . <P> At the simplest level , most well - known lunar calendars are based on the initial approximation that 2 lunations last 59 days : a 30 - day full month followed by a 29 - day hollow month -- but this is only roughly accurate , and eventually needs correction by using larger cycles , or the equivalent of leap days . Additionally , the synodic month does not fit easily into the year , which makes accurate , rule - based lunisolar calendars complicated . The most common solution to this problem is the Metonic cycle , which takes advantage of the fact that 235 lunations are approximately 19 tropical years ( which add up to not quite 6940 days ) . However , a Metonic calendar will drift against the seasons by about 1 day every 200 years . Metonic calendars include the calendar used in the Antikythera Mechanism about 2000 years ago , and the Hebrew calendar . </P> <P> The complexity required in an accurate lunisolar calendar may explain why solar calendars ( which have months which no longer relate to the phase of the Moon , but are based only on the motion of the Sun relative to the equinoxes and solstices ) have generally replaced lunar calendars for civil use in most societies . </P> <H2> Months in various calendars ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Beginning of the lunar month ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Hellenic calendars , the Hebrew Lunisolar calendar and the Islamic Lunar calendar started the month with the first appearance of the thin crescent of the new moon . </P> <P> However , the motion of the Moon in its orbit is very complicated and its period is not constant . The date and time of this actual observation depends on the exact geographical longitude as well as latitude , atmospheric conditions , the visual acuity of the observers , etc . Therefore , the beginning and lengths of months defined by observation can not be accurately predicted . </P> <P> While some like the Jewish Karaites still rely on actual moon observations , most people use the Gregorian solar calendar . </P> <P> Pingelapese , a language from Micronesia , also uses a lunar calendar . There are 12 months associated with their calendar . The moon first appears in March , they name this month Kahlek . This system has been used for hundreds of years and throughout many generations . This calendar is cyclical and relies on the position and shape of the moon . </P> <H3> Julian and Gregorian calendars ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Gregorian calendar , like the Julian calendar before it , has twelve months : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chronology </Th> <Th> Alphabetic </Th> <Th> Days </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> January </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> February </Td> <Td> 28 days , 29 in leap years </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> March </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> April </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> May </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> June </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> July </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> August </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> September </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> October </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> November </Td> <Td> 30 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> December </Td> <Td> 31 days </Td> </Tr> </Table> One of Wikipedia 's sister projects , Wiktionary , provides translations of each of the Gregorian / Julian calendar months into a dozen or more languages . Month - by - month links are provided here : January , February , March , April , May , June , July , August , September , October , November , December . On top of the knuckles ( yellow ) : 31 days Between the knuckles ( blue ) : 30 days February ( red ) has 28 or 29 days . The white keys of the musical keyboard correlate to months with 31 days . ( ' F ' correlates to January . ) <P> The mean month length of the Gregorian calendar is 30.436875 days . </P> <P> Months existing in the Roman calendar in the past include : </P> <Ul> <Li> the mensis intercalaris , an occasional month after February to realign the calendar . </Li> <Li> Quintilis , renamed to July in honour of Julius Caesar . </Li> <Li> Sextilis , renamed to August in honour of Augustus . </Li> </Ul> <P> The famous mnemonic Thirty days hath September is the most common way of teaching the lengths of the months in the English - speaking world . </P> <P> Also , note that any five consecutive months ( not including February ) contain 153 days . </P> <P> The knuckles of the four fingers of one 's hand and the spaces between them can be used to remember the lengths of the months . By making a fist , each month will be listed as one proceeds across the hand . All months landing on a knuckle are 31 days long and those landing between them are not . When the knuckle of the index finger is reached ( July ) , go back to the first knuckle ( or over to the first knuckle on the other fist , held next to the first ) and continue with August . This physical mnemonic has been taught to primary school students for many decades . </P> <P> This cyclical pattern of month lengths matches the musical keyboard alternation of white and black keys ( with the note ' F ' correlating to the month of January ) . </P> Calends , nones , and ides ( edit ) <P> The ides occur on the thirteenth day in eight of the months , but in March , May , July , and October , they occur on the fifteenth . The nones always occur 8 days ( one Roman week ) before the ides , i.e. , on the fifth or the seventh . The calends are always the first day of the month , and before Julius Caesar 's reform fell sixteen days ( two Roman weeks ) after the ides ( except the ides of February and the intercalary month ) . </P> <H3> Hebrew calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Hebrew calendar has 12 or 13 months . </P> <Ol> <Li> Nisan , 30 days ניסן </Li> <Li> Iyar , 30 days אייר </Li> <Li> Sivan , 30 days סיון </Li> <Li> Tammuz , 29 days תמוז </Li> <Li> Av , 30 days אב </Li> <Li> Elul , 29 days אלול </Li> <Li> Tishri , 30 days תשרי </Li> <Li> Marcheshvan , 29 / 30 days מַרְחֶשְׁוָן </Li> <Li> Kislev , 30 / 29 days כסלו </Li> <Li> Tevet , 29 days טבת </Li> <Li> Shevat , 30 days שבט </Li> <Li> Adar 1 , 30 days , intercalary month אדר א </Li> <Li> Adar 2 , 29 days אדר ב </Li> </Ol> <P> Adar 1 is only added 7 times in 19 years . In ordinary years , Adar 2 is simply called Adar . </P> <H3> Islamic calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are also twelve months in the Islamic calendar . They are named as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> Muharram ( Restricted / sacred ) محرّم </Li> <Li> Safar ( Empty / Yellow ) صفر </Li> <Li> Rabī ' al - Awwal / Rabi ' I ( First Spring ) ربيع الأول </Li> <Li> Rabī ' ath - Thānī / Rabi ` al - Aakhir / Rabi ' II ( Second spring or Last spring ) ربيع الآخر أو ربيع الثاني </Li> <Li> Jumada al - Awwal / Jumaada I ( First Freeze ) جمادى الأول </Li> <Li> Jumada ath - Thānī or Jumādā al - Thānī / Jumādā II ( Second Freeze or Last Freeze ) جمادى الآخر أو جمادى الثاني </Li> <Li> Rajab ( To Respect ) رجب </Li> <Li> Sha'bān ( To Spread and Distribute ) شعبان </Li> <Li> Ramadān ( Parched Thirst ) رمضان </Li> <Li> Shawwāl ( To Be Light and Vigorous ) شوّال </Li> <Li> Dhu al - Qi'dah ( The Master of Truce ) ذو القعدة </Li> <Li> Dhu al - Hijjah ( The Possessor of Hajj ) ذو الحجة </Li> </Ol> <P> See Islamic calendar for more information on the Islamic calendar . </P> <H3> Arabic calendar ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Arabic names of calendar months <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Gregorian month </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Arabic month </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January </Td> <Td> يناير </Td> <Td> كانون الثاني </Td> <Td> Kanun Al - Thani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February </Td> <Td> فبراير </Td> <Td> شباط </Td> <Td> Shebat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March </Td> <Td> مارس </Td> <Td> اذار </Td> <Td> Adhar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April </Td> <Td> ابريل </Td> <Td> نيسان </Td> <Td> Nisan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May </Td> <Td> مايو </Td> <Td> أيّار </Td> <Td> Ayyar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June </Td> <Td> يونيو </Td> <Td> حزيران </Td> <Td> Ḩazayran </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July </Td> <Td> يوليو </Td> <Td> تمّوز </Td> <Td> Tammuz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August </Td> <Td> أغسطس </Td> <Td> اَب </Td> <Td> ʕAb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September </Td> <Td> سبتمبر </Td> <Td> أيلول </Td> <Td> Aylul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> أكتوبر </Td> <Td> تشرين الأول </Td> <Td> Tishrin Al - Awwal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> نوفمبر </Td> <Td> تشرين الثاني </Td> <Td> Tishrin Al - Thani </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December </Td> <Td> ديسمبر </Td> <Td> كانون الأول </Td> <Td> Kanun Al - Awwal </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Hindu calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Hindu calendar has various systems of naming the months . The months in the lunar calendar are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Sanskrit name </Th> <Th> Tamil name </Th> <Th> Telugu name </Th> <Th> Nepali name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Caitra ( चैत्र ) </Td> <Td> Chitirai ( சித்திரை ) </Td> <Td> Chaithramu ( చైత్రము ) </Td> <Td> Chaitra ( चैत्र / चैत ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vaiśākha ( वैशाख ) </Td> <Td> Vaikasi ( வைகாசி ) </Td> <Td> Vaisaakhamu ( వైశాఖము ) </Td> <Td> Baisakh ( बैशाख ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jyeṣṭha ( ज्येष्ठ ) </Td> <Td> Aani ( ஆனி ) </Td> <Td> Jyeshttamu ( జ్యేష్ఠము ) </Td> <Td> Jesth ( जेष्ठ / जेठ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ashadha ( आषाढ ) </Td> <Td> Aadi ( ஆடி ) </Td> <Td> Aashaadhamu ( ఆషాఢము ) </Td> <Td> Aasad ( आषाढ / असार ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Śrāvaṇa ( श्रावण ) </Td> <Td> Aavani ( ஆவணி ) </Td> <Td> Sraavanamu ( శ్రావణము ) </Td> <Td> Srawan ( श्रावण / साउन ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Bhadrapada ( भाद्रपद ) </Td> <Td> Purratasi ( புரட்டாசி ) </Td> <Td> Bhaadhrapadamu ( భాద్రపదము ) </Td> <Td> Bhadau ( भाद्र भदौ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Āśvina ( अश्विन ) </Td> <Td> Aiypasi ( ஐப்பசி ) </Td> <Td> Aasveeyujamu ( ఆశ్వయుజము ) </Td> <Td> Asoj ( आश्विन / असोज ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Kārtika ( कार्तिक ) </Td> <Td> Kaarthigai ( கார்த்திகை ) </Td> <Td> Kaarthikamu ( కార్తీకము ) </Td> <Td> Kartik ( कार्तिक ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Mārgaśīrṣa ( मार्गशीर्ष ) </Td> <Td> Maargazhi ( மார்கழி ) </Td> <Td> Maargaseershamu ( మార్గశిరము ) </Td> <Td> Mangsir ( मार्ग / मंसिर ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Pauṣa ( पौष ) </Td> <Td> Thai ( தை ) </Td> <Td> Pushyamu ( పుష్యము ) </Td> <Td> Push ( पौष / पुष / पूस ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Māgha ( माघ ) </Td> <Td> Maasi ( மாசி ) </Td> <Td> Maaghamu ( మాఘము ) </Td> <Td> Magh ( माघ ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Phālguna ( फाल्गुन ) </Td> <Td> Panguni ( பங்குனி ) </Td> <Td> Phaalgunamu ( ఫాల్గుణము ) </Td> <Td> Falgun ( फाल्गुन / फागुन ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> These are also the names used in the Indian national calendar for the newly redefined months . Purushottam Maas or Adhik Maas ( translit . adhika = ' extra ' , māsa = ' month ' ) is an extra month in the Hindu calendar that is inserted to keep the lunar and solar calendars aligned . `` Purushottam '' is an epithet of Vishnu , to whom the month is dedicated . </P> <P> The names in the solar calendar are just the names of the zodiac sign in which the sun travels . They are </P> <Ol> <Li> Mesha </Li> <Li> Vrishabha </Li> <Li> Mithuna </Li> <Li> Kataka </Li> <Li> Simha </Li> <Li> Kanyaa </Li> <Li> Tulaa </Li> <Li> Vrishcika </Li> <Li> Dhanus </Li> <Li> Makara </Li> <Li> Kumbha </Li> <Li> Miina </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bahá'í calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Bahá'í calendar is the calendar used by the Bahá'í Faith . It is a solar calendar with regular years of 365 days , and leap years of 366 days . Years are composed of 19 months of 19 days each ( 361 days ) , plus an extra period of `` Intercalary Days '' ( 4 in regular and 5 in leap years ) . The months are named after the attributes of God . Days of the year begin and end at sundown . </P> <H3> Iranian calendars ( Persian calendars ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Iranian / Persian calendar , currently used in Iran and Afghanistan , also has 12 months . The Persian names are included in the parentheses . It begins on the northern Spring equinox . </P> <Ol> <Li> Farvardin ( 31 days , فروردین ) </Li> <Li> Ordibehesht ( 31 days , اردیبهشت ) </Li> <Li> Khordad ( 31 days , خرداد ) </Li> <Li> Tir ( 31 days , تیر ) </Li> <Li> Mordad ( 31 days , مرداد ) </Li> <Li> Shahrivar ( 31 days , شهریور ) </Li> <Li> Mehr ( 30 days , مهر ) </Li> <Li> Aban ( 30 days , آبان ) </Li> <Li> Azar ( 30 days , آذر ) </Li> <Li> Dey ( 30 days , دی ) </Li> <Li> Bahman ( 30 days , بهمن ) </Li> <Li> Esfand ( 29 days - 30 days in leap year , اسفند ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> Reformed bengali calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Bangla calendar , used in Bangladesh , follows solar months and it has six seasons . The months and seasons in the calendar are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Bengali season </Th> <Th> Days </Th> <Th> Julian months </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Boishakh ( বৈশাখ ) </Td> <Td> Grishmo ( গ্রীষ্ম ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 14 April - May </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Joishtho ( জ্যৈষ্ঠ ) </Td> <Td> Grishmo ( গ্রীষ্ম ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> May - June </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Asharh ( আষাঢ় ) </Td> <Td> Borsha ( বর্ষা ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> June - July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shrabon ( শ্রাবণ ) </Td> <Td> Borsha ( বর্ষা ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> July - August </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Bhadro ( ভাদ্র ) </Td> <Td> Shorot ( শরৎ ) </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> August - September </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Aashin ( আশ্বিন ) </Td> <Td> Shorot ( শরৎ ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> September - October </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Kartik ( কার্তিক ) </Td> <Td> Hemonto ( হেমন্ত ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> October - November </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Ogrohayon ( অগ্রহায়ণ ) </Td> <Td> Hemonto ( হেমন্ত ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> November - December </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Poush ( পৌষ ) </Td> <Td> Sheet ( শীত ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> December - January </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Magh ( মাঘ ) </Td> <Td> Sheet ( শীত ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> January - February </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Falgun ( ফাল্গুন ) </Td> <Td> Boshonto ( বসন্ত ) </Td> <Td> 30 ( 31 in leap years ) </Td> <Td> February - March </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Choitro ( চৈত্র ) </Td> <Td> Boshonto ( বসন্ত ) </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> March - April </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Nanakshahi calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> The months in the Nanakshahi calendar are : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Punjabi </Th> <Th> Days </Th> <Th> Julian months </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chet </Td> <Td> ਚੇਤ </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 14 March -- 13 April </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vaisakh </Td> <Td> ਵੈਸਾਖ </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 14 April -- 14 May </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jeth </Td> <Td> ਜੇਠ </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 15 May -- 14 June </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harh </Td> <Td> ਹਾੜ </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 15 June -- 15 July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Sawan </Td> <Td> ਸਾਵਣ </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 16 July -- 15 August </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Bhadon </Td> <Td> ਭਾਦੋਂ </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 16 August -- 14 September </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Assu </Td> <Td> ਅੱਸੂ </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 15 September -- 14 October </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Katak </Td> <Td> ਕੱਤਕ </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 15 October -- 13 November </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Maghar </Td> <Td> ਮੱਘਰ </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 14 November -- 13 December </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Poh </Td> <Td> ਪੋਹ </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 14 December -- 12 January </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Magh </Td> <Td> ਮਾਘ </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 13 January -- 11 February </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Phagun </Td> <Td> ਫੱਗਣ </Td> <Td> 30 / 31 </Td> <Td> 12 February -- 13 March </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Khmer calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like the Hindu calendar , the Khmer calendar consists of both a lunar calendar and a solar calendar . </P> <P> The Khmer solar calendar is used more commonly than the lunar calendar . There are 12 months and the numbers of days follow the Julian and Gregorian calendar . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Khmer name </Th> <Th> Transliteration </Th> <Th> Julian and Gregorian name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> មករា </Td> <Td> Makara </Td> <Td> January </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> កម្ភៈ </Td> <Td> Kompeak </Td> <Td> February </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> មិនា or មីនា </Td> <Td> Mik Nea or Me Na </Td> <Td> March </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> មេសា </Td> <Td> Mesa </Td> <Td> April </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> ឧសភា </Td> <Td> Uk Sak Phea </Td> <Td> May </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> មិថុនា </Td> <Td> Mik Thok Na </Td> <Td> June </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> កក្កដា </Td> <Td> Kak Ka Da </Td> <Td> July </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> សីហា </Td> <Td> Seiha </Td> <Td> August </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> កញ្ញា </Td> <Td> Kagna </Td> <Td> September </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> តុលា </Td> <Td> Tola </Td> <Td> October </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> វិច្ឆិកា </Td> <Td> Vicheka </Td> <Td> November </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> ធ្នូ </Td> <Td> Thnu </Td> <Td> December </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Khmer lunar calendar contains 12 months ; however , the eighth month is repeated ( as a `` leap - month '' ) every two or three years , making 13 months instead of 12 . </P> <Ul> <Li> មិគសិរ </Li> <Li> បុស្ស </Li> <Li> មាឃ </Li> <Li> ផល្គុន </Li> <Li> ចេត្រ </Li> <Li> វិសាខ / ពិសាខ </Li> <Li> ជេស្ឋ </Li> <Li> ឤសាឍ , or in the case of a year with a leap - month : <Ul> <Li> បឋមសាឍ </Li> <Li> ទុតិយាសាឍ </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> ស្រាពណ៍ </Li> <Li> ភទ្របទ </Li> <Li> អស្សុជ </Li> <Li> កត្តិក </Li> </Ul> <H3> Thai calendar ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Thai solar calendar and Thai lunar calendar <Table> <Tr> <Th> English name </Th> <Th> Thai name </Th> <Th> Abbr . </Th> <Th> Transcription </Th> <Th> Sanskrit word </Th> <Th> Zodiac sign </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January </Td> <Td> มกราคม </Td> <Td> ม. ค . </Td> <Td> mokarakhom </Td> <Td> mokara `` sea - monster '' </Td> <Td> Capricorn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February </Td> <Td> กุมภาพันธ์ </Td> <Td> ก. พ . </Td> <Td> kumphaphan </Td> <Td> kumbha `` pitcher , water - pot '' </Td> <Td> Aquarius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March </Td> <Td> มีนาคม </Td> <Td> มี. ค . </Td> <Td> minakhom </Td> <Td> mīna `` ( a specific kind of ) fish '' </Td> <Td> Pisces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April </Td> <Td> เมษายน </Td> <Td> เม. ย . </Td> <Td> mesayon </Td> <Td> meṣa `` ram '' </Td> <Td> Aries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May </Td> <Td> พฤษภาคม </Td> <Td> พ. ค . </Td> <Td> phruetsaphakhom </Td> <Td> vṛṣabha `` bull '' </Td> <Td> Taurus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June </Td> <Td> มิถุนายน </Td> <Td> มิ. ย . </Td> <Td> mithunayon </Td> <Td> mithuna `` a pair '' </Td> <Td> Gemini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July </Td> <Td> กรกฎาคม </Td> <Td> ก. ค . </Td> <Td> karakadakhom </Td> <Td> karkaṭa `` crab '' </Td> <Td> Cancer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August </Td> <Td> สิงหาคม </Td> <Td> ส. ค . </Td> <Td> singhakhom </Td> <Td> siṃha `` lion '' </Td> <Td> Leo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September </Td> <Td> กันยายน </Td> <Td> ก. ย . </Td> <Td> kanyayon </Td> <Td> kanyā `` girl '' </Td> <Td> Virgo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> ตุลาคม </Td> <Td> ต. ค . </Td> <Td> tulakhom </Td> <Td> tulā `` balance '' </Td> <Td> Libra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> พฤศจิกายน </Td> <Td> พ. ย . </Td> <Td> phruetsachikayon </Td> <Td> vṛścika `` scorpion '' </Td> <Td> Scorpio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December </Td> <Td> ธันวาคม </Td> <Td> ธ. ค . </Td> <Td> thanwakhom </Td> <Td> dhanu `` bow , arc '' </Td> <Td> Sagittarius </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Tongan calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Tongan calendar is based on the cycles of the moon around the earth in one year . The months are : </P> <Ol> <Li> Liha Mu'a </Li> <Li> Liha Mui </Li> <Li> Vai Mu'a </Li> <Li> Vai Mui </Li> <Li> Faka'afu Mo'ui </Li> <Li> Faka'afu Mate </Li> <Li> Hilinga Kelekele </Li> <Li> Hilinga Mea'a </Li> <Li> ' Ao'ao </Li> <Li> Fu'ufu'unekinanga </Li> <Li> ' Uluenga </Li> <Li> Tanumanga </Li> <Li> ' O'oamofanongo </Li> </Ol> <H3> Kollam era ( Malayalam ) calendar ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Kollam era <Table> <Tr> <Th> Malayalam name </Th> <Th> Transliteration </Th> <Th> Concurrent Gregorian months </Th> <Th> Sanskrit word and meaning </Th> <Th> Zodiac sign </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ചിങ്ങം </Td> <Td> chi - ngnga - m </Td> <Td> August -- September </Td> <Td> simha `` lion '' </Td> <Td> Leo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> കന്നി </Td> <Td> ka - nni </Td> <Td> September -- October </Td> <Td> kanyā `` girl '' </Td> <Td> Virgo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> തുലാം </Td> <Td> thu - lā - m </Td> <Td> October -- November </Td> <Td> tulā `` balance '' </Td> <Td> Libra </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> വൃശ്ചികം </Td> <Td> vRSh - chi - ka - m </Td> <Td> November -- December </Td> <Td> vṛścika `` scorpion '' </Td> <Td> Scorpio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ധനു </Td> <Td> dha - nu </Td> <Td> December -- January </Td> <Td> dhanu `` bow , arc '' </Td> <Td> Sagittarius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> മകരം </Td> <Td> ma - ka - ra - m </Td> <Td> January -- February </Td> <Td> mokara `` sea - monster '' </Td> <Td> Capricorn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> കുംഭം </Td> <Td> kum - bha - m </Td> <Td> February -- March </Td> <Td> kumbha `` pitcher , water - pot '' </Td> <Td> Aquarius </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> മീനം </Td> <Td> mee - na - m </Td> <Td> March -- April </Td> <Td> mīna `` ( a specific kind of ) fish '' </Td> <Td> Pisces </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> മേടം </Td> <Td> mE - Da - m </Td> <Td> April -- May </Td> <Td> meṣa `` ram '' </Td> <Td> Aries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ഇടവം </Td> <Td> i - Ta - va - m </Td> <Td> May - June </Td> <Td> vṛṣabha `` bull '' </Td> <Td> Taurus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> മിഥുനം </Td> <Td> mi - thu - na - m </Td> <Td> June -- July </Td> <Td> mithuna `` a pair '' </Td> <Td> Gemini </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> കർക്കടകം </Td> <Td> kar - kka - Ta - ka - m </Td> <Td> July -- August </Td> <Td> karkaṭa `` crab '' </Td> <Td> Cancer </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sinhala calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Sinhala calendar is the Buddhist calendar in Sri Lanka with Sinhala names . Each full moon Poya day marks the start of a Buddhist lunar month . The first month is Vesak . </P> <Ol> <Li> Duruthu ( දුරුතු ) </Li> <Li> Navam ( නවම් ) </Li> <Li> Mædin ( මැදින් ) </Li> <Li> Bak ( බක් ) </Li> <Li> Vesak ( වෙසක් ) </Li> <Li> Poson ( පොසොන් ) </Li> <Li> Æsala ( ඇසල ) </Li> <Li> Nikini ( නිකිණි ) </Li> <Li> Binara ( බිනර ) </Li> <Li> Vap ( වප් ) </Li> <Li> Il ( iL ) ( ඉල් ) </Li> <Li> Unduvap ( උඳුවප් ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> Germanic calendar ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Germanic calendar <P> The old Icelandic calendar is not in official use anymore , but some Icelandic holidays and annual feasts are still calculated from it . It has 12 months , broken down into two groups of six often termed `` winter months '' and `` summer months '' . The calendar is peculiar in that the months always start on the same weekday rather than on the same date . Hence Þorri always starts on a Friday sometime between January 22 and January 28 ( Old style : January 9 to January 15 ) , Góa always starts on a Sunday between February 21 and February 27 ( Old style : February 8 to February 14 ) . </P> <Ul> <Li> Skammdegi ( `` Short days '' ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Gormánuður ( mid October - mid November , `` slaughter month '' or `` Gór 's month '' ) </Li> <Li> Ýlir ( mid November - mid December , `` Yule month '' ) </Li> <Li> Mörsugur ( mid December - mid January , `` fat sucking month '' ) </Li> <Li> Þorri ( mid January - mid February , `` frozen snow month '' ) </Li> <Li> Góa ( mid February - mid March , `` Góa 's month , see Nór '' ) </Li> <Li> Einmánuður ( mid March - mid April , `` lone '' or `` single month '' ) </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Náttleysi ( `` Nightless days '' ) </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Harpa ( mid April - mid May , Harpa is a female name , probably a forgotten goddess , first day of Harpa is celebrated as Sumardagurinn fyrsti - first day of summer ) </Li> <Li> Skerpla ( mid May - mid June , another forgotten goddess ) </Li> <Li> Sólmánuður ( mid June - mid July , `` sun month '' ) </Li> <Li> Heyannir ( mid July - mid August , `` hay business month '' ) </Li> <Li> Tvímánuður ( mid August - mid September , `` two '' or `` second month '' ) </Li> <Li> Haustmánuður ( mid September - mid October , `` autumn month '' ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> Old georgian calendar ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Georgian calendar <Table> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Georgian Month Name </Th> <Th> Transliteration </Th> <Th> Georgian Other Names </Th> <Th> Transliteration </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January </Td> <Td> აპნისი , აპანი </Td> <Td> Apnisi , Apani </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February </Td> <Td> სურწყუნისი </Td> <Td> Surtskunisi </Td> <Td> განცხადებისთვე </Td> <Td> Gantskhadebistve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March </Td> <Td> მირკანი </Td> <Td> Mirkani </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April </Td> <Td> იგრიკა </Td> <Td> Igrika </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May </Td> <Td> ვარდობისა </Td> <Td> Vardobisa </Td> <Td> ვარდობისთვე </Td> <Td> Vardobistve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June </Td> <Td> მარიალისა </Td> <Td> Marialisa </Td> <Td> თიბათვე , ივანობისთვე </Td> <Td> Tibatve , Ivanobistve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July </Td> <Td> თიბისა </Td> <Td> Tibisa </Td> <Td> მკათათვე , კვირიკობისთვე </Td> <Td> Mkatatve , Kvirikobistve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> August </Td> <Td> ქველთობისა </Td> <Td> Kveltobisa </Td> <Td> მარიამობისთვე </Td> <Td> Mariamobistve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> September </Td> <Td> ახალწლისა </Td> <Td> Akhaltslisa </Td> <Td> ენკენისთვე </Td> <Td> Enkenistve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> October </Td> <Td> სთვლისა </Td> <Td> Stvlisa </Td> <Td> ღვინობისთვე </Td> <Td> Gvinobistve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November </Td> <Td> ტირისკონი </Td> <Td> Tiriskoni </Td> <Td> გიორგობისთვე , ჭინკობისთვე </Td> <Td> Giorgobistve , Chinkobistve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December </Td> <Td> ტირისდენი </Td> <Td> Tirisdeni </Td> <Td> ქრისტეშობისთვე </Td> <Td> Kristeshobistve </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * NOTE : New Year in ancient Georgia started from September . </P> <H3> Old Swedish calendar ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> Torsmånad ( January , ' Torre 's month ' ( ancient god ) ) </Li> <Li> Göjemånad ( February , ' Goe 's month ' ( ancient goddess ) ) </Li> <Li> Vårmånad ( March , ' Spring month ' ) </Li> <Li> Gräsmånad ( April , ' Grass month ' ) </Li> <Li> Blomstermånad ( May , ' Bloom month ' ) </Li> <Li> Sommarmånad ( June , ' Summer month ' ) </Li> <Li> Hömånad ( July , ' Hay month ' ) </Li> <Li> Skördemånad , Rötmånad ( August , ' Harvest month ' or ' Rotten month ' ) </Li> <Li> Höstmånad ( September , ' Autumn month ' ) </Li> <Li> Slaktmånad ( October , ' Slaughter month ' ) </Li> <Li> Vintermånad ( November , ' Winter month ' ) </Li> <Li> Julmånad ( December , ' Christmas month ' ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> Old English calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> Like the Old Norse calendar , the Anglo - Saxons had their own calendar before they were Christianized which reflected native traditions and deities . These months were attested by Bede in his works On Chronology and The Reckoning of Time written in the 8th century . His months are probably those as written in the Northumbrian dialect of Old English which he was familiar with . The months were so named after the moon ; the new moon marking the end of an old month and start of a new month ; the full moon occurring in the middle of the month , after which the month was named . </P> <Ol> <Li> Æfterra - ġēola mōnaþ ( January , ' After - Yule month ' ) </Li> <Li> Sol - mōnaþ ( February , ' Sol month ' ) </Li> <Li> Hrēð - mōnaþ ( March , ' Hreth month ' ) </Li> <Li> Ēostur - mōnaþ ( April , ' Ēostur month ' ) </Li> <Li> Ðrimilce - mōnaþ ( May , ' Three - milkings month ' ) </Li> <Li> Ærra - Liþa ( June , ' Ere - Litha ' ) </Li> <Li> Æftera - Liþa ( July , ' After - Litha ' ) </Li> <Li> Weōd - mōnaþ ( August , ' Weed month ' ) </Li> <Li> Hāliġ - mōnaþ or Hærfest - mōnaþ ( September , ' Holy month ' or ' Harvest month ' ) </Li> <Li> Winter - fylleþ ( October , ' Winter - filleth ' ) </Li> <Li> Blōt - mōnaþ ( November , ' Blót month ' ) </Li> <Li> Ærra - ġēola mōnaþ ( December , ' Ere - Yule ' ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> Old hungarian calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> Nagyszombati kalendárium ( in Latin : Calendarium Tyrnaviense ) from 1579 . Historically Hungary used a 12 - month calendar that appears to have been zodiacal in nature but eventually came to correspond to the Gregorian months as shown below : </P> <Ol> <Li> Boldogasszony hava ( January , ' month of the happy / blessed lady ' ) </Li> <Li> Böjtelő hava ( February , ' month of early fasting / Lent ' or ' month before fasting / Lent ' ) </Li> <Li> Böjtmás hava ( March , ' second month of fasting / Lent ' ) </Li> <Li> Szent György hava ( April , ' Saint George 's month ' ) </Li> <Li> Pünkösd hava ( May , ' Pentecost month ' ) </Li> <Li> Szent Iván hava ( June , ' Saint John ( the Baptist ) 's month ' ) </Li> <Li> Szent Jakab hava ( July , ' Saint James ' month ' ) </Li> <Li> Kisasszony hava ( August , ' month of the Virgin ' ) </Li> <Li> Szent Mihály hava ( September , ' Saint Michael 's month ' ) </Li> <Li> Mindszent hava ( October , ' all saints ' month ' ) </Li> <Li> Szent András hava ( November , ' Saint Andrew 's month ' ) </Li> <Li> Karácsony hava ( December , ' month of Yule / Christmas ' ) </Li> </Ol> <H3> Old Egyptian calendar ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The ancient civil Egyptian calendar had a year that was 365 days long and was divided into 12 months of 30 days each , plus 5 extra days ( epagomenes ) at the end of the year . The months were divided into 3 `` weeks '' of ten days each . Because the ancient Egyptian year was almost a quarter of a day shorter than the solar year and stellar events `` wandered '' through the calendar , it is referred to as Annus Vagus or `` Wandering Year '' . </P> <Ol> <Li> Thout </Li> <Li> Paopi </Li> <Li> Hathor </Li> <Li> Koiak </Li> <Li> Tooba </Li> <Li> Emshir </Li> <Li> Paremhat </Li> <Li> Paremoude </Li> <Li> Pashons </Li> <Li> Paoni </Li> <Li> Epip </Li> <Li> Mesori </Li> </Ol> <H3> Nisga'a calendar ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Nisga'a calendar coincides with the Gregorian calendar with each month referring to the type of harvesting that is done during the month . </P> <Ol> <Li> K'aliiyee = Going North - referring to the Sun returning to its usual place in the sky </Li> <Li> Buxwlaks = Needles Blowing About - February is usually a very windy month in the Nass River Valley </Li> <Li> Xsaak = To Eat Oolichans - Oolichans are harvested during this month </Li> <Li> Mmaal = Canoes - The river has defrosted , hence canoes are used once more </Li> <Li> Yansa'alt = Leaves are Blooming - Warm weather has arrived and leaves on the trees begin to bloom </Li> <Li> Miso'o = Sockeye - majority of Sockeye Salmon runs begin this month </Li> <Li> Maa'y = Berries - berry picking season </Li> <Li> Wii Hoon = Great Salmon - referring to the abundance of Salmon that are now running </Li> <Li> Genuugwwikw = Trail of the Marmot - Marmots , Ermines and animals as such are hunted </Li> <Li> Xlaaxw = To Eat Trout - trout are mostly eaten this time of year </Li> <Li> Gwilatkw = To Blanket - The earth is `` blanketed '' with snow </Li> <Li> Luut'aa = Sit In - the Sun `` sits '' in one spot for a period of time </Li> </Ol> <H3> French republican calendar ( edit ) </H3> Main article : French Republican calendar <P> This calendar was proposed during the French Revolution , and used by the French government for about twelve years from late 1793 . There were twelve months of 30 days each , grouped into three ten - day weeks called décades . The five or six extra days needed to approximate the tropical year were placed after the months at the end of each year . A period of four years ending on a leap day was to be called a Franciade . It began at the autumn equinox : </P> <Ul> <Li> Autumn : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Vendémiaire </Li> <Li> Brumaire </Li> <Li> Frimaire </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Winter : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Nivôse </Li> <Li> Pluviôse </Li> <Li> Ventôse </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Spring : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Germinal </Li> <Li> Floréal </Li> <Li> Prairial </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Summer : </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> Messidor </Li> <Li> Thermidor </Li> <Li> Fructidor </Li> </Ol> <H2> Adhik Maas ( edit ) </H2> <P> Purushottam Maas or Adhik Maas is an extra month in the Hindu calendar that is inserted to keep the lunar and solar calendars aligned . `` Purushottam '' is an epithet of Vishnu , to whom the month is dedicated . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up month in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Maya calendar </Li> <Li> Chinese calendar </Li> <Li> Egyptian calendar </Li> <Li> Ethiopian calendar </Li> <Li> List of months by year </Li> <Li> Lunar month </Li> <Li> Kurdish calendar </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Solomon , Stenson ( 2009 ) . Pingelap Non-Sacred Knowledge . Historic Preservation Fund Grant Department of Land and Natural Resources . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Days in each Month - Mnemonics to improve memory </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Boy Mechanic : A Handy Calendar ( 1913 ) from Project Gutenberg </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Esslemont , J.E. ( 1980 ) . Bahá'u'lláh and the New Era ( 5th ed . ) . Wilmette , Illinois , USA : Bahá'í Publishing Trust . pp. 178 -- 179 . ISBN 0 - 87743 - 160 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is the Sikh Nanakshahi calendar '' . allaboutsikhs.com . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 10 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Khmer Chhankitek Calendar '' , www.cam-cc.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sri Lanka -- Festival Calendar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Significance of Poya </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Old English Calendar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Calendar by Marsigli : the ancient Hungarian Calendar </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hónapok nevei </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adhik mass </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Time </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Past <Ul> <Li> history </Li> <Li> deep time </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Present </Li> <Li> Future </Li> <Li> Futures studies </Li> <Li> Far future in religion </Li> <Li> Far future in science fiction and popular culture </Li> <Li> Timeline of the far future </Li> <Li> Eternity </Li> <Li> Eternity of the world </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Measurement and standards </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chronometry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> UTC </Li> <Li> UT </Li> <Li> TAI </Li> <Li> Unit of time </Li> <Li> Planck time </Li> <Li> Second </Li> <Li> Minute </Li> <Li> Hour </Li> <Li> Day </Li> <Li> Week </Li> <Li> Month </Li> <Li> Year </Li> <Li> Decade </Li> <Li> Century </Li> <Li> Millennium </Li> <Li> Tropical year </Li> <Li> Sidereal year </Li> <Li> Samvatsara </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Measurement systems </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Time zone </Li> <Li> Six - 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List of demonyms for U.S. States and territories - wikipedia <H1> List of demonyms for U.S. States and territories </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of official and notable unofficial terms used to designate the citizens of specific states and territories of the United States . </P> <P> </P> <H2> List ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> State , district or territory </Th> <Th> Official ( recommended by U.S. GPO ) </Th> <Th> Official , unofficial , or informal alternatives </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alabama </Td> <Td> Alabamian </Td> <Td> Alabaman , Bammer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alaska </Td> <Td> Alaskan </Td> <Td> Ice Chipper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American Samoa † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> American Samoan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona </Td> <Td> Arizonan </Td> <Td> Sand Cutter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arkansas </Td> <Td> Arkansan </Td> <Td> Arkansawyer , Arkie </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> California </Td> <Td> Californian </Td> <Td> Californio ( archaic ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colorado </Td> <Td> Coloradan </Td> <Td> Coloradoan ( archaic ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Connecticut </Td> <Td> Connecticuter </Td> <Td> Connecticotian , Connecticutensian , Nutmeg , Nutmegger </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Delaware </Td> <Td> Delawarean </Td> <Td> Blue Hen 's Chicken , Muskrat </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> District of Columbia † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Washingtonian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florida </Td> <Td> Floridian </Td> <Td> Alligator , Cracker , Fly - Up - the - Creek </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> Georgian </Td> <Td> Buzzard , Cracker , Goober - grabber </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guam † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guamanian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hawaii </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Islander , Kama'aina . The Associated Press Stylebook restricts use of `` Hawaiian '' to people of Native Hawaiian descent . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Idaho </Td> <Td> Idahoan </Td> <Td> Fortune Seekers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> Illinoisan </Td> <Td> Illinoisian , Illinoian , Flatlander , Sucker , Sand - hiller , Egyptian </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indiana </Td> <Td> Hoosier </Td> <Td> Indianan ( former GPO demonym replaced by Hoosier in 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Iowa </Td> <Td> Iowan </Td> <Td> Hawkeye </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas </Td> <Td> Kansan </Td> <Td> Sunflower , Jayhawker , Grasshopper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kentucky </Td> <Td> Kentuckian </Td> <Td> Corncracker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louisiana </Td> <Td> Louisianian </Td> <Td> Cajun </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> Mainer </Td> <Td> Down Easter or Downeaster , Mainiac , Pine Tree , Fox </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> Marylander </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> Massachusettsan </Td> <Td> Bay Stater ( official term used by state government ) , Massachusettsian , Massachusite , Masshole ( derogatory as an exonym ; however , it can be affectionate when applied as an endonym ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> Michigander </Td> <Td> Michigander , Wolverine , Michiganite , Yooper / Troll ( for residents of the Upper Peninsula and Lower Peninsula , respectively ) , Michigoose ( used specifically for female residents , as a play on `` Michi gander '' ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota </Td> <Td> Minnesotan </Td> <Td> Gopher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mississippi </Td> <Td> Mississippian </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Missouri </Td> <Td> Missourian </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Montana </Td> <Td> Montanan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> Nebraskan </Td> <Td> Cornhusker </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nevada </Td> <Td> Nevadan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Hampshire </Td> <Td> New Hampshirite </Td> <Td> New Hampshireman or New Hampshirewoman , Granite Stater </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Jersey </Td> <Td> New Jerseyan </Td> <Td> Jerseyite , New Jerseyite </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Mexico </Td> <Td> New Mexican </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> New Yorker </Td> <Td> Knickerbocker , Empire Stater , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Carolina </Td> <Td> North Carolinian </Td> <Td> Tar Heel , Tar Boiler , </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> North Dakota </Td> <Td> North Dakotan </Td> <Td> NoDak </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Northern Mariana Islands † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mariana Islander </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> Ohioan </Td> <Td> Buckeye , Ohian ( obsolete ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma </Td> <Td> Oklahoman </Td> <Td> Okie , Sooner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oregon </Td> <Td> Oregonian </Td> <Td> Oregoner , Beaver </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> Pennsylvanian </Td> <Td> Pennamite , Keystoner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Puerto Rico † </Td> <Td> Puerto Rican </Td> <Td> Boricua </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rhode Island </Td> <Td> Rhode Islander </Td> <Td> Rhodean , Swamp Yankee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Carolina </Td> <Td> South Carolinian </Td> <Td> Sandlapper </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South Dakota </Td> <Td> South Dakotan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee </Td> <Td> Tennessean </Td> <Td> Volunteer , Big Bender , Butternut </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> Texan </Td> <Td> Texian ( Anglo - Texan - historical ) , Tejano ( Hispano - Texan ) , Texican ( archaic ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Utah </Td> <Td> Utahn </Td> <Td> Utahan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vermont </Td> <Td> Vermonter </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> Virginian </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virgin Islands † </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Virgin Islander </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> Washingtonian </Td> <Td> Toner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> West Virginian </Td> <Td> Mountaineer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> Wisconsinite </Td> <Td> Badger , Cheesehead </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> Wyomingite </Td> <Td> Wyomese , Wyomingian </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † - Not officially a U.S. state , rather a U.S. territory or district . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Geography portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Demonym <Ul> <Li> List of adjectival and demonymic forms of place names <Ul> <Li> List of adjectivals and demonyms for astronomical bodies </Li> <Li> List of adjectivals and demonyms for continental regions <Ul> <Li> List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations </Li> <Li> List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Constructs such as ibid. , loc . cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia 's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken . Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ) , or an abbreviated title . ( March 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual . 2016 . § 5.23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Safire , William ( June 26 , 1994 ) . `` On Language : Foam Fell on Alabama '' . The New York Times . Safire reports that after he used the word `` Alabaman '' in a column , he received a letter from Vic Gold that said in part , `` The natives , I have learned to my sorrow , prefer Alabamian . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Alabama '' . Netstate . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Common state demonyms </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Op cit , # 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Arizona - An Introduction to the Grand Canyon State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arkansawyer definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on 2009 - 11 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ar kie '' . Dictionary.infoplease.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Writers Style Guide . Colorado State University . p. 62 , . Retrieved January 2 , 2009 . The correct name for a person from Colorado is Coloradan ( not Coloradoan ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quillen , Ed ( March 18 , 2007 ) . `` Coloradan or Coloradoan ? '' . The Denver Post . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The State of Connecticut - An Introduction to the Constitution State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The State of Delaware - An Introduction to the First State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The State of Florida '' . Netstate . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Cracker ' Means Something Entirely Different In Florida : A Source Of ' Pride ' '' . Mediaite . Retrieved 18 May 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Georgia '' . Netstate . Retrieved 22 July 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Hawaii - An Introduction to the Aloha State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christian , Darrel ; Jacobsen , Sally A. ; Minthorn , David , eds. ( 2013 ) . The Associated Press Stylebook and Briefing on Media Law . New York , NY : Basic Books . p. 112 . ISBN 9780465082995 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Idaho '' . Netstate . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jim Fitzgerald ( 1987 - 10 - 06 ) . `` A Friend Escapes To Illinois ... And Now Is A Flatlander ! '' . ChicagoTribune.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Illinois - An Introduction to the Prairie State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Iowa '' . Netstate.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Kansas - An Introduction to the Sunflower State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corncracker - Definition and More from the Free Merriam - Webster Dictionary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The World Almanac and Book of Facts 2007 . New York : World Almanac Books . 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88687 - 995 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mainiac '' . Time . June 20 , 1938 . ( term used in reference to Maine author Kenneth Roberts ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Massachusetts General Laws , Chapter 2 , Section 35 : Designation of citizens of commonwealth '' . The Commonwealth of Massachusetts . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 29 . : `` Bay Staters shall be the official designation of citizens of the commonwealth . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/06/magazine/on-language.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Collections . Boston : Massachusetts Historical Society . 1877 . p. 435 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones , Thomas ( 1879 ) . DeLancey , Edward Floyd , ed . History of New York During the Revolutionary War . New York : New York Historical Society . p. 465 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nagy , Naomi ; Irwin , Patricia ( July 2010 ) . `` Boston ( r ) : Neighbo ( r ) s nea ( r ) and fa ( r ) '' . Language Variation and Change . 22 ( 2 ) : 270 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Masshole ' among newest words added to Oxford English Dictionary '' . masslive.com . Retrieved 27 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Michigan - An Introduction to the Great Lakes State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marckwardt , Albert H. ( 1952 ) . `` Wolverine and Michigander '' . Michigan Alumnus Quarterly Review . LVIII : 203 -- 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sperber , Hans ( February 1954 ) . `` Words and Phrases in American Politics : Michigander '' . American Speech. 29 ( 1 ) : 21 -- 7 . doi : 10.2307 / 453592 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` MDE - Michigan Glossary '' . Michigan.gov. 2008 - 01 - 30 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of New Hampshire - An Introduction to the Granite State from '' . Netstate.Com. 2009 - 04 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Merriam - Webster Dictionary </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ New York Knicks , What 's a Knickerbocker ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , William S. ( March 1982 ) . `` What 's in a Name ? : Why We 're All Called Tar Heels '' . Tar Heel . Tar Heel Magazine , Inc . OCLC 005457348 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Ohio - An Introduction to the Buckeye State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Ohian . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stewart , Roy P. ( December 20 , 1968 ) . `` Postal Card Proves Sooners Were ' Okies ' Way Back In 1907 '' . The Daily Oklahoman . p. 9 , col. 2 . Now comes Mrs. Agness Hooks of Thomas with a postal card mailed at Newcastle , Ind. in 1907 , address to a Miss Agness Kirkbridge , with the salutation : ' Hello Okie -- Will see you next Monday night . ' Signed : Myrtle M. Pence . Mrs. Hooks says Agness Kirkbridge was an aunt of hers . The Kirkbridge family came to Oklahoma Territory in 1904 and settled south of Custer City . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Oklahoma - An Introduction to the Sooner State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ibid . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of '' . Luzerne County . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Commonwealth of Puerto Rico '' . Retrieved 2015 - 09 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Providence Journal Rhode Island breaking news , sports , politics , business , entertainment , weather and traffic - providencejournal.com - Providence Journal '' . Projo.com. 2012 - 07 - 17 . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.sciway.net/hist/sandlapper.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The State of Tennessee - An Introduction to the Volunteer State from '' . Netstate.Com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de la Teja , Jesus F. ( 1997 ) . `` The Colonization and Independence of Texas : A Tejano Perspective '' . In Rodriguez O. , Jaime E. ; Vincent , Kathryn . Myths , Misdeeds , and Misunderstandings : The Roots of Conflict in U.S. -- Mexican Relations . Wilmington , DE : Scholarly Resources Inc. p. 79 . ISBN 0 - 8420 - 2662 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Do You Want to Be a Badger ? '' . Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kapler , Joseph , Jr . ( Spring 2002 ) . On Wisconsin Icons : When You Say ' Wisconsin ' , What Do You Say ? . Wisconsin Historical Society . pp. 18 -- 31 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foamation : About Us . Foamation . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chicago Daily Tribune '' . 1903 - 06 - 02 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 09 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> Find more aboutdemonymat Wikipedia 's sister projects <Ul> <Li> Definitions from Wiktionary </Li> <Li> Media from Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> News from Wikinews </Li> <Li> Quotations from Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Texts from Wikisource </Li> <Li> Textbooks from Wikibooks </Li> <Li> Learning resources from Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States state - related lists </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of states and territories of the United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demographics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Educational attainment </Li> <Li> Irreligion </Li> <Li> Largest cities by population </Li> <Li> Most popular given names </Li> <Li> Most populous counties </Li> <Li> Population <Ul> <Li> Density </Li> <Li> Growth rate </Li> <Li> Birth and death rates </Li> <Li> Historical </Li> <Li> African American </Li> <Li> Amish </Li> <Li> Asian </Li> <Li> Hispanic and Latino </Li> <Li> Spanish - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Cars 2 - Wikipedia <H1> Cars 2 </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Cars 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> John Lasseter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Denise Ream </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Ben Queen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> John Lasseter Brad Lewis Dan Fogelman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Owen Wilson Larry the Cable Guy Michael Caine Emily Mortimer John Turturro Eddie Izzard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Michael Giacchino </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Jeremy Lasky Sharon Calahan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Stephen Schaffer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Pictures Pixar Animation Studios </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> June 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 18 ) ( Hollywood ) </Li> <Li> June 24 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 24 ) ( United States ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 106 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $200 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $562.1 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cars 2 is a 2011 American computer - animated action - adventure comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures . It is the sequel to 2006 's Cars , and features the voices of Owen Wilson , Larry the Cable Guy , Michael Caine , Emily Mortimer , John Turturro , and Eddie Izzard . In the film , race car Lightning McQueen and tow truck Mater head to Japan and Europe to compete in the World Grand Prix , but Mater becomes sidetracked with international espionage . The film was directed by John Lasseter , written by Ben Queen , and produced by Denise Ream . </P> <P> Cars 2 was released in the United States on June 24 , 2011 . The film was presented in Disney Digital 3D and IMAX 3D , as well as traditional two - dimensional and IMAX formats . The film was first announced in 2008 , alongside Up , and Brave , and it is the 12th animated film from the studio . It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $562 million worldwide . A sequel , Cars 3 , was released on June 16 , 2017 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Voice cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Soundtrack </Li> <Li> 5 Release <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Short film </Li> <Li> 5.2 Home media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical response </Li> <Li> 6.2 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Video games </Li> <Li> 8 Expanded franchise <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Sequel </Li> <Li> 8.2 Spin - offs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot </H2> <P> Finn McMissile , a British spy , infiltrates the world 's largest untapped oil reserves owned by a group of lemon cars . After being discovered , he flees and fakes his death . </P> <P> Lightning McQueen , now a four - time Piston Cup champion , returns to Radiator Springs . However , Italian formula race car , Francesco Bernoulli , challenges McQueen to the newly created World Grand Prix , led by its creator , Sir Miles Axlerod . McQueen and his best friend Mater -- along with Luigi , Guido , Fillmore , and Sarge -- depart for Tokyo for the first race of the Grand Prix . </P> <P> Meanwhile , the lemons , who are led by weapons designer Professor Zündapp and an unknown mastermind , are secretly plotting to secure their oil profits by using an electromagnetic pulse emitter disguised as a camera . They plan to use the emitter to trigger and destabilize the use of Allinol , an environmentally friendly fuel that was created by Axlerod and is required for racers to use in the Grand Prix . McMissile and his partner Holley Shiftwell attempt to meet with American spy car Rod `` Torque '' Redline at a World Grand Prix promotional event in Tokyo , to receive information about the mastermind . Redline is captured and killed by Zündapp 's henchmen , but not before passing his information to Mater , who is then mistaken to be the American contact of Holley and Finn . </P> <P> At the first race , three cars are ignited by the camera . McQueen places second in the race after Bernoulli , due to Mater accidentally giving him bad racing advice shortly after evading Zündapp 's henchmen with help from Holley and Finn . Mater is soon abducted by Finn and boards his plane , where he helps to identify some of the information he was given . After traveling to Paris to collect more information from Finn 's old friend Tomber , they travel to Porto Corsa , Italy , where the next race is being held . During the race , Mater infiltrates the criminals ' meeting , just as the camera is used on a few more cars , causing a multi-car pileup that allows McQueen to finish first . Due to increased fears over Allinol 's safety , Axlerod lifts the requirement to use it for the final race . However , when McQueen decides to continue using it , the criminals plot to kill McQueen in the next race in London . This spooks Mater , causing him to blow his cover and allow him , Finn , and Holley to be captured . </P> <P> Mater is taken to and tied up inside the clock tower of the Big Ben . Mater learns that the camera did not function on McQueen , but the criminals tell him they planted a bomb in his pits as a backup plan , spurring him to break free and escape . Finn and Holley escape soon after , but realize that the bomb is on Mater 's air filter . Mater has already arrived at the pits when they tell him this , so he flees down the race course while McQueen chases after him . Finn apprehends Professor Zündapp at the finish line . The other lemons arrive and outnumber Finn , Holley , Mater , and McQueen , but they are soon rescued by the arrival of the other Radiator Springs residents . Mater then uses evidence he has seen to reveal that Axlerod is the mastermind of the plot who placed the bomb on Mater . Mater forces Axlerod to deactivate the bomb , and he and the other lemons are arrested . </P> <P> Mater receives an honorary knighthood from the Queen , while Sarge reveals that he changed McQueen 's fuel from Allinol to gasoline , explaining why the camera did not work on him . Finn and Holley ask if Mater can join them on another mission , but he declines , and then participates with the World Grand Prix competitors in a race at Radiator Springs . </P> <H2> Voice cast </H2> Main article : List of Cars characters <P> Much of the cast from the original Cars remained intact for the sequel , but three voice actors of the original film have died since its release . Joe Ranft ( who voiced Red ) died in an automobile accident on August 16 , 2005 , ten months before Cars was released . The first film was dedicated in memoriam to him . Red appears in this film , but he does not speak or vocalize . George Carlin ( who voiced Fillmore ) died of heart failure on June 22 , 2008 ; Fillmore also shows up in Cars 2 , and he was voiced by Lloyd Sherr ( who also voices Tony Trihull ) . Paul Newman ( who voiced Doc Hudson ) died of cancer on September 26 , 2008 . After Newman 's death , Lasseter said they would `` see how the story goes with Doc Hudson . '' Doc was eventually written out , with a few references to the character , where he is thought to have died before the events of the movie , as Mater says that he would have been proud for McQueen 's Piston Cups , which have been renamed after Doc ; also , in the Tokyo race , one of the announcers says that Doc was one of the best dirt racers ever . </P> <Ul> <Li> Larry the Cable Guy as Mater , a Southern - accented tow truck from Radiator Springs . </Li> <Li> Owen Wilson as Lightning McQueen , a Piston Cup racecar . </Li> <Li> Michael Caine as Finn McMissile , a British spy car . </Li> <Li> Emily Mortimer as Holley Shiftwell , a beautiful young British desk agent , new to field work . </Li> <Li> John Turturro as Francesco Bernoulli , McQueen 's main racing rival from Italy . </Li> <Li> Eddie Izzard as Sir Miles Axlerod , a British electric car who created Allinol . </Li> <Li> Thomas Kretschmann as Professor Zündapp , the doctor from Germany , Axlerod 's assistant . </Li> <Li> Joe Mantegna and Peter Jacobson as Grem and Acer : Professor Zündapp 's henchmen . </Li> <Li> Bruce Campbell as Rod `` Torque '' Redline , an American spy car . </Li> <Li> Tony Shalhoub as Luigi </Li> <Li> Darrell Waltrip as Darrell Cartrip </Li> <Li> Guido Quaroni as Guido </Li> <Li> Brent Musburger as Brent Mustangburger </Li> <Li> Colin Cowherd as Colin Cowling </Li> <Li> Jason Isaacs as Siddeley / Leland Turbo </Li> <Li> David Hobbs as David Hobbscap . Jacques Villeneuve voices the character in French releases . </Li> <Li> Stanley Townsend as Vladimir Trunkov / Ivan / Victor Hugo </Li> <Li> Lloyd Sherr as Fillmore / Tony Trihull </Li> <Li> Paul Dooley as Sarge </Li> <Li> Michel Michelis as Tomber </Li> <Li> Sig Hansen as Crabby the Boat </Li> <Li> Franco Nero as Uncle Topolino </Li> <Li> Vanessa Redgrave as Mama Topolino / The Queen . Sophia Loren provides the Italian dub of Topolino . </Li> <Li> Bonnie Hunt as Sally Carrera </Li> <Li> Cheech Marin as Ramone </Li> <Li> Jenifer Lewis as Flo </Li> <Li> Michael Wallis as Sheriff </Li> <Li> Katherine Helmond as Lizzie </Li> <Li> John Ratzenberger as Mack </Li> <Li> Jeff Garlin as Otis </Li> <Li> Patrick Walker as Mel Dorado </Li> <Li> Lewis Hamilton as Lewis Hamilton </Li> <Li> Velibor Topic as Alexander Hugo </Li> <Li> Greg Ellis as Nigel Gearsley </Li> <Li> John Mainier as J. Curby Gremlin </Li> <Li> Brad Lewis as Tubbs Pacer </Li> <Li> Richard Kind as Van </Li> <Li> Edie McClurg as Minny </Li> <Li> Teresa Gallagher as Mater 's Computer </Li> <Li> Jeff Gordon as Jeff Gorvette </Li> <Li> John Lasseter as John Lassetire </Li> </Ul> <P> In international versions of the film , the character Jeff Gorvette is replaced with race car drivers better known in the specific countries in his dialogue scenes ( however , he still appears as a competitor ) . </P> <Ul> <Li> Mark Winterbottom as Frosty ( Australian release ) </Li> <Li> Fernando Alonso as Fernando Alonso ( Spanish release ) </Li> <Li> Vitaly Petrov as Vitaly Petrov ( Russian release ) </Li> <Li> Jan Nilsson as Flash ( Swedish release ) </Li> <Li> Memo Rojas ( Latin American release ) </Li> <Li> Sebastian Vettel as Sebastian Schnell ( German release ) </Li> </Ul> <P> In Brazil , Gorvette is replaced by Carla Veloso in his dialogue scenes ( Carla appears in all other versions of the film , but with no lines ) ; Carla is voiced by Brazilian singer Claudia Leitte . Sportspeople still appear , with Lewis Hamilton becoming Formula One champion Emerson Fittipaldi , while Brent Mustangburger and David Hobbscap were done by sports announcers José Trajano and Luciano do Valle . </P> <H2> Production </H2> <H3> Development </H3> Finn McMissile ( left ) , Mater ( center ) , and Lightning McQueen ( right ) driving through Tokyo for the first time . <P> Cars is the second Pixar film , after Toy Story , to have a sequel as well as becoming a franchise . John Lasseter , the director of the film , said that he was convinced of the sequel 's story while traveling around the world promoting the first film . He said : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` </Td> <Td> I kept looking out thinking , ' What would Mater do in this situation , you know ? ' I could imagine him driving around on the wrong side of the road in the UK , going around in big , giant traveling circles in Paris , on the autobahn in Germany , dealing with the motor scooters in Italy , trying to figure out road signs in Japan . </Td> <Td> '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Cars 2 was originally scheduled for a summer 2012 release , but Pixar moved the release up by a year . </P> <P> In 2009 , Disney registered several domain names , hinting to audiences that the title and theme of the film would be in relation to a World Grand Prix . </P> <P> In March 2011 , Jake Mandeville - Anthony , a U.K. screenwriter , sued Disney and Pixar alleging copyright infringement and breach of implied contract . In his complaint he alleged that Cars and Cars 2 are based in part on work that he had submitted early in the 1990s and he sought an injunction to stop the release of Cars 2 and requested actual or statutory damages . On May 13 , 2011 , Disney responded to the lawsuit , denying `` each and every one of Plaintiff 's legal claims concerning the purported copyright infringement and substantial similarity of the parties ' respective works . '' On July 27 , 2011 , the lawsuit was dismissed by a district court judge who , in her ruling , wrote that the `` Defendants have sufficiently shown that the Parties ' respective works are not substantially similar in their protectable elements as a matter of law '' . </P> <H3> Casting </H3> <P> In November 2010 , Owen Wilson , Larry the Cable Guy , Michael Caine , Emily Mortimer , Jason Isaacs , Joe Mantegna , Peter Jacobson , Bonnie Hunt , Tony Shalhoub , Cheech Marin , and Thomas Kretschmann were confirmed as the voice talent featured in the film . From November 2010 until May 2011 , Disney released information about the other voice talent , including Jenifer Lewis , Katherine Helmond , Michael Wallis , Darrell Waltrip , Franco Nero , Vanessa Redgrave , Bruce Campbell , Sig Hansen , Michel Michelis , Jeff Gordon , Lewis Hamilton , Brent Musburger , David Hobbs , John Turturro , and Eddie Izzard . </P> <H2> Soundtrack </H2> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Cars 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Michael Giacchino </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 14 , 2011 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Score </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 63 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Michael Giacchino chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Let Me In ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> Cars 2 ( 2011 ) </Td> <Td> Super 8 ( 2011 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pixar film soundtrack chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) </Td> <Td> Cars 2 ( 2011 ) </Td> <Td> Brave ( 2012 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Professional ratings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Rating </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AllMusic </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Filmtracks </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Cars 2 soundtrack was released on both CD album and digital download June 14 . It is the fourth Pixar film to be scored by Michael Giacchino after The Incredibles , Ratatouille and Up . It also marks the first time that Giacchino has worked with John Lasseter as a director , as Lasseter had been executive producer on Giacchino 's previous three Pixar films and that Lasseter has not worked with Randy Newman . </P> <P> All music composed by Michael Giacchino , except as noted . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Writer ( s ) </Th> <Th> Artist </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> `` You Might Think '' ( Cover of The Cars ) </Td> <Td> Ric Ocasek </Td> <Td> Weezer </Td> <Td> 3 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> `` Collision of Worlds '' </Td> <Td> Paisley , Williams </Td> <Td> Brad Paisley and Robbie Williams </Td> <Td> 3 : 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> `` Mon Cœur Fait Vroum ( My Heart Goes Vroom ) '' </Td> <Td> Michael Giacchino </Td> <Td> Bénabar </Td> <Td> 2 : 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> `` Nobody 's Fool '' </Td> <Td> Paisley </Td> <Td> Brad Paisley </Td> <Td> 4 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> `` Polyrhythm '' </Td> <Td> Yasutaka Nakata </Td> <Td> Perfume </Td> <Td> 4 : 09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> `` Turbo Transmission '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> `` It 's Finn McMissile ! '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> `` Mater the Waiter '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> `` Radiator Reunion '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> `` Cranking Up the Heat '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 . </Td> <Td> `` Towkyo Takeout '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 : 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 . </Td> <Td> `` Tarmac the Magnificent '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 . </Td> <Td> `` Whose Engine Is This ? '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 . </Td> <Td> `` History 's Biggest Loser Cars '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 . </Td> <Td> `` Mater of Disguise '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 . </Td> <Td> `` Porto Corsa '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 . </Td> <Td> `` The Lemon Pledge '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 . </Td> <Td> `` Mater 's Getaway '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 . </Td> <Td> `` Mater Warns McQueen '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 . </Td> <Td> `` Going to the Backup Plan '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 . </Td> <Td> `` Mater 's the Bomb '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 . </Td> <Td> `` Blunder and Lightning '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 . </Td> <Td> `` The Other Shoot '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 . </Td> <Td> `` Axlerod Exposed '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 : 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 . </Td> <Td> `` The Radiator Springs Grand Prix '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 : 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 . </Td> <Td> `` The Turbomater '' </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 : 50 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release </H2> <P> During the Summer of 2008 , John Lasseter announced that Cars 2 would be pushed forward and released in the summer of 2011 , one year earlier than its original 2012 release date . The US release date was later confirmed to be June 24 , 2011 , with a UK release date set for July 22 , 2011 . The world premiere of the film took place at the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood on June 18 , 2011 . Cars 2 was released in 4,115 theaters in the USA and Canada setting a record - high for a G - rated film and for Pixar . The latter was surpassed by Brave ( 4,164 theaters ) . </P> <H3> Short film </H3> Main article : Hawaiian Vacation <P> The film was preceded by a short film titled Hawaiian Vacation , directed by Gary Rydstrom and starring the characters of the Toy Story franchise . </P> <H3> Home media </H3> <P> The film was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and digital download on November 1 , 2011 . This release was produced in four different physical packages : a 1 - disc DVD , a 2 - disc combo pack ( DVD and Blu - ray ) , a 5 - disc combo pack ( DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , and Digital Copy ) , and an 11 - disc three movie collector 's set , which features Cars , Cars 2 , and Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ) . The film was also released as a Movie Download edition in both standard and high definition . </P> <P> The Movie Download release includes four bonus features : Cars Toons `` Air Mater '' , the Toy Story Toon `` Hawaiian Vacation '' , `` World Tour Interactive Feature '' , and `` Bringing Cars 2 to the World '' . The 1 - disc DVD and 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack releases include the shorts `` Air Mater '' and `` Hawaiian Vacation '' , plus the Director John Lasseter Commentary . The 5 - disc combo pack includes all of the same bonus features as the 1 - disc DVD and 2 - disc Blu - ray / DVD combo pack versions , in addition to `` World Tour Interactive Feature '' and `` Sneak Peek : The Nuts and Bolts of Cars Land . '' The 11 - disc three movie collection comes packaged with Cars ( DVD , Blu - ray , and Digital Copy ) , Cars 2 ( DVD , Blu - ray , Blu - ray 3D , nand Digital Copy ) , and Mater 's Tall Tales ( DVD , Blu - ray , and Digital Copy ) . </P> <P> Cars 2 sold a total of 1,983,374 DVD units during its opening week , generating $31.24 million and claiming first place . It also finished on the top spot on the Blu - ray chart during its first week , selling 1.76 million units and generating $44.57 million . Its Blu - ray share of home media was 47 % , indicating an unexpectedly major shift of sales from DVD to Blu - ray . Blu - ray 3D contributed to this , accounting for 17 % of total disc sales . </P> <H2> Reception </H2> <H3> Critical response </H3> <P> On Rotten Tomatoes , Cars 2 has an approval rating of 39 % , based on 209 reviews , with an average rating of 5.5 / 10 , making it the only Pixar film to earn a `` rotten '' certification . The website 's critical consensus reads , `` Cars 2 is as visually appealing as any other Pixar production , but all that dazzle ca n't disguise the rusty storytelling under the hood . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , which assigns a weighted average score to reviews from mainstream critics , gave the film an average score of 57 out of 100 , based on 38 critics , indicating `` mixed or average reviews '' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A - '' on an A+ to F scale , down from the previous Pixar Films ' `` A '' and `` A + '' . </P> <P> `` The original Cars was not greeted with exceptional warmth , '' said The New York Times , `` but the sequel generated Pixar 's first truly negative response . '' Critics generally criticized the G - rating , the focus on Mater and felt the film lacked warmth and charm , while also feeling the film was made as an exercise in target marketing . Reviewing the film for The Wall Street Journal , Joe Morgenstern wrote , `` This frenzied sequel seldom gets beyond mediocrity . '' Entertainment Weekly critic Owen Gleiberman said , `` Cars 2 is a movie so stuffed with `` fun '' that it went right off the rails . What on earth was the gifted director - mogul John Lasseter thinking -- that he wanted kids to come out of this movie was ( sic ) more ADD ? '' Although Leonard Maltin on IndieWire claimed that he had `` such high regard for Pixar and its creative team led by John Lasseter '' he said he found the plot `` confusing '' and felt that Tow Mater 's voice annoying saying that he 'd `` rather listen to chalk on a blackboard than spend nearly two hours with Tow Mater . '' Considering the low reviews given to the Pixar production , critic Kyle Smith of the New York Post said , `` They said it could n't be done . But Pixar proved the yaysayers wrong when it made its first bad movie , Cars . Now it has worsted itself with the even more awful Cars 2 . '' </P> <P> Conversely , Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the movie 31⁄2 stars out of four , and said that `` the sequel is a tire - burning burst of action and fun with a beating heart under its hood . '' He also praised its `` fluid script '' and called it a `` winner '' . Roger Ebert was the most effusive of the more positive reviews , writing , `` At a time when some ' grown - up ' action films are relentlessly shallow and stupid , here is a movie with such complexity that even the cars sometimes have to pause and explain it to themselves . '' Justin Chang of Variety commented , `` The rare sequel that not only improves on but retroactively justifies its predecessor . '' Ticket buyers also gave the film an A -- in exit polls , on par with other Pixar titles . </P> <P> A central current of the negative reviews was the theory that Cars 2 was forced out of Pixar by its corporate parent , the Walt Disney Company , out of greed to drive merchandising sales . Lasseter vehemently denied these claims , which he attributed to `` people who do n't know the facts , rushing to judge . '' Some theorized that the vitriol was less about the film but more about Pixar 's broadened focus to sequels . The New York Times reported that although one negatively reviewed film would not be enough to scratch the studio , `` the commentary did dent morale at the studio , which until then had enjoyed an unbroken and perhaps unprecedented run of critical acclaim . '' </P> <H3> Box Office </H3> <P> Cars 2 grossed $191.5 million in the USA and Canada , and $370.7 million in other countries for a worldwide total of $562.1 million . Worldwide on its opening weekend it grossed $109.0 million , marking the largest opening weekend for a 2011 animated title . Overall , Cars 2 became seventh biggest Pixar film in worldwide box office among the fourteen released . </P> <P> Cars 2 made $25.7 million on its debut Friday ( June 24 , 2011 ) , marking the second - largest opening day for a Pixar film , at the time , after Toy Story 3 's $41.1 million . During this time , though , it was the third least - attended opening day for a Pixar film , only ahead of Up and Ratatouille . It also scored the sixth largest opening day for an animated feature . On its opening weekend as a whole , Cars 2 debuted at No. 1 with $66.1 million , marking the largest opening weekend for a 2011 animated feature , the seventh largest opening for Pixar , the eighth largest among films released in June , and the fourth largest for a G - rated film . In its second weekend , however , the film dropped 60.3 % , the largest second weekend drop ever for a Pixar film , and grossed $26.2 million . At the end of its theatrical run , Cars 2 became the lowest - grossing Pixar film in North America since A Bug 's Life . As of 2018 , it is Pixar 's fourth lowest - grossing film in this region . It was also the least attended Pixar film ever until 2015 's The Good Dinosaur . </P> <P> Outside North America , it grossed $42.9 million during its first weekend from 3,129 theaters in 18 countries , topping the box office . It performed especially well in Russia where it grossed $9.42 million , marking the best opening weekend for a Disney or Pixar animated feature and surpassing the entire runs of Cars and Toy Story 3 . In Mexico , it made $8.24 million during its first weekend , while in Brazil , it topped the box office with $5.19 million ( $7.08 million with previews ) . It also premeiered at No. 1 with $5.16 million in Australia , where it debuted simultaneously with Kung Fu Panda 2 and out - grossed it . It is the highest - grossing film of 2011 in Lithuania ( $477,117 ) , Argentina ( $12 million ) . It is the highest - grossing animated film of 2011 in Estonia ( $442,707 ) , Finland ( $3.2 million ) , Norway ( $5.8 million ) . </P> <H3> Accolades </H3> <P> Cars 2 marks the first Pixar film not to be nominated for an Oscar . It is also the first Pixar film not nominated for Best Animated Feature since its introduction in 2001 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> Awards </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Award </Th> <Th> Category </Th> <Th> Winner / Nominee </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> British Academy Children 's Awards ( BAFTA ) </Td> <Td> Favorite Film </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> People 's Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Movie Animated Voice </Td> <Td> Owen Wilson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Golden Globe Awards </Td> <Td> Best Animated Film </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Annie Awards </Td> <Td> Best Animated Feature </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production </Td> <Td> Jon Reisch </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Best Animated Effects in an Animated Production </Td> <Td> Eric Froemling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Character Design in an Animated Feature </Td> <Td> Jay Shuster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Production Design in a Feature Production </Td> <Td> Harley Jessup </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Storyboarding in a Feature Production </Td> <Td> Scott Morse </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Editing in a Feature Production </Td> <Td> Stephen Schaffer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kids Choice Awards </Td> <Td> Favorite Animated Movie </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Saturn Awards </Td> <Td> Best Animated Film </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ASCAP Award </Td> <Td> Top Box Office Films </Td> <Td> Michael Giacchino </Td> <Td> Won </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Visual Effects Society Awards </Td> <Td> Outstanding Virtual Cinematography in an Animated Feature Motion Picture </Td> <Td> Mahyar Abousaeedi , Jeremy Lasky , Jonathan Pytko </Td> <Td> Nominated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Video Games </H2> Main article : Cars 2 ( video game ) <P> A video game based on the movie was developed by Avalanche Software and published by Disney Interactive Studios for the PlayStation 3 , Xbox 360 , Wii , PC and Nintendo DS on June 21 , 2011 . The PlayStation 3 version of the game was reported to be compatible with stereoscopic 3D gameplay . A Nintendo 3DS version was released on November 1 , 2011 , and a PSP version was released on November 8 , 2011 . </P> <P> An app based on the film was released on iTunes for a dollar on June 23 , 2011 . The Lite version was released for free that same day . The object of the game was to complete each race , unlock new levels , and get a high score . As of June 28 , 2011 , the app had hit No. 1 on the App Store . The game was retired on August 29 , 2014 . A V. smile version was also released . </P> <H2> Expanded franchise </H2> <H3> Sequel </H3> Main article : Cars 3 <P> A stand - alone sequel , titled Cars 3 , was released on June 16 , 2017 . Directed by Brian Fee , the film focuses on Lightning McQueen , now a veteran racer , who after being overshadowed by a new wave of rookies , gets help from a young race car , Cruz Ramirez , to instruct him for the increasingly high - tech world and defeat new rival Jackson Storm . </P> <H3> Spin - offs </H3> <P> An animated feature film spin - off called Planes , produced by DisneyToon Studios , was released on August 9 , 2013 . A sequel to Planes , titled Planes : Fire & Rescue , was later released the following year on July 18 , 2014 . </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Fritz , Ben ( June 24 , 2011 ) . `` Movie Projector : ' Cars 2 ' expected to sputter to No. 1 ( Updated ) '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cars 2 ( 2011 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schaefer , Sandy ( November 15 , 2010 ) . `` ' Cars 2 ′ Teaser Poster , Image , And Official Synopsis '' . ScreenRant . 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( June 23 , 2015 ) . `` Pixar 's Best Director Is Also Its Most Underrated '' . Wired . Archived from the original on December 23 , 2016 . Retrieved November 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cars 2 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved July 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore '' . cinemascore.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barnes , Brooks ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` John Lasseter of Pixar Defends Cars 2 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rorie , Matt ( June 27 , 2011 ) . `` Was Cars 2 Too Violent For A G - Rating ? '' . Screened . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2011 . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Cars 2 ' : G - rating Grates Many Parents '' . Retrieved September 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blankenship , Mark ( August 25 , 2011 ) . `` Summer bummer : 5 most disappointing movies '' . MSNBC . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dudley Dawson ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Cars 2 Movie Review '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Morgenstern , Joe ( October 17 , 2011 ) . `` Oy Story : Cars 2 Is a Dollar - Driven Edsel '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved August 18 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gleiberman , Owen ( August 21 , 2011 ) . `` Owen 's summer movie roundup : Cutting through the spin , and what I loved ( and hated ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( March 2013 ) . `` movie review : CARS 2 '' . IndieWire . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Kyle . `` Puts the Drag in Racing '' . New York Post . Retrieved June 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Travers ( 2011 - 06 - 23 ) . `` Cars 2 Movie Reviews '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebert , Roger ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Cars 2 Movie Review '' . Sun - Times Media Group . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chang , Justin ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` Cars 2 Review '' . Variety . Retrieved May 20 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James B. Stewart ( July 1 , 2011 ) . `` A Collision of Creativity and Cash '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` WORLDWIDE OPENINGS '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( June 25 , 2011 ) . `` Friday Report : ' Cars 2 ' Warms Up '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Opening Day Records at the Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pixar '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MONTH '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TOP OPENING WEEKENDS BY MPAA RATING '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 26 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( July 4 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' Transformers ' Claims Independence Gross Record '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josh ; Katey ; Eric ; Mack ; Sean ( August 12 , 2011 ) . `` Summer 2011 Winners And Losers '' . Cinema Blend . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Grady ( December 30 , 2011 ) . `` Box office dips in 2011 : A year - end analysis '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pixar '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved January 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gray , Brandon ( September 6 , 2011 ) . `` Weekend Report : ' The Help ' Works It Over Labor Day '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved September 15 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pixar '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : McClintock , Pamela ( June 26 , 2011 ) . `` Box Office Report : ' Cars 2 ' Races Past ' Kung Fu Panda 2 ' Overseas '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Russia -- CIS Box Office June 23 -- 26 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 11 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Subers , Ray ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Around - the - World Roundup : ' Cars 2 's Foreign Model Yields Strong Sales '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mexico Box Office June 24 -- 26 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brazil Box Office June 24 -- 26 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australia Box Office June 23 -- 26 , 2011 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lithuania Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Argentina Box Office Index '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Estonia Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Finland Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norway Yearly Box Office '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Retrieved November 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( November 21 , 2016 ) . `` Watch the First Teaser Trailer for Disney - Pixar 's ' Cars 3 ' '' . Variety . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oscars 2012 : Interesting facts about this year 's nominees ... '' Entertainment Weekly . January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2011 British Academy Children 's Awards Nominations '' ( PDF ) . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 8 , 2011 ) . `` Nominations Announced for the ' People 's Choice Awards 2012 ' '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nominees for the 69th annual Golden Globe Awards '' . The Washington Post . Associated Press . December 15 , 2011 . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 39th Annual Annie Nominations & Winners ! '' . Annie Awards . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zahed , Ramin ( February 17 , 2012 ) . `` Nick Announces Kids ' Choice Nominees '' . Animation Magazine . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crow , Sarah ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` ' Hugo ' , ' Harry Potter ' Top Saturn Award Nominees '' . MTV . Retrieved November 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top Box Office Films 2011 '' . The American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Retrieved June 18 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 10th Annual VES Awards '' . visual effects society . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Disney Interactive Studios ( June 21 , 2011 ) . `` Spies Wanted - Disney Pixar 's Cars 2 : The Video Game Now Available '' . Business Wire . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Cars 2 Playstation 3 Game Will Be 3D '' . BSCKiDS. April 6 , 2011 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2011 . Retrieved April 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Disney Interactive Studios ( November 1 , 2011 ) . `` Disney Pixar 's Cars 2 : The Video Game is Now Available for Nintendo 3DS '' . Business Wire . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacKenzie , Crystal ( October 24 , 2011 ) . `` Coming Soon : Cars 2 : The Video Game for PSP and the EA Sports FIFA Soccer 12 and Cars 2 : The Video Game PSP Entertainment Pack '' . Playstation . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neder , Mary Ann ( June 28 , 2011 ) . `` Cars 2 App Hits # 1 on App Store '' . Appmodo . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Retired Disney Interactive Games '' . Disney Interactive . August 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexander , Bryan ( May 30 , 2016 ) . `` Sneak peek : ' Cars 3 ' zooms ahead with new character Cruz Ramirez '' . USA Today . Retrieved July 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney Officially Announces PLANES , a Direct - to - DVD Spin - Off of Pixar 's CARS '' . February 17 , 2011 . Retrieved December 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` Disney Sets Theatrical Release Date for ' Planes ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fleming , Mike ( June 13 , 2013 ) . `` More Disney Release Dates : Two New Marvel Pics , ' Alexander ' , ' Hundred - Foot Journey ' , ' Into The Woods ' , ' Planes ' Sequel Slotted '' . Deadline . 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Secession in the United states - wikipedia <H1> Secession in the United states </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> In the context of the United States , secession primarily refers to the withdrawal of one or more States from the Union that constitutes the United States ; but may loosely refer to leaving a State or territory to form a separate territory or new State , or to the severing of an area from a city or county within a State . </P> <P> Threats and aspirations to secede from the United States , or arguments justifying secession , have been a feature of the country 's politics almost since its birth . Some have argued for secession as a constitutional right and others as from a natural right of revolution . In Texas v. White , the United States Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession unconstitutional , while commenting that revolution or consent of the States could lead to a successful secession . </P> <P> The most serious attempt at secession was advanced in the years 1860 and 1861 as eleven southern States each declared secession from the United States , and joined together to form the Confederate States of America . This movement collapsed in 1865 with the defeat of Confederate forces by Union armies in the American Civil War . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The American Revolution </Li> <Li> 2 Civil War era political and legal views on secession <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2.2 Abandoning the Articles of Confederation </Li> <Li> 2.3 Adopting the Constitution </Li> <Li> 2.4 Natural right of revolution versus right of secession </Li> <Li> 2.5 Alien and Sedition Acts </Li> <Li> 2.6 New England Federalists and the Hartford Convention </Li> <Li> 2.7 Abolitionists for secession </Li> <Li> 2.8 South Carolina </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Confederate States of America </Li> <Li> 4 Dubious legality of unilateral secession <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Supreme Court rulings </Li> <Li> 4.2 The Union as a sovereign state </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Texas secession from Mexico </Li> <Li> 6 Partition of a state </Li> <Li> 7 1980s -- present efforts <Ul> <Li> 7.1 City secession </Li> <Li> 7.2 County secession </Li> <Li> 7.3 State secession </Li> <Li> 7.4 Regional secession </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Territory secession </Li> <Li> 9 Polling </Li> <Li> 10 Cultural reference </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 Citations </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The American revolution ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Declaration of Independence states : </P> <P> We hold these truths to be self - evident , that all men are created equal , that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights , that among these are Life , Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. -- That to secure these rights , Governments are instituted among Men , deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed , -- That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends , it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it , and to institute new Government , laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form , as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness . </P> <P> Historian Pauline Maier argues that this narrative asserted `` ... the right of revolution , which was , after all , the right Americans were exercising in 1776 '' ; and notes that Thomas Jefferson 's language incorporated ideas explained at length by a long list of seventeenth - century writers including John Milton , Algernon Sidney , and John Locke and other English and Scottish commentators , all of whom had contributed to the development of the Whig tradition in eighteenth - century Britain . </P> <P> The right of revolution expressed in the Declaration was immediately followed with the observation that long - practised injustice is tolerated until sustained assaults on the rights of the entire people have accumulated enough force to oppress them ; then they may defend themselves . This reasoning was not original to the Declaration , but can be found in many prior political writings : Locke 's Two Treatises of Government ( 1690 ) ; the Fairfax Resolves of 1774 ; Jefferson 's own Summary View of the Rights of British America ; the first Constitution of Virginia , which was enacted five days prior to the Declaration . and Thomas Paine 's Common Sense ( 1776 ) : </P> <P> Prudence , indeed , will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; ... mankind are more disposed to suffer , while Evils are sufferable , than to right themselves by abolishing the Forms ( `` of Government '' , editor 's addition ) to which they are accustomed . But when a long train of abuses and usurpations , pursuing ... a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism , it is their right , it is their duty , to throw off such Government , and to provide new Guards for their future security . </P> <P> Gordon S. Wood quotes John Adams : `` Only repeated , multiplied oppressions placing it beyond all doubt that their rulers had formed settled plans to deprive them of their liberties , could warrant the concerted resistance of the people against their government '' . </P> <H2> Civil War era political and legal views on secession ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Overview ( edit ) </H3> <P> With origins in the question of states ' rights the issue of secession was argued in many forums and advocated from time to time in both the North and South in the decades after adopting the Constitution and before the American Civil War . Historian Maury Klein described the contemporary debate : `` Was the Republic a unified nation in which the individual states had merged their sovereign rights and identities forever , or was it a federation of sovereign states joined together for specific purposes from which they could withdraw at any time ? '' He observed that `` the case can be made that no result of the ( American Civil ) war was more important than the destruction , once and for all ... of the idea of secession '' . </P> <P> Historian Forrest McDonald argued that after adopting the Constitution `` there were no guidelines , either in theory or in history , as to whether the compact could be dissolved and , if so , on what conditions '' . However , during `` the founding era , many a public figure ... declared that the states could interpose their powers between their citizens and the power of the federal government , and talk of secession was not unknown . '' But according to McDonald , to avoid resorting to the violence that had accompanied the Revolution , the Constitution established `` legitimate means for constitutional change in the future '' . In effect , the Constitution `` completed and perfected the Revolution '' . </P> <P> Whatever the intentions of the Founders , threats of secession and disunion were a constant in the political discourse of Americans preceding the Civil War . Historian Elizabeth R. Varon wrote : </P> <P> ... one word ( disunion ) contained , and stimulated , their ( Americans ) fears of extreme political factionalism , tyranny , regionalism , economic decline , foreign intervention , class conflict , gender disorder , racial strife , widespread violence and anarchy , and civil war , all of which could be interpreted as God 's retribution for America 's moral failings . Disunion connoted the dissolution of the republic -- the failure of the Founders ' efforts to establish a stable and lasting representative government . For many Americans in the North and the South , disunion was a nightmare , a tragic cataclysm that would reduce them to the kind of fear and misery that seemed to pervade the rest of the world . And yet , for many other Americans , disunion served as the main instrument by which they could achieve their political goals . </P> <H3> Abandoning the Articles of Confederation ( edit ) </H3> <P> In late 1777 the Second Continental Congress approved the Articles of Confederation for ratification by the individual states . The confederation government was administered de facto by the Congress under the provisions of the approved ( final ) draft of the Articles until they achieved ratification -- and de jure status -- in early 1781 . In 1786 delegates of five states ( the Annapolis Convention ) called for a convention of delegates in Philadelphia to amend the Articles -- which would require unanimous consent of the thirteen states . </P> <P> The delegates to the Philadelphia Convention convened and deliberated from May to September 1787 . Instead of pursuing their official charge they returned a draft ( new ) Constitution , proposed for constructing and administering a new federal -- later also known as `` national '' -- government . They further proposed that the draft Constitution not be submitted to the Congress ( where it would require unanimous approval of the states ) ; instead that it be presented directly to the states for ratification in special ratification conventions , and that approval by a minimum of nine state conventions would suffice to adopt the new Constitution and initiate the new federal government ; and that only those states ratifying the Constitution would be included in the new government . ( For a time , eleven of the original states operated under the Constitution without two non-ratifying states , Rhode Island and North Carolina . ) In effect , the delegates proposed to abandon and replace the Articles of Confederation rather than amend them . </P> <P> Because the Articles had specified a `` perpetual union '' , various arguments have been offered to explain the apparent contradiction ( and presumed illegality ) of abandoning one form of government and creating another that did not include the members of the original . One explanation was that the Articles of Confederation simply failed to protect the vital interests of the individual states . Necessity then , rather than legality , was the practical factor in abandoning the Articles . </P> <P> According to historian John Ferling , by 1786 the Union under the Articles was falling apart . James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York -- they who joined together to vigorously promote a new Constitution -- urged that renewed stability of the Union government was critically needed to protect property and commerce . Both founders were strong advocates for a more powerful central government ; they published The Federalist Papers to advocate their cause and became known as the federalists . ( Because of his powerful advocacy Madison was later accorded the honorific `` Father of the Constitution '' . ) Ferling wrote : </P> <P> Rumors of likely secessionist movements were unleashed . There was buzz as well that some states planned to abandon the American Union and form a regional confederacy . America , it was said , would go the way of Europe , and ultimately three or four , or more confederacies would spring up ... Not only would these confederations be capable of taking steps that were beyond the ability of Congress under the articles , but in private some portrayed such a step in a positive light , in as much as the regional union could adopt constitutions that secured property rights and maintained order . </P> <P> Other arguments that justified abandoning the Articles of Confederation pictured the Articles as an international compact between unconsolidated , sovereign states , any one of which was empowered to renounce the compact at will . ( This as opposed to a consolidated union that `` totally annihilated , without any power of revival '' the sovereign states . ) The Articles required that all states were obliged to comply with all requirements of the agreement ; thus , permanence was linked to compliance . </P> <P> ' Compliance ' was typically perceived as a matter of interpretation by each individual state . Emerich de Vattel , a recognized authority on international law , wrote at the time that `` Treaties contain promises that are perfect and reciprocal . If one of the allies fails in his engagements , the other may ... disengage himself in his promises , and ... break the treaty . '' Thus , each state could unilaterally ' secede ' from the Articles of Confederation at will ; this argument for abandoning the Articles -- for its weakness in the face of secession -- was used by advocates for the new Constitution and was featured by James Madison in Federalist No. 43 . </P> <P> Some argued that abandoning the Articles was the same as seceding from the Articles and thus was legal precedent for future secession ( s ) from the Constitution . St. George Tucker , a jurist in the early republic era , wrote in 1803 : </P> <P> And since the seceding states , by establishing a new constitution and form of federal government among themselves , without the consent of the rest , have shown that they consider the right to do so whenever the occasion may , in their opinion require it , we may infer that the right has not been diminished by any new compact which they may since have entered into , since none could be more solemn or explicit than the first , nor more binding upon the contracting partie ( s ) . '' </P> <P> Others denied that such a precedent was set ; constitutional historian Akhil Reed Amar wrote : </P> <P> The fact that a new union was lawfully formed in the 1780s by secession from the old confederacy did not mean that a new confederacy could be lawfully formed in the 1860s by secession from the old union ... </P> <P> Writing in 1824 , exactly midway between the fall of the Articles of Confederation and the rise of a second self - described American Confederacy , ( Chief Justice John ) Marshall summarized the issue nicely : `` Reference has been made to the political situation of these states , anterior to ( the Constitution 's ) formation . It has been said that they were sovereign , were completely independent , and were connected with each other only by a league . This is true . But , when these allied sovereigns converted their league into a government , when they converted their congress of ambassadors , deputed to deliberate on their common concerns , and to recommend measures of general utility , into a legislature , empowered to enact laws on the most interesting subjects , the whole character in which the states appear underwent a change . '' </P> <P> Others argued the opposite of secession ; that indeed the new Constitution inherited perpetuity from the language in the Articles and from other actions done prior to the Constitution . Historian Kenneth Stampp explains their view : </P> <P> Lacking an explicit clause in the Constitution with which to establish the Union 's perpetuity , the nationalists made their case , first , with a unique interpretation of the history of the country prior to the Philadelphia Convention ; second , with inferences drawn from certain passages of the Constitution ; and third , with careful selections from the speeches and writings of the Founding Fathers . The historical case begins with the postulate that the Union is older than the states . It quotes the reference in the Declaration of Independence to `` these united colonies '' , contends that the Second Continental Congress actually called the states into being ( i.e. , `` colonies '' no longer ) , notes the provision for a perpetual Union in the Articles of Confederation , and ends with the reminder that the preamble to the new Constitution gives as one of its purposes the formation of `` a more perfect Union '' . </P> <H3> Adopting the Constitution ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section is written in the style of a debate rather than an encyclopedic summary . It may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards and make it more accessible to a general audience . Please discuss this issue on the talk page . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Constitutional scholar Akhil Reed Amar argues that the permanence of the Union of the states changed significantly when the U.S. Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation . This action `` signaled its decisive break with the Articles ' regime of state sovereignty . '' By adopting a constitution -- rather than a treaty , or a compact , or an instrument of confederacy , etc. -- that created a new body of government designed to be senior to the several states , and by approving the particular language and provisions of that new Constitution , the framers and voters made it clear that the fates of the individual states were ( severely ) changed ; and that the new United States was : </P> <P> Not a `` league '' , however firm ; not a `` confederacy '' or a `` confederation '' ; not a compact on among `` sovereign ' states '' -- all these high profile and legally freighted words from the Articles were conspicuously absent from the Preamble and every other operative part of the Constitution . The new text proposed a fundamentally different legal framework . </P> <P> Patrick Henry adamantly opposed adopting the Constitution because he interpreted its language to replace the sovereignty of the individual states , including that of his own Virginia . He gave his strong voice to the anti-federalist cause in opposition to the federalists led by Madison and Hamilton . Questioning the nature of the proposed new federal government , Henry asked : </P> <P> The fate ... of America may depend on this ... Have they made a proposal of a compact between the states ? If they had , this would be a confederation . It is otherwise most clearly a consolidated government . The question turns , sir , on that poor little thing -- the expression , We , the people , instead of the states , of America ... </P> <P> The federalists acknowledged that national sovereignty would be transferred by the new Constitution to the whole of the American people -- indeed , regard the expression , `` We the people ... '' . They argued , however , that Henry exaggerated the extent to which a consolidated government was being created and that the states would serve a vital role within the new republic even though their national sovereignty was ending . Tellingly , on the matter of whether states retained a right to unilaterally secede from the United States , the federalists made it clear that no such right would exist under the Constitution . </P> <P> Amar specifically cites the example of New York 's ratification as suggestive that the Constitution did not countenance secession . Anti-federalists dominated the Poughkeepsie Convention that would ratify the Constitution . Concerned that the new compact might not sufficiently safeguard states ' rights , the anti-federalists sought to insert into the New York ratification message language to the effect that `` there should be reserved to the state of New York a right to withdraw herself from the union after a certain number of years . '' The Madison federalists opposed this , with Hamilton , a delegate at the Convention , reading aloud in response a letter from James Madison stating : `` the Constitution requires an adoption in toto , and for ever '' ( emphasis added ) . Hamilton and John Jay then told the Convention that in their view , reserving `` a right to withdraw ( was ) inconsistent with the Constitution , and was no ratification . '' The New York convention ultimately ratified the Constitution without including the `` right to withdraw '' language proposed by the anti-federalists . </P> <P> Amar explains how the Constitution impacted on state sovereignty : </P> <P> In dramatic contrast to Article VII -- whose unanimity rule that no state can bind another confirms the sovereignty of each state prior to 1787 -- Article V does not permit a single state convention to modify the federal Constitution for itself . Moreover , it makes clear that a state may be bound by a federal constitutional amendment even if that state votes against the amendment in a properly convened state convention . And this rule is flatly inconsistent with the idea that states remain sovereign after joining the Constitution , even if they were sovereign before joining it . Thus , ratification of the Constitution itself marked the moment when previously sovereign states gave up their sovereignty and legal independence . </P> <P> Donald Livingston has written that the Founders themselves held that `` the states were republics , but the central government was not , '' and as such maintained the right to reclaim their sovereignty from `` a central government limited to foreign affairs , declaring war , and regulating commerce . '' </P> <H3> Natural right of revolution versus right of secession ( edit ) </H3> <P> Debates on the legality of secession often looked back to the example of the American Revolution and the Declaration of Independence . Law professor Daniel Farber defined what he considered the borders of this debate : </P> <P> What about the original understanding ? The debates contain scattered statements about the permanence or impermanence of the Union . The occasional reference to the impermanency of the Constitution are hard to interpret . They might have referred to a legal right to revoke ratification . But they equally could have referred to an extraconstitutional right of revolution , or to the possibility that a new national convention would rewrite the Constitution , or simply to the factual possibility that the national government might break down . Similarly , references to the permanency of the Union could have referred to the practical unlikelihood of withdrawal rather than any lack of legal power . The public debates seemingly do not speak specifically to whether ratification under Article VII was revocable . </P> <P> In the public debate over the Nullification Crisis the separate issue of secession was also discussed . James Madison , often referred to as `` The Father of the Constitution '' , strongly opposed the argument that secession was permitted by the Constitution . In a March 15 , 1833 , letter to Daniel Webster ( congratulating him on a speech opposing nullification ) , Madison discussed `` revolution '' versus `` secession '' : </P> <P> I return my thanks for the copy of your late very powerful Speech in the Senate of the United S. It crushes `` nullification '' and must hasten the abandonment of `` Secession '' . But this dodges the blow by confounding the claim to secede at will , with the right of seceding from intolerable oppression . The former answers itself , being a violation , without cause , of a faith solemnly pledged . The latter is another name only for revolution , about which there is no theoretic controversy . </P> <P> Thus Madison affirms an extraconstitutional right to revolt against conditions of `` intolerable oppression '' ; but if the case can not be made ( that such conditions exist ) , then he rejects secession -- as a violation of the Constitution . </P> <P> During the crisis , President Andrew Jackson , published his Proclamation to the People of South Carolina , which made a case for the perpetuity of the Union ; plus , he provided his views re the questions of `` revolution '' and `` secession '' : </P> <P> But each State having expressly parted with so many powers as to constitute jointly with the other States a single nation , can not from that period possess any right to secede , because such secession does not break a league , but destroys the unity of a nation , and any injury to that unity is not only a breach which would result from the contravention of a compact , but it is an offense against the whole Union . ( emphasis added ) To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union , is to say that the United States are not a nation because it would be a solecism to contend that any part of a nation might dissolve its connection with the other parts , to their injury or ruin , without committing any offense . Secession , like any other revolutionary act , may be morally justified by the extremity of oppression ; but to call it a constitutional right , is confounding the meaning of terms , and can only be done through gross error , or to deceive those who are willing to assert a right , but would pause before they made a revolution , or incur the penalties consequent upon a failure . </P> <P> Some twenty - eight years after Jackson spoke , President James Buchanan gave a different voice -- one much more accommodating to the views of the secessionists and the ' slave ' states -- in the midst of the pre-War secession crisis . In his final State of the Union address to Congress , on December 3 , 1860 , he acknowledged his view that the South , `` after having first used all peaceful and constitutional means to obtain redress , would be justified in revolutionary resistance to the Government of the Union '' ; but he also drew his apocalyptic vision of the results to be expected from secession : </P> <P> In order to justify secession as a constitutional remedy , it must be on the principle that the Federal Government is a mere voluntary association of States , to be dissolved at pleasure by any one of the contracting parties . ( emphasis added ) If this be so , the Confederacy ( here referring to the existing Union ) is a rope of sand , to be penetrated and dissolved by the first adverse wave of public opinion in any of the States . In this manner our thirty - three States may resolve themselves into as many petty , jarring , and hostile republics , each one retiring from the Union without responsibility whenever any sudden excitement might impel them to such a course . By this process a Union might be entirely broken into fragments in a few weeks which cost our forefathers many years of toil , privation , and blood to establish . </P> <H3> Alien and Sedition acts ( edit ) </H3> <P> In response to the 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts -- advanced by the Federalist Party -- John Taylor of the Virginia House of Delegates spoke out , urging Virginia to secede from the United States . He argued -- as one of many vociferous responses by the Jeffersonian Republicans -- the sense of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions , adopted in 1798 and 1799 , which reserved to those States the rights of secession and interposition ( nullification ) . </P> <P> Thomas Jefferson , while sitting as Vice President of the United States in 1799 , wrote to James Madison of his conviction in `` a reservation of th ( ose ) rights resulting to us from these palpable violations ( the Alien and Sedition Acts ) '' and , if the federal government did not return to </P> <P> `` the true principles of our federal compact '' , ( he was determined to ) `` sever ourselves from that union we so much value , rather than give up the rights of self government which we have reserved , and in which alone we see liberty , safety and happiness . '' ( emphasis added ) </P> <P> Here Jefferson is arguing in a radical voice ( and in a private letter ) that he would lead a movement for secession ; but it is unclear whether he is arguing for `` secession at will '' or for `` revolution '' on account of `` intolerable oppression '' ( see above ) , or neither . Either way , some historians conclude that his language and acts were broaching the legal edges of treason . Jefferson secretly wrote ( one of ) the Kentucky Resolutions , which was done -- again -- while he was holding the office of Vice President . His biographer Dumas Malone argued that , had his actions become known at the time , Jefferson 's participation might have gotten him impeached for ( charged with ) treason . In writing the first Kentucky Resolution , Jefferson warned that , `` unless arrested at the threshold , '' the Alien and Sedition Acts would `` necessarily drive these states into revolution and blood . '' Historian Ron Chernow says of this `` he was n't calling for peaceful protests or civil disobedience : he was calling for outright rebellion , if needed , against the federal government of which he was vice president . '' Jefferson `` thus set forth a radical doctrine of states ' rights that effectively undermined the constitution . '' </P> <P> Jeffersonian Republicans were not alone in claiming `` reserved rights '' against the federal government . Contributing to the rancorous debates during the War of 1812 , Founding Father Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania and New York -- a Federalist , a Hamilton ally and a primary author of the Constitution who advanced the concept that Americans were citizens of a single Union of the states -- was persuaded to claim that `` secession , under certain circumstances , was entirely constitutional . '' </P> <H3> New England federalists and the Hartford Convention ( edit ) </H3> <P> The election of 1800 showed Jefferson 's Democratic - Republican Party on the rise and the Federalists declining . The Federalists felt threatened by initiatives taken by their opponents . They viewed Jefferson 's unilateral purchase of the Louisiana territory as violating foundational agreements between the original thirteen states -- Jefferson transacted the purchase in secret and refused to seek the approval of Congress . The new lands anticipated several future western states that would be -- the Federalists supposed -- populated by emigrants from the eastern states who likely would be dominated by the Democratic - Republicans . The impeachment of John Pickering , a Federalist district judge , by the Jeffersonian dominated Congress and similar attacks on Pennsylvania state officials by the Democratic - Republican legislature added to the Federalists ' alarm . By 1804 , their national leadership was decimated and their viable base was reduced to the states of Massachusetts , Connecticut , and Delaware . </P> <P> Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts and a few Federalists envisioned creating a separate New England confederation , possibly combining with lower Canada to form a new pro-British nation . Historian Richard Buell , Jr. , characterizes these separatist musings : </P> <P> Most participants in the explorations -- it can hardly be called a plot since it never took concrete form -- focused on the domestic obstacles to consummating their fantasy . These included lack of popular support for such a scheme in the region ... The secessionist movement of 1804 was more of a confession of despair about the future than a realistic proposal for action . </P> <P> The Embargo Act of 1807 was seen as a threat to the economy of Massachusetts and in May 1808 the state legislature debated how the state should respond . These debates generated isolated references to secession , but no definite plot materialized . </P> <P> Federalist party members convened the Hartford Convention on December 15 , 1814 ; they addressed their opposition to the continuing war with England and the domination of the federal government by the ' Virginia dynasty ' . Twenty six delegates attended -- Massachusetts sent 12 , Connecticut seven , and Rhode Island four ; New Hampshire and Vermont declined but two counties each from those states sent delegates . Historian Donald R. Hickey noted : </P> <P> Despite pleas in the New England press for secession and a separate peace , most of the delegates taking part in the Hartford Convention were determined to pursue a moderate course . Only Timothy Bigelow of Massachusetts apparently favored extreme measures , and he did not play a major role in the proceedings . </P> <P> The final report addressed issues related to the war and state defense ; and it recommended several amendments to the Constitution dealing with `` the overrepresentation of white southerners in Congress , the growing power of the West , the trade restrictions and the war , the influence of foreigners ( like Albert Gallatin ) , and the Virginia dynasty 's domination of national politics . '' </P> <P> Massachusetts and Connecticut endorsed the report , but the war ended as the delegates were returning to Washington , effectively quashing any good impact the report might have had . Generally , the Hartford Convention was a `` victory for moderation '' , but the timing of events caused the convention to be castigated ( by the Jeffersonians ) as `` a synonym for disloyalty and treason '' ; all which became a major factor in the sharp decline of the Federalist Party . </P> <H3> Abolitionists for secession ( edit ) </H3> William Lloyd Garrison -- `` Henceforth , the watchword of every uncompromising abolitionist , of every friend of God and liberty , must be , both in a religious and political sense -- ' NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS ' '' <P> By the late 1830s tensions between north and south , already aggravated over tariff disputes , begin to rise ominously over slavery and related issues . Many northerners , especially New Englanders , saw themselves as political victims of conspiracies between slaveholders and western expansionists . They viewed the movements to annex Texas and to make war on Mexico as fomented by slaveholders bent on dominating western expansion -- and thereby the national destiny -- with ' slave ' states and a ' slave ' national economy . </P> <P> Historian Joel Sibley wrote of the beliefs held by some leaders in New England : </P> <P> Texas annexation , the abolitionist Benjamin Lundy argued when the issue first arose in 1836 , was `` a long premeditated crusade -- set on foot by slaveholders , land speculators , etc. , with the view of reestablishing , extending , and perpetuating the system of slavery and the slave trade '' ( . ) John Quincy Adams had made a similar argument on the floor of the House of Representatives then . Other expressions of the same theme -- or accusation -- had been heard throughout the decade that followed , whenever Texas was mentioned . </P> <P> Voices demanding separation from the south were beginning ( again ) . In The Liberator of May 1844 with his `` Address to the Friends of Freedom and Emancipation in the United States , '' William Lloyd Garrison called for disunion ( secession ) . Garrison wrote : the Constitution was created `` at the expense of the colored population of the country '' ; southerners were dominating the nation -- especially representation in Congress -- because of the Three - Fifths Compromise ; now it was time `` to set the captive free by the potency of truth '' and to `` secede from the government '' . Coincidentally , the New England Anti-Slavery Convention endorsed the principles of disunion by a vote of 250 -- 24 . </P> <P> From 1846 , after introduction of the Wilmot Proviso into the public debate , talk in favor of secession shifted to southern voices . Southern leaders ' increasing perceptions of helplessness in confronting a powerful political group attacking their interests ( and survival ) were reminiscent of Federalist alarms at the beginning of the century . </P> <H3> South Carolina ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the presidential term of Andrew Jackson , South Carolina had its own semi-secession movement due to the 1828 `` Tariff of Abomination '' which threatened both South Carolina 's economy and the Union . Andrew Jackson also threatened to send federal troops to put down the movement and to hang the leader of the secessionists from the highest tree in South Carolina . Also due to this , Jackson 's vice president , John C. Calhoun , who supported the movement and wrote the essay `` The South Carolina Exposition and Protest '' , became the first US vice-president to resign . On May 1 , 1833 , Jackson wrote of nullification , `` the tariff was only a pretext , and disunion and southern confederacy the real object . The next pretext will be the negro , or slavery question . '' South Carolina also threatened to secede in 1850 over the issue of California 's statehood . It became the first state to declare its secession from the Union on December 20 , 1860 , with the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union and later joined with the other southern states in the Confederacy . </P> <H2> Confederate states of America ( edit ) </H2> States under CSA control States and territories represented in the governments of the USA and CSA <Dl> <Dd> See main articles Origins of the American Civil War , Confederate States of America and American Civil War . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The most famous secession movement was the case of the Southern states of the United States . Secession from the United States was accepted in eleven states ( and failed in two others ) . The seceding states joined together to form the Confederate States of America ( CSA ) . The eleven states of the CSA , in order of secession , were : South Carolina ( seceded December 20 , 1860 ) , Mississippi ( seceded January 9 , 1861 ) , Florida ( seceded January 10 , 1861 ) , Alabama ( seceded January 11 , 1861 ) , Georgia ( seceded January 19 , 1861 ) , Louisiana ( seceded January 26 , 1861 ) , Texas ( seceded February 1 , 1861 ) , Virginia ( seceded April 17 , 1861 ) , Arkansas ( seceded May 6 , 1861 ) , North Carolina ( seceded May 20 , 1861 ) , and Tennessee ( seceded June 8 , 1861 ) . Secession was declared by its supporters in Missouri and Kentucky , but did not become effective as it was opposed by their pro-Union state governments . This secession movement brought about the American Civil War . The position of the Union was that the Confederacy was not a sovereign nation -- and never had been , but that `` the Union '' was always a single nation by intent of the states themselves , from 1776 onward -- and thus that a rebellion had been initiated by individuals . Historian Bruce Catton described President Abraham Lincoln 's April 15 , 1861 , proclamation after the attack on Fort Sumter , which defined the Union 's position on the hostilities : </P> <P> After reciting the obvious fact that `` combinations too powerful to be suppressed '' by ordinary law courts and marshalls had taken charge of affairs in the seven secessionist states , it announced that the several states of the Union were called on to contribute 75,000 militia `` ... to suppress said combinations and to cause the laws to be duly executed . '' ... `` And I hereby command the persons composing the combinations aforesaid to disperse , and retire peacefully to their respective abodes within twenty days from this date . </P> <H2> Dubious legality of unilateral secession ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Constitution does not directly mention secession . The legality of secession was hotly debated in the 19th century , with Southerners often claiming and Northerners generally denying that states have a legal right to unilaterally secede . The Supreme Court has consistently interpreted the Constitution to be an `` indestructible '' union . There is no legal basis a state can point to for unilaterally seceding . Many scholars hold that the Confederate secession was blatantly illegal . The Articles of Confederation explicitly state the Union is `` perpetual '' ; the U.S. Constitution declares itself an even `` more perfect union '' than the Articles of Confederation . Other scholars , while not necessarily disagreeing that the secession was illegal , point out that sovereignty is often de facto an `` extralegal '' question . Had the Confederacy won , any illegality of its actions under U.S. law would have been rendered irrelevant , just as the undisputed illegality of American rebellion under the British law of 1775 was rendered irrelevant . Thus , these scholars argue , the illegality of unilateral secession was not firmly de facto established until the Union won the Civil War ; in this view , the legal question was resolved at Appomattox . </P> <H3> Supreme Court rulings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Texas v. White was argued before the United States Supreme Court during the December 1868 term . Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase read the Court 's decision , on April 15 , 1869 . Australian Professors Peter Radan and Aleksandar Pavkovic write : </P> <P> Chase , ( Chief Justice ) , ruled in favor of Texas on the ground that the Confederate state government in Texas had no legal existence on the basis that the secession of Texas from the United States was illegal . The critical finding underpinning the ruling that Texas could not secede from the United States was that , following its admission to the United States in 1845 , Texas had become part of `` an indestructible Union , composed of indestructible states . '' In practical terms , this meant that Texas has never seceded from the United States . </P> <P> However , the Court 's decision recognized some possibility of the divisibility `` through revolution , or through consent of the States '' . </P> <P> In 1877 , the Williams v. Bruffy decision was rendered , pertaining to civil war debts . The Court wrote regarding acts establishing an independent government that `` The validity of its acts , both against the parent state and the citizens or subjects thereof , depends entirely upon its ultimate success ; if it fail to establish itself permanently , all such acts perish with it ; if it succeed and become recognized , its acts from the commencement of its existence are upheld as those of an independent nation . '' </P> <H3> The Union as a sovereign state ( edit ) </H3> <P> Historian Kenneth Stampp notes that a historical case against secession had been made that argued that `` the Union is older than the states '' and that `` the provision for a perpetual Union in the Articles of Confederation '' was carried over into the Constitution by the `` reminder that the preamble to the new Constitution gives us one of its purposes the formation of ' a more perfect Union ' . '' Concerning the White decision Stampp wrote : </P> <P> In 1869 , when the Supreme Court , in Texas v. White , finally rejected as untenable the case for a constitutional right of secession , it stressed this historical argument . The Union , the Court said , `` never was a purely artificial and arbitrary relation . '' Rather , `` It began among the Colonies ... It was confirmed and strengthened by the necessities of war , and received definite form , and character , and sanction from the Articles of Confederation . '' </P> <H2> Texas secession from Mexico ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Republic of Texas successfully seceded from Mexico in 1836 ( this , however took the form of outright rebellion against Mexico , and claimed no warrant under the Mexican Constitution to do so ) . Mexico refused to recognize its revolted province as an independent country , but the major nations of the world did recognize it . In 1845 , Congress admitted Texas as a state . The documents governing Texas ' accession to the United States of America do not mention any right of secession -- although they did raise the possibility of dividing Texas into multiple states inside the Union . Mexico warned that annexation meant war and the Mexican -- American War followed in 1846 . </P> <H2> Partition of a state ( edit ) </H2> <P> Article IV , Section . 3 , Clause 1 of the United States Constitutions provides : </P> <Dl> <Dd> New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union ; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States , or parts of States , without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The separation referred to is not secession but partition . Some of the movements to partition states have incorrectly identified themselves as `` secessionist '' movements . </P> <P> Of the new states admitted to the Union by Congress , three were set off from already existing states , while one was established upon land claimed by an existing state after existing for several years as a de facto independent republic . They are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Vermont was admitted as a new state in 1791 after the legislature of New York ceded its claim to the region in 1790 . New York 's claim that Vermont ( also known as the New Hampshire Grants ) was legally a part of New York was and remains a matter of disagreement . King George III , ruled in 1764 that the region belonged to the Province of New York . </Li> <Li> Kentucky was a part of Virginia until it was admitted as a new state in 1792 with the consent of the legislature of Virginia in 1789 . </Li> <Li> Maine was a part of Massachusetts until it was admitted as a new state in 1820 after the legislature of Massachusetts consented in 1819 . </Li> <Li> West Virginia was a part of Virginia until it was admitted as a new state in 1863 after the General Assembly of the Restored Government of Virginia consented in 1862 . The question of whether the legislature of Virginia consented is controversial , as Virginia was one of the Confederate states . However , antisecessionist Virginians formed a government in exile , which was recognized by the United States and approved the state 's partition . Later , by its ruling in Virginia v. West Virginia ( 1871 ) , the Supreme Court implicitly affirmed that the breakaway Virginia counties did have the proper consents required to become a separate state . </Li> </Ul> See also : Admission to the Union <P> Many proposals to partition U.S. states have been unsuccessful . </P> <H2> 1980s -- present efforts ( edit ) </H2> <P> The late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen examples of local and state secession movements . All such movements to create new states have failed . The formation in 1971 of the Libertarian Party and its national platform affirmed the right of states to secede on three vital principles : `` We shall support recognition of the right to secede . Political units or areas which do secede should be recognized by the United States as independent political entities where : ( 1 ) secession is supported by a majority within the political unit , ( 2 ) the majority does not attempt suppression of the dissenting minority , and ( 3 ) the government of the new entity is at least as compatible with human freedom as that from which it seceded . '' </P> <H3> City secession ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> There was an attempt by Staten Island to break away from New York City in the late 1980s and early 1990s , leading to a 1993 referendum , in which 65 % voted to secede . Implementation was blocked in the State Assembly by assertions that the state 's constitution required a `` home rule message '' from New York City . </P> <P> The San Fernando Valley lost a vote to separate from Los Angeles in 2002 but has seen increased attention to its infrastructure needs . Despite the majority ( 55 % ) of the valley within the L.A. city limits voting for secession , the city council unanimously voted to block the partition of the valley north of Mulholland Drive . If the San Fernando Valley became a city , it would be the seventh largest in the United States , with over one million people . </P> <P> Other attempted city secession drives include Killington , Vermont , which has voted twice ( 2005 and 2006 ) to join New Hampshire ; the community of Miller Beach , Indiana , originally a separate incorporated community , to split from the city of Gary in 2007 ; Northeast Philadelphia to split from the city of Philadelphia ; and the rejection of annexation of what was the unincorporated area of West Indio from Indio , California . </P> <P> A portion of the town of Calabash , North Carolina voted to secede from the town in 1998 after receiving permission for a referendum on the issue from the state of North Carolina . Following secession , the area incorporated itself as the town of Carolina Shores . Despite the split , the towns continue to share fire and emergency services . </P> <H3> County secession ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of U.S. county secession proposals <P> In U.S. history , many counties have been divided , often for routine administrative convenience , although sometimes at the request of a majority of the residents . During the 20th century , over 1,000 county secession movements existed , but since the 1950s only three have succeeded : La Paz County , Arizona , broke off from Yuma County and the Cibola County , New Mexico , effort both occurred in the early 1980s , while during 1998 -- 2001 there was a transition by Broomfield , Colorado , to become a separate jurisdiction from four different counties . </P> <P> Prior to these , the last county created in the U.S. was Menominee County , Wisconsin , in 1959 . The problem with Menominee County was an act to replace the Menominee Indian Reservation from 1961 to its restoration in 1973 . Another case is Osage County , Oklahoma , when the county was meant to replace the Osage tribal sovereignty , and the BIA declaration of it being a `` mineral estate '' not a sovereign tribal group nor the state 's only Indian reservation in 1997 . </P> <P> The High Desert County , California , plan to split the northern half of Los Angeles and the eastern half of Kern counties , was approved by the California state government in 2006 , but was never officially declared in force . The state rejected the approval due to inaction of any establishment of county government in 2009 . </P> <P> In 2010 , southern Cook County , Illinois petitioned to create `` Lincoln County '' , to protest the dominance of Chicago . The county 's possible largest city would be Calumet City , Illinois , and only 600,000 out of 5.03 million Cook County residents live south of Chicago . </P> <P> In Arizona , a movement called for the southeastern portion of Maricopa County , Arizona to secede and establish `` Mesa County '' for Mesa in order to complain about the county government mainly focusing on Phoenix instead of the entire county . </P> <H3> State secession ( edit ) </H3> <P> Some state movements seek secession from the United States itself and the formation of a nation from one or more states . </P> <Ul> <Li> Alaska : In November 2006 , the Alaska Supreme Court held in the case ( Kohlhaas v. State ) that secession was illegal , and refused to permit an initiative to be presented to the people of Alaska for a vote . The Alaskan Independence Party remains a factor in state politics , and Walter Hickel , a member of the party , was Governor from 1990 to 1994 . </Li> <Li> California : This was discussed by involved grassroots movement parties and small activist groups calling for the state to secede from the union , they met in a pro-secessionist meeting in Sacramento on April 15 , 2010 , to discuss advancing the matter . In 2015 , a Political Action Committee called the Yes California Independence Committee formed to advocate California 's independence from the United States . On January 8 , 2016 , the California Secretary of State 's office confirmed that a political body called the California National Party filed the appropriate paperwork to begin qualifying as a political party . The California National Party , whose primary objective is California independence , ran a candidate for State Assembly in the June 7 , 2016 primary . On November 9 , 2016 , after Donald Trump 's win in the presidential election , residents of the state caused # calexit to trend on Twitter , wanting out of the country due to his win ; they argue that they have the 6th largest economy in the world , and more residents than any other state in the union . </Li> <Li> Florida : The mock 1982 secessionist protest by the Conch Republic in the Florida Keys resulted in an ongoing source of local pride and tourist amusement . In 2015 , right - wing activist Jason Patrick Sager called for Florida to secede . </Li> <Li> Georgia : On April 1 , 2009 , the Georgia State Senate passed a resolution , 43 -- 1 , that asserted the right of states to nullify federal laws under some circumstances . The resolution also asserted that if Congress , the president , or the federal judiciary took certain steps , such as establishing martial law without state consent , requiring some types of involuntary servitude , taking any action regarding religion or restricting freedom of political speech , or establishing further prohibitions of types or quantities of firearms or ammunition , the constitution establishing the United States government would be considered nullified and the union would be dissolved . </Li> <Li> Hawaii : The Hawaiian sovereignty movement has a number of active groups that have won some concessions from the state of Hawaii , including the offering of H.R. 258 in March 2011 , which removes the words `` Treaty of Annexation '' from a statute . It has passed a committee recommendation 6 -- 0 thus far . </Li> <Li> Montana : With the decision of the Supreme Court of the United States to hear District of Columbia v. Heller in late 2007 , an early 2008 movement began in Montana involving at least 60 elected officials addressing potential secession if the Second Amendment were interpreted not to grant an individual right , citing its compact with the United States of America . </Li> <Li> New Hampshire : On September 1 , 2012 , `` The New Hampshire Liberty Party was formed to promote independence from the federal government and for the individual . '' The Free State Project is another NH based movement that has considered secession to increase liberty . On July 23 , 2001 , founder of the FSP , Jason Sorens , published `` Announcement : The Free State Project '' , in The Libertarian Enterprise stating , `` Even if we do n't actually secede , we can force the federal government to compromise with us and grant us substantial liberties . Scotland and Quebec have both used the threat of secession to get large subsidies and concessions from their respective national governments . We could use our leverage for liberty . '' </Li> <Li> Oregon : Following the 2016 U.S Elections , Protests began in the State , particularly in Portland . The Oregon Secession Act was sent to the ballot for 2018 , however , a day later it was withdrawn . The leaders of the Oregon Org. Said they would possibly put it back in once it was all calm . </Li> <Li> South Carolina : In May 2010 a group formed that called itself the Third Palmetto Republic , a reference to the fact that the state claimed to be an independent republic twice before : once in 1776 and again in 1860 . The group models itself after the Second Vermont Republic , and says its aims are for a free and independent South Carolina , and to abstain from any further federations . </Li> <Li> Texas Secession Movement : The group Republic of Texas generated national publicity for its controversial actions in the late 1990s . A small group still meets . In April 2009 , Rick Perry , the Governor of Texas , raised the issue of secession in disputed comments during a speech at a Tea Party protest saying `` Texas is a unique place . When we came into the union in 1845 , one of the issues was that we would be able to leave if we decided to do that ... My hope is that America and Washington in particular pays attention . We 've got a great union . There 's absolutely no reason to dissolve it . But if Washington continues to thumb their nose at the American people , who knows what may come of that . '' </Li> <Li> Vermont : The Second Vermont Republic , founded in 2003 , is a loose network of several groups that describes itself as `` a nonviolent citizens ' network and think tank opposed to the tyranny of Corporate America and the U.S. government , and committed to the peaceful return of Vermont to its status as an independent republic and more broadly the dissolution of the Union . '' Its `` primary objective is to extricate Vermont peacefully from the United States as soon as possible . '' They have worked closely with the Middlebury Institute created from a meeting sponsored in Vermont in 2004 . On October 28 , 2005 , activists held the Vermont Independence Conference , `` the first statewide convention on secession in the United States since North Carolina voted to secede from the Union on May 20 , 1861 '' . They also participated in the 2006 and 2007 Middlebury - organized national secessionist meetings that brought delegates from over a dozen groups . </Li> <Li> Republic of Lakotah : Some members of the Lakota people of Montana , Wyoming , Nebraska , North Dakota , and South Dakota created the Republic to assert the independence of a nation that was always sovereign and did not willingly join the United States ; therefore they do not consider themselves technically to be secessionists . </Li> <Li> In the aftermath of the 2012 presidential election , secession petitions pertaining to all fifty states were filed through the White House We the People petition website . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Regional secession ( edit ) </H3> Proposed State of Jefferson <Ul> <Li> Pacific Northwest : Cascadia : There have been repeated attempts to form a Bioregional Democracy Cascadia in the northwest . The core of Cascadia would be made up through the secession of the states of Washington , Oregon and the Canadian province of British Columbia , while some supporters of the movement support portions of Northern California , Southern Alaska , Idaho and Montana joining , to define its boundaries along ecological , cultural , economic and political boundaries . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Northwest Front : The Northwest Front is a white separatist movement that is advocating for the formation of an independent sovereign republic in the Pacific Northwestern states of Washington , Oregon , Idaho and western Montana , that will serve as a `` white homeland '' for white people throughout the world . The nationalist movement is led by Harold Covington . </Li> <Li> League of the South : The group seeks `` a free and independent Southern republic '' made up of the former Confederate States of America . It operated a short - lived Southern Party supporting the right of states to secede from the Union or to legally nullify federal laws . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Territory secession ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Puerto Rico : The Puerto Rican independence movement traces its origins to the Taíno rebellion of 1511 . Recent resolutions aimed at giving the island the right to self - determination include a draft from the U.N. Special Committee of the 24 on Decolonization in 2009 and the Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 . </Li> <Li> Philippine Islands : the Philippines is the only territory among both states and present territories that has succeeded in attaining full independence from the union . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Polling ( edit ) </H2> <P> A 2008 Zogby International poll found that 22 % of Americans believed that `` any state or region has the right to peaceably secede and become an independent republic '' . A 2014 Reuters / Ipsos poll showed 24 % of Americans supported their state seceding from the union if necessary ; 53 % opposed the idea . Republicans were somewhat more supportive than Democrats . Respondents cited issues like gridlock , governmental overreach , the Affordable Care Act and a loss of faith in the federal government as reasons for secession . </P> <H2> Cultural reference ( edit ) </H2> <P> The secession - from - Massachusetts movement of the late 1970s was reflected in Nathaniel Benchley 's comic novel of the time , Sweet Anarchy . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 51st state </Li> <Li> American Redoubt </Li> <Li> Kirkpatrick Sale </Li> <Li> List of active autonomist and secessionist movements in the United States </Li> <Li> List of U.S. state partition proposals </Li> <Li> Northwest Territorial Imperative </Li> <Li> Ordinance of Secession </Li> <Li> Southern nationalism </Li> <Li> Submissionist </Li> <Li> Thomas Naylor </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ St. George Tucker wrote `` The dissolution of these systems ( any confederacy of states ) happens , when all the confederates by mutual consent , or some of them , voluntarily abandon the confederacy , and govern their own states apart ; or a part of them form a different league and confederacy among each other , and withdraw themselves from the confederacy with the rest . Such was the proceeding on the part of those of the American states which first adopted the present constitution of the United States ... leaving the states of Rhode Island and North Carolina , both of which , at first , rejected the new constitution , to themselves . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tucker wrote that this was an evident breach of the Articles of Confederation ; because they stipulated that `` those ' articles should be inviolably observed by every state , and that union should be perpetual ; nor should any alteration at any time thereafter be made in any of them , unless such alterations be agreed to in the congress of the United States , and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every state . ' '' ( Tucker quoting from the Articles of Confederation ) . `` Yet the seceding states , as they may not be improperly termed , did not hesitate , as soon as nine states had ratified the new constitution , to supersede the former federal government and establish a new form , more consonant to their opinion of what was necessary to the preservation and prosperity of the federal union . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Of Madison , Ferling wrote that he was `` resolute about protecting the propertied class from what he believed were the democratic excesses of the American Revolution and , at the same time , guarding Southern interests , which to a considerable extent meant preserving the well being of slaveholders against a Northern majority . '' Of Hamilton , Ferling wrote , `` His principal aim , according to his biographer Forrest McDonald , was to lay groundwork for enhanced Congressional authority over commerce . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferling notes that John Jay wrote to George Washington that `` Errors in our national Government ... threaten the Fruit we expected from our ' Tree of Liberty ' . Ferling wrote of Henry Lee that he spoke of the `` contempt with which America was held in Europe '' ( Ferling 's words ) and the dangers that the country 's `` degrading supiness '' ( Lee 's words ) presented to preservation of the nation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From Federalist 43 : A compact between independent sovereigns , founded on ordinary acts of Legislative authority , can pretend to no higher validity than a league or treaty between the parties . It is an established doctrine on the subject of treaties , that all the Articles are mutually conditions of each other ; that a breach of any one Article is a breach of the whole treaty ; and that a breach , committed by either of the parties , absolves the others , and authorizes them , if they please , to pronounce the compact violated and void . Should it unhappily be necessary to appeal to these delicate truths for a justification for dispensing with the consent of particular States to a dissolution of the federal pact , will not the complaining parties find it a difficult task to answer the multiplied and important infractions with which they may be confronted ? </Li> </Ol> <H2> Citations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation , footnoting , or external linking . ( April 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Gienapp 2002 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Maier 1997 , p. 135 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J Jayne , Allen , Op . Cit. , pp. 45 , 46 , 48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eidelberg 1976 , p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J Jayne , Allen , Op . Cit. , p. 128 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Creating the Declaration of Independence -- Train of Abuses : Antecedent Documents '' . Creating the United States . Library of Congress . Retrieved February 16 , 2015 . ( includes : Draft of the Virginia Constitution , 1776 , Common Sense , 1776 , A Summary View of the Rights of British America , 1774 , Fairfax County Resolves , 1774 , Two Treatises of Government , 1690 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exhibition Home '' . Creating the United States . Library of Congress . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood 1969 , p. 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein 1997 , pp. 32 -- 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein 1997 , p. xii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McDonald 1985 , pp. 281 -- 82 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Varon 2008 , pp. 1 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wilson , p. 84 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amar 2005 , p. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferling 2003 , pp. 273 -- 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ferling 2003 , p. 274 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Amar 2005 , p. 31 : The quoted material is from Blackstone 's `` Commentaries '' . Cite error : Invalid < ref > tag ; name `` FOOTNOTEAmar200531 '' defined multiple times with different content ( see the help page ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , pp. 85 -- 86 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amar 2005 , p. 39 : quoting Gibbons v. Ogden , 22 U.S. ( 9 Wheat . ) 1 ( 1824 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stampp 1978 , p. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amar 2005 , pp. 29 -- 32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amar 2005 , p. 33 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amar 2005 , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amar 2005 , pp. 35 -- 36 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Amar , Akhil Reed ( September 19 , 2005 ) . `` Conventional Wisdom '' . New York Times . Archived from the original on May 29 , 2015 . Retrieved May 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Amar , Akhil Reed . `` David C. Baur Lecture : Abraham Lincoln And The American Union '' . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Livingston , Donald , editor ( 2012 ) . Rethinking the American Union for the Twenty - First Century . Gretna , LA : Pelican Publishing Company . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58980 - 957 - 4 . 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Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stromberg 1982 , p. 42 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith 1995 , p. 1119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chernow 2004 , p. 586 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chernow 2004 , p. 587 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McDonald 1985 , p. 281 : ( citing Morris , `` Address to the People of the State of New York '' ( 1814 ) , et al . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buel 2005 , pp. 22 -- 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buel 2005 , p. 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buel 2005 , pp. 44 -- 58 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hickey 1997 , p. 233 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amendments to the Constitution Proposed by the Hartford Convention : 1814 '' . The Avalon Project . 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ISBN 978 - 1 - 1012 - 0085 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Eidelberg , Paul ( 1976 ) . On the Silence of the Declaration of Independence . Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press . p. 24 . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 216 - 9 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Farber , Daniel ( 2003 ) . Lincoln 's Constitution . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 23793 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Fehrenbach , T.R. ( 1968 ) . Lone Star : A History of Texas and the Texans . p. 270 . ISBN 1 - 57912 - 537 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Ferling , John ( 2003 ) . A Leap in the Dark : The Struggle to Create the American Republic . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 515924 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Gienapp , William E. ( 2002 ) . Abraham Lincoln and Civil War America : A Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Hickey , Donald R. ( 1997 ) . `` Hartford Convention '' . In Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 362 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Ketcham , Ralph ( 1990 ) . James Madison : A Biography . University of Virginia Press . ISBN 0 - 8139 - 1265 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Klein , Maury ( 1997 ) . Days of Defiance : Sumter , Secession , and the Coming of the Civil War . Knopf Doubleday . ISBN 0 - 679 - 44747 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Maier , Pauline ( 1997 ) . American Scripture : Making the Declaration of Independence . Knopf . ISBN 0 - 679 - 45492 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Mayer , Henry ( 1998 ) . All on Fire : William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery . W.W. Norton & Co . ISBN 0 - 312 - 18740 - 8 . </Li> <Li> McDonald , Forrest ( 1985 ) . Novus Ordo Seclorum : The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution . Lawrence , Kansas : University of Kansas Press . pp. 281 -- 82 . ISBN 0 - 70060 - 311 - 5 . </Li> <Li> McDonald , Forrest . States ' Rights and the Union : Imperium in Imperio 1776 -- 1876 . ( 2000 ) ISBN 0 - 7006 - 1040 - 5 </Li> <Li> Meacham , John ( 2009 ) . `` Correspondence of Andrew Jackson '' . American Lion : Andrew Jackson in the White House . New York : Random House . p. 247 . </Li> <Li> Pavković , Aleksandar ; Radan , Peter ( 2007 ) . Creating New States : Theory and Practice of Secession . Ashgate Publishing . p. 222 . </Li> <Li> Remini , Robert V. ( 1984 ) . Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy , 1833 -- 1845 . Harper & Row . ISBN 0 - 06 - 015279 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Sibley , Joel H. ( 2005 ) . Storm Over Texas : The Annexation Controversy and the Road to Civil War . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 513944 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Smith , James Morton , ed. ( 1995 ) . `` Chapter 25 . The Resolutions Renewed , 1799 '' . The Republic of Letters : The Correspondence between Jefferson and Madison 1776 -- 1826 . Vol. 2 . New York : W.W. Norton & Co. p. 1119 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 3930 - 3691 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Stampp , Kenneth M. ( June 1978 ) . `` The Concept of a Perpetual Union '' ( PDF ) . The Journal of American History . 65 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 33 . doi : 10.2307 / 1888140 . </Li> <Li> Stromberg , Joseph R. ( 1982 ) . `` Country Ideology , Republicanism , and Libertarianism : The Thought of John Taylor of Caroline '' . The Journal of Libertarian Studies . 6 ( 1 ) : 42 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Van Deusen , David ( 2007 ) Vermont Secession : The Extreme Right , And Democracy , Catamount Tavern News Service . </Li> <Li> Varon , Elizabeth R. ( 2008 ) . Disunion : The Coming of the American Civil War , 1789 -- 1859 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3232 - 5 . </Li> <Li> `` TEXAS V. WHITE '' . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association . September 19 , 2010 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Wilson , Views of the Constitution </Li> <Li> Wood , Gordon S. ( 1969 ) . The Creation of the American Republic , 1776 -- 1787 . The Norton Library . p. 40 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 00644 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Declaration of Causes of Seceding States - Ordinances of Secession of Georgia , Mississippi , South Carolina , and Texas </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Origins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Origins </Li> <Li> Issues </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline leading to the War </Li> <Li> Antebellum era </Li> <Li> Bleeding Kansas </Li> <Li> Border states </Li> <Li> Compromise of 1850 </Li> <Li> Dred Scott v. 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Free kick ( rugby union ) - wikipedia <H1> Free kick ( rugby union ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A free kick in rugby union is usually awarded to a team for a technical offence committed by the opposing side . Free kicks are awarded for technical offences such as playing too many players in a line - out or time wasting at a scrum . A free kick is also awarded for making a mark . </P> <P> Once awarded a free kick the team must decide how they wish to play it . There are five options . </P> <Ul> <Li> The team may opt to play a place kick , where the ball is placed on the ground by the kicker at a point designated by the referee then the player may take a run up to the ball and kick it downfield . This is very rarely chosen . </Li> <Li> They may opt for a drop kick , where the ball starts in the player 's hands and is dropped onto the ground whereupon it is kicked downfield on its upward bounce by the player . </Li> <Li> They may opt for a punt , where the ball starts in the player 's hands and is dropped and kicked without bouncing . </Li> <Li> They may opt to play a tap kick . A tap kick is played when the team feel they would benefit more from keeping possession of the ball rather than kicking it downfield . To play a tap kick , the player either places the ball on the ground and kicks it a small distance , or punts it back into his own hands . The ball must travel a visible distance . </Li> <Li> They may opt to take it as a scrum . </Li> </Ul> <P> The team in possession can not directly score a goal from the free kick itself , nor score a dropped goal until the ball has become dead or an opponent has touched the ball or tackled a ball carrier . This also applies if the team in possession opts for a scrum . Unlike a penalty kick , if the ball goes into touch from a free kick then the kicking team enjoys no special privileges ; the line - out is taken by the opposing team rather than the kicking team , and a direct kick to touch from outside the 22 - metre area results in this line - out being formed opposite where the ball was kicked , not where it crossed the touch - line . </P> <P> Furthermore , the defending team can attempt to charge the kick as long as they have first retreated 10m . If they prevent the kick from being taken this way , they win a scrum . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Drop kick </Li> <Li> Penalty </Li> <Li> Scrum </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_kick_(rugby_union)&oldid=781655954 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Rugby union terminology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles lacking sources from December 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking sources </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 May 2017 , at 14 : 11 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Standing on the shoulders of giants - wikipedia <H1> Standing on the shoulders of giants </H1> For the Oasis album , see Standing on the Shoulder of Giants . For the Tribe of Gypsies album , see Standing on the Shoulders of Giants ( Tribe of Gypsies album ) . For Stephen Hawking 's book , see On the Shoulders of Giants ( book ) . This picture is derived from Greek mythology : the blind giant Orion carried his servant Cedalion on his shoulders to act as the giant 's eyes . <P> The metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants ( Latin : nanos gigantum humeris insidentes ) expresses the meaning of `` discovering truth by building on previous discoveries '' . This concept has been traced to the 12th century , attributed to Bernard of Chartres . Its most familiar expression in English is by Isaac Newton in 1675 : `` If I have seen further it is by standing on the shoulders of Giants . '' </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Attribution and meaning </Li> <Li> 2 References during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries </Li> <Li> 3 Contemporary references </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Attribution and meaning ( edit ) </H2> <P> The attribution to Bernard of Chartres is due to John of Salisbury . In 1159 , John wrote in his Metalogicon : `` Bernard of Chartres used to compare us to dwarfs perched on the shoulders of giants . He pointed out that we see more and farther than our predecessors , not because we have keener vision or greater height , but because we are lifted up and borne aloft on their gigantic stature . '' </P> <P> According to medieval historian Richard William Southern , Bernard was comparing contemporary 12th century scholars to the ancient scholars of Greece and Rome : </P> <P> ( The phrase ) sums up the quality of the cathedral schools in the history of learning , and indeed characterizes the age which opened with Gerbert ( 950 -- 1003 ) and Fulbert ( 960 -- 1028 ) and closed in the first quarter of the 12th century with Peter Abelard . ( The phrase ) is not a great claim ; neither , however , is it an example of abasement before the shrine of antiquity . It is a very shrewd and just remark , and the important and original point was the dwarf could see a little further than the giant . That this was possible was above all due to the cathedral schools with their lack of a well - rooted tradition and their freedom from a clearly defined routine of study . </P> An illustration of New Testament evangelists on the shoulders of Old Testament prophets , looking up at the Messiah ( from the south rose window of Chartres Cathedral ) <P> The visual image ( from Bernard of Chartres ) appears in the stained glass of the south transept of Chartres Cathedral . The tall windows under the Rose Window show the four major prophets of the Hebrew Bible ( Isaiah , Jeremiah , Ezekiel , and Daniel ) as gigantic figures , and the four New Testament evangelists ( Matthew , Mark , Luke , and John ) as ordinary - size people sitting on their shoulders . The evangelists , though smaller , `` see more '' than the huge prophets ( since they saw the Messiah about whom the prophets spoke ) . </P> <P> The phrase also appears in the works of the Jewish tosaphist Isaiah di Trani ( c. 1180 -- c. 1250 ) : </P> <P> Should Joshua the son of Nun endorse a mistaken position , I would reject it out of hand , I do not hesitate to express my opinion , regarding such matters in accordance with the modicum of intelligence allotted to me . I was never arrogant claiming `` My Wisdom served me well '' . Instead I applied to myself the parable of the philosophers . For I heard the following from the philosophers , The wisest of the philosophers was asked : `` We admit that our predecessors were wiser than we . At the same time we criticize their comments , often rejecting them and claiming that the truth rests with us . How is this possible ? '' The wise philosopher responded : `` Who sees further a dwarf or a giant ? Surely a giant for his eyes are situated at a higher level than those of the dwarf . But if the dwarf is placed on the shoulders of the giant who sees further ? ... So too we are dwarfs astride the shoulders of giants . We master their wisdom and move beyond it . Due to their wisdom we grow wise and are able to say all that we say , but not because we are greater than they . </P> <H2> References during the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries ( edit ) </H2> Cedalion standing on the shoulders of Orion from Blind Orion Searching for the Rising Sun by Nicolas Poussin , 1658 , Oil on canvas ; 46 7 / 8 x 72 in . ( 119.1 x 182.9 cm ) , Metropolitan Museum of Art <P> Diego de Estella took up the quote in the 16th century ; by the 17th century it had become commonplace . Robert Burton , in The Anatomy of Melancholy ( 1621 ) , quotes Stella thus : </P> <P> I say with Didacus Stella , a dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself . </P> <P> Later editors of Burton misattributed the quote to Lucan ; in their hands Burton 's attribution Didacus Stella , in luc 10 , tom . ii `` Didacus on the Gospel of Luke , chapter 10 ; volume 2 '' became a reference to Lucan 's Pharsalia 2.10 . No reference or allusion to the quote is found there . </P> <P> Later in the 17th century , George Herbert , in his Jacula Prudentum ( 1651 ) , wrote `` A dwarf on a giant 's shoulders sees farther of the two . '' </P> <P> Isaac Newton remarked in a letter to his rival Robert Hooke dated February 5 , 1676 ( O.S. ) ( February 15 , 1676 ( N.S. ) ) that : </P> <P> What Des - Cartes ( sic ) did was a good step . You have added much several ways , & especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration . If I have seen further it is by standing on the sholders ( sic ) of Giants . </P> <P> This has recently been interpreted by a few writers as a sarcastic remark directed at Hooke 's appearance . Although Hooke was not of particularly short stature , he was of slight build and had been afflicted from his youth with a severe kyphosis . However , at this time Hooke and Newton were on good terms and had exchanged many letters in tones of mutual regard . Only later , when Robert Hooke criticized some of Newton 's ideas regarding optics , was Newton so offended that he withdrew from public debate . The two men remained enemies until Hooke 's death . </P> <P> Samuel Taylor Coleridge , in The Friend ( 1828 ) , wrote : </P> <P> The dwarf sees farther than the giant , when he has the giant 's shoulder to mount on . </P> <P> Against this notion , Friedrich Nietzsche argues that a dwarf ( the academic scholar ) brings even the most sublime heights down to his level of understanding . In the section of Thus Spoke Zarathustra ( 1882 ) entitled `` On the Vision and the Riddle '' , Zarathustra climbs to great heights with a dwarf on his shoulders to show him his greatest thought . Once there however , the dwarf fails to understand the profundity of the vision and Zarathustra reproaches him for `` making things too easy on ( him ) self . '' If there is to be anything resembling `` progress '' in the history of philosophy , Nietzsche in `` Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks '' ( 1873 ) writes , it can only come from those rare giants among men , `` each giant calling to his brother through the desolate intervals of time , '' an idea he got from Schopenhauer 's work in Der handschriftliche Nachlass . </P> <H2> Contemporary references ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The British two pound coin bears the inscription STANDING ON THE SHOULDERS OF GIANTS on its edge ; this is intended as a quotation of Newton . </Li> <Li> Google Scholar has adopted `` Stand on the shoulders of giants '' as its motto . </Li> <Li> In Umberto Eco 's novel The Name of the Rose , William of Baskerville utters the words when speaking to Nicholas of Morimondo , the master glazier at the monastery . Nicholas says about his art : `` We no longer have the learning of the ancients , the age of giants is past ! '' , to which William replies : `` We are dwarfs , but dwarfs who stand on the shoulders of those giants , and small though we are , we sometimes manage to see farther on the horizon than they . '' </Li> <Li> Linux Mint installation slideshow has a slide titled `` Standing on the shoulder of giants '' meaning Ubuntu , Debian and GNU . </Li> <Li> It is referenced by Mark Zuckerberg , played by Jesse Eisenberg , in the 2010 film The Social Network . </Li> <Li> The French program on France Inter radio called Sur les épaules de Darwin ( `` On the shoulders of Darwin '' ) , by Jean - Claude Ameisen , is named in reference to this expression . </Li> <Li> The fourth studio album from British rock band Oasis is titled Standing on the Shoulder of Giants . Songwriter Noel Gallagher chose the name after reading it printed on the edge of a £ 2 coin ; he scribbled the phrase down but spelled it incorrectly with the word ' Shoulder ' rather than ' Shoulders ' as he was inebriated at the time . </Li> <Li> In the novel Jurassic Park , Dr. Ian Malcolm argues that John Hammond 's research and advancement in the field of genetics was based on the work of those before him , limiting his responsibility in whatever happens , stating : `` You stood on the shoulders of geniuses to accomplish something as fast as you could ... '' </Li> <Li> The X-Files episode `` Roland '' features a scientist murdering his former colleagues from beyond the grave for taking credit for his research . At the final confrontation , the thieving scientist remarks `` If I have seen further than other men , it 's because I have stood on the shoulders of giants . '' </Li> <Li> Stephen Hawking 's compilation of works by Copernicus , Galileo , Kepler , Newton , and Einstein is entitled On The Shoulders of Giants . The Great Works of Physics and Astronomy , ( Running Press 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 7624 - 1698 - X . In 2017 , Hawking stated : `` Each generation stands on the shoulders of those who have gone before them , just as I did as a young PhD student in Cambridge , inspired by the work of Isaac Newton , James Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein . '' </Li> <Li> The American rock band R.E.M. uses the phrase `` Standing on the shoulders of giants leaves me cold '' in the song `` King of Birds '' from their fifth studio album Document . </Li> <Li> The American jazz and rock drummer Steve Smith wrote and produced an educational video package titled Drum Legacy - Standing on the Shoulders of Giants that traces the development of modern drumming from the concepts and techniques of earlier generations of musicians . </Li> <Li> On Giant 's Shoulders , a 1979 BBC television film about the early life of thalidomide victim Terry Wiles . </Li> <Li> In the video game Portal 2 , Cave Johnson states `` They say great science is built on the shoulders of giants . Not here . At Aperture , we do all our science from scratch . No hand holding . '' . </Li> <Li> The metaphor of `` standing on the shoulder of giants '' is often used to promote and validate the free software movement . In the book Free as in Freedom , Bob Young of Red Hat supports the free software movement by saying that it enables people to stand on the shoulders of giants . He also says that standing on the shoulders of giants is the opposite of reinventing the wheel . </Li> <Li> In the show The Big Bang Theory , when Sheldon Cooper ( played by Jim Parsons ) invites Professor Proton , Professor Proton is frustrated that nobody takes him seriously in the field of science because of his former role as a children 's entertainer . Sheldon then proceeds to tell him that through his childhood , he was inspired to go into a scientific field thanks to Professor Proton 's appearance on his TV show . Sheldon then proceeds to tell him that , if this is true of several other individuals that are Sheldon 's age , then an entire generation of young scientists is standing on Professor Proton 's shoulders . </Li> <Li> The Lubavitcher Rebbe said that our generation is compared to `` dwarves standing on giants ' shoulders '' . Although we may appear to be on a lower spiritual level ( dwarves ) than previous generations ( who were like giants on a spiritual level ) , when our ( much smaller ) achievements are added to their ( much larger ) achievements , the combined achievements ultimately bring us to the era of Moshiach ! </Li> <Li> The quotes file of the molecular dynamics software package Gromacs ( the command line tools of the package optionally display random quotes when they complete running ) includes the reverse of the saying : `` If I have not seen as far as others , it is because giants were standing on my shoulders . '' The quote is attributed to MIT professor Hal Abelson . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Great Conversation </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Keith , Bonnie ( 2016 ) . `` Strategic Sourcing in the New Economy '' . Google Books . Palgrave McMillian . Retrieved August 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Newton , Isaac . `` Letter from Sir Isaac Newton to Robert Hooke '' . Historical Society of Pennsylvania . Retrieved 7 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacGarry , Daniel Doyle , ed. ( 1955 ) . The Metalogicon of John Salisbury : A Twelfth - century Defense of the Verbal and Logical Arts of the Trivium . Translated by MacGarry , Daniel Doyle . Berkeley : University of California Press . p. 167 . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Merton , Robert K. ( 1965 ) . On the Shoulders of Giants : A Shandean Postscript . Free Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Southern , Richard William ( 1952 ) . Making of the Middle Ages . Yale University Press . p. 203 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Teshuvot ( responsa ) haRid 301 -- 303 . See Shnayer Z . Leiman , Dwarfs on the Shoulders of Giants , Tradition Spring 1993 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turnbull , H.W. ed. , 1959 . The Correspondence of Isaac Newton : 1661 - 1675 , Volume 1 , London , UK : Published for the Royal Society at the University Press . p. 416 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Crease , Robert P. ( 2008 ) . The Great Equations : The hunt for cosmic beauty in numbers . Constable and Robinson . p. 82 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84529 - 281 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nietzsche , Friedrich Wilhelm , Keith Ansell - Pearson , and Duncan Large . `` Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks . '' The Nietzsche Reader . Malden , MA : Blackwell Pub. , 2006 . 101 -- 13 . Print . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Kingdom Two Pound Coin Design '' . Royal Mint . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 29 . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kennedy , Maev ( 22 October 2017 ) . `` Stephen Hawking 's 1966 doctoral thesis made available for first time '' . the Guardian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Sam ( 2002 ) . Free as in freedom . O'Reilly Media . ISBN 978 - 0 - 596 - 00287 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dwarves on Giants ' Shoulders '' . www.chabad.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` coolstuff. cpp in Gromacs source code '' . www.gromacs.org . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Isaac Newton </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Overview of history of the expression </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Isaac Newton </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publications </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas ( 1669 , published 1711 ) </Li> <Li> Method of Fluxions ( 1671 ) </Li> <Li> De motu corporum in gyrum ( 1684 ) </Li> <Li> Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ( 1687 ) <Ul> <Li> General Scholium ( 1713 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Opticks ( 1704 ) </Li> <Li> The Queries ( 1704 ) </Li> <Li> Arithmetica Universalis ( 1707 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other writings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 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</Tr> <Tr> <Th> Friends and family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Catherine Barton </Li> <Li> John Conduitt </Li> <Li> William Clarke </Li> <Li> Benjamin Pulleyn </Li> <Li> William Stukeley </Li> <Li> William Jones </Li> <Li> Isaac Barrow </Li> <Li> Abraham de Moivre </Li> <Li> John Keill </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cultural depictions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Newton ( Blake ) </Li> <Li> Newton ( Paolozzi ) </Li> <Li> In popular culture </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Writing of Principia Mathematica </Li> <Li> List of things named after Newton <Ul> <Li> Isaac Newton Institute </Li> <Li> Isaac Newton Medal </Li> <Li> Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes </Li> <Li> Isaac Newton Telescope </Li> <Li> Newton ( unit ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Elements of the Philosophy of Newton </Li> <Li> Isaac Newton S / O Philipose </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Standing_on_the_shoulders_of_giants&oldid=863142210 '' 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Radon - wikipedia <H1> Radon </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the chemical element . For other uses , see Radon ( disambiguation ) . <Table> Radon , Rn <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> General properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pronunciation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> / ˈreɪdɒn / ( RAY - don ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appearance </Th> <Td> colorless gas , occasionally glows green or red in discharge tubes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mass number </Th> <Td> 222 ( most stable isotope ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Radon in the periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Hydrogen </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> Helium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithium </Td> <Td> Beryllium </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Boron </Td> <Td> Carbon </Td> <Td> Nitrogen </Td> <Td> Oxygen </Td> <Td> Fluorine </Td> <Td> Neon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sodium </Td> <Td> Magnesium </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Aluminium </Td> <Td> Silicon </Td> <Td> Phosphorus </Td> <Td> Sulfur </Td> <Td> Chlorine </Td> <Td> Argon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potassium </Td> <Td> Calcium </Td> <Td> Scandium </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Titanium </Td> <Td> Vanadium </Td> <Td> Chromium </Td> <Td> Manganese </Td> <Td> Iron </Td> <Td> Cobalt </Td> <Td> Nickel </Td> <Td> Copper </Td> <Td> Zinc </Td> <Td> Gallium </Td> <Td> Germanium </Td> <Td> Arsenic </Td> <Td> Selenium </Td> <Td> Bromine </Td> <Td> Krypton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubidium </Td> <Td> Strontium </Td> <Td> Yttrium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> </Td> <Td> Zirconium </Td> <Td> Niobium </Td> <Td> Molybdenum </Td> <Td> Technetium </Td> <Td> Ruthenium </Td> <Td> Rhodium </Td> <Td> Palladium </Td> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> Cadmium </Td> <Td> Indium </Td> <Td> Tin </Td> <Td> Antimony </Td> <Td> Tellurium </Td> <Td> Iodine </Td> <Td> Xenon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caesium </Td> <Td> Barium </Td> <Td> Lanthanum </Td> <Td> Cerium </Td> <Td> Praseodymium </Td> <Td> Neodymium </Td> <Td> Promethium </Td> <Td> Samarium </Td> <Td> Europium </Td> <Td> Gadolinium </Td> <Td> Terbium </Td> <Td> Dysprosium </Td> <Td> Holmium </Td> <Td> Erbium </Td> <Td> Thulium </Td> <Td> Ytterbium </Td> <Td> Lutetium </Td> <Td> Hafnium </Td> <Td> Tantalum </Td> <Td> Tungsten </Td> <Td> Rhenium </Td> <Td> Osmium </Td> <Td> Iridium </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> Mercury ( element ) </Td> <Td> Thallium </Td> <Td> Lead </Td> <Td> Bismuth </Td> <Td> Polonium </Td> <Td> Astatine </Td> <Td> Radon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francium </Td> <Td> Radium </Td> <Td> Actinium </Td> <Td> Thorium </Td> <Td> Protactinium </Td> <Td> Uranium </Td> <Td> Neptunium </Td> <Td> Plutonium </Td> <Td> Americium </Td> <Td> Curium </Td> <Td> Berkelium </Td> <Td> Californium </Td> <Td> Einsteinium </Td> <Td> Fermium </Td> <Td> Mendelevium </Td> <Td> Nobelium </Td> <Td> Lawrencium </Td> <Td> Rutherfordium </Td> <Td> Dubnium </Td> <Td> Seaborgium </Td> <Td> Bohrium </Td> <Td> Hassium </Td> <Td> Meitnerium </Td> <Td> Darmstadtium </Td> <Td> Roentgenium </Td> <Td> Copernicium </Td> <Td> Nihonium </Td> <Td> Flerovium </Td> <Td> Moscovium </Td> <Td> Livermorium </Td> <Td> Tennessine </Td> <Td> Oganesson </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> Xe ↑ Rn ↓ Og </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> astatine ← radon → francium </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Atomic number ( Z ) </Th> <Td> 86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Group , period </Th> <Td> group 18 ( noble gases ) , period 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Block </Th> <Td> p - block </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Element category </Th> <Td> noble gas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electron configuration </Th> <Td> ( Xe ) 4f 5d 6s 6p </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electrons per shell </Th> <Td> 2 , 8 , 18 , 32 , 18 , 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Physical properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phase ( at STP ) </Th> <Td> gas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Melting point </Th> <Td> 202 K ( − 71 ° C , − 96 ° F ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Boiling point </Th> <Td> 211.5 K ( − 61.7 ° C , − 79.1 ° F ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density ( at STP ) </Th> <Td> 9.73 g / L </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> when liquid ( at b.p. ) </Th> <Td> 4.4 g / cm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Critical point </Th> <Td> 377 K , 6.28 MPa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heat of fusion </Th> <Td> 3.247 kJ / mol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heat of vaporization </Th> <Td> 18.10 kJ / mol </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Molar heat capacity </Th> <Td> 5 R / 2 = 20.786 J / ( mol K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Vapor pressure <Table> <Tr> <Th> P ( Pa ) </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 100 </Th> <Th> 1 k </Th> <Th> 10 k </Th> <Th> 100 k </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> at T ( K ) </Th> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> 176 </Td> <Td> 211 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Atomic properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oxidation states </Th> <Td> 6 , 2 , 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electronegativity </Th> <Td> Pauling scale : 2.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ionization energies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1st : 1037 kJ / mol </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Covalent radius </Th> <Td> 150 pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Van der Waals radius </Th> <Td> 220 pm </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Spectral lines </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Miscellanea </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crystal structure </Th> <Td> face - centered cubic ( fcc ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thermal conductivity </Th> <Td> 3.61 × 10 W / ( m K ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magnetic ordering </Th> <Td> non-magnetic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> CAS Number </Th> <Td> 10043 - 92 - 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discovery </Th> <Td> Ernest Rutherford and Robert B. Owens ( 1899 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First isolation </Th> <Td> William Ramsay and Robert Whytlaw - Gray ( 1910 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Main isotopes of radon </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Isotope </Th> <Th> Abundance </Th> <Th> Half - life ( t ) </Th> <Th> Decay mode </Th> <Th> Product </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rn </Th> <Td> syn </Td> <Td> 2.4 h </Td> <Td> α </Td> <Td> Po </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rn </Th> <Td> syn </Td> <Td> 14.6 h </Td> <Td> ε </Td> <Td> At </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> α </Td> <Td> Po </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rn </Th> <Td> trace </Td> <Td> 3.8235 d </Td> <Td> α </Td> <Td> Po </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rn </Th> <Td> syn </Td> <Td> 1.8 h </Td> <Td> β </Td> <Td> Fr </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> view </Li> <Li> talk </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> references in Wikidata </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Radon is a chemical element with symbol Rn and atomic number 86 . It is a radioactive , colorless , odorless , tasteless noble gas . It occurs naturally as an intermediate step in the normal radioactive decay chains through which thorium and uranium slowly decay into lead ; radon itself is a decay product of radium . Its most stable isotope , Rn , has a half - life of 3.8 days . Since thorium and uranium are two of the most common radioactive elements on Earth , and since their isotopes have very long half - lives , on the order of billions of years , radon will be present in nature long into the future in spite of its short half - life as it is continually being regenerated . </P> <P> Unlike all the other intermediate elements in the aforementioned decay chains , radon is , under normal conditions , gaseous and easily inhaled . Radon gas is a health hazard . It is often the single largest contributor to an individual 's background radiation dose , but due to local differences in geology , the level of the radon - gas hazard differs from location to location . Despite its short lifetime , radon gas from natural sources can accumulate in buildings , especially , due to its high density , in low areas such as basements and crawl spaces . Radon can also occur in ground water -- for example , in some spring waters and hot springs . </P> <P> Epidemiological studies have shown a clear link between breathing high concentrations of radon and incidence of lung cancer . Radon is a contaminant that affects indoor air quality worldwide . According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , after cigarette smoking , causing 21,000 lung cancer deaths per year in the United States . About 2,900 of these deaths occur among people who have never smoked . While radon is the second most frequent cause of lung cancer , it is the number one cause among non-smokers , according to EPA estimates . As radon itself decays , it produces other radioactive elements called radon daughters ( also known as radon progeny ) or decay products . Unlike the gaseous radon itself , radon daughters are solids and stick to surfaces , such as dust particles in the air . If such contaminated dust is inhaled , these particles can also cause lung cancer . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Characteristics <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Physical properties </Li> <Li> 1.2 Chemical properties </Li> <Li> 1.3 Isotopes </Li> <Li> 1.4 Daughters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 History and etymology </Li> <Li> 3 Occurrence <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Concentration units </Li> <Li> 3.2 Natural </Li> <Li> 3.3 Accumulation in buildings </Li> <Li> 3.4 Industrial production </Li> <Li> 3.5 Concentration scale </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Applications <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Medical </Li> <Li> 4.2 Scientific </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Health risks <Ul> <Li> 5.1 In mines </Li> <Li> 5.2 Domestic - level exposure </Li> <Li> 5.3 Action and reference level </Li> <Li> 5.4 Relationship to smoking </Li> <Li> 5.5 In drinking water </Li> <Li> 5.6 Testing and mitigation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Characteristics ( edit ) </H2> Emission spectrum of radon , photographed by Ernest Rutherford in 1908 . Numbers at the side of the spectrum are wavelengths . The middle spectrum is of radon , while the outer two are of helium ( added to calibrate the wavelengths ) . <H3> Physical properties ( edit ) </H3> <P> Radon is a colorless , odorless , and tasteless gas and therefore is not detectable by human senses alone . At standard temperature and pressure , radon forms a monatomic gas with a density of 9.73 kg / m , about 8 times the density of the Earth 's atmosphere at sea level , 1.217 kg / m . Radon is one of the densest gases at room temperature and is the densest of the noble gases . Although colorless at standard temperature and pressure , when cooled below its freezing point of 202 K ( − 71 ° C ; − 96 ° F ) , radon emits a brilliant radioluminescence that turns from yellow to orange - red as the temperature lowers . Upon condensation , radon glows because of the intense radiation it produces . Radon is sparingly soluble in water , but more soluble than lighter noble gases . Radon is appreciably more soluble in organic liquids than in water . </P> <H3> Chemical properties ( edit ) </H3> <P> Being a noble gas , radon is chemically not very reactive . However , the 3.8 - day half - life of radon - 222 makes it useful in physical sciences as a natural tracer . Because radon is a gas at standard conditions , unlike its parents , it can readily be extracted from them for research . </P> <P> Radon is a member of the zero - valence elements that are called noble gases . It is inert to most common chemical reactions , such as combustion , because the outer valence shell contains eight electrons . This produces a stable , minimum energy configuration in which the outer electrons are tightly bound . 1037 kJ / mol is required to extract one electron from its shells ( also known as the first ionization energy ) . In accordance with periodic trends , radon has a lower electronegativity than the element one period before it , xenon , and is therefore more reactive . Early studies concluded that the stability of radon hydrate should be of the same order as that of the hydrates of chlorine ( Cl 2 ) or sulfur dioxide ( SO 2 ) , and significantly higher than the stability of the hydrate of hydrogen sulfide ( H 2S ) . </P> <P> Because of its cost and radioactivity , experimental chemical research is seldom performed with radon , and as a result there are very few reported compounds of radon , all either fluorides or oxides . Radon can be oxidized by powerful oxidizing agents such as fluorine , thus forming radon difluoride . It decomposes back to its elements at a temperature of above 250 ° C , and is reduced by water to radon gas and hydrogen fluoride : it may also be reduced back to its elements by hydrogen gas . It has a low volatility and was thought to be RnF 2 . Because of the short half - life of radon and the radioactivity of its compounds , it has not been possible to study the compound in any detail . Theoretical studies on this molecule predict that it should have a Rn -- F bond distance of 2.08 Å , and that the compound is thermodynamically more stable and less volatile than its lighter counterpart XeF 2 . The octahedral molecule RnF 6 was predicted to have an even lower enthalpy of formation than the difluoride . The higher fluorides RnF and RnF have been claimed , and are calculated to be stable , but it is doubtful whether they have yet been synthesized . The ( RnF ) ion is believed to form by the following reaction : </P> <Dl> <Dd> Rn ( g ) + 2 ( O 2 ) + ( SbF 6 ) − ( s ) → ( RnF ) + ( Sb 11 ) − ( s ) + 2 O 2 ( g ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> For this reason , antimony pentafluoride together with chlorine trifluoride and N F Sb F have been considered for radon gas removal in uranium mines due to the formation of radon -- fluorine compounds . The existence of RnF allows for safer handling of radon 's parent radium as the fluoride , as the alpha radiation from Ra is not strong enough to cause radiolysis of the strong Ra -- F bond ; thus RaF decays to form involatile RnF . Additionally , salts of the ( RnF ) cation with the anions SbF − 6 , TaF − 6 , and BiF − 6 are known . Radon is also oxidised by dioxygen difluoride to RnF at − 100 ° C . </P> <P> Radon oxides are among the few other reported compounds of radon ; only the trioxide has been confirmed . Higher fluorides may have been observed in experiments where unknown radon - containing products distilled together with xenon hexafluoride , and perhaps in the production of radon trioxide : these may have been RnF , RnF , or both . Extrapolation down the noble gas group would suggest also the possible existence of RnO , RnO , and RnOF , as well as the first chemically stable noble gas chlorides RnCl and RnCl , but none of these have yet been found . Radon carbonyl RnCO has been predicted to be stable and to have a linear molecular geometry . The molecules Rn 2 and RnXe were found to be significantly stabilized by spin - orbit coupling . Radon caged inside a fullerene has been proposed as a drug for tumors . Despite the existence of Xe ( VIII ) , no Rn ( VIII ) compounds have been claimed to exist ; RnF should be highly unstable chemically ( XeF is thermodynamically unstable ) . It is predicted that the most stable Rn ( VIII ) compound would be barium perradate ( Ba RnO ) , analogous to barium perxenate . The instability of Rn ( VIII ) is due to the relativistic stabilization of the 6s shell , also known as the inert pair effect . </P> <P> Radon reacts with the liquid halogen fluorides ClF , ClF , ClF , BrF , BrF , and IF to form RnF . In halogen fluoride solution , radon is involatile and exists as the RnF and Rn cations ; addition of fluoride anions results in the formation of the complexes RnF − 3 and RnF 2 − 4 , paralleling the chemistry of beryllium ( II ) and aluminium ( III ) . The standard electrode potential of the Rn / Rn couple has been estimated as + 2.0 V . </P> <H3> Isotopes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Isotopes of radon The radium or uranium series . <P> Radon has no stable isotopes . Thirty - seven radioactive isotopes have been characterized , with atomic masses ranging from 193 to 229 . The most stable isotope is Rn , which is a decay product of Ra , a decay product of U . A trace amount of the ( highly unstable ) isotope Rn is also among the daughters of Rn . </P> <P> Three other radon isotopes have a half - life of over an hour : Rn , Rn and Rn . The Rn isotope is a natural decay product of the most stable thorium isotope ( Th ) , and is commonly referred to as thoron . It has a half - life of 55.6 seconds and also emits alpha radiation . Similarly , Rn is derived from the most stable isotope of actinium ( Ac ) -- named `` actinon '' -- and is an alpha emitter with a half - life of 3.96 seconds . No radon isotopes occur significantly in the neptunium ( Np ) decay series , though a trace amount of the ( extremely unstable ) isotope Rn is produced . </P> <H3> Daughters ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Decay chain § Uranium series <P> Rn belongs to the radium and uranium - 238 decay chain , and has a half - life of 3.8235 days . Its four first products ( excluding marginal decay schemes ) are very short - lived , meaning that the corresponding disintegrations are indicative of the initial radon distribution . Its decay goes through the following sequence : </P> <Ul> <Li> Rn , 3.82 days , alpha decaying to ... </Li> <Li> Po , 3.10 minutes , alpha decaying to ... </Li> <Li> Pb , 26.8 minutes , beta decaying to ... </Li> <Li> Bi , 19.9 minutes , beta decaying to ... </Li> <Li> Po , 0.1643 ms , alpha decaying to ... </Li> <Li> Pb , which has a much longer half - life of 22.3 years , beta decaying to ... </Li> <Li> Bi , 5.013 days , beta decaying to ... </Li> <Li> Po , 138.376 days , alpha decaying to ... </Li> <Li> Pb , stable . </Li> </Ul> <P> The radon equilibrium factor is the ratio between the activity of all short - period radon progenies ( which are responsible for most of radon 's biological effects ) , and the activity that would be at equilibrium with the radon parent . </P> <P> If a closed volume is constantly supplied with radon , the concentration of short - lived isotopes will increase until an equilibrium is reached where the rate of decay of each decay product will equal that of the radon itself . The equilibrium factor is 1 when both activities are equal , meaning that the decay products have stayed close to the radon parent long enough for the equilibrium to be reached , within a couple of hours . Under these conditions each additional pCi / L of radon will increase exposure , by 0.01 WL ( Working Level - a measure of radioactivity commonly used in mining . A detailed explanation of WL is given in Concentration Units ) . These conditions are not always met ; in many homes , the equilibrium fraction is typically 40 % ; that is , there will be 0.004 WL of daughters for each pCi / L of radon in air . Pb takes much longer ( decades ) to come in equilibrium with radon , but , if the environment permits accumulation of dust over extended periods of time , Pb and its decay products may contribute to overall radiation levels as well . </P> <P> Because of their electrostatic charge , radon progenies adhere to surfaces or dust particles , whereas gaseous radon does not . Attachment removes them from the air , usually causing the equilibrium factor in the atmosphere to be less than one . The equilibrium factor is also lowered by air circulation or air filtration devices , and is increased by airborne dust particles , including cigarette smoke . In high concentrations , airborne radon isotopes contribute significantly to human health risk . The equilibrium factor found in epidemiological studies is 0.4 . </P> <H2> History and etymology ( edit ) </H2> Apparatus used by Ramsay and Whytlaw - Gray to isolate radon . M is a capillary tube where approximately 0.1 mm were isolated . Radon mixed with hydrogen entered the evacuated system through siphon A ; mercury is shown in black . <P> Radon was the fifth radioactive element to be discovered , in 1899 by Ernest Rutherford and Robert B. Owens , after uranium , thorium , radium and polonium . In 1900 Friedrich Ernst Dorn reported some experiments in which he noticed that radium compounds emanate a radioactive gas he named Radium Emanation ( Ra Em ) . Before that , in 1899 , Pierre and Marie Curie observed that the gas emitted by radium remained radioactive for a month . Later that year , Robert B. Owens and Ernest Rutherford , at McGill University in Montreal , noticed variations when trying to measure radiation from thorium oxide . Rutherford noticed that the compounds of thorium continuously emit a radioactive gas that retains the radioactive powers for several minutes , and called this gas emanation ( from Latin `` emanare '' -- to elapse and `` emanatio '' -- expiration ) , and later Thorium Emanation ( Th Em ) . In 1901 , he demonstrated that the emanations are radioactive , but credited the Curies for the discovery of the element . In 1903 , similar emanations were observed from actinium by André - Louis Debierne and were called Actinium Emanation ( Ac Em ) . </P> <P> Several names were suggested for these three gases : exradio , exthorio , and exactinio in 1904 ; radon , thoron , and akton in 1918 ; radeon , thoreon , and actineon in 1919 , and eventually radon , thoron , and actinon in 1920 . The likeness of the spectra of these three gases with those of argon , krypton , and xenon , and their observed chemical inertia led Sir William Ramsay to suggest in 1904 that the `` emanations '' might contain a new element of the noble gas family . </P> <P> In 1910 , Ramsay and Robert Whytlaw - Gray isolated radon , determined its density , and determined that it was the heaviest known gas . They wrote that `` L'expression de l'émanation du radium est fort incommode '' , ( the expression ' radium emanation ' is very awkward ) and suggested the new name niton ( Nt ) ( from the Latin `` nitens '' meaning `` shining '' ) to emphasize the radioluminescence property , and in 1912 it was accepted by the International Commission for Atomic Weights . In 1923 , the International Committee for Chemical Elements and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) chose among the names radon ( Rn ) , thoron ( Tn ) , and actinon ( An ) . Later , when isotopes were numbered instead of named , the element took the name of the most stable isotope , radon , while Tn was renamed Rn and An was renamed Rn , which caused some confusion in the literature regarding the element 's discovery as while Dorn had discovered radon the isotope , he had not been the first to discover radon the element . As late as the 1960s , the element was also referred to simply as emanation . The first synthesized compound of radon , radon fluoride , was obtained in 1962 . Even today , the word radon may refer to either the element or its isotope Rn , with thoron remaining in use as a short name for Rn to stem this ambiguity . </P> <P> The danger of high exposure to radon in mines , where exposures can reach 1,000,000 Bq / m , has long been known . In 1530 , Paracelsus described a wasting disease of miners , the mala metallorum , and Georg Agricola recommended ventilation in mines to avoid this mountain sickness ( Bergsucht ) . In 1879 , this condition was identified as lung cancer by Herting and Hesse in their investigation of miners from Schneeberg , Germany . The first major studies with radon and health occurred in the context of uranium mining in the Joachimsthal region of Bohemia . In the US , studies and mitigation only followed decades of health effects on uranium miners of the Southwestern United States employed during the early Cold War ; standards were not implemented until 1971 . </P> <P> The presence of radon in indoor air was documented as early as 1950 . Beginning in the 1970s research was initiated to address sources of indoor radon , determinants of concentration , health effects , and mitigation approaches . In the United States , the problem of indoor radon received widespread publicity and intensified investigation after a widely publicized incident in 1984 . During routine monitoring at a Pennsylvania nuclear power plant , a worker was found to be contaminated with radioactivity . A high concentration of radon in his home was subsequently identified as responsible . </P> <H2> Occurrence ( edit ) </H2> See also : Radium and radon in the environment <H3> Concentration Units ( edit ) </H3> Pb is formed from the decay of Rn . Here is a typical deposition rate of Pb as observed in Japan as a function of time , due to variations in radon concentration . <P> All discussions of radon concentrations in the environment refer to Rn . While the average rate of production of Rn ( from the thorium decay series ) is about the same as that of Rn , the amount of Rn in the environment is much less than that of Rn because of the short half - life of Rn ( 55 seconds , versus 3.8 days respectively ) . </P> <P> Radon concentration in the atmosphere is usually measured in becquerel per cubic meter ( Bq / m ) , the SI derived unit . Another unit of measurement common in the US is picocuries per liter ( pCi / L ) ; 1 pCi / L = 37 Bq / m . Typical domestic exposures average about 48 Bq / m indoors , though this varies widely , and 15 Bq / m outdoors . </P> <P> In the mining industry , the exposure is traditionally measured in working level ( WL ) , and the cumulative exposure in working level month ( WLM ) ; 1 WL equals any combination of short - lived Rn daughters ( Po , Pb , Bi , and Po ) in 1 liter of air that releases 1.3 × 10 MeV of potential alpha energy ; one WL is equivalent to 2.08 × 10 joules per cubic meter of air ( J / m ) . The SI unit of cumulative exposure is expressed in joule - hours per cubic meter ( J h / m ) . One WLM is equivalent to 3.6 × 10 J h / m . An exposure to 1 WL for 1 working month ( 170 hours ) equals 1 WLM cumulative exposure . A cumulative exposure of 1 WLM is roughly equivalent to living one year in an atmosphere with a radon concentration of 230 Bq / m . </P> <P> Rn decays to Pb and other radioisotopes . The levels of Pb can be measured . The rate of deposition of this radioisotope is weather - dependent . </P> <P> Radon concentrations found in natural environments are much too low to be detected by chemical means . A 1000 Bq / m ( relatively high ) concentration corresponds to 0.17 picogram per cubic meter . The average concentration of radon in the atmosphere is about 6 × 10 molar percent , or about 150 atoms in each ml of air . The radon activity of the entire Earth 's atmosphere originates from only a few tens of grams of radon , consistently replaced by decay of larger amounts of radium and uranium . </P> <H3> Natural ( edit ) </H3> Radon concentration next to a uranium mine <P> Radon is produced by the radioactive decay of radium - 226 , which is found in uranium ores , phosphate rock , shales , igneous and metamorphic rocks such as granite , gneiss , and schist , and to a lesser degree , in common rocks such as limestone . Every square mile of surface soil , to a depth of 6 inches ( 2.6 km to a depth of 15 cm ) , contains approximately 1 gram of radium , which releases radon in small amounts to the atmosphere . On a global scale , it is estimated that 2,400 million curies ( 90 EBq ) of radon are released from soil annually . </P> <P> Radon concentration can differ widely from place to place . In the open air , it ranges from 1 to 100 Bq / m , even less ( 0.1 Bq / m ) above the ocean . In caves or aerated mines , or ill - aerated houses , its concentration climbs to 20 -- 2,000 Bq / m . </P> <P> Radon concentration can be much higher in mining contexts . Ventilation regulations instruct to maintain radon concentration in uranium mines under the `` working level '' , with 95th percentile levels ranging up to nearly 3 WL ( 546 pCi Rn per liter of air ; 20.2 kBq / m , measured from 1976 to 1985 ) . The concentration in the air at the ( unventilated ) Gastein Healing Gallery averages 43 kBq / m ( 1.2 nCi / L ) with maximal value of 160 kBq / m ( 4.3 nCi / L ) . </P> <P> Radon mostly appears with the decay chain of the radium and uranium series ( Rn ) , and marginally with the thorium series ( Rn ) . The element emanates naturally from the ground , and some building materials , all over the world , wherever traces of uranium or thorium can be found , and particularly in regions with soils containing granite or shale , which have a higher concentration of uranium . Not all granitic regions are prone to high emissions of radon . Being a rare gas , it usually migrates freely through faults and fragmented soils , and may accumulate in caves or water . Owing to its very short half - life ( four days for Rn ) , radon concentration decreases very quickly when the distance from the production area increases . Radon concentration varies greatly with season and atmospheric conditions . For instance , it has been shown to accumulate in the air if there is a meteorological inversion and little wind . </P> <P> High concentrations of radon can be found in some spring waters and hot springs . The towns of Boulder , Montana ; Misasa ; Bad Kreuznach , Germany ; and the country of Japan have radium - rich springs that emit radon . To be classified as a radon mineral water , radon concentration must be above 2 nCi / L ( 74 kBq / m ) . The activity of radon mineral water reaches 2,000 kBq / m in Merano and 4,000 kBq / m in Lurisia ( Italy ) . </P> <P> Natural radon concentrations in the Earth 's atmosphere are so low that radon - rich water in contact with the atmosphere will continually lose radon by volatilization . Hence , ground water has a higher concentration of Rn than surface water , because radon is continuously produced by radioactive decay of Ra present in rocks . Likewise , the saturated zone of a soil frequently has a higher radon content than the unsaturated zone because of diffusional losses to the atmosphere . </P> <P> In 1971 , Apollo 15 passed 110 km ( 68 mi ) above the Aristarchus plateau on the Moon , and detected a significant rise in alpha particles thought to be caused by the decay of Rn . The presence of Rn has been inferred later from data obtained from the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer . </P> <P> Radon is found in some petroleum . Because radon has a similar pressure and temperature curve to propane , and oil refineries separate petrochemicals based on their boiling points , the piping carrying freshly separated propane in oil refineries can become radioactive because of decaying radon and its products . </P> <P> Residues from the petroleum and natural gas industry often contain radium and its daughters . The sulfate scale from an oil well can be radium rich , while the water , oil , and gas from a well often contains radon . Radon decays to form solid radioisotopes that form coatings on the inside of pipework . </P> <H3> Accumulation in buildings ( edit ) </H3> Typical log - normal radon distribution in dwellings . Predicted fraction of U.S. homes having concentrations of radon exceeding the EPA 's recommended action level of 4 pCi / L <P> High concentrations of radon in homes were discovered by chance in 1985 after the stringent radiation testing conducted at a nuclear power plant entrance revealed that Stanley Watras , an engineer at the plant , was contaminated by radioactive substances . Typical domestic exposures are of approximately 100 Bq / m ( 2.7 pCi / L ) indoors . Some level of radon will be found in all buildings . Radon mostly enters a building directly from the soil through the lowest level in the building that is in contact with the ground . High levels of radon in the water supply can also increase indoor radon air levels . Typical entry points of radon into buildings are cracks in solid foundations , construction joints , cracks in walls , gaps in suspended floors , gaps around service pipes , cavities inside walls , and the water supply . Radon concentrations in the same location may differ by a factor of two over a period of 1 hour . Also , the concentration in one room of a building may be significantly different from the concentration in an adjoining room . The soil characteristics of the dwellings are the most important source of radon for the ground floor and higher concentration of indoor radon observed on lower floors . Most of the high radon concentrations have been reported from places near fault zones ; hence the existence of a relation between the exhalation rate from faults and indoor radon concentrations is obvious . </P> <P> The distribution of radon concentrations will generally differ from room to room , and the readings are averaged according to regulatory protocols . Indoor radon concentration is usually assumed to follow a lognormal distribution on a given territory . Thus , the geometric mean is generally used for estimating the `` average '' radon concentration in an area . </P> <P> The mean concentration ranges from less than 10 Bq / m to over 100 Bq / m in some European countries . Typical geometric standard deviations found in studies range between 2 and 3 , meaning ( given the 68 -- 95 -- 99.7 rule ) that the radon concentration is expected to be more than a hundred times the mean concentration for 2 to 3 % of the cases . </P> <P> Some of the highest radon hazard in the United States is found in Iowa and in the Appalachian Mountain areas in southeastern Pennsylvania . Some of the highest readings ever have been recorded in the Irish town of Mallow , County Cork , prompting local fears regarding lung cancer . Iowa has the highest average radon concentrations in the United States due to significant glaciation that ground the granitic rocks from the Canadian Shield and deposited it as soils making up the rich Iowa farmland . Many cities within the state , such as Iowa City , have passed requirements for radon - resistant construction in new homes . </P> <P> In a few locations , uranium tailings have been used for landfills and were subsequently built on , resulting in possible increased exposure to radon . </P> <P> Since radon is a colorless , odorless gas the only way to know how much is present in the air or water is to perform tests . In the United States radon test kits are available to the public at retail stores , such as hardware stores , for home use and testing is available through licensed professionals , who are often home inspectors . Efforts to reduce indoor radon levels are called radon mitigation . In the U.S. the Environmental Protection Agency recommends all houses be tested for radon . </P> <H3> Industrial production ( edit ) </H3> <P> Radon is obtained as a by - product of uraniferous ores processing after transferring into 1 % solutions of hydrochloric or hydrobromic acids . The gas mixture extracted from the solutions contains H 2 , O 2 , He , Rn , CO 2 , H 2O and hydrocarbons . The mixture is purified by passing it over copper at 720 ° C to remove the H 2 and the O 2 , and then KOH and P 2O 5 are used to remove the acids and moisture by sorption . Radon is condensed by liquid nitrogen and purified from residue gases by sublimation . </P> <P> Radon commercialization is regulated , but it is available in small quantities for the calibration of Rn measurement systems , at a price of almost $6,000 per milliliter of radium solution ( which only contains about 15 picograms of actual radon at a given moment ) . Radon is produced by a solution of radium - 226 ( half - life of 1600 years ) . Radium - 226 decays by alpha - particle emission , producing radon that collects over samples of radium - 226 at a rate of about 1 mm / day per gram of radium ; equilibrium is quickly achieved and radon is produced in a steady flow , with an activity equal to that of the radium ( 50 Bq ) . Gaseous Rn ( half - life of about four days ) escapes from the capsule through diffusion . </P> <H3> Concentration scale ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Bq / m </Th> <Th> pCi / L </Th> <Th> Occurrence example </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ~ 0.027 </Td> <Td> Radon concentration at the shores of large oceans is typically 1 Bq / m . <P> Radon trace concentration above oceans or in Antarctica can be lower than 0.1 Bq / m . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0.27 </Td> <Td> Mean continental concentration in the open air : 10 to 30 Bq / m . <P> Based on a series of surveys , the global mean indoor radon concentration is estimated to be 39 Bq / m . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 2.7 </Td> <Td> Typical indoor domestic exposure . Most countries have adopted a radon concentration of 200 -- 400 Bq / m for indoor air as an Action or Reference Level . If testing shows levels less than 4 picocuries radon per liter of air ( 150 Bq / m ) , then no action is necessary . A cumulated exposure of 230 Bq / m of radon gas concentration during a period of 1 year corresponds to 1 WLM . Allowable concentrations in uranium mines are approximately 1,220 Bq / m ( 33 pCi / L ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,000 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Very high radon concentrations ( > 1000 Bq / m ) have been found in houses built on soils with a high uranium content and / or high permeability of the ground . If levels are 20 picocuries radon per liter of air ( 800 Bq / m ) or higher , the home owner should consider some type of procedure to decrease indoor radon levels . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10,000 </Td> <Td> 270 </Td> <Td> <P> The concentration in the air at the ( unventilated ) Gastein Healing Gallery averages 43 kBq / m ( about 1.2 nCi / L ) with maximal value of 160 kBq / m ( about 4.3 nCi / L ) . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100,000 </Td> <Td> ~ 2700 </Td> <Td> <P> About 100,000 Bq / m ( 2.7 nCi / L ) was measured in Stanley Watras 's basement . </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> <Td> 27000 </Td> <Td> Concentrations reaching 1,000,000 Bq / m can be found in unventilated uranium mines . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5.54 × 10 </Td> <Td> ~ 1.5 × 10 </Td> <Td> Theoretical upper limit : Radon gas ( Rn ) at 100 % concentration ( 1 atmosphere , 0 ° C ) ; 1.538 × 10 curies / gram ; 5.54 × 10 Bq / m . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Applications. ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Medical ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Radioactive quackery <P> An early - 20th - century form of quackery was the treatment of maladies in a radiotorium . It was a small , sealed room for patients to be exposed to radon for its `` medicinal effects '' . The carcinogenic nature of radon due to its ionizing radiation became apparent later on . Radon 's molecule - damaging radioactivity has been used to kill cancerous cells , but it does not increase the health of healthy cells . The ionizing radiation causes the formation of free radicals , which results in genetic and other cell damage , resulting in increased rates of illness , including cancer . </P> <P> Exposure to radon , a process known as radiation hormesis , has been suggested to mitigate autoimmune diseases such as arthritis . As a result , in the late 20th century and early 21st century , `` health mines '' established in Basin , Montana attracted people seeking relief from health problems such as arthritis through limited exposure to radioactive mine water and radon . The practice is discouraged because of the well - documented ill effects of high - doses of radiation on the body . </P> <P> Radioactive water baths have been applied since 1906 in Jáchymov , Czech Republic , but even before radon discovery they were used in Bad Gastein , Austria . Radium - rich springs are also used in traditional Japanese onsen in Misasa , Tottori Prefecture . Drinking therapy is applied in Bad Brambach , Germany . Inhalation therapy is carried out in Gasteiner - Heilstollen , Austria , in Świeradów - Zdrój , Czerniawa - Zdrój , Kowary , Lądek Zdrój , Poland , in Harghita Băi , Romania , and in Boulder , United States . In the US and Europe there are several `` radon spas '' , where people sit for minutes or hours in a high - radon atmosphere in the belief that low doses of radiation will invigorate or energize them . </P> <P> Radon has been produced commercially for use in radiation therapy , but for the most part has been replaced by radionuclides made in accelerators and nuclear reactors . Radon has been used in implantable seeds , made of gold or glass , primarily used to treat cancers . The gold seeds were produced by filling a long tube with radon pumped from a radium source , the tube being then divided into short sections by crimping and cutting . The gold layer keeps the radon within , and filters out the alpha and beta radiations , while allowing the gamma rays to escape ( which kill the diseased tissue ) . The activities might range from 0.05 to 5 millicuries per seed ( 2 to 200 MBq ) . The gamma rays are produced by radon and the first short - lived elements of its decay chain ( Po , Pb , Bi , Po ) . </P> <P> Radon and its first decay products being very short - lived , the seed is left in place . After 12 half - lives ( 43 days ) , radon radioactivity is at 1 / 2000 of its original level . At this stage , the predominant residual activity originates from the radon decay product Pb , whose half - life ( 22.3 years ) is 2000 times that of radon ( and whose activity is thus 1 / 2000 of radon 's ) , and its descendants Bi and Po . </P> <P> In the early part of the 20th century in the US , gold contaminated with the radon daughter Pb entered the jewelry industry . This was from gold seeds that had held Rn that had been melted down after the radon had decayed . </P> <H3> Scientific ( edit ) </H3> <P> Radon emanation from the soil varies with soil type and with surface uranium content , so outdoor radon concentrations can be used to track air masses to a limited degree . This fact has been put to use by some atmospheric scientists . Because of radon 's rapid loss to air and comparatively rapid decay , radon is used in hydrologic research that studies the interaction between groundwater and streams . Any significant concentration of radon in a stream is a good indicator that there are local inputs of groundwater . </P> <P> Radon soil - concentration has been used in an experimental way to map buried close - subsurface geological faults because concentrations are generally higher over the faults . Similarly , it has found some limited use in prospecting for geothermal gradients . </P> <P> Some researchers have investigated changes in groundwater radon concentrations for earthquake prediction . Radon has a half - life of approximately 3.8 days , which means that it can be found only shortly after it has been produced in the radioactive decay chain . For this reason , it has been hypothesized that increases in radon concentration is due to the generation of new cracks underground , which would allow increased ground water circulation , flushing out radon . The generation of new cracks might not unreasonably be assumed to precede major earthquakes . In the 1970s and 1980s , scientific measurements of radon emissions near faults found that earthquakes often occurred with no radon signal , and radon was often detected with no earthquake to follow . It was then dismissed by many as an unreliable indicator . As of 2009 , it was under investigation as a possible precursor by NASA . </P> <P> Radon is a known pollutant emitted from geothermal power stations because it is present in the material pumped from deep underground . It disperses rapidly , and no radiological hazard has been demonstrated in various investigations . In addition , typical systems re-inject the material deep underground rather that releasing it at the surface , so its environmental impact is minimal . </P> <P> In the 1940s and ' 50s , radon was used for industrial radiography , Other X-ray sources , which became available after World War II , quickly replaced radon for this application , as they were lower in cost and had less hazard of alpha radiation . </P> <H2> Health risks ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Health effects of radon <H3> In mines ( edit ) </H3> <P> Radon - 222 decay products have been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as being carcinogenic to humans , and as a gas that can be inhaled , lung cancer is a particular concern for people exposed to elevated levels of radon for sustained periods . During the 1940s and ' 50s , when safety standards requiring expensive ventilation in mines were not widely implemented , radon exposure was linked to lung cancer among non-smoking miners of uranium and other hard rock materials in what is now the Czech Republic , and later among miners from the Southwestern United States and South Australia . Despite these hazards being known in the early 1950s , this occupational hazard remained poorly managed in many mines until the 1970s . During this period , several entrepreneurs opened former uranium mines in the USA to the general public and advertised alleged health benefits from breathing radon gas underground . Health benefits claimed included pain , sinus , asthma and arthritis relief but these were proven to be false and the government banned such ads in 1975 . </P> <P> Since that time , ventilation and other measures have been used to reduce radon levels in most affected mines that continue to operate . In recent years , the average annual exposure of uranium miners has fallen to levels similar to the concentrations inhaled in some homes . This has reduced the risk of occupationally induced cancer from radon , although health issues may persist for those who are currently employed in affected mines and for those who have been employed in them in the past . As the relative risk for miners has decreased , so has the ability to detect excess risks among that population . </P> <P> Residues from processing of uranium ore can also be a source of radon . Radon resulting from the high radium content in uncovered dumps and tailing ponds can be easily released into the atmosphere and affect people living in the vicinity . </P> <P> In addition to lung cancer , researchers have theorized a possible increased risk of leukemia due to radon exposure . Empirical support from studies of the general population is inconsistent , and a study of uranium miners found a correlation between radon exposure and chronic lymphocytic leukemia . </P> <P> Miners ( as well as milling and ore transportation workers ) who worked in the uranium industry in the United States between the 1940s and 1971 may be eligible for compensation under the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act ( RECA ) . Surviving relatives may also apply in cases where the formerly employed person is deceased . </P> <H3> Domestic - level exposure ( edit ) </H3> <P> Radon exposure ( mostly radon daughters ) has been linked to lung cancer in numerous case - control studies performed in the United States , Europe and China . There are approximately 21,000 deaths per year in the US due to radon - induced lung cancers . One of the most comprehensive radon studies performed in the United States by Dr. R. William Field and colleagues found a 50 % increased lung cancer risk even at the protracted exposures at the EPA 's action level of 4 pCi / L. North American and European Pooled analyses further support these findings . However , the discussion about the opposite results is still going on , especially a recent retrospective case - control study of lung cancer risk showed substantial cancer rate reduction for radon concentrations between 50 and 123 Bq per cubic meter . </P> <P> Most models of residential radon exposure are based on studies of miners , and direct estimates of the risks posed to homeowners would be more desirable . Because of the difficulties of measuring the risk of radon relative to smoking , models of their effect have often made use of them . </P> <P> Radon has been considered the second leading cause of lung cancer and leading environmental cause of cancer mortality by the United States Environmental Protection Agency . Others have reached similar conclusions for the United Kingdom and France . Radon exposure in homes and offices may arise from certain subsurface rock formations , and also from certain building materials ( e.g. , some granites ) . The greatest risk of radon exposure arises in buildings that are airtight , insufficiently ventilated , and have foundation leaks that allow air from the soil into basements and dwelling rooms . </P> <H3> Action and reference level ( edit ) </H3> <P> WHO presented in 2009 a recommended reference level ( the national reference level ) , 100 Bq / m , for radon in dwellings . The recommendation also says that where this is not possible , 300 Bq / m should be selected as the highest level . A national reference level should not be a limit , but should represent the maximum acceptable annual average radon concentration in a dwelling . </P> <P> The actionable concentration of radon in a home varies depending on the organization doing the recommendation , for example , the United States Environmental Protection Agency encourages that action be taken at concentrations as low as 74 Bq / m ( 2 pCi / L ) , and the European Union recommends action be taken when concentrations reach 400 Bq / m ( 11 pCi / L ) for old houses and 200 Bq / m ( 5 pCi / L ) for new ones . On 8 July 2010 the UK 's Health Protection Agency issued new advice setting a `` Target Level '' of 100 Bq / m whilst retaining an `` Action Level '' of 200 Bq / m . The same levels ( as UK ) apply to Norway from 2010 ; in all new housings preventative measures should be taken against radon accumulation . </P> <H3> Relationship to smoking ( edit ) </H3> <P> Results from epidemiological studies indicate that the risk of lung cancer increases with exposure to residential radon . A well - known example of source of error is smoking . In addition , smoking is the most important risk factor for lung cancer . In the West , tobacco smoke is estimated to cause about 90 % of all lung cancers . </P> <P> According to the EPA , the risk of lung cancer for smokers is significant due to synergistic effects of radon and smoking . For this population about 62 people in a total of 1,000 will die of lung cancer compared to 7 people in a total of 1,000 for people who have never smoked . It can not be excluded that the risk of non-smokers should be primarily explained by a combination effect of radon and passive smoking ( see below ) . </P> <P> Radon , like other known or suspected external risk factors for lung cancer , is a threat for smokers and former smokers . This was demonstrated by the European pooling study . A commentary to the pooling study stated : `` it is not appropriate to talk simply of a risk from radon in homes . The risk is from smoking , compounded by a synergistic effect of radon for smokers . Without smoking , the effect seems to be so small as to be insignificant . '' </P> <P> According to the European pooling study , there is a difference in risk from radon between histological types . Small cell lung carcinoma , which practically only affects smokers have high risk from radon . For other histological types such as adenocarcinoma , the type that primarily affects never smokers , the risk from radon appears to be lower . </P> <P> A study of radiation from post mastectomy radiotherapy shows that the simple models previously used to assess the combined and separate risks from radiation and smoking need to be developed . This is also supported by new discussion about the calculation method , LNT , which routinely has been used . </P> <P> An important , but unanswered question concerns the possibility that the cancer risk from passive smoking can increase with exposure to residential radon . The basic data for the European pooling study makes it impossible to exclude that such synergy effect is an explanation for the ( very limited ) increase in the risk from radon that was stated for non-smokers . </P> <P> A study from 2001 , which included 436 cases ( never smokers who had lung cancer ) , and a control group ( 1649 never smokers ) showed that exposure to radon increased the risk of lung cancer in never smokers . But the group that had been exposed to passive smoking at home appeared to bear the entire risk increase , while those who were not exposed to passive smoking did not show any increased risk with increasing radon level . </P> <H3> In drinking water ( edit ) </H3> <P> The effects of radon if ingested are similarly unknown , although studies have found that its biological half - life ranges from 30 -- 70 minutes , with 90 percent removal at 100 minutes . In 1999 National Research Council investigated the issue of radon in drinking water . The risks associated with ingestion was considered almost negligible . Water from underground sources may contain significant amounts of radon depending on the surrounding rock and soil conditions , whereas surface sources generally do not . </P> <P> As well as being ingested through drinking water , radon is also released from water when temperature is increased , pressure is decreased and when water is aerated . Optimum conditions for radon release and exposure occur during showering . Water with a radon concentration of 10 pCi / L can increase the indoor airborne radon concentration by 1 pCi / L under normal conditions . </P> <H3> Testing and mitigation ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Radon mitigation A digital radon detector A radon test kit <P> There are relatively simple tests for radon gas . In some countries these tests are methodically done in areas of known systematic hazards . Radon detection devices are commercially available . Digital radon detectors provide ongoing measurements giving both daily , weekly , short - term and long - term average readouts via a digital display . Short - term radon test devices used for initial screening purposes are inexpensive , in some cases free . There are important protocols for taking short - term radon tests and it is imperative that they be strictly followed . The kit includes a collector that the user hangs in the lowest habitable floor of the house for 2 to 7 days . The user then sends the collector to a laboratory for analysis . Long term kits , taking collections for up to one year or more , are also available . An open - land test kit can test radon emissions from the land before construction begins . Radon concentrations can vary daily , and accurate radon exposure estimates require long - term average radon measurements in the spaces where an individual spends a significant amount of time . </P> <P> Radon levels fluctuate naturally , due to factors like transient weather conditions , so an initial test might not be an accurate assessment of a home 's average radon level . Radon levels are at a maximum during the coolest part of the day when pressure differentials are greatest . Therefore , a high result ( over 4 pCi / L ) justifies repeating the test before undertaking more expensive abatement projects . Measurements between 4 and 10 pCi / L warrant a long term radon test . Measurements over 10 pCi / L warrant only another short term test so that abatement measures are not unduly delayed . Purchasers of real estate are advised to delay or decline a purchase if the seller has not successfully abated radon to 4 pCi / L or less . </P> <P> Because the half - life of radon is only 3.8 days , removing or isolating the source will greatly reduce the hazard within a few weeks . Another method of reducing radon levels is to modify the building 's ventilation . Generally , the indoor radon concentrations increase as ventilation rates decrease . In a well ventilated place , the radon concentration tends to align with outdoor values ( typically 10 Bq / m , ranging from 1 to 100 Bq / m ) . </P> <P> The four principal ways of reducing the amount of radon accumulating in a house are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Sub-slab depressurization ( soil suction ) by increasing under - floor ventilation ; </Li> <Li> Improving the ventilation of the house and avoiding the transport of radon from the basement into living rooms ; </Li> <Li> Installing a radon sump system in the basement ; </Li> <Li> Installing a positive pressurization or positive supply ventilation system . </Li> </Ul> <P> According to the EPA the method to reduce radon `` ... primarily used is a vent pipe system and fan , which pulls radon from beneath the house and vents it to the outside '' , which is also called sub-slab depressurization , active soil depressurization , or soil suction . Generally indoor radon can be mitigated by sub-slab depressurization and exhausting such radon - laden air to the outdoors , away from windows and other building openings . `` EPA generally recommends methods which prevent the entry of radon . Soil suction , for example , prevents radon from entering your home by drawing the radon from below the home and venting it through a pipe , or pipes , to the air above the home where it is quickly diluted '' and `` EPA does not recommend the use of sealing alone to reduce radon because , by itself , sealing has not been shown to lower radon levels significantly or consistently '' . </P> <P> Positive - pressure ventilation systems can be combined with a heat exchanger to recover energy in the process of exchanging air with the outside , and simply exhausting basement air to the outside is not necessarily a viable solution as this can actually draw radon gas into a dwelling . Homes built on a crawl space may benefit from a radon collector installed under a `` radon barrier '' ( a sheet of plastic that covers the crawl space ) . For crawlspaces , the EPA states `` An effective method to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes involves covering the earth floor with a high - density plastic sheet . A vent pipe and fan are used to draw the radon from under the sheet and vent it to the outdoors . This form of soil suction is called submembrane suction , and when properly applied is the most effective way to reduce radon levels in crawlspace homes . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Chemistry portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> International Radon Project </Li> <Li> Lucas cell </Li> <Li> Radiation Exposure Compensation Act </Li> <Li> Radiohalo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Books View or order collections of articles </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Radon </Li> <Li> Period 6 elements </Li> <Li> Noble gases </Li> <Li> Chemical elements ( sorted alphabetically ) </Li> <Li> Chemical elements ( sorted by number ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Haynes , William M. , ed. ( 2011 ) . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 92nd ed . ) . Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press . p. 4.122 . ISBN 1439855110 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Citizen 's Guide to Radon : The Guide to Protecting Yourself and Your Family from Radon '' . Epa.gov. 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Toxicological profile for radon , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , U.S. Public Health Service , In collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency , December 1990 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kusky , Timothy M. ( 2003 ) . Geological Hazards : A Sourcebook . Greenwood Press . pp. 236 -- 239 . ISBN 9781573564694 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Facts about Radon '' . Facts about . Archived from the original on 2005 - 02 - 22 . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Citizen 's Guide to Radon '' . www.epa.gov . United States Environmental Protection Agency . October 12 , 2010 . Retrieved January 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Public Health Fact Sheet on Radon -- Health and Human Services '' . Mass.Gov . Archived from the original on 2011 - 11 - 21 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , David R. ( 2007 - 04 - 19 ) . `` Earth Fact Sheet '' . NASA . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Radon '' . Jefferson Lab . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Jens ( 2002 ) . Noble Gases . Marshall Cavendish . p. 13 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 1462 - 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Keller , Cornelius ; Wolf , Walter ; Shani , Jashovam ( 2005 ) , `` Radionuclides , 2 . Radioactive Elements and Artificial Radionuclides '' , Ullmann 's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry , Weinheim : Wiley - VCH , doi : 10.1002 / 14356007. o22_o15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bader , Richard F.W. `` An Introduction to the Electronic Structure of Atoms and Molecules '' . McMaster University . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David R. Lide ( 2003 ) . `` Section 10 , Atomic , Molecular , and Optical Physics ; Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions '' . CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics ( 84th ed . ) . Boca Raton , Florida : CRC Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avrorin , VV ; Krasikova , R.N. ; Nefedov , V.D. ; Toropova , M.A. ( 1982 ) . `` The Chemistry of Radon '' . Russian Chemical Reviews . 51 : 12 . Bibcode : 1982RuCRv ... 51 ... 12A . doi : 10.1070 / RC1982v051n01ABEH002787 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stein , L. ( 1970 ) . `` Ionic Radon Solution '' . Science . 168 ( 3929 ) : 362 -- 4 . Bibcode : 1970Sci ... 168 ... 362S . doi : 10.1126 / science. 168.3929. 362 . PMID 17809133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pitzer , Kenneth S. ( 1975 ) . `` Fluorides of radon and element 118 '' . Chemical Communications ( 18 ) : 760 -- 1 . doi : 10.1039 / C3975000760b . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stein , Lawrence ( 1983 ) . `` The Chemistry of Radon '' . Radiochimica Acta. 32 : 163 -- 171 . doi : 10.1524 / ract. 1983.32. 13.163 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meng - Sheng Liao ; Qian - Er Zhang ( 1998 ) . `` Chemical Bonding in XeF , XeF , KrF , KrF , RnF , XeCl , and XeBr : From the Gas Phase to the Solid State '' . The Journal of Physical Chemistry A. 102 ( 52 ) : 10647 . Bibcode : 1998JPCA ... 10210647L . doi : 10.1021 / jp9825516 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Filatov , Michael ; Cremer , Dieter ( 2003 ) . `` Bonding in radon hexafluoride : An unusual relativistic problem ? '' . Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 5 ( 6 ) : 1103 . Bibcode : 2003PCCP ... 5.1103 F . doi : 10.1039 / b212460m . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sykes , A.G. ( 1998 ) . `` Recent Advances in Noble - Gas Chemistry '' . Advances in Inorganic Chemistry . 46 . Academic Press . pp. 91 -- 93 . ISBN 978 - 0120236466 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 02 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thayer , John S. ( 2010 ) . `` Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements '' . Relativistic Methods for Chemists . p. 80 . doi : 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9975 - 5_2 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4020 - 9974 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holloway , J ( 1986 ) . `` Noble - gas fluorides '' . Journal of Fluorine Chemistry . 33 : 149 . doi : 10.1016 / S0022 - 1139 ( 00 ) 85275 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avrorin , V.V. ; Krasikova , R.N. ; Nefedov , V.D. ; Toropova , M.A. ( 1982 ) . `` The Chemistry of Radon '' . Russian Chemical Reviews . 51 : 12 . Bibcode : 1982RuCRv ... 51 ... 12A . doi : 10.1070 / RC1982v051n01ABEH002787 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malli , Gulzari L. ( 2002 ) . `` Prediction of the existence of radon carbonyl : RnCO '' . International Journal of Quantum Chemistry . 90 ( 2 ) : 611 . doi : 10.1002 / qua. 963 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Runeberg , Nino ; Pyykkö , Pekka ( 1998 ) . `` Relativistic pseudopotential calculations on Xe , RnXe , and Rn : The van der Waals properties of radon '' . International Journal of Quantum Chemistry . 66 ( 2 ) : 131 . doi : 10.1002 / ( SICI ) 1097 - 461X ( 1998 ) 66 : 2 < 131 : : AID - QUA4 > 3.0.CO ; 2 - W . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browne , Malcolm W. ( 1993 - 03 - 05 ) . `` Chemists Find Way to Make An ' Impossible ' Compound '' . 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ISBN 1 - 4289 - 0070 - 5 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Radon . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up radon in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiversity has learning resources about Radon atom </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Radon and radon publications at the United States Environmental Protection Agency </Li> <Li> National Radon Program Services hosted by Kansas State University </Li> <Li> Radon Information from Public Health England </Li> <Li> Frequently Asked Questions About Radon at National Safety Council </Li> <Li> Radon at The Periodic Table of Videos ( University of Nottingham ) </Li> <Li> Radon and Lung Health from the American Lung Association </Li> <Li> Radon 's impact on your health -- Lung Association </Li> <Li> The Geology of Radon , James K. Otton , Linda C.S. Gundersen , and R. Randall Schumann </Li> <Li> Home Buyer 's and Seller 's Guide to Radon An article by the International Association of Certified Home Inspectors ( InterNACHI ) </Li> <Li> Toxicological Profile for Radon , Draft for Public Comment , Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , September 2008 </Li> <Li> Health Effects of Exposure to Radon : BEIR VI . Committee on Health Risks of Exposure to Radon ( BEIR VI ) , National Research Council available on - line </Li> <Li> UNSCEAR 2000 Report to the General Assembly , with scientific annexes : Annex B : Exposures from natural radiation sources . </Li> <Li> Should you measure the radon concentration in your home ? , Phillip N. Price , Andrew Gelman , in Statistics : A Guide to the Unknown , January 2004 . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ( Large cells ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Th> </Th> <Th> 5 </Th> <Th> 6 </Th> <Th> 7 </Th> <Th> 8 </Th> <Th> 9 </Th> <Th> 10 </Th> <Th> 11 </Th> <Th> 12 </Th> <Th> 13 </Th> <Th> 14 </Th> <Th> 15 </Th> <Th> 16 </Th> <Th> 17 </Th> <Th> 18 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> He </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Li </Td> <Td> Be </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> O </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ne </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Na </Td> <Td> Mg </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Al </Td> <Td> Si </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cl </Td> <Td> Ar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ca </Td> <Td> Sc </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Ti </Td> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Cr </Td> <Td> Mn </Td> <Td> Fe </Td> <Td> Co </Td> <Td> Ni </Td> <Td> Cu </Td> <Td> Zn </Td> <Td> Ga </Td> <Td> Ge </Td> <Td> As </Td> <Td> Se </Td> <Td> Br </Td> <Td> Kr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Rb </Td> <Td> Sr </Td> <Td> Y </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Zr </Td> <Td> Nb </Td> <Td> Mo </Td> <Td> Tc </Td> <Td> Ru </Td> <Td> Rh </Td> <Td> Pd </Td> <Td> Ag </Td> <Td> Cd </Td> <Td> In </Td> <Td> Sn </Td> <Td> Sb </Td> <Td> Te </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Xe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Cs </Td> <Td> Ba </Td> <Td> La </Td> <Td> Ce </Td> <Td> Pr </Td> <Td> Nd </Td> <Td> Pm </Td> <Td> Sm </Td> <Td> Eu </Td> <Td> Gd </Td> <Td> Tb </Td> <Td> Dy </Td> <Td> Ho </Td> <Td> Er </Td> <Td> Tm </Td> <Td> Yb </Td> <Td> Lu </Td> <Td> Hf </Td> <Td> Ta </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Re </Td> <Td> Os </Td> <Td> Ir </Td> <Td> Pt </Td> <Td> Au </Td> <Td> Hg </Td> <Td> Tl </Td> <Td> Pb </Td> <Td> Bi </Td> <Td> Po </Td> <Td> At </Td> <Td> Rn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Fr </Td> <Td> Ra </Td> <Td> Ac </Td> <Td> Th </Td> <Td> Pa </Td> <Td> U </Td> <Td> Np </Td> <Td> Pu </Td> <Td> Am </Td> <Td> Cm </Td> <Td> Bk </Td> <Td> Cf </Td> <Td> Es </Td> <Td> Fm </Td> <Td> Md </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Lr </Td> <Td> Rf </Td> <Td> Db </Td> <Td> Sg </Td> <Td> Bh </Td> <Td> Hs </Td> <Td> Mt </Td> <Td> Ds </Td> <Td> Rg </Td> <Td> Cn </Td> <Td> Nh </Td> <Td> Fl </Td> <Td> Mc </Td> <Td> Lv </Td> <Td> Ts </Td> <Td> Og </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Alkali metal </Td> <Td> Alkaline earth metal </Td> <Td> Lanthanide </Td> <Td> Actinide </Td> <Td> Transition metal </Td> <Td> Post - transition metal </Td> <Td> Metalloid </Td> <Td> Polyatomic nonmetal </Td> <Td> Diatomic nonmetal </Td> <Td> Noble gas </Td> <Td> Unknown chemical properties </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LCCN : sh85110814 </Li> <Li> GND : 4133224 - 6 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00569245 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radon&oldid=813902335 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Radon </Li> <Li> Chemical elements </Li> <Li> Noble gases </Li> <Li> Building biology </Li> <Li> Soil contamination </Li> <Li> IARC Group 1 carcinogens </Li> <Li> Carcinogens </Li> <Li> Industrial gases </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al . </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2017 </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> አማርኛ </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Aragonés </Li> <Li> Armãneashti </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - 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Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) - wikipedia <H1> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia 's quality standards . No cleanup reason has been specified . Please help improve this article if you can . ( April 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Alice in Wonderland </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1951 original theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clyde Geronimi </Li> <Li> Wilfred Jackson </Li> <Li> Hamilton Luske </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Milt Banta </Li> <Li> Del Connell </Li> <Li> William Cottrell </Li> <Li> Joe Grant </Li> <Li> Winston Hibler </Li> <Li> Dick Huemer </Li> <Li> Dick Kelsey </Li> <Li> Tom Oreb </Li> <Li> Bill Peet </Li> <Li> Erdman Penner </Li> <Li> Joe Rinaldi </Li> <Li> Ted Sears </Li> <Li> John Walbridge </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass by Lewis Carroll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kathryn Beaumont </Li> <Li> Ed Wynn </Li> <Li> Richard Haydn </Li> <Li> Sterling Holloway </Li> <Li> Jerry Colonna </Li> <Li> Verna Felton </Li> <Li> J. Pat O'Malley </Li> <Li> Bill Thompson </Li> <Li> Heather Angel </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Oliver Wallace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Lloyd Richardson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Walt Disney Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> RKO Radio Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> July 26 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 26 ) ( World premiere - London ) </Li> <Li> July 28 , 1951 ( 1951 - 07 - 28 ) ( US ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 75 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $3 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $5.2 million ( US , 1951 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Alice in Wonderland is a 1951 American animated musical fantasy - adventure film produced by Walt Disney Productions and based on the Alice books by Lewis Carroll . The 13th of Disney 's animated features , the film premiered in New York City and London on July 26 , 1951 . The film features the voices of Kathryn Beaumont as Alice , Sterling Holloway as the Cheshire Cat , Verna Felton as the Queen of Hearts , and Ed Wynn as the Mad Hatter . </P> <P> Walt Disney first attempted unsuccessfully to adapt Alice into an animated feature film during the 1930s . However , he finally revived the idea in the 1940s . The film was originally intended to be a live - action / animated film ; however , Disney decided to make it an all - animated feature in 1946 . The theme song of the same name has since become a jazz standard . While the film was critically panned on its initial release , the movie proved to be ahead of its time and has since been regarded as one of Disney 's greatest animated classics , notably one of the biggest cult classics in the animation medium , as well as one of the best film adaptations of Alice . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Directing animators </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development </Li> <Li> 4.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 4.3 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Release and reception </Li> <Li> 6 Soundtrack <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Audio CD track listing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Media and merchandise <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Stage version </Li> <Li> 7.2 References in other Disney films </Li> <Li> 7.3 Theme parks </Li> <Li> 7.4 Video games </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> On a riverbank , Alice spots a White Rabbit in a waistcoat passing by , exclaiming that he is `` late for a very important date '' . She gives chase , following him into a large rabbit hole . She sees him leave through a tiny door , whose talking knob advises her to shrink to an appropriate height by drinking from a bottle marked `` Drink Me '' . She does so and floats out through the keyhole in a sea of her own tears , which she cried after eating a biscuit marked `` Eat Me '' caused her to grow very large . As she continues to follow the Rabbit , she meets numerous characters , including Tweedledum and Tweedledee , who recount the tale of `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' . </P> <P> Alice tracks the Rabbit to his house ; he sends her to retrieve his gloves after mistaking her for his housemaid . While searching for them , she eats another cookie marked `` Eat Me '' from his cookie canister and grows large again , getting stuck in the house . Thinking she is a monster , he brings the Dodo over to help him get rid of her . When the Dodo decides to burn the house down , Alice escapes by eating a carrot from the Rabbit 's garden , which causes her to shrink to three inches tall , and continues following him . Along the way , she meets a garden of talking flowers who initially welcome her with a song , but then mistake her for a weed and order her to leave , followed by a Caterpillar , who becomes enraged after she tells him she is distressed at her current height , as he is the same height , and turns into a butterfly . Before leaving , he advises her to eat a piece of his mushroom to alter her size . She does so and manages to return to her original height , and continues following the Rabbit . </P> <P> In the woods , Alice meets the Cheshire Cat , who advises her to visit the Mad Hatter or the March Hare to find out where the Rabbit is . She encounters both , along with the Dormouse , at the Hare 's house having a mad tea party and celebrating their `` unbirthday '' . They celebrate her unbirthday too , but she becomes frustrated at them interrupting her every time she tries to speak . As she is about to leave , the Rabbit appears , continuing to exclaim that he is late ; the Hatter examines his pocket watch and says it is `` two days slow '' , and attempts to `` fix '' it by filling it with food and tea but ends up having to destroy it after it goes `` mad '' . The Rabbit laments that his watch was an `` unbirthday present '' , and the Hatter and Hare sing `` The Unbirthday Song '' to him before throwing him back into the woods . Fed up with the nonsense , Alice decides to go home , but her surroundings have completely changed and she gets lost . Fearing she is lost forever , she sits on a rock sobbing . </P> <P> The Cheshire Cat reappears and advises Alice to ask the Queen of Hearts for directions home , showing her a `` shortcut '' to the King and tyrannical Queen 's castle . The Queen orders the beheading of a trio of playing card gardeners who mistakenly planted white roses instead of red ones , and invites ( or rather forces ) Alice to play against her in a croquet match , in which live flamingos , card guards and hedgehogs are used as equipment . The animals and card guards rig the game in favor of the Queen . The Cat appears again and plays a trick on the Queen , causing her to fall over . The Cat disappears in time to make it look like Alice was the prankster , but before the Queen can order her execution , the King suggests they have a trial . </P> <P> At Alice 's trial , the Mad Hatter , March Hare and Dormouse are called to the stand as witnesses , briefly celebrating the Queen 's unbirthday and giving her a headpiece as a present , which turns into the Cat . Chaos ensues when the frightened Dormouse runs around the courtroom . As the Queen orders Alice 's execution , Alice eats the pieces of the Caterpillar 's mushroom she saved and grows large again . The King and Queen order her to leave the courthouse , but she refuses and insults the Queen . As she does so , she returns to her normal size , and the Queen orders her execution . Alice flees , and the Queen , King , card guards and other characters give chase . When she reaches the small door she encountered at the beginning of the film , he shows her that she is actually already outside , asleep . She yells at herself to wake up ; she does and leaves the riverbank to go home for tea . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Kathryn Beaumont as Alice </Li> <Li> Ed Wynn as Mad Hatter </Li> <Li> Jerry Colonna as March Hare </Li> <Li> Richard Haydn as Caterpillar </Li> <Li> Sterling Holloway as Cheshire Cat </Li> <Li> Verna Felton as Queen of Hearts </Li> <Li> J. Pat O'Malley as Tweedledum and Tweedledee / The Walrus and the Carpenter / Mother Oyster </Li> <Li> Bill Thompson as White Rabbit / The Dodo </Li> <Li> Heather Angel as Alice 's sister </Li> <Li> Joseph Kearns as Doorknob </Li> <Li> Larry Grey as Bill the Lizard / Card Painter </Li> <Li> Queenie Leonard as A Bird in a Tree / Snooty Flower </Li> <Li> Dink Trout as King of Hearts </Li> <Li> Doris Lloyd as The Rose </Li> <Li> Jimmy MacDonald as The Dormouse </Li> <Li> The Mellomen ( Thurl Ravenscroft , Bill Lee , Max Smith , and Bob Hamlin ) as Card Painters </Li> <Li> Don Barclay as Other Cards </Li> <Li> Lucille Bliss as Flowers </Li> <Li> Pinto Colvig as Flamingos </Li> <Li> Tommy Luske as Young Pansy </Li> <Li> Marni Nixon as Singing Flowers </Li> <Li> Norma Zimmer as White Rose </Li> </Ul> <H2> Directing animators ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Marc Davis ( Alice and the eyeglasses creature ) </Li> <Li> Milt Kahl ( The Dodo , Alice , Flamingo , Hedgehog , White Rabbit ) </Li> <Li> Eric Larson ( Alice , Dinah , Caterpillar , Cheshire Cat , Queen of Hearts , Flamingo ) </Li> <Li> Frank Thomas ( Doorknob , Queen of Hearts , Wonderland Creatures ) </Li> <Li> Ollie Johnston ( Alice , King of Hearts ) </Li> <Li> Ward Kimball ( Tweedledee and Tweedledum , The Walrus and The Carpenter , Oysters , Cheshire Cat , Mad Hatter , March Hare , Dormouse ) </Li> <Li> John Lounsbery ( Flowers , Caterpillar , Cheshire Cat , Mad Hatter , March Hare , Wonderland creatures ) </Li> <Li> Wolfgang Reitherman ( White Rabbit , The Carpenter , The Dodo , Mad Hatter , March Hare ) </Li> <Li> Les Clark ( Alice , Wonderland creatures ) </Li> <Li> Norm Ferguson ( The Walrus and The Carpenter ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> The history of Walt Disney 's association with Lewis Carroll 's Alice books ( Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking - Glass ) stretches all the way back to his childhood . Like many children of the time he was familiar with the Alice books and had read them as a school boy . </P> <P> In 1923 , Disney was still a 21 - year - old filmmaker trying to make a name for himself by working at the Laugh - O - Gram Studio in Kansas City , making the unsuccessful short cartoon series by the name of Newman Laugh - O - Grams . The last of Newman Laugh - O - Grams was called Alice 's Wonderland , which was loosely inspired by the Alice books . The short featured a live - action girl ( Virginia Davis ) interacting in an animated world . Faced with business problems , however , the Laugh - O - Gram Studio went bankrupt in July 1923 , and the film was never released to the general public . However , Disney left for Hollywood and used the film as a sort of pilot to show to potential distributors . Margaret J. Winkler of Winkler Pictures agreed to distribute the Alice Comedies , and Disney partnered with his older brother Roy O. Disney and re-hired Kansas City co-workers including Ub Iwerks , Rudolph Ising , Friz Freleng , Carman Maxwell and Hugh Harman to form Disney Bros. Studios ( later Walt Disney Productions ) . The series began in 1924 before being retired in 1927 . </P> <P> In 1932 , Disney began playing with the idea of making an animated feature film and repeatedly turned to the idea of making a feature - length animated / live - action version of Alice starring Mary Pickford , and even purchased the rights to Sir John Tenniel 's illustrations ( still under copyright at the time ) . However , these plans were eventually scrapped in favor of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs , mainly because Disney was put off by Paramount 's 1933 live - action adaptation . However , Disney did not completely abandon the idea of adapting Alice , and in 1936 made the Mickey Mouse cartoon Thru the Mirror . </P> <P> In 1938 , after the enormous success of Snow White , Disney revived the idea of making an Alice feature and officially registered the title Alice in Wonderland with the Motion Picture Association of America and hired storyboard artist Al Perkins and art director David S. Hall to develop the story and concept art for the film . A storyreel was complete in 1939 , but Walt was not pleased , as he felt that Hall 's drawings resembled Tenniel 's drawings too closely , making them too difficult to animate and that the overall tone of Perkins ' script was too grotesque and dark . Realizing the amount of work needed for Alice in Wonderland , as well as the economic devastation of World War II and the production demands of Pinocchio , Fantasia , and Bambi , Walt shelved production on Alice in Wonderland shortly after the screening . </P> <P> In 1945 , shortly after the war ended , Disney once again revived Alice in Wonderland and assigned British author Aldous Huxley to re-write the script . However , Walt felt that Huxley 's version was too much of a literal adaptation of Carroll 's book . Background artist Mary Blair submitted some concept drawings for Alice in Wonderland . Blair 's paintings moved away from Tenniel 's sketchy illustrations by taking a modernist stance , using bold and unreal colors . Walt liked Blair 's designs , and the script was re-written to focus on comedy , music , and the whimsical side to Carroll 's book . </P> <P> Disney toyed with the idea of having a live - action / animated version of Alice in Wonderland ( in a similar fashion to his Alice Comedies ) that would star Ginger Rogers and would utilize the recently developed sodium vapor process . Lisa Davis Waltz ( who would later voice Anita Radcliffe in One Hundred and One Dalmatians ) and Luana Patten were also considered for the role of Alice . However , Walt soon realized that he could only do justice to the book by making an all - animated feature , and in 1946 , work began on an all - animated version of Alice in Wonderland . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Through various drafts of the script , many sequences that were present in Caroll 's book drifted in and out of the story . However , Walt insisted that the scenes themselves keep close to those in the novel since most of its humor is in the writing . </P> <P> One omitted scene from the 1939 treatment of the film occurred outside the Duchess ' manor , where The Fish Footman is giving a message to The Frog Footman to take to the Duchess , saying that she is invited to play croquet with The Queen of Hearts . Alice overhears this and sneaks into the kitchen of the manor , where she finds the Duchess ' Cook maniacally cooking and the Duchess nursing her baby . The cook is spraying pepper all over the room , causing the Duchess and Alice to sneeze and the Baby to cry . After a quick conversation between Alice and the Duchess , the quick - tempered Cook starts throwing pots and pans at the noisy baby . Alice rescues the baby , but as she leaves the house the baby turns into a pig and runs away . The scene was scrapped for pacing reasons . </P> <P> Another scene that was deleted from a later draft occurred in Tulgey Wood , where Alice encountered what appeared to be a sinister - looking Jabberwock hiding in the dark , before revealing himself as a comical - looking dragon - like beast with bells and factory whistles on his head . A song , `` Beware the Jabberwock '' , was also written . However , the scene was scrapped in favor of The Walrus and the Carpenter poem . Out of a desire to keep the Jabberwocky poem in the film , it was made to replace an original song for the Cheshire Cat , `` I 'm Odd '' . </P> <P> Another deleted scene in Tulgey Wood shows Alice consulting with The White Knight , who was meant to be somewhat of a caricature of Walt Disney . Although Walt liked the scene , he felt it was better if Alice learned her lesson by herself , hence the song `` Very Good Advice '' . </P> <P> Other characters , such as The Mock Turtle and the Gryphon were discarded for pacing reasons . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> <P> In an effort to retain some of Carroll 's imaginative verses and poems , Disney commissioned top songwriters to compose songs built around them for use in the film . A record number of potential songs were written for the film , based on Carroll 's verses -- over 30 -- and many of them found a way into the film , if only for a few brief moments . Alice in Wonderland would boast the greatest number of songs included in any Disney film , but because some of them last for mere seconds ( like `` How Do You Do and Shake Hands '' , `` We 'll Smoke the Monster Out '' , `` ' Twas Brillig '' , `` The Caucus Race '' , and others ) , this fact is frequently overlooked . The original song that Alice was to sing in the beginning was titled `` Beyond the Laughing Sky '' . The song , like so many other dropped songs , was not used by the producers . However , the composition was kept and the lyrics were changed . It later became the title song for Peter Pan ( which was in production at the same time ) , `` The Second Star to the Right '' . </P> <P> The title song , composed by Sammy Fain , has become a jazz standard , first adopted by jazz pianist Dave Brubeck ; featured first in 1952 , then on his 1957 Columbia album Dave Digs Disney . </P> <P> Izumi Yukimura sang her own theme song for the Japanese release of the film . </P> <P> The song , `` In a World of My Own , '' is included on the orange disc of Classic Disney : 60 Years of Musical Magic . </P> <H2> Release and reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the time , these creative decisions were met with great criticism from Carroll fans , as well as from British film and literary critics who accused Disney of `` Americanizing '' a great work of English literature . Disney was not surprised by the critical reception to Alice in Wonderland -- his version of Alice was intended for large family audiences , not literary critics -- but despite all the long years of thought and effort , the film met with a lukewarm response at the box office and was a sharp disappointment in its initial release , earning an estimated $2.4 million at the US box office in 1951 . </P> <P> Though not an outright disaster , the film was never re-released theatrically in Disney 's lifetime , airing instead every so often on network television . In fact , Alice in Wonderland aired as the second episode of Walt Disney 's Disneyland TV series on ABC in 1954 , in a severely edited version cut down to less than an hour . In The Disney Films , Leonard Maltin relates animator Ward Kimball felt the film failed because `` it suffered from too many cooks -- directors . Here was a case of five directors each trying to top the other guy and make his sequence the biggest and craziest in the show . This had a self - canceling effect on the final product . '' Walt Disney himself felt that the film failed because there was no `` warmth '' in Alice 's character . </P> <P> Almost two decades after its original release , after the North American success of George Dunning 's animated film Yellow Submarine ( 1968 ) , Disney 's version of Alice in Wonderland suddenly found itself in vogue with the times . In fact , because of Mary Blair 's art direction and the long - standing association of Carroll 's Alice in Wonderland with the drug culture , the feature was re-discovered as something of a `` head film '' ( along with Fantasia and The Three Caballeros ) among the college - aged and was shown in various college towns across the country . Disney resisted this association , and even withdrew prints of the film from universities , but then , in 1974 , Disney gave Alice in Wonderland its first theatrical re-release ever , and the company even promoted it as a film in tune with the `` psychedelic '' times ( mostly from the hit song `` White Rabbit '' performed by Jefferson Airplane ) . This re-release was so successful it warranted a subsequent re-release in 1981 . Its first UK re-release was on July 26 , 1979 . </P> <P> Later , with the advent of the home video market , Disney chose to make Alice in Wonderland one of the first titles available for the rental market on VHS and Beta and for retail sale on RCA 's short - lived CED Videodisc format . The film was released on October 15 , 1981 on VHS , CED Videodisc , and Betamax and May 28 , 1986 on VHS , Betamax , and Laserdisc in the Walt Disney Classics , ( though it was mastered for tape in 1985 ) , staying in general release ever since , with a 40th Anniversary video release in 1991 ( this and the 1986 video release were in Disney 's Classics Collection ) , followed by an October 28 , 1994 October 14 , 1997 VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection. VHS and Laserdisc release as a part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection . It was released on Region 1 DVD on July 4 , 2000 ( under the Gold Classic Collection DVD series ) . A fully restored two - disc `` Masterpiece Edition '' was released on January 27 , 2004 , including the full hour - long episode of the Disney television show with Kathryn Beaumont , Edgar Bergen , Charlie McCarthy and Mortimer Snerd , Bobby Driscoll and others that promoted the film , computer games , deleted scenes , songs and related materials , which went back on moratorium in January 2009 . Disney released a 2 - disc special `` Un-Anniversary '' edition DVD on March 30 , 2010 in order to promote the then - new Tim Burton film . The movie was released in a Blu - ray / DVD combo on February 1 , 2011 to celebrate its 60th anniversary featuring a new HD restoration of the movie and many released bonus features . Disney re-released the film on Blu - ray and DVD on April 26 , 2016 to celebrate the film 's 65th anniversary . </P> <P> On the film aggregator website , Rotten Tomatoes , the overall rating of the film is a `` fresh '' 79 % from 28 critical reviews with an average rating of 6.4 / 10 . Its consensus states that `` A good introduction to Lewis Carroll 's classic , Alice in Wonderland boasts some of the Disney canon 's most surreal and twisted images . '' </P> <P> The film was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture , but lost to An American in Paris . </P> <H2> Soundtrack ( edit ) </H2> <P> The film soundtrack was first released on LP record on July 28 , 1951 . The soundtrack was re-released on Audio CD by Walt Disney Records on February 3 , 1998. ; Songs in the film </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Alice in Wonderland '' -- The Jud Conlon Chorus and The Mellomen </Li> <Li> `` In a World of My Own '' -- Alice </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Late '' -- White Rabbit </Li> <Li> `` The Sailor 's Hornpipe '' -- Dodo </Li> <Li> `` The Caucus Race '' -- Dodo and Animals </Li> <Li> `` How Do You Do and Shake Hands ? '' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum </Li> <Li> `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum </Li> <Li> `` Old Father William '' -- Tweedledee and Tweedledum </Li> <Li> `` We 'll Smoke the Blighter Out '' -- Dodo and White Rabbit </Li> <Li> `` All in the Golden Afternoon '' -- ( Sammy Fain ( m ) and Bob Hilliard ( l ) ) - The Flowers and Alice </Li> <Li> `` A-E-I-O-U '' -- Caterpillar </Li> <Li> `` ' Twas Brillig '' -- Cheshire Cat </Li> <Li> `` The Unbirthday Song '' -- Mad Hatter , March Hare , and Alice </Li> <Li> `` Very Good Advice '' -- Alice </Li> <Li> `` Painting the Roses Red '' -- The Playing Cards ( The Jud Conlon Chorus ) and Alice / `` Who 's Been Painting My Roses Red ? '' ( Reprise ) -- Queen of Hearts and The Playing Cards </Li> <Li> `` The Unbirthday Song '' ( Reprise ) -- Mad Hatter , March Hare , The Queen of Hearts , and The Playing Cards </Li> <Li> `` The Caucus Race '' ( Reprise ) -- The Entire Cast Minus Alice </Li> <Li> `` Alice in Wonderland '' ( Reprise ) -- The Jud Conlon Chorus and The Mellomen </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Songs written for film but did not appear </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> `` Beyond the Laughing Sky '' -- Alice ( replaced by `` In a World of My Own '' ; this melody was later used for `` The Second Star to the Right '' in Peter Pan ) </Li> <Li> `` Dream Caravan '' -- Caterpillar ( replaced by `` A-E-I-O-U '' ) </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Odd '' -- Cheshire Cat ( replaced by `` ' Twas Brillig '' ) </Li> <Li> `` Beware the Jabberwock '' -- Chorus ( Stan Freberg , Daws Butler , and the Rhythmaires ) , referring to deleted character </Li> <Li> `` So They Say '' -- Alice </Li> <Li> `` If You 'll Believe in Me '' -- The Lion and The Unicorn ( deleted characters ) </Li> <Li> `` Beautiful Soup '' -- The Mock Turtle and The Gryphon ( almost yet deleted characters ) set to the tune of the Blue Danube ( the Walt Disney company also used Blue Danube in the two cartoons , Jungle Rhythm and Night ) . </Li> <Li> `` Everything Has a Useness '' -- Meant for Caterpillar , in which he explains to Alice that everything has a purpose -- in this case , the use of the mushroom . </Li> <Li> `` Curiosity '' -- unknown purpose </Li> <Li> `` Humpty Dumpty '' </Li> <Li> `` Speak Roughly to Your Little Boy '' -- The Duchess ( deleted character ) </Li> <Li> `` Will You Join the Dance ? '' </Li> </Ul> <H3> Audio cd track listing ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Main Title ( Alice in Wonderland ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Pay Attention / In a World of My Own '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Late '' </Li> <Li> `` Curiosity Leads to Trouble / Simply Impassable '' </Li> <Li> `` The Sailor 's Hornpipe / The Caucus Race '' </Li> <Li> `` We 're Not Waxworks '' </Li> <Li> `` How D'Ye Do and Shake Hands / Curious ? '' </Li> <Li> `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' </Li> <Li> `` Old Father William '' </Li> <Li> `` Mary Ann ! / A Lizard with a Ladder / We 'll Smoke the Blighter Out '' </Li> <Li> `` The Garden / All in the Golden Afternoon '' </Li> <Li> `` What Genus Are You ? '' </Li> <Li> `` A-E-I-O-U ( Ray the Caterpillar Song / Who RU ? ) '' </Li> <Li> `` A Serpent ! '' </Li> <Li> `` Alone Again / ' Twas Brillig / Lose Something '' </Li> <Li> `` The Mad Tea Party / The Unbirthday Song '' </Li> <Li> `` The Tulgey Wood '' ( Music incomplete on audio CD ) </Li> <Li> `` Very Good Advice '' </Li> <Li> `` Whom Did You Expect '' </Li> <Li> `` Painting the Roses Red / March of the Cards '' </Li> <Li> `` Marie the Queen of Hearts / Who 's Been Painting My Roses Red ? '' </Li> <Li> `` A Little Girl / Let the Game Begin / I Warn You Child '' </Li> <Li> `` The Trial / The Unbirthday Song ( Reprise ) / Rule 42 / Off with Her Head / The Caucus Race '' </Li> </Ol> <H2> Media and merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Stage version ( edit ) </H3> <P> Alice in Wonderland has been condensed into a one act stage version entitled , Alice in Wonderland , Jr ... The stage version is solely meant for middle and high school productions and includes the majority of the film 's songs and others including Song of the South 's `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' , two new reprises of `` I 'm Late ! '' , and three new numbers entitled `` Ocean of Tears '' , `` Simon Says '' , and `` Who Are You ? '' respectively . This 60 -- 80 minute version is licensed by Music Theatre International in the Broadway , Jr . Collection along with other Disney Theatrical shows such as Disney 's Aladdin , Jr. , Disney 's Mulan , Jr. , Beauty and the Beast , Disney 's High School Musical : On Stage ! , Elton John and Tim Rice 's Aida , and many more . </P> <H3> References in other Disney films ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> In Donald in Mathmagic Land , Donald Duck wears Alice 's dress and has her hairstyle but brown not blond . A larger pencil bird is in the film as well . </Li> <Li> Bill the Lizard appears as one of Professor Ratigan 's henchmen in The Great Mouse Detective . </Li> <Li> Alice and several other characters from the film were featured as guests in House of Mouse , and the Queen of Hearts was one of the villains featured in Mickey 's House of Villains . The Mad Hatter was also featured in Mickey 's Magical Christmas : Snowed in at the House of Mouse . </Li> <Li> The Mad Hatter and the March Hare were also featured in several episodes of Bonkers . </Li> <Li> Bill the Lizard , Tweedledum , Cheshire Cat and the doorknob also appear in the 1988 Disney film Who Framed Roger Rabbit . </Li> <Li> In the opening of Aladdin , the peddler tries to sell a hookah much like the one the Caterpillar used . </Li> <Li> In Aladdin and the King of Thieves , the Genie turns into the White Rabbit . </Li> <Li> On Darkwing Duck , there is a villain called Tuskernini , a character that somewhat resembles the walrus . </Li> <Li> Weebo shows clips of the film on her screen in Flubber . </Li> <Li> An episode of Mickey Mouse Clubhouse , entitled `` Mickey 's Adventures in Wonderland '' , is based on the film . </Li> <Li> During the song When You Wish upon a Star in Disney 's Pinocchio , the book for Alice in Wonderland can be seen on the bookshelf where Jiminy Cricket is singing from . This reference can be considered indirect as the film was released 11 years prior to Alice in Wonderland . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Theme parks ( edit ) </H3> Alice at Disneyland , 2012 . <P> Costumed versions of Alice , The Mad Hatter , The White Rabbit , The Queen of Hearts , Tweedledum , and Tweedledee make regular appearances at the Disney theme parks and resorts , and other characters from the film ( including the Walrus and the March Hare ) have featured in the theme parks , although quite rarely . More famously , all five Disneyland - style theme parks feature Mad Tea Party , a teacups ride based on Disney 's adaptation of Alice in Wonderland . </P> <P> Alice in Wonderland is also frequently featured in many parades and shows in the Disney Theme Parks , including The Main Street Electrical Parade , SpectroMagic , Fantasmic ! , Dreamlights , The Move It ! Shake It ! Celebrate It ! Street Party and Walt Disney 's Parade of Dreams . Disneyland contains a dark ride based on the film in addition to the teacups , and Disneyland Paris also contains a hedge maze called Alice 's Curious Labyrinth , which takes its inspiration from the film . The now - defunct Mickey Mouse Revue , shown at Walt Disney World and later at Tokyo Disneyland , contained characters and scenes from the film . </P> <P> The 2010 Tim Burton adaptation had much less of an effect on the park , only inspiring Mad T Party , a nighttime event at Disney California Adventure . </P> <H3> Video games ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Disney 's Villains ' Revenge , the Queen of Hearts is one of the villains who tries to turn the ending to her story to where she finally cuts off Alice 's head . Mickey Mousecapade features various characters from the film . The Japanese version , in fact , is based very heavily on the film , with almost every reference in the game coming from the film . </P> <P> A video game version of the film was released on Game Boy Color by Nintendo of America on October 4 , 2000 in North America . Additionally , in the video games Kingdom Hearts and Kingdom Hearts : Chain of Memories , Wonderland is a playable world . Alice is also a major character in the overall plot of the first game due to her role as one of seven `` Princesses of Heart '' . Other characters from the movie that appear include the Queen of Hearts , the Cheshire Cat , the White Rabbit , the Doorknob , the Caterpillar ( V Cast only ) , and the Deck of Cards . The Mad Hatter and the March Hare appear in portrait form as well . All except the Doorknob also appear in Chain of Memories , albeit in the form of illusions made from the main character 's memory . While the world is absent in Kingdom Hearts II , it returns in Kingdom Hearts 358 / 2 Days and Kingdom Hearts coded , the latter featuring a digitized version of the world originating from data in Jiminy Cricket 's royal journal . </P> <P> In Toy Story 3 : The Video Game , the Mad Hatter 's hat is one of the hats you can have the townsfolk wear . In Kinect Disneyland Adventures , Alice , Mad Hatter , White Rabbit , and the Queen of Hearts make appearances . </P> <P> In Disney Infinity , there are power discs based on Alice in Wonderland . </P> <P> Several characters of the movie make appearances throughout the Epic Mickey - games . For example , the cards are seen throughout Mickeyjunk Mountain in the original Epic Mickey , Alice appears as a statue carrying a projector screen in Epic Mickey 2 and Alice , the Mad Hatter , the Cheshire Cat and the Queen of Hearts appear as unlockable characters in Epic Mickey : Power of Illusion . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alice in Wonderland : Detail View '' . American Film Institute . Retrieved May 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ALICE IN WONDERLAND ( U ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . July 3 , 1951 . Retrieved June 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Magical Kingdoms </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0043274/business </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://voicechasers.com/database/showprod.php?prodid=56 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A. Film L.A. '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Through the Keyhole : A Companion 's Guide to Alice in Wonderland , Alice in Wonderland : 60th Anniversary Edition , 2011 Blu - Ray </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barrier , Michael , 1999 , Hollywood Cartons , Oxford University Press , United Kingdom </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reflections on Alice , Alice in Wonderland : 50th Universary Edition , 2005 DVD </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gabler , Neal , 2006 , Walt Disney : The Triumph of American Imagination , Alfred A. Knoff , New York City , USA </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UltimateDisney. com 's Interview with Lisa Davis , the voice and model for 101 Dalmatians ' Anita Radcliff </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deleted Scene : The Pig and Pepper , Alice in Wonderland , 2011 Blu - Ray </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas , Bob ( 1976 ) . Walt Disney : An American Original . New York : Hyperion Press . pp. 220 -- 221 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6027 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland : The Aftermath '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ' The Top Box Office Hits of 1951 ' , Variety , January 2 , 1952 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maltin , Leonard ( 1973 ) . The Disney Films . New York : Crown . p. 103 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 8527 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Disney , Tim Burton & Linda Woolverton deliver an `` Alice '' for the ages </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official DVD website '' . Disney.Go.com . Archived from the original on July 25 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Justin Sluss ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` A Hi - Def sneak peek at Disney 's planned 2011 Blu - ray titles '' . highdefdiscnews.com . Retrieved October 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alice in Wonderland Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Romanization '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Walt Disney 's Alice In Wonderland : Classic Soundtrack Series : Sammy Fain , Bob Hilliard '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.mtishows.com/show_detail.asp?showid=000277 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disneyland 's Mad Tea Party Page '' . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2010 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disneyland Paris ' Alice 's Curious Labyrinth Page '' . Archived from the original on January 5 , 2009 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kingdom Hearts Official Page '' . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> Fantasy portal </Li> <Li> Comedy portal </Li> <Li> 1950s portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 film ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Alice in wonderland ( 1951 film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland on IMDb </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland at The Big Cartoon DataBase </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lewis Carroll 's Alice </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland </Li> <Li> Through the Looking - Glass </Li> <Li> `` The Hunting of the Snark '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice </Li> <Li> The White Rabbit </Li> <Li> The Mouse </Li> <Li> The Dodo </Li> <Li> The Duck </Li> <Li> The Lory </Li> <Li> Eaglet </Li> <Li> Pat </Li> <Li> Bill the Lizard </Li> <Li> Puppy </Li> <Li> The Caterpillar </Li> <Li> The Duchess </Li> <Li> The Cheshire Cat </Li> <Li> The March Hare </Li> <Li> The Hatter <Ul> <Li> Tarrant Hightopp </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Dormouse </Li> <Li> The Queen of Hearts </Li> <Li> The King of Hearts </Li> <Li> The Knave of Hearts </Li> <Li> The Gryphon </Li> <Li> The Mock Turtle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Through the Looking - Glass </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Red Queen </Li> <Li> The White Queen </Li> <Li> The Red King </Li> <Li> The White King </Li> <Li> The White Knight </Li> <Li> Tweedledum and Tweedledee </Li> <Li> The Sheep </Li> <Li> Humpty Dumpty </Li> <Li> The Lion and the Unicorn </Li> <Li> Bandersnatch </Li> <Li> Jubjub Bird </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Locations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wonderland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Through the Looking - Glass </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Looking - Glass Land </Li> <Li> The Old Sheep Shop </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice Liddell </Li> <Li> Alice 's Shop </Li> <Li> John Tenniel </Li> <Li> Theophilus Carter </Li> <Li> The Annotated Alice </Li> <Li> Mischmasch </Li> <Li> Works based on Alice in Wonderland <Ul> <Li> Films and television </Li> <Li> Disney franchise </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Translations of Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland </Li> <Li> Translations of Through the Looking - Glass </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Adaptations </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poems </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` All in the golden afternoon ... '' </Li> <Li> `` How Doth the Little Crocodile '' </Li> <Li> `` The Mouse 's Tale '' </Li> <Li> `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Bat '' </Li> <Li> `` You Are Old , Father William '' </Li> <Li> `` ' Tis the Voice of the Lobster '' </Li> <Li> `` Jabberwocky '' </Li> <Li> `` The Walrus and the Carpenter '' </Li> <Li> `` Haddocks ' Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` They told me you had been to her ... '' </Li> <Li> `` The Mock Turtle 's Song '' </Li> <Li> `` The Hunting of the Snark '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sequels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A New Alice in the Old Wonderland ( 1895 ) </Li> <Li> New Adventures of Alice ( 1917 ) </Li> <Li> Alice of Wonderland in Paris ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Alice Through the Needle 's Eye ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Automated Alice ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Wonderland Revisited and the Games Alice Played There ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Retellings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Nursery `` Alice '' ( 1890 ) </Li> <Li> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland retold in words of one syllable ( 1905 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Verse : The Lost Rhymes of Wonderland ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Westminster Alice ( 1902 ) </Li> <Li> Clara in Blunderland ( 1902 ) </Li> <Li> Lost in Blunderland ( 1903 ) </Li> <Li> John Bull 's Adventures in the Fiscal Wonderland ( 1904 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Blunderland : An Iridescent Dream ( 1904 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Imitations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mopsa the Fairy ( 1869 ) </Li> <Li> Davy and the Goblin ( 1884 ) </Li> <Li> The Admiral 's Caravan ( 1891 ) </Li> <Li> Gladys in Grammarland ( 1896 ) </Li> <Li> A New Wonderland ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Rollo in Emblemland ( 1902 ) </Li> <Li> Justnowland ( 1912 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Orchestralia ( 1925 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reimagining </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice in Wonderland or What 's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This ? ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Alice or the Last Escapade ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Adventures in Wonderland ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> The Looking Glass Wars ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Alice ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Malice in Wonderland ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Alice Through the Looking Glass ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1903 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1915 </Li> <Li> 1931 </Li> <Li> 1933 </Li> <Li> 1949 </Li> <Li> 1951 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1985 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1988 ( Czechoslovak ) </Li> <Li> 1988 ( Australian ) </Li> <Li> 1995 </Li> <Li> 1999 </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice 's Adventures in Wonderland ( ballet ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( musical ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( opera ) </Li> <Li> Wonderland ( Wildhorn musical ) </Li> <Li> Peter and Alice ( 2013 play ) </Li> <Li> Wonder. land ( Albarn musical ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fushigi no Kuni no Alice </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time in Wonderland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literary </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice in Murderland </Li> <Li> Alice in the Country of Hearts </Li> <Li> Miyuki - chan in Wonderland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice no Paint Adventure ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> American McGee 's Alice ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Alice : Madness Returns ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hearts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Clyde Geronimi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Hamilton Luske </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Ben and Me ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Donald in Mathmagic Land ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by Wilfred Jackson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Dumbo ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Song of the South ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disney theatrical animated features </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Walt Disney Animation Studios films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Dumbo ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Aristocats ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Robin Hood ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Pocahontas ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mulan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Tarzan ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Dinosaur ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Brother Bear ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Home on the Range ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Chicken Little ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bolt ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Zootopia ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Moana ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live - action films with animation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Song of the South ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Enchanted ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DisneyToon Studios films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DuckTales the Movie : Treasure of the Lost Lamp ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> A Goofy Movie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Tigger Movie ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Return to Never Land ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book 2 ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Piglet 's Big Movie ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Pooh 's Heffalump Movie ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi II ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Planes ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Planes : Fire & Rescue ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Disney units films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Nightmare Before Christmas ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> James and the Giant Peach ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Doug 's 1st Movie ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Recess : School 's Out ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Teacher 's Pet ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> A Christmas Carol ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Gnomeo & Juliet ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Mars Needs Moms ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Frankenweenie ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Strange Magic ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Unproduced films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Walt Disney Animation Studios </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> List of feature films </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> Pinocchio ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia ( 1940 ) </Li> <Li> Dumbo ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Bambi ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> Saludos Amigos ( 1942 ) </Li> <Li> The Three Caballeros ( 1944 ) </Li> <Li> Make Mine Music ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> Fun and Fancy Free ( 1947 ) </Li> <Li> Melody Time ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Cinderella ( 1950 ) </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( 1951 ) </Li> <Li> Peter Pan ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Lady and the Tramp ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Sleeping Beauty ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> One Hundred and One Dalmatians ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> The Sword in the Stone ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Jungle Book ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Aristocats ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Robin Hood ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> The Fox and the Hound ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> The Black Cauldron ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Great Mouse Detective ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Oliver & Company ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> The Little Mermaid ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> The Rescuers Down Under ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Beauty and the Beast ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Aladdin ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Lion King ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Pocahontas ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Hercules ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mulan ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Tarzan ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Fantasia 2000 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Dinosaur ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Emperor 's New Groove ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Atlantis : The Lost Empire ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Lilo & Stitch ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Treasure Planet ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Brother Bear ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Home on the Range ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Chicken Little ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Meet the Robinsons ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bolt ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The Princess and the Frog ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Tangled ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Winnie the Pooh ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Wreck - It Ralph ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Zootopia ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Moana ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Upcoming films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ralph Breaks the Internet : Wreck - It Ralph 2 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen 2 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Associated productions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Reluctant Dragon ( 1941 ) </Li> <Li> Victory Through Air Power ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Song of the South ( 1946 ) </Li> <Li> So Dear to My Heart ( 1949 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Poppins ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Bedknobs and Broomsticks ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Pete 's Dragon ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Who Framed Roger Rabbit ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Enchanted ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> People </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Executives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Edwin Catmull </Li> <Li> Roy Conli </Li> <Li> Roy E. Disney </Li> <Li> Walt Disney </Li> <Li> Don Hahn </Li> <Li> Jeffrey Katzenberg </Li> <Li> John Lasseter </Li> <Li> Peter Schneider </Li> <Li> Thomas Schumacher </Li> <Li> David Stainton </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disney 's Nine Old Men </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Les Clark </Li> <Li> Marc Davis </Li> <Li> Ollie Johnston </Li> <Li> Milt Kahl </Li> <Li> Ward Kimball </Li> <Li> Eric Larson </Li> <Li> John Lounsbery </Li> <Li> Wolfgang Reitherman </Li> <Li> Frank Thomas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney animators ' strike </Li> <Li> Disney Renaissance </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Methods and technologies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 12 basic principles of animation </Li> <Li> Computer Animation Production System </Li> <Li> Disney Animation : The Illusion of Life </Li> <Li> Multiplane camera </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Documentaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Frank and Ollie ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> The Sweatbox ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Dream On Silly Dreamer ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Waking Sleeping Beauty ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other Disney animation units </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Disney Television Animation </Li> <Li> DisneyToon Studios ( WDAS unit ) </Li> <Li> Lucasfilm Animation </Li> <Li> Marvel Animation </Li> <Li> Pixar Animation Studios </Li> <Li> Circle 7 ( defunct ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Miscellaneous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alice Comedies </Li> <Li> Laugh - O - Gram Studio </Li> <Li> List of Disney animated shorts </Li> <Li> List of Disney theatrical animated features <Ul> <Li> unproduced </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oswald the Lucky Rabbit </Li> <Li> Mickey Mouse ( film series ) </Li> <Li> Silly Symphonies </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4478992 - 0 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alice_in_Wonderland_(1951_film)&oldid=832267484 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1951 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1951 animated films </Li> <Li> 1950s American animated films </Li> <Li> 1950s musical films </Li> <Li> 1950s fantasy films </Li> <Li> American children 's animated adventure films </Li> <Li> American children 's animated fantasy films </Li> <Li> American coming - of - age films </Li> <Li> American musical fantasy films </Li> <Li> Animated coming - of - age films </Li> <Li> Animated films based on Alice in Wonderland </Li> <Li> Children 's fantasy films </Li> <Li> Alice in Wonderland ( franchise ) </Li> <Li> Fantasy adventure films </Li> <Li> Films set in castles </Li> <Li> Films about children </Li> <Li> Films about dreams </Li> <Li> Films based on multiple works of a series </Li> <Li> Films directed by Clyde Geronimi </Li> <Li> Films directed by Hamilton Luske </Li> <Li> Films directed by Wilfred Jackson </Li> <Li> Films produced by Walt Disney </Li> <Li> Films featuring anthropomorphic characters </Li> <Li> Films set in the Victorian era </Li> <Li> Films set in the 1860s </Li> <Li> Films set in England </Li> <Li> Films based on Alice in Wonderland </Li> <Li> Films scored by Oliver Wallace </Li> <Li> Psychedelia </Li> <Li> Rotoscoped films </Li> <Li> Size change in fiction </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Animation Studios films </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures films </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with failed verification </Li> <Li> Articles with failed verification from July 2010 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles needing cleanup from April 2009 </Li> <Li> All pages needing cleanup </Li> <Li> Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from April 2009 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from April 2009 </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from April 2012 </Li> <Li> Pages using div col with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Føroyskt </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Gaelg </Li> <Li> Gàidhlig </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> مازِرونی </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Runa Simi </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> සිංහල </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 44 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 24 March 2018 , at 22 : 09 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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List of countries by natural disaster Risk - wikipedia <H1> List of countries by natural disaster Risk </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> This is a list of countries by natural disaster risk , as measured in the World Risk Index , calculated by the United Nations University Institute for Environment and Human Security ( UNU - EHS ) and featured in the 2016 World Risk Report ( WRR 2016 ) published by the Alliance Development Works / Bündnis Entwicklung Hilft ( BEH ) . </P> <P> The report systematically considers a country 's vulnerability and its exposure to natural hazards to determine a ranking of countries around the world based on their natural disaster risk . The WRI developed by UNU - EHS and BEH the main feature of the WRR , determines the risk of becoming a victim of a disaster as a result of vulnerability and natural hazards such as earthquakes , volcanic eruptions , storms , floods , droughts and sea level rise for 173 countries worldwide . The WRI is based on 28 indicators and research data which are globally freely available and results in a global risk ranking and maps which allow for comparison between countries . Risk is at its highest where a high level of exposure to natural hazards coincides with very vulnerable societies . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Rankings <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Legend </Li> <Li> 1.2 Rankings by country </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Unlisted countries <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Unlisted in the WorldRiskIndex </Li> <Li> 2.2 Unlisted in the 2016 WorldRiskIndex </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Rankings ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Legend ( edit ) </H3> Very low chance of disasters Low chance of disasters Medium chance of disasters High chance of disasters Very high chance of disasters <H3> Rankings by country ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> 2016 </Th> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Th> 2011 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Qatar </Td> <Td> 0.08 % </Td> <Td> 0.11 % </Td> <Td> 0.10 % </Td> <Td> 0.02 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Malta </Td> <Td> 0.60 % </Td> <Td> 0.61 % </Td> <Td> 0.61 % </Td> <Td> 0.72 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Saudi Arabia </Td> <Td> 1.14 % </Td> <Td> 1.32 % </Td> <Td> 1.31 % </Td> <Td> 1.26 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barbados </Td> <Td> 1.32 % </Td> <Td> 1.16 % </Td> <Td> 1.15 % </Td> <Td> 2.44 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Grenada </Td> <Td> 1.42 % </Td> <Td> 1.44 % </Td> <Td> 1.46 % </Td> <Td> 2.29 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Iceland </Td> <Td> 1.52 % </Td> <Td> 1.55 % </Td> <Td> 1.53 % </Td> <Td> 1.56 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Bahrain </Td> <Td> 1.69 % </Td> <Td> 1.81 % </Td> <Td> 1.81 % </Td> <Td> 1.66 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Kiribati </Td> <Td> 1.78 % </Td> <Td> 1.78 % </Td> <Td> 1.78 % </Td> <Td> 1.88 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> United Arab Emirates </Td> <Td> 1.97 % </Td> <Td> 2.10 % </Td> <Td> 2.07 % </Td> <Td> 4.09 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Sweden </Td> <Td> 2.12 % </Td> <Td> 2.26 % </Td> <Td> 2.15 % </Td> <Td> 2.00 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Norway </Td> <Td> 2.19 % </Td> <Td> 2.35 % </Td> <Td> 2.31 % </Td> <Td> 2.28 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> 2.21 % </Td> <Td> 2.28 % </Td> <Td> 2.24 % </Td> <Td> 2.06 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Singapore </Td> <Td> 2.27 % </Td> <Td> 2.49 % </Td> <Td> 2.54 % </Td> <Td> 2.85 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Egypt </Td> <Td> 2.29 % </Td> <Td> 2.34 % </Td> <Td> 2.33 % </Td> <Td> 2.38 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Israel / Palestine </Td> <Td> 2.30 % </Td> <Td> 2.49 % </Td> <Td> 2.43 % </Td> <Td> 2.60 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Estonia </Td> <Td> 2.36 % </Td> <Td> 2.52 % </Td> <Td> 2.50 % </Td> <Td> 2.25 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Switzerland </Td> <Td> 2.37 % </Td> <Td> 2.61 % </Td> <Td> 2.59 % </Td> <Td> 2.55 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Luxembourg </Td> <Td> 2.43 % </Td> <Td> 2.68 % </Td> <Td> 2.65 % </Td> <Td> 2.70 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Seychelles </Td> <Td> 2.55 % </Td> <Td> 2.58 % </Td> <Td> 2.60 % </Td> <Td> 2.68 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> France </Td> <Td> 2.62 % </Td> <Td> 2.79 % </Td> <Td> 2.78 % </Td> <Td> 2.76 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Oman </Td> <Td> 2.64 % </Td> <Td> 2.74 % </Td> <Td> 2.72 % </Td> <Td> 2.80 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Cyprus </Td> <Td> 2.68 % </Td> <Td> 2.77 % </Td> <Td> 2.81 % </Td> <Td> 3.46 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Denmark </Td> <Td> 2.89 % </Td> <Td> 3.10 % </Td> <Td> 3.09 % </Td> <Td> 2.86 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Lithuania </Td> <Td> 2.92 % </Td> <Td> 3.18 % </Td> <Td> 3.23 % </Td> <Td> 2.89 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Germany </Td> <Td> 2.95 % </Td> <Td> 3.24 % </Td> <Td> 3.27 % </Td> <Td> 2.96 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> 2.97 % </Td> <Td> 3.14 % </Td> <Td> 3.19 % </Td> <Td> 3.02 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 3.01 % </Td> <Td> 3.18 % </Td> <Td> 3.18 % </Td> <Td> 2.57 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Spain </Td> <Td> 3.05 % </Td> <Td> 3.38 % </Td> <Td> 3.40 % </Td> <Td> 3.29 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Belgium </Td> <Td> 3.07 % </Td> <Td> 3.42 % </Td> <Td> 3.48 % </Td> <Td> 3.51 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Mongolia </Td> <Td> 3.08 % </Td> <Td> 3.10 % </Td> <Td> 3.24 % </Td> <Td> 3.43 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Belarus </Td> <Td> 3.11 % </Td> <Td> 3.31 % </Td> <Td> 3.32 % </Td> <Td> 2.98 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Poland </Td> <Td> 3.20 % </Td> <Td> 3.46 % </Td> <Td> 3.53 % </Td> <Td> 3.42 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Kuwait </Td> <Td> 3.28 % </Td> <Td> 3.70 % </Td> <Td> 3.71 % </Td> <Td> 3.71 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Latvia </Td> <Td> 3.31 % </Td> <Td> 3.48 % </Td> <Td> 3.51 % </Td> <Td> 3.09 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Czech Republic </Td> <Td> 3.37 % </Td> <Td> 3.61 % </Td> <Td> 3.67 % </Td> <Td> 4.15 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Slovakia </Td> <Td> 3.39 % </Td> <Td> 3.63 % </Td> <Td> 3.69 % </Td> <Td> 3.38 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Austria </Td> <Td> 3.39 % </Td> <Td> 3.80 % </Td> <Td> 3.75 % </Td> <Td> 3.41 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Slovenia </Td> <Td> 3.41 % </Td> <Td> 3.69 % </Td> <Td> 3.81 % </Td> <Td> 3.72 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Portugal </Td> <Td> 3.45 % </Td> <Td> 3.80 % </Td> <Td> 3.82 % </Td> <Td> 3.62 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Paraguay </Td> <Td> 3.48 % </Td> <Td> 3.85 % </Td> <Td> 3.84 % </Td> <Td> 4.12 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> United Kingdom </Td> <Td> 3.54 % </Td> <Td> 3.71 % </Td> <Td> 3.65 % </Td> <Td> 3.61 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Kazakhstan </Td> <Td> 3.56 % </Td> <Td> 3.84 % </Td> <Td> 3.87 % </Td> <Td> 4.04 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Argentina </Td> <Td> 3.56 % </Td> <Td> 3.76 % </Td> <Td> 3.80 % </Td> <Td> 3.77 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Russia </Td> <Td> 3.58 % </Td> <Td> 3.78 % </Td> <Td> 3.83 % </Td> <Td> 3.56 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 3.76 % </Td> <Td> 3.99 % </Td> <Td> 3.99 % </Td> <Td> 3.72 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Libya </Td> <Td> 3.79 % </Td> <Td> 3.93 % </Td> <Td> 3.80 % </Td> <Td> 3.67 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Croatia </Td> <Td> 3.97 % </Td> <Td> 4.24 % </Td> <Td> 4.35 % </Td> <Td> 3.71 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Uruguay </Td> <Td> 4.03 % </Td> <Td> 4.09 % </Td> <Td> 4.12 % </Td> <Td> 3.94 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 4.09 % </Td> <Td> 4.26 % </Td> <Td> 4.30 % </Td> <Td> 4.26 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Bahamas </Td> <Td> 4.14 % </Td> <Td> 3.99 % </Td> <Td> 4.17 % </Td> <Td> 4.52 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 4.22 % </Td> <Td> 4.51 % </Td> <Td> 4.57 % </Td> <Td> 4.28 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Bulgaria </Td> <Td> 4.22 % </Td> <Td> 4.43 % </Td> <Td> 4.56 % </Td> <Td> 4.08 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> 4.42 % </Td> <Td> 4.88 % </Td> <Td> 4.82 % </Td> <Td> 4.74 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Equatorial Guinea </Td> <Td> 4.46 % </Td> <Td> 4.49 % </Td> <Td> 4.47 % </Td> <Td> 6.72 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Iraq </Td> <Td> 4.49 % </Td> <Td> 4.83 % </Td> <Td> 4.95 % </Td> <Td> 5.77 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> New Zealand </Td> <Td> 4.55 % </Td> <Td> 4.69 % </Td> <Td> 4.44 % </Td> <Td> 4.28 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Jordan </Td> <Td> 4.58 % </Td> <Td> 4.88 % </Td> <Td> 4.90 % </Td> <Td> 5.13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Bolivia </Td> <Td> 4.58 % </Td> <Td> 5.08 % </Td> <Td> 5.13 % </Td> <Td> 5.16 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> South Korea </Td> <Td> 4.59 % </Td> <Td> 4.94 % </Td> <Td> 4.89 % </Td> <Td> 4.14 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Ireland </Td> <Td> 4.60 % </Td> <Td> 4.69 % </Td> <Td> 4.50 % </Td> <Td> 4.15 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Iran </Td> <Td> 4.73 % </Td> <Td> 4.92 % </Td> <Td> 4.98 % </Td> <Td> 5.11 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Moldova </Td> <Td> 4.79 % </Td> <Td> 5.05 % </Td> <Td> 5.23 % </Td> <Td> 4.78 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Lebanon </Td> <Td> 5.01 % </Td> <Td> 5.05 % </Td> <Td> 5.10 % </Td> <Td> 5.01 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Nepal </Td> <Td> 5.12 % </Td> <Td> 5.53 % </Td> <Td> 5.69 % </Td> <Td> 6.15 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Botswana </Td> <Td> 5.14 % </Td> <Td> 5.37 % </Td> <Td> 5.21 % </Td> <Td> 5.56 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Turkey </Td> <Td> 5.20 % </Td> <Td> 5.52 % </Td> <Td> 5.68 % </Td> <Td> 5.38 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Hungary </Td> <Td> 5.32 % </Td> <Td> 5.69 % </Td> <Td> 5.87 % </Td> <Td> 5.49 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Namibia </Td> <Td> 5.37 % </Td> <Td> 5.68 % </Td> <Td> 5.72 % </Td> <Td> 6.63 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Tunisia </Td> <Td> 5.40 % </Td> <Td> 5.90 % </Td> <Td> 5.90 % </Td> <Td> 5.72 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Azerbaijan </Td> <Td> 5.54 % </Td> <Td> 6.19 % </Td> <Td> 6.25 % </Td> <Td> 5.86 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> South Africa </Td> <Td> 5.58 % </Td> <Td> 5.80 % </Td> <Td> 5.90 % </Td> <Td> 5.71 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Laos </Td> <Td> 5.59 % </Td> <Td> 5.71 % </Td> <Td> 5.73 % </Td> <Td> 5.80 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Syria </Td> <Td> 5.69 % </Td> <Td> 5.67 % </Td> <Td> 5.68 % </Td> <Td> 6.19 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Macedonia </Td> <Td> 5.87 % </Td> <Td> 6.28 % </Td> <Td> 6.10 % </Td> <Td> 6.80 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Romania </Td> <Td> 5.92 % </Td> <Td> 6.61 % </Td> <Td> 6.78 % </Td> <Td> 6.43 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Venezuela </Td> <Td> 5.93 % </Td> <Td> 6.16 % </Td> <Td> 6.13 % </Td> <Td> 6.11 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Mexico </Td> <Td> 5.97 % </Td> <Td> 6.39 % </Td> <Td> 6.39 % </Td> <Td> 6.53 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Yemen </Td> <Td> 5.97 % </Td> <Td> 6.03 % </Td> <Td> 5.98 % </Td> <Td> 6.83 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> Gabon </Td> <Td> 6.04 % </Td> <Td> 5.93 % </Td> <Td> 6.20 % </Td> <Td> 6.30 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Armenia </Td> <Td> 6.07 % </Td> <Td> 6.91 % </Td> <Td> 7.05 % </Td> <Td> 6.36 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Td> <Td> 6.10 % </Td> <Td> 6.42 % </Td> <Td> 6.63 % </Td> <Td> 6.25 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Cuba </Td> <Td> 6.13 % </Td> <Td> 6.51 % </Td> <Td> 6.55 % </Td> <Td> 5.99 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Thailand </Td> <Td> 6.19 % </Td> <Td> 6.34 % </Td> <Td> 6.44 % </Td> <Td> 6.86 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Georgia </Td> <Td> 6.27 % </Td> <Td> 6.83 % </Td> <Td> 6.75 % </Td> <Td> 6.97 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Eritrea </Td> <Td> 6.35 % </Td> <Td> 6.35 % </Td> <Td> 6.44 % </Td> <Td> 7.22 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Malaysia </Td> <Td> 6.39 % </Td> <Td> 6.45 % </Td> <Td> 6.53 % </Td> <Td> 6.69 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 6.39 % </Td> <Td> 6.97 % </Td> <Td> 7.04 % </Td> <Td> 6.90 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Turkmenistan </Td> <Td> 6.44 % </Td> <Td> 6.57 % </Td> <Td> 6.64 % </Td> <Td> 7.18 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> Colombia </Td> <Td> 6.45 % </Td> <Td> 6.90 % </Td> <Td> 6.89 % </Td> <Td> 6.86 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Morocco </Td> <Td> 6.45 % </Td> <Td> 7.13 % </Td> <Td> 7.21 % </Td> <Td> 7.17 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> Angola </Td> <Td> 6.52 % </Td> <Td> 6.45 % </Td> <Td> 6.56 % </Td> <Td> 8.02 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> Uganda </Td> <Td> 6.52 % </Td> <Td> 6.69 % </Td> <Td> 6.75 % </Td> <Td> 7.57 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> Belize </Td> <Td> 6.55 % </Td> <Td> 6.62 % </Td> <Td> 6.63 % </Td> <Td> 5.93 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> Peru </Td> <Td> 6.59 % </Td> <Td> 7.02 % </Td> <Td> 6.96 % </Td> <Td> 7.82 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 6.64 % </Td> <Td> 7.17 % </Td> <Td> 7.28 % </Td> <Td> 7.68 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> Greece </Td> <Td> 6.70 % </Td> <Td> 7.38 % </Td> <Td> 7.81 % </Td> <Td> 8.27 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> Tajikistan </Td> <Td> 6.72 % </Td> <Td> 7.35 % </Td> <Td> 7.40 % </Td> <Td> 7.47 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> Kenya </Td> <Td> 6.77 % </Td> <Td> 7.08 % </Td> <Td> 7.18 % </Td> <Td> 7.24 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> Lesotho </Td> <Td> 6.84 % </Td> <Td> 7.09 % </Td> <Td> 7.22 % </Td> <Td> 7.86 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> Pakistan </Td> <Td> 6.96 % </Td> <Td> 7.21 % </Td> <Td> 7.25 % </Td> <Td> 7.84 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 101 </Td> <Td> Central African Republic </Td> <Td> 7.03 % </Td> <Td> 6.57 % </Td> <Td> 6.55 % </Td> <Td> 6.95 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> Ethiopia </Td> <Td> 7.04 % </Td> <Td> 7.36 % </Td> <Td> 7.35 % </Td> <Td> 7.09 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 103 </Td> <Td> Rwanda </Td> <Td> 7.09 % </Td> <Td> 7.43 % </Td> <Td> 7.60 % </Td> <Td> 8.68 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 104 </Td> <Td> Serbia </Td> <Td> 7.12 % </Td> <Td> 7.53 % </Td> <Td> 7.67 % </Td> <Td> 5.44 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 105 </Td> <Td> Congo </Td> <Td> 7.19 % </Td> <Td> 7.57 % </Td> <Td> 7.38 % </Td> <Td> 7.71 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 106 </Td> <Td> Zambia </Td> <Td> 7.25 % </Td> <Td> 7.46 % </Td> <Td> 7.44 % </Td> <Td> 8.41 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 107 </Td> <Td> Panama </Td> <Td> 7.26 % </Td> <Td> 7.49 % </Td> <Td> 7.69 % </Td> <Td> 7.70 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> Comoros </Td> <Td> 7.29 % </Td> <Td> 7.52 % </Td> <Td> 7.45 % </Td> <Td> 6.93 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 109 </Td> <Td> Sri Lanka </Td> <Td> 7.32 % </Td> <Td> 7.67 % </Td> <Td> 7.79 % </Td> <Td> 7.84 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 110 </Td> <Td> Algeria </Td> <Td> 7.36 % </Td> <Td> 8.13 % </Td> <Td> 8.15 % </Td> <Td> 8.06 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 111 </Td> <Td> Trinidad and Tobago </Td> <Td> 7.50 % </Td> <Td> 7.65 % </Td> <Td> 7.68 % </Td> <Td> 6.70 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 112 </Td> <Td> Bhutan </Td> <Td> 7.51 % </Td> <Td> 7.98 % </Td> <Td> 8.17 % </Td> <Td> 13.65 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> Swaziland </Td> <Td> 7.52 % </Td> <Td> 7.65 % </Td> <Td> 7.84 % </Td> <Td> 7.37 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> Ecuador </Td> <Td> 7.53 % </Td> <Td> 7.77 % </Td> <Td> 7.94 % </Td> <Td> 8.69 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> Tanzania </Td> <Td> 7.65 % </Td> <Td> 7.99 % </Td> <Td> 8.11 % </Td> <Td> 8.64 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> Liberia </Td> <Td> 7.84 % </Td> <Td> 7.71 % </Td> <Td> 7.86 % </Td> <Td> 9.20 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 117 </Td> <Td> Kyrgyzstan </Td> <Td> 7.86 % </Td> <Td> 8.43 % </Td> <Td> 8.50 % </Td> <Td> 8.48 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 118 </Td> <Td> Mauritania </Td> <Td> 7.95 % </Td> <Td> 8.26 % </Td> <Td> 8.43 % </Td> <Td> 9.70 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 119 </Td> <Td> Malawi </Td> <Td> 7.98 % </Td> <Td> 8.02 % </Td> <Td> 8.18 % </Td> <Td> 8.99 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 120 </Td> <Td> Nigeria </Td> <Td> 7.98 % </Td> <Td> 8.32 % </Td> <Td> 8.28 % </Td> <Td> 9.03 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 121 </Td> <Td> Sudan </Td> <Td> 7.99 % </Td> <Td> 7.87 % </Td> <Td> 7.88 % </Td> <Td> 9.25 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> Guinea </Td> <Td> 8.20 % </Td> <Td> 8.32 % </Td> <Td> 8.55 % </Td> <Td> 9.49 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 123 </Td> <Td> Netherlands </Td> <Td> 8.24 % </Td> <Td> 8.76 % </Td> <Td> 8.49 % </Td> <Td> 7.71 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 124 </Td> <Td> Mali </Td> <Td> 8.39 % </Td> <Td> 8.65 % </Td> <Td> 8.76 % </Td> <Td> 11.51 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 125 </Td> <Td> Ghana </Td> <Td> 8.39 % </Td> <Td> 8.81 % </Td> <Td> 8.85 % </Td> <Td> 9.35 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> Suriname </Td> <Td> 8.44 % </Td> <Td> 8.55 % </Td> <Td> 8.62 % </Td> <Td> 9.25 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> Uzbekistan </Td> <Td> 8.59 % </Td> <Td> 8.66 % </Td> <Td> 8.71 % </Td> <Td> 9.37 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> Mozambique </Td> <Td> 8.69 % </Td> <Td> 8.89 % </Td> <Td> 9.09 % </Td> <Td> 9.98 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> Cote d'Ivoire </Td> <Td> 8.88 % </Td> <Td> 8.86 % </Td> <Td> 9.00 % </Td> <Td> 9.03 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> Myanmar </Td> <Td> 8.90 % </Td> <Td> 9.10 % </Td> <Td> 9.15 % </Td> <Td> 8.54 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> Afghanistan </Td> <Td> 9.50 % </Td> <Td> 9.93 % </Td> <Td> 9.79 % </Td> <Td> 14.06 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> Albania </Td> <Td> 9.50 % </Td> <Td> 10.01 % </Td> <Td> 9.96 % </Td> <Td> 9.98 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> Burkina Faso </Td> <Td> 9.54 % </Td> <Td> 9.72 % </Td> <Td> 9.74 % </Td> <Td> 11.58 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 134 </Td> <Td> Zimbabwe </Td> <Td> 10.06 % </Td> <Td> 9.96 % </Td> <Td> 9.87 % </Td> <Td> 9.63 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> Sierra Leone </Td> <Td> 10.21 % </Td> <Td> 10.37 % </Td> <Td> 10.58 % </Td> <Td> 11.25 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> Indonesia </Td> <Td> 10.24 % </Td> <Td> 10.54 % </Td> <Td> 10.74 % </Td> <Td> 11.69 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 137 </Td> <Td> Burundi </Td> <Td> 10.28 % </Td> <Td> 10.46 % </Td> <Td> 10.49 % </Td> <Td> 11.56 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> Djibouti </Td> <Td> 10.30 % </Td> <Td> 9.84 % </Td> <Td> 9.96 % </Td> <Td> 7.05 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 139 </Td> <Td> Togo </Td> <Td> 10.36 % </Td> <Td> 10.34 % </Td> <Td> 10.64 % </Td> <Td> 10.40 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> Senegal </Td> <Td> 10.38 % </Td> <Td> 10.99 % </Td> <Td> 11.08 % </Td> <Td> 11.76 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 141 </Td> <Td> Cape Verde </Td> <Td> 10.39 % </Td> <Td> 10.80 % </Td> <Td> 10.88 % </Td> <Td> 9.47 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 142 </Td> <Td> Honduras </Td> <Td> 10.68 % </Td> <Td> 10.91 % </Td> <Td> 11.02 % </Td> <Td> 12.10 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 143 </Td> <Td> Chad </Td> <Td> 10.85 % </Td> <Td> 11.06 % </Td> <Td> 11.13 % </Td> <Td> 12.25 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 144 </Td> <Td> Cameroon </Td> <Td> 10.91 % </Td> <Td> 11.09 % </Td> <Td> 10.96 % </Td> <Td> 14.46 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 145 </Td> <Td> Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> 10.96 % </Td> <Td> 11.28 % </Td> <Td> 11.63 % </Td> <Td> 12.00 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 146 </Td> <Td> Madagascar </Td> <Td> 11.15 % </Td> <Td> 11.23 % </Td> <Td> 11.50 % </Td> <Td> 10.27 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 147 </Td> <Td> Niger </Td> <Td> 11.24 % </Td> <Td> 11.62 % </Td> <Td> 11.93 % </Td> <Td> 14.03 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 148 </Td> <Td> Guyana </Td> <Td> 11.39 % </Td> <Td> 11.65 % </Td> <Td> 11.77 % </Td> <Td> 9.02 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 149 </Td> <Td> Benin </Td> <Td> 11.39 % </Td> <Td> 11.32 % </Td> <Td> 11.42 % </Td> <Td> 10.90 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 150 </Td> <Td> Chile </Td> <Td> 11.65 % </Td> <Td> 12.28 % </Td> <Td> 12.26 % </Td> <Td> 11.97 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 151 </Td> <Td> Haiti </Td> <Td> 11.68 % </Td> <Td> 11.88 % </Td> <Td> 11.96 % </Td> <Td> 11.45 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> Jamaica </Td> <Td> 11.83 % </Td> <Td> 12.15 % </Td> <Td> 12.15 % </Td> <Td> 12.89 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 153 </Td> <Td> Gambia </Td> <Td> 12.07 % </Td> <Td> 11.71 % </Td> <Td> 11.84 % </Td> <Td> 13.90 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 154 </Td> <Td> Vietnam </Td> <Td> 12.53 % </Td> <Td> 12.81 % </Td> <Td> 12.88 % </Td> <Td> 11.21 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 155 </Td> <Td> Japan </Td> <Td> 12.99 % </Td> <Td> 13.56 % </Td> <Td> 13.69 % </Td> <Td> 13.57 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 156 </Td> <Td> Fiji </Td> <Td> 13.15 % </Td> <Td> 14.10 % </Td> <Td> 13.53 % </Td> <Td> 11.13 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 157 </Td> <Td> Guinea - Bissau </Td> <Td> 13.56 % </Td> <Td> 13.09 % </Td> <Td> 13.34 % </Td> <Td> 13.12 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 158 </Td> <Td> Nicaragua </Td> <Td> 14.62 % </Td> <Td> 15.18 % </Td> <Td> 15.39 % </Td> <Td> 11.91 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 159 </Td> <Td> Mauritius </Td> <Td> 15.53 % </Td> <Td> 14.89 % </Td> <Td> 15.36 % </Td> <Td> 15.74 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 160 </Td> <Td> Timor - Leste </Td> <Td> 15.69 % </Td> <Td> 16.37 % </Td> <Td> 17.13 % </Td> <Td> 17.45 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 161 </Td> <Td> El Salvador </Td> <Td> 16.05 % </Td> <Td> 16.85 % </Td> <Td> 16.89 % </Td> <Td> 16.49 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> Papua New Guinea </Td> <Td> 16.43 % </Td> <Td> 15.90 % </Td> <Td> 15.81 % </Td> <Td> 15.45 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 163 </Td> <Td> Cambodia </Td> <Td> 16.58 % </Td> <Td> 16.90 % </Td> <Td> 17.17 % </Td> <Td> 16.58 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 164 </Td> <Td> Costa Rica </Td> <Td> 17.00 % </Td> <Td> 16.94 % </Td> <Td> 17.38 % </Td> <Td> 16.74 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 165 </Td> <Td> Brunei </Td> <Td> 17.00 % </Td> <Td> 15.58 % </Td> <Td> 15.92 % </Td> <Td> 14.08 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 166 </Td> <Td> Solomon Islands </Td> <Td> 19.14 % </Td> <Td> 18.11 % </Td> <Td> 18.15 % </Td> <Td> 23.51 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> Bangladesh </Td> <Td> 19.17 % </Td> <Td> 19.81 % </Td> <Td> 20.22 % </Td> <Td> 17.45 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 168 </Td> <Td> Guatemala </Td> <Td> 19.88 % </Td> <Td> 20.88 % </Td> <Td> 20.75 % </Td> <Td> 20.88 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 169 </Td> <Td> Philippines </Td> <Td> 26.70 % </Td> <Td> 27.52 % </Td> <Td> 27.98 % </Td> <Td> 24.32 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 170 </Td> <Td> Tonga </Td> <Td> 29.33 % </Td> <Td> 28.23 % </Td> <Td> 28.62 % </Td> <Td> 29.08 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 171 </Td> <Td> Vanuatu </Td> <Td> 36.28 % </Td> <Td> 36.43 % </Td> <Td> 36.31 % </Td> <Td> 32.00 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 172 </Td> <Td> Sao Tome and Principe </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 3.35 % </Td> <Td> 3.40 % </Td> <Td> 3.73 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 173 </Td> <Td> Samoa </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 4.51 % </Td> <Td> 4.51 % </Td> <Td> 7.88 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Unlisted countries ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Unlisted in the WorldRiskIndex ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Andorra </Li> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Democratic Republic of the Congo </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Federated States of Micronesia </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Marshall Islands </Li> <Li> Monaco </Li> <Li> Montenegro </Li> <Li> Nauru </Li> <Li> North Korea </Li> <Li> Palau </Li> <Li> San Marino </Li> <Li> Somalia </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Tuvalu </Li> </Ul> <H3> Unlisted in the 2016 WorldRiskIndex ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sao Tome and Principe </Li> <Li> Samoa </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Disasters portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Effects of global warming on humans </Li> <Li> Act of God </Li> <Li> Gamma - ray burst </Li> <Li> Emergency management <Ul> <Li> Civil defense </Li> <Li> Disaster risk reduction </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Environmental disaster <Ul> <Li> List of environmental disasters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Environmental emergency </Li> <Li> List of natural disasters by death toll </Li> <Li> Property insurance against natural disasters </Li> <Li> Survivalism </Li> <Li> World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 05 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Risk Index '' . unu.edu . Retrieved 25 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2016 World Risk Index '' ( PDF ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2013 World Risk Index Archived 2014 - 08 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2012 World Risk Index </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 2011 World Risk Index </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Natural Disasters News '' . Ubyrisk . Worldwide news site focused on natural disasters , mitigation and climate changes news </Li> <Li> `` Global Risk Identification Program ( GRIP ) '' . GRIP . </Li> <Li> `` BioCaster Global Health Monitor '' . National Institute of Informatics ( NII ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 05 - 04 . </Li> <Li> `` World Bank 's Hazard Risk Management '' . World Bank . </Li> <Li> `` Disaster News Network '' . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 05 . US news site focused on disaster - related news . </Li> <Li> `` EM - DAT International Disaster Database '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 08 - 11 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 05 . Includes country profiles , disaster profiles and a disaster list . </Li> <Li> `` Natural Hazard Information from the Coastal Ocean Institute '' . Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 05 . Particularly including articles on tsunamis , hurricanes and other storms . </Li> <Li> `` Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System '' . European Commission and United Nations website initiative . </Li> <Li> `` What the Development Programme of the United Nations ( UN ) does to reduce the human risks linked to Natural Disasters '' . United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . Archived from the original on 2015 - 01 - 13 . </Li> <Li> `` Pioneering Disaster Risk Index ( DRI ) Tool '' . United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 06 - 18 . Provides key information on all countries in the world . </Li> <Li> `` World 's Worst Natural Disasters '' . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 01 . Includes list of world 's deadliest disasters in history . </Li> <Li> `` Natural Disaster and Extreme Weather . Searchable Information Center '' . Ebrary . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists of countries by quality of life rankings </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Life expectancy <Ul> <Li> in Europe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> World Happiness Report </Li> <Li> Happy Planet Index </Li> <Li> Human Development Index <Ul> <Li> by country </Li> <Li> inequality - adjusted </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Legatum Prosperity Index </Li> <Li> Good Country Index </Li> <Li> Satisfaction with Life Index </Li> <Li> Where - to - be-born Index </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Economic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Net take - home pay </Li> <Li> Job security </Li> <Li> Long - term unemployment rate </Li> <Li> Home ownership rate </Li> <Li> Smartphone ownership rate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Environment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Environmental Performance Index </Li> <Li> Environmental Vulnerability Index </Li> <Li> Natural disaster risk </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cancer rate </Li> <Li> Health care quality </Li> <Li> Health expenditure covered by government </Li> <Li> Hospital beds </Li> <Li> Risk of death from non-communicable disease </Li> <Li> Teenage pregnancy rate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Social / Political </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Government transparency </Li> <Li> Global Slavery Index </Li> <Li> Global Terrorism Index </Li> <Li> Global Competitiveness Index </Li> <Li> Social Progress Index </Li> <Li> Time devoted to leisure and personal care </Li> <Li> Women 's average years in school </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of international rankings </Li> <Li> List of top international rankings by country </Li> <Li> Lists by country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Natural disasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geological </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Earthquakes </Li> <Li> Mass wasting <Ul> <Li> Landslides </Li> <Li> Mudflows </Li> <Li> Lahars </Li> <Li> Ice calving </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Volcano eruption </Li> <Li> Avalanches </Li> <Li> Sinkholes </Li> <Li> Quicksands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Flood <Ul> <Li> Coastal flood </Li> <Li> Flash flood </Li> <Li> Storm surge </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Limnic eruption </Li> <Li> Tsunami </Li> <Li> Cloudburst </Li> <Li> Meteotsunami </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weather </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ice <Ul> <Li> Cold wave </Li> <Li> Winter storm </Li> <Li> Thundersnow </Li> <Li> Ice storm </Li> <Li> Blizzard </Li> <Li> Ground blizzard </Li> <Li> Snowsquall </Li> <Li> Hail </Li> <Li> Freezing rain </Li> <Li> Whiteout ( weather ) </Li> <Li> Black ice </Li> <Li> Cryoseism </Li> <Li> Freezing drizzle </Li> <Li> Ice jacking </Li> <Li> Ice jam </Li> <Li> Jumble ice </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Heat <Ul> <Li> Droughts </Li> <Li> Heat waves </Li> <Li> Heat burst </Li> <Li> Backdraft </Li> <Li> Megadrought </Li> <Li> Torridness </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Wind <Ul> <Li> Storms </Li> <Li> Storm surge </Li> <Li> Dust storm </Li> <Li> Thunderstorm </Li> <Li> Severe thunderstorm </Li> <Li> Supercell </Li> <Li> Firestorm </Li> <Li> Gale </Li> <Li> Sirocco </Li> <Li> Simoon </Li> <Li> Haboob </Li> <Li> Cyclone </Li> <Li> Mesocyclone </Li> <Li> Tropical cyclones </Li> <Li> Extratropical cyclone </Li> <Li> Subtropical cyclone </Li> <Li> European windstorm </Li> <Li> Derechos </Li> <Li> Atlantic hurricane </Li> <Li> Typhoon </Li> <Li> Downdraft </Li> <Li> Tornado </Li> <Li> Multiple - vortex tornado </Li> <Li> Landspout </Li> <Li> Waterspout </Li> <Li> Fire whirl </Li> <Li> Gustnado </Li> <Li> Dust devil </Li> <Li> Whirlwind </Li> <Li> Lightning strike </Li> <Li> Air - mass thunderstorm </Li> <Li> Hypercane </Li> <Li> Microburst </Li> <Li> Monsoon </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fire </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wildfires </Li> <Li> Firestorm </Li> <Li> Fire whirl </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outbreak <Ul> <Li> Epidemic </Li> <Li> Pandemic </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Famine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Space </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gamma - ray burst </Li> <Li> Fast radio burst </Li> <Li> Cosmic rays ( Ultra-high - energy cosmic ray ) </Li> <Li> Impact event </Li> <Li> Meteor shower </Li> <Li> Particle shower </Li> <Li> Solar proton event </Li> <Li> Solar flare </Li> <Li> Coronal mass ejection </Li> <Li> Astrophysical jet </Li> <Li> Tidal disruption event </Li> <Li> Geomagnetic storm </Li> <Li> Gravitational collapse </Li> <Li> Kilonova </Li> <Li> Nova </Li> <Li> Supernova impostor </Li> <Li> Pair - instability supernova </Li> <Li> Supernova </Li> <Li> Hypernova </Li> <Li> Quark - nova </Li> <Li> Stellar collision </Li> <Li> Galactic collision </Li> <Li> Galactic merger </Li> <Li> Heat death of the universe </Li> <Li> Big Rip </Li> <Li> Big Crunch </Li> <Li> False vacuum metastability event </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Disasters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overview </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lists <Ul> <Li> by death toll </Li> <Li> by cost </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Disasters </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Natural ( by death toll ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tornadoes </Li> <Li> Drought </Li> <Li> Mudslide </Li> <Li> Flood </Li> <Li> Tropical cyclone </Li> <Li> Earthquake </Li> <Li> Volcanic eruptions </Li> <Li> Fires </Li> <Li> Wildfires </Li> <Li> Impact event </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Accidents </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Transport </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rail </Li> <Li> Maritime </Li> <Li> Shipwreck </Li> <Li> Aircraft </Li> <Li> Airship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industrial </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Structural failures and collapses </Li> <Li> Bridge </Li> <Li> Dam </Li> <Li> Nuclear <Ul> <Li> by death toll </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Civilian radiation </Li> <Li> Civilian nuclear </Li> <Li> Military nuclear </Li> <Li> Oil spills </Li> <Li> Levee breach </Li> <Li> Mast and tower </Li> <Li> Infrastructure </Li> <Li> Space </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Famines </Li> <Li> Epidemics </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Man - made </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wars and anthropogenic disasters </Li> <Li> Battles and other violent events </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Wars </Li> <Li> Terrorist incidents </Li> <Li> Riots </Li> <Li> Massacres </Li> <Li> Nightclub fires </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Countermeasures </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Humanitarian aid </Li> <Li> Emergency population warning </Li> <Li> Emergency Alert System </Li> <Li> Earthquake preparedness </Li> <Li> Earthquake warning system </Li> <Li> Evacuations </Li> <Li> Emergency management </Li> <Li> Hurricane preparedness </Li> <Li> Crisis management </Li> <Li> Disaster risk reduction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Feature films </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organizations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Global Risk Forum GRF Davos </Li> <Li> International Association of Emergency Managers </Li> <Li> International Disaster and Risk Conference </Li> <Li> Disaster Accountability Project </Li> <Li> International Disaster Emergency Service </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_natural_disaster_risk&oldid=829859604 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Natural disasters </Li> <Li> International quality of life rankings </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 March 2018 , at 06 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | most disaster prone country in the world 2017 | [
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Most common words in English - wikipedia <H1> Most common words in English </H1> <P> Studies that estimate and rank the most common words in English examine texts written in English . Perhaps the most comprehensive such analysis is one that was conducted against the Oxford English Corpus ( OEC ) , a very large collection of texts from around the world that are written in the English language . A text corpus is a large collection of written works that are organised in a way that makes such analysis easier . </P> <P> In total , the texts in the Oxford English Corpus contain more than 2 billion words . The OEC includes a wide variety of writing samples , such as literary works , novels , academic journals , newspapers , magazines , Hansard 's Parliamentary Debates , blogs , chat logs , and emails . </P> <P> Another English corpus that has been used to study word frequency is the Brown Corpus , which was compiled by researchers at Brown University in the 1960s . The researchers published their analysis of the Brown Corpus in 1967 . Their findings were similar , but not identical , to the findings of the OEC analysis . </P> <P> According to The Reading Teacher 's Book of Lists , the first 25 words in the OEC make up about one - third of all printed material in English , and the first 100 words make up about half of all written English . According to a study cited by Robert McCrum in The Story of English , all of the first hundred of the most common words in English are of Anglo - Saxon origin , except for `` people '' , ultimately from Latin `` populus '' , and `` because '' , in part from Latin `` causa '' . </P> <P> Some lists of common words distinguish between word forms , while others rank all forms of a word as a single lexeme ( the form of the word as it would appear in a dictionary ) . For example , the lexeme be ( as in to be ) comprises all its conjugations ( is , was , are , were , etc . ) , and contractions of those conjugations . Note also that these top 100 lemmas listed below account for 50 % of all the words in the Oxford English Corpus . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 100 most common words <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Parts of speech <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Nouns </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Verbs </Li> <Li> 1.1. 3 Adjectives </Li> <Li> 1.1. 4 Prepositions </Li> <Li> 1.1. 5 Others </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 See also <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Word lists </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> 100 most common words </H2> <P> A list of 100 words that occur most frequently in written English is given below , based on an analysis of the Oxford English Corpus ( a collection of texts in the English language , comprising over 2 billion running words ) . A part of speech is provided for most of the words , but part of speech categories vary between analyses , and not all possibilities are listed . For example `` I '' may be a pronoun or a Roman numeral ; `` to '' may be a preposition or an infinitive marker ; `` time '' may be a noun or a verb . Also , a single spelling can represent more than one root word . For example `` singer '' may be a form of either `` sing '' or `` singe '' . Different corpora may treat such difference differently . </P> <P> The table also includes frequencies from other corpora , note that as well as usage differences , lemmatisation may differ from corpus to corpus - for example splitting the prepositional use of `` to '' from the use as a particle . Also the COCA list includes dispersion as well as frequency to calculate rank . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Word </Th> <Th> Parts of speech </Th> <Th> OEC rank </Th> <Th> COCA rank </Th> <Th> Dolch level </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> the </Td> <Td> Article </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> be </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> to </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 , 9 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> of </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> and </Td> <Td> Conjunction </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Article </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> in </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 , 128 , 3038 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> that </Td> <Td> Conjunction et al . </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 12 , 27 , 903 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> have </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> it </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> for </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 13 , 2339 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> not </Td> <Td> Adverb et al . </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 28 , 2929 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> on </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 17 , 155 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> with </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> he </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> as </Td> <Td> Adverb , conjunction , et al . </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 33 , 49 , 129 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> you </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> do </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> at </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> this </Td> <Td> Determiner , adverb , noun </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 20 , 4665 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> but </Td> <Td> Preposition , adverb , conjunction </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 23 , 1715 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> his </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 25 , 1887 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> by </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 30 , 1190 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> from </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> they </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> we </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> say </Td> <Td> Verb et al . </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> her </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 29 , 106 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> she </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> or </Td> <Td> Conjunction </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Grade 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> an </Td> <Td> Article </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> ( a ) </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> will </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 48 , 1506 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> my </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> one </Td> <Td> Noun , adjective , et al . </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 51 , 104 , 839 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> all </Td> <Td> Adjective </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 43 , 222 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> would </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Grade 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> there </Td> <Td> Adverb , pronoun , et al . </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 53 , 116 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> their </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Grade 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> what </Td> <Td> Pronoun , adverb , et al . </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> so </Td> <Td> Conjunction , adverb , et al . </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 55 , 196 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> up </Td> <Td> Adverb , preposition , et al . </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> 50 , 456 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> out </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 64 , 149 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> if </Td> <Td> Conjunction </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Grade 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> about </Td> <Td> Preposition , adverb , et al . </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 46 , 179 </Td> <Td> Grade 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> who </Td> <Td> Pronoun , noun </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> get </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> which </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Grade 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> go </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> me </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Pre-primer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> when </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> 57 , 136 </Td> <Td> Grade 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> make </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> can </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 37 , 2973 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> like </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> 74 , 208 , 1123 , 1684 , 2702 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> time </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> no </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> 93 , 699 , 916 , 1111 , 4555 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> just </Td> <Td> Adjective </Td> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> 66 , 1823 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> him </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> know </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> take </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> people </Td> <Td> Noun </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> into </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> year </Td> <Td> Noun </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> your </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> good </Td> <Td> Adjective </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> 110 , 2280 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> some </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> could </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> them </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> see </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> other </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 75 , 715 , 2355 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> than </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 73 , 712 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> then </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> now </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 72 , 1906 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> look </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 85 , 604 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> only </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 101 , 329 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> come </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> its </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> over </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 124 , 182 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> think </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> also </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> back </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 108 , 323 , 1877 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> after </Td> <Td> Preposition </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 120 , 260 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> use </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 92 , 429 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> two </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> how </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> our </Td> <Td> Possessive pronoun </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> work </Td> <Td> Verb , noun </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 117 , 199 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> first </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 86 , 2064 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> well </Td> <Td> Adverb </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 100 , 644 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> way </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> 84 , 4090 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> even </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 91 </Td> <Td> 107 , 484 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> new </Td> <Td> Adjective et al . </Td> <Td> 92 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> want </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> because </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 89 , 509 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> any </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> <Td> 109 , 4720 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> these </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 96 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> give </Td> <Td> Verb </Td> <Td> 97 </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> day </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 98 </Td> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> most </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 99 </Td> <Td> 144 , 187 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> us </Td> <Td> Pronoun </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 113 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Parts of speech </H3> <P> The following is the same list subdivided by part of speech . The list labeled `` Others '' includes pronouns , possessives , articles , modal verbs , adverbs , and conjunctions . </P> Nouns <Ol> <Li> time </Li> <Li> person </Li> <Li> year </Li> <Li> way </Li> <Li> day </Li> <Li> thing </Li> <Li> man </Li> <Li> world </Li> <Li> life </Li> <Li> hand </Li> <Li> part </Li> <Li> child </Li> <Li> eye </Li> <Li> woman </Li> <Li> place </Li> <Li> work </Li> <Li> week </Li> <Li> case </Li> <Li> point </Li> <Li> government </Li> <Li> company </Li> <Li> number </Li> <Li> group </Li> <Li> problem </Li> <Li> fact </Li> </Ol> Verbs <Ol> <Li> be </Li> <Li> have </Li> <Li> do </Li> <Li> say </Li> <Li> get </Li> <Li> make </Li> <Li> go </Li> <Li> know </Li> <Li> take </Li> <Li> see </Li> <Li> come </Li> <Li> think </Li> <Li> look </Li> <Li> want </Li> <Li> give </Li> <Li> use </Li> <Li> find </Li> <Li> tell </Li> <Li> ask </Li> <Li> work </Li> <Li> seem </Li> <Li> feel </Li> <Li> try </Li> <Li> leave </Li> <Li> call </Li> </Ol> Adjectives <Ol> <Li> good </Li> <Li> new </Li> <Li> first </Li> <Li> last </Li> <Li> long </Li> <Li> great </Li> <Li> little </Li> <Li> own </Li> <Li> other </Li> <Li> old </Li> <Li> right </Li> <Li> big </Li> <Li> high </Li> <Li> different </Li> <Li> small </Li> <Li> large </Li> <Li> next </Li> <Li> early </Li> <Li> young </Li> <Li> important </Li> <Li> few </Li> <Li> public </Li> <Li> bad </Li> <Li> same </Li> <Li> able </Li> </Ol> Prepositions <Ol> <Li> to </Li> <Li> of </Li> <Li> in </Li> <Li> for </Li> <Li> on </Li> <Li> with </Li> <Li> at </Li> <Li> by </Li> <Li> from </Li> <Li> up </Li> <Li> about </Li> <Li> into </Li> <Li> over </Li> <Li> after </Li> </Ol> Others <Ol> <Li> the </Li> <Li> and </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> that </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> it </Li> <Li> not </Li> <Li> he </Li> <Li> as </Li> <Li> you </Li> <Li> this </Li> <Li> but </Li> <Li> his </Li> <Li> they </Li> <Li> her </Li> <Li> she </Li> <Li> or </Li> <Li> an </Li> <Li> will </Li> <Li> my </Li> <Li> one </Li> <Li> all </Li> <Li> would </Li> <Li> there </Li> <Li> their </Li> </Ol> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Languages portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Basic English </Li> <Li> Frequency analysis , the study of the frequency of letters or groups of letters </Li> <Li> Letter frequencies </Li> <Li> Oxford English Corpus </Li> <Li> Swadesh list , a compilation of basic concepts for the purpose of historical - comparative linguistics </Li> <Li> Zipf 's law , a theory stating that the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in a frequency table </Li> </Ul> <H3> Word lists </H3> <Ul> <Li> Dolch Word List , a list of frequently used English words </Li> <Li> General Service List </Li> <Li> Word lists by frequency </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Oxford English Corpus : Facts about the language '' . OxfordDictionaries.com . Oxford University Press . What is the commonest word ? . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2011 . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Oxford English Corpus '' . AskOxford.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The First 100 Most Commonly Used English Words . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill Bryson , The Mother Tongue : English and How It Got That Way , Harper Perennial , 2001 , page 58 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benjamin Zimmer . June 22 , 2006 . Time after time after time ... Language Log . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Word frequency : based on 450 million word COCA corpus '' . www.wordfrequency.info . Retrieved 11 April 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up frequency lists in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Most_common_words_in_English&oldid=851548656 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of English words </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Article </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 July 2018 , at 02 : 08 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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If You Wanna Be Happy - wikipedia <H1> If You Wanna Be Happy </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Jimmy Soul </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album If You Wanna Be Happy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Do n't Release Me '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1963 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 '' vinyl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Doo - wop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> S.P.Q.R. / London Records </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Joseph Royster Carmella Guida Frank Guida </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' is a 1963 song recorded by Jimmy Soul , written by Joseph Royster , Carmella Guida and Frank Guida . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 3 Covers </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` If You Wanna Be Happy '' is based on the song `` Ugly Woman '' by the Trinidadian calypsonian Roaring Lion recorded in 1934 . It hit number one on the Billboard Hot 100 on May 18 , 1963 , as well as the R&B singles chart . It was issued on Guida 's S.P.Q.R. label and distributed by London Records , and in the United Kingdom on EMI 's Stateside label . </P> <P> The original single lists a running time of 2 : 14 ; some later releases are slightly longer due to a longer fade - out . The song was banned on many radio stations , due to the use of the words `` Ugly Girl / Woman . '' Towards the end of the song , a brief dialogue takes place between Soul and a backup singer , based on Bo Diddley 's song `` Say Man '' : `` Say Man ! ! '' / `` Hey baby '' / `` I saw your wife the other day . '' / `` Yeah ? ? '' / `` Yeah , and she 's ugly - y-y-y-y ! ! ! '' / `` Yeah , she 's ugly , but she sure can cook , baby ''. / `` Yeah , alright . '' / Soul 's counterpoint melody in a falsetto is heard as the song fades out . </P> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> The song is featured in the films Clean and Sober ( 1988 ) , Chances Are ( 1989 ) , Mermaids ( 1990 ) Rocky and Bullwinkle ( 2014 ) and on the soundtrack of My Best Friend 's Wedding ( 1997 ) . The song , or possibly Roaring Lion 's version , can also be heard in Tiger Bay ( 1959 ) sung by a group of street musicians at a wedding . </P> <H2> Covers ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> In the wake of the original version , Netherlands - based Surinamese singer Max Woiski Jr. recorded the song as `` Want je bent nog niet gelukkig met een mooie vrouw '' . </Li> <Li> Former Rolling Stones bassist Bill Wyman released a version on his solo album Stone Alone , in 1976 . </Li> <Li> Joe Dolce released a version in 1981 as the follow - up to his international hit single `` Shaddap You Face '' . It reached the top 40 in New Zealand and no. 7 in Austria . </Li> <Li> The band Rocky Sharpe and the Replays released a cover version of the song in 1983 . </Li> <Li> Hong Kong singer George Lam covered this song in Cantonese in 1984 . The song is called `` 丫 嗚 婆 '' . </Li> <Li> Kid Creole and the Coconuts , Racey , The Skatalites and Barnes & Barnes have also released cover versions of the song . </Li> <Li> French singer Claude François recorded an adaptation of the song in French as `` Si tu veux être heureux '' ( June , 1963 ) . </Li> <Li> Philadelphia group The Dovells recorded and released the song on a 12 '' split with The Orlons ( 1963 ) . </Li> <Li> Robert Mitchum did a version of the song on Calypso -- Is Like So ... ! entitled `` From a Logical Point of View '' ( 1957 ) . </Li> <Li> The song was also sampled by Canadian synthpop group Kon Kan in the track `` ( Could 've Said ) I Told You So '' , taken from their second album Syntonic . </Li> <Li> The song was parodied by the rap duo of Cash Money and Marvelous titled `` Find An Ugly Woman '' from the album Where 's The Party At ? ( 1988 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . Top R&B / Hip - Hop Singles : 1942 - 2004 . Record Research . p. 803 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` I Will Follow Him '' by Little Peggy March </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot 100 number - one single May 18 , 1963 -- May 25 , 1963 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` It 's My Party '' by Lesley Gore </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` I Will Follow Him '' by Little Peggy March </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot R&B Singles number - one single June 1 , 1963 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by `` Another Saturday Night '' by Sam Cooke </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=If_You_Wanna_Be_Happy&oldid=819399515 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1963 singles </Li> <Li> Jimmy Soul songs </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Frank Guida </Li> <Li> 1963 songs </Li> <Li> London Records singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 January 2018 , at 04 : 17 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Muñoz - wikipedia <H1> Muñoz </H1> <P> Muñoz is a Spanish - language surname -- with a Portuguese - language variant ( Munhoz ) . Notable people with the surname include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Adriana Muñoz ( born 1982 ) , Cuban middle distance runner who specialized in the 800 and 1500 metres </Li> <Li> Agustín Fernando Muñoz , 1st Duke of Riánsares ( 1808 - 1873 ) , the second but morganatic husband of Maria Christina , Regent of Spain </Li> <Li> Agustín Muñoz Grandes ( 1896 -- 1970 ) , Spanish general , politician , vice-president of the Spanish Government and minister with Francisco Franco </Li> <Li> Alejandro Muñoz - Alonso ( 1934 -- 2016 ) , Spanish politician </Li> <Li> Alexander Muñoz ( born 1979 ) , professional boxer in the super flyweight division </Li> <Li> Alfonso Pérez Muñoz ( born 1972 ) , Spanish retired footballer who played as a striker </Li> <Li> Almudena Muñoz ( born 1968 ) , former judo competitor from Spain </Li> <Li> Alonso Muñoz ( c. 1512 -- 1568 ) , high - ranking administrator in Spain </Li> <Li> Amparo Muñoz ( born 1954 ) , Spanish actress who won the Miss Universe contest </Li> <Li> Anastasia Muñoz ( born 1984 ) , American voice actress affiliated with Funimation </Li> <Li> Anfión Muñoz ( 1850 -- 1920 ) , Chilean political figure </Li> <Li> Anibal Muñoz Duque ( 1908 -- 1987 ) , Roman Catholic Cardinal and Archbishop of Bogota </Li> <Li> Anthony Muñoz ( born 1958 ) , offensive tackle who played for the National Football League 's Cincinnati Bengals </Li> <Li> Antonio `` Kitín '' Muñoz Valcárcel ( born 1958 ) , Spanish navigator , scientist and sociological explorer </Li> <Li> Antonio Jesús Vázquez Muñoz ( born 1980 ) , Spanish footballer who currently plays for Recreativo de Huelva </Li> <Li> Antonio Muñoz ( tennis ) ( born 1951 ) , former professional tennis player from Barcelona , Spain </Li> <Li> Antonio Muñoz Molina ( born 1956 ) , Spanish writer and full member of the Royal Spanish Academy </Li> <Li> Arci Muñoz ( born 1989 ) , Filipina actress who is known for her antagonist roles </Li> <Li> Arnie Muñoz ( born 1982 ) , Major League Baseball pitcher who is currently a free agent </Li> <Li> Arturo Muñoz ( born 1984 ) , Mexican professional footballer , currently playing as a midfielder </Li> <Li> Astrid Muñoz ( born 1974 ) , Puerto Rican model </Li> <Li> Augustín Fernández Muñoz , Duke of Riansares ( 1808 -- 1873 ) , morganatic husband of Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies , queen and regent of Spain </Li> <Li> Brother Jose Muñoz - Cortes ( 1950 , Chile -- 1997 , Greece ) </Li> <Li> César Muñoz ( born 1929 ) , Ecuadorian chess master </Li> <Li> Carli Muñoz ( born 1948 ) , self - taught American jazz pianist </Li> <Li> Carlos Muñoz Cobo ( born 1961 ) , Spanish football ( soccer ) player </Li> <Li> Carlos Antonio Muñoz ( 1967 -- 1993 ) , Ecuadorian football ( soccer ) player </Li> <Li> Carlos Muñoz Pizarro ( 1913 -- 1976 ) , Chilean botanist </Li> <Li> Cathy Muñoz ( born 1964 ) , member of the Alaska House of Representatives </Li> <Li> Cecilia Muñoz ( born 1962 ) , civil rights advocate </Li> <Li> Cecilia Muñoz - Palma ( 1913 -- 2006 ) , Filipino jurist and the first woman appointed to the Supreme Court of the Philippines </Li> <Li> Celia Álvarez Muñoz ( born 1932 ) , American artist </Li> <Li> Charles Muñoz ( 1926 -- 2018 ) , American poet , novelist and publisher </Li> <Li> Cipriano Muñoz y Manzano ( 1862 -- 1933 ) , Spanish diplomat and academic </Li> <Li> Clara Lair ( 1895 -- 1973 ) , poet whose work dealt with the everyday struggles of the common Puerto Rican </Li> <Li> Claudio Bravo Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , Chilean goalkeeper </Li> <Li> Claudio Muñoz ( born 1984 ) , Chilean football ( soccer ) defender </Li> <Li> Cristián Muñoz ( born 1977 ) , Argentine goalkeeper </Li> <Li> Cristian Muñoz ( racewalker ) ( born 1981 ) , Chilean race walker </Li> <Li> Dandeny Muñoz Mosquera , purported to be the chief assassin for the Medellín Cartel of Colombia </Li> <Li> Daniel Parej0 Muñoz ( born 1989 ) , Spanish professional footballer </Li> <Li> David Ibarra Muñoz ( born 1930 ) , Mexican economist who served as Secretary of Finance </Li> <Li> David Muñoz ( born 1968 ) , Spanish director , producer , and screenwriter </Li> <Li> Diego Muñoz Camargo ( 1529 -- 1599 ) , the author of History of Tlaxcala </Li> <Li> Edgar Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , boxer from Venezuela </Li> <Li> Eduardo Muñoz Bachs ( 1937 -- 2001 ) , Cuban poster artist </Li> <Li> Emilio Muñoz , bullfighter and actor </Li> <Li> Eunice Muñoz , OSE , GCIH ( born 1928 ) , Portuguese actress </Li> <Li> Evaristo Muñoz ( 1684 -- 1737 ) , Spanish painter of the Baroque period </Li> <Li> Evita Muñoz `` Chachita '' ( born 1936 ) , Mexican actress </Li> <Li> Faustino Sainz Muñoz ( born 1937 ) , Spanish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church </Li> <Li> Federico Muñoz ( born 1963 ) , Colombian road cyclist </Li> <Li> Felipe Muñoz ( born 1951 ) , Mexican breaststroke swimmer </Li> <Li> Fernando Muñoz ( born 1967 ) , Spanish football ( soccer ) player </Li> <Li> Francisco Jose Yndurain Muñoz ( 1940 -- 2008 ) , Spanish theoretical physicist </Li> <Li> George Muñoz ( born 1951 ) , currently President of Muñoz Investment Banking Group , LLC </Li> <Li> Guillermo Muñoz ( born 1961 ) , Mexican football ( soccer ) player </Li> <Li> Gustavo Enrique Madero Muñoz ( born 1955 ) , Mexican politician and businessman </Li> <Li> Gutierre - Muñoz , municipality located in the province of Ávila , Castile and León , Spain </Li> <Li> Héctor Martínez Muñoz , member of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Heraldo Muñoz ( born 1948 ) , Chilean politician and diplomat and current Chilean Ambassador to the United Nations </Li> <Li> Hernán Darío Muñoz ( born 1973 ) , Colombian road racing cyclist </Li> <Li> Hoyos de Miguel Muñoz , municipality located in the province of Ávila , Castile and León , Spain </Li> <Li> Hugo Muñoz ( born 1973 ) , retired Peruvian high jumper </Li> <Li> Iñaki Muñoz ( born 1978 ) , Spanish footballer </Li> <Li> Isabel Muñoz ( born 1951 ) , Spanish photographer who lives in Madrid </Li> <Li> Iván Pérez Muñoz ( born 1976 ) , retired Spanish footballer who played as striker </Li> <Li> James Muñoz , lead singer of American metalcore band The Bled </Li> <Li> Javier Muñoz ( born 1995 ) , Spanish football player </Li> <Li> Javier Muñoz Mustafá ( born 1980 ) , Argentine - Spaniard footballer playing for C.F. Pachuca </Li> <Li> Javiera Muñoz ( born 1977 ) , Swedish singer with Chilean - Uruguayan roots </Li> <Li> Joaquín Rubio y Muñoz ( 1788 -- 1874 ) , Spanish lawyer who was a noted antiquarian and numismatist in the city of Cádiz , Spain </Li> <Li> Jorge Antonio Muñoz ( born 1981 ) , Chilean football ( soccer ) midfielder </Li> <Li> José Antonio Muñoz ( born 1942 ) , Argentine artist </Li> <Li> José Esteban Muñoz ( born 1967 ) , American academic in the fields of Performance Studies , visual culture , queer theory , cultural studies , and critical theory </Li> <Li> José Ramos Muñoz , Spanish neo-marxist archaeologist and professor of prehistory at the University of Cádiz </Li> <Li> José Santiago Muñoz ( 1780 -- 1836 ) , Chilean soldier and politician </Li> <Li> Juan Bautista Muñoz ( 1745 -- 1799 ) , Spanish philosopher and historian of the New World . </Li> <Li> Juan Carlos Muñoz ( born 1919 ) , footballer from Argentina </Li> <Li> Juan Jacinto Muñoz Rengel ( born 1974 ) , Spanish writer and founder of the literary review Estigma </Li> <Li> Juan José Muñoz , Argentine businessman </Li> <Li> Juan Manuel Muñoz ( born 1985 ) , Spanish football player </Li> <Li> Juan Muñoz ( 1953 -- 2001 ) , famous Spanish sculptor </Li> <Li> León Darío Muñoz ( born 1977 ) , Colombian soccer player </Li> <Li> Lola Muñoz ( born 1980 ) , Spanish singer from the Spanish girl group Las Ketchup </Li> <Li> Lucía Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , Spanish singer from the girl group Las Ketchup </Li> <Li> Lucio Muñoz ( 1929 -- 1998 ) , Spanish artist </Li> <Li> Luis Muñoz Marín ( 1898 -- 1980 ) , Puerto Rican poet , journalist , and politician </Li> <Li> Luis Muñoz Rivera ( 1859 -- 1916 ) , Puerto Rican poet , journalist and politician </Li> <Li> Luis Muñoz Rivera ( senator ) ( 1916 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Manolo Muñoz ( 1941 -- 2000 ) , Mexican singer and actor </Li> <Li> Manuel Muñoz ( Governor of Spanish Texas ) </Li> <Li> Maria Elizabeth Muñoz , Chicana activist </Li> <Li> Mariana de Pineda Muñoz ( 1804 -- 1831 ) , Spanish national heroine </Li> <Li> Mark Muñoz ( born 1978 ) , Filipino - American mixed martial artist </Li> <Li> Matilde Muñoz Sampedro ( 1900 - 1969 ) , Spanish actress </Li> <Li> Miguel Ángel Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , Spanish actor and singer </Li> <Li> Miguel Muñoz ( 1922 - 1990 ) , Spanish footballer and manager </Li> <Li> Moisés Muñoz ( born 1980 ) , goalkeeper </Li> <Li> Morella Muñoz ( 1935 -- 1995 ) , popular Venezuelan singer </Li> <Li> Nicolás Muñoz ( born 1981 ) , Panamanian footballer </Li> <Li> Nicole Muñoz ( born 1994 ) , Canadian film and television actress </Li> <Li> Noe Muñoz ( born 1967 ) , former Major League Baseball catcher </Li> <Li> Oscar Muñoz ( baseball ) ( born 1969 ) , former major league baseball pitcher </Li> <Li> Pablo Muñoz Vega S.J. ( 1903 -- 1994 ) , Ecuadorian cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church and Archbishop of Quito </Li> <Li> Paloma Muñoz ( born 1965 ) , visual artist part of the group Martin & Muñoz </Li> <Li> Pam Muñoz Ryan ( born 1951 ) , American Latina author </Li> <Li> Patricia Muñoz ( born 1968 ) , Mexican actress , model and singer </Li> <Li> Pedro López Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , Spanish football player </Li> <Li> Pedro Muñoz ( baseball ) ( born 1968 ) , former outfielder in Major League Baseball </Li> <Li> Pedro Muñoz Machín Rodríguez ( Mieres , 6 November 1958 ) , former Spanish professional road bicycle racer </Li> <Li> Pedro Muñoz Saglimbeni , the first solo viola at Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa </Li> <Li> Pedro Muñoz Seca ( 1881 -- 1936 ) , Spanish dramatist </Li> <Li> Pilar Muñoz ( born 1978 ) , Spanish singer from the Spanish girl group , Las Ketchup </Li> <Li> Porfirio Muñoz Ledo ( born 1933 ) , Mexican politician </Li> <Li> Rafael Calderón Muñoz ( 1869 -- 1943 ) , Costa Rican politician </Li> <Li> Rafael Muñoz ( journalist ) ( 1899 -- 1972 ) , Mexican journalist , novelist and writer of short stories </Li> <Li> Ramón Muñoz Gutiérrez ( born 1960 ) , Mexican right - wing politician </Li> <Li> Raúl Muñoz ( born 1974 ) , Chilean football ( soccer ) player </Li> <Li> René Muñoz ( 1938 -- 2000 ) , Cuban actor and scriptwriter of telenovelas and the cinema of Mexico </Li> <Li> Ricardo Muñoz , alderman of the 22nd ward in Chicago </Li> <Li> Ricardo Muñoz Suay ( 1917 -- 1997 ) , Spanish film director , producer and screenwriter </Li> <Li> Roberto Muñoz ( Puerto Rican baseball player ) ( born 1968 ) , former professional baseball player </Li> <Li> Rodrigo Muñoz ( born 1982 ) , Uruguayan footballer </Li> <Li> Roger Muñoz ( born 1984 ) , Nicaraguan basketball player </Li> <Li> Silvia Muñoz ( born 1979 ) , field hockey midfield and forward player from Spain </Li> <Li> Susana Blaustein Muñoz , Argentine film director </Li> <Li> Tito Muñoz ( born 1983 ) , American conductor , currently Assistant Conductor of The Cleveland Orchestra </Li> <Li> Toni Muñoz ( born 1982 ) , Spanish football striker </Li> <Li> Víctor Muñoz ( born 1957 ) , former Spanish football midfield player </Li> <Li> Victoria Muñoz Mendoza ( born 1940 ) , former politician from Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Vincent Phillip Muñoz , American political scientist </Li> <Li> William Muñoz ( born 1988 ) , Mexican professional wrestler better known as Rush </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport , public airport located in Carolina , Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Luis Muñoz Rivera Park , recreational and national park in Puerta de Tierra in San Juan , Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Martín Muñoz de la Dehesa , municipality located in the province of Segovia , Castile and León , Spain </Li> <Li> Martín Muñoz de las Posadas , municipality located in the province of Segovia , Castile and León , Spain </Li> <Li> Miguel Muñoz Trophy , football award established by Spanish newspaper MARCA </Li> <Li> Muñoz Airstrip , dirt airstrip located South of Bahía de los Ángeles , Municipality of Ensenada , Baja California , Mexico </Li> <Li> Muñoz Gamero Peninsula , peninsula in Chile </Li> <Li> Muñoz Municipality , one of the seven municipalities ( municipios ) that makes up the Venezuelan state of Apure </Li> <Li> Muñoz , Nueva Ecija , 5th class city in the province of Nueva Ecija , Philippines </Li> <Li> Muñoz , District of Quezon City , Philippines </Li> <Li> Patio Muñoz , neighborhood of the city of Xalapa in the state of Veracruz in eastern Mexico </Li> <Li> Pedro Muñoz , municipality in the autonomous community named Castile - La Mancha , Spain </Li> <Li> San Muñoz , municipality located in the province of Salamanca , Castile and León , Spain </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Surname list This page lists people with the surname Muñoz . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page , you may wish to change that link by adding the person 's given name ( s ) to the link . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title= Muñoz&oldid = 850168624 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Surnames </Li> <Li> Spanish - language surnames </Li> <Li> Patronymic surnames </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> <Li> All set index articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 July 2018 , at 03 : 01 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | where does the last name munoz come from | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Mu%C3%B1oz&oldid=850168624 | 7,591,041,839,528,148,000 |
Seven Mile bridge - wikipedia <H1> Seven Mile bridge </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Seven Mile Bridge </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Seven Mile Bridge with the original in the foreground </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 24 ° 41 ′ 54 '' N 81 ° 10 ′ 36 '' W / 24.6982 ° N 81.1767 ° W / 24.6982 ; - 81.1767 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carries </Th> <Td> 2 lanes of US 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Crosses </Th> <Td> Moser Channel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Locale </Th> <Td> Florida Keys , Monroe County , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maintained by </Th> <Td> Florida Department of Transportation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ID number </Th> <Td> 900101 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Design </Th> <Td> precast segmented box girder bridge </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total length </Th> <Td> 10887.5 meters ( 6.765 miles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Width </Th> <Td> 11.58 meters ( 38 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longest span </Th> <Td> 41.15 meters ( 135 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Clearance below </Th> <Td> 19.81 meters ( 65 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Construction cost </Th> <Td> $45 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opened </Th> <Td> May 24 , 1982 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Location in Florida </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Seven Mile Bridge is a bridge in the Florida Keys , in Monroe County , Florida , United States . It connects Knight 's Key ( part of the city of Marathon , Florida ) in the Middle Keys to Little Duck Key in the Lower Keys . Among the longest bridges in existence when it was built , it is part of the Overseas Highway in the Keys , which is part of the 2,369 - mile U.S. Route 1 . </P> <P> There are two bridges in this location . The modern bridge is open to vehicular traffic ; the older one only to pedestrians and cyclists . The older bridge , originally known as the Knights Key - Pigeon Key - Moser Channel - Pacet Channel Bridge , was constructed from 1909 to 1912 under the direction of Henry Flagler and Clarence S. Coe as part of the Florida East Coast Railway 's Key West Extension , also known as the Overseas Railroad . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Engineering </Li> <Li> 3 In fiction </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Entrance plaque <P> After the railroad was damaged by the Labor Day Hurricane of 1935 , the line was sold to the United States government , which refurbished Seven Mile Bridge for automobile use . Unsupported sections were added in 1935 to widen it for vehicular traffic . Dismantled trackage was recycled , painted white , and used as guardrails . It had a swing span to allow passage of boats in the Moser Channel of the Intracoastal Waterway , near where the bridge crosses Pigeon Key , a small island that held a work camp for Flagler 's railroad . Hurricane Donna in 1960 caused further damage . </P> <P> The current road bridge was constructed from 1978 to 1982 . </P> <P> The vast majority of the original bridge still exists , although the swing span has been removed . The 2.2 - mile section to Pigeon Key , used as a fishing pier and long open to motorized vehicles to give access to the key , was closed to motorized traffic in 2008 after the unsupported sections began to sag . As of 2015 , the section remains open to pedestrians and bicyclists . In 2014 , Florida Department of Transportation approved a $77 million plan to restore the old bridge . </P> <H2> Engineering ( edit ) </H2> <P> The new bridge is a box - girder structure built from precast , prestressed concrete sections , comprising 440 spans . Near the center , the bridge rises in an arc to provide 65 - foot ( 20 m ) - high clearance for boat passage . The remainder of the bridge is considerably closer to the water surface . The new bridge does not cross Pigeon Key . </P> <P> The total length of the new bridge is actually 35,862 ft ( 10,931 m ) or 6.79 miles ( 10.93 km ) , and is shorter than the original . The bridge carries the Florida Keys aqueduct , supplying water to points west , as well as fiber optic cables , providing telecommunications to and from the lower Keys . </P> <P> Each April , the bridge is closed for about 2.5 hours on a Saturday to allow the Seven Mile Bridge Run , a `` fun run '' of some 1,500 runners that commemorates the Florida Keys bridge rebuilding project . The event began in 1982 to commemorate the completion of a federally funded bridge building program that replaced spans that oil tycoon Henry Flagler constructed in the early 1900s to serve as a foundation for his Overseas Railroad . </P> <P> The Seven Mile Bridge was engineered by Figg & Muller Engineers ( who also engineered the much taller Sunshine Skyway Bridge ) . The structure was completed six months ahead of schedule and has earned eight awards , including an Exceptional Award for Cost Savings Innovation from the Federal Highway Administration . </P> <H2> In fiction ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( November 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The bridge has been featured in films and television series , such as Licence to Kill , True Lies , 2 Fast 2 Furious , and Burn Notice . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bridges portal </Li> <Li> Florida portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Jerry . `` HISTORY of the OVERSEAS HIGHWAY '' . KEYS HISTOREUM . Historical Preservation Society of the Upper Keys . Retrieved 1 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Toppino , Nancy ( 2008 - 11 - 18 ) . Florida Keys and Key West . Globe Pequot Press . p. 271 . ISBN 9780762748716 . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gross , Bonnie . `` Florida Keys : The Old Seven Mile Bridge in Marathon '' . floridarambler.com . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elaine , Glusac ( 2014 - 04 - 03 ) . `` In the Keys , New Plans for an Old Bridge '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2015 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Firey crash reminds residents of isolation '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seven Mile Bridge '' . Structurae . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reeves , Tony . `` Licence to Kill 1989 '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Reeves , Tony ( 7 September 2014 ) . `` True Lies Film Locations '' . The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Netflix Series and Others Spotlight the Florida Keys '' . The Florida Keys and Key West . 2 March 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2 Fast 2 Furious - Production Notes Page 2 '' . contactmusic.net. 10 June 2003 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <P> Route map : Google </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> KML file ( edit help ) <Ul> <Li> Display on Google Maps </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Template : Attached KML / Seven Mile Bridge KML is from Wikidata <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Seven Mile Bridge . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Friends of Old Seven website </Li> <Li> FIGG Seven Mile Bridge </Li> <Li> Knight 's Key Bridge ( 1912 ) at Structurae </Li> <Li> Pigeon Key Bridge ( 1912 ) at Structurae </Li> <Li> Moser Channel Bridge ( 1912 ) at Structurae </Li> <Li> Pacet Channel Viaduct ( 1912 ) at Structurae </Li> <Li> Seven Mile Bridge ( 1982 ) at Structurae </Li> <Li> Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . 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Kinney </Li> <Li> Port of Miami </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ferries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Drayton Island </Li> <Li> Fort Gates </Li> <Li> Mayport </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> -- Covered bridge </Li> <Li> -- Swing bridge </Li> </Ul> <P> See also : List of bridges in Florida </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seven_Mile_Bridge&oldid=838548347 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Bridges completed in 1912 </Li> <Li> Bridges completed in 1982 </Li> <Li> Bridges in Monroe County , Florida </Li> <Li> Florida East Coast Railway </Li> <Li> Landmarks in Florida </Li> <Li> Railroad bridges in Florida </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in the Florida Keys </Li> <Li> Road bridges in Florida </Li> <Li> U.S. Route 1 </Li> <Li> Bridges on the United States Numbered Highways </Li> <Li> Marathon , Florida </Li> <Li> Historic American Engineering Record in Florida </Li> <Li> 1912 establishments in Florida </Li> <Li> Concrete bridges in the United States </Li> <Li> Box girder bridges in the United States </Li> <Li> Florida Keys </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from November 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> <Li> Articles using KML from Wikidata </Li> <Li> Structurae ID different from Wikidata </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 April 2018 , at 18 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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InSight - wikipedia <H1> InSight </H1> robotic lander en route to Mars <Table> InSight <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Top : Artist 's rendering of the MarCO CubeSats Bottom : Artist 's rendering of the InSight lander </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Names </Th> <Td> Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations , Geodesy and Heat Transport Geophysical Monitoring Station Discovery 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mission type </Th> <Td> Mars lander </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator </Th> <Td> NASA / JPL </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> COSPAR ID </Th> <Td> 2018 - 042A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SATCAT no . </Th> <Td> 43457 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> mars.nasa.gov/insight/ </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mission duration </Th> <Td> Planned : 2 years on Mars Elapsed : 3 months , 7 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Spacecraft properties </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Manufacturer </Th> <Td> Lockheed Martin Space Systems </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Launch mass </Th> <Td> 694 kg ( 1,530 lb ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landing mass </Th> <Td> 358 kg ( 789 lb ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dimensions </Th> <Td> Deployed : 6.0 × 1.56 × 1.0 m ( 19.7 × 5.1 × 3.3 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Power </Th> <Td> 600 W , solar / Li - ion battery </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Start of mission </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Launch date </Th> <Td> 5 May 2018 , 11 : 05 ( 2018 - 05 - 05UTC11 : 05 ) UTC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rocket </Th> <Td> Atlas V 401 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Launch site </Th> <Td> Vandenberg SLC - 3E </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Contractor </Th> <Td> United Launch Alliance </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Mars lander </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landing date </Th> <Td> 26 November 2018 ( planned ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Landing site </Th> <Td> Elysium Planitia 4 ° 30 ′ N 135 ° 00 ′ E / 4.5 ° N 135.0 ° E / 4.5 ; 135.0 ( InSight landing site ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Flyby of Mars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spacecraft component </Th> <Td> MarCO </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Closest approach </Th> <Td> 26 November 2018 ( planned ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> show Instruments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> SEIS </Th> <Td> Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> HP </Th> <Td> Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> RISE </Th> <Td> Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> TWINS </Th> <Td> Temperature and Winds for InSight </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> Discovery program ← GRAIL Lucy → </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> InSight is a robotic lander designed to study the interior of the planet Mars . The mission launched on 5 May 2018 at 11 : 05 UTC and is expected to land on the surface of Mars at Elysium Planitia on 26 November 2018 , where it will deploy a seismometer and burrow a heat probe . It will also perform a radio science experiment to study the internal structure of Mars . </P> <P> The lander was manufactured by Lockheed Martin Space Systems and was originally planned for launch in March 2016 . Due to the failure of its SEIS instrument prior to launch , NASA announced in December 2015 that the mission had been postponed , and in March 2016 , the launch was rescheduled for 5 May 2018 , when it launched successfully . The name is a backronym for Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations , Geodesy and Heat Transport . </P> <P> InSight 's objective is to place a stationary lander equipped with a seismometer and heat transfer probe on the surface of Mars to study the planet 's early geological evolution . This could bring new understanding of the Solar System 's terrestrial planets -- Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars -- and the Earth 's Moon . By reusing technology from the Mars Phoenix lander , which successfully landed on Mars in 2008 , it is expected that the cost and risk will be reduced . </P> <P> Following a persistent vacuum failure in the main scientific instrument , the launch window was missed , and the InSight spacecraft was returned to Lockheed Martin 's facility in Denver , Colorado , for storage . NASA officials decided in March 2016 to spend an estimated US $150 million to delay launching InSight to May 2018 . This would allow time for the seismometer issue to be fixed , although it increased the cost from the previous US $675 million to a total of $830 million . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History and background </Li> <Li> 2 Objectives </Li> <Li> 3 Design <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Lander specifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Payload </Li> <Li> 5 Launch </Li> <Li> 6 Planned landing site </Li> <Li> 7 Team and participation </Li> <Li> 8 Name chips </Li> <Li> 9 CubeSats </Li> <Li> 10 Mars map </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History and background ( edit ) </H2> InSight comes together with the backshell and surface lander being joined , 2015 . <P> InSight was initially known as GEMS ( Geophysical Monitoring Station ) , but its name was changed in early 2012 following a request by NASA . Out of 28 proposals from 2010 , it was one of the three Discovery Program finalists receiving US $3 million in May 2011 to develop a detailed concept study . In August 2012 , InSight was selected for development and launch . Managed by NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) with participation from scientists from several countries , the mission is cost - capped at US $425 million , not including launch vehicle funding . </P> <P> Lockheed Martin began construction of the lander on 19 May 2014 , with general testing starting in 27 May 2015 . </P> <P> A persistent vacuum leak in the CNES - supplied seismometer known as the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure ( SEIS ) led NASA to postpone the planned launch in March 2016 to May 2018 . NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory took over development of the vacuum container for SEIS , with CNES handling instrument integration and test activities . The difficulty of an interplanetary seismometer was experienced by NASA when the Viking 1 lander 's seismometer did not deploy properly in 1976 . The seismometers on Viking were mounted on the lander , which meant that it also picked up vibrations from various operations of the lander and by the wind . The seismometer readings were used to estimate a Martian geological crust thickness between 14 and 18 km ( 8.7 and 11.2 mi ) at the Viking 2 lander site . The Viking 2 seismometer detected pressure from the Mars winds complementing the meteorology results . There was one candidate for a possible Marsquake , although it was not confirmed due to the limitations of the design , especially due to noise from other sources like wind . The wind data did prove useful in its own right , and despite the limitations of the data , widespread and large seismic events could be ruled out ( large Marsquakes were not detected ) . </P> <P> Seismometers were also left on the Moon by the Apollo 12 , 14 , 15 and 16 missions and provided many insights into lunar seismology , including the discovery of moonquakes . The Apollo seismic network , which was operated until 1977 , detected at least 28 moonquakes up to 5.5 on the richter scale . </P> <P> Radio Doppler measurements were taken with Viking and twenty years later with Mars Pathfinder , and in each case the axis of rotation of Mars was calculated . By combining this data the core size was constrained , because the change in axis of rotation over 20 years allowed a precession rate and from that the planet 's moment of inertia to be calculated . </P> <P> When InSight was delayed , the rest of the spacecraft was returned to Lockheed Martin 's factory in Colorado for storage , and the Atlas V rocket intended to launch the spacecraft was reassigned to the WorldView - 4 mission . </P> <P> NASA officials announced on 9 March 2016 that InSight would be delayed until the 2018 launch window at an estimated cost of US $150 million . The spacecraft was rescheduled to launch on 5 May 2018 for a Mars landing on 26 November ; the flight plan remained unchanged with launch using an Atlas V rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California . NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory was tasked with redesigning and building a new vacuum enclosure for the SEIS instrument , while CNES conducted instrument integration and testing . </P> The second name chip , inscribed with 1.6 million names , is placed on InSight in January 2018 . <P> On 22 November 2017 InSight completed testing in a thermal vacuum , also known as TVAC testing , where the spacecraft is put in simulated space conditions with reduced pressure and various thermal loads . On 23 January 2018 its solar panels were deployed and tested , and a second silicon chip containing 1.6 million names from the public was added to the lander . </P> <P> On 28 February 2018 InSight was shipped from Lockheed Martin Space Systems in Denver to Vandenberg Air Force Base , California , by a C - 17 cargo aircraft to begin final preparations for launch . </P> <H2> Objectives ( edit ) </H2> <P> InSight will place a single stationary lander on Mars to study its deep interior and address a fundamental issue of planetary and Solar System science : understanding the processes that shaped the rocky planets of the inner Solar System ( including Earth ) more than four billion years ago . </P> Interiors of Earth , Mars and the Moon ( artist 's concept ) <P> InSight 's primary objective is to study the earliest evolutionary history of the processes that shaped Mars . By studying the size , thickness , density and overall structure of Mars ' core , mantle and crust , as well as the rate at which heat escapes from the planet 's interior , InSight will provide a glimpse into the evolutionary processes of all of the rocky planets in the inner Solar System . The rocky inner planets share a common ancestry that begins with a process called accretion . As the body increases in size , its interior heats up and evolves to become a terrestrial planet , containing a core , mantle and crust . Despite this common ancestry , each of the terrestrial planets is later shaped and molded through a poorly understood process called differentiation . InSight mission 's goal is to improve the understanding of this process and , by extension , terrestrial evolution , by measuring the planetary building blocks shaped by this differentiation : a terrestrial planet 's core , mantle and crust . </P> <P> The mission will determine if there is any seismic activity , measure the amount of heat flow from the interior , estimate the size of Mars ' core and whether the core is liquid or solid . This data would be the first of its kind for Mars . It is also expected that frequent meteor airbursts ( 10 -- 200 detectable events per year for InSight ) will provide additional seismo - acoustic signals to probe the interior of Mars . The mission 's secondary objective is to conduct an in - depth study of geophysics , tectonic activity and the effect of meteorite impacts on Mars , which could provide knowledge about such processes on Earth . Measurements of crust thickness , mantle viscosity , core radius and density , and seismic activity should result in an accuracy increase of 3 × to 10 × compared with current data . </P> <P> In terms of fundamental processes shaping planetary formation , it is thought that Mars contains the most in - depth and accurate historical record , because it is big enough to have undergone the earliest accretion and internal heating processes that shaped the terrestrial planets , but is small enough to have retained signs of those processes . </P> <H2> Design ( edit ) </H2> The Insight lander with solar panels deployed in a cleanroom <P> The mission further develops a design inherited from the 2008 Phoenix Mars Lander . Because InSight is powered by solar panels , it will land near the equator to enable maximum power for a projected lifetime of 2 years ( 1 Martian year ) . InSight is designed to be launched by an Atlas V rocket ; the mission will include two CubeSats that will launch with InSight but will fly separately to Mars . </P> <H3> Lander specifications ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Mass </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Total : 694 kg ( 1,530 lb ) <Ul> <Li> Lander : 358 kg ( 789 lb ) </Li> <Li> Aeroshell : 189 kg ( 417 lb ) </Li> <Li> Cruise stage : 79 kg ( 174 lb ) </Li> <Li> Propellant and pressurant : 67 kg ( 148 lb ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mars Cube One CubeSats : 13.5 kg ( 30 lb ) each </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Dimensions </Dt> <Dd> About 6.0 m ( 19.7 ft ) wide with solar panels deployed . The science deck is about 1.56 m ( 5.1 ft ) wide and between 0.83 and 1.08 m ( 2.7 and 3.5 ft ) high ( depending on leg compression after landing ) . The length of the robotic arm is 2.4 m ( 7.9 ft ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Power </Dt> <Dd> Power is generated by two round solar panels , each 2.15 m ( 7.1 ft ) in diameter and consisting of SolAero ZTJ triple - junction solar cells made of InGaP / InGaAs / Ge arranged on Orbital ATK UltraFlex arrays . After touchdown on the Martian surface , the arrays are deployed by opening like a folding fan . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Payload ( edit ) </H2> InSight lander with labeled instruments Test of the 2.4 m lander 's robotic arm that will deploy the seismometer Laser retroreflector on InSight 's deck <P> InSight 's payload has a total mass of 50 kg , including science instruments and support systems such as the Auxiliary Payload Sensor Suite , cameras , the instrument deployment system , and a laser retroreflector . The science payload consists of two main instruments , SEIS and HP : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure ( SEIS ) will take precise measurements of quakes and other internal activity on Mars to better understand the planet 's history and structure . It will also investigate how the Martian crust and mantle respond to the effects of meteorite impacts , which gives clues to the planet 's inner structure . SEIS was provided by the French Space Agency ( CNES ) , with the participation of the Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris ( IPGP ) , the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ( ETH ) , the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ) , Imperial College , Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace ( ISAE ) and JPL . The seismometer will also detect sources including atmospheric waves and gravimetric signals ( tidal forces ) from Mars ' moon Phobos , up to high frequency seismic waves of 50 Hz . SEIS was found to have a vacuum leak which could not be corrected in time for the launch of InSight , forcing a two - year mission postponement . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> The SEIS instrument is supported by a suite of meteorological tools to characterize atmospheric disturbances that might affect the experiment . These include a vector magnetometer provided by UCLA that will measure magnetic disturbances such as those caused by the Martian ionosphere ; a suite of air temperature , wind speed and wind direction sensors based on the Spanish / Finnish Rover Environmental Monitoring Station ; and a barometer from JPL . </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package ( HP ) , provided by the German Aerospace Center ( DLR ) , is a self - penetrating heat flow probe . Referred to as a `` self - hammering nail '' and nicknamed `` the mole '' , it was designed to burrow as deep as 5 m ( 16 ft ) below the Martian surface while trailing a tether with embedded heat sensors to measure how efficiently heat flows through Mars ' core , and thus reveal unique information about the planet 's interior and how it has evolved over time . It trails a tether containing precise temperature sensors every 10 cm ( 3.9 in ) to measure the temperature profile of the subsurface . The tractor mole of the instrument was provided by the Polish company Astronika . </Li> <Li> The Rotation and Interior Structure Experiment ( RISE ) led by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( JPL ) , will use the lander 's X-band radio to provide precise measurements of planetary rotation to better understand the interior of Mars . X-band radio tracking , capable of an accuracy under 2 cm , will build on previous Viking program and Mars Pathfinder data . The previous data allowed the core size to be estimated , but with more data from InSight , the nutation amplitude can be determined . Once spin axis direction , precession , and nutation amplitudes are better understood , it should be possible to calculate the size and density of the Martian core and mantle . This should increase our understanding of the formation of terrestrial planets ( e.g. Earth ) and rocky exoplanets . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Temperature and Winds for InSight ( TWINS ) , fabricated by Spain 's Centro de Astrobiología , will monitor weather at the landing site . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Laser RetroReflector for InSight ( LaRRI ) is a corner cube retroreflector provided by the Italian Space Agency and mounted on InSight 's top deck . It will enable passive laser range - finding by orbiters even after the lander is retired , and would function as a node in a proposed Mars geophysical network . This device previously flew on the Schiaparelli lander as the Instrument for Landing - Roving Laser Retroreflector Investigations ( INRRI ) , and was an aluminum dome 54 mm ( 2.1 in ) in diameter and 25 g ( 0.9 oz ) in mass featuring eight fused silica reflectors . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Instrument Deployment Arm ( IDA ) is a 2.4 m robotic arm that will be used to deploy the SEIS and HP instruments to Mars ' surface . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Instrument Deployment Camera ( IDC ) is a color camera based on the Mars Exploration Rover and Mars Science Laboratory navcam design . It is stationed on the Instrument Deployment Arm and will image the instruments on the lander 's deck and provide stereoscopic views of the terrain surrounding the landing site . It features a 45 - degree field of view and uses a 1024 × 1024 pixel CCD detector . The IDC sensor was originally black and white ; a program was enacted that tested with a standard hazcam and , since development deadlines and budgets were met , was replaced with a color sensor . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Instrument Context Camera ( ICC ) is a color camera based on the MER / MSL hazcam design . It is mounted below the lander 's deck , and with its wide - angle 120 - degree panoramic field of view will provide a complementary view of the instrument deployment area . Like the IDC , it uses a 1024 × 1024 pixel CCD detector . </Li> </Ul> Phoenix landing site panorama . This `` father '' spacecraft design has many similarities to InSight . It landed in the north polar region of Mars in 2008 , while InSight is targeting a zone near the equator . <H2> Launch ( edit ) </H2> Launch of the Atlas V rocket carrying InSight and MarCO from Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 3 - E . Animation of InSight 's trajectory from 5 May 2018 to 26 November 2018 InSight Earth Mars <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikinews has related news : NASA 's InSight lander and MarCO craft launch in new mission to Mars </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The spacecraft was launched on 5 May 2018 at 11 : 05 UTC on an Atlas V 401 launch vehicle ( AV - 078 ) from Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 3 - East . This was the first American interplanetary mission to launch from California . </P> <P> The launch was managed by NASA 's Launch Services Program . InSight was originally scheduled for launch on 4 March 2016 on an Atlas V 401 ( 4 meter fairing / zero ( 0 ) solid rocket boosters / single ( 1 ) engine Centaur ) from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California , U.S. , but was called off in December 2015 due to a vacuum leak on the SEIS instrument . The rescheduled launch window ran from 5 May to 8 June 2018 . </P> <P> The journey to Mars will take 6.5 months across 484 million km ( 301 million mi ) for a touchdown expected on 26 November . If it lands successfully , a two - month - long deployment phase would commence as part of its two - year ( about one Martian year ) prime mission . </P> <H2> Planned landing site ( edit ) </H2> Phoenix landing art , similar to InSight <P> As InSight 's science goals are not related to any particular surface feature of Mars , potential landing sites were chosen on the basis of practicality . Candidate sites needed to be near the equator of Mars to provide sufficient sunlight for the solar panels year round , have a low elevation to allow for sufficient atmospheric braking during EDL , flat , relatively rock - free to reduce the probability of complications during landing , and soft enough terrain to allow the heat flow probe to penetrate well into the ground . An optimal area that meets all these requirements is Elysium Planitia , so all 22 initial potential landing sites were located in this area . The only two other areas on the equator and at low elevation , Isidis Planitia and Valles Marineris , are too rocky . In addition , Valles Marineris has too steep a gradient to allow safe landing . </P> <P> In September 2013 , the initial 22 potential landing sites were narrowed down to 4 , and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter was then used to gain more information on each of the 4 potential sites before a final decision was made . Each site consists of a landing ellipse that measures about 130 by 27 km ( 81 by 17 mi ) . In March 2017 , scientists from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that the landing site had been selected . It is located in western Elysium Planitia at 4 ° 30 ′ N 135 ° 54 ′ E / 4.5 ° N 135.9 ° E / 4.5 ; 135.9 ( InSight landing site ) . The landing site is about 600 km ( 370 mi ) from where the Curiosity rover is operating in Gale Crater . </P> All four possible landing sites are on Elysium Planitia ; this landing ellipse is one of them , located at 4 ° 30 ′ N 136 ° 00 ′ E / 4.5 ° N 136 ° E / 4.5 ; 136 . Image footprints by HiRise on Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter for studying the planned Insight landing ellipse . From east to west the scale is about 160 km ( 100 mi ) <H2> Team and participation ( edit ) </H2> InSight lander is loaded on to an aircraft in December 2015 for transport to California <P> The InSight science and engineering team includes scientists and engineers from many disciplines , countries and organizations . The science team assigned to InSight includes scientists from institutions in the U.S. , France , Germany , Austria , Belgium , Canada , Japan , Switzerland , Spain and the United Kingdom . </P> <P> Mars Exploration Rover project scientist W. Bruce Banerdt is the principal investigator for the InSight mission and the lead scientist for the SEIS instrument . Suzanne Smrekar , whose research focuses on the thermal evolution of planets and who has done extensive testing and development on instruments designed to measure the thermal properties and heat flow on other planets , is the lead for InSight 's HP instrument . Sami Asmar , an expert in advanced studies using radio waves , is the lead for InSight 's RISE investigation . The InSight mission team also includes project manager Tom Hoffman and deputy project manager Henry Stone . </P> <P> Major contributing agencies and institutions : </P> <P> National agencies : </P> <Ul> <Li> National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) </Li> <Li> Centre National d'Études Spatiales ( CNES ) </Li> <Li> Deutsches Zentrum für Luft - und Raumfahrt ( DLR ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Contributing institutions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( NASA / JPL ) </Li> <Li> Lockheed Martin </Li> <Li> Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris ( IPGP ) </Li> <Li> Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich ( ETHZ ) </Li> <Li> Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research ( MPS ) </Li> <Li> Imperial College London </Li> <Li> Institut supérieur de l'aéronautique et de l'espace ( ISAE - SUPAERO ) </Li> <Li> University of Oxford </Li> <Li> Centro de Astrobiología ( CAB ) </Li> <Li> Centrum Badan Kosmicznych ( CBK ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Name chips ( edit ) </H2> The first name chip for InSight <P> As part of its public outreach , NASA organized a program where members of the public were able to have their names sent to Mars aboard InSight . Due to its launch delay , two rounds of sign - ups were conducted totaling 2.4 million names : 826,923 names were registered in 2015 and a further 1.6 million names were added in 2017 . An electron beam was used to etch letters only ⁄ the width of a human hair onto 8 mm ( 0.3 in ) silicon wafers . The first chip was installed on the lander in November 2015 and the second on 23 January 2018 . </P> <H2> CubeSats ( edit ) </H2> View of Earth and Moon by CubeSat ( 9 May 2018 ) Flight hardware of Mars Cube One ( MarCO ) CubeSats relaying data during InSight 's landing ( artist concept ) Main article : Mars Cube One <P> The Mars Cube One ( MarCO ) spacecraft are a pair of 6U CubeSats that piggybacked with the InSight mission to test CubeSat navigation and endurance in deep space , and to help relay real - time communications during the probe 's entry , descent and landing ( EDL ) phase . The two 6U CubeSats , named `` MarCO '' A and B , are identical . They measure 30 cm × 20 cm × 10 cm ( 11.8 in × 7.9 in × 3.9 in ) and are flying as a pair for redundancy . They will not enter orbit but fly past Mars during the EDL phase of the mission and relay InSight 's telemetry in real time . MarCO is a technology capability demonstration of a communications relay system . </P> <P> The Atlas V Booster launched the MarCO CubeSats together with the InSight cruise stage ; afterwards , the two CubeSats separated from the cruise stage after launch and are flying their own trajectory to Mars . This is notably different from the twin Deep Space 2 probes , which were attached to the Mars Polar Lander cruise stage on its way to Mars . Near Mars , the Deep Space 2 probes separated for their mini-mission , but they were never heard from , and Mars Polar Lander was lost on landing ( Mars Global Surveyor was in orbit for communication at that time ) . </P> <H2> Mars map ( edit ) </H2> InSight landing zone target with other NASA landing zones <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Exploration of Mars </Li> <Li> List of missions to Mars </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` InSight -- Mission Overview '' . NASA . 2012 . Retrieved 22 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mars InSight Launch Press Kit '' ( PDF ) . NASA / JPL . May 2018 . Retrieved 26 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` InSight Lithograph '' ( PDF ) . NASA . July 2015 . LG - 2015 - 07 - 072 - HQ . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chang , Kenneth ( 5 May 2018 ) . `` NASA 's InSight Launches for Six - Month Journey to Mars '' . The New York Times . 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Washington , D.C. </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clark , Stephen ( 5 March 2016 ) . `` Fate of NASA 's InSight Mars mission to be decided soon '' . Spaceflight Now . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NASA Targets May 2018 Launch of Mars InSight Mission '' . NASA . 9 March 2016 . Retrieved 9 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergin , Chris ( 22 November 2017 ) . `` Mars InSight mission passes TVAC testing ahead of 2018 launch '' . NASASpaceFlight.com . Retrieved 6 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Good , Andrew ( 23 January 2018 ) . `` NASA 's Next Mars Lander Spreads its Solar Wings '' . NASA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NASA InSight Mission to Mars Arrives at Launch Site '' . NASA . 28 February 2018 . Retrieved 5 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` InSight : Mission '' . NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` InSight : Science '' . NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory . Retrieved 2 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kremer , Ken ( 2 March 2012 ) . `` NASAs Proposed ' InSight ' Lander would Peer to the Center of Mars in 2016 '' . Universe Today . Retrieved 27 March 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Banerdt , W. Bruce ( 2013 ) . InSight Project Status ( PDF ) . 28th Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Meeting . 23 July 2013 . Virtual meeting . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stevanović , J. ; et al. ( October 2017 ) . `` Bolide Airbursts as a Seismic Source for the 2018 Mars InSight Mission '' . Space Science Reviews . 211 ( 1 - 4 ) : 525 -- 545 . Bibcode : 2017SSRv ... 211 ... 525S . doi : 10.1007 / s11214 - 016 - 0327 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Agle , D.C. ( 20 August 2012 ) . `` New Insight on Mars Expected From new NASA Mission '' . NASA . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Mars Cube One ( MarCO ) '' . NASA . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SolAero Awarded Solar Panel Manufacturing Contract by ATK for NASA 's InSight Mars Lander Mission '' ( Press release ) . SolAero. 26 February 2014 . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UltraFlex Solar Array Systems '' ( PDF ) . Orbital ATK . Retrieved 13 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NASA and French Space Agency Sign Agreement for Mars Mission '' ( Press release ) . NASA . 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 11 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyle , Rebecca ( 4 June 2015 ) . `` Listening to meteorites hitting Mars will tell us what 's inside '' . New Scientist . Retrieved 5 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kumar , Sunil ( 1 September 2006 ) . Design and development of a silicon micro-seismometer ( PDF ) ( Ph. D . ) . Imperial College London . Retrieved 15 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis , Matthew ( 21 August 2012 ) . `` New probe to provide InSight into Mars ' interior '' . Ars Technica . Retrieved 21 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lognonné , P. ; Banerdt , W.B. ; Giardini , D. ; Christensen , U. ; Pike , T. ; et al. ( October 2011 ) . The GEMS ( GEophysical Monitoring Station ) SEISmometer ( PDF ) . EPSC - DPS Joint Meeting 2011 . 2 -- 7 October 2011 . Nantes , France . Bibcode : 2011epsc. conf. 1507L . EPSC - DPS2011 - 1507 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Panning , Mark P. ; et al. ( October 2017 ) . `` Planned Products of the Mars Structure Service for the InSight Mission to Mars '' ( PDF ) . Space Science Reviews . 211 ( 1 - 4 ) : 611 -- 650 . Bibcode : 2017SSRv ... 211 ... 611P . doi : 10.1007 / s11214 - 016 - 0317 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Banerdt , W. Bruce ( 2012 ) . InSight -- Geophysical Mission to Mars ( PDF ) . 26th Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Meeting . 4 October 2012 . Monrovia , California . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : David , Leonard ( 15 August 2014 ) . `` NASA 's Next Mars Lander Will Peer Deep Into Red Planet 's History : Here 's How '' . Space.com . Retrieved 16 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Grott , M. ; Spohn , T. ; Banerdt , W.B. ; Smrekar , S. ; Hudson , T.L. ; et al. ( October 2011 ) . Measuring Heat Flow on Mars : The Heat Flow and Physical Properties Package on GEMS ( PDF ) . EPSC - DPS Joint Meeting 2011 . 2 -- 7 October 2011 . Nantes , France . Bibcode : 2011epsc. conf ... 379G . EPSC - DPS2011 - 379 - 1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Tiffany ( 22 May 2013 ) . `` JPL begins work on two new missions to Mars '' . Glendale News - Press . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HP3 ( Heat Flow and Physical Properties Probe ) '' . NASA . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Polish Kret will fly to Mars '' . Science in Poland . 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Virtual . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Schiaparelli science package and science investigations '' . European Space Agency . 19 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dell'Agnello , S. ( 2016 ) . MoonLIGHT and INRRI : Status and Prospects . CSN2 Space Meeting . 20 July 2016 . INFN - LNGS , Italy . Istituto Nazionale de Fisica Nucleare . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cameras '' . InSight . NASA . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Golombek , Matt ; Banerdt , W. Bruce ( 2014 ) . InSight Project Status and Landing Site Selection ( PDF ) . 29th Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group Meeting . 13 -- 14 May 2014 . Crystal City , Virginia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Launch Schedule '' . Spaceflight Now . 6 January 2018 . Archived from the original on 8 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for InSight Mission '' . NASA . 19 December 2013 . 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Retrieved 13 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dean , James ( 16 May 2015 ) . `` NASA seeks launchers for smallest satellites '' . Florida Today . Retrieved 16 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schulze - Makuch , Dirk ( 9 June 2015 ) . `` CubeSats to the Rescue ? '' . Smithsonian Air & Space . Retrieved 9 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Messier , Douglas ( 27 May 2015 ) . `` Two Tiny ' CubeSats ' Will Watch 2016 Mars Landing '' . Space.com . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Asmar , Sami ; Matousek , Steve ( 20 November 2014 ) . Mars Cube One ( MarCO ) -- The First Planetary CubeSat Mission ( PDF ) . NASA / Jet Propulsion Laboratory . 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1 </Li> <Li> SELENE </Li> <Li> LCROSS </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Hayabusa </Li> <Li> MER Spirit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2011 <Ul> <Li> Stardust </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2012 <Ul> <Li> GRAIL </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2013 <Ul> <Li> Deep Impact </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2014 <Ul> <Li> LADEE </Li> <Li> Venus Express </Li> <Li> Chang'e 5 - T1 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2015 <Ul> <Li> MESSENGER </Li> <Li> Chang'e 3 / Yutu </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2016 <Ul> <Li> Rosetta / Philae </Li> <Li> ExoMars Schiaparelli </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2017 <Ul> <Li> LISA Pathfinder </Li> <Li> Cassini </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of Solar System probes </Li> <Li> List of lunar probes </Li> <Li> List of space telescopes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ← 2017 Orbital launches in 2018 2019 → </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> January </Th> <Td> USA - 280 / Zuma -- SuperView / Gaojing - 1 03 04 -- BeiDou - 3 M7 M8 -- Cartosat - 2F Microsat INS - 1C PicSat ICEYE - X1 -- LKW - 3 -- ASNARO - 2 -- Jilin 1 07 08 Xiaoxiang Zhou Enlai Kepler Quantutong - 1 -- USA - 282 / SBIRS - GEO - 4 -- Dove Pioneer Lemur - 2 × 2 Humanity Star -- Yaogan 30J 30K 30L Weina 1A -- SES - 14 Al Yah 3 -- GovSat - 1 / SES - 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> February </Th> <Td> Kanopus - V 3 4 -- CSES ÑuSat 4 , 5 -- TRICOM - 1R -- Falcon Heavy test flight ( Tesla Roadster ) -- BeiDou - 3 M3 M4 -- Progress MS - 08 -- Paz Tintin A & B -- IGS - Optical 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> March </Th> <Td> GOES - 17 -- Hispasat 30W - 6 -- O3b × 4 ( FM13 to FM16 ) -- Soyuz MS - 08 -- GSAT - 6A -- EMKA -- BeiDou - 3 M9 M10 -- Iridium NEXT 41 -- 50 -- Gaofen - 1 - 02 03 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> April </Th> <Td> Dragon CRS - 14 1KUNS - PF Irazú UBAKUSAT -- Superbird - B3 HYLAS - 4 -- Yaogan 31A 31B 31C Weina 1B -- IRNSS - 1I -- AFSPC - 11 EAGLE -- Blagovest - 12L -- TESS -- Sentinel - 3B -- Zhuhai - 1 × 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> May </Th> <Td> Apstar 6C -- InSight MarCO A , B -- Gaofen - 5 -- Bangabandhu - 1 -- Chang'e 4 Relay -- Cygnus CRS OA - 9E -- Iridium NEXT 51 -- 55 GRACE - FO × 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> June </Th> <Td> Gaofen - 6 -- SES - 12 -- Fengyun - 2H -- Soyuz MS - 09 -- IGS - Radar 6 -- GLONASS - M 756 -- XJSS A B -- Dragon CRS - 15 ( BHUTAN - 1 Maya - 1 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> July </Th> <Td> PRSS - 1 PakTES - 1A -- BeiDou IGSO - 7 -- Progress MS - 09 -- Telstar 19V -- Galileo FOC 19 -- 22 -- Iridium NEXT 56 -- 65 -- BeiDou - 3 M5 M6 -- Gaofen 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> August </Th> <Td> Merah Putih -- Parker Solar Probe </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Launches are separated by dashes ( -- ) , payloads by dots ( ) , multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ) . 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Half - mast - wikipedia <H1> Half - mast </H1> Jump to : navigation , search The Austrian flag flying at half - mast before the Austrian Parliament Building , due to the death of President Thomas Klestil , on July 7 , 2004 The Brazilian flag , besides the Mercosul flag , flying at half - mast in front of the National Congress of Brazil in memory of the victims of the Chapecoense crash in November 29 , 2016 . The American flag flying at half - mast in Buchenwald , Thuringia , Germany , on 19 April 1945 . <P> Half - mast or half - staff refers to a flag flying below the summit on a pole . In many countries this is seen as a symbol of respect , mourning , distress , or in some cases , a salute . Strictly speaking , flags are said to be half - mast if flown from ships , and half - staff if on land , although not all regional variations of English use `` half - staff '' . </P> <P> The tradition of flying the flag at half - mast began in the 17th century . According to some sources , the flag is lowered to make room for an `` invisible flag of death '' flying above . However , there is disagreement about where on a flagpole a flag should be when it is at half - staff . It is often recommended that a flag at half - staff should be lowered only as much as the hoist , or width , of the flag . British flag protocol is that a flag should be flown no less than two - thirds of the way up the flagpole , with at least the height of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the pole . It is common for the phrase to be taken literally and for a flag to be flown only half way up a flagpole , although some authorities deprecate that practice . </P> <P> When hoisting a flag that is to be displayed at half - mast , it should be raised to the finial of the pole for an instant , then lowered to half - mast . Likewise , when the flag is lowered at the end of the day , it should be hoisted to the finial for an instant , and then lowered . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Australia </Li> <Li> 2 Cambodia </Li> <Li> 3 Canada </Li> <Li> 4 China </Li> <Li> 5 Finland </Li> <Li> 6 France </Li> <Li> 7 Germany </Li> <Li> 8 Greece </Li> <Li> 9 Hong Kong </Li> <Li> 10 India </Li> <Li> 11 Iran </Li> <Li> 12 Ireland </Li> <Li> 13 Israel </Li> <Li> 14 Italy </Li> <Li> 15 Indonesia </Li> <Li> 16 Japan </Li> <Li> 17 Malaysia </Li> <Li> 18 Malta </Li> <Li> 19 Netherlands </Li> <Li> 20 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 21 Pakistan </Li> <Li> 22 Philippines </Li> <Li> 23 Russia </Li> <Li> 24 Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> 25 Singapore </Li> <Li> 26 South Africa </Li> <Li> 27 South Korea </Li> <Li> 28 Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> 29 Taiwan </Li> <Li> 30 Thailand </Li> <Li> 31 Turkey </Li> <Li> 32 United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> 33 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 34 United Nations </Li> <Li> 35 United States </Li> <Li> 36 Vietnam </Li> <Li> 37 Zimbabwe </Li> <Li> 38 References </Li> <Li> 39 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Australia ( edit ) </H2> The Australian White Ensign flying at half - mast . In accordance with British tradition , the flag is flying only one flag 's width below the top of the pole . <P> The flag of Australia is flown half - mast in Australia : </P> <Ul> <Li> On the death of the Sovereign -- from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral . On the day the accession of the new Sovereign is proclaimed , it is customary to raise the flag to the peak from 11 a.m. ; </Li> <Li> On the death of a member of a royal family ; </Li> <Li> On the death of the Governor - General or a former Governor - General ; </Li> <Li> On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations -- the flag would be flown on the day of the funeral ; </Li> <Li> On ANZAC day the flag is flown half - mast until noon ; </Li> <Li> On Remembrance Day flags are flown at peak till 10 : 30 am , at half - mast from 10 : 30am to 11 : 03am , then at peak the remainder of the day ; </Li> <Li> On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen . Flags in any locality may be flown at half - mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day , or part of the day , of their funeral . Recent examples include the death of naturalist Steve Irwin , actor Heath Ledger , esteemed international opera singer Dame Joan Sutherland , and former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam . In the case of cricketer Phillip Hughes , who died after being struck by a bouncer during a Sheffield Shield cricket match , the Australian flag was flown at half - mast at Cricket NSW headquarters on 27 November 2014 -- the day of his death , as well as on the Sydney Harbour Bridge and at Lord 's Cricket Ground in London . </Li> <Li> At times of natural disaster such as bushfires or tragedy . For example , in the days immediately following the Black Saturday bushfires , many flags of all types were flown at half - mast in spontaneous acknowledgement of the enormous loss of life ; the then Prime Minister announced that the Australian Flag would be flown at half - mast on 7 February , in remembrance of the victims . On 19 July 2014 , the Australian flag flew half - mast across the country in tribute to the lives lost in the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 incident . On 16 December 2014 , flags on all NSW government buildings , including the Sydney Harbour Bridge , flew at half - mast after the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis . </Li> <Li> On the death of international political friends to the country . Recent example includes Womtelo Reverend Baldwin Lonsdale , President of the Republic of Vanuatu . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cambodia ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Cambodia flew at half mast upon the death of King - Father Norodom Sihanouk for 7 days , from 15 -- 22 October 2012 . </P> <H2> Canada ( edit ) </H2> <P> The term half - mast is the official term used in Canada , according to the Rules For Half - Masting the National Flag of Canada . The decision to fly the flag at half - mast on federal buildings rests with the Department of Canadian Heritage . Federally , the national flag of Canada is flown at half - mast to mark the following occasions : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Occasion or date </Th> <Th> Protocol or significance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The death of the sovereign </Td> <Td> From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service , but the flag is flown at full - mast on the day on which the accession of the new monarch is proclaimed </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The death of a Governor General or Prime Minister who dies while in office </Td> <Td> From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The death of any member of the Royal Family , a former Governor General , the sitting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , sitting Ministers of the Crown , or a former Prime Minister </Td> <Td> From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or , if there is to be a memorial service , from the time of notification of death until sunset the following day and from sunrise to sunset on the day of the service </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The death of a police officer in the line of duty . </Td> <Td> The flag could be flown at half - mast from a couple of days to weeks , depending on the ranking of the officer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 28 of each year </Td> <Td> Marking the Day of Mourning for People Killed or Injured in the Workplace ( coinciding with World Day for Safety and Health at Work ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> June 23 of each year </Td> <Td> Marking the National Day of Remembrance for Victims of Terrorism </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Last Sunday in September of each year </Td> <Td> Marking Police Officer 's National Memorial Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 11 of each year </Td> <Td> Marking Remembrance Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> December 6 of each year </Td> <Td> Marking the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Certain events are also marked by flying the national flag at half - mast on the Peace Tower at Parliament Hill . These include : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Significance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 9 of each year </Td> <Td> Marking Vimy Ridge Day </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Varies </Td> <Td> The annual memorial service on Parliament Hill to remember deceased parliamentarians </Td> </Tr> </Table> The flag of Canada , the flag of Québec , and the flag of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets are half masted on board Bagotville Cadet Summer Training Centre , following the train detrailment and explosion of Lac Mégantic , Québec . <P> On occasion discretion can dictate the flying of the national flag at half - mast , not only on the Peace Tower , but on all federal facilities . Some examples include September 11 , 2001 , September 11 , 2002 , the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami , the 2005 Mayerthorpe Incident , the death of Pope John Paul II , the 2005 London bombings , the death of Smokey Smith , the state funerals of former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford , and the death of Jack Layton </P> <P> There are , however , exceptions to the rules of half - masting in Canada : if Victoria Day or Canada Day fall during a period of half - masting , the flags are to be returned to full - mast for the duration of the day . The national flag on the Peace Tower is also hoisted to full mast if a foreign head of state or head of government is visiting the parliament . These exemptions , though , do not apply to the period of mourning for the death of a Canadian monarch . The Royal Standard of Canada also never flies at half - mast , as it is considered representative of the sovereign , who ascends to the throne automatically upon the death of his or her predecessor . Each province can make its own determination of when to fly the flag at half - mast when provincial leaders or honoured citizens pass away . </P> <P> To raise a flag in this position , the flag must be flown to the top of the pole first , then brought down halfway before the flag is secured for flying . When such mourning occurs , all flags should be flown at that position or not be flown at all , with the exception of flags permanently attached to poles . </P> <P> A controversy surfaced in April , 2006 , when the newly elected Conservative government discontinued the practice , initiated by the previous Liberal government following the Tarnak Farm incident , of flying the flag at half - mast on all government buildings whenever a Canadian soldier was killed in action in Afghanistan . The issue divided veterans ' groups and military families , some of whom supported the return to the original tradition of using Remembrance Day to honour all soldiers killed in action , while others felt it was an appropriate way to honour the fallen and to remind the population of the costs of war . In spite of the federal government 's policy , local authorities have often decided to fly the flag at half - mast to honour fallen soldiers who were from their jurisdiction , including Toronto and Saskatchewan . </P> <P> On April 2 , 2008 , the House of Commons voted in favour of a motion calling on the government to reinstate the former policy regarding the half - masting of the flag on federal buildings . The motion , however , was not binding and the Cabinet refused to recommend any revision in policy to the Governor General . At the same time , a federal advisory committee tabled its report on the protocol of flying the national flag at half - mast , recommending that the Peace Tower flag remain at full height on days such as the Police Officers National Memorial Day and the National Day or Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women , stating that the flag should only be half - masted on Remembrance Day . At last report , the committee 's findings had been forwarded to the House of Commons all - party heritage committee for further study . </P> <H2> China ( edit ) </H2> Chinese flag at half - mast to mark to mourn for the victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . <P> The National Flag Law provides for a number of situations on which the flag should be flown at half - mast , and authorizes the State Council to make such executive orders : </P> <Ul> <Li> On the death of the President , Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress , Premier , Chairman of the Central Military Commission , Chairman of the People 's Political Consultative Conference , and those who have made major contributions to the People 's Republic of China , or to world peace or advancement of the mankind . For example , the flag was flown at half - mast after the deaths of Mao Zedong ( 1976 ) , Deng Xiaoping ( 1997 ) and Yang Shangkun ( 1998 ) . </Li> <Li> When major disasters happen , such as when the flag was flown at half - mast from May 19 to May 21 , 2008 , the three national mourning days for the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Finland ( edit ) </H2> The Finnish flag flying at half - mast after the 2011 Norway attacks . <P> In Finland , the official term for flying a flag at half - mast is known as suruliputus ( mourning by flag ( ging ) ) . It is performed by raising the flag briefly to the top of the mast and lowering it approximately one - third of the length of the flagpole , placing the lower hoist corner at half - mast . On wall - mounted and roof - top flagpoles the middle of the flag should fly at the middle of the flagpole . When removing the flag from half - mast , it is briefly hoisted to the finial before lowering . </P> <P> Traditionally , private residences and apartment houses fly the national flag at half - mast on the day of the death of a resident , when the flag is displayed at half - mast until sunset or 21 : 00 , whichever comes first . Flags are also flown at half - mast on the day of the burial , with the exception that the flag is to be hoisted to the finial after the inhumation takes place . </P> <P> Flags are also to be flown at half - mast on the days of national mourning . Such days are the deaths of former or current Finnish presidents , as well as significant catastophical events such as the aftermath of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , 2011 Norway attacks and significant national events such as the 2004 Konginkangas bus disaster and school shootings of Jokela and Kauhajoki . </P> <P> Historically , flags were flown at half - mast on the Commemoration Day of Fallen Soldiers which takes place on the third Sunday of May . Originally , flag was raised to the finial in the morning , displayed at half - mast from 10 : 00 to 14 : 00 , and again raised to the finial for the rest of the day . In 1995 , the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War , the tradition of flying the flag at half - mast was discontinued and flag is displayed at the finial in a usual manner . </P> <H2> France ( edit ) </H2> <P> The French flag is flown half mast on any Day of Mourning by order of the government ( for example after the Charlie Hebdo attack on 7 January 2015 , the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015 and the Nice attack on 14 July 2016 ) . Other countries have also flown the French flag at half mast because of this too . ( Australia 's Sydney Harbour Bridge flew the French flag at half mast because of the Paris attacks on November 13 of 2015 ) . </P> <P> Some occurrences of the French flag being flown half mast have been controversial , especially after the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005 but also in a lesser measure at the time following the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 . </P> <H2> Germany ( edit ) </H2> Black ribbons indicate mourning on banners that can not be lowered to halfmast <P> The flag of Germany and the flags of its federal states are flown at half - mast : </P> <Ul> <Li> On January 27 , Day of Remembrance for the Victims of National Socialism ; </Li> <Li> On National Day of Mourning ( 33rd Sunday of Ordinary Time ) . </Li> <Li> On any day of mourning by order of the federal president for all of Germany , or by order of a minister president for a particular state . E.g. upon the death of a current or former ranking politician or person of high esteem , or multiple deaths in accidents or natural disasters . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Greece ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to Law 851 / 1978 , the only day specified on which the Greek flag is flown at half - mast is Good Friday . Also , on other national and public mourning days . </P> <H2> Hong Kong ( edit ) </H2> Hong Kong SAR flag flown at half mast <P> Similar rules as in China apply for Hong Kong . See Flag of Hong Kong for details . Prior to the transfer of sovereignty in 1997 , the rules for flying the flag at half - mast were the same as the British ones . </P> <Ul> <Li> The HKSAR flag was flown at half - mast on August 24 -- 26 , 2010 , for the fatalities of the Hong Thai Travel tourists in the 2010 Manila hostage crisis . </Li> <Li> The national flag of the PRC was also flown at half - mast on August 26 in Hong Kong . </Li> <Li> The HKSAR flag was flown at half - mast on October 4 -- 6 , 2012 , for the Lamma Ferry Accident victims in which 39 people died . </Li> </Ul> <H2> India ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of India is flown at half - mast for the death of a President , Vice-President , or Prime Minister , all over India . For the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of The Supreme Court of India , it is flown in Delhi and for a Union Cabinet Minister it is flown in Delhi and the state capitals , from where he or she came . For a Minister of State , it is flown only in Delhi . For a Governor , Lt. Governor , or Chief Minister of a state or union territory , it is flown in the concerned state . </P> <P> If the intimation of the death of any dignitary is received in the afternoon , the flag shall be flown at halfmast on the following day also at the place or places indicated above , provided the funeral has not taken place before sunrise on that day . On the day of the funeral of a dignitary mentioned above , the flag shall be flown at half - mast at the place of the funeral . </P> <P> In the event of a halfmast day coinciding with the Republic Day , Independence Day , Mahatma Gandhi 's birthday , National Week ( 6 to 13 April ) , any other particular day of national rejoicing as may be specified by the Government of India , or , in the case of a state , on the anniversary of formation of that state , flags are not permitted to be flown at half - mast except over the building where the body of the deceased is lying until it has been removed and that flag shall be raised to the full - mast position after the body has been removed . </P> <P> Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs ( Home Ministry ) in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag on the above - mentioned days . India observed a five - day period of National Mourning on the death of Nelson Mandela in 2013 . India also declared 29 March 2015 as a day of National Mourning as a mark of respect to the former Prime Minister of Singapore , Lee Kuan Yew . </P> <H2> Iran ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Iran is flown at half - mast on the death of a national figure or mourning days . </P> <Ul> <Li> On January 21 , 2017 Iran 's flag was flown at half - mast worldwide to respect the victims of the Plasco Building collapse ; </Li> <Li> On January 10 , 2017 Iran 's flag was flown at half - mast worldwide to respect the death of the national figure and late Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani who died on January 8 , 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Ireland ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Ireland is flown at half - mast on the death of a national or international figure , that is , former and current Presidents or Taoiseach , on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole . The death of a prominent local figure can also be marked locally by the flag being flown at half - mast . When the national flag is flown at half - mast , no other flag should be half - masted . When a balcony in Berkeley , California , collapsed , killing six Irish people , flags were flown at half mast above all state buildings . </P> <H2> Israel ( edit ) </H2> Flags in Israel at half mast on the eve of Yom HaShoah <P> The flag of Israel is flown at half - mast in Israel : </P> <Ul> <Li> On Yom HaShoah , or the Holocaust Remembrance Day ; </Li> <Li> On Yom Hazikaron , or Fallen Soldiers and Victims of Terrorism Remembrance Day ; </Li> <Li> On other national days of mourning . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Italy ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Italy was flown at half - mast after the 2013 Sardinia floods on November 22 , 2013 . </P> <H2> Indonesia ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Indonesia is or has been flown half - mast during several occasions : </P> <Ul> <Li> On November 10 to remember the fallen heroes of the 1945 Battle of Surabaya during the Indonesian National Revolution ; </Li> <Li> Following the death of a former president , for example during the week following the death of Sukarno , Suharto , and Abdurrahman Wahid . During the era of President Suharto , the flying of the Indonesian flag at half - mast was administered in remembrance of the 1965 30 September Movement . However , after the fall of Suharto , this has not been enforced , mainly due to the controversies behind the movement . </Li> <Li> On other national days of mourning , such as following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in Aceh . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Japan ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Japan is flown at half - mast upon the death of the Emperor of Japan , other members of the Imperial Family , or a current or former Prime Minister , and also following national disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . In addition to the tradition of half - mast , the national flag topped by black cloth may be flown to designate mourning . See the flag of Japan for more . </P> <H2> Malaysia ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Malaysia ( Jalur Gemilang ) is flown at half - mast all over the country : </P> <Ul> <Li> On the death of the Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( King ) , for seven days from the day of announcement . All state and territorial flags are also flown at half - mast for seven days , while the national royal standard is flown at half - mast from the day of the announcement until the day of the election and inauguration of the new Yang di - Pertuan Agong ; </Li> <Li> On the death of the Raja Permaisuri Agong ( Queen ) , for seven days from the day of announcement . All state and territorial flags are also flown at half - mast for seven days ; </Li> <Li> On the death of a state 's Ruler or Governor , as well as the spouse of a Ruler or Governor , from the day of announcement until the day of the funeral . The state flag and state royal standard may be flown at half - mast for a longer period as determined by the state government ; </Li> <Li> On the death of the Prime Minister or acting Prime Minister , for three days from the day of announcement ; or </Li> <Li> When the Prime Minister 's Department orders to flown the Malaysian flag at half - mast for some days . </Li> </Ul> <P> As a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 and their family members , some states had their states flag flown at half - mast . Similarly , as a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and their family members , the national flag was flown at half - mast for three days and also on the national day of mourning , 22 August 2014 . The 2015 Sabah earthquake had a mourning day and the flag half - mast on 8 June 2015 . </P> <H2> Malta ( edit ) </H2> Flag at half - mast in Żebbuġ , Malta for Good Friday 2014 <P> The flag of Malta is flown at half - mast on government buildings by instruction of the government through the Office of the Prime Minister , for example after 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . </P> <H2> Netherlands ( edit ) </H2> Two flags half - mast at the Martinitoren in Groningen , Netherlands <P> The flag of the Netherlands is nationally flown at half - mast : </P> <Ul> <Li> On remembrance day of the dead ( May 4th ) . After the formal 2 - minutes of silence at 8 p.m. , the flag used to be hoisted upon the playing of the National Anthem . Since 2001 , it is allowed to leave the flag at half - mast , even after the two minutes of silence ; </Li> <Li> At the death of a member of the royal family ; </Li> <Li> By instruction of the Dutch government through the office of the Prime Minister in special situations , such as happened after the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in which 193 Dutch citizens died and the 2009 attack on the Dutch royal family on 30 April , Koninginnedag , which resulted in the deaths of seven by - standers . </Li> </Ul> <P> The royal standard and other flags of the Dutch royal family are never flown at half - mast . Instead , a black pennon may be affixed to the flag in times of mourning . </P> <H2> New Zealand ( edit ) </H2> New Zealand flag at half - mast to mark the death of Sir Edmund Hillary <P> For both government and public buildings , the flag of New Zealand is flown at half - mast for the following people : </P> <Ul> <Li> Monarch of New Zealand from the day of the announcement of their death up to and including the day of the funeral ( However , it is flown at full - mast on Proclamation Day , the day when the new sovereign is announced ) ; </Li> <Li> Current and former Governors - General and Prime Ministers of New Zealand on the day of the announcement of their death and the day of their funerals ; </Li> <Li> Other members of the New Zealand Royal Family on the day of their funeral subject to a special command from the Queen or Governor - General ; </Li> <Li> Commonwealth of Nations Governors - General , Commonwealth Prime Ministers in office , Foreign and Commonwealth Heads of State on the day of the funeral ; </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition , it can also be flown at half - mast at the request of the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage . Examples of this are for the deaths of prominent New Zealanders ( e.g. Sir Edmund Hillary and Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu , the Maori Queen ) , and for national tragedies ( e.g. the Pike River Mine disaster ) </P> <P> According to the Ministry of Culture and Heritage , the position is always referred to as half - mast . The flag should be at least its own height from the top of the flagpole , though the actual position will depend on the size of the flag and the length of the flagpole . </P> <H2> Pakistan ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Pakistan is routinely flown at half - mast on following days : </P> <Ul> <Li> On April 21 , anniversary of the death of the National Poet , Allama Muhammad Iqbal ( 1938 ) ; </Li> <Li> On September 11 , anniversary of the death of the Father of the Nation Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( 1948 ) ; </Li> <Li> On October 16 , anniversary of the death of the first Prime Minister , Liaquat Ali Khan ( 1952 ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Any other day notified by the Government . For example , on the death of Saudi king King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz , the flag was flown at half - mast for seven days ( the flag of Saudi Arabia was n't at half - mast because the flag contains the Shahada ) . Upon the Assassination of Benazir Bhutto , the flag was ordered to be flown at half - mast for three days . On the death of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin , spiritual leader of Dawoodi Bohra community , the flag has been ordered by Sindh Chief Minister Qaim Ali Shah , to be flown at half - mast for two days ( January 17 and 18 ) to express solidarity with the bereaved community . In 2014 , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced a three - day mourning period from 16 December , including flying the flag at half - mast nationwide and at all Embassies and High Commissions of Pakistan , for the attack on Army Public School in Peshawar . </P> <H2> Philippines ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of the Philippines may be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . Upon the official announcement of the death of the President or a former President , the flag should be flown at half - mast for ten days . The flag should be flown at half - mast for seven days following the death of the Vice President , the Chief Justice , the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives . </P> <P> The flag may also be required to fly at half - mast upon the death of other persons to be determined by the National Historical Institute , for a period less than seven days . The flag shall be flown at half - mast on all the buildings and places where the decedent was holding office , on the day of death until the day of interment of an incumbent member of the Supreme Court , the Cabinet , the Senate or the House of Representatives , and such other persons as may be determined by the National Historical Institute . Such other people determined by the National Historical Institute have included Pope John Paul II , and former U.S. President Ronald Reagan . </P> <P> As per Republic Act No. 229 , flags nationwide are flown at half - mast every Rizal Day on 30 December to commemorate the death of national hero José Rizal . </P> <P> When flown at half - mast , the flag should be first hoisted to the peak for a moment then lowered to the half - mast position . It should be raised to the peak again before it is lowered for the day . </P> <P> The flag may also be used to cover the caskets of the dead of the military , veterans of previous wars , national artists , and outstanding civilians as determined by the local government . In such cases , the flag must be placed such that the white triangle is at the head and the blue portion covers the right side of the casket . The flag should not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the ground , but should be solemnly folded and handed to the heirs of the deceased . </P> <P> Flags must also be raised to half - mast immediately in any area recovering from natural disasters such as a typhoon or an earthquake . </P> <H2> Russia ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Russia is flown at half - mast and ( or ) topped by black ribbon : </P> <Ul> <Li> On June 22 as a reminder of the German invasion of the USSR in 1941 . </Li> <Li> On the death of a current or former President of Russia . </Li> <Li> On disasters causing more than 100 killed -- across all the country upon Presidential proclamation . </Li> <Li> On disasters causing more than 10 killed -- in a suffering region upon proclamation of a Governor . </Li> <Li> On other tragic occasions . For example , national mourning was proclaimed and all the state flags were flown at half - mast after the Polish President 's plane crash near Smolensk , Russia despite the number of casualties being slightly fewer than 100 . After the Assassination of Andrei Karlov , the Russian ambassador in Turkey , in December 2016 , the Russian flag was fown in half - mast on all Russian embassies in the world . </Li> </Ul> <P> All the regional flags and the departmental ensigns are flown at half - mast on national or regional mourning days as well as the national flag . Firms and non-governmental organizations , embassies and representatives of international organizations often join the mourning . National or regional mourning usually lasts for one day . </P> <H2> Saudi Arabia ( edit ) </H2> The flag of Saudi Arabia is never flown at half - mast . <P> The flag of Saudi Arabia is one of the four flags in the world that are never flown at half - mast because it shows the Shahada . The flag of Somaliland , a self - declared state internationally recognized as part of Somalia , also displays the Shahada . The flag of Iraq bears the Takbir once . The flag of Afghanistan displays the Takbir beneath the Shahada on the top . Since all four bear the concept of oneness of God , the flag is never lowered to half - mast even as a sign of mourning . </P> <H2> Singapore ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Singapore is flown at half - mast in Singapore following the deaths of an `` important personage '' ( such as state leaders ) and during periods of national mourning . Examples include : </P> <Ul> <Li> On the death of the fifth President ( the first to be directly elected ) , Ong Teng Cheong , in February 2002 , even though he did not receive a state funeral ; </Li> <Li> On the death of the fourth President , Wee Kim Wee , in 2005 ; </Li> <Li> On the death of a former Cabinet Minister , Goh Keng Swee , who had a state funeral on 23 May 2010 ; </Li> <Li> On the death of a former Deputy Prime Minister , Toh Chin Chye , who was cremated on 7 February 2012 . </Li> <Li> On the death of the first Prime Minister , Lee Kuan Yew , who died on 23 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> On the death of 7 pupils , 1 teacher and a guide from Tanjong Katong Primary School due to 2015 Sabah earthquake . </Li> <Li> On the death of the sixth President of Singapore , S.R. Nathan , who died on 22 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> On the death of a former Cabinet Minister , Othman Wok , who died on 17 April 2017 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> South Africa ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of South Africa is flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning when ordered by the President of South Africa . Upon the official announcement of the death of the current or former President , the flag should be flown at half - mast for ten days . The flag should be flown at half - mast for seven days following the death of the Deputy President , the Chairperson of NCOP , the Speaker of the National Assembly or the Chief Justice . For example , the flag was flown at half - mast from 6 -- 15 December 2013 during the national mourning period for Nelson Mandela . </P> <P> The flag was flown at half - mast during the week of national mourning following the Marikana massacre in August 2012 . </P> <H2> South Korea ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of South Korea ( Taegeukgi ) is flown at half - mast on Hyeonchungil ( Korean Memorial Day ) . </P> <H2> Sri Lanka ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Sri Lanka is nationally flown at half - mast on a National day of mourning . </P> <H2> Taiwan ( edit ) </H2> ROC national flag flown half mast at the Presidential Office Building <P> The flag of the Republic of China is flown at half - mast on February 28 to mark the anniversary of the February 28 Incident . On 5 August 2014 , Taiwan flew their flag in half - mast for three days to commemorate the victims of the Kaohsiung gas explosions and TransAsia Airways Flight 222 crash . </P> <H2> Thailand ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Thailand was flown at half - mast for 15 days to mourn for the victims of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . </P> <P> The flag of Thailand was flown at half - mast from January 2 to January 15 , 2008 on the death of Princess Galyani Vadhana , the Princess of Naradhiwas . </P> <P> Also from October 14 to November 13 , 2016 the flag of Thailand was flown half - mast for 30 days ; following the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) . </P> <H2> Turkey ( edit ) </H2> Turkish flags at half mast after the 2016 Atatürk Airport attack <P> The flag of Turkey is flown at half - mast throughout Turkey every 10 November , between 09 : 05 and the sunset , in memory of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , who died on November 10 , 1938 at five past nine in the morning . At other times , the government may issue an order for the national flag to be flown at half - mast upon the death of principal figures of the Turkish political life as a mark of respect to their memory ( such as Turgut Özal ) . When such an order is issued , all government buildings , offices , public schools and military bases are to fly their flags at half - mast . To show the sympathy of Turkish people to a foreign leader , flags are also flown at half - mast by governmental order ( such as after the deaths of Yasser Arafat or Pope John Paul II ) . The flag at the Grand National Assembly in Ankara is never lowered to half - mast , regardless of the occasion . The flag at Anıtkabir , the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder of Turkey , is only lowered to half - mast on November 10 . At those times when the flag is to be flown at half - mast , it must first be raised to full height , then lowered to half - mast . </P> <H2> United Arab Emirates ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of the United Arab Emirates is flown at half mast on 30 November ( Martyrs ' Day ) of every year from 08 : 00 to 11 : 30 . The flag is also flown at half mast by decree of the President of the United Arab Emirates usually for three days . Each of the seven Emirs has the right to order flags to be flown at half mast in his Emirate . </P> <H2> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H2> Oratory Church of St Aloysius Gonzaga , Oxford , with the flag of the Holy See flying at half - mast the day after the death of Pope John Paul II . <P> The Royal Standard , the flag of the British monarch , is never flown at half - mast , because there is always a living monarch : the throne passes immediately to the successor . </P> <P> There was some controversy in the United Kingdom in 1997 following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales that no flag was flying at half - mast at Buckingham Palace . Until 1997 , the only flag to fly from Buckingham Palace was the Royal Standard , the official flag of the reigning British sovereign , which would only fly when the sovereign was in residence at the Palace ( or , exceptionally , after the death of the sovereign , the flag of the next senior member of the Royal Family would be raised , if the new sovereign were not present ) ; otherwise , no flag would fly . </P> <P> In response to public outcry that the palace was not flying a flag at half mast , Queen Elizabeth II ordered a break with protocol , replacing the Royal Standard with the Union Flag at half - mast as soon as the Queen left the Palace to attend the Princess 's funeral at Westminster Abbey . The Royal Standard was again flown ( at full hoist ) on her return to the Palace . Since then , the Union Flag flies from the Palace when the Queen is not in residence , and has flown at half mast upon the deaths of members of the Royal Family , such as Princess Margaret and the Queen Mother in 2002 and other times of national mourning such as following the terrorist bombings in London on 7 July 2005 . </P> <P> In the UK , the correct way to fly the flag at half - mast is two - thirds between the bottom and top of the flagstaff , with at least the width of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the pole according to the Department of Culture , Media and Sport , which decides the flying , on command of the Sovereign . The flag may be flown on a government building at half - mast on the following days : </P> <Ul> <Li> From the announcement of the death up to the funeral of the Sovereign , except on Proclamation Day when flags are hoisted to full - mast , from 11am until sunset ; </Li> <Li> The funerals of members of the royal family , upon command of the Sovereign ; </Li> <Li> The funerals of foreign rulers , upon command of the Sovereign ; </Li> <Li> The funerals of prime ministers and ex-prime ministers of the UK , upon command of the Sovereign ; </Li> <Li> Other occasions , by special command of the Sovereign . </Li> </Ul> <P> According to the Department of Culture , Media and Sport , the correct term is Half Mast . </P> <P> If a flag flying day coincides with a half - mast flag flying day ( including the death of a member of the royal family ) , the flag is flown at full - mast unless a specific command is received from the Sovereign . </P> <P> If more than one flag is flown on a half - mast day , they must all be flown at half - mast , or not at all . The flag of a foreign nation must never be flown at half - mast on UK soil unless that country has declared mourning . </P> <H2> United Nations ( edit ) </H2> <P> At the United Nations offices in New York and Geneva , the flag of the United Nations flies at half - mast on the day after the death of a Head of State or a Head of Government of a member state , but generally not during the funeral . Other occasions are at the Secretary - General 's discretion . Other offices may follow local practice . To honor the memory of Dag Hammarskjöld the UN issued postage stamps showing its flag at half - mast . </P> <H2> United States ( edit ) </H2> The flag at the Capitol Building flies at half - staff in honor of President Ronald Reagan , 2004 The United States flag flying at half - staff at sunset . <P> In the United States , the usual government term for non-nautical use is `` half - staff . '' While the term `` half - mast '' is commonly used in place of half - staff , U.S. law and post-WW - I military tradition indicate that `` half - mast '' is reserved to usage aboard a ship , where flags are typically flown from masts , and at naval ships ashore . Elsewhere ashore , flags are flown at `` half - staff . '' In addition , flags are lowered to half - staff , not raised . </P> <P> In the United States , the President can issue an executive order for the flag of the United States to be flown at half - staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States government and others , as a mark of respect to their memory . When such an order is issued , all government buildings , offices , public schools , and military bases are to fly their flags at half - staff . Under federal law ( 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( f ) ) , the flags of states , cities , localities , and pennants of societies , shall never be placed above the flag of the United States ; thus , all other flags also fly at half - staff when the U.S. flag has been ordered to fly at half - staff . There is no penalty for failure to comply with the above law as to enforce such a penalty would violate the First Amendment . </P> <P> Governors of U.S. states and territories are authorized by federal law to order all U.S. and state flags in their jurisdiction flown at half - staff as a mark of respect for a former or current state official who has died , or for a member of the armed forces who has died in active duty . The governor 's authority to issue the order is more restricted than the president 's , and does not include discretion to issue the order for state residents who do not meet the criteria stated . Since a governor 's executive order affects only his or her state , not the entire country , these orders are distinguished from presidential proclamations . </P> <P> Under 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( m ) and established traditions by Presidential proclamations , the flag of the United States is to be flown at half - staff on rare occasions , in the following circumstances : </P> <Ul> <Li> For thirty days after the death of a current or former president or president - elect , as occurred after the death of President Reagan and the death of President Ford . </Li> <Li> For ten days after the death of a current vice president , current or retired chief justice , or current Speaker of the House of Representatives . </Li> <Li> From the day of death until interment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , a secretary of an executive or military department , a former vice president , the President Pro Tempore of the Senate , or the governor of a state , territory , or possession . </Li> <Li> On the day of death and the following day for a Member of Congress . </Li> <Li> On Memorial Day until noon . </Li> <Li> Every September 11 in remembrance of the September 11 attacks . </Li> <Li> Upon presidential proclamation , usually after the death of other notable figures or tragic events . </Li> </Ul> <P> Federal law includes a Congressional request that the flag be flown at half - staff on Peace Officers Memorial Day ( May 15 ) , unless that day is also Armed Forces Day . Presidential proclamations also call for the flag to be flown at half - staff on Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( December 7 ) , and Patriot Day ( September 11 ) . </P> <P> On October 16 , 2001 , President George W. Bush approved legislation requiring the United States flag to be lowered to half - staff on all Federal buildings to memorialize fallen firefighters . Pub. L. 107 -- 51 requires this action to occur annually in conjunction with observance of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service . The date of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service is traditionally the first Sunday in October . It is held at the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial in Emmitsburg , Maryland . </P> <P> 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( m ) was modified with new legislation signed into effect on June 29 , 2007 , by President Bush , requiring any federal facility within a region , which proclaims half - staff to honor a member of the U.S. Armed Forces who died on active duty , to follow the half - staff proclamation . </P> <H2> Vietnam ( edit ) </H2> <P> Apart from the lowered position of the flag of Vietnam , state mourning also warrants a black ribbon 1 / 10 the width of the flag 's width and equal to the length of the flag to be tied at the summit . Variants have the black ribbon wrapped around the flag itself , preventing it from being unfurled . </P> <H2> Zimbabwe ( edit ) </H2> <P> The flag of Zimbabwe is flown at half - mast at the conferment of National Hero Status to the deceased . 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Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Flying Flags in the United Kingdom : a Guide to Britain 's Flag Protocol </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UN flag code and regulations </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bartleby.com : Great Books Online -- Quotes , Poems , Novels , Classics and hundreds more '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Does a Flag Fly at Half - Staff or Half - Mast ? USA Flag Site '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sept. 8 Confused Words flashcards - Quizlet '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( m ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nixon 's Proclamation 3948 establishing the expectation that the flag will be raised to half - mast upon the death of certain designated officials '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Victims of the Incidents on Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 '' ( Press release ) . White House . September 12 , 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Flying the American Flag at Half Staff '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day , 2007 '' ( Press release ) . White House . December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Patriot Day , 2007 '' ( Press release ) . White House . September 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service '' . The Library of Congress . October 16 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National Fallen Firefighters Monument '' . National Fallen Firefighters Foundation . October 1 , 1981 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Code Modifications for Half - Staff at a Federal Facility '' . `` When to fly the flag at half mast '' , gettysburgflag.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ giaoduc.net.vn ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` Cách treo cờ rủ Lễ tang Đại Tướng Võ Nguyên Giáp '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags at half staff . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Look up half - mast or half - staff in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Australian protocols for flying at half - mast </Li> <Li> British Flag Protocol </Li> <Li> Canadian Heritage announcements of half - masting </Li> <Li> Canadian rules for half - masting </Li> <Li> US Flag Code Concerning Flag Display </Li> <Li> Calendar of Presidential and Gubernatorial half - staff orders for United States </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-mast&oldid=804845712 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Acknowledgements of death </Li> <Li> Flag practices </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 October 2017 , at 13 : 59 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Online community - Wikipedia <H1> Online community </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> It has been suggested that Web community and Virtual community be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since July 2017 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> An online community or also called an internet community is a virtual community whose members interact with each other primarily via the Internet . For many , online communities may feel like home , consisting of a `` family of invisible friends '' . Those who wish to be a part of an online community usually have to become a member via a specific site and necessarily need an internet connection . An online community can act as an information system where members can post , comment on discussions , give advice or collaborate . Commonly , people communicate through social networking sites , chat rooms , forums , e-mail lists and discussion boards . People may also join online communities through video games , blogs and virtual worlds . </P> <P> Constance Elise Porter from the University of Notre Dame in a paper entitled A Typology of Virtual Communities : A Multi-Disciplinary Foundation for Future Research offers this definition : `` a virtual community is defined as an aggregation of individuals or business partners who interact around a shared interest , where the interaction is at least partially supported and / or mediated by technology and guided by some protocols or norms '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Categorization <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Development </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Classification </Li> <Li> 3 Building communities <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Participation </Li> <Li> 3.2 Aspects of successful online communities </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Membership lifecycle <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Newcomers ( Inbound ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Roles in an online community </Li> <Li> 6 Motivations and barriers to participation </Li> <Li> 7 Consumer - vendor interaction </Li> <Li> 8 Growth cycle </Li> <Li> 9 Online learning community </Li> <Li> 10 Online health community </Li> <Li> 11 Problems <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Trolling and harassment </Li> <Li> 11.2 Hazing </Li> <Li> 11.3 Privacy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Legal issues </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Categorization ( edit ) </H2> <P> The idea of a community is not a new concept . On the telephone , in ham radio and in the online world , social interactions no longer have to be based on proximity ; instead they can literally be with anyone anywhere . The study of communities has had to adapt along with the new technologies . Many researchers have used ethnography to attempt to understand what people do in online spaces , how they express themselves , what motivates them , how they govern themselves , what attracts them , and why some people prefer to observe rather than participate . Online communities can congregate around a shared interest and can be spread across multiple websites . </P> <P> Some signs of community are : </P> <Ul> <Li> Content : articles , information , and news about a topic of interest to a group of people . </Li> <Li> Forums or newsgroups and email : so that community members can communicate in delayed fashion . </Li> <Li> Chat and instant messaging : so that community members can communicate more immediately . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> There is a set of values known as netiquette ( or Internet etiquette ) to consider as an online community develops . Some of these values include : opportunity , education , culture , democracy , human services , equality within the economy , information , sustainability , and communication . An online community 's purpose is to serve as a common ground for people who share the same interest ( s ) . </P> <P> Online communities may be used as calendars to keep up with events such as upcoming gatherings or sporting events . They also form around activities and hobbies . Many online communities relating to health care help inform , advise and support patients and their families . Students can take classes online and they may communicate with their professors and peers online . Businesses have also started using online communities to communicate with their customers about their products and services as well as to share information about the business . Other online communities allow a wide variety of professionals to come together to share thoughts , ideas and theories . </P> <P> Fandom is an example of what online communities can evolve into . Online communities have grown in influence in `` shaping the phenomena around which they organize '' according to Nancy K. Baym 's work . She says that : `` More than any other commercial sector , the popular culture industry relies on online communities to publicize and provide testimonials for their products . '' The strength of the online community 's power is displayed through the season 3 premiere of BBC 's Sherlock . Online activity by fans seem to have had a noticeable influence on the plot and direction of the season opening episode . Mark Lawson of The Guardian recounts how fans have , to a degree , directed the outcome of the events of the episode . He says that `` Sherlock has always been one of the most web - aware shows , among the first to find a satisfying way of representing electronic chatter on - screen . '' </P> <P> Discussions where members may post their feedback are essential in the development of an online community . Online communities may encourage individuals to come together to teach and learn from one another . They may encourage learners to discuss and learn about real - world problems / situations as well as focus on such things as teamwork , collaborative thinking and personal experiences . </P> <H2> Classification ( edit ) </H2> <P> Online communities are dynamic by nature and there are researchers and organizations working to classify them . For example , it is important to know the security , access , and technology requirements of a given type of community as it may evolve from an open to a private and regulated forum . A number of authors have studied online communities to better understand how they are structured . It has been argued that the technical aspects of online communities , such as whether pages can be created and edited by many , as is the case with wikis including Wikipedia , or whether only certain users can post entries and edit them , as is the case with most blogs , can place online communities into stylistic categories . Another approach argues that `` online community '' is a metaphor and that contributors actively negotiate the meaning of the term , including values and social norms . </P> <P> Some research has looked at the users of online communities . Amy Jo Kim has classified the rituals and stages of online community interaction and called it the ' Membership life cycle ' . Clay Shirky talks about community of practice whose members collaborate and help each other in order to make something better or improve a certain skill . What makes these communities bond is `` love '' of something as demonstrated by members who go out of their way to help without any financial interest . Campbell et al. developed a character theory for analyzing online communities , based on tribal typologies . In the communities they investigated they identified three character types : </P> <Ol> <Li> The Big Man ( offer a form of order and stability to the community by absorbing many conflictual situations personally ) </Li> <Li> The Sorcerer ( will not engage in reciprocity with others in the community ) </Li> <Li> The Trickster ( generally a comical yet complex figure that is found in most of the world 's culture ) </Li> </Ol> <P> A 2001 McKinsey & Company study showed that only 2 % of transaction site customers returned after their first purchase , while 60 % of new online communities users began using and visiting the sites regularly after their first experiences . Online communities have changed the game for retail firms , forcing them to change their business strategies . Companies have to network more , adjust computations , and alter their organizational structures . This leads to changes in a company 's communications with their manufacturers including the information shared and made accessible for further productivity and profits . Because consumers and customers in all fields are becoming accustomed to more interaction and engagement online , adjustments must be considered made in order to keep audiences intrigued . </P> <P> It may be beneficial to introduce a term described by Ray Oldenberg called a third place to help classify online communities . A `` third place is a generic designation for a great variety of public places that host the regular , voluntary , informal , and happily anticipated gatherings of individuals beyond the realm of home and work '' ( Oldenburg , p. 16 ) . An online community can take on the role of a third place . Third places have characteristics that many online communities exhibit , for example : they provide neutral ground for all parties ; they are levelers , easily accessible and highly accommodating ; conversation is the main activity ; they allow people to keep a low profile , and a few others . While these may be characteristics to help classify online communities , they may not all apply to a specific online community nor does an online community need to embody each of these characteristics . </P> <P> The four requirements of `` virtual settlement '' include : interactivity , a variety of communicators , a common public place where members can meet and interact , and sustained membership over time . Based on these considerations , it can be said that microblogs such as Twitter can be classified as online communities . </P> <H2> Building communities ( edit ) </H2> <P> According to Dorine C. Andrews , author of Audience - Specific Online Community Design there are three parts to building an online community : starting the online community , encouraging early online interaction , and moving to a self - sustaining interactive environment . When starting an online community , it may be effective to create webpages that appeal to specific interests . Online communities with clear topics and easy access tend to be most effective . In order to gain early interaction by members , privacy guarantees and content discussions are very important . Successful online communities tend to be able to function self - sufficiently . </P> <H3> Participation ( edit ) </H3> <P> There are two major types of participation in online communities : public participation and non-public participation , also called lurking . Lurkers are participants who join a virtual community but do not contribute . In contrast , public participants , or posters , are those who join virtual communities and openly express their beliefs and opinions . Both lurkers and posters frequently enter communities to find answers and to gather general information . For example , there are several online communities dedicated to technology . In these communities , posters are generally experts in the field who can offer technological insight and answer questions , while lurkers tend to be technological novices who use the communities to find answers and to learn . </P> <P> In general , virtual community participation is influenced by how participants view themselves in society as well as norms , both of society and of the online community . Participants also join online communities for friendship and support . In a sense , virtual communities may fill social voids in participants ' offline lives . </P> <P> Sociologist Barry Wellman presents the idea of `` globalization '' -- the Internet 's ability to extend participants ' social connections to people around the world while also aiding them in further engagement with their local communities . </P> <H3> Aspects of successful online communities ( edit ) </H3> <P> An article entitled `` The real value of on - line communities , '' written by A Armstrong and J Hagel of the Harvard Business Review , addresses a handful of elements that are key to the growth of an online community and its success in drawing in members . In this example , the article which was available on mendeley.com focuses specifically on online communities related to business , but its points can be transferred and can apply to any online community . The article addresses four main categories of business - based online communities , but states that a truly successful one will combine qualities of each of them : communities of transaction , communities of interest , communities of fantasy , and communities of relationship . Anubhav Choudhury , from incrediblogger.net , provides basic descriptions of each of these four types of online communities . </P> <Ol> <Li> Communities of transaction emphasize the importance of buying and selling products in a social online manner where people must interact in order to complete the transaction . </Li> <Li> Communities of interest involve the online interaction of people with specific knowledge on a certain topic . </Li> <Li> Communities of fantasy encourage people to participate in online alternative forms of reality , such as games where they are represented by avatars . </Li> <Li> Communities of relationship often reveal or at least partially protect someone 's identity while allowing them to communicate with others , such as in online dating services . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Membership lifecycle ( edit ) </H2> <P> Amy Jo Kim 's membership lifecycle states that members of online communities begin their life in a community as visitors , or lurkers . After breaking through a barrier , people become novices and participate in community life . After contributing for a sustained period of time they become regulars . If they break through another barrier they become leaders , and once they have contributed to the community for some time they become elders . This life cycle can be applied to many virtual communities , most obviously to bulletin board systems , but also to blogs , mailing lists ( list serve ) and wiki - based communities like Wikipedia . </P> <P> A similar model can be found in the works of Lave and Wenger , who illustrate a cycle of how users become incorporated into virtual communities using the principles of legitimate peripheral participation . They suggest five types of trajectories amongst a learning community : </P> <Ol> <Li> Peripheral ( i.e. Lurker ) -- An outside , unstructured participation </Li> <Li> Inbound ( i.e. Novice ) -- Newcomer is invested in the community and heading towards full participation </Li> <Li> Insider ( i.e. Regular ) -- Full committed community participant </Li> <Li> Boundary ( i.e. Leader ) -- A leader , sustains membership participation and brokers interactions </Li> <Li> Outbound ( i.e. Elder ) -- Process of leaving the community due to new relationships , new positions , new outlooks </Li> </Ol> <P> The following shows the correlation between the learning trajectories and Web 2.0 community participation by using the example of YouTube . </P> <P> Peripheral ( Lurker ) -- Observing the community and viewing content . Does not add to the community content or discussion . The user occasionally goes onto YouTube.com to check out a video that someone has directed them to . </P> <P> Inbound ( Novice ) -- Just beginning to engage the community . Starts to provide content . Tentatively interacts in a few discussions . The user comments on other user 's videos . Potentially posts a video of his or her own . </P> <P> Insider ( Regular ) -- Consistently adds to the community discussion and content . Interacts with other users . Regularly posts videos . Either videos they have found or made themselves . Makes a concerted effort to comment and rate other users ' videos . </P> <P> Boundary ( Leader ) -- Recognized as a veteran participant . Connects with regulars to make higher concepts ideas . Community grants their opinion greater consideration . The user has become recognized as a contributor to watch . Possibly their videos are podcasts commenting on the state of YouTube and its community . The user would not consider watching another user 's videos without commenting on them . Will often correct a user in behavior the community considers inappropriate . Will reference other user 's videos in their comments as a way to cross link content . </P> <P> Outbound ( Elders ) -- Leave the community . Their interests may have changed , the community may have moved in a direction that they do n't agree with or they may no longer have time to maintain a constant presence in the community . </P> <H3> Newcomers ( inbound ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Newcomers are important for online communities . Online communities rely on volunteers ' contribution , and most online communities face high turnover rate as one of their main challenges . For example , only a minority of Wikipedia users contribute regularly , and only a minority of those contributors participate in community discussions . In one study conducted by Carnegie Mellon University , they found that `` more than two - thirds ( 68 % ) of newcomers to Usenet groups were never seen again after their first post '' . Above facts reflect a point that recruiting and remaining new members have become a very crucial problem for online communities : the communities will eventually wither away without replacing members who leave . </P> <P> Newcomers are new members of the online communities and thus often face many barriers when contributing to a project , and those barriers they face might lead them to give up the project or even leave the community . By conducting a systematic literature review over 20 primary studies regarding to the barriers faced by newcomers when contributing to the open source software projects , Steinmacher et al. identified 15 different barriers and they classified those barriers into five categories as described below . </P> <Ol> <Li> Social Interaction : this category describes the barriers when newcomers interact with existing members of the community . The three barriers that they found have main influence on newcomers are : `` lack of social interaction with project members '' , `` not receiving a timely response '' , and `` receiving an improper response '' . </Li> <Li> Newcomers ' Previous Knowledge : this category describes the barriers which is regarding to the newcomers ' previous experience related to this project . The three barriers they found classified into this part are : `` lack of domain expertise '' , `` lack of technical expertise '' , and `` lack of knowledge of project practices '' . </Li> <Li> Finding a Way to Start : this category describes the issues when newcomers try to start contributing . The two barriers they found are : `` Difficulty to find an appropriate task to start with '' , and `` Difficulty to find a mentor '' . </Li> <Li> Documentation : documentation of the project also shown to be barriers for newcomers especially in the Open Source Software projects . The three barriers they found are : `` Outdated documentation '' , `` Too much documentation '' , and `` Unclear code comments '' . </Li> <Li> Technical Hurdles : technical barriers are also one of the major issue when newcomers start contributing . This category includes barriers : `` Issues setting up a local workspace '' , `` Code complexity '' and `` Software architecture complexity '' . </Li> </Ol> <P> Because of the barriers described above , it is very necessary that online communities engage newcomers and help them to adjust to the new environment . From online communities ' side , new comers can be both beneficial and harmful to online communities . On the one side , newcomers can bring online communities innovative ideas and resources . On the other side , their misbehavior caused by lack experiences can be also harmful to communities . Kraut et al. defined five basic issues faced by online communities when dealing with newcomers , and proposed several design claims for each problem in their book Building Successful Online Communities . </P> <Ol> <Li> Recruitment . Online communities need to keep recruiting new members in the face of high turnover rate of their existing members . Three suggestions are made in the book : <Ul> <Li> Interpersonal recruitment : recruit new members by old members ' personal relationship </Li> <Li> Word of mouth recruitment : new members will join in the community because of the word - of - mouth influence from existing member </Li> <Li> Impersonal advertisement : although the direct effect is weaker than previous two strategies , impersonal advertising can effectively increase number of people joining among potential members with little prior knowledge of the community . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Selection . Another challenge for online communities is to select the members who are a good fit . Unlike the offline organizations , the problem of selecting right candidates is more problematic for online communities since the anonymity of the users and the ease of creating new identities online . Two approaches are suggested in the book : <Ul> <Li> Self - selection : make sure that only good fit members will choose to join . </Li> <Li> Screen : make sure that only good fit members will allow to join . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Keeping Newcomers Around . Before new members start feel the commitment and do major contribution , they must be around long enough in online communities to learn the norms and form the community attachment . However , majority of them tend to leave the communities at this period of time . At this period of time , new members are usually very sensitive to either positive or negative evidence they received from group , which may largely impact the users ' decision on whether they quit or stay . Authors suggested two approaches : <Ul> <Li> Entry Barriers : Higher entry barriers will de more likely to drive away new members , but those members who survived from this severe initiation process should have stronger commitment than those members with lower entry barriers . </Li> <Li> Interactions with existing members : communication with existing member and getting respond from them in friendly environment encourage the new members commitment . The existing members are encouraged to treat the newcomers gently . One research did by Halfaker et al. mentioned in the book suggested reverting new members ' work in Wikipedia will likely to make them leave the communities . Thus , new members are more likely to stay and develop commitment if the interaction between existing member and new members are friendly and gentle . The book suggested different ways , including `` introduction threads '' in the communities , `` assign the responsibilities of having friendly interactions with newcomers to designed older - timers '' , and `` discouraging hostility towards newcomers who make mistakes '' . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Socialization . Different online communities have their own norms and regulations , and new members need to learn to participate in an appropriate way . Thus , socialization is a process through which new members acquire the behaviors and attitude essential to playing their roles in a group or organization . Previous research in organizational socialization demonstrated that newcomers ' active information seeking and organizational socialization tactics are associated with better performance , higher job satisfaction , more committed to the organization , more likely to stay and thus lower turnover rate . However , this institutionalized socialization tactics are not popular used in online setting , and most online communities are still using the individualized socialization tactics where newcomers being socialized individually and in a more informal way in their training process . Thus , in order to keep new members , the design suggestions given by this book are : `` using formal , sequential and collective socialization tactics '' and `` old - timers can provide formal mentorship to newcomers . '' </Li> <Li> Protection . Newcomers are different from the existing members , and thus the influx of newcomers might change the environment or the culture developed by existing members . New members might also behave inappropriately and thus be potential harmful to online communities as a result of their lack of experience . Different communities might also have different level of damage tolerance , some might be more fragile to newcomers ' inappropriate behavior ( such as open source group collaboration software project ) while others are not ( such as some discussion forums ) . So the speed of integrating new members with existing communities really depends on community types and its goals , and groups need to have protection mechanisms that serve to multiple purposes . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Roles in an online community ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although online societies differ in content from real society , the roles people assume in their online communities are quite similar . Elliot Volkman points out several categories of people that play a role in the cycle of social networking , these include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Community architect -- Creates the online community , sets goals and decides the purpose of the site . </Li> <Li> Community manager -- Oversees the progress of the society . Enforces rules , encourages social norms , assists new members , and spreads awareness about the community . </Li> <Li> Professional member -- This is a member who is paid to contribute to the site . The purpose of this role is to keep the community active . </Li> <Li> Free members -- These members visit sites most often and represent the majority of the contributors . Their contributions are crucial to the sites ' progress . </Li> <Li> Passive lurker -- These people do not contribute to the site but rather absorb the content , discussion , and advice . </Li> <Li> Active lurker -- Consumes the content and shares that content with personal networks and other communities . </Li> <Li> Power users -- These people push for new discussion , provide positive feedback to community managers , and sometimes even act as community managers themselves . They have a major influence on the site and make up only a small percentage of the users . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Motivations and barriers to participation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Motivations for online participation <P> Successful online communities motivate online participation . Methods of motivating participation in these communities have been investigated in several studies . </P> <P> There are many persuasive factors that draw users into online communities . Peer - to - peer systems and social networking sites rely heavily on member contribution . Users ' underlying motivations to involve themselves in these communities have been linked to some persuasion theories of sociology . </P> <Ul> <Li> According to the reciprocation theory , a successful online community must provide its users with benefits that compensate for the costs of time , effort and materials members provide . People often join these communities expecting some sort of reward . </Li> <Li> The consistency theory says that once people make a public commitment to a virtual society , they will often feel obligated to stay consistent with their commitment by continuing contributions . </Li> <Li> The social validation theory explains how people are more likely to join and participate in an online community if it is socially acceptable and popular . </Li> </Ul> <P> One of the greatest attractions towards online communities is the sense of connection users build among members . Participation and contribution are influenced when members of an online community are aware of their global audience . </P> <P> The majority of people learn by example and often follow others , especially when it comes to participation . Individuals are reserved about contributing to an online community for many reasons including but not limited to a fear of criticism or inaccuracy . Users may withhold information that they do n't believe is particularly interesting , relevant , or truthful . In order to challenge these contribution barriers , producers of these sites are responsible for developing knowledge - based and foundation - based trust among the community . </P> <P> Users ' perception of audience is another reason that makes users participate in online communities . Results showed that users usually underestimate their amount of audiences in online communities . Social media users guess that their audience is 27 % of its real size . Regardless of this underestimation , it is shown that amount of audience affects users ' self - presentation and also content production which means a higher level of participation . </P> <P> There are two types of virtual online communities ( VOC ) : dependent and self - sustained VOCs . The dependent VOCs are those who use the virtual community as extensions of themselves , they interact with people they know . Self - sustained VOCs are communities where relationships between participating members is formed and maintained through encounters in the online community . For all VOCs , there is the issue of creating identity and reputation in the community . People can create whatever identity they would like to through their interactions with other members . The username is what members identify each other by but it says very little about the person behind it . The main features in online communities that attract people are a shared communication environment , relationships formed and nurtured , a sense of belonging to a group , the internal structure of the group , common space shared by people with similar ideas and interests . The three most critical issues are belonging , identity , and interest . For an online community to flourish there needs to be consistent participation , interest , and motivation . </P> <P> Research conducted by Helen Wang applied the Technology Acceptance Model to online community participation . Internet self - efficacy positively predicted perceived ease of use . Research found that participants ' beliefs in their abilities to use the internet and web - based tools determined how much effort was expected . Community environment positively predicted perceived ease of use and usefulness . Intrinsic motivation positively predicted perceived ease of use , usefulness , and actual use . The technology acceptance model positively predicts how likely it is that an individual will participate in an online community . </P> <H2> Consumer - vendor interaction ( edit ) </H2> <P> Establishing a relationship between the consumer and a seller has become a new science with the emergence of online communities . It is a new market to be tapped by companies and to do so , requires an understanding of the relationships built on online communities . Online communities gather people around common interests and these common interests can include brands , products , and services . Companies not only have a chance to reach a new group of consumers in online communities , but to also tap into information about the consumers . Companies have a chance to learn about the consumers in an environment that they feel a certain amount of anonymity and are thus , more open to allowing a company to see what they really want or are looking for . </P> <P> In order to establish a relationship with the consumer a company must seek a way to identify with how individuals interact with the community . This is done by understanding the relationships an individual has with an online community . There are six identifiable relationship statuses : considered status , committed status , inactive status , faded status , recognized status , and unrecognized status . Unrecognized status means the consumer is unaware of the online community or has not decided the community to be useful . The recognized status is where a person is aware of the community , but is not entirely involved . A considered status is when a person begins their involvement with the site . The usage at this stage is still very sporadic . The committed status is when a relationship between a person and an online community is established and the person gets fully involved with the community . The inactive status is when an online community has not relevance to a person . The faded status is when a person has begun to fade away from a site . It is important to be able to recognize which group or status the consumer holds , because it might help determine which approach to use . </P> <P> Companies not only need to understand how a consumer functions within an online community , but also a company `` should understand the communality of an online community '' This means a company must understand the dynamic and structure of the online community to be able to establish a relationship with the consumer . Online communities have cultures of their own , and to be able to establish a commercial relationship or even engage at all , one must understand the community values and proprieties . It has even been proved beneficial to treat online commercial relationships more as friendships rather than business transactions . </P> <P> Through online engagement , because of the smoke screen of anonymity , it allows a person to be able to socially interact with strangers in a much more personal way . This personal connection the consumer feels translates to how they want to establish relationships online . They separate what is commercial or spam and what is relational . Relational becomes what they associate with human interaction while commercial is what they associate with digital or non-human interaction . Thus the online community should not be viewed as `` merely a sales channel '' . Instead it should be viewed as a network for establishing interpersonal communications with the consumer . </P> <H2> Growth cycle ( edit ) </H2> See also : Metcalfe 's law and Bass diffusion model <P> Most online communities grow slowly at first , due in part to the fact that the strength of motivation for contributing is usually proportional to the size of the community . As the size of the potential audience increases , so does the attraction of writing and contributing . This , coupled with the fact that organizational culture does not change overnight , means creators can expect slow progress at first with a new virtual community . As more people begin to participate , however , the aforementioned motivations will increase , creating a virtuous cycle in which more participation begets more participation . </P> <P> Community adoption can be forecast with the Bass diffusion model , originally conceived by Frank Bass to describe the process by which new products get adopted as an interaction between innovative early adopters and those who follow them . </P> <H2> Online learning community ( edit ) </H2> <P> Online learning is a form of online community . The sites are designed to educate . Colleges and universities may offer many of their classes online to their students ; this allows each student to take the class at his or her own pace . </P> <P> According to an article published in volume 21 , issue 5 of the European Management Journal titled `` Learning in Online Forums '' , researchers conducted a series of studies about online learning . They found that while good online learning is difficult to plan , it is quite conducive to educational learning . Online learning can bring together a diverse group of people , and although it is asynchronous learning , if the forum is set up using all the best tools and strategies , it can be very effective . </P> <P> Another study was published in volume 55 , issue 1 of Computers and Education and found results supporting the findings of the article mentioned above . The researchers found that motivation , enjoyment , and team contributions on learning outcomes enhanced students learning and that the students felt they learned well with it . A study published in the same journal looks at how social networking can foster individual well - being and develop skills which can improve the learning experience . </P> <P> These articles look at a variety of different types of online learning . They suggest that online learning can be quite productive and educational if created and maintained properly . </P> <P> One feature of online communities is that they are not constrained by time thereby giving members the ability to move through periods of high to low activity over a period of time . This dynamic nature maintains a freshness and variety that traditional methods of learning might not have been able to provide . </P> <P> It appears that online communities such as Wikipedia have become a source of professional learning . They are an active learning environment in which learners converse and inquire . </P> <P> In a study exclusive to teachers in online communities , results showed that membership in online communities provided teachers with a rich source of professional learning that satisfied each member of the community . </P> <P> Saurabh Tyagi describes benefits of online community learning which include : </P> <Ul> <Li> No physical boundaries : Online communities do not limit their membership nor exclude based on where one lives . </Li> <Li> Supports in - class learning : Due to time constraints , discussion boards are more efficient for question & answer sessions than allowing time after lectures to ask questions . </Li> <Li> Build a social and collaborative learning experience : People are best able to learn when they engage , communicate , and collaborate with each other . Online communities create an environment where users can collaborate through social interaction and shared experiences . </Li> <Li> Self - governance : Anyone who can access the internet is self - empowered . The immediate access to information allows users to educate themselves . </Li> </Ul> <P> These terms are taken from Edudemic , a site about teaching and learning . The article `` How to Build Effective Online Learning Communities '' provides background information about online communities as well as how to incorporate learning within an online community . </P> <H2> Online health community ( edit ) </H2> <P> Online health communities is one example of online communities which is heavily used by internet users . A key benefit of online health communities is providing user access to other users with similar problems or experiences which has a significant impact on the lives of their members . Through people participation , online health communities will be able to offer patients opportunities for emotional support and also will provide them access to experience - based information about particular problem or possible treatment strategies . Even in some studies , it is shown that users find experienced - based information more relevant than information which was prescribed by professionals . Moreover , allowing patients to collaborate anonymously in some of online health communities suggests users a non-judgmental environment to share their problems , knowledge , and experiences . </P> <H2> Problems ( edit ) </H2> <P> Online communities are relatively new and unexplored areas . They promote a whole new community that prior to the Internet was not available . Although they can promote a vast array of positive qualities , such as relationships without regard to race , religion , gender , or geography , they can also lead to multiple problems . </P> <P> The theory of risk perception , an uncertainty in participating in an online community , is quite common , particularly when in the following online circumstances : </P> <Ol> <Li> performances , </Li> <Li> financial , </Li> <Li> opportunity / time , </Li> <Li> safety , </Li> <Li> social , </Li> <Li> psychological loss . </Li> </Ol> <P> Clay Shirky explains one of these problems like two hoola - hoops . With the emersion of online communities there is a `` real life '' hoola - hoop and the other and `` online life '' . These two hoops used to be completely separate but now they have swung together and overlap . The problem with this overlap is that there is no distinction anymore between face - to - face interactions and virtual ones ; they are one in the same . Shirky illustrates this by explaining a meeting . A group of people will sit in a meeting but they will all be connected into a virtual world also , using online communities such as wiki . </P> <P> A further problem is identity formation with the ambiguous real - virtual life mix . Identity formation in the real world consisted of `` one body , one identity '' , but the online communities allow you to create `` as many electronic personae '' as you please . This can lead to identity deception . Claiming to be someone you 're not can be problematic with other online community users and for yourself . Creating a false identity can cause confusion and ambivalence about which identity is true . </P> <P> A lack of trust regarding personal or professional information is problematic with questions of identity or information reciprocity . Often , if information is given to another user of an online community , one expects equal information shared back . However , this may not be the case or the other user may use the information given in harmful ways . The construction of an individual 's identity within an online community requires self - presentation . Self - presentation is the act of `` writing the self into being '' , in which a person 's identity is formed by what that person says , does , or shows . This also poses a potential problem as such self - representation is open for interpretation as well as misinterpretation . While an individual 's online identity can be entirely constructed with a few of his / her own sentences , perceptions of this identity can be entirely misguided and incorrect . </P> <P> Online communities present the problems of preoccupation , distraction , detachment , and desensitization to an individual , although online support groups exist now . Online communities do present potential risks , and users must remember to be careful and remember that just because an online community feels safe does not mean it necessarily is . </P> <H3> Trolling and harassment ( edit ) </H3> <P> The most common problem with online communities tend to be online harassment , meaning threatening or offensive content aimed at known friends or strangers through ways of online technology . Where such posting is done `` for the lulz '' ( that is , for the fun of it ) , then it is known as trolling . Sometimes trolling is done in order to harm others for the gratification of the person posting . The primary motivation for such posters , known in character theory as `` snerts '' , is the sense of power and exposure it gives them . Online harassment tends to affect adolescents the most due to their risk - taking behavior and decision - making processes . One notable example is that of Natasha MacBryde who was tormented by Sean Duffy , who was later prosecuted . In 2010 , Alexis Pilkington , a 17 - year - old New Yorker committed suicide . Trolls pounced on her tribute page posting insensitive and hurtful images of nooses and other suicidal symbolism . Four years prior to that an 18 - year - old died in a car crash in California . Trolls took images of her disfigured body they found on the internet and used them to torture the girl 's grieving parents . Psychological research has shown that anonymity increases unethical behavior through what is called the online disinhibition effect . Many website and online communities have attempted to combat trolling . There has not been a single effective method to discourage anonymity , and arguments exist claiming that removing Internet users ' anonymity is an intrusion of their privacy and violates their right to free speech . Julie Zhou , writing for the New York Times , comments that `` There 's no way to truly rid the Internet of anonymity . After all , names and e-mail addresses can be faked . And in any case many commenters write things that are rude or inflammatory under their real names '' . Thus , some trolls do n't even bother to hide their actions and take pride in their behavior . The rate of reported online harassment has been increasing as there has been a 50 % increase in accounts of youth online harassment from the years 2000 -- 2005 . </P> <P> Another form of harassment prevalent online is called flaming . According to a study conducted by Peter J. Moor , flaming is defined as displaying hostility by insulting , swearing or using otherwise offensive language . Flaming can be done in either a group style format ( the comments section on YouTube ) or in a one - on - one format ( private messaging on Facebook ) . Several studies have shown that flaming is more apparent in computer mediated conversation than in face to face interaction . For example , a study conducted by Kiesler et al. found that people who met online judged each other more harshly than those who met face to face . The study goes on to say that the people who communicated by computer `` felt and acted as though the setting was more impersonal , and their behavior was more uninhibited . These findings suggest that computer - mediated communication ... elicits asocial or unregulated behavior '' . </P> <P> Unregulated communities are established when online users communicate on a site although there are no mutual terms of usage . There is no regulator . Online interest groups or anonymous blogs are examples of unregulated communities . </P> <P> Cyberbullying is also prominent online . Cyberbullying is defined as willful and repeated harm inflicted towards another through information technology mediums . Cyberbullying victimization has ascended to the forefront of the public agenda after a number of news stories came out on the topic . For example , Rutgers freshman Tyler Clementi committed suicide in 2010 after his roommate secretly filmed him in an intimate encounter and then streamed the video over the Internet . Numerous states , such as New Jersey , have created and passed laws that do not allow any sort of harassment on , near , or off school grounds that disrupts or interferes with the operation of the school or the rights of other students . </P> <P> Trolling and cyber bullying in online communities are very difficult to stop for several reasons : </P> <Ol> <Li> Community members do n't wish to violate libertarian ideologies that state everyone has the right to speak . </Li> <Li> The distributed nature of online communities make it difficult for members to come to an agreement . </Li> <Li> Deciding who should moderate and how create difficulty of community management . </Li> </Ol> <P> An online community is a group of people with common interests who use the Internet ( web sites , email , instant messaging , etc ) to communicate , work together and pursue their interests over time . </P> <H3> Hazing ( edit ) </H3> <P> A lesser known problem is hazing within online communities . Members of an elite online community use hazing to display their power , produce inequality , and instill loyalty into newcomers . While online hazing does n't inflict physical duress , `` the status values of domination and subordination are just as effectively transmitted '' . Elite members of the in - group may haze by employing derogatory terms to refer to newcomers , using deception or playing mind games , or participating in intimidation , among other activities . </P> <P> `` ( T ) hrough hazing , established members tell newcomers that they must be able to tolerate a certain level of aggressiveness , grossness , and obnoxiousness in order to fit in and be accepted by the BlueSky community '' . </P> <H3> Privacy ( edit ) </H3> <P> Online communities like social networking websites have a very unclear distinction between private and public information . For most social networks , users have to give personal information to add to their profiles . Usually , users can control what type of information other people in the online community can access based on the users familiarity with the people or the users level of comfort . These limitations are known as `` privacy settings '' . Privacy settings bring up the question of how privacy settings and terms of service affect the expectation of privacy in social media . After all , the purpose of an online community is to share a common space with one another . Furthermore , it is hard to take legal action when a user feels that his or her privacy has been invaded because he or she technically knew what the online community entailed . Creator of the social networking site Facebook , Mark Zuckerberg , noticed a change in users ' behavior from when he first initiated Facebook . It seemed that `` society 's willingness to share has created an environment where privacy concerns are less important to users of social networks today than they were when social networking began '' . However even though a user might keep his or her personal information private , his or her activity is open to the whole web to access . When a user posts information to a site or comments or responds to information posted by others , social networking sites create a tracking record of the user 's activity . </P> <H2> Legal issues ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page , or create a new article , as appropriate . ( June 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In the USA , two of the most important laws dealing with legal issues of online communities , especially social networking sites are Section 512c of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act and Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act . </P> <P> Section 512c removes liability for copyright infringement from sites that let users post content , so long as there is a way by which the copyright owner can request the removal of infringing content . The website may not receive any financial benefit from the infringing activities . </P> <P> Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act gives protection from any liability as a result from the publication provided by another party . Common issues include defamation , but many courts have expanded it to include other claims as well . </P> <P> Online communities of various kinds ( social networking sites , blogs , media sharing sites , etc . ) are posing new challenges for all levels of law enforcement in combating many kinds of crimes including harassment , identity theft , copyright infringement , etc . </P> <P> Copyright law is being challenged and debated with the shift in how individuals now disseminate their intellectual property . Individuals come together via online communities in collaborative efforts to create . Many describe current copyright law as being ill - equipped to manage the interests of individuals or groups involved in these collaborative efforts . Some say that these laws may even discourage this kind of production . </P> <P> Laws governing online behavior pose another challenge to lawmakers in that they must work to enact laws that protect the public without infringing upon their rights to free speech . Perhaps the most talked about issue of this sort is that of cyberbullying . Some scholars call for collaborative efforts between parents , schools , lawmakers , and law enforcement to curtail cyberbullying . </P> <P> Laws must continually adapt to the ever - changing landscape of social media in all its forms ; some legal scholars contend that lawmakers need to take an interdisciplinary approach to creating effective policy whether it is regulatory , for public safety , or otherwise . Experts in the social sciences can shed light on new trends that emerge in the usage of social media by different segments of society ( including youths ) . Armed with this data , lawmakers can write and pass legislation that protect and empower various online community members . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Clan ( computer gaming ) </Li> <Li> Commons - based peer production </Li> <Li> Digital altruism </Li> <Li> Immersion ( virtual reality ) </Li> <Li> Internet activism </Li> <Li> Internet influences on communities </Li> <Li> Internet trolling </Li> <Li> Learner generated context </Li> <Li> List of virtual communities with more than 100 million users </Li> <Li> Mass collaboration </Li> <Li> Network of practice </Li> <Li> Online community manager </Li> <Li> Online deliberation </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Community portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Online ethnography </Li> <Li> Online research community </Li> <Li> Professional network service </Li> <Li> Social media </Li> <Li> Social web </Li> <Li> Support groups </Li> <Li> Tribe ( internet ) </Li> <Li> Video game culture </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rheingold , H ( 2001 ) . 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Vanderbilt Law Review . 63 ( 3 ) : 845 -- 884 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palfrey , J. ( 2010 ) . `` The Challenge of Developing Effective Public Policy on the Use of Social Media by Youth '' ( PDF ) . Federal Communications Law Journal . 63 ( 1 ) : 5 -- 18 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Shuie , Yih - Chearng . `` Exploring and Mitigating Social Loafing in Online Communities '' . Computers and Behavior . v. 26.4 , July 2010 . pp. 768 -- 777 </Li> <Li> Matzat , Uwe . `` Reducing Problems of Sociability in Online Communities : Integrating Online Communication with Offline Interaction '' . American Behavioral Scientist. 2010 . pp. 1170 -- 1193 </Li> <Li> Lwin , May O. `` Stop Bugging Me : An Examination of Adolescents ' Protection Behavior Against Online Harassment '' Journal of Adolescence. 2011 . pp. 1 -- 11 </Li> <Li> Strutin , Ken . `` Social Media and the Vanishing Points of Ethical and Constitutional Boundaries . '' Pace Law Review 31.1 ( 2011 ) : 228 -- 90 . Wilson Web . Web . 20 October 2011 </Li> <Li> Lothian , A. `` Archival anarchies : Online fandom , subcultural conservation , and the transformative work of digital ephemera '' , 541 - 556 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barzilai , G. ( 2003 ) . Communities and Law : Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities . Ann Arbor : The University of Michigan Press . </Li> <Li> Dasgupta , S. ( 2010 ) . Social Computing : Concepts , Methodologies , Tools , and Applications . IGI Global . ( ISBN 1 - 605 - 66984 - 9 ) . </Li> <Li> Ebner , W. ; Leimeister , J.M. ; Krcmar , H. ( 2009 ) : Community Engineering for Innovations - The Ideas Competition as a method to nurture a Virtual Community for Innovations . In : R&D Management , 39 ( 4 ) , pp. 342 -- 356 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Else , Liz & Turkle , Sherry . `` Living online : I 'll have to ask my friends '' , New Scientist , issue 2569 , 20 September 2006 . ( interview ) </Li> <Li> Hafner , K. 2001 . The WELL : A Story of Love , Death and Real Life in the Seminal Online Community Carroll & Graf Publishers ( ISBN 0 - 7867 - 0846 - 8 ) </Li> <Li> Gurak , Laura J. 1997 . Persuasion and Privacy in Cyberspace : the Online Protests over Lotus Marketplace and the Clipper Chip . New Haven : Yale University Press . </Li> <Li> Hagel , J. & Armstrong , A. ( 1997 ) . Net Gain : Expanding Markets through Virtual Communities . Boston : Harvard Business School Press ( ISBN 0 - 87584 - 759 - 5 ) </Li> <Li> IRMA . Virtual Communities : Concepts , Methodologies , Tools and Applications . IGI Global : New York , NY ( ISBN 1 - 609 - 60100 - 9 ) </Li> <Li> Jones , G. Ravid ; Rafaeli , S. ( 2004 ) . `` Information Overload and the Message Dynamics of Online Interaction Spaces : A Theoretical Model and Empirical Exploration '' . Information Systems Research . 15 ( 2 ) : 194 -- 210 . doi : 10.1287 / isre. 1040.0023 . </Li> <Li> Kim , A.J. ( 2000 ) . Community Building on the Web : Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities . London : Addison Wesley ( ISBN 0 - 201 - 87484 - 9 ) </Li> <Li> Kim , A.J. ( 2004 ) . `` Emergent Purpose . '' Musings of a Social Architect . January 24 , 2004 . Retrieved April 4 , 2006 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Leimeister , J.M. ; Sidiras , P. ; Krcmar , H. ( 2006 ) : Exploring Success Factors of Virtual Communities : The Perspectives of Members and Operators . In : Journal of Organizational Computing & Electronic Commerce ( JoCEC ) , 16 ( 3&4 ) , 277 -- 298 </Li> <Li> Leimeister , J.M. ; Krcmar , H. ( 2005 ) : Evaluation of a Systematic Design for a Virtual Patient Community . In : Journal of Computer - Mediated Communication , 10 ( 4 ) ( 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Preece , J. ( 2000 ) . Online Communities : Supporting Sociability , Designing Usability . Chichester : John Wiley & Sons Ltd . ( ISBN 0 - 471 - 80599 - 8 ) </Li> <Li> Davis Powell , Connie . `` Iou Already Have Zero Privacy . Getoverit ! '' 1WouldWarrenand Brandeis Argue for Privacy for Social Networking ? '' Pace Law Review 31.1 ( 2011 ) : 146 -- 81 . </Li> <Li> Salkin , Patricia E. `` Social Networking and Land Use Planning and Regulation : Practical Benefits , Pitfalls , and Ethical Considerations . '' Pace Law Review 31.1 ( 2011 ) : 54 -- 94 . </Li> <Li> Romm - Livermore , C. & Setzekorn , K. ( 2008 ) . Social Networking Communities and EDating Services : Concepts and Implications . IGI Global : New York . 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I 'll Always Love You ( the Spinners song ) - Wikipedia <H1> I 'll Always Love You ( the Spinners song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` I 'll Always Love You '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Spinners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album The Original Spinners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Tomorrow May Never Come '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 4 , 1965 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 45 RPM 7 '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1965 ; Hitsville USA ( Studio A ) ( Detroit , Michigan ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Motown Records M 1078 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> William `` Mickey '' Stevenson Ivy Jo Hunter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> William `` Mickey '' Stevenson Ivy Jo Hunter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Spinners singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sweet Thing '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'll Always Love You '' ( 1965 ) </Td> <Td> `` Truly Yours '' ( 1966 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Sweet Thing '' ( 1964 ) </Td> <Td> `` I 'll Always Love You '' ( 1965 ) </Td> <Td> `` Truly Yours '' ( 1966 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` I 'll Always Love You '' is a song co-written by William `` Mickey '' Stevenson and Ivy Jo Hunter and produced by Stevenson and Hunter as a single for The Spinners on the Motown Records label . The single became the Detroit - reared group 's first charting single on the Motown Records company since they had signed with the company in 1964 ( and their third charting hit over all ) . The song was a top 40 pop single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , on which it peaked at number 35 . On the Billboard R&B singles chart , `` I 'll Always Love You '' peaked at number 8 . The song featured lead vocals by the group 's main lead singer , Bobby Smith . </P> <H2> Credits ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lead vocals by Bobby Smith </Li> <Li> Background vocals by Bobby Smith , Chico Edwards , Pervis Jackson , Henry Fambrough and Billy Henderson </Li> <Li> Additional Background vocals by The Andantes </Li> <Li> Instrumentation by The Funk Brothers </Li> </Ul> <H2> Chart history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1965 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot 100 Chart </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U.S. Billboard Hot R&B Singles </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Carolina Beach Music </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Complete Motown Singles Vol. 5 : 1965 ( CD liner notes ) . New York : Hip - O Select / Motown / Universal Records . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Charts > The Spinners '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 18 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Spinners </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Henry Fambrough </Li> <Li> Charlton Washington </Li> <Li> Marvin Taylor </Li> <Li> Jessie Robert Peck </Li> <Li> Ronnie Moss </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Pervis Jackson </Li> <Li> Billy Henderson </Li> <Li> C.P. Spencer </Li> <Li> James Edwards </Li> <Li> Bobby Smith </Li> <Li> George Dixon </Li> <Li> Edgar `` Chico '' Edwards </Li> <Li> G.C. Cameron </Li> <Li> Philippé Wynne </Li> <Li> John Edwards </Li> <Li> Frank Washington </Li> <Li> Harold `` Spike '' Bonhart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Original Spinners </Li> <Li> 2nd Time Around </Li> <Li> Spinners </Li> <Li> Mighty Love </Li> <Li> New and Improved </Li> <Li> Pick of the Litter </Li> <Li> Happiness Is Being with the Spinners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` That 's What Girls Are Made For '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Always Love You '' </Li> <Li> `` Truly Yours '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's a Shame '' </Li> <Li> `` How Could I Let You Get Away '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be Around '' </Li> <Li> `` Could It Be I 'm Falling in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` One of a Kind ( Love Affair ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Together We Can Make Such Sweet Music '' </Li> <Li> `` Mighty Love '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Coming Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Then Came You '' </Li> <Li> `` Sadie '' </Li> <Li> `` Games People Play '' </Li> <Li> `` The Rubberband Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Are You Ready for Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Working My Way Back to You '' / `` Forgive Me , Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Cupid '' / `` I 've Loved You for a Long Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Yesterday Once More '' / `` Nothing Remains the Same '' </Li> <Li> `` Funny How Time Slips Away '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be Around '' ( with Rappin ' 4 - Tay ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Atlantic Records </Li> <Li> Motown </Li> <Li> Volt Records </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : The Spinners </Li> <Li> Category : The Spinners </Li> <Li> Portal : R&B and Soul Music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This 1960s single - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This 1960s R&B / soul music song - related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I%27ll_Always_Love_You_(The_Spinners_song)&oldid=821064640 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1965 singles </Li> <Li> The Spinners ( American R&B group ) songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by William `` Mickey '' Stevenson </Li> <Li> Songs written by Ivy Jo Hunter </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by William `` Mickey '' Stevenson </Li> <Li> Song recordings produced by Ivy Jo Hunter </Li> <Li> 1965 songs </Li> <Li> Motown singles </Li> <Li> 1960s single stubs </Li> <Li> 1960s R&B song stubs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All stub articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 18 January 2018 , at 05 : 32 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) - Wikipedia <H1> Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Once Upon a Time ( season 7 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> DVD cover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lana Parrilla </Li> <Li> Colin O'Donoghue </Li> <Li> Andrew J. West </Li> <Li> Dania Ramirez </Li> <Li> Gabrielle Anwar </Li> <Li> Alison Fernandez </Li> <Li> Robert Carlyle </Li> <Li> Mekia Cox </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> October 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 06 ) -- May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of Once Upon a Time episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The seventh season of the American ABC fantasy - drama Once Upon a Time was ordered on May 11 , 2017 . It consisted of 22 episodes , airing on Fridays , having premiered on October 6 , 2017 . </P> <P> This season marked a significant change for the series , as it was announced at the end of the sixth season that the majority of the main cast members would not be returning for season 7 . Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle were the only ones remaining . Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were announced as new regulars in May 2017 . Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar were announced as additional regulars in July 2017 . In August 2017 , it was announced that Mekia Cox had been promoted to series regular after initially joining the cast in July as recurring . </P> <P> The storyline was softly rebooted with a main narrative led by an adult Henry Mills , set several years after last season 's events . In February 2018 , it was announced the seventh season would serve as the final season of the series ; the season and series concluded on May 18 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Premise </Li> <Li> 2 Cast and characters <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Regular </Li> <Li> 2.2 Recurring </Li> <Li> 2.3 Guest </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes </Li> <Li> 4 Production <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Development </Li> <Li> 4.2 Casting </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Ratings </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Premise ( edit ) </H2> <P> Several years after the Final Battle , Henry Mills leaves Storybrooke in search of his own story , only to find himself in the New Enchanted Forest of New Fairy Tale Land , where a conflict between Lady Tremaine , Cinderella , Drizella , a resistance led by Tiana , and Mother Gothel 's Coven of the Eight culminates in the casting of a new curse that sends the New Enchanted Forest inhabitants to Seattle in the past , before Henry leaves Storybrooke . As Henry 's daughter Lucy sets out to restore his belief , Gothel 's coven builds its sinister agenda and contends with an unknown witch murderer , while Dr. Facilier embarks on his own power grab for the Dark One Dagger . However , the breaking of the curse results in the return of Rumplestiltskin of the Wish Realm who intends to doom everyone to a miserable end , and amplify his own powers . His defeat ultimately leads to Regina 's decision to merge all the realms of story , uniting them into one : the United Realms , with Regina elected and crowned the Good Queen . </P> <H2> Cast and characters ( edit ) </H2> Main article : List of Once Upon a Time characters <H3> Regular ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Lana Parrilla as Evil Queen / Regina Mills / Roni </Li> <Li> Colin O'Donoghue as Captain Hook / Killian Jones / Rogers </Li> <Li> Andrew J. 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Many years later , Henry runs into Cinderella 's carriage in the New Enchanted Forest and after a string of events that almost get them captured at a ball , he offers her the chance at a new start back in Storybrooke , as he is due to return through a portal that evening . When Henry finds a glass slipper left for him at their meeting spot , he decides to stay behind . In present - day Seattle , an older Henry is reunited with his daughter Lucy , whom he does not remember because of a curse . In hopes of breaking it , Lucy leads him to her neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , home to many other cursed fairytale characters including Jacinda , Lucy 's down - on - her - luck single mother who is in a contentious relationship with her powerful stepmother Victoria . Others include Roni , a bar owner who is struggling with having to sell her establishment to Victoria , and Rogers , a cop who gets promoted to a detective and is introduced to his new partner , Weaver . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 135 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Pirate 's Life '' </Td> <Td> Tara Nicole Weyr </Td> <Td> Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In flashback to Storybrooke , Hook is training an 18 year old Henry as Emma watches on . She confesses to Hook that she worries Henry is about to leave on his own . In order to comfort her , Hook shows her a bottle Henry can use to call on them if he gets into trouble . Many years later , as Henry is about to be captured by Lady Tremaine , he uses the bottle to call on Emma , Hook , and Regina for help . In the present , Victoria hires Rogers and Weaver to drive Henry out of the neighborhood . Rogers does not agree with Weaver 's methods and helps Henry instead . Rogers , Henry , and Roni end up forming an alliance against Victoria . Meanwhile , Jacinda has to find another way to be at Lucy 's ballet recital after Victoria makes things difficult for her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 136 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2.49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Cinderella arrives at the spot in the forest where she is supposed to meet Henry , but does not find him there . She then meets Princess Tiana , who recruits her to be part of the resistance against Lady Tremaine . She leaves one of her glass slippers behind for Henry to find . A short while later , Henry , Regina , and Hook arrive at their campsite and join the efforts . Later , Cinderella sneaks into Tremaine 's castle alone , where Tremaine reveals that she has kept her almost - deceased daughter Anastasia preserved since her `` death '' at age 14 and needs a pure heart to revive her . She tasks Cinderella with stealing Henry 's , since he has the heart of the truest believer . In the present day , Jacinda tries to save Lucy 's beloved community garden from Victoria , while Lucy takes a skeptical Henry on a trip under the garden lot in hopes of finding proof of everyone 's fairytale pasts . Meanwhile , Henry , Roni , and Rogers find their first lead against Victoria . Rogers captures the man working with her , but is irritated to find Weaver setting the man free to use him as a future connection . Also , it is revealed that Victoria is not cursed and has been keeping a witch as her prisoner at the top of Belfrey Towers . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 137 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Beauty '' </Td> <Td> Mick Garris </Td> <Td> Dana Horgan & Leah Fong </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback to Gideon 's first birthday , Rumple and Belle decide to leave Storybrooke to travel the world . Years later , Rumple tells Belle that he wants to stop being the Dark One so he can be mortal again and live out one single life with her . Over the years , they search for ways to get rid of his Darkness . When Gideon is 18 , Belle comes across a prophecy that leads them to the Edge of Realms , where they must wait for the sun 's brightest set before they can be guided to the path Rumple must take to get rid of the Darkness . They build a home there as they wait for the event to occur . However , an aging Belle eventually admits that the `` sun '' of which the prophecy spoke was actually herself and that her death will mark the start of his journey . When Belle dies , Rumple sets off to search for a Guardian who will be able to take the Darkness from him so that he can ultimately be reunited with Belle . In the present day , Tilly , who is actually Alice , begins to wake up from the curse after she stops taking pills given to her by Victoria and , after several attempts , manages to get Weaver to remember his true identity . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 138 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Greenbacks '' </Td> <Td> Geofrey Hildrew </Td> <Td> Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 2.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In flashbacks , Tiana seeks a prince to help save her kingdom and is guided by Dr. Facilier to a man named Robert . She soon realizes that Facilier had enlisted Robert to steal a magical ruby from her in exchange for reuniting him with his lover who had been turned into a frog . In the present day , Tiana decides to run a pop - up beignet shop out of Mr. Cluck 's with Jacinda 's help . Victoria sends someone to burn the place down , which then causes friction between the two roommates. Rogers comes across a detainee at the police station who he thinks is connected to Eloise Gardener , the missing girl he 's trying to find . Meanwhile , Roni decides to investigate Ivy 's interest in helping Henry . Ivy takes her to the top of the towers and Roni finds a photo of herself and a young Henry taken in Storybrooke . However , it is later revealed that Ivy has n't been cursed either and has her own dealings with the witch of which her mother is unaware . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 139 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Wake Up Call '' </Td> <Td> Sharat Raju </Td> <Td> Jerome Schwartz & Jane Espenson </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 2.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Regina comes across Drizella , who is looking for magic to escape from her mother . When she reveals that she was actually born with magic , Regina begins to train her . However after Regina runs into Rumple , who tells her that Lady Tremaine must have been aware of the magic lessons , the two women realize that Lady Tremaine was counting on using Drizella 's heart to revive Anastasia . Drizella ends up blackening her own heart by killing the prince , making it unusable for revival , and vows to cast a Curse like Regina 's to make her mother suffer . In the present day , Roni struggles with what to believe about the mysterious photo , which is complicated by newly discovered information about `` Regina Mills '' into which Lucy encouraged her to look . Drizella gathers the ingredients for a plant that the witch then cultivates and , when she serves its essence to Roni , she wakes up and remembers her life as Regina . Drizella then reveals that she cast the curse and blackmails Regina into keeping Henry and Jacinda apart , reminding her of a special contingency that was put into the Curse that would hurt her family if she did n't comply . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 140 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Eloise Gardener '' </Td> <Td> Alex Kalymnios </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback in the Wish Realm , shortly after the Charmings stopped Regina from casting her Curse , Hook agrees to grant her passage on the Jolly Roger in exchange for leading him to powerful magic guarded by a witch . When he arrives at the witch 's tower , he finds Rapunzel instead . She instructs him to retrieve a golden flower from the witch 's garden . When he returns with it to help her , they spend the night together . The next morning , it is revealed that Rapunzel is actually Gothel and their night together produced a baby , whom Gothel leaves behind so she can escape the tower . Hook gives the Jolly Roger to Smee and decides to stay with his daughter , who is unable to leave due to the tower 's spell . He names her Alice after his own mother . In the present day , Rogers is on a mad hunt for Eloise with help from Henry and Tilly . Tilly later informs him that Eloise has died , but it turns out that the news was planted by Weaver to throw him off the case . When Rogers finds Gothel , he believes that she is Eloise and frees her from Victoria , who gets locked up for kidnapping . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 141 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Pretty in Blue '' </Td> <Td> Ralph Hemecker </Td> <Td> Dana Horgan & Leah Fong </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> In flashbacks , Hook is reunited with Alice , who claims that they have been cured of their curse . However , when they try to embrace , Hook gets hurt , and Alice runs away in fear . Henry and Cinderella chase her back to New Wonderland , a place where Cinderella reveals her mother Cecilia ran to after abandoning her and her stepfather . She takes a shrinking potion and leaves Henry , heading into the Infinite Maze alone to find answers . She finds Alice , who tells her that she met Cecilia before and that she was also afflicted with the Curse of the Poisoned Heart . Drizella appears in New Wonderland with a plan to curse Henry , but Alice and Cinderella are able to save him . Henry and Cinderella then share their first kiss . In the present day , Jacinda contacts Nick ( Jack in Fairy Tale Land ) , a lawyer whom she has been cursed to believe is Lucy 's father . He agrees to help her regain custody of Lucy , to Henry 's dismay , and Lucy encourages Henry to fight for Jacinda . Meanwhile , Drizella and Gothel plan to revive Anastasia , but when they open her coffin , her body is missing . After Regina confronts Weaver , who refuses to confirm that he has woken up from the curse , she announces to Henry that she 's heading to San Francisco , to meet with someone who was pushed out of town by Victoria . He agrees to join her on the trip . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 142 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` One Little Tear '' </Td> <Td> Steve Pearlman </Td> <Td> Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 2.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Victoria strikes a deal with Weaver , in an attempt to free herself from jail and wake Anastasia . In flashbacks , Rapunzel steals from Mother Gothel 's garden to save her family , and is trapped in a tower in exchange . After six years of captivity , Rapunzel escapes using her hair , but finds her husband Marcus has married Cecilia , gaining a stepdaughter , Ella . Gothel tempts Rapunzel with a New Wonderland mushroom , which she uses to poison Cecilia 's heart , and leads to Cecilia running away . One day , Anastasia and Ella fall through thin ice but , to Rapunzel 's disbelief , their father only manages to save Ella . Rapunzel seeks Gothel 's help , who magically seals Anastasia 's last breath with the price of keeping Anastasia in the tower . However , Rapunzel tricks Gothel who becomes trapped in her own tower until someone in her bloodline takes her place . In the present , Victoria strangely gives full custody of Lucy to Jacinda , claiming to be a changed person . Victoria retrieves the Once Upon a Time book and shows Lucy her unfortunate life story as Rapunzel , convincing Lucy to give up her belief in happy endings . As Lucy sheds a tear , Victoria uses it to awaken Anastasia , while Lucy collapses into unconsciousness . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 143 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Eighth Witch '' </Td> <Td> Ralph Hemecker </Td> <Td> Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , baby Lucy is born just as Drizella appears to deliver a prophecy about a curse . The heroes are able to turn Drizella to stone . Eight years later , everyone is celebrating Lucy 's birthday when Gothel appears with her coven of witches , recruiting Drizella to join them as she is finally freed . With the curse looming , Regina heads off to get help from Zelena . Later , when the heroes confront the witches , Gothel reveals that they have poisoned Henry and Regina is forced to cast Drizella 's curse in order to save his life . In the present day , Regina has located a cursed Zelena in San Francisco , who is now known as Kelly . Regina is able to give Zelena her memories back and the two head back to Seattle , knowing that breaking the curse to help Lucy will hurt Henry . Rumple tests Anastasia to see if she is the Guardian . However , Gothel also wants Anastasia and severs her alliance with Drizella after the girl is brought to her , deeming Anastasia to be more useful in her coven . Gothel tells her that they need to find their fellow witches . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 144 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Secret Garden '' </Td> <Td> Mick Garris </Td> <Td> Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 2.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , an 18 - year - old Robin has been secretly dabbling in magic against her mother 's wishes . After attempting a spell that leads her to Gothel , Robin disappears from Storybrooke and Zelena arrives in the New Enchanted Forest looking for her . Robin is excited to apprentice under the powerful witch but soon finds out that Gothel only wants her to be the sacrifice needed for a resurrection amulet to bring Madame Leota back to the land of the living . In the present day , Regina and Zelena seek the resurrection amulet in hopes of finding another way to save Lucy . However , Tremaine gets a hold of the amulet and hands it over to Gothel , not realizing that Gothel intends to use Drizella as the sacrifice this time around . As the amulet 's magic begins to take Drizella 's life , Tremaine decides to sacrifice herself to save her daughter and dies as Lucy begins to awaken . Elsewhere , it is revealed that there is a killer on the loose in Hyperion Heights , as a doctor who finds out about Lucy 's true paternity is poisoned by a mysterious figure . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 145 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` A Taste of the Heights '' </Td> <Td> Nina Lopez - Corrado </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 2.22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback to the day of Tiana 's coronation , Facilier appears to warn her of a danger to her kingdom , which ends up sending her on a hunt for a giant alligator . She meets Prince Naveen at the wreckage site and while the two do n't get along , they agree to search for it together . When the alligator attacks them on a lake , Tiana is able to kill it but Naveen is left gravely injured . When Facilier reappears to claim a necklace from inside of the beast , Tiana gets him to revive Naveen , but on a previously undisclosed condition that the prince is to be enslaved to him until further notice . In the present day , Sabine is excited to participate in a food truck festival until an anonymous tip to the cops leaves her unable . She accuses Drew , a former classmate - turned - food truck rival , of sabotage . However , it is revealed that Drew is under orders from Samdi , a mysterious investor , to get close to her for his own purposes . Regina figures out that Facilier is n't really cursed and it is revealed that they have a history tracing back to the Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy discovers upsetting information about the current curse , while Rogers and Weaver discover that the neighborhood killer is going after witches in particular . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 146 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Knightfall '' </Td> <Td> Steve Miner </Td> <Td> Jerome Schwartz & Miguel Ian Raya </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In the flashbacks , after a young Alice has been receiving frightening visions of Gothel attacking her and Hook in the tower , Hook vows to help her escape and seeks help from the Rumplestiltskin in the Wish Realm . Rumple tells him to procure a magical fish hook from Captain Ahab . He wins it from Ahab over a die roll , however , when Ahab comes back to taunt him about his former pirate status , Hook agrees to a pistol duel . When he returns to the tower , Hook and Alice find themselves branded and cursed by Gothel , who had poisoned the bullet that hit him . In the present day , Rogers and Weaver interrogate Eloise about her cult , though she is only interested in playing mind games with Rogers . Tilly , who is experiencing a manic episode , desperately tries to convince the detectives to see Eloise for who she really is . When they deduce that Eloise was trying to mislead them about the case , they check up on Hilda in the hospital , only to find her dead , with Tilly holding a scalpel in the room . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 147 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Girl in the Tower '' </Td> <Td> Antonio Negret </Td> <Td> Dana Horgan & Leah Fong </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 2.11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Alice makes a birthday wish to get out of the tower and shortly after , a troll appears and helps her escape . Years later , Alice is caught spying on the resistance group by Robin , who had just recently arrived to the New Enchanted Forest . Robin intends to honor her father 's legacy by hunting down Alice 's troll , who has since been destroying villages , but Alice goes after her to protect it . In the present day , Rogers , Henry , and Tilly are looking for evidence of Tilly being elsewhere during the time of the baker 's murder to clear her name . As she retraces her steps , Tilly grows frustrated when she finds that no one can remember seeing her at the places she had visited . Meanwhile , Regina asks Facilier out on a date so that Lucy can break into his suite to look for clues as to what he seeks in Hyperion Heights . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 148 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Sisterhood '' </Td> <Td> Ellen S. Pressman </Td> <Td> Christopher Hollier & Adam Karp </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 2.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Gothel recruits Drizella to compete for one of two spots in her coven . Drizella strikes a partnership with Gretel and they agree to help each other out on the course , however , it turns out that real test was that one would have to kill the other to win . In the present day , Drizella is attacked by the neighborhood `` Candy Killer . '' Facilier offers her a way to escape to her home realm , though it would be at the expense of Anastasia 's life . Initially , Drizella lures Anastasia in under the guise of wanting to rekindle their sisterhood and brings her to Facilier to perform the ritual . When Anastasia unexpectedly awakens , she must choose between Drizella or Gothel , and ultimately chooses her sister . The two are able to open a portal and leave Hyperion Heights to start over together in the New Enchanted Forest . Meanwhile , Lucy organizes a boys night out for Henry , Rogers , and Nick , which ends with the revelation that Nick is the Candy Killer . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 149 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Breadcrumbs '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Jane Espenson & Jerome Schwartz </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , Henry expresses his desire to find his own story , as he feels unworthy of Ella . When he mentions to Hook that he wants to propose with a special ring like the one of his grandparents , Hook suggests that they retrieve one from Davy Jones ' locker and the two sneak aboard the Jolly Roger to overtake it from Blackbeard . However , it is revealed that it was all a set - up by Hook so that Henry could feel like he partook in an epic adventure . A little while later , Henry ends up proposing to Ella anyway . In the present day , Henry lands a job interview in New York but before he can leave , Weaver finds his novel at the crime scene and insists that he help the police identify the Candy Killer , whom they conclude is a man who believes he is the `` Hansel '' of the story . When Henry gets a flat tire driving to the airport , Nick offers him a ride , which ends with Henry getting kidnapped by Nick , who confirms the former 's suspicions of him being Hansel and the Candy Killer . As this is happening , Zelena is horrified to find that she is the killer 's next target . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 150 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Chosen '' </Td> <Td> Lana Parrilla </Td> <Td> Paul Karp & Brian Ridings </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , another witch , who is in possession of Hansel and Gretel , has settled into Oz , to Zelena 's disdain . After Zelena refuses to help the kids , she is magically weakened by the witch , and faints in the forest . She is taken in by a blind man named Ivo , who happens to be Hansel and Gretel 's father . When Zelena decides to go back for the children , she finds that they had already escaped and told their father about their encounter with her . When the family refuses to give her a second chance , Zelena angrily burns Hansel . In the present day , Jack tells Henry everything about their fairytale pasts , but Henry is still a nonbeliever . Jack kidnaps Chad to lure in Zelena to get his revenge . Zelena ends up having to tell Chad her real name and hints at her wicked past , though he does n't care and the two decide to move back to San Francisco together . Meanwhile , Facilier uses Naveen , who is actually not cursed , to get magic for a voodoo doll that he uses to kill Jack . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 151 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Guardian '' </Td> <Td> Geofrey Hildrew </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman & Brigitte Hales </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2.12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> In the past , Mr. Gold , still dealing with the loss of Belle , is challenged by Facilier to rid himself of the Dagger by seeking out the Guardian , who is able to free him of the Darkness . When Gold finds Alice and believe her to be the person he was looking for , he test out the theory on Facilier by pulling his heart out and his hunch was correct , but then has a change of heart by withholding transfer of his power to Alice so she can be happy with Robin and not dealing with the burden she would carry . Alice also convinced Hook that Rumpelstiltskin is not a villain and the two became friends . In the present , Nick 's death has Weaver suspecting Samdi of stealing the Dagger , but Samdi says he had no involvement with taking the latter . Weaver also betrayed Roni by using the magic needed to save Henry in order to track down the Dagger , which lead it to Tilly , whose first date with Margot is distracted by the voices from the Dagger itself , but in the end Margot does see a soulmate in Tilly . When Rogers discovers Drew was the last person who might have known what happened to Nick , Drew warns him about Samdi and how Nick died . Henry discovers that Nick / Hansel was telling him the truth about the blood test results that confirmed him as Lucy 's father and shares the results with a stunned Jacinda . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 152 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Flower Child '' </Td> <Td> Tessa Blake </Td> <Td> Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> In a flashback , young tree nymph Gothel yearns for interaction with humans . Though warned against it by her nymph family , she explores a house and meets a group of ladies who appear accepting of her magic , who then invite her to a ball . It turns out that the girls only sought out to humiliate her and stole her key to enter the nymphs ' grove to destroy everything and everyone in it . Avenging the death of her kind , Gothel goes on a destructive rampage and it is revealed that Gothel had turned her home realm into what we now know as the Land Without Magic . In the present day , Gothel tells Tilly that she is her mother and Tilly goes to Rogers with this information . The two of them go to Henry , who has already begun to seriously consider that the stories in his book are actually real . Lucy and Facilier manage to cure Henry of his pre-curse ailments , however , when her parents finally share a kiss , the curse does n't break . Meanwhile , Rogers and Tilly 's stakeout on Eloise ends with Tilly being blackmailed into becoming the final member of Gothel 's revived coven . The sisterhood then releases their magic back into the land . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 153 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' </Td> <Td> Ron Underwood </Td> <Td> Dana Horgan & Leah Fong </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 1.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This episode 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> In the flashbacks to Henry 's senior year of high school , Henry ponders over what his next step should be and tells Regina that he wants to explore colleges outside of Storybrooke . He ends up being accepted to every college he applied to , however , having to lie about his life experiences on the applications gave him doubts about leaving town after all . In the present day , Regina and Lucy try to break the curse before the coven fully gives their magic to Gothel 's doomsday plot to wipe out mankind . After multiple failed attempts to wake Henry , Regina reveals that the curse had actually taken them back in time . When a disbelieving Henry decides to call a phone number listed on his supposed adoption papers , a young Henry picks up on the other line and it is revealed that the curse took them back to the same time period shown in the flashbacks and it is currently Henry 's graduation night . The adult Henry gives his younger self some advice , which gives him the push he needs to be okay with leaving home . When Henry finds that Regina has been hurt by Gothel , he is able to give her true love 's kiss , which breaks the curse on the entire neighborhood . Alice finds the strength to defeat Gothel , with her father and Robin by her side . At the end of the episode , Weaver pays a visit to Facilier 's office , and their standoff halts when his Wish Realm counterpart suddenly appears and kills Facilier . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 154 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Homecoming '' </Td> <Td> Steve Pearlman </Td> <Td> David H. Goodman </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Celebrations over breaking the Dark Curse are cut short when Wish Realm Rumplestiltskin sends Jacinda and Lucy to the Wish Realm , and attempts to blackmail Henry into obtaining the Dark One Dagger for him . Henry , along with Roni , Weaver , and Rogers , enters a portal to the Wish Realm to find his family . Once on the other side , the group has been split , with Henry and Roni sent to the Dark Castle , while Weaver and Rogers are sent to Rumple 's old hovel . Wish Rumple reveals that he has trapped Jacinda and Lucy in a snowglobe that will count down to their deaths by midnight . A desperate Henry obtains the Wish Realm 's version of the Author 's Pen in hopes of freeing them , but it turns out that Wish Rumple was after the pen all along , not the dagger . He then presents it to Wish Henry , who is more than willing to help him rewrite some stories after losing his mother and grandparents . He ends up erasing the Guardian 's powers , and Wish Rumple then sends Henry , Weaver , and Rogers into the snowglobe . Roni is left behind , as Wish Henry desires revenge after their last encounter . Meanwhile , Tilly feels that her father is in danger , and Sabine helps her and Margot obtain a magic bean after regaining her confidence as queen of her people . The two then reveal that they 're making a pit stop to find help before heading to the Wish Realm , and they drive through the portal into Storybrooke . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 155 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Leaving Storybrooke '' </Td> <Td> Ralph Hemecker </Td> <Td> Edward Kitsis & Adam Horowitz </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 2.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Alice and Robin arrive in Storybrooke and come across the past version of Zelena . Robin reveals that she 's her daughter from the future and tells her that their family needs help . In the snowglobe , Rumple reveals to Hook that his Wish Realm counterpart had stripped him of his powers and his immortality . Everyone is able to break free when Alice magically delivers Maui 's fish hook . Meanwhile , Wish Henry has Regina captured and sets up a duel to death for them on the next day . Wish Rumple then visits Wish Henry and reveals that his plan is to use portals to trap all of the other characters inside of storybooks , where they are destined for unhappy endings . While she 's locked up , Regina experiences a vision of Robin Hood . When Hook comes to her rescue , he 's attacked by black knights , but Snow and Charming show up and save them both . Weaver uses magic dust to regain limited magic . As Wish Henry and Regina are fighting , the others begin to get sucked into the portals . Ultimately , Regina is able to reason with him and he forfeits , closing off the portals . Hook had grabbed Alice to save her , but their contact leaves his heart in a dire state . Rumple then decides to sacrifice himself , by removing his own heart and giving it to Hook , destroying Wish Rumple and the Darkness in the process . He is then reunited with Belle in the Afterlife . Regina decides to merge all the realms using a new curse , which brings the united magical universe inside the Storybrooke limits . Some time later , the citizens decide to crown Regina as the Good Queen of the United Realms . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January 2017 , while season 6 was still in production , ABC president Channing Dungey spoke of a possible `` reset '' of the show 's narrative in the event that the show received a season 7 order . After much speculation , executive producers Adam Horowitz and Edward Kitsis later confirmed that certain characters would have their storylines wrapped up and that the back - end of the sixth season had been written with the season 7 narrative change in mind . Despite the major changes from seasons past , the showrunners have said that they do not view season 7 as a complete reboot of the show . Horowitz said : `` I hesitate to use the word `` reboot . '' We 're more thinking about it as a hybrid of a lot of things . We 're paying homage to the original premise , but there are certain characters who are returning and some who are not . It 's a combination of a lot of things , but what we 're trying to do is go in a new direction but stay true to the spirit of what the show has always been . '' </P> <P> In July 2017 , the creators announced that the series now take place in the Seattle neighborhood of Hyperion Heights , which was created under a new and darker curse . Residents of this neighborhood include displaced characters from the original and new versions of the Enchanted Forest , as well as regular people from the Land Without Magic . This differs from Storybrooke in season 1 , which was an isolated town that was blocked off from real - world Maine . The initial villain is Lady Tremaine , who assumes the role of an urban developer who seeks to `` gentrify the neighborhood '' and push out and separate fairy tale residents . Meanwhile , Storybrooke and various Fairy Tale Land locations still appear in the flashbacks of the season as the story bounces back and forth between the characters ' lives before and during the latest curse . </P> <P> The main flashback setting of the seventh season is the New Enchanted Forest , which is a New Fairy Tale Land realm . Other locations featured in flashbacks are the Edge of Realms , the Wish Realm , New Wonderland , Oz , and Storybrooke itself . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> In May 2017 , it was announced that Lana Parrilla , Colin O'Donoghue , and Robert Carlyle would be the only series regulars from season 6 to continue onto season 7 . It was teased that the three would be portraying their original characters but with cursed identities , similar to the circumstances in season 1 . In July , the first promo of the season revealed that Killian is now a Seattle police officer with the last name Rogers , who is living with an unexplained sense of loss . In August , it was revealed that Regina is now a bar owner named Roni , who is more dressed down and is `` no longer in charge . '' </P> <P> Former main cast member Jennifer Morrison has confirmed that she has agreed to return for one episode , later revealed to be the second episode of the season . Morrison announced her last filming day on July 19 , 2017 . On July 22 , it was confirmed that Emilie de Ravin would return for the fourth episode in the seventh season . </P> <P> In March 2017 , Andrew J. West and Alison Fernandez were cast for unknown guest roles in the season six finale . During the episode , it was revealed that West was portraying an adult Henry Mills , while Fernandez portrayed his daughter , Lucy . After that episode 's airing , they were confirmed as series regulars for season 7 . West will be taking over the role from Jared S. Gilmore , who has been confirmed to appear in at least the first two episodes of the season . </P> <P> On July 6 , 2017 , it was announced that Dania Ramirez and Gabrielle Anwar would be two additional series regulars for season 7 . Additionally , Adelaide Kane , Mekia Cox , and Rose Reynolds were cast in recurring roles for the upcoming season . On July 15 , it was announced that Ramirez would be portraying Cinderella , albeit a different version from the one previously played by Jessy Schram for the first six seasons . On July 22 at San Diego Comic - Con , it was revealed that Anwar and Kane will be portraying Lady Tremaine and Drizella , respectively . Cox would be portraying Tiana from The Princess and the Frog , while Reynolds would be playing an alternate version of Alice , a character previously heavily featured in the spin - off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In August 2017 , Cox was promoted to series regular . </P> <P> On August 1 , it was announced that Giles Matthey would return as an adult Gideon for the season 's fourth episode . The episode , also featuring Emilie de Ravin , would be centered around Rumple . On that same day , it was also announced that Emma Booth was cast in a major recurring role as the Witch , whose more specific identity would be revealed later on during the season . On August 25 , Kevin Ryan announced that he would be making an appearance as a new prince in the upcoming season . On August 30 , it was announced that Robin Givens had been cast as Tiana 's mother , Eudora . </P> <P> On September 8 , it was announced that Meegan Warner would be guest starring as an alternate version of Rapunzel , a character previously featured in one episode of season 3 . It was later revealed that the character would appear in a multi-episode arc . On September 20 , it was announced that former main Rebecca Mader would return for multiple episodes in the seventh season as Zelena , who will also have a cursed identity . </P> <P> On October 2 , it was announced that Dr. Facilier from The Princess and the Frog would make an appearance during the season , later revealed to be portrayed by Daniel Francis in the season 's fifth episode . On October 3 , it was announced that flashbacks of the ninth episode would feature a `` tweenage '' Anastasia , Lady Tremaine 's other biological daughter . </P> <P> On November 1 , it was announced that Tiera Skovbye would be recurring as an older version of Robin , the daughter of Zelena and Robin Hood . On November 2 , it was announced that Nathan Parsons had been cast in a recurring role as Nick , a lawyer and potential love interest for another character . On November 3 , it was announced that the show was casting for the role of Naveen from The Princess and the Frog , who will be recurring in the second half of the season . It was later revealed that the role would be played by Jeff Pierre , who will first appear in the twelfth episode of the season . On November 16 , actor Chad Rook announced that he had been cast in an unknown role . </P> <P> On January 23 , 2018 , it was announced that Kip Pardue had been cast as Chad , Zelena 's fiancé from when she was cursed as Kelly . He will make his first appearance in the seventeenth episode of the season . </P> <P> On March 16 , it was announced that multiple former cast members were set to appear in one or both of the series ' last two episodes . This includes former mains Jared S. Gilmore ( who had also been confirmed to appear in the twentieth episode ) and Sean Maguire , as well as formerly recurring stars JoAnna Garcia Swisher , Victoria Smurfit , Robbie Kay , Beverley Elliott , Lee Arenberg , Keegan Connor Tracy , and Tony Amendola . On March 21 , it was announced that Jennifer Morrison and Emilie de Ravin would be back a second time , along with Ginnifer Goodwin and Josh Dallas for the final episode of the series . In addition , Raphael Sbarge , David Paul Grove , and Faustino Di Bauda later confirmed that they were also appearing in the series finale . </P> <H2> Ratings ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Air date </Th> <Th> Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> DVR viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Total ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Total viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Hyperion Heights '' </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.7 / 3 </Td> <Td> 3.26 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 1.72 </Td> <Td> 1.4 </Td> <Td> 4.98 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A Pirate 's Life '' </Td> <Td> October 13 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.7 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.74 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.3 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' </Td> <Td> October 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.49 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Beauty '' </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.44 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Greenbacks '' </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.29 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.27 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Wake Up Call '' </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.37 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.32 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Eloise Gardener '' </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.28 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.30 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Pretty in Blue '' </Td> <Td> November 17 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.28 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> 1.30 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 3.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` One Little Tear '' </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.45 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Eighth Witch '' </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.29 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Secret Garden '' </Td> <Td> March 2 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.14 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` A Taste of the Heights '' </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.22 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Knightfall '' </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.38 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Girl in the Tower '' </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.11 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Sisterhood '' </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.03 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Breadcrumbs '' </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.15 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Chosen '' </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.18 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Guardian '' </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> 2.12 </Td> <Td> 0.4 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Flower Child '' </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.98 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.4 / 2 </Td> <Td> 1.98 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Homecoming '' </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.26 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Leaving Storybrooke '' </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 0.5 / 3 </Td> <Td> 2.27 </Td> <Td> 0.3 </Td> <Td> 0.89 </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> 3.16 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Macke , Johnni ( July 5 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Once Upon A Time ' Tease Reveals Where The Series Will Pick Up In Season 7 '' . People 's Choice . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 16 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 : Get Fresh Details on Henry 's ' Epic Quest ' -- Plus , New Identities for Regina & Co. ? ! '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( July 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Season 7 Reset : Gabrielle Anwar , Devious Maids Alum , Reign Star Among 5 New Additions '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Renewed for Season 7 at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The reboot comes as Once remains a valuable property for ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Times , Music ( September 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' Soft Reboot : Emma Swan Reunites With Hook & Finds Closure in Their Story '' . MusicTimes . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . The coming seventh season of `` Once Upon a Time '' will have a soft reboot and will embark on a new chapter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time is back -- but is it still magical ? '' . DigitalSpy . October 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . There was understandably some scepticism and worry when ABC announced that Once Upon a Time 's seventh season would be a soft reboot , set many years after last spring 's finale and featuring a mostly new cast . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Current Narrative To Wrap At End Of Season 6 ; Will There Be Season 7 ? '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 6 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time to end after season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( December 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' star Rebecca Mader previews Zelena 's return '' . Entertainment Weekly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : A Pirate 's Life ( 10 / 13 ) '' . Retrieved 2018 - 05 - 15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Dania Ramirez Is Playing ' New ' Cinderella -- Photo '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 701 ) `` Hyperion Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , Amanda ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time recap : ' One Little Tear ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Once Upon a Time : Homecoming '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . May 10 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses drop new clues on season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time just mocked its own complicated story lines '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Adelaide Kane talks millennial meanie Drizella '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Rose Reynolds introduces streetwise , enigmatic Alice '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blain , Bruce ( @ BBinBKK ) ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` @ LanaParrilla Well , twitter certainly seems to be happy with the episode ! Congrats ! Now , do you want to tell them about # SamuelBRyce , or should I ? Oh , and here 's a BTS pic I 've been hanging on to but could n't share until now . # OnceUponaTime @ OnceABC # DeskSergeant '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 702 ) `` A Pirate 's Life '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon A Time ' : Emma Booth Joins ABC Fairytale Drama As Recurring '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time officially confirms identity of Hook 's daughter -- and her mom ! '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 707 / 708 ) `` Eloise Gardener / Pretty in Blue '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Rebecca Mader to Return for Multiple Season 7 Episodes '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 710 ) `` The Eighth Witch '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 705 ) `` Greenbacks '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 712 ) `` A Taste of the Heights '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time adds Robin Givens as Tiana 's mom '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ausiello , Michael ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts TURN Alum Meegan Warner as the New ( Spoiler ) '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Riverdale 's Tiera Skovbye as ( Spoiler ) 's Daughter '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 714 ) `` The Girl in the Tower '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time books The Originals star as potential love interest '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 709 ) `` One Little Tear '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 30 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Casts Tiana 's Prince Naveen With Beyond 's Jeff Pierre '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Once Upon a Time : Hyperion Heights ( 10 / 6 ) '' . Disney - ABC Television Group . September 18 , 2017 . Retrieved December 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Jennifer Morrison On Why She Is Leaving ' Once Upon a Time ' , Emma 's Final Battle & What 's Next '' . Deadline . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Emilie de Ravin books return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Giles Matthey to return in season 7 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Vick , Megan ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Reveals Rapunzel 's Cursed Identity '' . TV Guide . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dana Horgan ( @ horgandee ) ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Cecelia ( now just TRY not getting the Simon & Garfunkle song stuck in your head for the rest of the day ... :) ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 711 ) `` Secret Garden '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenson , Jane ( @ JaneEspenson ) ( April 13 , 2018 ) . `` Hedge Witch is the term that came to my mind '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 21 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 713 ) `` Knightfall '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 716 ) `` Breadcrumbs '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time casts Runaways star as Zelena 's fiancé '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 717 ) `` Chosen '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 715 ) `` Sisterhood '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leroux , Kyra ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Had an amazing two days on set working with the lovely Emma Booth ! ! @ emmalovesluna . Tune into ABC or CTV tonight to see my episode of Once Upon A Time ! ! '' . Instagram . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emily Tennant ( @ emilyjtennant ) ( April 27 , 2018 ) . `` Tune into tonight 's episode of # OnceUponaTime ✨ # FlowerChild on ABC at 8 / 7c 🌹 '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 719 ) `` Flower Child '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire among returning faces for series finale '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 16 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time : Sean Maguire , JoAnna Garcia and Robbie Kay Among Farewell Run 's 9 Returns '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( # 721 ) `` Homecoming '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( March 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' : All the Stars -- Including Jennifer Morrison and Ginnifer Goodwin -- Returning for the Series Finale '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` ( # 722 ) `` Leaving Storybrooke '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lee Arenberg ( @ leearenberg ) ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` # TheWildCrew ... it 's been an honor to toe the marks with you fine gents ! ! ! @ FaustinoDiBauda @ RaphaelSbarge @ davidavalon # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved April 4 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Raphael Sbarge ( @ RaphaelSbarge ) ( March 28 , 2018 ) . `` You can go home again . # Storybrooke # Pongo # reunited # OnceUponATime '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' and ' Hell 's Kitchen ' adjust up , ' Exorcist ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( October 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' & more remain unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Jane the Virgin ' and World Series adjust up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 30 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Once Upon a Time ' and others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' ' MacGyver ' and all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Blindspot , ' all others unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 5 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods , ' ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' Taken , ' ' Confronting Putin ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 19 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 26 , 2018 ) . `` NCAA Tournament and ' Dynasty ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Blindspot adjusts up , Dynasty adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' adjusts up , ' Taken ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 23 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' MacGyver , ' ' Blindspot ' and all others hold : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 30 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Dynasty ' and ' Life Sentence ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' finale adjusts up , Meghan Markle special adjusts down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' 20 / 20 , ' ' Life Sentence , ' ' Harry & Meghan ' special all adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( April 15 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Cast Shake - Up : Finale Will Accommodate Any Changes , No Story Will Feel ' Incomplete ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MacDonald , Lindsay ( May 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Creators Explain the `` Next Chapter '' to Come in Season 7 `` . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time bosses explain new curse '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 29 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Swift , Andy ( July 22 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time @ Comic - Con : Season 7 's Secret Roles Revealed , a ' Prominent LGBQT Storyline ' and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved July 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time reveals Hook , Regina , Rumple alt - identities '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time 's Jennifer Morrison Opens Up About Her Exit : ' Emma Had Reached a Really Beautiful Place ' '' . TVLine . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon a Time Creators / Cast Tease Rumple 's Menacing New Identity , Regina / Henry Reunion and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved August 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morrison , Jennifer ( July 19 , 2017 ) . `` Movie magic . Emma 's long locks are back for one last day :) # steveston # onceuponatime # emmaswan '' . Instagram . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Byrne , Craig ( August 9 , 2017 ) . `` Once Upon A Time EPs Talk About The New `` Book , '' `` Roni '' & Returning Faces `` . KSite TV . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Natalie Abrams ( @ NatalieAbrams ) ( August 1 , 2017 ) . `` Emma Booth joins Once Upon a Time as a witch whose identity will be revealed later in the season bit.ly/2tv8t4F @ AdamHorowitzLA '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kevin J Ryan ( @ KevinRyanII ) ( August 25 , 2017 ) . `` Lov'in da # keithrichards inspired get up 4 da new prince in town . Fairytale land does n't know wats comin @ OnceABC # onceuponatime # abc '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' First Look : Rapunzel Returns '' . TV Insider . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( October 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Bosses Explain Season 7 Premiere 's Biggest Mysteries and Reveals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' Season 7 Is ' Hopeful ' and ' Sentimental , ' EP Says '' . TV Insider . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on This Is Us , Flash , New Girl , Arrow , Grey 's Anatomy , The Blacklist , Supernatural and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : Spoilers on New Girl , Grey 's Anatomy , Big Little Lies , Flash , Walking Dead , Will & Grace and More '' . TVLine . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chad Rook ( @ ChadRook ) ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` Just found out that I will be joining the cast of # OnceUponATime ! ! ! Ca n't wait for you all to see my character . ; ) '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved November 20 , 2017 -- via Twitter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` Once Upon a Time original cast member returning in final season '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' finale , 11 other shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Once Upon a Time </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mary Margaret Blanchard </Li> <Li> Emma Swan </Li> <Li> Regina Mills </Li> <Li> David Nolan </Li> <Li> Henry Mills </Li> <Li> Rumplestiltskin </Li> <Li> Hook </Li> <Li> Belle </Li> <Li> Zelena </Li> <Li> Robin Hood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Universe </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Items </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> List of cast members </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time in Wonderland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Once Upon a Time episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` The Thing You Love Most '' </Li> <Li> `` Snow Falls '' </Li> <Li> `` The Price of Gold '' </Li> <Li> `` That Still Small Voice '' </Li> <Li> `` The Shepherd '' </Li> <Li> `` The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter '' </Li> <Li> `` Desperate Souls '' </Li> <Li> `` True North '' </Li> <Li> `` 7 : 15 A.M. '' </Li> <Li> `` Fruit of the Poisonous Tree '' </Li> <Li> `` Skin Deep '' </Li> <Li> `` What Happened to Frederick '' </Li> <Li> `` Dreamy '' </Li> <Li> `` Red - Handed '' </Li> <Li> `` Heart of Darkness '' </Li> <Li> `` Hat Trick '' </Li> <Li> `` The Stable Boy '' </Li> <Li> `` The Return '' </Li> <Li> `` The Stranger '' </Li> <Li> `` An Apple Red as Blood '' </Li> <Li> `` A Land Without Magic '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Broken '' </Li> <Li> `` We Are Both '' </Li> <Li> `` Lady of the Lake '' </Li> <Li> `` The Crocodile '' </Li> <Li> `` The Doctor '' </Li> <Li> `` Tallahassee '' </Li> <Li> `` Child of the Moon '' </Li> <Li> `` Into the Deep '' </Li> <Li> `` Queen of Hearts '' </Li> <Li> `` The Cricket Game '' </Li> <Li> `` The Outsider '' </Li> <Li> `` In the Name of the Brother '' </Li> <Li> `` Tiny '' </Li> <Li> `` Manhattan '' </Li> <Li> `` The Queen Is Dead '' </Li> <Li> `` The Miller 's Daughter '' </Li> <Li> `` Welcome to Storybrooke '' </Li> <Li> `` Selfless , Brave and True '' </Li> <Li> `` Lacey '' </Li> <Li> `` The Evil Queen '' </Li> <Li> `` Second Star to the Right '' </Li> <Li> `` And Straight On ' til Morning '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 3 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Heart of the Truest Believer '' </Li> <Li> `` Lost Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Quite a Common Fairy '' </Li> <Li> `` Nasty Habits '' </Li> <Li> `` Good Form '' </Li> <Li> `` Ariel '' </Li> <Li> `` Dark Hollow '' </Li> <Li> `` Think Lovely Thoughts '' </Li> <Li> `` Save Henry '' </Li> <Li> `` The New Neverland '' </Li> <Li> `` Going Home '' </Li> <Li> `` New York City Serenade '' </Li> <Li> `` Witch Hunt '' </Li> <Li> `` The Tower '' </Li> <Li> `` Quiet Minds '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Not Easy Being Green '' </Li> <Li> `` The Jolly Roger '' </Li> <Li> `` Bleeding Through '' </Li> <Li> `` A Curious Thing '' </Li> <Li> `` Kansas '' </Li> <Li> `` Snow Drifts '' </Li> <Li> `` There 's No Place Like Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 4 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` A Tale of Two Sisters '' </Li> <Li> `` White Out '' </Li> <Li> `` Rocky Road '' </Li> <Li> `` The Apprentice '' </Li> <Li> `` Breaking Glass '' </Li> <Li> `` Family Business '' </Li> <Li> `` The Snow Queen '' </Li> <Li> `` Smash the Mirror '' </Li> <Li> `` Fall '' </Li> <Li> `` Shattered Sight '' </Li> <Li> `` Heroes and Villains '' </Li> <Li> `` Darkness on the Edge of Town '' </Li> <Li> `` Unforgiven '' </Li> <Li> `` Enter the Dragon '' </Li> <Li> `` Poor Unfortunate Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` Best Laid Plans '' </Li> <Li> `` Heart of Gold '' </Li> <Li> `` Sympathy for the De Vil '' </Li> <Li> `` Lily '' </Li> <Li> `` Mother '' </Li> <Li> `` Operation Mongoose '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 5 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Dark Swan '' </Li> <Li> `` The Price '' </Li> <Li> `` Siege Perilous '' </Li> <Li> `` The Broken Kingdom '' </Li> <Li> `` Dreamcatcher '' </Li> <Li> `` The Bear and the Bow '' </Li> <Li> `` Nimue '' </Li> <Li> `` Birth '' </Li> <Li> `` The Bear King '' </Li> <Li> `` Broken Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Swan Song '' </Li> <Li> `` Souls of the Departed '' </Li> <Li> `` Labor of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Devil 's Due '' </Li> <Li> `` The Brothers Jones '' </Li> <Li> `` Our Decay '' </Li> <Li> `` Her Handsome Hero '' </Li> <Li> `` Ruby Slippers '' </Li> <Li> `` Sisters '' </Li> <Li> `` Firebird '' </Li> <Li> `` Last Rites '' </Li> <Li> `` Only You '' </Li> <Li> `` An Untold Story '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 6 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Savior '' </Li> <Li> `` A Bitter Draught '' </Li> <Li> `` The Other Shoe '' </Li> <Li> `` Strange Case '' </Li> <Li> `` Street Rats '' </Li> <Li> `` Dark Waters '' </Li> <Li> `` Heartless '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be Your Mirror '' </Li> <Li> `` Changelings '' </Li> <Li> `` Wish You Were Here '' </Li> <Li> `` Tougher Than the Rest '' </Li> <Li> `` Murder Most Foul '' </Li> <Li> `` Ill - Boding Patterns '' </Li> <Li> `` Page 23 '' </Li> <Li> `` A Wondrous Place '' </Li> <Li> `` Mother 's Little Helper '' </Li> <Li> `` Awake '' </Li> <Li> `` Where Bluebirds Fly '' </Li> <Li> `` The Black Fairy '' </Li> <Li> `` The Song in Your Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` The Final Battle '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Hyperion Heights '' </Li> <Li> `` A Pirate 's Life '' </Li> <Li> `` The Garden of Forking Paths '' </Li> <Li> `` Beauty '' </Li> <Li> `` Greenbacks '' </Li> <Li> `` Wake Up Call '' </Li> <Li> `` Eloise Gardener '' </Li> <Li> `` Pretty in Blue '' </Li> <Li> `` One Little Tear '' </Li> <Li> `` The Eighth Witch '' </Li> <Li> `` Secret Garden '' </Li> <Li> `` A Taste of the Heights '' </Li> <Li> `` Knightfall '' </Li> <Li> `` The Girl in the Tower '' </Li> <Li> `` Sisterhood '' </Li> <Li> `` Breadcrumbs '' </Li> <Li> `` Chosen '' </Li> <Li> `` The Guardian '' </Li> <Li> `` Flower Child '' </Li> <Li> `` Is This Henry Mills ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Homecoming '' </Li> <Li> `` Leaving Storybrooke '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wonderland </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Down the Rabbit Hole '' </Li> <Li> `` Trust Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Forget Me Not '' </Li> <Li> `` The Serpent '' </Li> <Li> `` Heart of Stone '' </Li> <Li> `` Who 's Alice '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad Blood '' </Li> <Li> `` Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Nothing to Fear '' </Li> <Li> `` Dirty Little Secrets '' </Li> <Li> `` Heart of the Matter '' </Li> <Li> `` To Catch a Thief '' </Li> <Li> `` And They Lived ... '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Once_Upon_a_Time_(season_7)&oldid=855545172 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 American television seasons </Li> <Li> 2018 American television seasons </Li> <Li> Once Upon a Time ( TV series ) </Li> <Li> Fictional portrayals of the Seattle Police Department </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use mdy dates from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2018 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 19 August 2018 , at 02 : 58 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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1950s American automobile culture - wikipedia <H1> 1950s American automobile culture </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Tailfins gave a Space Age look to cars , and along with extensive use of chrome became commonplace by the end of the decade . <P> 1950s American automobile culture has had an enduring influence on the culture of the United States , as reflected in popular music , major trends from the 1950s and mainstream acceptance of the `` hot rod '' culture . The American manufacturing economy switched from producing war - related items to consumer goods at the end of World War II , and by the end of the 1950s , one in six working Americans were employed either directly or indirectly in the automotive industry . The United States became the world 's largest manufacturer of automobiles , and Henry Ford 's goal of 30 years earlier -- that any man with a good job should be able to afford an automobile -- was achieved . A new generation of service businesses focusing on customers with their automobiles sprang up during the decade , including drive - through or drive - in restaurants and more drive - in theaters ( cinemas ) . </P> <P> The decade began with 25 million registered automobiles on the road , most of which predated World War II and were in poor condition ; no automobiles or parts were produced during the war owing to rationing and restrictions . By 1950 , most factories had made the transition to a consumer - based economy , and more than 8 million cars were produced that year alone . By 1958 , there were more than 67 million cars registered in the United States , more than twice the number at the start of the decade . </P> <P> As part of the U.S. national defenses , to support military transport , the National Highway System was expanded with Interstate highways , beginning in 1955 , across many parts of the United States . The wider , multi-lane highways allowed traffic to move at faster speeds , with few or no stoplights on the way . The wide - open spaces along the highways became a basis for numerous billboards showing advertisements . </P> <P> The dawning of the Space Age and Space Race were reflected in contemporary American automotive styling . Large tailfins , flowing designs reminiscent of rockets , and radio antennas that imitated Sputnik 1 were common , owing to the efforts of design pioneers such as Harley Earl . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Interstate Highway System </Li> <Li> 2 Suburbanization <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Decline of the inner city </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Women 's rights </Li> <Li> 4 Motorsports <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Hot rodding </Li> <Li> 4.2 Drag racing </Li> <Li> 4.3 NASCAR </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 New business models <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Faster food </Li> <Li> 5.2 Drive - in movies </Li> <Li> 5.3 Malls </Li> <Li> 5.4 Aftermarket </Li> <Li> 5.5 Distribution </Li> <Li> 5.6 Muscle cars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Songs celebrating the automobile </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Interstate Highway System ( edit ) </H2> The proposed Interstate Highway System in 1955 Main article : Interstate Highway System <P> The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways ( commonly called the Interstate system or simply the Interstate ) is a network of freeways that forms a part of the National Highway System of the United States . While serving as Supreme Commander of the Allied forces in Europe during World War II , Eisenhower had gained an appreciation of the German Autobahn network as an essential component of a national defense system , providing transport routes for military supplies and troop deployments . Construction was authorized by the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 , and the original portion was completed 35 years later . The system has contributed in shaping the United States into a world economic superpower and a highly industrialized nation . </P> <P> The Interstate grew quickly , along with the automobile industry , allowing a new - found mobility that permeated ways of American life and culture . The automobile and the Interstate became the American symbol of individuality and freedom , and , for the first time , automobile buyers accepted that the automobile they drove indicated their social standing and level of affluence . It became a statement of their personality and an extension of their self - concepts . </P> <H2> Suburbanization ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States ' investment in infrastructure such as highways and bridges coincided with the increasing availability of cars more suited to the higher speeds that better roads made possible , allowing people to live beyond the confines of major cities , and instead commute to and from work . </P> Levittown c. 1959 <P> After World War II , land developers began to buy land just outside the city limits of larger cities to build mass quantities of inexpensive tract houses . One of the first examples of planned suburbanization is Levittown , Pennsylvania , which was developed by William Levitt beginning in 1951 as a suburb of Philadelphia . The promise of their own single - family home on their own land , together with a free college education and low - interest loans given to returning soldiers to purchase homes under the G.I. Bill , drove demand for new homes to an unprecedented level . Additionally , 4 million babies were born every year during the 1950s . By the end of the baby boom era in 1964 , almost 77 million `` baby boomers '' had been born , fueling the need for more suburban housing , and automobiles to commute them to and from the city centers for work and shopping . </P> <P> By the end of the 1950s , one - third of Americans lived in the suburbs . Eleven of the United States 's twelve largest cities recorded a declining population during the decade , with a consequent loss in tax revenues and city culture . Only Los Angeles , a center for the car culture , gained population . Economist Richard Porter commented that `` The automobile made suburbia possible , and the suburbs made the automobile essential . '' </P> <H3> Decline of the inner city ( edit ) </H3> <P> More people joined the middle class in the 1950s , with more money to spend , and the availability of consumer goods expanded along with the economy , including the automobile . Americans were spending more time in their automobiles and viewing them as an extension of their identity , which helped to fuel a boom in automobile sales . Most businesses directly or indirectly related to the auto industry saw tremendous growth during the decade . New designs and innovations appealed to a generation tuned into fashion and glamour , and the new - found freedom and way of life in the suburbs had several unforeseen consequences for the inner cities . The 1950s saw the beginning of white flight and urban sprawl , driven by increasing automobile ownership . Many local and national transportation laws encouraged suburbanization , which in time ended up damaging the cities economically . </P> Auto - related magazines became common in the 1950s <P> As more middle - class and affluent people fled the city to the relative quiet and open spaces of the suburbs , the urban centers deteriorated and lost population . At the same time that cities were experiencing a lower tax base due to the flight of higher income earners , pressures from The New Deal forced them to offer pensions and other benefits , increasing the average cost of benefits per employee by 1,629 percent . This was in addition to hiring an average of 20 percent more employees to serve the ever shrinking cities . More Americans were driving cars and fewer were using public transportation , and it was not practical to extend to the suburbs . At the same time , the number of surface roads exploded to serve the ever - increasing numbers of individually owned cars , further burdening city and country resources . During this time , the perception of using public transportation turned more negative . In what is arguably the most extreme example , Detroit , the fifth largest city in the United States in 1950 with 1,849,568 residents , had shrunk to 706,585 by 2010 , a reduction of 62 percent . </P> <P> In some instances , the automotive industry and others were directly responsible for the decline of public transportation . The Great American streetcar scandal saw GM , Firestone Tire , Standard Oil of California , Phillips Petroleum , Mack Trucks and other companies purchase a number of streetcars and electric trains in the 1930s and 1940s , such that 90 percent of city trolleys had been dismantled by 1950 . It was argued that this was a deliberate destruction of streetcars as part of a larger strategy to push the United States into automobile dependency . In United States v. National City Lines , Inc. , many were found guilty of antitrust violations . The story has been explored several times in print , film and other media , for example in Who Framed Roger Rabbit , Taken for a Ride and The End of Suburbia . </P> <H2> Women 's rights ( edit ) </H2> <P> The automobile unions played a leading role in advancing the cause of women 's rights . In 1955 , the United Auto Workers Union ( UAW ) organized the UAW Women 's Department to strengthen women 's role in the union and encourage participation in the union 's elected bodies . In a move that was met with some hostility by Teamsters leaders , the U.S. Division of Transport Personnel had in 1943 instructed Teamsters Union officials that women should be allowed full employment as truck drivers . That proved to be only a temporary wartime measure , but a change of heart among Teamsters leadership by the mid-1950s led to the Equal Pay Act of 1963 . Women in the auto industry were considered leaders in the movement for women 's rights . </P> <H2> Motorsports ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hot rodding ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Hot rod <P> The increasing popularity of hot rodding cars ( modifying them to increase performance ) is reflected in part by the creation of special - interest magazines catering to this culture . Hot Rod is the oldest such magazine , with first editor Wally Parks , and founded by Robert E. Petersen in 1948 , with original publication by his Petersen Publishing Company . Hot Rod has licensed affiliation with Universal Technical Institute . </P> Hot rod <P> The relative abundance and inexpensive nature of the Ford Model T and other cars from the 1920s to 1940s helped fuel the hot rod culture that developed , which was focused on getting the most linear speed out of these older automobiles . The origin of the term `` hot rod '' is unclear , but the culture blossomed in the post-war culture of the 1950s . </P> <P> Hot Rod magazine 's November 1950 cover announced the first hot rod to exceed 200 mph . The hand - crafted car used an Edelbrock - built Mercury flathead V8 and set the record at the Bonneville Salt Flats . This 30,000 - acre ( 47 sq mi ) region has been called the `` Holy Grail of American Hot Rodding '' , and is often used for land speed racing , a tradition that grew rapidly in the 1950s and continues today . </P> <P> Hot rodding was about more than raw power . Kustom Kulture started in the 1950s , when artists such as Von Dutch transformed automobile pin striping from a seldom - used accent that followed the lines of the car into a freestyle art form . Von Dutch was as famous for his `` flying eyeball '' as he was for his intricate spider - web designs . As the decade began , hand - drawn pin striping was almost unheard of , but by 1958 it had become a popular method of customizing the looks of the hot rod . As the decade progressed , hot rodding became a popular hobby for a growing number of teenagers as the sport literally came to Main Street . </P> <H3> Drag racing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Drag racing has existed since the first cars , but it was not until the 1950s that it started to become mainstream , beginning with Santa Ana Drags , the first drag strip in the United States . The strip was founded by C.J. `` Pappy '' Hart , Creighton Hunter and Frank Stillwell at the Orange County Airport auxiliary runway in southern California , and was operational from 1950 until June 21 , 1959 . </P> <P> Hot Rod editor Wally Parks created the National Hot Rod Association in 1951 , and it is still the largest governing body in the popular sport . As of October 2012 , there are at least 139 professional drag strips operational in the United States . One of the most powerful racing fuels ever developed is nitromethane , which dramatically debuted as a racing fuel in 1950 , and continues as the primary component used in Top Fuel drag racing today . </P> <H3> NASCAR ( edit ) </H3> NASCAR winner `` The Fabulous Hudson Hornet '' Main article : NASCAR <P> The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing ( NASCAR ) is the second most popular spectator sports in the United States behind the National Football League ( NFL ) . It was incorporated on February 21 , 1948 , by Bill France , Sr. and built its roots in the 1950s . Two years later in 1950 the first asphalt `` superspeedway '' , Darlington Speedway , was opened in South Carolina , and the sport saw dramatic growth during the 1950s . Because of the tremendous success of Darlington , construction began of a 2.5 - mile , high - banked superspeedway near Daytona Beach , which is still in use . </P> <P> The Cup Series was started in 1949 , with Jim Roper winning the first series . By 2008 , the most prestigious race in the series , the Daytona 500 had attracted more than 17 million television viewers . Dynasties were born in the 1950s with racers like Lee Petty ( father of Richard Petty , grandfather of Kyle Petty ) and Buck Baker ( father of Buddy Baker ) . </P> <P> NASCAR , and stock car racing in general , has its roots in bootlegging during Prohibition . Junior Johnson was one of many bootleggers who took part in the sport during the 1950s , equally well known for his arrest in 1955 for operating his father 's moonshine still as he is for his racing success . He ended up spending a year in an Ohio prison , but soon returned to the sport before retiring as a driver in 1966 . </P> <H2> New business models ( edit ) </H2> See also : Drive - through <H3> Faster Food ( edit ) </H3> Drive - ins take orders over an intercom system , with a carhop accepting payment and delivering the order on a tray that attaches to the car window . <P> As more Americans began driving cars , entirely new categories of businesses came into being to allow them to enjoy their products and services without having to leave their cars . This includes the drive - in restaurant , and later the drive - through window . Even into the 2010s , the Sonic Drive - In restaurant chain has provided primarily drive - in service by carhop in 3,561 restaurants within 43 U.S. states , serving approximately 3 million customers per day . Known for its use of carhops on roller skates , the company annually hosts a competition to determine the top skating carhop in its system . </P> <P> A number of other successful `` drive up '' businesses have their roots in the 1950s , including McDonald 's ( expanded c. 1955 ) , which had no dine - in facilities , requiring customers to park and walk up to the window , taking their order `` to go '' . Automation and the lack of dining facilities allowed McDonald 's to sell burgers for 15 cents each , instead of the typical 35 cents , and people were buying them by the bagful . By 1948 , they had fired their carhops , installed larger grills , reduced their menu and radically changed the industry by introducing assembly - line methods of food production , similar to the auto industry , dubbing it the `` Speedee Service System '' . They redesigned their sign specifically to make it easier to see from the road , creating the now familiar yellow double - arch structure . Businessman Ray Kroc joined McDonald 's as a franchise agent in 1955 . He subsequently purchased the chain from the McDonald brothers and oversaw its worldwide growth . </P> <P> Other chains were created to serve the increasingly mobile patron . Carl Karcher opened his first Carl 's Jr. in 1956 , and rapidly expanded , locating his restaurants near California 's new freeway off - ramps . These restaurant models initially relied on the new and ubiquitous ownership of automobiles , and the willingness of patrons to dine in their automobiles . As of 2013 , drive - through service account for 65 percent of their profits . </P> <H3> Drive - in movies ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Drive - in theater <P> The drive - in theater is a form of cinema structure consisting of a large outdoor movie screen , a projection booth , a concession stand and a large parking area for automobiles , where patrons view the movie from the comfort of their cars and listen via an electric speaker placed at each parking spot . </P> Drive - in theater just before the movie starts <P> Although drive - in movies first appeared in 1933 , it was not until well after the post-war era that they became popular , enjoying their greatest success in the 1950s , reaching a peak of more than 4,000 theaters in the United States alone . Drive - in theaters have been romanticized in popular culture with the movie American Graffiti and Grease and the television series Happy Days . They developed a reputation for showing B movies , typically monster or horror films , and as `` passion pits '' , a place for teenagers to make out . While drive - in theaters are rarer today with only 366 remaining and no longer unique to America , they are still associated as part of the 1950s ' American car culture . Drive - in movies have seen somewhat of a resurgence in popularity in the 21st century , due in part to baby boomer nostalgia . </P> <P> Robert Schuller started the nation 's first drive - in church in 1955 in Garden Grove , California . After his regular 9 : 30 am service in the chapel four miles away , he would travel to the drive - in for a second Sunday service . Worshipers listened to his sermon from the comfort of their cars , using the movie theater 's speaker boxes . </P> <H3> Malls ( edit ) </H3> Southdale Center in 2009 <P> The first modern shopping malls were built in the 1950s , such as Bergen Mall , which was the first to use the term `` mall '' to describe the business model . Other early malls moved retailing away from the dense , commercial downtowns into the largely residential suburbs . Northgate in Seattle is credited as being the first modern mall design , with two rows of businesses facing each other and a walkway separating them . It opened in 1950 . Shopper 's World in Framingham , Massachusetts , was the two - story mall , and opened a year later . The design was modified again in 1954 when Northland Center in Detroit , Michigan , used a centralized design with an anchor store in the middle of the mall , ringed by other stores . This was the first mall to have the parking lot completely surrounding the shopping center , and to provide central heat and air - conditioning . </P> <P> In 1956 , Southdale Center opened in Edina , Minnesota , just outside Minneapolis . It was the first to combine all these modern elements , being enclosed with a two - story design , central heat and air - conditioning plus a comfortable common area . It also featured two large department stores as anchors . Most industry professionals consider Southdale Center to be the first modern regional mall . </P> <P> This formula ( enclosed space with stores attached , away from downtown and accessible only by automobile ) became a popular way to build retail across the world . Victor Gruen , one of the pioneers in mall design , came to abhor this effect of his new design ; he decried the creation of enormous `` land wasting seas of parking '' and the spread of suburban sprawl . </P> <H3> Aftermarket ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 1950s jump started an industry of aftermarket add - ons for cars that continues today . The oldest aftermarket wheel company , American Racing , started in 1956 and still builds `` mag wheels '' ( alloy wheels ) for almost every car made . Holley introduced the first modular four - barrel carburetor , which Ford offered in the 1957 Ford Thunderbird , and versions are still used by performance enthusiasts . Edelbrock started during the Great Depression and expanded after the war . They provided a variety of high performance parts for the new hot rodders , which was popular equipment for setting speed records at Bonneville Salt Flats . Owners were no longer restricted to the original equipment provided by manufacturers , helping not only create the hot rod culture but also the foundation for cosmetic modifications . The creation and rapid expansion of the aftermarket made it possible for enthusiasts to personalize their automobiles . </P> <H3> Distribution ( edit ) </H3> Crosley autos were sold in a number of appliance stores in the early 1950s . <P> Most new cars were sold through automobile dealerships in the 1950s , but Crosley automobiles were still on sale at any number of appliance or department stores , and Allstate ( a rebadged Henry J ) could be ordered at any Sears and Roebuck in 1952 and 1953 . By mid-decade , these outlets had vanished and the automobile dealer became the sole source of new automobiles . </P> <P> Starting in the mid-1950s , new car introductions in the fall once again became an anticipated event , as all dealers would reveal the models for the upcoming year each October . In this era before the popularization of computerization , the primary source of information on new models was the dealer . The idea was originally suggested in the 1930s by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression , as a way of stimulating the economy by creating demand . The idea was reintroduced by President Dwight Eisenhower for the same reasons , and this method of introducing next year 's models in the preceding autumn lasted well into the 1990s . </P> <P> During the decade , many smaller manufacturers could not compete with the Big Three and either went out of business or merged . In 1954 , American Motors was formed when Hudson merged with Nash - Kelvinator Corporation in a deal worth almost $200 million , the largest corporate merger in United States history at that time . </P> <H3> Muscle cars ( edit ) </H3> <P> The muscle - car era is deeply rooted in the 1950s , although there is some debate as to the exact beginning . Old Cars Weekly claims it started with the introduction of the original Chrysler `` Firepower '' hemi V8 engine in 1951 , while others such as Hot Rod magazine consider the first overhead valve engine by Chevrolet , the 265 cid V8 , as the `` heir apparent to Ford flathead 's position as the staple of racing '' , in 1955 . The `` small block Chevy '' itself developed its own subculture that exists today . Other contenders include the 1949 Oldsmobile V8 engine , the first in a long line of such powerful V8 engines , as well as the Cadillac V8 of the same year . </P> <P> Regardless how it is credited , the horsepower race centered around the V8 engine and the muscle - car era lasted until new smoke regulations forced dramatic changes in OEM engine design in the early 1970s . This in turn opened up new opportunities for aftermarket manufacturers like Edelbrock . Each year brought larger engines and / or increases in horsepower , providing a catalyst for customers to upgrade to newer models . Automobile executives also deliberately updated the body designs yearly , in the name of `` planned obsolescence '' and added newly developed or improved features such as automatic transmissions , power steering , power brakes and cruise control , in an effort to make the previous models seem outdated and facilitate the long drive from the suburbs . Record sales made the decade arguably the `` golden era '' of automobile manufacturing . </P> <P> Harley Earl and Bill France Sr. popularized the saying `` Race on Sunday , sell on Monday '' , a mantra still heard today in motorsports , particularly within NASCAR . During the muscle - car era , manufacturers not only sponsored the drivers , but designed stock cars specifically to compete in the fast - growing and highly popular sport . </P> <H2> Songs celebrating the automobile ( edit ) </H2> <P> As the automobile became more and more an extension of the individual , it was natural for this to be reflected in popular culture . America 's love affair with the automobile was most evident in the music of the era . </P> <Ul> <Li> `` Rocket 88 '' was first recorded in 1951 and originally credited to Jackie Brenston and his Delta Cats , although it was later discovered to be the work of Ike Turner 's Kings of Rhythm . It is often credited as the first rock and roll song ever produced and has been covered by other artists . </Li> <Li> `` Hot Rod Lincoln '' was first recorded in 1955 by Charlie Ryan , and has since been recorded by Roger Miller and others . The 1960 Johnny Bond version charted at number 26 on Billboard Hot 100 . Comedian Jim Varney produced a version with Ricky Skaggs for the motion picture The Beverly Hillbillies . The song is still a popular live song for artists such as Asleep at the Wheel and Junior Brown . </Li> <Li> `` Maybellene '' , released by Chuck Berry in 1955 , is an uptempo rocker describing a hot rod race between a jilted lover and his unfaithful girlfriend . It was a # 5 hit and was described by Rolling Stone as the starting point of rock and roll guitar . </Li> <Li> `` Wake Up Little Susie '' recorded by The Everly Brothers , reached number one on the Billboard Pop chart , despite having been banned from Boston radio stations for lyrics about elaborating `` our reputation is shot '' because the narrator and his date slept through a drive - through movie date and missed their curfew by six hours . </Li> <Li> `` Teen Angel '' was released in 1959 and initially met with resistance by radio stations because of its dark message about a young girl who dies in an automobile / train accident . </Li> </Ul> <P> Other songs recorded during the decade also reflect the automobile 's place in American culture , such as `` Brand New Cadillac '' , Sonny Burgess 's `` Thunderbird '' and Bo Diddley 's `` Cadillac '' . A 1955 Oldsmobile was celebrated in the nostalgic `` Ol ' ' 55 '' by Tom Waits ( 1973 ) . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cars portal </Li> <Li> Culture portal </Li> <Li> History portal </Li> <Li> Motorsport portal </Li> <Li> United States portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> American automobile industry in the 1950s </Li> <Li> Federal - Aid Highway Act of 1952 </Li> <Li> List of car crash songs </Li> <Li> List of defunct automobile manufacturers of the United States </Li> <Li> History of the automobile </Li> <Li> Timeline of motor vehicle brands </Li> <Li> Cruising </Li> <Li> Elvis ' Pink Cadillac </Li> <Li> General Motors Motorama </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <P> Notes </P> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Weiss ( 2003 ) , p. 34 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reid , Keight ( June 2004 ) . `` Happy days -- For petroleum marketers , the 1950s lived up to the nostalgia '' . National Petroleum News : 24 -- 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gunnell ( 2004 ) , p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tail Fins Rising '' . Car Designer Pioneer Harley Earl -- America 's First Engineer of Desire . Car of the Century.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Petroski , Henry ( 2006 ) . `` On the Road '' . American Scientist. 94 ( 5 ) : 396 -- 99 . ISSN 0003 - 0996 . doi : 10.1511 / 2006.61. 396 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weingroff , Richard F. ( September -- October 2000 ) . `` The Genie in the Bottle : The Interstate System and Urban Problems , 1939 -- 1957 '' . Public Roads . Washington , DC : Federal Highway Administration . 64 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0033 - 3735 . Retrieved May 9 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The Geography of Transport Systems -- The Interstate Highway System '' . Hofstra University . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` America on the Move -- Making the Sale '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vebell , Ed ( February 1958 ) . Popular Mechanics . Hearst Magazines . p. 144 . ISSN 0032 - 4558 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The 1950s '' . The History Channel . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hosack , Walter Martin ( 2001 ) . Land Development Calculations ( 8 ed . ) . McGraw Hill Professional . p. 133 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 07 - 136255 - 9 . `` single - family detached housing '' = `` suburb houses '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Society in The 1950s '' . Shmoop . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dauvergne ( 2008 ) , p. 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` America on the Move -- The Sprawling Metropolis '' . Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Greenberg , Brian ; Watts , Linda S. ; Greenwald , Richard A. ; Reavley , Gordon ; George , Alice L. ; Beekman , Scott ; Bucki , Cecelia ; Ciabattari , Mark ; Stoner , John C. ; Paino , Troy D. ; Mercier , Laurie ; Hunt , Andrew ; Hollaran , Peter C. ; Cohen , Nancy ( October 23 , 2008 ) . Social History of the United States . ABC - CLIO . p. 5 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59884 - 128 - 2 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` US Census -- Largest Cities in 1950 '' . US Dept. of Census . June 15 , 1998 . Retrieved December 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places Over 50,000 , Ranked by July 1 , 2011 Population : April 1 , 2010 , to July 1 , 2011 '' ( CSV ) . 2011 Population Estimates . United States Census Bureau , Population Division . June 2012 . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Snell , Bradford ( February 26 , 1974 ) . `` Statement of Bradford C. Snell Before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly '' ( PDF ) . Hearings on the Ground Transportation Industries in Connection with S1167 . S.C.R.T.D. Library . Retrieved August 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lindley , Walter ( January 3 , 1951 ) . `` United States v. National City Lines , Inc. , et al . '' . United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2008 . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A voice for UAW women '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vosko , Leah F. ; Witwer , David ( September 2001 ) . `` ' NOT A MAN 'S UNION ' : Women Teamsters in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s '' . Journal of Women 's History . 13 ( 3 ) : 169 -- 192 . doi : 10.1353 / jowh. 2001.0078 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh , Margaret . `` Gender and the Automobile in the United States '' . Gender on the Line . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Thacker , Tony . `` NHRA Founder Wally Parks Passes '' . hotrod.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hot Rod Magazine . `` UTI Automotive Technology Program -- Hot Rod U -- Ready To Make A Living Doing What You Love ? '' . Retrieved January 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Genat , Cox & Parks ( 2003 ) , p. 41 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Thom ( January 2013 ) . `` The First 200 - MPH Hot Rod '' . Hot Rod : 36 -- 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bonneville Salt Flats History '' . U.S. Department of the Interior , Bureau of Land Management . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abbey , Bob ( June 19 , 2011 ) . `` Management of the Bonneville Salt Flats in Western Utah '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Interior , Bureau of Land Management . Retrieved December 7 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : DeWitt , Jack ( September -- October 2010 ) . `` Cars and Culture : The Cars of `` American Graffiti . '' `` . American Poetry Review . American Poetry Review . 39 ( 5 ) : 47 -- 50 . ISSN 0360 - 3709 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Von Dutch 's Kenford work truck '' . Barracuda # 7 . Barracuda Magazine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Freiburger , David ( June 2012 ) . `` Real Rods of the ' 50s -- The Genuine Article '' . Hot Rod Magazine . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NHRA history : Drag racing 's fast start '' . National Hot Rod Association . Archived from the original on January 17 , 2013 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Prieto , Don ( 1999 ) . `` Santa Ana Drags ... The End of an Era '' . wediditforlove.com . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dragstrips Drag Racing Tracks Directory '' . Drag Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nitromethane : Top - Fuel Drag Racing 's Soup of Choice '' . Drag Times . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Badhausen , Kurt ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` All Of Nascar Gets Boost With A Dale Earnhardt Win '' . Forbes . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` History of NASCAR -- Bill France Sr. 's vision now staple of sports landscape '' . NASCAR.com . March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2009 NASCAR Sprint Cup TV Ratings '' . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Houston , Rick ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` The Moonshine mystique -- NASCAR 's earliest days forever connected to bootlegging '' . NASCAR . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wolfe , Tom ( May 23 , 2010 ) . `` The Last American Hero Is Junior Johnson . Yes ! '' . Esquire . Retrieved December 2 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Menzer ( 2001 ) , p. 59 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Business '' . Form 10 - K Annual Report . Sonic Drive - In . October 28 , 2011 . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Phelps , Jonathan ( September 9 , 2009 ) . `` Sonic Barrier Broken -- 1950s - Style Drive - In Food Chain , Long Awaited by Its Fans , Arrives in Mass . with a Boom , and Traffic Jams Follow '' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved September 9 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shine , Conor ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Sonic carhops skating for the big prize '' . Las Vegas Sun . Retrieved May 29 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlosser ( 2001 ) , pp. 19 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlosser ( 2001 ) , p. 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` McDonald 's History '' . Aboutmcdonalds.com . Retrieved July 23 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlosser ( 2001 ) , pp. 21 -- 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vanderbilt , Tom ( December 11 , 2009 ) . `` Has the American romance with the drive - through gone sour ? '' . Slate . Retrieved October 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanders & Sanders ( 2003 ) , p. 162 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hing , Regina ( June 2 , 2012 ) . `` Reborn : American Drive - In Movie Theaters '' . CNBC . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Drive - In Theater '' . TV Tropes . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanders & Sanders ( 2003 ) , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Penner , James ( 1992 ) . Goliath : The Life of Robert Schuller . p. 119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schlosser ( 2001 ) , p. 19 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kavanagh , Malachy ( June 2000 ) . `` A Brief History Of Shopping Centers '' . International Council of Shopping Centers . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bathroom Reader 's Institute . `` The Mall : A History '' . Uncle John 's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader . Baker & Taylor Pub . pp. 99 -- 101 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60710 - 183 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bathroom Reader 's Institute . `` A History of the Shopping Mall , Part III '' . Uncle John 's Heavy Duty Bathroom Reader . Bathroom Reader 's Press . p. 401 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60710 - 183 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American Racing takes on the Hot Rod Power Tour '' . American Racing . May 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Holley History '' . Holley . Retrieved October 14 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The History Of Edelbrock Performance '' . Edelbrock . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lucsko ( 2008 ) , p. 105 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dregni & Williams ( 2010 ) , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cincinnati Magazine . Emmis Communications . February 2007 . p. 185 . ISSN 0746 - 8210 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Genat & Newhardt ( 2007 ) , p. 164 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Genat & Newhardt ( 2007 ) , p. 165 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Romeo , Frank ( August 25 , 2012 ) . `` Unveiling a car used to be a party '' . Wheels . Toronto Star . p . W10 . ISSN 0319 - 0781 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D'Argis , Larry ( September 24 , 2010 ) . `` Gonna buy me a Mercury '' . Winnipeg Free Press . p . F4 . Viewed December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quella , Chad . `` The Spirit Is Still Alive : American Motors Corporation 1954 -- 1987 '' . AllPar . Retrieved October 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Genat , Robert ( 15 November 2004 ) . The American Car Dealership . MotorBooks International . pp. 12 -- 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1934 - 5 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff of Old Cars Weekly ( September 16 , 2010 ) . Nothin ' But Muscle . Krause Publications . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1755 - 5 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Taylor , Thom ( January 2013 ) . `` Edelbrock : 75 Years '' . Hot Rod : 72 -- 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mueller , Mike ( 15 May 2005 ) . Chevy Small - Block V - 8 : 50 Years Of High Performance . MotorBooks International . p. 258 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 2103 - 4 . Retrieved 5 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mueller , Mike ( 2004 ) . The Essential Muscle Car . MotorBooks International . p. 12 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1966 - 6 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ambrogio , Anthony ; Luckerman , Sharon ( 2006 ) . Cruisin ' the Original : Woodward Avenue . Arcadia . p. 42 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7385 - 4045 - 0 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Huntington , Roger ( December 1984 ) . `` American Cars -- The First Century '' . Popular Mechanics : 78 -- 79 , 118 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Horsepower Race : It Does n't Endanger Safety '' . Time . 24 October 1955 . Retrieved December 4 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Genat & Newhardt ( 2007 ) , p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beder , Sharon ( November 1998 ) . `` Is planned obsolescence socially responsible ? '' . Engineers Australia . University of Wollongong ( originally Engineers Australia ) . p. 52 . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gartman , David . `` 1950s Scholarship on Design : Snobby Criticism and Populist Praise '' . A History of Scholarship on American Automobile Design . University of Michigan . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What Drives The Dream '' . Car Designer Pioneer Harley Earl -- America 's First Engineer of Desire . Car of the Century.com . Retrieved December 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` RACE ON SUNDAY , SELL ON MONDAY '' . Car of the Century.com . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dahl , Bill . `` Jackie Brenston Biography '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 5 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Hot Rod Lincoln '' . Hot-Rod-Lincoln.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ankeny , Jason . `` Crazy ' Bout an Automobile '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Erlewine , Stephen Thomas . `` A Man Like Me : The Early Years of Roger Miller '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ruhlmann , William . `` Original Soundtrack -- The Beverly Hillbillies '' . AllMusic . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Asleep at the Wheel -- Hot Rod Lincoln '' . Allmusic . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bellys Up '' . marqueehq.com . Retrieved December 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maybellene '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 1 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wake Up Little Susie : The Everly Brothers : Rolling Stone '' . Rolling Stone . </Li> </Ol> <P> Bibliography </P> <Ul> <Li> Dauvergne , Peter ( 2008 ) . The Shadows of Consumption : Consequences for the Global Environment . MIT Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 262 - 04246 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Dregni , Michael ; Williams , Robert ( 2010 ) . The All - American Hot Rod : The Cars , the Legends , the Passion . MotorBooks International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3828 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Genat , Robert ; Cox , Don ; Parks , Wally ( 2003 ) . The Birth of Hot Rodding : The Story of the Dry Lakes Era . MotorBooks International . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1303 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Gunnell , John ( 2004 ) . Standard Guide To 1950s American Cars . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87349 - 868 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Lucsko , David N. ( 2008 ) . The Business of Speed : The Hot Rod Industry in America , 1915 -- 1990 . JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 8990 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Menzer , Joe ( 2001 ) . The Wildest Ride : A History of NASCAR . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 0507 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Sanders , Don ; Sanders , Susan ( August 1 , 2003 ) . The American Drive - In Movie Theater . MBI Publishing Company . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 1707 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Schlosser , Eric ( 2001 ) . Fast Food Nation : The Dark Side of the All - American Meal . First Mariner Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 547 - 75033 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Weiss , H. Eugene ( 2003 ) . Chrysler , Ford , Durant , and Sloan : Founding Giants of the American Automotive Industry . McFarland . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7864 - 1611 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Genat , Robert ; Newhardt , David ( 2007 ) . American Cars of the 1950s . Motorbooks , MBI Publishing Company , LLC . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7603 - 3230 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Hot Rod magazine covers from the 1950s </Li> <Li> The old car manual project </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1950s_American_automobile_culture&oldid=805000155 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> History of the automobile </Li> <Li> American culture </Li> <Li> 1950s automobiles </Li> <Li> American society </Li> <Li> American studies </Li> <Li> Automotive industry in the United States </Li> <Li> 1950s in the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from October 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013 </Li> <Li> All articles lacking reliable references </Li> <Li> Articles lacking reliable references from April 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 12 October 2017 , at 12 : 46 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Gram flour - wikipedia <H1> Gram flour </H1> Not to be confused with graham flour . <Table> Gram flour <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Energy </Th> <Td> 1,619 kJ ( 387 kcal ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carbohydrates </Th> <Td> 57 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sugars </Th> <Td> 10 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dietary fiber </Th> <Td> 10 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fat </Th> <Td> 6 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Protein </Th> <Td> 22 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vitamins </Th> <Td> Quantity % DV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Niacin ( B3 ) </Th> <Td> 7 % 1 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Folate ( B9 ) </Th> <Td> 109 % 437 μg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minerals </Th> <Td> Quantity % DV </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Calcium </Th> <Td> 5 % 45 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iron </Th> <Td> 31 % 4 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magnesium </Th> <Td> 47 % 166 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phosphorus </Th> <Td> 45 % 318 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Potassium </Th> <Td> 18 % 846 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Selenium </Th> <Td> 11 % 8 μg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sodium </Th> <Td> 4 % 64 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zinc </Th> <Td> 21 % 2 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other constituents </Th> <Td> Quantity </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 10 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Units </Li> <Li> μg = micrograms mg = milligrams </Li> <Li> IU = International units </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . Source : USDA Nutrient Database </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Gram flour or chickpea flour or besan ( Hindi : बेसन ; Burmese : ပဲမှုန့် ; Urdu : بيسن ) , is a pulse flour made from a variety of ground chickpea known as Bengal gram . It is a staple ingredient in the cuisine of the Indian subcontinent , including in Indian , Bangladeshi , Burmese , Nepali , Pakistani and Sri Lankan cuisines . Gram flour can be made from either raw or roasted gram beans . The roasted variety is more flavorful , while the raw variety has a slightly bitter taste . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Characteristics </Li> <Li> 2 Dishes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 South Asia </Li> <Li> 2.2 Southeast and East Asia </Li> <Li> 2.3 Southern Europe </Li> <Li> 2.4 North Africa </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Other uses </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 Notes </Li> </Ul> <H2> Characteristics ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gram flour contains a high proportion of carbohydrates , higher fiber relative to other flours , no gluten , and a higher proportion of protein than other flours . </P> <H2> Dishes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> South asia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Gram flour is under popular use in the Indian subcontinent , where it is used to make the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> A variety of snacks </Li> <Li> Sev </Li> <Li> Bhajjis </Li> <Li> Bikaneri Bhujia </Li> <Li> Bonda </Li> <Li> Boondi </Li> <Li> Chakli </Li> <Li> Chila / Cheela / Dhirda / Dhirde ( besan dosa ) </Li> <Li> Dhokla / Khaman </Li> <Li> Kadhi </Li> <Li> Zunka / Pithala / Pithla </Li> <Li> Laddu </Li> <Li> Soan papdi </Li> <Li> Mysore pak </Li> <Li> Pakoras </Li> <Li> Papadums </Li> <Li> Patra </Li> </Ul> <P> In Andhra Pradesh , it is used in a curry with gram flour cakes called Senaga Pindi Kura ( Telugu : శెనగ పిండి కూర ) and is eaten with Chapati or Puri , mostly during winter for breakfast . Chila ( or chilla ) , a pancake made with gram flour batter , is a popular street food in India . </P> <H3> Southeast and East Asia ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Burmese tofu </Li> <Li> Jidou liangfen </Li> </Ul> <H3> Southern europe ( edit ) </H3> <P> Along the coast of the Ligurian Sea , flour made from garbanzo beans , which are a different variety of chickpea closely related to Bengal gram , is used to make a thin pancake that is baked in the oven . This popular street food is called farinata in Italian cuisine , fainâ in Genoa , and is known as socca or cade in French cuisine . It is used to make panelle , a fritter in Sicilian cuisine . In Spanish cuisine , gram flour is an ingredient for tortillitas de camarones . Also in Cyprus and Greece , it is used as a garnishing ingredient for the funeral ritual food Koliva , blessed and eaten during Orthodox Memorial services . </P> <H3> North africa ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Morocco , they make a dish called karan from gram flour and eggs , which is baked in the oven . A similar famous dish is prepared in Algeria called Garantita or Karantita ( believed to be originated from the Spanish term Calentica that means hot ) . </P> <H2> Other uses ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the form of a paste with water or dahi ( yogurt ) , it is also popular as a facial exfoliant in the Indian Subcontinent . When mixed with an equal proportion of water , it can be used as an egg replacement in vegan cooking . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of chickpea dishes </Li> <Li> Oralu kallu , a type of grinding machine using stone to produce flour in some parts of India </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chickpea flour ( besan ) '' . Nutrition Data : Nutrition Facts and Calorie Counter . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Grains and Flours Glossary : Besan '' . Celiac Sprue Association . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Senagapindi Kura ( Onion curry with Besan ) '' . Archived from the original on January 6 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karantita , Garantita , La Petite Panière '' . Retrieved July 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What is gram flour ? '' . Blurtit.com . Retrieved 2007 - 09 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Vegan Society . `` Egg Substitutes '' . Vegansociety.com . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 31 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gram_flour&oldid=850454194 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Flour </Li> <Li> Chickpea dishes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing Hindi - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Burmese - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Urdu - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Telugu - language text </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> भोजपुरी </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> मैथिली </Li> <Li> मराठी </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> संस्कृतम् </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> 9 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 23 : 57 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door - wikipedia <H1> Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Bob Dylan </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Turkey Chase '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> July 13 , 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> February 1973 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Folk rock , gospel </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Columbia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Gordon Carroll </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Bob Dylan singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) </Td> <Td> `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) </Td> <Td> `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` George Jackson '' ( 1971 ) </Td> <Td> `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' ( 1973 ) </Td> <Td> `` A Fool Such as I '' ( 1973 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' is a song written and sung by Bob Dylan , for the soundtrack of the 1973 film Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid . Released as a single , it reached No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart . Described by Dylan biographer Clinton Heylin as `` an exercise in splendid simplicity , '' the song , measured simply in terms of the number of other artists who have covered it , is one of Dylan 's most popular post-1960s compositions . </P> <P> Members of the Western Writers of America chose it as one of the Top 100 Western songs of all time . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Cover versions <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Eric Clapton version </Li> <Li> 1.2 Guns N ' Roses versions <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Charts </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Certifications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.3 Dunblane tribute </Li> <Li> 1.4 Other cover versions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Sampled version </Li> <Li> 3 Soundtrack inclusions </Li> <Li> 4 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Cover versions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Eric Clapton version ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January 1975 Eric Clapton played on Jamaican singer Arthur Louis ' recording of `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' arranged in a reggae style . Subsequently , Clapton recorded his own reggae - style version of the song which was released in August 1975 , two weeks after Louis 's version was released as a single in July 1975 . Clapton 's single peaked at No. 38 in the UK Singles Chart . The single was less successful in the US , only reaching No. 109 in Cash Box . Clapton 's 1996 boxed set Crossroads 2 : Live in the Seventies features a performance recorded in London in April 1977 . The song was also performed during the Journeyman and One More Car , One More Rider world tours in 1990 and 2003 . Additionally , the song has been included on several Clapton compilation albums , such as Time Pieces : The Best of Eric Clapton , Backtrackin ' , The Cream of Clapton and Complete Clapton . </P> <H3> Guns N ' Roses versions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> 1992 UK picture sleeve </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Guns N ' Roses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Days of Thunder ( soundtrack ) and Use Your Illusion II </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> June 26 , 1990 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Hard rock , blues rock </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 5 : 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Geffen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mike Clink </Li> <Li> Guns N ' Roses </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1987 , Guns N ' Roses started including the song in their live sets . A live version of the song was released on the maxi - single of `` Welcome to the Jungle '' the same year . They recorded a studio version in 1990 for the soundtrack of the film Days of Thunder which reached No. 18 on the Billboard Album Rock Tracks chart in 1990 . This version was later slightly modified for the 1991 album Use Your Illusion II ( basically discarding the responses in the second verse ) . Released as the fourth single from the album , it reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart as well as No. 12 in Australia and No. 1 in Ireland . Their performance of the song at the Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert in 1992 was used as the B - side for the single release and was also included on their Live Era : ' 87 -- ' 93 album , released in 1999 . The music video for this version of the song was directed by Andy Morahan . </P> Charts ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1992 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> France ( SNEP ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Rock ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Certifications ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy ( FIMI ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Dunblane tribute ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1996 and with the consent of Bob Dylan , Scottish musician Ted Christopher wrote a new verse for `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' in memory of the schoolchildren and teacher killed in the Dunblane school massacre . This has been , according to some sources , one of the few times Dylan has officially authorized anybody to add or change the lyrics to one of his songs . This version of the song , including children from the village singing the chorus with guitarist and producer of Dylan 's album Infidels ( 1983 ) , Mark Knopfler , was released on December 9 in the UK and reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart . The proceeds went to charities for children . The song was featured on the compilation album Hits 97 , where all royalties from the song were given to three separate charities . </P> <H3> Other cover versions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Two different live versions by Fairport Convention recorded in February 1974 at the Troubadour in Los Angeles were released . One on the Sandy Denny box set Who Knows Where the Time Goes in 1985 , and the other on her anthology A Boxful of Treasures in 2004 . </Li> <Li> A live version by Cold Chisel appears on their 1981 live album Swingshift . </Li> <Li> Danny & Dusty released a version of the song on their 1985 album The Lost Weekend . </Li> <Li> Heaven released a version of the song on the group 's 1985 album , Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door . </Li> <Li> Randy Crawford released a version of this song on her album Rich and Poor in 1989 , featuring Eric Clapton and David Sanborn . </Li> <Li> Vlado Kreslin released his live version on his album Pikapolonica in 1996 . It was performed by Beltinška banda . </Li> <Li> The Brazilian singer Zé Ramalho released a Portuguese version of Dylan 's song called `` Batendo na Porta do Céu '' in his 1997 album Antologia Acústica ( Acoustic Anthology ) . </Li> <Li> Warren Zevon released a version of the song on his 2003 album The Wind , shortly before his death from cancer in September of that year . </Li> <Li> Avril Lavigne released a cover version on the bonus CD of her My World video release in 2003 , as one of the B - Sides from her single `` Nobody 's Home '' and afterwards as a Japanese bonus track for her 2011 album Goodbye Lullaby . </Li> <Li> Larry Norman released his cover on his 2004 album Sessions . With the exception of the chorus line , the song has completely original lyrics . </Li> <Li> Roger Waters released a cover version on his album Flickering Flame : The Solo Years Volume 1 . </Li> <Li> Wyclef Jean recorded a version of the song , which was used in the 2004 documentary Ghosts of Cité Soleil . </Li> <Li> Babyface released a version on his 2007 album Playlist . </Li> <Li> A version by Antony and the Johnsons was included on the Bob Dylan cover album I 'm Not There , which served as the soundtrack for the film of the same name . </Li> <Li> Mungo Jerry founder Ray Dorset released a Caribbean version of the song . </Li> <Li> Dolly Parton performed a version with Ladysmith Black Mombazo . </Li> <Li> Jerry Garcia Band often covered the song in their live sets , one recorded example being the live album Do n't Let Go </Li> <Li> Meir Ariel , an Israeli singer , covered the song with a Hebrew version in a 1998 concert later released as an album , Doors Are Opened By Themselves . The chorus is sung in both Hebrew and English . </Li> <Li> Bryan Ferry recorded a version of the song on his album Dylanesque . </Li> <Li> The City of Miami Police Department published a video of Miami Police Sergeant Ginzo performing the song as a tribute to the 144 law enforcement officers who died in the line of duty in 2016 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sampled version ( edit ) </H2> <P> Gabrielle 's single `` Rise '' ( 2000 ) sampled from this song . </P> <H2> Soundtrack inclusions ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film / TV show </Th> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Performer </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pat Garrett & Billy the Kid </Td> <Td> 1973 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renaldo & Clara </Td> <Td> 1978 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan & Roger McGuinn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lethal Weapon 2 </Td> <Td> 1989 </Td> <Td> Randy Crawford , Eric Clapton & David Sanborn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Days of Thunder </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Guns N ' Roses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shake Rattle & Roll 2 ( segment `` Aswang '' ) </Td> <Td> 1990 </Td> <Td> Guns N ' Roses </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rush </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total Balalaika Show </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leningrad Cowboys and Alexandrov Ensemble </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lawn Dogs </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Dybbuk of the Holy Apple Field </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Roger Waters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door </Td> <Td> 1997 </Td> <Td> Selig </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Treasure Planet </Td> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Windstruck </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Youme </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Be Cool </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Las Vegas ( episode 45 , `` Letters , Lawyers and Loose Women '' ) </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Six Feet Under ( episode 61 , `` All Alone '' ) </Td> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ER ( episode 260 , `` Darfur '' ) </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Scoob Serious </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Salvador ( Puig Antich ) </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> I 'm Not There </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Antony & the Johnsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Supernatural ( episode 35 , `` Houses of the Holy '' ) </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cold Case ( episode 84 , `` Blood on the Tracks '' ) </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Big Love ( episode 2 - 08 , `` Kingdom Come '' ) </Td> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> My Name is Earl </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Come Dio Comanda </Td> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Antony & the Johnsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heaven 's Door </Td> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Angela Aki </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Supernatural ( episode 98 , `` Dark Side of the Moon '' ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bob Dylan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lifted </Td> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> Uriah Shelton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blue Bloods ( Season 4 , Episode 7 , `` Drawing Dead '' ) </Td> <Td> 2013 </Td> <Td> Rick Devin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The 100 </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> RAIGN </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sense8 ( episode 9 , `` Death Does n't Let You Say Goodbye '' ) </Td> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Antony & the Johnsons </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Containment , episode 5 , `` Like a Sheep Among Wolves '' </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> RAIGN </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> Nick Talevski used the title for his book , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries . A version of this song was performed by Raign for the TV show `` The 100 '' </P> <P> The title is used as a name of a Stand , `` Heaven 's Door '' , in the fourth part of the manga `` Jojo 's Bizarre Adventure '' , Diamond is Unbreakable . </P> <P> Covered by The Jenerators , the song was used during a tribute to the death of cast member Miguel Ferrer of NCIS : Los Angeles at the end of the Season 8 Episode 16 `` New Tricks '' , broadcast on March 5 , 2017 . Ferrer was a member of The Jenerators . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Heylin , Clinton ( 2009 ) . Revolution in the Air : The Songs of Bob Dylan , 1957 - 1973 . Chicago Review Press . p. 434 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Western Writers of America ( 2010 ) . `` The Top 100 Western Songs '' . American Cowboy . Archived from the original on 10 August 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schumacher , Michael . Crossroads : The Life and Music of Eric Clapton . Hyperion Press . p. 373 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eric Clapton discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gun N ' Roses discography '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Garcia , Alex S. `` mvdbase.com - Guns ' n ' Roses - `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's door ( live ) '' `` . Music Video DataBase . Retrieved November 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennanen , Timo . Sisältää hitin : levyt ja esittäjät Suomen musiikkilistoilla vuodesta 1972 . Otava Publishing Company Ltd , 2003 . ISBN 951 - 1 - 21053 - X </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Guns N ' Roses '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . VG - lista . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archive Chart : 1992 - 05 - 25 '' UK Singles Chart . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses -- Chart history '' Billboard Mainstream Rock Songs for Guns N ' Roses . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ryan , Gavin ( 2011 ) . Australia 's Music Charts 1988 - 2010 . Mt . Martha , VIC , Australia : Moonlight Publishing . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Guns N ' Roses -- Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved March 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dunblane Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . bannockburnband.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dunblane against Guns '' . 1997 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 601 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Knockin ' On Heaven 's Door CD '' . BBC . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fairport Convention : Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' . Mainly Norfolk : English Folk and Other Good Music . Retrieved 29 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adrian Zupp . `` Swingshift - Cold Chisel '' . AllMusic . All Media Network . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heaven '' . Australian Music History . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DONATIONS - The Solid Rock Shop '' . Solid Rock . Archived from the original on 2013 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Blue Bloods Music - S4E7 : `` Drawing Dead '' `` . TuneFind . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Televski , Nick , Knocking On Heaven 's Door : Rock Obituaries , Omnibus Press , London 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.tvguide.com/news/ncis-la-recap-granger-miguel-ferrer/ </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bob Dylan singles discography </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1962 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mixed - Up Confusion '' / `` Corrina , Corrina '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1963 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Blowin ' in the Wind '' / `` Do n't Think Twice , It 's All Right '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1965 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' / `` Honey , Just Allow Me One More Chance '' </Li> <Li> `` Maggie 's Farm '' / `` On the Road Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Subterranean Homesick Blues '' / `` She Belongs to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Like a Rolling Stone '' / `` Gates of Eden </Li> <Li> `` Positively 4th Street '' / `` From a Buick 6 '' </Li> <Li> `` Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? '' / `` Highway 61 Revisited '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1966 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` One of Us Must Know ( Sooner or Later ) '' / `` Queen Jane Approximately '' </Li> <Li> `` Rainy Day Women ♯ 12 & 35 '' / `` Pledging My Time '' </Li> <Li> `` I Want You '' / `` Just Like Tom Thumb 's Blues '' ( live with The Hawks ) </Li> <Li> `` Just Like a Woman '' / `` Obviously 5 Believers '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1967 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Leopard - Skin Pill - Box Hat '' / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way And I 'll Go Mine '' </Li> <Li> `` If You Gotta Go , Go Now '' / `` To Ramona '' ( only in Europe ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1968 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Drifter 's Escape '' / `` John Wesley Harding '' </Li> <Li> `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I 'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1969 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Threw It All Away '' / `` Drifter 's Escape '' </Li> <Li> `` Lay Lady Lay '' / `` Peggy Day '' </Li> <Li> `` Tonight I 'll Be Staying Here with You '' / `` Country Pie '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1970 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` If Not for You '' / `` New Morning '' </Li> <Li> `` Wigwam '' / `` Copper Kettle '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1971 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Watching the River Flow '' / `` Spanish is the Loving Tongue '' </Li> <Li> `` George Jackson '' ( band version ) / `` George Jackson '' ( acoustic version ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1973 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` Turkey Chase '' ( instrumental from Pat Garrett and Billy the Kid ) </Li> <Li> `` A Fool Such as I '' / `` Lily of the West '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` On a Night Like This '' / `` You Angel You '' </Li> <Li> `` Something There Is About You '' / `` Tough Mama '' </Li> <Li> `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( live with The Band ) </Li> <Li> `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` It Ai n't Me Babe '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Tangled Up in Blue '' / `` If You See Her , Say Hello '' </Li> <Li> `` Million Dollar Bash '' / `` Tears of Rage '' </Li> <Li> `` Hurricane '' ( Part 1 ) / `` Hurricane '' ( Part 2 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1976 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mozambique '' / `` Oh Sister '' </Li> <Li> `` Stuck Inside of Mobile With the Memphis Blues Again '' ( live ) / `` Rita May '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1978 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Baby , Stop Crying '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' </Li> <Li> `` Changing of the Guards '' / `` Señor ( Tales of Yankee Power ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Is Your Love In Vain ? '' / `` We Better Talk This Over '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1979 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Maggie 's Farm ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' </Li> <Li> `` Forever Young '' ( live ) / `` All Along the Watchtower '' / `` I Want You '' </Li> <Li> `` Man Gave Names to All the Animals '' / `` When You Gonna Wake Up ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Gotta Serve Somebody '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' </Li> <Li> `` Precious Angel '' / `` Trouble in Mind '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1980 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Slow Train '' / `` Do Right to Me Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` Solid Rock '' / `` Covenant Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Saved '' / `` Are You Ready ? '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1981 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Heart of Mine '' / `` Let It Be Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Dead Man , Dead Man '' / `` Lenny Bruce '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Union Sundown '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' </Li> <Li> `` I and I '' / `` Angel Flying too Close to the Ground '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweetheart Like You '' / `` Union Sundown '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1984 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Jokerman '' / `` Isis '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1985 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Tight Connection to My Heart ( Has Anybody Seen My Love ) '' / `` We Better Talk this Over '' </Li> <Li> `` When the Night Comes Falling from the Sky '' / `` Emotionally Yours '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1986 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Band of the Hand '' / `` Joe 's Death '' ( Michael Rubini ) </Li> <Li> `` Got My Mind Made Up '' / `` The Usual '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Silvio '' / `` Driftin ' too Far from the Shore '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1989 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Everything Is Broken '' / `` Death is Not the End '' </Li> <Li> `` Slow Train '' ( live with The Grateful Dead ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1990 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Political World '' / `` Ring Them Bells '' ( only in the UK and Australia ) </Li> <Li> `` Most of the Time '' / `` Most of the Time ( edit piece ) </Li> <Li> `` Unbelievable '' / `` 10,000 Men '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1991 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Series of Dreams '' / `` Seven Curses '' </Li> <Li> `` Blind Willie McTell '' / `` It Takes a Lot to Laugh , It Takes a Train to Cry '' ( from The Bootleg Series Volumes 1 - 3 ) </Li> <Li> `` Step it Up and Go '' -- ( no b - side ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` My Back Pages '' ( with Roger McGuinn , Tom Petty , Neil Young , Eric Clapton , George Harrison ) -- ( no b - side ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1995 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Dignity '' ( live on MTV Unplugged ) / `` A Hard Rain 's a-Gonna Fall '' ( live version ) </Li> <Li> `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' / `` John Brown '' ( both live on MTV Unplugged ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1998 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) / `` Ballad of a Thin Man '' ( live ) / `` Boots of Spanish Leather '' ( live ) </Li> <Li> `` Love Sick '' / `` Tombstone Blues '' ( live ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Things Have Changed '' / `` Make You Feel My Love '' ( live ) / `` Hurricane '' / `` Song to Woody '' ( live ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2006 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Someday Baby '' / `` Someday Baby '' ( edit piece ) </Li> <Li> `` Rollin ' and Tumblin ' '' / `` Not Dark Yet '' / `` High Water ( for Charley Patton ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2007 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( Mark Ronson remix version ) / `` Most Likely You Go Your Way ( And I 'll Go Mine ) '' ( album version ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2008 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( edit piece ) / `` Dreamin ' of You '' ( album version ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2009 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Beyond Here Lies Nothin ' '' / `` Down Along the Cove '' ( live ) </Li> <Li> `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' / `` I Feel a Change Comin ' On '' ( edit piece ) </Li> <Li> `` Must Be Santa '' / `` ' Twas the Night Before Christmas '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Times They Are a-Changin ' '' ( demo version ) / `` Like a Rolling Stone '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2012 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Duquesne Whistle '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2013 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Wigwam '' ( demo version ) / `` Thirsty Boots '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book : Bob Dylan </Li> <Li> Category : Bob Dylan </Li> <Li> Portal : Bob Dylan </Li> <Li> WikiProject : Bob Dylan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Guns N ' Roses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Axl Rose </Li> <Li> Slash </Li> <Li> Duff McKagan </Li> <Li> Dizzy Reed </Li> <Li> Richard Fortus </Li> <Li> Frank Ferrer </Li> <Li> Melissa Reese </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Izzy Stradlin </Li> <Li> Tracii Guns </Li> <Li> Ole Beich </Li> <Li> Rob Gardner </Li> <Li> Steven Adler </Li> <Li> Matt Sorum </Li> <Li> Gilby Clarke </Li> <Li> Paul Tobias </Li> <Li> Robin Finck </Li> <Li> Josh Freese </Li> <Li> Tommy Stinson </Li> <Li> Chris Pitman </Li> <Li> Buckethead </Li> <Li> Bryan `` Brain '' Mantia </Li> <Li> Ron `` Bumblefoot '' Thal </Li> <Li> DJ Ashba </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Appetite for Destruction </Li> <Li> G N ' R Lies </Li> <Li> Use Your Illusion I </Li> <Li> Use Your Illusion II </Li> <Li> `` The Spaghetti Incident ? '' </Li> <Li> Chinese Democracy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live Era ' 87 -- ' 93 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live ? ! * @ Like a Suicide </Li> <Li> Guns N ' Roses </Li> <Li> The `` Civil War '' EP </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Use Your Illusion </Li> <Li> Greatest Hits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` It 's So Easy '' </Li> <Li> `` Welcome to the Jungle '' </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Child o ' Mine '' </Li> <Li> `` Paradise City '' </Li> <Li> `` Patience '' </Li> <Li> `` Nightrain '' </Li> <Li> `` You Could Be Mine '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` Live and Let Die '' </Li> <Li> `` Knockin ' on Heaven 's Door '' </Li> <Li> `` November Rain '' </Li> <Li> `` Yesterdays '' </Li> <Li> `` Civil War '' </Li> <Li> `` Ai n't It Fun '' </Li> <Li> `` Estranged '' </Li> <Li> `` Since I Do n't Have You '' </Li> <Li> `` Sympathy for the Devil '' </Li> <Li> `` Chinese Democracy '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Promo singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mr. Brownstone '' </Li> <Li> `` My Michelle '' </Li> <Li> `` 14 Years '' </Li> <Li> `` Pretty Tied Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Dead Horse '' </Li> <Li> `` Hair of the Dog '' </Li> <Li> `` Oh My God '' </Li> <Li> `` Better '' </Li> <Li> `` Street of Dreams '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Think About You '' </Li> <Li> `` Rocket Queen '' </Li> <Li> `` Used to Love Her '' </Li> <Li> `` One in a Million '' </Li> <Li> `` Coma '' </Li> <Li> `` Get in the Ring '' </Li> <Li> `` The Garden '' </Li> <Li> `` Madagascar '' </Li> <Li> `` Prostitute '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Videos and DVDs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Use Your Illusion I </Li> <Li> Use Your Illusion II </Li> <Li> Garden of Eden : Strictly Limited Edition </Li> <Li> Welcome to the Videos </Li> <Li> Appetite for Democracy 3D </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Early Days of Guns N ' Roses </Li> <Li> Appetite for Destruction Tour </Li> <Li> Use Your Illusion Tour </Li> <Li> Guns N ' Roses / Metallica Stadium Tour </Li> <Li> Chinese Democracy Tour </Li> <Li> Up Close and Personal Tour </Li> <Li> Appetite for Democracy </Li> <Li> Not in This Lifetime ... 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Thursday Night Football - Wikipedia <H1> Thursday Night Football </H1> This article is about broadcasts of National Football League games . For those of Canadian Football League games , see Thursday Night Football ( CFL ) . For ESPN 's coverage of college football , see ESPN College Football Thursday Primetime . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Thursday Night Football </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The program logo for Thursday Night Football </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Also known as </Th> <Td> TNF Run to the Playoffs ( 2006 -- present ) Thursday Night Football on NFL Network ( 2006 -- present ) Fox Thursday Night Football ( 2018 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> NFL football telecasts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presented by </Th> <Td> Joe Buck Troy Aikman Erin Andrews Kristina Pink Mike Pereira Hannah Storm ( Amazon Prime Video ) Andrea Kremer ( Amazon Prime Video ) Derek Rae ( UK ) Tommy Smyth ( UK ) Michael Strahan Terry Bradshaw Howie Long Jay Glazer Colleen Wolfe Steve Mariucci Michael Irvin </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> 13 ( NFL Network seasons ) 1 ( Fox seasons ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 57 ( games ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production location ( s ) </Th> <Td> Various NFL stadiums Fox News Channel studios , New York City </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Multi-camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 180 minutes or until game ends ( inc . adverts ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> National Football League NFL Network ( 2006 -- present ) Fox Sports ( 2018 -- present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> NFL Network ( 2006 -- present ) Fox ( 2018 -- present ) Fox Deportes ( 2018 -- present ; Spanish simulcast ) Amazon Prime Video ( 2017 -- present ; select games ) Twitch ( 2018 -- present ; select games ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 480i ( SDTV ) , 1080i ( HDTV ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> November 23 , 2006 ( 2006 - 11 - 23 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related shows </Th> <Td> Fox NFL Fox NFL Sunday Fox NFL Kickoff </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Thursday Night Football ( or simply TNF ) is the branding used for broadcasts of National Football League ( NFL ) games that broadcast primarily on Thursday nights . Most of the games kick off at 8 : 20 p.m. Eastern Time , but games in the package also air occasionally on Saturdays in the later portion of the season , as well as a single Sunday morning game from London in the NFL International Series ( these games have been branded since 2017 as NFL Network Special ) . </P> <P> Debuting on November 23 , 2006 , the telecasts were originally part of NFL Network 's Run to the Playoffs package , which consisted of eight total games broadcast on Thursday and Saturday nights ( five on Thursdays , and three on Saturdays , originally branded as Saturday Night Football ) during the latter portion of the season . Since 2012 , the TNF package has begun during the second week of the NFL season ; the NFL Kickoff Game and the Thanksgiving primetime game are both broadcast as part of NBC Sports ' Sunday Night Football contract and are not included in Thursday Night Football , although the Thanksgiving primetime game was previously part of the package from 2006 until 2011 . </P> <P> At its launch , the package proved highly controversial mainly due to the relative unavailability of NFL Network at the time ; the league used the games as leverage to encourage television providers to carry NFL Network on their basic service tiers , rather than in premium , sports - oriented packages that required subscribers to pay a higher fee ; although , as with all other national cable telecasts of NFL games , the league 's own regulations require the games to be syndicated to over-the - air television stations in the local markets of the teams . These issues were magnified in 2007 , when a game that saw the New England Patriots close out a perfect regular season was simulcast nationally on both CBS and NBC , in addition to NFL Network and the local stations that the game was sold to , following concerns from politicians and other critics . </P> <P> In 2014 , the NFL shifted the package to a new model to increase its prominence . The entire TNF package would be produced by a separate rightsholder , who would hold rights to simulcast a portion of the package on their respective network . CBS was the first rightsholder under this model , airing nine games on broadcast television , and producing the remainder of the package to air exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy its carriage agreements . The package was also extended to Week 16 of the season , and included a new Saturday doubleheader split between CBS and NFL Network . On January 18 , 2015 , CBS and NFL Network extended the same arrangement for a second season . In the 2016 and 2017 , the NFL continued with a similar arrangement , but adding NBC as a second rightsholder alongside CBS , with each network airing five games on broadcast television each . </P> <P> In 2018 , the NFL reached a long - term deal with Fox to hold the rights through 2022 . </P> <P> The games are broadcast on radio via Westwood One , which syndicates the broadcasts to its partner radio stations around the United States . In 2016 , the NFL also began to sub-license digital streaming rights to the broadcast TV portion of the package to third - parties , beginning with Twitter in 2016 , and Amazon Prime Video in 2017 , which Amazon and the NFL renewed their contract through 2019 , with Twitch set to air some games in 2018 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history </Li> <Li> 1.2 2014 -- 2015 : partnership with CBS Sports </Li> <Li> 1.3 2016 -- 2017 : CBS and NBC </Li> <Li> 1.4 2018 -- 2022 : Fox </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Coverage <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Game announcers </Li> <Li> 2.2 Pregame , halftime and postgame coverage </Li> <Li> 2.3 Radio coverage </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Game announcers <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Television <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Former </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Radio <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Current </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Former </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Results </Li> <Li> 5 Reception <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Carriage </Li> <Li> 5.2 Game quality and viewership </Li> <Li> 5.3 Player safety </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early history ( edit ) </H3> <P> The NFL Network 's coverage was not the first time that NFL games were covered on Thursday or Saturday . Prior to the new contract , ESPN carried a handful of sporadic Thursday night games ( usually those displaced from Sunday night ) and the broadcast networks used to air several national games on Saturday afternoons in mid-to - late December after the college football regular season ended . Incidentally , the only reason the league is even allowed to televise football games on Saturday night stems from a legal loophole : the league 's antitrust exemption , the Sports Broadcasting Act of 1961 , was written when the NFL regular season ended in mid-December , and as such , it contains specific language that prohibits televising NFL games in most markets on Friday nights and all day on Saturdays between the second week of September and the second week of December , to protect high school and college football . Since most high school and college seasons have ended by mid-December , other than bowl games , there has been little desire to close this loophole , even though the regular season has expanded well beyond mid-December since the law 's passage . </P> <P> In 2005 , when the NFL negotiated a new set of television contracts , Comcast - owned OLN offered to pay $450 million for an eight - year contract to carry NFL prime time games . In exchange , Comcast planned to add NFL Network to its digital cable lineup . The channel was added , but NFL Network decided to air the games itself , foregoing a rights fee . The other television deals generated $3.735 billion per year over an eight - year period for CBS , Fox , NBC , ESPN and DirecTV ( owner of the out - of - market sports package NFL Sunday Ticket ) . </P> <P> Thursday Night Football debuted on November 23 , 2006 , with the Kansas City Chiefs handing the visiting Denver Broncos a 19 -- 10 Thanksgiving defeat . Each of the game broadcasts were titled either Thursday Night Football or Saturday Night Football , depending on the night on which it aired . This format carried over to the 2007 season . </P> <P> Starting in 2008 , NFL Network eliminated all but one of the Saturday night games and started their Thursday night package three weeks earlier . This was done to accommodate the earlier schedule and the league 's antitrust exemption that prohibits Saturday games from being held for most of the season . In the following season , all references to Saturday Night Football were dropped , and any games that are not played on Thursday ( such as in 2016 , two Christmas weekend games and an NFL International Series game ) have since been branded as `` special editions '' of Thursday Night Football , and later Thursday Night Special or NFL Network Special . The Thanksgiving matchup was moved from NFL Network to NBC 's Sunday Night Football package as part of the new broadcast contract after the 2011 season . During Super Bowl week in 2012 , it was announced that the Thursday Night Football package would expand from eight to 13 games and air on NFL Network , again soliciting and rejecting offers from Turner Sports and Comcast . </P> <H3> 2014 -- 2015 : partnership with CBS Sports ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January 2014 , it was reported that the NFL was planning to sub-license a package of up to eight Thursday Night Football games to another broadcaster for the 2014 NFL season . The league had negotiated with its existing broadcast partners , along with Turner Sports . These eight games were to be simulcast by NFL Network , and reports indicated that ESPN planned to place the games on ABC in the event it won the rights , bringing the NFL back to the network for the first time since Super Bowl XL and the move of Monday Night Football to ESPN in 2006 . The remaining games would remain exclusive to NFL Network , due to carriage contracts with TV providers requiring at least eight NFL games to air exclusively on the channel per season . The decision came as the league wished to heighten the profile of its Thursday night games , which had suffered from relatively lower viewership and advertising revenue in comparison to other games . </P> <P> On February 5 , 2014 , the NFL announced that CBS had acquired the partial rights to Thursday Night Football for the 2014 season . Under the agreement , all of the Thursday Night Football telecasts would be produced by CBS Sports and called by the network 's primary announcing team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms . The first eight games of the season were simulcast nationally on NFL Network and CBS ; the remaining games in the package only aired nationally on NFL Network , but per league broadcast policies , were simulcast on local stations in the participating teams ' markets . CBS affiliates were given right of first refusal to air the local simulcast before it is offered to another station ( as had occurred in Cincinnati , Ohio where the market 's NBC affiliate WLWT aired a game between the Bengals and the Cleveland Browns instead of CBS affiliate WKRC - TV ) . A Saturday doubleheader was also added on Week 16 : NFL Network aired the early game , while CBS aired the second , prime time game . </P> <P> The NFL considered CBS 's bid to be the most attractive , owing to the network 's overall ratings stature ( CBS had been the highest - rated broadcast network in the U.S. since the 2005 - 06 television season ) , a commitment to aggressively promote the Thursday games across its properties , and its plans to utilize CBS Sports ' top NFL talent and production staff across all of the games in the package to ensure a major improvement in quality over the previous , in - house productions . CBS staff also cited experience with its joint coverage of the NCAA Men 's basketball tournament with Turner Sports as an advantage in its collaboration with NFL Network staff , as talent from both networks collaborate on pre-game , halftime and post-game coverage . During the games , a distinct graphics package co-branded with both CBS and NFL Network logos is used , certain players on each team wear microphones , and 4K cameras are used to allow zoom - in shots during instant replays . </P> <P> With the move of selected games to CBS , media executives expected more major match - ups to appear on Thursday Night Football than in previous years in order to attract better viewership ; in the past , Thursday Night Football had been criticized for often featuring games between lesser and poorer - performing teams . CBS and the NFL unveiled the games scheduled for Thursday Night Football in April 2014 ; CBS 's slate of games featured a number of major divisional rivalries , including New York Giants -- Washington , Green Bay -- Minnesota , and its opening game on September 11 , 2014 , featuring the Pittsburgh Steelers and the Baltimore Ravens . </P> <P> In the wake of the controversy surrounding Ravens player Ray Rice ( who had been removed from the team and suspended from the NFL earlier in the week following the discovery of footage showing the player physically assaulting his wife , Janay , who was engaged to Rice at the time the security camera footage was recorded ) , changes were made to pre-game coverage on the first game in order to accommodate additional interviews and discussion related to the incident . Among these changes were the removal of an introductory segment featuring Rihanna ( who was similarly assaulted by fellow performer Chris Brown in 2009 ) performing her song `` Run This Town '' . Following complaints by Rihanna on Twitter regarding the removal , the song was pulled entirely from future broadcasts . </P> <P> The rights were negotiated under a one - year contract valued at $275 million ; on January 18 , 2015 , the NFL announced that it would renew the arrangement with CBS for the 2015 season , with its value increasing to around $300 million . </P> <H3> 2016 -- 2017 : CBS and NBC ( edit ) </H3> <P> In November 2015 , The Hollywood Reporter reported that in response to the success of the package under CBS , the NFL was planning to negotiate a long - term contract for Thursday Night Football , with CBS , Fox , NBC , and Turner Sports showing interest . The New York Post reported that this deal would also include the sale of a stake in NFL Network itself . </P> <P> On December 16 , 2015 , it was reported that the NFL was shopping the Thursday Night Football package as a one - year deal with an option for a second year , similarly to the current arrangement with CBS ; the league also requested that bidders outline goals for `` growing '' NFL Network . The league was also reportedly interested in selling non-exclusive digital rights to simulcast the games to another partner , such as Amazon.com , Apple Inc. , Google , or Yahoo ! ( which exclusively streamed an International Series as part of a trial during the 2015 season , but would shut down its original video content service in January 2016 ) . In January 2016 , it was reported that the NFL was considering splitting the Thursday Night Football package across multiple broadcasters in tandem with the possibility of expanding the overall package to 17 games . It was also reported that ESPN and Turner Sports were not interested in the package due to its short - term nature , and that Fox was attempting to outbid CBS . </P> <P> On February 1 , 2016 , the NFL announced that Thursday Night Football would be shared between CBS , NBC , and NFL Network for the 2016 and 2017 seasons . CBS and NBC would each air five games ( resulting in a schedule of 10 games on broadcast TV in comparison to 8 under the previous deal ) , followed by an additional eight games exclusively on NFL Network to satisfy NFL Network 's retransmission consent contracts with cable providers ; the eight NFL Network - exclusive games included six Thursday contests , a Sunday morning International Series contest , and a Christmas day game . As with the previous contract , all games will be simulcast by NFL Network . Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that the league was `` thrilled to add NBC to the Thursday Night Football mix , a trusted partner with a proven track record of success broadcasting NFL football in primetime , and look forward to expanding with a digital partner for what will be a unique tri-cast on broadcast , cable and digital platforms . '' On April 5 , 2016 , it was revealed that Twitter had acquired non-exclusive worldwide digital streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television TNF games . The collaboration will also include streaming content on Twitter 's Periscope service , such as behind the scenes access . </P> <P> Rogers Media , who owns television rights to the Thursday Night Football package in Canada through the end of the 2016 season but has not yet acquired digital rights ( the majority of the NFL 's media rights in Canada are owned by Rogers 's rival , Bell Media ) , successfully forced Twitter to block the game streams in that country , overriding the league 's insistence that the free stream be global . Due to the streaming deal , over-the - top television providers PlayStation Vue and Sling TV are also required to black out the simulcast of the games on NFL Network . </P> <P> The first game produced by NBC Sports was broadcast exclusively on NFL Network on November 3 , 2016 , while the first game simulcast nationally on NBC aired on November 17 . A cappella group Pentatonix recorded a reworked version of their song `` Sing '' ( `` Weekend Go '' ) to serve as the opening theme song for NBC 's Thursday Night Football telecasts ; NBC also commissioned new instrumental theme music by Jimmy Greco , `` Ca n't Hold Us Down '' , which was performed by members of the orchestra from the Broadway musical Hamilton . Both were retained for NBC 's games in 2017 . </P> <P> On April 4 , 2017 , it was announced that Amazon.com had acquired non-exclusive streaming rights to the 10 broadcast television games for the 2017 season over their Amazon Prime Video service , under a deal valued at $50 million , a five-fold increase over the $10 million paid by Twitter . The streams will be exclusive to paid Prime subscribers . The deal includes $30 million worth of promotion . Amazon planned several special features for its inaugural game , including broadcasting alternate feeds with Spanish , Portuguese and British English commentary ( the last of which being intended for those unfamiliar with the rules and terminology of American football ) , and a pre-show hosted by Tiki Barber and Curtis Stone that featured presentations of NFL merchandise available for purchase on Amazon . </P> <P> The November 16 , 2017 telecast between the Pittsburgh Steelers and Tennessee Titans was the first NFL broadcast to intentionally use the Skycam as its primary camera angle , as opposed to the usual sideline camera that has been used since telecasts of NFL games began in 1939 . NBC Sports had previously switched to a skycam - only presentation for portions of two Sunday night games earlier that season because of fog and smoke ( and , sixteen years prior , during its coverage of the XFL ) ; positive reaction to the impromptu change prompted NBC to experiment with using the strategy for the full game . The Skycam Angle was also used for the December 14 telecast between the Denver Broncos and the Indianapolis Colts . </P> <H3> 2018 -- 2022 : Fox ( edit ) </H3> <P> In early January 2018 , Bloomberg reported that ABC / ESPN and Fox Sports had both made bids for the next Thursday Night Football package . Both Fox and Fox Sports 1 were named as potential outlets for the package in the Fox Sports bid , which was intended to showcase Fox 's continued commitment to sports after the proposed sale of its entertainment businesses to ESPN 's majority - owner The Walt Disney Company ( which will exclude the Fox network itself and Fox Sports ' national operations , such as FS1 , among other assets ) . CBS and NBC were also considering renewing their existing contracts , but had requested a lower rights fee to compensate for the decreasing viewership of the NFL ( TNF had been cited as one factor in the downturn , due to a perceived oversaturation of nationally - televised games ) . It was also reported that the NFL would also allow digital companies to make bids for exclusive rights to the Thursday Night Football package which forego a television partner entirely , unlike the previous non-exclusive deals with Twitter and Amazon . </P> <P> On January 30 , 2018 , it was reported by multiple sources that Fox had won the package . The next day , the NFL officially announced that Fox had acquired the broadcast television rights to the Thursday Night Football package under a five - year deal lasting from 2018 through 2022 ( which is aligned with the conclusion of the NFL 's other television deals ) . The Fox network will air 11 games per season in simulcast with NFL Network . ESPN reported that Fox would be paying around $60 million per game -- an increase over the estimated $45 million per game paid by CBS and NBC under the previous contract , totalling an estimated $660 million per season . </P> <P> Amazon renewed its digital rights for the 2018 and 2019 season ; in contrast to 2017 in which the games required an Amazon Prime subscription , for 2018 and 2019 , Amazon also carries carry game coverage for free on its Twitch.tv service . Alongside the main Fox feed , British English , and Spanish options , the Amazon Prime streams offer an alternate commentary feed featuring ESPN anchor Hannah Storm and NFL Network chief correspondent Andrea Kremer -- the first all - female commentary team in NFL history . </P> <P> Fox employs 45 cameras , a dual - skycam setup , triple - lens pylon cameras , and will leverage Intel True View replay systems where available . Resources are also being shared with Fox News Channel in New York City , including use of its Studio F for studio and pre-game coverage , as well as a plaza setup with a scaled football field and audience outside . As for theme music , games airing on Fox use the NFL on Fox theme normally used for their Sunday afternoon coverage . For games airing exclusively on NFL Network , the original TNF theme used from 2016 -- 2013 is used . </P> <H2> Coverage ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Game Announcers ( edit ) </H3> <P> The initial NFL Network team consisted of HBO Sports ' Bryant Gumbel as play - by - play announcer , NBC Sports ' Cris Collinsworth as the color commentator for the Thursday telecasts , and Dick Vermeil replacing Collinsworth for Saturday telecasts . In 2007 , Collinsworth replaced Vermeil alongside Gumbel for all games . </P> <P> Gumbel left the network after the 2007 season and his then - HBO colleague Bob Papa , who is also the radio voice of the New York Giants , was brought in to replace him . Collinsworth stayed on until the end of the 2008 season , then left to take over for the retiring John Madden as lead analyst on NBC Sunday Night Football . NFL Network replaced him with Matt Millen , who returned to broadcasting in 2009 , and then added former ESPN analyst Joe Theismann for 2010 . </P> <P> For 2011 , then ESPN now CBS play - by - play man Brad Nessler took over the Thursday night broadcast . He was joined by NFL Network draft analyst and NBC Notre Dame color man Mike Mayock , and the pairing spent three seasons calling games . </P> <P> As a result of CBS taking over production responsibilities for the Thursday Night Football broadcasts , its number one broadcast team of Jim Nantz and Phil Simms took over the broadcast booth . With NBC adding games in 2016 , Al Michaels and Cris Collinsworth , the broadcast team of NBC Sunday Night Football , were required under league contract to do the same . NBC had initially hired former Monday Night Football play - by - play man Mike Tirico for Thursdays before the league nixed the idea of any separate broadcast teams for Sunday and Thursday nights . Tirico would eventually call three Sunday Night Football games , including the Thanksgiving night game which is in the SNF package , in order for NBC to allow Michaels over a week 's rest before the end of the season . Tirico would also call the December 22 , 2016 TNF game alongside Collinsworth , as well as two NBC - produced Thursday Night Special game broadcasts on December 18 and Christmas Day , respectively , both alongside former USFL and NFL quarterback Doug Flutie , who serves as the analyst for NBC 's college football coverage as well . On May 31 , 2017 , it was announced that Mike Tirico would replace Al Michaels full - time for NBC 's Thursday Night Football games . For 2017 , Kurt Warner would similarly fill in for Collinsworth on two non-Thursday games . </P> <P> For 2017 , CBS hired Tony Romo as its lead color commentator . Numerous complications needed to be resolved , namely Romo 's reluctance to cover both Sunday and Thursday nights as required under the Thursday Night Football contract , and the fact that Simms remains under contract with CBS through the next several years . However , the network confirmed via press release that Romo 's duties would include Sunday and Thursday games . </P> <P> With TNF moving to Fox in 2018 , the network announced that its top team of Joe Buck and Troy Aikman will call the games this year , with the exception of some October games , when Buck 's Major League Baseball postseason play - by - play duties will take priority ; Aikman will pair with a different announcer for those games . The duo will be joined by Erin Andrews , who normally works with Buck and Aikman on Sundays , and Kristina Pink , who normally works with the # 3 team for Fox , which consists of Kenny Albert , son of former NFL commentator Marv Albert , and Super Bowl Champion Ronde Barber , and Mike Pereira , who is one of two rule analysts for Fox . </P> <P> On October 14th , 2018 , the NFL announced via press release , that the NFL GameDay Morning studio team of Rich Eisen , Steve Mariucci , Kurt Warner , and Michael Irvin , would be calling the Eagles - Jaguars London Game on October 28th . They will be joined by Melissa Stark , who is making her first appearance as a sideline reporter since ABC 's coverage of Super Bowl XXXVII , and Peter Schrager , from Fox Sports , and NFL Network 's Good Morning Football . </P> <H3> Pre-game , halftime and post-game coverage ( edit ) </H3> <P> Each game telecast is preceded on NFL Network by NFL GameDay Kickoff , which broadcasts live from the site of each game and currently features Colleen Wolfe as its host , with Steve Mariucci , Michael Irvin and either Kurt Warner or other NFL Network colleagues as analysts . The show generally begins two hours before game time ( 6 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time ) . </P> <P> The game proper is preceded by a pre-game show ; CBS games were preceded by Thursday Night Kickoff , hosted by James Brown , Bill Cowher , and Deion Sanders . NBC games were preceded by Football Night in America ( renamed in reference of the host city of the game , such as Football Night in Tampa ) , hosted by Liam McHugh , Tony Dungy , and Rodney Harrison . CBS joined Thursday Night Kickoff at 7 : 30 p.m. Eastern Time during its games . This resulted in some controversy among viewers and the producers of syndicated programming in the locally programmed timeslot before network primetime , where the pre-game affects programs such as Wheel of Fortune , Jeopardy ! and Entertainment Tonight ( all distributed by CBS 's sister syndication division CBS Television Distribution ) , along with several other programs , which then require pre-emption or slotting on lower - profile alternate timeslots or stations to air in markets where they are carried by CBS , Fox , or NBC affiliates in order to accommodate the Thursday games . For Fox , the game telecast is preceded by Fox NFL Thursday live from New York City , hosted by Michael Strahan , Terry Bradshaw , Howie Long , and Fox 's NFL insider Jay Glazer , who appears from the Fox Sports studios in Los Angeles , where Fox NFL Sunday is filmed , and like CBS and NBC , Fox NFL Thursday would begin at 7 : 30 p.m. Eastern Time ; the aforementioned CBS - distributed programming is less - carried by its affiliates ( though several still do , such as WVUE / New Orleans and WLUK - TV / Green Bay carrying the game shows ) , and programs such as sitcoms and entertainment newsmagazines such as TMZ will end up being preempted during Fox 's carriage of TNF . </P> <H3> Radio coverage ( edit ) </H3> <P> Westwood One provides national radio broadcasts of the Thursday Night Football games through a contract of currently unknown length ( Westwood One quietly renewed the rights after parent company Cumulus Media departed a Chapter 11 bankruptcy ) . During the 2017 season , Ian Eagle called play - by - play , with Tony Boselli handling color analysis and Hub Arkush as the sideline reporter . Until 2018 , Boomer Esiason , the Monday Night Football analyst for Westwood One , has been a regular substitute if Boselli was unavailable due to other commitments ( in some cases , Esiason would call the Thursday night game if he is unavailable for the previous / next Monday night game and / or if the Thursday game is in close proximity to his New York home ) . </P> <H2> Game announcers ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> NFL Network Pre-game show </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Colleen Wolfe - Host ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Chris Rose -- Fill - in Host ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Amber Theoharis - Fill - in Host ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Dan Hellie - Fill - in Host ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Michael Irvin -- Analyst ( 2011 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Steve Mariucci -- Analyst ( 2006 -- present ) </Li> <Li> LaDanian Tomlinson -- Fill - in Analyst ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Willie McGinest -- Fill - in Analyst ( 2016 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Steve Smith Sr. - Fill - in Analyst ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Reggie Wayne - Fill - in Analyst ( 2017 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Joe Thomas - Fill - in Analyst ( 2018 - present ) </Li> <Li> Kurt Warner -- NFLN Color Commentator ( 2010 -- 2011 ) ; NBC Fill - in Color Commentator ( 2017 ) ; Fill - in Analyst ( 2018 - present ) </Li> <Li> Reggie Bush - Fill - in Analyst ( 2018 - present ) </Li> <Li> Michael Robinson - Fill - in Analyst ( 2018 - present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Fox Pre-game show </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Michael Strahan -- Fox Analyst / Host ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Charissa Thompson - Fox Secondary Host ( 2018 - present ) </Li> <Li> Terry Bradshaw -- Fox Analyst ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Howie Long -- Fox Analyst ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Tony Gonzalez - Fox Analyst ( 2018 - present ) </Li> <Li> Jay Glazer - Fox Insider ( 2018 - present ) </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Game Coverage </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Joe Buck -- Fox Play - by - Play ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Troy Aikman -- Fox Color Analyst ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Mike Pereira - Fox Rules Analyst ( 2018 - present ) </Li> <Li> Erin Andrews -- Fox Sideline Reporter ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Kristina Pink -- Fox Sideline Reporter ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Derek Rae - UK Feed / Amazon Prime Video Play - by - Play ( 2017 - present ) </Li> <Li> Tommy Smyth - UK Feed / Amazon Prime Video Color Analyst ( 2017 - present ) </Li> <Li> Hannah Storm -- Amazon Prime Video / Twitch Play - by - Play ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Andrea Kremer -- Amazon Prime Video / Twitch Color Analyst ( 2018 -- present ) </Li> </Ul> Former ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> James Brown -- CBS Host ( 2014 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Fran Charles -- NFLN pre-game host ( 2006 - 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Cris Collinsworth - NFLN color commentator ( 2006 - 2008 ) ; NBC Color Commentator ( 2016 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Costas -- NBC Host ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Bill Cowher -- CBS Analyst ( 2014 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Heather Cox -- NBC Sideline Reporter ( 2016 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jenny Dell -- CBS Fill - in Sideline Reporter ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Dungy -- NBC Analyst and Fill - in Color Analyst ( 2016 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Ross Dyer - UK Feed / Amazon Prime Video Fill - in Play - by - Play ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Ian Eagle -- CBS Fill - in Play - by - Play ( 2014 -- 2015 ) ( Still calls TNF on the Radio ) </Li> <Li> Rich Eisen - host ( 2006 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Jamie Erdahl - CBS Fill - in Sideline Reporter ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Marshall Faulk -- Analyst ( 2006 -- 2017 Week 14 ) </Li> <Li> Alex Flanagan -- NFLN sideline reporter ( 2010 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Doug Flutie -- NBC Fill - in Color Commentator ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Jay Glazer -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2010 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Trent Green -- CBS Fill - in Color Commentator ( 2015 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Bryant Gumbel -- NFLN play - by - play ( 2006 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Greg Gumbel -- CBS Fill - in Play - by - Play ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Tom Hammond -- NFLN substitute play - by - play ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Scott Hanson -- NFLN sideline reporter ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Rodney Harrison -- NBC Analyst ( 2016 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Kara Henderson -- NFLN pre-game host ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Kalas -- NFLN sponsorship announcer ( 2006 -- 2008 ; deceased ) </Li> <Li> Mike Mayock -- NFLN color analyst ( 2011 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Liam McHugh -- Fill - in NBC Host ( 2016 ) ; NBC Host ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Al Michaels - NBC play - by - play ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Matt Millen -- NFLN color analyst ( 2009 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jim Mora -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jim Nantz -- CBS Play - by - Play ( 2014 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Brad Nessler -- NFLN play - by - play ( 2011 -- 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Bob Papa -- NFLN play - by - play ( 2008 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Dan Patrick - Fill - in NBC Host ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Tony Romo -- CBS Color analyst ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Deion Sanders -- CBS Analyst ( 2006 -- 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Warren Sapp -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Adam Schefter -- NFLN sideline reporter ( 2006 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Sterling Sharpe -- NFLN pre-game analyst ( 2010 -- 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Phil Simms -- CBS Color analyst ( 2014 -- 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Pat Summerall -- NFLN sponsorship announcer ( 2009 ; deceased ) </Li> <Li> Joe Theismann -- NFLN color commentator ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Mike Tirico -- NBC Host & Fill - in Play - by - Play ( 2016 ) ; NBC Play - by - Play ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Dick Vermeil -- NFLN Saturday color commentator ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Evan Washburn -- Fill - in CBS Sideline Reporter ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Tracy Wolfson -- CBS Sideline Reporter ( 2014 -- 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> Current ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Ian Eagle -- play - by - play ( 2008 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Boomer Esiason -- color analyst ( 2013 -- 2017 ) Select Games </Li> <Li> Tony Boselli -- color analyst ( 2015 -- present ) Select Games </Li> </Ul> Former ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Bonnie Bernstein -- sideline reporter ( 2006 -- 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Randy Cross -- color analyst ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Dick Enberg -- play - by - play ( 2006 -- 2007 ) -- deceased </Li> <Li> Dennis Green -- color analyst ( 2007 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Mike Mayock -- color analyst ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Tim Ryan -- color analyst ( 2015 ) Select Games </Li> <Li> Sam Wyche -- color analyst ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Results ( edit ) </H2> Main article : NFL Network Thursday Night Football results ( 2006 -- present ) <P> This table shows the National Football League teams ' all - time standings for games played on Thursday Night Football . </P> <P> Standings are current as of October 4 , 2018 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Games Played </Th> <Th> Wins </Th> <Th> Losses </Th> <Th> Ties </Th> <Th> Win Pct . </Th> <Th> First Appearance </Th> <Th> Most Recent Appearance </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 700 </Td> <Td> November 22 , 2007 defeated Atlanta 31 -- 13 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2018 lost to New England 38 -- 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 750 </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2006 defeated Denver 19 -- 10 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2017 defeated L.A. Chargers 30 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 727 </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2006 defeated Cleveland 27 -- 7 </Td> <Td> December 25 , 2017 defeated Houston 34 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Jets </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> November 13 , 2008 defeated New England 34 -- 31 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2018 lost to Cleveland 21 - 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles Chargers ‡ </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 714 </Td> <Td> December 4 , 2008 defeated Oakland 34 -- 7 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2017 lost to Kansas City 30 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 800 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2006 defeated Atlanta 38 -- 28 </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2017 defeated Washington 38 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 571 </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2008 defeated Arizona 48 -- 20 </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2017 defeated Carolina 28 -- 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 571 </Td> <Td> December 30 , 2006 defeated Washington 34 -- 28 </Td> <Td> December 22 , 2016 lost to Philadelphia 24 -- 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 455 </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2006 defeated Seattle 24 -- 14 </Td> <Td> September 21 , 2017 lost to L.A. Rams 41 -- 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 545 </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2006 lost to Kansas City 19 -- 10 </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2017 defeated Indianapolis 25 -- 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlanta Falcons </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 700 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2006 lost to Dallas 38 -- 28 </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2017 defeated New Orleans 20 -- 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chicago Bears </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 400 </Td> <Td> December 6 , 2007 lost to Washington 24 -- 16 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2017 lost to Detroit 20 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 636 </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2006 lost to Cincinnati 13 -- 7 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2018 lost to Cincinnati 34 -- 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 833 </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2006 lost to San Francisco 24 -- 14 </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2017 defeated Arizona 22 -- 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 833 </Td> <Td> December 21 , 2006 defeated Minnesota 9 -- 7 </Td> <Td> September 28 , 2017 defeated Chicago 35 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2008 lost to Philadelphia 48 -- 20 </Td> <Td> November 9 , 2017 lost to Seattle 22 -- 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 444 </Td> <Td> December 30 , 2006 lost to N.Y. Giants 34 -- 28 </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2017 lost to Dallas 38 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 857 </Td> <Td> December 29 , 2007 defeated N.Y. Giants 38 -- 35 </Td> <Td> October 4 , 2018 defeated Indianapolis 38 -- 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2009 defeated Carolina 24 -- 17 </Td> <Td> October 26 , 2017 lost to Baltimore 40 -- 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit Lions </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 500 </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2015 lost to Green Bay 27 -- 23 </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2017 defeated Chicago 20 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston Texans </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 375 </Td> <Td> December 13 , 2007 defeated Denver 31 -- 13 </Td> <Td> December 25 , 2017 lost to Pittsburgh 34 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 556 </Td> <Td> December 23 , 2006 lost to Kansas City 20 -- 9 </Td> <Td> October 19 , 2017 defeated Kansas City 31 -- 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 444 </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2006 lost to Pittsburgh 27 -- 7 </Td> <Td> September 20 , 2018 defeated N.Y. Jets 21 - 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 400 </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2006 defeated Baltimore 13 -- 7 </Td> <Td> September 13 , 2018 defeated Baltimore 34 -- 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 300 </Td> <Td> December 22 , 2007 lost to Dallas 20 -- 13 </Td> <Td> October 12 , 2017 lost to Philadelphia 28 -- 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacksonville Jaguars </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 375 </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2008 lost to Indianapolis 31 -- 24 </Td> <Td> October 27 , 2016 lost to Tennessee 36 -- 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 375 </Td> <Td> December 25 , 2009 lost to San Diego 42 -- 17 </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2017 lost to Pittsburgh 40 -- 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 375 </Td> <Td> December 11 , 2008 lost to Chicago 27 -- 24 </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2017 lost to Atlanta 20 -- 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buffalo Bills </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 288 </Td> <Td> December 3 , 2009 lost to N.Y. Jets 19 -- 13 </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2017 lost to N.Y. Jets 34 -- 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles Rams † </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 375 </Td> <Td> December 20 , 2007 lost to Pittsburgh 41 -- 24 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2018 defeated Minnesota 38 -- 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota Vikings </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 333 </Td> <Td> December 21 , 2006 lost to Green Bay 9 -- 7 </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2018 lost to L.A. Rams 33 -- 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> . 167 </Td> <Td> December 17 , 2011 lost to Dallas 31 -- 15 </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2017 lost to New England 19 -- 14 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> † St. Louis Rams , 1995 -- 2015 ‡ San Diego Chargers , 1961 -- 2016 </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Carriage ( edit ) </H3> <P> Upon the original launch of the Thursday and Saturday night games , few television service providers carried the NFL Network due to disputes during the network 's terms in its carriage contracts during negotiations . These disputes were magnified throughout the 2007 season , as two high - profile matchups were to be broadcast by the network . The first was a matchup between the Dallas Cowboys and Green Bay Packers which was scheduled for the week after Thanksgiving and saw both teams at 10 - 1 , vying for the top seed in the NFC , and the second was Week 17 Saturday night game between the New England Patriots and the New York Giants , where the Patriots had a chance to become the first team since the 1972 Miami Dolphins to end a regular season undefeated . </P> <P> In the first case , fans were displeased that a matchup between two teams at such a critical point in the season was not available on broadcast television except in the Dallas and Green Bay markets . To avoid such a problem with the potential sixteenth victory for the Patriots , CBS and NBC bought broadcast rights to the game so it could be seen by a nationwide audience on both cable and broadcast television . This ended up causing another controversy , however , as the move by the networks infringed on the exclusivity that would normally have been enjoyed by WWOR - TV in New York City and WCVB - TV in Boston , which were the Giants ' and Patriots ' respective local over-the - air broadcasters for cable - televised games ( the game aired on these stations , as well as on WCBS - TV , WNBC , WBZ - TV and WHDH in the teams ' market areas ) . </P> <H3> Game quality and viewership ( edit ) </H3> <P> Thursday Night Football games on NFL Network are among the lowest - rated nationally televised NFL broadcasts . Critics have argued that the games televised on Thursday Night Football have been of lower quality than other prime time games , as they often featured match - ups between lesser or poor - performing teams , and that the shortened rest between games triggered by Thursday games also has an effect on their overall quality . In an analysis by Sports on Earth writer Aaron Roberts , it was determined that most Thursday games were of average or above - average quality in comparison to normal , non-prime time games , but that this was `` by design '' due to the leverage of other NFL broadcasters on how games are scheduled throughout the season ( which traditionally prioritizes `` major '' games for either late - afternoon or Sunday and Monday nights ) . </P> <P> The move of selected games to CBS brought improved ratings : the inaugural game was the highest - rated program of the night , with an audience share of 13.7 and an average of 20.7 million viewers , representing a 108 % increase in ratings over the first NFL Network game in 2013 . The game , whose ratings were boosted by coverage of the Ray Rice scandal , also brought CBS its highest prime time ratings on a Thursday night since May 2006 . While lower , at 9.6 million viewers , the Week 3 game between the Atlanta Falcons and Tampa Bay Buccaneers was also the highest - rated program of the night . The first four games of the package , however , featured blowout victories . In total , average viewership of the games increased from around 7 million to around 11.8 million in the 2014 season . </P> <P> Controversy over ratings and the quality of play in Thursday night contests escalated when on November 28 , 2016 , a report circulated that the league was considering ending the franchise . The NFL , however , denied this rumor . The subsequent game on December 1 , 2016 between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings was the highest rated Thursday Night Football of the season . </P> <P> During the 2016 season , current and former players including Richard Sherman , J.J. Watt , and Charles Woodson expressed their dislikes for Thursday Night Football , with Richard Sherman calling it a `` poopfest '' . </P> <P> The September 20 , 2018 game between the New York Jets and Cleveland Browns , which saw the debut of Cleveland 's first overall pick Baker Mayfield , as well as the team breaking a nearly two - year losing streak , set a record for the highest - rated NFL Network - exclusive broadcast in Thursday Night Football history , with a 5.2 household rating and over 8 million viewers . </P> <H3> Player safety ( edit ) </H3> <P> As mentioned , a team needing to play a Thursday night game can result in a shortened rest period for players between games . On October 6 , 2014 , Arian Foster , then of the Houston Texans , made a statement considering it hypocritical for the NFL to emphasize the safety of players ( particularly in regards to concussions ) while allowing its players to play a game on only three days ' rest , which he considered to be equally `` dangerous '' . Richard Sherman of the Seattle Seahawks has also voiced displeasure about Thursday night games reducing prep time , and wrote a 2016 editorial for The Players ' Tribune about the games . Sherman 's 2017 season ( and his run with the Seahawks ; he would sign a new deal with the San Francisco 49ers in the 2018 off - season ) would end on November 9 , 2017 during a Thursday night game against the Arizona Cardinals , when he ruptured his Achilles tendon . </P> <P> On January 29 , 2015 , the NFL released its health and safety report , which states that an average of 4.8 injuries were sustained during Thursday games compared to 6.9 injuries per game on Sundays and Mondays . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fox NFL </Li> <Li> NFL on CBS </Li> <Li> NFL on NBC </Li> <Li> NBC Sunday Night Football </Li> <Li> Monday Night Football </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ John Ourand ( January 25 , 2009 ) . `` Why NFL Network is on the sidelines '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` N.F.L. Explores New TV Deal '' . The New York Times . January 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sources : NFL Wants Thursday Games Simulcast On NFL Network '' . Sports Business Journal . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sources : ABC Planning To Bid For Thursday Night NFL Package '' . Sports Business Journal . January 16 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Expected to Receive Bids to Air Thursday Games '' . The Wall Street Journal . January 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL aims to boost network with ' Thursday Night Football ' bidding war '' . New York Post . Retrieved 28 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` How CBS won Thursday night '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved September 17 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Panthers ' blowout loss sinks TV interest , too '' . Charlotte Business Journal . American City Business Journals . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bengals - Browns game on WLWT - TV on Thursday '' . Cincinnati.com . Gannett Company . November 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Rivalries Abound in CBS Thursday Night Football Slate '' . Adweek . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` CBS to broadcast eight Thursday night football games in 2014 '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` CBS to broadcast NFL games on Thursday in 2014 '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved February 5 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` CBS , NFL Network Begin Final Push for Thursday Night Football Launch '' . Sports Video Group . August 21 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Execs expect strong NFL slate for CBS '' . Sports Business Journal . April 7 , 2014 . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dan Levy . `` Is Thursday Night Football Hurting the NFL Brand ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved July 26 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eye on Football staff . `` 2014 NFL Thursday Night Football schedule '' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBS announces changes to TNF coverage in wake of Ray Rice saga '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Ray - Riceless Ravens are playing Pittsburgh tonight . The opening act is Rihanna '' . The Washington Post . September 11 , 2014 . Retrieved September 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rihanna Dropped From Thursday Night Football After She Slams NFL and CBS '' . Time . September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brian Steinberg ( January 18 , 2015 ) . `` CBS , NFL Renew Deal For ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . Variety . Penske Media Corporation . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL Targets Massive Payday in Thursday Night TV Deal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Ready To Accept New Bids For Thursday Night Package , Including Streaming Companies '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 16 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox Sports in Aggressive Bid to Steal NFL Thursday Night Games from CBS '' . TheStreet.com . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sources : NFL Could Split Up Thursday Night Package Among Multiple Broadcast Networks '' . Sports Business Daily . Retrieved 13 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBS & NBC To Share ' Thursday Night Football ' With NFL Network ; League Eyes `` Tri-Cast '' With Digital Partner `` . Deadline.com . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` NFL reaches deal with CBS , NBC to split ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . Washington Post . Retrieved 1 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brodkin , Jon ( 5 April 2016 ) . `` Twitter buys NFL streaming rights for 10 Thursday Night Football games '' . Ars Technica . Conde Nast . Retrieved 5 April 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rogers blacks out NFL games on Twitter in Canada '' . Toronto Sun . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Canadians will be blacked out from Twitter Inc 's deal to broadcast Thursday night NFL games '' . Financial Post . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Surprise ! Thursday Night Football not available for streaming on Sling , PS Vue '' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved 19 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pentatonix to Sing NFL Thursday Night Football Opening Song '' . Billboard . Retrieved 1 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NBC gearing up to produce ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 4 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` FIRST LISTEN : Hamilton Orchestra Performs Thursday Night Football Theme Music '' . People . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon will stream ' Thursday Night Football ' in 2017 . Here 's what you need to know '' . SBNation . Retrieved 5 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's NFL Deal Includes $30 Million in Free Marketing '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levy , Nat ( 28 September 2017 ) . `` Amazon 's first NFL live stream overcomes early glitches and long weather delay '' . GeekWire . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon 's NFL stream of Green Bay - Chicago could draw diehards , boycotters and the curious '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon gives NFL global feel '' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geoffrey C. Arnold ( November 16 , 2017 ) . `` NBC 's ' SkyCam ' will provide Madden - like view of tonight 's Titans - Steelers game '' . oregonlive.com . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox Is Trying to Win the Rights to Thursday NFL Games '' . Bloomberg.com . January 16 , 2018 . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox Close to Deal to Air NFL 's ' Thursday Night Football ' '' . Bloomberg.com . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox reportedly near deal to win broadcast rights to Thursday Night Football '' . Awful Announcing. 2018 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL , FOX Sports reach ' Thursday Night Football ' agreement '' . NFL.com . NFL Enterprises , LLC . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved August 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fox gets Thursday Night Football through ' 22 '' . ESPN.com . January 31 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bonesteel , Matt ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' will move to Fox next season '' . The Washington Post . ISSN 0190 - 8286 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spangler , Todd ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) . `` NFL Renews Amazon Streaming Deal for ' Thursday Night Football ' for 2018 - 19 Seasons '' . Variety . Retrieved 2018 - 04 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amazon Prime hid Hannah Storm and Andrea Kremer in NFL 's first all - female broadcast '' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Digital , Brandon Costa , Director of . `` Donning Thursday Night Football Mantle , Fox Sports Flexes Tech Muscles '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Flood , Brian ( 2018 - 09 - 25 ) . `` Fox News Channel , Fox Sports team up for ' Thursday Night Football ' pregame show in New York City '' . Fox News . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Raissman , Bob ( August 20 , 2016 ) . `` Al Michaels , not Mike Tirico , will be calling NFL games on Thursday for NBC '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Syracuse University alum Mike Tirico to call NFL games on NBC '' . Syracuse.com . Retrieved 13 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tirico To Call `` Thursday Night Football '' For NBC This Season `` . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved 1 June 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosenthal , Phil . `` Cris Collinsworth wo n't be thrown to Lions ; Kurt Warner to call Bears game '' . chicagotribune.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ourand , John ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Sources : Romo To Land With CBS ; Could Replace Simms As Top Analyst '' . sportsbusinessdaily.com . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gantt , Darin ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Phil Simms ' agent : `` Multiple years '' left on contract `` . NBC Sports . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tony Romo Joins CBS Sports as Lead NFL Game Analyst '' . CBS Sports . April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 8 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Timothy Burke ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` How CBS And The NFL Teamed Up To Screw Wheel Of Fortune And Jeopardy ! '' . Deadspin . Retrieved January 24 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Announcers '' . Westwood One Sports . Retrieved January 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dusty Saunders ( January 2 , 2008 ) . `` COMMENTARY : Antitrust threat prompted NFL 's reversal '' . Rocky Mountain News . Arkansas Democrat - Gazette . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2008 . Retrieved January 4 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` By design , Thursday Night Football is merely average '' . Sports On Earth . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thursday Night Blights '' . Sports On Earth . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBS ' ' Thursday Night Football ' Easily Dominates Thursday Ratings '' . Variety . Penske Media Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Thursday Night Football ' ratings up from last year , down from last week '' . SBNation . Vox Media . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBS gets 13.7 rating , up 108 percent , for Ravens - Steelers '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bucs Turning Point , Week 3 : Worst Thursday Night Football game ever '' . Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thursday Night Football a mixed bag in the TV ratings '' . Sporting News . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Brian Smith ( October 6 , 2014 ) . `` Texans ' Arian Foster says NFL Thursday night games are dangerous , hypocritical '' . The Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 6 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thursday Night Football package saw viewer increase this season '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved January 18 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL Denies Speculation About ' Thursday Night Football ' Ending Amid Ratings Slump '' . Variety . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TV Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Surges to Season High , CW Crossover Stays Strong '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys Rustle Up Big NFL ' Thursday Night Football ' Numbers '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 5 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why I Hate Thursday Night Football - The Players ' Tribune '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` J.J. Watt : Thursday night games are `` very difficult '' `` . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL 's Thursday night football : A bad idea here to stay '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wire , SI . `` Richard Sherman rips Thursday Night Football '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jets - Browns was NFLN 's highest - rated Thursday game since December 2015 '' . Awful Announcing. 2018 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sherman , Richard ( 14 December 2016 ) . `` Why I Hate Thursday Night Football '' . The Players ' Tribune . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carroll , Charlotte ( 9 November 2017 ) . `` Richard Sherman injury : Seahawks CB ruptured Achilles '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved 15 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Darin Gantt ( January 29 , 2015 ) . `` NFL health and safety report says concussions , ACLs are down '' . Pro Football Talk . 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on NBC </Li> <Li> Canadian Football League </Li> <Li> World League of American Football on USA </Li> <Li> XFL on NBC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> NFL on television ( history ) </Li> <Li> Primary television stations </Li> <Li> Super Bowl TV ratings ( lead - out programs ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> American Football League </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Baltimore Colts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pittsburgh Steelers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1961 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prime - time results </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Monday night NFL games prior to 1970 </Li> <Li> Sunday Night Football results ( 2006 - present ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Commentators </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> AFC Championship Game </Li> <Li> Commentator pairings </Li> <Li> Pro 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<Th> AFL Championship </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1965 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1967 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1969 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Pre-AFL -- NFL merger </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> III ( 1968 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> AFC package carrier ( 1970 -- 1997 ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> V ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> VII ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> IX ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> XI ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> XIII ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> XV ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> XVII ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> XX ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> XXIII ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> XXVII ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> XXVIII ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> XXX ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> XXXII ( 1997 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sunday Night Football era ( 2006 -- present ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> XLIII ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> XLVI ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> XLIX ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> LII ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> LV ( 2020 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pro Bowl </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1953 </Li> <Li> 1958 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Sugar cubes - wikipedia <H1> Sugar cubes </H1> <P> Sugar cubes may refer to one of the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> Sugar , shaped in cubes usually measuring about 4 grams ( 3 / 4 tsp ) each , often used for coffee or tea . Sugar cubes can be created to look roughly the same size but contain reduced sugar content through a special production process . Additionally , they can contain a blend of acesulfame K and sugar , or a blend of acesulfame K , sugar , and aspartame . </Li> <Li> The Sugarcubes , a rock - pop band from Iceland </Li> <Li> A Cube of Sugar , a 2011 Iranian film </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Mitchell , H. ( 2012 ) . Sweeteners and sugar alternatives in food technology . 2nd ed . Iowa : Blackwell Pub . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Disambiguation page providing links to articles with similar titles This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Sugar cubes . If an internal link led you here , you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar_cubes&oldid=852728695 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Disambiguation pages </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Disambiguation pages with short description </Li> <Li> All article disambiguation pages </Li> <Li> All disambiguation pages </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 July 2018 , at 23 : 58 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Varroa destructor - wikipedia <H1> Varroa destructor </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Varroa mite </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kingdom : </Td> <Td> Animalia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phylum : </Td> <Td> Arthropoda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Class : </Td> <Td> Arachnida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Subclass : </Td> <Td> Acari </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Order : </Td> <Td> Parasitiformes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suborder : </Td> <Td> Mesostigmata </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Family : </Td> <Td> Varroidae </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Genus : </Td> <Td> Varroa </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Species : </Td> <Td> V. destructor </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Binomial name </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Varroa destructor Anderson & Trueman , 2000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Varroa destructor ( Varroa mite ) is an external parasitic mite that attacks the honey bees Apis cerana and Apis mellifera . The disease caused by the mites is called varroosis . </P> <P> The Varroa mite can only reproduce in a honey bee colony . It attaches to the body of the bee and weakens the bee by sucking fat bodies . In this process , RNA viruses such as the deformed wing virus ( DWV ) spread to bees . A significant mite infestation will lead to the death of a honey bee colony , usually in the late autumn through early spring . The Varroa mite is the parasite with the most pronounced economic impact on the beekeeping industry . Varroa is considered to be one of multiple stress factors contributing to the higher levels of bee losses around the world . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Physical description </Li> <Li> 2 Reproduction , infection and hive mortality <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Introduction around the world </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Identification </Li> <Li> 4 Varroosis </Li> <Li> 5 Control or preventive measures and treatment <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Chemical measures </Li> <Li> 5.2 Physical , mechanical , behavioral methods </Li> <Li> 5.3 Genetic engineering </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Physical description ( edit ) </H2> <P> The adult female mite is reddish - brown in color , while the male is white . Varroa mites are flat , having a button shape . They are 1 -- 1.8 mm long , 1.5 -- 2 mm wide and have eight legs . </P> <H2> Reproduction , infection and hive mortality ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mites reproduce on a 10 - day cycle . The female mite enters a honey bee brood cell . As soon as the cell is capped , the Varroa mite lays eggs on the larva . The young mites , typically several females and one male , hatch in about the same time as the young bee develops and leave the cell with the host . When the young bee emerges from the cell after pupation , the Varroa mites also leave and spread to other bees and larvae . The mite preferentially infests drone cells , allowing the mite to reproduce one more time with the extra three days it takes a drone to emerge vs a worker bee . This can cause genetic defects such as useless wings or viruses and fungi in the bee . </P> <P> The adults suck the `` blood '' ( hemolymph ) of adult honey bees for sustenance , leaving open wounds and transmitting diseases and viruses . The compromised adult bees are more prone to infections . With the exception of some resistance in the Russian strains and bees that have Varroa sensitive hygiene ( about 10 % of colonies naturally have it ) , the European Apis mellifera bees are almost completely defenseless against these parasites . ( Russian honey bees are one - third to one - half less susceptible to mite reproduction ) . </P> <P> The model for the population dynamics is exponential growth when bee brood are available , and exponential decline when no brood is available . In 12 weeks , the number of mites in a western honey bee hive can multiply by ( roughly ) 12 . High mite populations in the autumn can cause a crisis when drone rearing ceases and the mites switch to worker larvae , causing a quick population crash and often hive death . </P> Low temperature scanning electron micrograph of V. destructor on a honey bee host <P> Once infected with a Varroa destructor mite , there are two ways for which the honey bee may be damaged . Firstly , the mite 's consumption of hemolymph weakens both the adult bee and the larva , in particular it significantly decreases the weight of both the hatching and adult bee . Additionally infected adult worker bees have a lower lifespan than ordinary worker bees , they furthermore tend to be absent from the colony far more than ordinary bees which could be due to their reduced ability to navigate . Secondly , the mites are vectors of various viruses , in particular the Deformed wing virus </P> <P> After the initial developmental stages , when the young bee matures it leaves the brood cell and takes the mite with it . Varroa destructor then leaves the young bee for an older one , preferably for a nurse bee because nurse bees spend more time near the brood giving the mite more ample opportunity to reproduce . In fact because the nurse bee spends more time around the drone brood rather than the worker brood many more drones are infected with Varroa destructor . </P> <P> Varroa mites have been found on Tricia larvae of some wasp species , such as Vespula vulgaris , and flower - feeding insects such as the bumblebee , Bombus pennsylvanicus , the scarab beetle , Phanaeus vindex , and the flower - fly , Palpada vinetorum . It parasitizes the young larvae and feeds on the internal organs of the hosts . Although the Varroa mite can not reproduce on these insects , its presence on them may be a means by which it spreads short distances ( phoresy ) . </P> Varroa mites on pupa Varroa mites on pupae Varroa destructor on bee larva <H3> Introduction around the World ( edit ) </H3> <P> Varroa mites originally only occurred in Asia , on the Asian honeybee , Apis cerana , but this species has been introduced to many other countries on several continents , resulting in disastrous infestations of European honeybees . </P> <Ul> <Li> Early 1960s Japan , USSR </Li> <Li> 1960s -- 1970s Eastern Europe </Li> <Li> 1970s Brazil </Li> <Li> Late 1970s South America </Li> <Li> 1980 Poland </Li> <Li> 1982 France </Li> <Li> 1984 Switzerland , Spain , Italy </Li> <Li> 1987 Portugal </Li> <Li> 1987 United States </Li> <Li> 1989 Canada </Li> <Li> 1992 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 2000 New Zealand ( North Island ) </Li> <Li> 2006 New Zealand ( South Island ) </Li> <Li> 2007 Hawaii ( Oahu , Hawaii Island ) </Li> <Li> 2008 Hawaii ( Big Island ) </Li> </Ul> <P> As of mid-2012 , Australia is thought to be free of the mite . In early 2010 , an isolated subspecies of bee was discovered in Kufra ( southeastern Libya ) that appears to be free of the mite . The Hawaiian islands of Maui , Kauai , Molokai , and Lanai are all free of the mite . </P> <H2> Identification ( edit ) </H2> <P> Until recently , V. destructor was thought to be a closely related mite species called Varroa jacobsoni . Both species parasitize the Asian honey bee , A. cerana . However , the species originally described as V. jacobsoni by Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans in 1904 is not the same species that also attacks Apis mellifera . The jump to A. mellifera probably first took place in the Philippines in the early 1960s where imported A. mellifera came into close contact with infected A. cerana . Until 2000 , scientists had not identified V. destructor as a separate species . This late identification in 2000 by Anderson and Trueman corrected some previous confusion and mislabeling in the scientific literature . </P> <H2> Varroosis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The infection and subsequent parasitic disease caused by Varroa mites is called varroosis . Sometimes , the incorrect names varroatosis or varroasis are used . A parasitic disease name must be formed from the taxonomic name of the parasite and the suffix - osis as provided in the Standardised Nomenclature by the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology . For example , the World Organisation for Animal Health ( OIE ) uses the name varroosis in the OIE Terrestrial Manual . </P> <P> Treatments have met with limited success . First , the bees were medicated with fluvalinate , which had about 95 % mite falls . However , the last 5 % became resistant to it , and later , almost immune . Fluvalinate was followed by coumaphos . </P> <H2> Control or preventive measures and treatment ( edit ) </H2> Honeybee coated with oxalic acid to protect from mites <H3> Chemical measures ( edit ) </H3> <P> Varroa mites can be treated with commercially available miticides . Miticides must be applied carefully to minimize the contamination of honey that might be consumed by humans . Proper use of miticides also slows the development of resistance by the mites . </P> <P> Synthetic chemicals </P> <Ul> <Li> Pyrethroid insecticide ( Fluvalinate ) as strips </Li> <Li> Organophosphate insecticide ( Coumaphos or Check - mite ) as strips </Li> <Li> Manley 's Thymol Crystal and surgical spirit recipe with sugar as food </Li> </Ul> <P> Naturally occurring chemicals </P> <Ul> <Li> Formic acid as vapor or pads ( Mite - Away ) </Li> <Li> Powdered sugar ( Dowda method ) , talc , or other `` safe '' powders with a grain size between 5 and 15 μm ( 0.20 and 0.59 mils ) can be sprinkled on the bees . </Li> <Li> Essential oils , especially lemon , mint and thyme oil </Li> <Li> Sugar esters ( Sucrocide ) in spray application </Li> <Li> Oxalic acid trickling method or applied as vapor </Li> <Li> Mineral oil ( food grade ) as vapor and in direct application on paper or cords </Li> <Li> Natural hops compounds in strip application ( Hopguard ) </Li> </Ul> <P> However the most effective way of protecting bees against the Varroa destructor is by breeding bees that are resistant to these mites . </P> <H3> Physical , mechanical , behavioral methods ( edit ) </H3> <P> Varroa mites can also be controlled through nonchemical means . Most of these controls are intended to reduce the mite population to a manageable level , not to eliminate the mites completely . </P> <Ul> <Li> Perforated bottom board method is used by many beekeepers on their hives . When mites occasionally fall off a bee , they must climb back up to parasitize another bee . If the beehive has a screened floor with mesh the right size , the mite will fall through and can not return to the beehive . The screened bottom board is also being credited with increased circulation of air , which reduces condensation in a hive during the winter . Studies at Cornell University done over two years found that screened bottoms have no measurable effect at all . Screened bottom boards with sticky boards ( glue traps ) separate mites that fall through the screen and the sticky board prevents them from crawling back up . Insecticide may also be applied to the sticky boards to help kill the mites . </Li> <Li> Heating method , first used by beekeepers in Eastern Europe in the 1970s , later became a global method . In this method , hive frames are heated to at least 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) for several hours at a time , which causes the mites to drop from the bees . When combined with the perforated bottom board method , this can control varroa sufficiently to aid colony survival . In Germany , anti-varroa heaters are manufactured for use by professional bee keepers . A thermosolar hive has been patented and manufactured in the Czech Republic . </Li> <Li> Limited drone brood cell method limits the brood space cell for Varroa mites to inhabit ( 4.9 mm across -- about 0.5 mm smaller than standard ) , and also enhances the difference in size between worker and drone brood , with the intention of making the drone comb traps more effective in trapping Varroa mites . Small cell foundations have staunch advocates , though controlled studies have been generally inconclusive . </Li> <Li> Comb trapping method ( also known as the swarming method ) is based on interrupting the honey bee brood cycle . It is an advanced method that removes capped brood from the hive , where the Varroa mites breed . The queen is confined to a comb using a comb cage . At 9 - day intervals , the queen is confined to a new comb , and the brood in the old comb is left to be reared . The brood in the previous comb , now capped and infested with Varroa mites , is removed . The cycle is repeated . This complex method can remove up to 80 % of Varroa mites in the hive . </Li> <Li> Freezing drone brood method takes advantage of the Varroa mites ' preference for longer living drone brood . The beekeeper will put a frame in the hive that is sized to encourage the queen to lay primarily drone brood . Once the brood is capped , the beekeeper removes the frame and puts it in the freezer . This kills the Varroa mites feeding on those bees . It also kills the drone brood , but most hives produce an excess of drone bees , so it is not generally considered a loss . After freezing , the frame can be returned to the hive . The nurse bees will clean out the dead brood ( and dead mites ) and the cycle continues . </Li> <Li> Drone brood excision method is a variation applicable to top bar hives . Honey bees tend to place combs suitable for drone brood along the bottom and outer margins of the comb . Cutting this off at a late stage of development ( `` purple eye stage '' ) and discarding it reduces the mite load on the colony . It also allows for inspection and counting of mites on the brood . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Genetic engineering ( edit ) </H3> <P> Researchers have been able to use RNA interference to knock out genes in the Varroa mite . There have also been efforts to breed for changes in the honey bees . Two strains have been developed in the United States that can detect damaged pupae under cappings and remove them before the infestation spreads further . The `` IN '' / Indiana strain is under development at Purdue University to develop lines that groom off and bite phoretic Varroa to kill the mites . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Colony collapse disorder ( CCD ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Goulson , D. ; Nicholls , E. ; Botias , C. ; Rotheray , E.L. ( 26 February 2015 ) . `` Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites , pesticides , and lack of flowers '' . Science . 347 ( 6229 ) : 1255957 -- 1255957 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1255957 . ISSN 0036 - 8075 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Raloff ( August 8 , 1998 ) . `` Russian queens bee - little mites ' impact '' . 154 ( 6 ) . Science News : 84 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rosenkranz , P. , Aumeier , P. & Ziegelmann , B. ( 2010 ) Biology and control of Varroa destructor . Journal of Invertebrate Pathology ( online ) . 103 , S96 - S119 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter G. Kevan ; Terence M. Laverty & Harold A. Denmark ( 1990 ) . `` Association of Varroa jacobsoni with organisms other than honeybees and implications for its dispersal '' . Bee World . 71 ( 3 ) : 119 -- 121 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Invasion Biology Introduction : Varroa mites University of Columbia . Accessed 26 April 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pinto , F.A. ; Puker , A. ; Barreto , L.M.R.C. ; Message , D. ( October 2012 ) . `` The ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman in southeastern Brazil apiaries : effects of the hygienic behavior of Africanized honey bees on infestation rates '' . Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. 64 ( 5 ) : 1194 -- 1199 . doi : 10.1590 / S0102 - 09352012000500017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Helen M. Thompson ; Michael A. Brown ; Richard F. Ball & Medwin H. Bew ( 2002 ) . `` First report of Varroa destructor resistance to pyrethroids in the UK '' ( PDF ) . Apidologie. 33 ( 4 ) : 357 -- 366 . doi : 10.1051 / apido : 2002027 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Varroa Mite , Varroa destructor '' . MAF Biosecurity New Zealand . June 30 , 2009 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nina Wu ( April 25 , 2007 ) . `` Bee mites have spread on Oahu '' . Honolulu Star - Bulletin . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Varroa Mite Information '' . State of Hawaii . 2013 . Retrieved December 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Holland , Malcolm ( June 26 , 2012 ) . `` Varroa mites could devastate our honeybee industry '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved June 26 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jopson , Debra ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` It 's a bee nuisance -- and food growers are more than a mite scared '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved June 20 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Honigbienenart in der Sahara entdeckt '' ( Honey bee species discovered in the Sahara ) ( in German ) . Die Zeit . July 2010 . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ D.L. Anderson & J.W.H. Trueman ( 2000 ) . `` Varroa jacobsoni ( Acari : Varroidae ) is more than one species '' . Experimental and Applied Acarology. 24 ( 3 ) : 165 -- 189 . doi : 10.1023 / A : 1006456720416 . PMID 11108385 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kassai T. , 2006 , Nomenclature for parasitic diseases : cohabitation with inconsistency for how long and why ? , Veterinary Parasitology , 138 , 169 -- 178 , http://www.waavp.org/files/Nomenclature%20for%20parasitic%20diseases.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.waavp.org/node/43 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.oie.int/fileadmin/Home/eng/Health_standards/tahm/2.02.07_VARROOSIS.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Ward ( March 8 , 2006 ) . `` Almond farmers seek healthy bees '' . BBC News . Retrieved May 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Natalia Damiani ; Liesel B. Gende ; Pedro Bailac ; Jorge A. Marcangeli & Martín J. Eguaras ( 2009 ) . `` Acaricidal and insecticidal activity of essential oils on Varroa destructor ( Acari : Varroidae ) and Apis mellifera ( Hymenoptera : Apidae ) '' . Parasitology Research . 106 ( 1 ) : 145 -- 152 . doi : 10.1007 / s00436 - 009 - 1639 - y . PMID 19795133 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Northeast Beekeeper Vol 1 # 1 Jan 2004 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John R. Harbo ( 2000 ) . `` Heating Adult Honey Bees to Remove Varroa jacobsoni '' ( PDF ) . Journal of Apicultural Research . 39 ( 3 -- 4 ) : 181 -- 183 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Czech teacher battles bee - killing disease with hot hive '' . 28 May 2017 -- via Reuters . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US application 2014134920 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Sustainable Approach to Controlling Honey Bee Diseases and Varroa Mites '' . SARE . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Victoria Gill ( December 22 , 2010 ) . `` Genetic weapon developed against honeybee - killer '' . BBC News . Retrieved February 24 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunt , Greg ; Given , J Krispn ; Tsuruda , Jennifer M. ; Andino , Gladys K. ( April 2016 ) . `` Breeding Mite - Biting Bees to Control Varroa '' ( PDF ) . Bee Culture . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hunt , Greg ; Given , J Krispn ; Tsuruda , Jennifer M. ; Andino , Gladys K. ( March 23 , 2016 ) . `` Breeding Mite - Biting Bees to Control Varroa '' . Retrieved February 23 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Zhi - Qiang Zhang ( 2000 ) . `` Notes on Varroa destructor ( Acari : Varroidae ) parasitic on honeybees in New Zealand '' ( PDF ) . Systematic & Applied Acarology . Special Publications . 5 : 9 -- 14 . </Li> <Li> Keith S. Delaplane ( 2001 ) . `` Varroa destructor : revolution in the making '' . Bee World . 82 ( 4 ) : 157 -- 159 . </Li> <Li> `` Managing Varroa '' . Ministry of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food . 2005 . </Li> <Li> Tracheal and Varroa Mite Controls Apiculture Factsheet # 221 , Ministry of Agriculture , Food and Fisheries , Government of British Columbia ; April 2004 </Li> <Li> Oils for Varroa Control Botanicals For Mite Control , Canadian Honey Council , 3 / 16 / 2003 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikispecies has information related to Varroa destructor </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Varroa destructor . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Varroa mite on the University of Florida / Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences Featured Creatures website </Li> <Li> The ectoparasite mite Varroa destructor Anderson and Trueman in southeastern Brazil apiaries </Li> <Li> `` Tiny mite responsible for bee colony deaths '' . CTV News . March 3 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Beediseases </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Taxon identifiers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Wd : Q48564 </Li> <Li> BugGuide : 911468 </Li> <Li> EoL : 3203541 </Li> <Li> EPPO : VARRDE </Li> <Li> GBIF : 2188249 </Li> <Li> iNaturalist : 194693 </Li> <Li> NCBI : 109461 </Li> <Li> NZOR : 316ec4a1 - a48d - 4645 - bca3 - 2343aa9eccc2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Varroa_destructor&oldid=835579961 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Mesostigmata </Li> <Li> Western honey bee pests </Li> <Li> Parasitic acari </Li> <Li> Agricultural pest mites </Li> <Li> Insects described in 2000 </Li> <Li> Parasites of bees </Li> <Li> Arachnids of Asia </Li> <Li> Beekeeping </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 German - language sources ( de ) </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Articles with ' species ' microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikispecies </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 15 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 15 : 22 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Mensural notation - Wikipedia <H1> Mensural notation </H1> <P> </P> `` Mensural '' redirects here . For mensural level , see Beat ( music ) . Early 16th - century manuscript in mensural notation , containing a Kyrie by J. Barbireau . Upper voice of the `` Christe eleison '' part of Barbireau 's Kyrie ( cf . lines 4 -- 6 in the manuscript ) , in mensural notation and modern transcription . play ( help info ) <P> Mensural notation is the musical notation system used for European vocal polyphonic music from the later part of the 13th century until about 1600 . The term `` mensural '' refers to the ability of this system to describe precisely measured rhythmic durations in terms of numerical proportions between note values . Its modern name is inspired by the terminology of medieval theorists , who used terms like musica mensurata ( `` measured music '' ) or cantus mensurabilis ( `` measurable song '' ) to refer to the rhythmically defined polyphonic music of their age , as opposed to musica plana or musica choralis , i.e. , Gregorian plainchant . Mensural notation was employed principally for compositions in the tradition of vocal polyphony , whereas plainchant retained its own , older system of neume notation throughout the period . Besides these , some purely instrumental music could be written in various forms of instrument - specific tablature notation . </P> <P> Mensural notation grew out of an earlier , more limited method of notating rhythms in terms of fixed repetitive patterns , the so - called rhythmic modes , which were developed in France around 1200 . An early form of mensural notation was first described and codified in the treatise Ars cantus mensurabilis ( `` The art of measured chant '' ) by Franco of Cologne ( c. 1280 ) . A much expanded system allowing for greater rhythmic complexity was introduced in France with the stylistic movement of the Ars nova in the 14th century , while Italian 14th - century music developed its own , somewhat different variant . Around 1400 , the French system was adopted across Europe , and became the standard form of notation of the Renaissance music of the 15th and 16th centuries . After around 1600 , mensural notation gradually evolved into modern measure ( or bar ) notation . </P> <P> The decisive innovation of mensural notation was the systematic use of different note shapes to denote rhythmic durations that stood in well - defined , hierarchical numerical relations to each other . While less context dependent than notation in rhythmic modes , mensural notation differed from the modern system in that the values of notes were still somewhat context - dependent . In particular , a note could have the length of either two or three units of the next smaller order , whereas in modern notation these relations are invariably binary . Whether a note was to be read as ternary ( `` perfect '' ) or binary ( `` imperfect '' ) was a matter partly of context rules and partly of a system of mensuration signs comparable to modern time signatures . There was also a complex system of temporarily shifting note values by proportion factors like 2 : 1 or 3 : 2 . Mensural notation used no bar lines , and it sometimes employed special connected note forms ( ligatures ) inherited from earlier medieval notation . Unlike in the earliest beginnings of the writing of polyphonic music , and unlike in modern practice , mensural notation was usually not written in a score arrangement but in individual parts . </P> <P> Mensural notation was extensively described and codified by contemporary theorists . As these writings , like all academic work of the time , were usually in Latin , many features of the system are still conventionally referred to by their Latin terms . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Note values <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Rests </Li> <Li> 1.2 Ligatures </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Mensurations </Li> <Li> 3 Imperfection and alteration </Li> <Li> 4 Proportions and colorations <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Mensural canons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Pitch notation <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Clefs </Li> <Li> 5.2 Accidentals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Miscellaneous symbols <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Custos </Li> <Li> 6.2 Corona </Li> <Li> 6.3 Signum Congruentiae </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 History </Li> <Li> 8 Modern use </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 References and further reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Note values ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Note values <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Name </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Century </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13th </Th> <Th> 14th </Th> <Th> 15th </Th> <Th> 17th </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maxima </Th> <Th> Mx </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longa </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Breve </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semibreve </Th> <Th> Sb </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Minim </Th> <Th> Mn </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semiminim </Th> <Th> Sm </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fusa </Th> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Semifusa </Th> <Th> Sf </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The system of note types used in mensural notation closely corresponds to the modern system . The mensural brevis is nominally the ancestor of the modern double whole note ( breve ) ; likewise , the semibrevis corresponds to the whole note ( semibreve ) , the minima to the half note ( minim ) , the semiminima to the quarter note ( crotchet ) , and the fusa to the eighth note ( quaver ) . Very rarely , mensural notation also used yet smaller subdivisions , such as the semifusa ( corresponding to the sixteenth note or semiquaver ) . On the other hand , there were also two larger values , the longa ( quadruple whole note or long ) and the maxima ( or duplex longa , called a large in Britain ) , which are no longer in regular use today . </P> <P> Despite these nominal equivalences , each note had a much shorter temporal value than its modern counterpart . Between the 14th and 16th centuries , composers repeatedly introduced new note shapes for ever smaller temporal divisions of rhythm , and the older , longer notes were slowed down in proportion . The basic metrical relationship of a long to a short beat shifted from longa -- breve in the 13th century , to breve -- semibreve in the 14th , to semibreve -- minim by the end of the 15th , and finally to minim -- semiminim ( i.e. , half and quarter notes , or minim and crotchet ) in modern notation . Thus , what was originally the shortest of all note values used , the semibreve , has become the longest note used routinely today , the whole note . </P> <P> Originally , all notes were written in solid , filled - in form ( `` black notation '' ) . In the mid-15th century , scribes began to use hollow note shapes ( `` white notation '' ) , reserving black shapes only for the smallest note values . This change was probably motivated by the change from parchment to paper as the most common writing material , as paper was less suited to holding large dots of ink . </P> <H3> Rests ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Rests <Tr> <Th> Value </Th> <Th> Mensural </Th> <Th> Modern </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mx </Th> <Td> or </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> or </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sb </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mn </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sm </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sf </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As with the notes , the shapes of the rest symbols in mensural notation are already similar to their modern descendants ( with the smaller values being successively introduced in the course of the period of mensural notation ) . The rest symbols of the larger values had a clear visual logic reflecting their time durations , based on the breve rest being a vertical stroke the length of one staff space . For the longa rests , a visual distinction was made depending on whether the longa was imperfect ( two breves long ) or perfect . Accordingly , their signs were visually twice or three times the length of a breve rest respectively , while the semibreve rest was half that length . Maxima rests , in turn , were groups of two or three longa rests combined . If several longa rests followed each other , groups of either two or three of them were written together on the same staff line to indicate whether they were supposed to be grouped into perfect or imperfect maxima units . </P> <H3> Ligatures ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Binary ligatures <Tr> <Th> value </Th> <Th> proprietas perfectio </Th> <Th> desc . </Th> <Th> asc . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B -- L </Th> <Td> cum propr . cum perf . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> L -- L </Th> <Td> sine propr . cum perf . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B -- B </Th> <Td> cum propr . sine perf . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> L -- B </Th> <Td> sine propr . sine perf . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sb -- Sb </Th> <Td> cum opposita p . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Generalized ligature rules <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> final L </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> final B </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> initial L </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> initial B </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> non-final L </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Mx </Th> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Ligatures are groups of notes written together , usually indicating melismatic singing of the same syllable over several notes . Ligature forms exist only for the larger note values from the semibreve upwards . Their use in mensural notation was a holdover from the earlier modal rhythmic system , of which they inherited some of their rhythmic meaning . </P> <P> The rhythmic values of ligatures in modal notation had been based on a metric re-interpretation of the ligature neumes used since much earlier in the notation of Gregorian plainchant . In modal notation , ligatures represented stereotyped rhythmic sequences of short and long notes , typically involving groups of one or more initial short notes ( i.e. , breves ) and one final long note ( i.e. , a longa ) . In mensural notation , this rule was generalized , with all other rhythmic combinations being classified in terms of deviation from this basic pattern . In medieval terminology , a ligature possessed perfectio ( `` perfection '' ) if its final note was a longa ( L ) , and it had proprietas ( `` its ( normal ) property '' ) if its first note was a breve ( B ) . </P> <P> Accordingly , a note pair of B -- L ( cum proprietate et cum perfectione ) could be written with the most basic of ligature shapes , those inherited from plainchant , namely the descending clivis ( ) and the ascending podatus ( ) . Likewise , three - note groups of B -- B -- L could be written with some of the inherited ternary neumes , such as the porrectus ( , direction down -- up ) , the torculus ( , direction up -- down ) , or the scandicus ( , direction up -- up ) . </P> <P> If , by way of exception , the first note was to be a longa , this was signaled by a reversal of its visual `` property '' , namely the use of initial stems : the descending clivis had its downward stem removed ( ) , while , conversely , the ascending podatus had one added to it ( or ) . </P> <P> On the other hand , if the final note was to be a breve ( sine perfectione ) , this was signaled by a change in the noteheads themselves : the descending sequence of square heads was replaced with a single diagonal beam ( ) , while the ascending podatus had its second note folded out to the right ( ) . Both sequences correspond to the initial B -- B segments of the ternary porrectus and torculus respectively . </P> <P> If both exceptions co-occurred ( sine proprietate et sine perfectione ) , both graphical alterations were combined accordingly . </P> <P> In addition to sequences of longa and breve , ligatures could also contain pairs of semibreves ( but not normally a single one ) . These were called cum opposita proprietate , and always marked by an upward - pointing stem to the left of the note pair . </P> <P> There were also some alternate versions of the ascending ligatures . Thus , the basic ascending B -- L podatus shape was replaced by one where the second note was both folded out to the right and marked with an extra stem ( ) , as if these two modifications were meant to cancel each other out . The ascending L -- L ( sine proprietate ) was modified accordingly . </P> <P> Ligatures could contain any number of notes . In multi-note ligatures , the rules about initial and final values are applied in analogy to those in the binary forms . In addition , the following rules hold for notes in all positions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Any notehead with an upward stem to its left is the first of a pair of semibreves ( cum opposita proprietate ) . </Li> <Li> Any medial notehead with a downward stem to its right is a longa . </Li> <Li> A prolonged , double - width notehead with or without a downward stem to its right is a maxima . </Li> <Li> Any other notehead not covered by any of the rules above is a breve . </Li> </Ul> A line of early 15th - century music notated all in ligatures , showing several multi-note combinations . Semibreves highlighted in blue , breves in red , longae in green . Below , the same music rewritten in stand - alone notes . play ( help info ) <H2> Mensurations ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Mensurations <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Ternary </Th> <Th> Binary </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Maximodus </Th> <Td> perfectus 1 Mx = 3 L </Td> <Td> imperfectus 1 Mx = 2 L </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modus </Th> <Td> perfectus 1 L = 3 B </Td> <Td> imperfectus 1 L = 2 B </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tempus </Th> <Td> perfectum 1 B = 3 Sb </Td> <Td> imperfectum 1 B = 2 Sb </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Prolatio </Th> <Td> maior 1 Sb = 3 Mn </Td> <Td> minor 1 Sb = 2 Mn </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Mensural notation distinguished between several basic metric patterns of a piece of music , which were defined as combinations of ternary and binary subdivisions of time on successive hierarchical levels and roughly correspond to modern bar structures . The division of the semibreve into minims was called prolatio , that of the breve into semibreves was called tempus , and that of the longa into breves was known as modus . The division of the maxima into longas was called modus maximarum or modus maior ; in the modern literature it is also sometimes called maximodus . Each of these levels could be either perfect ( ternary ) or imperfect ( binary ) . The two types of prolatio were also known as `` major prolation '' and `` minor prolation '' respectively . </P> <Table> Mensuration signs <Tr> <Th> Tempus </Th> <Th> Prolatio </Th> <Th> Sign </Th> <Th> Semibreves </Th> <Th> Minims </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Modern </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1 : 4 </Th> <Th> 1 : 2 </Th> <Th> 1 : 1 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> perfectum </Td> <Td> maior </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> perfectum </Td> <Td> minor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> imperfectum </Td> <Td> maior </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> imperfectum </Td> <Td> minor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The perfect modus and maximodus became rare in practice after the 14th century . Of most practical importance were the subdivisions from the breve downwards , as by that time the semibreves rather than the breves had taken over the function of the basic counting unit . The four possible combinations of tempus and prolatio could be signaled by a set of mensuration signs at the beginning of a composition : a circle for tempus perfectum , a semicircle for tempus imperfectum , each combined with a dot for prolatio maior , or no dot for prolatio minor . These correspond to modern measures of , , , and respectively ( assuming a reduction factor of 1 : 4 in transcription , i.e. , mapping mensural minims to modern quavers ) , or alternatively , , and respectively ( with a reduction factor of 1 : 2 ) . In each case , one breve corresponds to one modern bar . In addition , each of these basic patterns had a diminished ( diminutum ) variant , indicated by a vertical stroke through the sign ( , , , ) . These so - called `` cut signs '' indicated a reduction of all temporal values by a factor of two . ( The signs and are the source of the modern `` common time '' and `` alla breve '' signatures and respectively . ) A reversed semicircle was usually understood to be the same as . </P> <P> There were normally no special signs for indicating the higher divisions of modus and maximodus . However , groups of longa rests at the beginning of a piece ( which occurred frequently , as often some voices in a polyphonic composition would enter later than others ) could be used as an indicator of the intended meter . If longa rests were written across three staff spaces , they were perfect ; moreover , if they occurred in groups of three written together on the same staff line they indicated perfect maximodus . Occasionally , if no voice happened to have a sufficiently long rest at the beginning of the piece , a dummy rest symbol of one maxima 's worth of longae would be written to the left of the mensuration sign ; in that case it was understood as part of the time signature and not actually executed as a rest . </P> <H2> Imperfection and alteration ( edit ) </H2> <P> The time value of some notes could change according to their immediate context in certain situations . The rules for this were developed on the basis of the typical rhythmic nature of medieval music in the 13th century . Most of this music followed the same basic metric pattern , which in modern notation would be written as a swift ( or ) meter . Thus , melodies consisted mainly of ternary long notes ( in modern notation , dotted minims ) , or alternating sequences of binary long notes and short notes ( minims and crotchets ) , or groups of three short notes . In the 13th century , all of these were notated using only the longa and breve notes . A longa was automatically understood to fill a whole ternary metric group whenever it was in the neighborhood of other notes that did the same , i.e. , whenever it was followed either by another longa or by a full group of three breves . When , however , the longa was preceded or followed by a single breve , then both filled a ternary group together . Thus , the longa had to be reduced to a value of two ( it was `` imperfected '' ) . When , finally , there were only two breves in between two longae , then the two breves had to fill up a metrical group together . This was done by lengthening the second breve ( brevis altera ) to a value of two , while the first ( brevis recta ) kept its normal value . </P> The 13th - century English round `` Sumer is icumen in '' , written in an early form of mensural notation and in the meter typical of that era . It is written mostly in longa and breve notes . Longa notes highlighted in red are perfect , the others imperfect . The two breves in m . 22 would normally imply alteration ( s-l ) , but harmonic considerations lead most editors to assume the scribe simply forgot to add a stem to the first note . play ( help info ) <Table> Imperfection and alteration <Tr> <Td> a ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> b ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> c ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> d ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> e ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> f ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> g ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> h ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> i ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> j ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> k ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> l ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> m ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Upper voice of `` Ave Regina '' by Guillaume Dufay , a mid-15th century piece in largely homophonic tempus perfectum . Arrows are added to indicate imperfection of breves by subsequent semibreves and alteration in pairs of semibreves . Breves marked with a blue cross are perfect . Note the separator dots in the second line , enforcing a syncopated rhythm on the Sb groups . ( Full score ; listen ( help info ) ) <P> At the earliest stage , this basic principle applied only to the relation between longa and breve . Beginning with Franco of Cologne , the same pattern was also applied between breves and semibreves , and finally , with Philippe de Vitry 's theory of the Ars nova , it was taken yet another level down , to the newly introduced minims . From that time onwards , imperfection and alteration could happen on the level of breves and semibreves whenever the piece was in tempus perfectum , and it could happen between semibreves and minims if the piece was in prolatio maior . The divisions below the minim were invariably binary . Theorists developed an intricate set of precedence rules for when and how to apply imperfection , together with a complex terminology for its different types . </P> <P> Normally , a note was imperfected by one of the next smaller order , e.g. , a breve ( B ) by a semibreve ( Sb ) , and thereby lost one third of its own nominal value ( ex. ( a -- c ) ) . This was called `` full imperfection '' ( imperfectio ad totum ) . It could be induced either backwards ( a parte post ) , or forwards ( a parte ante , ex. ( c ) ) . If both readings were possible , backwards imperfection took precedence . The smaller unit could also be replaced by a group of yet smaller notes of equivalent length , e.g. , a semibreve 's worth of minims or semiminims ( ex . ( d ) ) . Imperfection could also apply recursively , for instance with an Sb imperfecting a preceding B and being itself imperfected by a following minim ( ex. ( e ) ) , if the meter was suitable ( e.g. , tempus perfectum and prolatio maior ) . </P> <P> Imperfection typically occurred if two larger notes were separated by a single smaller unit , as in a sequence of B -- Sb -- B -- Sb . If , however , they were separated by a group of either two or three of the smaller units , there was no imperfection : in the case of two , alteration was applied instead ( ex . ( f ) ) ; while in the case of three the group was simply left to fill the space of a perfect unit by themselves ( ex . ( g ) ) . If , in turn , there was a longer sequence of four or more smaller units before the next longer value , then the first of them induced imperfection ( ex . ( h ) ) . Imperfection was barred on any note that was followed directly by another of the same order ( similis ante similem perfecta ) . Thus , the middle part of a sequence like could only be written using alteration ( as shown in ex. ( f ) ) ; the use of imperfection like in ex. ( c ) was excluded , because the presence of the subsequent breve blocked it . </P> <P> The normal reading of the groups could be overridden by placing a separator dot ( punctus divisionis ) between the notes to indicate which of them were meant to form a ternary unit together ( ex . ( i ) ) . If the separator dot was placed after a potentially ternary note ( e.g. , a breve in tempus perfectum ) , it typically had the effect of keeping it perfect , i.e. , overriding an imperfection that would otherwise have applied to it . In these cases it was also called punctus perfectionis . Besides this , a dot could also be used in the same way as today : when it was placed after a note that was nominally binary ( e.g. , a breve in tempus imperfectum ) , it augmented it by one half ( punctus augmentationis ) . </P> <P> In some situations , imperfection could be induced not by a note of the next smaller order but by an even smaller one . For instance , a breve in prolatio maior , which could be thought of as being composed of two perfect semibreves , could be imperfected by an adjacent minim , taking away one third of one of its two halves , thus reducing its total length from 6 to 5 ( ex. ( j ) ) . This was called `` partial imperfection '' ( imperfectio ad partem ) . Imperfection involving note values two orders apart ( e.g. , a breve by a minim , or a longa by a semibreve ) was called `` imperfection of an immediate part '' ( ad partem propinquam ) ; while the ( rarer ) case where it occurred across even greater distances ( e.g. , between a longa and a minim ) was known as `` imperfection of a remote part '' ( ad partem remotam , ex. ( k ) ) . Finally , partial imperfection could also apply from both sides of a long note at once ( ad partes , ex ( l -- m ) ) . In this way , a note that was nominally 9 beats long could be reduced to any value down to 4 , or a note that was 12 beats long to any value down to 7 . </P> <P> Rests , unlike notes , had an invariable duration and could not be imperfected or altered ; however , they could induce imperfection or alteration on a neighboring note . </P> <H2> Proportions and colorations ( edit ) </H2> <P> An individual composition was not limited to a single set of tempus and prolatio . Meters could be shifted in the course of a piece , either by inserting a new mensuration sign , or by using numeric proportions . A `` 3 '' indicates that all notes will be reduced to one - third of their value ; a `` 2 '' indicates double tempo ; a fraction `` 3 / 2 '' indicates three in the time of two , and so forth . The proportion 2 is usually understood to have the same effect as the use of a cut sign with a vertical stroke ( = ) . </P> <P> The use of numeric proportions can interact with the use of different basic mensurations in fairly complex ways . This has led to a certain amount of uncertainty and controversy over the correct interpretation of these notation devices , both in contemporary theory and in modern scholarship . </P> <Table> Coloration <Tr> <Td> a ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> b ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> c ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> d ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Another way of altering the metrical value of notes was coloration . This refers to the device of literally marking a note as rhythmically exceptional by writing it in a different color . In the earlier period , when normal notes were black , the exceptional ones were written in red , or sometimes hollow . In the later period , the practice was reversed ; as the normal notes were now hollow , the exceptional ones were filled out in black . In either case , `` colored '' notes are understood to have ⁄ of their normal duration , and are always imperfect with respect to their next smaller sub-divisions . </P> <P> Coloration applied to a group of breves ( ex. ( a ) ) was known as color temporis , while that of a group of semibreves ( ex . ( b -- c ) ) was called color prolationis . The resulting rhythmic effect , as expressed in modern notation , differs somewhat according to whether the affected notes were normally perfect or imperfect according to the basic mensuration of the music . Applied to perfect notes ( ex. ( a -- b ) ) , coloration creates the effect of a hemiola : three binary rhythmic groups in the space normally taken up by two ternary ones , but with the next smaller time units ( semibreves in ( a ) , minims in ( b ) ) remaining constant . When applied to notes that were already imperfect according to their normal values ( ex. ( c ) ) , coloration results in the effect of a group of triplets , with all rhythmic units reduced by two thirds . Another special form of coloration was that applied to a group of a single semibreve and a following minim , called minor color ( ex . ( d ) ) . Whereas it would logically be expected to result in a triplet group ( ) , it was instead conventionally executed as a dotted group equivalent to a dotted minim and a semiminim ( note that in the context of white notation , the colored -- i.e. , blackened -- version of the minim in the minor color group happened to look just like a normal semiminim anyway , even though nominally it was considered a different type of note . ) </P> <P> The use of colored notes ( at that time written in red ) was introduced by Philippe de Vitry and flourished in the so - called ars subtilior of the late 14th century . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> B. Cordier , `` Belle bonne sage '' </Td> <Td> Upper voice , as written in the original </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Upper voice , transcribed . ( Full score ; listen ( help info ) ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The example above , the chanson `` Belle , bonne , sage '' by Baude Cordier , written in a heart - shaped manuscript , is a rhythmically complex piece of ars subtilior . It uses several notation techniques for shifting between rhythms : </P> <Ul> <Li> red notes : diminution ⁄ </Li> <Li> shift to prolatio maior : here with implied augmentation minim → semibreve </Li> <Li> white notes : diminution ⁄ ( two breves in the time of one ) </Li> <Li> proportion `` 3 '' : diminution ⁄ </Li> <Li> proportion `` 8 / 9 '' : eight notes in the time of nine notes of the preceding bar </Li> </Ul> <H3> Mensural canons ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sometimes , music was written in such a way that the same line of music had to be performed under two or more mensuration schemes , typically leading to slower ( augmented ) and faster ( diminished ) versions of the same passage . In such cases , the music was typically notated only once , and several different mensuration signs were placed in front of it together , often supplemented with a verbal instruction of how it should be executed ( called a `` canon '' ) . </P> <P> This technique could be applied both successively and simultaneously . Successive mensural canons were a characteristic feature of late 14th and early 15th century isorhythmic motets . A famous example is Nuper rosarum flores by Guillaume Dufay , where the tenor ( notated all in longa and a few breve values ) is performed first as tempus perfectum ( ) , then tempus imperfectum ( ) , then tempus imperfectum diminutum ( ) , and finally tempus perfectum diminutum ( ) , leading to length relations of 6 : 4 : 2 : 3 between the four repetitions . </P> <P> Pieces that demanded simultaneous execution of versions of the same music , i.e. , contrapunctal canons , were written by several composers of the Franco - Flemish school in the late 15th and early 16th century , such as Josquin des Prez , Johannes Ockeghem or Pierre de la Rue . Ockeghem 's Missa prolationum is famous for systematically exploring different ways of combining pairs of voices in mensural canons . In the example given below , from the first `` Kyrie '' of this mass , both upper voices sing the same notated line , one reading it as `` tempus imperfectum '' and the other as `` tempus perfectum '' . The two lower voices are similarly coupled with each other . Each of the four voices thus starts the piece in a different mensuration , leading to different bar length in the modern transcription . ( The lower voices , which are written in prolatio maior , later shift to a meter where all semibreves are imperfected through black coloration , which means they end up having the same length as those of the upper voices after all . ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Manuscript page </Td> <Td> Original notation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Transcription of the first few measures ( full score ; listen ( help info ) ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Pitch notation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Whereas the rules of notating rhythm in Mensural notation were in many ways different from the modern system , the notation of pitch already followed much the same principles . Notes were written on staves of five ( sometimes six ) lines , prefixed with clefs , and could be altered by accidentals . </P> <H3> Clefs ( edit ) </H3> Clefs and their typical voice ranges <P> Mensural notation generally uses C and F clefs , on various lines . G - clefs , while used infrequently throughout the period , did not come into completely routine use until the later 16th century . Clefs were generally chosen to match the vocal range of a given voice , so as to avoid the need of ledger lines . Since middle C lies within that range for most voices , the C - clef is the one most frequently used . For mixed voices , a typical combination of clefs would have the bass clef ( F on the fourth staff line ) in the lowest voice , and tenor clef , alto clef and soprano clef ( middle C on the fourth , third , and first staff line respectively ) in the remaining voices . An alternative arrangement , known as chiavette , had the range of each voice shifted one third up , leading to a combination of F , C , C and G clefs . </P> <P> Clefs originally bore shapes more or less closely resembling the letter they represented , but came to develop more ornamental shapes over time . In the F - clef , the two arms of the `` F '' were changed into two dots sitting to the right of a vertical stem . All three elements could be further modified ; in particular , they were often styled as if they were note heads . The C - clef remained a simple , often square , `` C '' - like shape in most manuscripts , but its arms tended to become hollow rectangles or rhomboids in later manuscripts and especially in music prints of the 16th century . The G - clef developed a curved ornamental swash typically attached to the top of the letter , which ultimately evolved into the loop shape of the modern form . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> C clef </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> F clef </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> G clef </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Accidentals ( edit ) </H3> <P> The use of accidentals in medieval and renaissance music differs significantly from modern practice . Medieval notation used two accidental signs , the `` b molle '' ( ) and the `` b durum '' ( ) . While the former was identical in form to the modern flat sign ( ♭ ) , the latter could be written in forms that resemble either the modern sharp ( ♯ ) or the modern natural ( ♮ ) , but these functions were not distinguished from each other as they are today . The b molle served to pick out the lower of two alternative semitone steps for a given note ( e.g. , a B ♭ as opposed to a B ♮ ) , while the b durum served to pick out the higher one ( e.g. , B ♮ as opposed to B ♭ , but also F ♯ as opposed to F ♮ , etc . ) . The meanings of both signs thus overlaps with that of the natural sign today . Until the 16th century , only the flat signs regularly occurred as key signatures at the beginning of a staff ( one or at most two flats ) . Both forms of accidentals could occur as temporary accidentals elsewhere ; however , in practice they were often not written but left to the performer to infer according to the rules of counterpoint and musica ficta . </P> <H2> Miscellaneous symbols ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mensural notation may contain a number of other symbols . </P> <H3> Custos ( edit ) </H3> <P> The custos ( pl . custodes ) appears at the end of the staff on or between the staff lines . It indicates the pitch of the first note that occurs on the following staff that belongs to that part relative to the clef of the current staff . This helps performers to prepare to sing the next note . If the next staff for the part occurs on the following page , two custodes may appear immediately next to each other . </P> <H3> Corona ( edit ) </H3> <P> The corona appears above the last note of the piece ( or section ) . It is similar to the fermata in modern notation . It typically appears above the last note at each part of a piece to indicate the note should be held longer that its value indicates . If it does not appear at the end of a piece , typically a short pause is expected before proceeding with the notes after the note with the corona . </P> <H3> Signum congruentiae ( edit ) </H3> <P> The signum congruentiae indicates the position of entry of another voice . This is used to denote canons . Instead of writing out all parts , only one part is written out . The signum congruentiae indicates that when the previous part has progressed up to the point where the signum congruentiae appears , the next part should enter ( from the start ) . </P> <P> There is some variation in the way signum congruentiae are denoted . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The most important early stages in the historical development of mensural notation are the works of Franco of Cologne ( c. 1260 ) , Petrus de Cruce ( c. 1300 ) , and Philippe de Vitry ( 1322 ) . Franco , in his Ars cantus mensurabilis , was the first to describe the relations between maxima , longa and breve in terms that were independent of the fixed patterns of earlier rhythmic modes . He also refined the use of semibreves : while in earlier music , one breve could occasionally be replaced by two semibreves , Franco described the subdivision of the breve as ternary ( perfect ) , dividing it either into three equal or two unequal semibreves ( resulting in predominantly triplet rhythmic micro-patterns . ) </P> <P> Petrus de Cruce introduced subdivisions of the breve into even more short notes . However , he did not yet define these as separate smaller hierarchy levels ( minim , semiminim etc . ) , but simply as variable numbers of semibreves . The exact rhythmic interpretation of these groups is partly uncertain . The technique of notating complex groups of short notes by sequences of multiple semibreves was later used more systematically in the notation of Italian Trecento music . </P> <P> The decisive refinements that made notation even of extremely complex rhythmic patterns on multiple hierarchical metric levels possible were introduced in France during the time of the Ars nova , with Philippe de Vitry as the most important theoretician . The Ars nova introduced the shorter note values below the semibreve ; it systematicized the relations of perfection and imperfection across all levels down to the minim , and it introduced the devices of proportions and coloration . </P> <P> During the time of the Franco - Flemish school in Renaissance music , use of the French notation system spread throughout Europe . This period brought the replacement of black with white notation . It also brought a further slowing down of the duration of the larger note values while introducing even more new small ones ( fusa , semifusa etc . ) . Towards the end of this period , the original rules of perfection and imperfection became gradually obsolescent , as did the use of ligatures . During the 17th century , the system of mensuration signs and proportions gradually developed into the modern time signatures , and new notation devices for time measurements , such as bar lines and ties , were introduced , thus ultimately leading towards the modern notation system . </P> <H2> Modern use ( edit ) </H2> Beginning of a modern score of a Renaissance piece , Josquin 's `` Domine , ne in furore '' , showing the use of mensural incipits and mensurstrich layout . ( Full score ; listen ( help info ) ) <P> Today , music from the mensural period is normally transcribed into modern notation for performance or study , using a modern score layout , bar lines and often a modernized choice of clefs . A number of special editorial conventions for such transcriptions are common , especially in scholarly editions , where it is desirable that the basic characteristics of the original notation should be recoverable from the modern text . </P> <P> While 19th and early 20th century editions of Renaissance music often preserved the large note values of the originals , including breves and longs , most modern editions will use scaled - down note values in order to match modern reading habits regarding tempo and beat structure . For 16th century music , a frequent scheme is diminution by a factor of 2 ( i.e. , rendering semibreves as modern minims ) , in a modern alla breve bar . Older music might be diminished by a factor of 4 ( rendering semibreves as crotchets ) or sometimes 8 ( rendering breves as crotchets ) . For 13th - century pieces , diminution by 16 ( rendering breves as quavers ) is also common . For 15th and 16th century music , bar divisions are usually chosen to match the time of a breve , while 14th century Ars nova pieces may be written in measures the length of a longa , and 13th century music in measures the length of a maxima . </P> <P> To account for these editorial changes , scholarly editions often print a brief notation fragment in the original form in front of each staff at the beginning of a piece , called an `` incipit '' , including the original clefs , mensuration signs , accidentals , and often the first few notes . Alternatively , an annotation defining the mapping scheme may be provided over the staff , e.g. , `` = `` . </P> <P> Where ligatures occur in the original text , this is conventionally marked by square brackets over the transcribed notes , while the use of coloration is sometimes marked by broken brackets ( ⌜ ... ⌝ ) . Flats or sharps that are not written in the original but suggested by the editor are typically indicated by placing them above the note rather than in front of it . </P> <P> A special issue in representing Renaissance music is how to deal with its characteristic free - flowing rhythms , where modern bar lines can seem to overly highlight what is part of the natural articulation points of the melodic units . To avoid the excessive use of ties and to allow for a notation more closely reflecting the original , some editions will print bar lines not across the staves , but only in the intermediate spaces between them ( a convention sometimes referred to by the German term Mensurstrich ) , allowing notes to be read as lasting across a bar line . </P> <P> For quoting mensural notation symbols in inline text , a number of characters have been included in the character encoding standard Unicode , in the `` musical symbols '' block . They are located at character codes U + 1D1B6 through U + 1D1CE . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Unicode </Th> <Th> Character name </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th> Image </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1B6 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol maxima </Td> <Td> 𝆶 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1B7 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol longa </Td> <Td> 𝆷 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1B8 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol brevis </Td> <Td> 𝆸 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1B9 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol semibrevis white </Td> <Td> 𝆹 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1BA </Td> <Td> Musical symbol semibrevis black </Td> <Td> 𝆺 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1BB </Td> <Td> Musical symbol minima </Td> <Td> 𝆹𝅥 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1BC </Td> <Td> Musical symbol minima black </Td> <Td> 𝆺𝅥 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1BD </Td> <Td> Musical symbol semiminima white </Td> <Td> 𝆹𝅥𝅮 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1BE </Td> <Td> Musical symbol semiminima black </Td> <Td> 𝆺𝅥𝅮 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1BF </Td> <Td> Musical symbol fusa white </Td> <Td> 𝆹𝅥𝅯 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C0 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol fusa black </Td> <Td> 𝆺𝅥𝅯 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C1 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol longa perfecta rest </Td> <Td> 𝇁 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C2 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol longa imperfecta rest </Td> <Td> 𝇂 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C3 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol brevis rest </Td> <Td> 𝇃 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C4 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol semibrevis rest </Td> <Td> 𝇄 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C5 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol minima rest </Td> <Td> 𝇅 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C6 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol semiminima rest </Td> <Td> 𝇆 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C7 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol tempus perfectum cum prolatione perfecta </Td> <Td> 𝇇 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C8 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol tempus perfectum cum prolatione imperfecta </Td> <Td> 𝇈 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1C9 </Td> <Td> Musical symbol tempus perfectum cum prolatione perfecta diminution - 1 </Td> <Td> 𝇉 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1CA </Td> <Td> Musical symbol tempus imperfectum cum prolatione perfecta </Td> <Td> 𝇊 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1CB </Td> <Td> Musical symbol tempus imperfectum cum prolatione imperfecta </Td> <Td> 𝇋 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1CC </Td> <Td> Musical symbol tempus imperfectum cum prolatione imperfecta diminution - 1 </Td> <Td> 𝇌 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1CD </Td> <Td> Musical symbol tempus imperfectum cum prolatione imperfecta diminution - 2 </Td> <Td> 𝇍 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> U + 1D1CE </Td> <Td> Musical symbol tempus imperfectum cum prolatione imperfecta diminution - 3 </Td> <Td> 𝇎 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Musical notation </Li> <Li> Neumatic notation </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 93 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Note that the term `` perfection '' is here used in a different sense than that of the ternary versus binary note durations . Whether any breve or longa in a ligature was itself of perfect or imperfect duration was a matter independent of the ligature forms . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eggebrecht 1991 : 152f . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 100 mentions some rare exceptions </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 96 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Some rare variants also existed for ascending ligatures with a final breve ( sine perfectione ) , involving a reversed form of the descending oblique stroke , either with or without an initial stem ( ) . However , contemporary theorists could not agree which of these two was supposed to be the B -- B and which the L -- B version ( Apel 1962 : 97 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 98 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 242f . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 330 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 344 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The following overview is based on Apel 1962 : 115 -- 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 122 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 118 , 130 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ cf . Busse Berger 1993 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 134f . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 137 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 482f . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel 1962 : 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel , Willi ( 1970 ) . `` accidentals '' . Harvard Dictionary of Music . Taylor & Francis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apel , Willi ( 1970 ) . `` key signature '' . Harvard Dictionary of Music . Taylor & Francis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Knighton , Tess ; Fallows , David ( 1992 ) . Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Music . University of California Press . p. 280 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cumming , Julie E. ( 2000 ) . `` Motet and cantilena '' . In Duffin , Ross W. A Performer 's Guide to Medieval Music . Bloomington : Indiana University Press . pp. 55 , 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grier 1996 : 170 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Breig , Werner ( 2002 ) . `` Die Editionsgeschichte der Geistlichen Chormusik von Heinrich Schütz '' . In Lühning , Helga . Musikedition : Mittler zwischen Wissenschaft und musikalischer Praxis . Tübingen : Niemeyer . pp. 237 -- 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grier 1996 : 165f . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References and further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Apel , Willi ( 1961 ) . The Notation of Polyphonic Music , 900 -- 1600 ( 5th ed . ) . Cambridge , MA : The Medieval Academy of America . OL 5824900M . </Li> <Li> Apel , Willi ( 1962 ) . Die Notation der polyphonen Musik , 900 -- 1600 . Leipzig : Breitkopf & Härtel . ( = Apel 1961 , in German . ) </Li> <Li> Bowers , Roger ( 2001 ) . `` Proportional notation '' . In Sadie , Stanley . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Grove . </Li> <Li> Busse Berger , Anna Maria ( 1993 ) . Mensuration and Proportion Signs : Origins and Evolution . Oxford : Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Eggebrecht , Hans Heinrich ( 1991 ) . Musik im Abendland : Prozesse und Stationen vom Mittelalter bis zur Gegenwart . Munich : Piper . </Li> <Li> Grier , James ( 1996 ) . The Critical Editing of Music : History , Method and Practice . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . </Li> <Li> Hiley , David ; Payne , Thomas B. ; Bent , Margaret ; Chew , Geoffrey ; Rastall , Richard ( 2001 ) . `` Notation : III and IV '' . In Sadie , Stanley . The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Grove . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Thesaurus Musicarum Latinarum , Indiana University . ( Collection of original medieval and renaissance writings on music theory , in Latin . ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Musical notation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Staff </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> <Li> Abbreviation </Li> <Li> Bar / barline / measure </Li> <Li> Clef </Li> <Li> Da capo </Li> <Li> Dal segno </Li> <Li> Key signature </Li> <Li> Ledger line </Li> <Li> Mode </Li> <Li> Ossia </Li> <Li> Scale </Li> <Li> Rehearsal letter </Li> <Li> Repeat sign </Li> <Li> Tempo </Li> <Li> Time signature </Li> <Li> Transposition </Li> <Li> Transposing instrument </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musical notes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Accidental ( flat </Li> <Li> natural </Li> <Li> sharp ) </Li> <Li> Cue note </Li> <Li> Dotted note </Li> <Li> Grace note </Li> <Li> Note value ( beam </Li> <Li> notehead </Li> <Li> stem ) </Li> <Li> Pitch </Li> <Li> Rest </Li> <Li> Tacet </Li> <Li> Tuplet </Li> <Li> Tremolo </Li> <Li> Interval </Li> <Li> Helmholtz pitch notation </Li> <Li> Letter notation </Li> <Li> Scientific pitch notation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Articulation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Accent <Ul> <Li> Sforzando ( musical direction ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Caesura </Li> <Li> Damping </Li> <Li> Dynamics </Li> <Li> Fermata </Li> <Li> Fingering </Li> <Li> Legato </Li> <Li> Marcato </Li> <Li> Ornament ( appoggiatura </Li> <Li> glissando </Li> <Li> grace note </Li> <Li> mordent </Li> <Li> slide </Li> <Li> trill ) </Li> <Li> Portato </Li> <Li> Slur </Li> <Li> Staccato </Li> <Li> Tenuto </Li> <Li> Tie </Li> <Li> Tonguing </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sheet music </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of music publishing </Li> <Li> Music engraving </Li> <Li> Popular - music publisher </Li> <Li> Sheet - music publisher </Li> <Li> Scorewriter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alternative </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Braille music </Li> <Li> Chord chart </Li> <Li> Fake book </Li> <Li> Figured bass </Li> <Li> Graphic notation </Li> <Li> Lead sheet </Li> <Li> Eye music </Li> <Li> Nashville number system </Li> <Li> Numbered musical notation </Li> <Li> Klavarskribo </Li> <Li> Tablature ( `` Tab '' ) </Li> <Li> Parsons </Li> <Li> Percussion notation </Li> <Li> Simplified </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Western and ancient </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chinese </Li> <Li> Kepatihan </Li> <Li> Kunkunshi </Li> <Li> Neume </Li> <Li> Swaralipi </Li> <Li> Shakuhachi </Li> <Li> Znamenny </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mensural notation </Li> <Li> Music stand </Li> <Li> Sight - reading </Li> <Li> Sight singing </Li> <Li> Transcription </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of musical symbols </Li> <Li> Category : Musical notation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mensural_notation&oldid=845986631 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Musicology </Li> <Li> Music performance </Li> <Li> Renaissance music </Li> <Li> Musical notation </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use American English from July 2014 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in American English </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 June 2018 , at 14 : 05 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Trojan War - wikipedia <H1> Trojan War </H1> For the 1997 film , see Trojan War ( film ) . <P> </P> `` Fall of Troy '' redirects here . For the American band , see The Fall of Troy . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Trojan War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Achilles tending the wounded Patroclus ( Attic red - figure kylix , c. 500 BC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The war </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Setting : Troy ( modern Hisarlik , Turkey ) Period : Bronze Age Traditional dating : c. 1194 -- 1184 BC Modern dating : c. 1260 -- 1180 BC Outcome : Greek victory , destruction of Troy </P> See also : Historicity of the Iliad </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literary sources </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Iliad </Li> <Li> Epic Cycle </Li> <Li> Aeneid , Book 2 </Li> <Li> Iphigenia in Aulis </Li> <Li> Philoctetes </Li> <Li> Ajax </Li> <Li> The Trojan Women </Li> <Li> Posthomerica </Li> </Ul> See also : Trojan War in popular culture </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Judgement of Paris </Li> <Li> Seduction of Helen </Li> <Li> Trojan Horse </Li> <Li> Sack of Troy </Li> <Li> The Returns </Li> <Li> Wanderings of Odysseus </Li> <Li> Aeneas and the Founding of Rome </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greeks and allies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agamemnon </Li> <Li> Achilles </Li> <Li> Helen </Li> <Li> Menelaus </Li> <Li> Nestor </Li> <Li> Odysseus </Li> <Li> Ajax </Li> <Li> Diomedes </Li> <Li> Patroclus </Li> <Li> Thersites </Li> <Li> Achaeans </Li> <Li> Myrmidons </Li> </Ul> See also : Catalogue of Ships </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trojans and allies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Priam </Li> <Li> Hecuba </Li> <Li> Hector </Li> <Li> Paris </Li> <Li> Cassandra </Li> <Li> Andromache </Li> <Li> Aeneas </Li> <Li> Memnon </Li> <Li> Troilus </Li> <Li> Penthesilea and the Amazons </Li> <Li> Sarpedon </Li> </Ul> See also : Trojan Battle Order </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Participant gods </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Caused the war : </P> <Ul> <Li> Eris </Li> <Li> Zeus </Li> </Ul> <P> On the Greek side : </P> <Ul> <Li> Athena </Li> <Li> Hephaestus </Li> <Li> Hera </Li> <Li> Hermes </Li> <Li> Poseidon </Li> <Li> Thetis </Li> </Ul> <P> On the Trojan side : </P> <Ul> <Li> Aphrodite </Li> <Li> Apollo </Li> <Li> Ares </Li> <Li> Artemis </Li> <Li> Leto </Li> <Li> Scamander </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Homeric Question </Li> <Li> Archaeology of Troy </Li> <Li> Mycenae </Li> <Li> Mycenaean warfare </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In Greek mythology , the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans ( Greeks ) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus , king of Sparta . The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature , most notably Homer 's Iliad . The core of the Iliad ( Books II -- XXIII ) describes a period of four days and two nights in the tenth year of the decade - long siege of Troy ; the Odyssey describes the journey home of Odysseus , one of the war 's heroes . Other parts of the war are described in a cycle of epic poems , which have survived through fragments . Episodes from the war provided material for Greek tragedy and other works of Greek literature , and for Roman poets including Virgil and Ovid . </P> <P> The war originated from a quarrel between the goddesses Hera , Athena , and Aphrodite , after Eris , the goddess of strife and discord , gave them a golden apple , sometimes known as the Apple of Discord , marked `` for the fairest '' . Zeus sent the goddesses to Paris , who judged that Aphrodite , as the `` fairest '' , should receive the apple . In exchange , Aphrodite made Helen , the most beautiful of all women and wife of Menelaus , fall in love with Paris , who took her to Troy . Agamemnon , king of Mycenae and the brother of Helen 's husband Menelaus , led an expedition of Achaean troops to Troy and besieged the city for ten years because of Paris ' insult . After the deaths of many heroes , including the Achaeans Achilles and Ajax , and the Trojans Hector and Paris , the city fell to the ruse of the Trojan Horse . The Achaeans slaughtered the Trojans ( except for some of the women and children whom they kept or sold as slaves ) and desecrated the temples , thus earning the gods ' wrath . Few of the Achaeans returned safely to their homes and many founded colonies in distant shores . The Romans later traced their origin to Aeneas , Aphrodite 's son and one of the Trojans , who was said to have led the surviving Trojans to modern - day Italy . </P> <P> The ancient Greeks believed that Troy was located near the Dardanelles and that the Trojan War was a historical event of the 13th or 12th century BC , but by the mid-19th century , both the war and the city were widely seen as non-historical . In 1868 , however , the German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann met Frank Calvert , who convinced Schliemann that Troy was a real city at what is now Hissarlik in Turkey . On the basis of excavations conducted by Schliemann and others , this claim is now accepted by most scholars . </P> <P> Whether there is any historical reality behind the Trojan War remains an open question . Many scholars believe that there is a historical core to the tale , though this may simply mean that the Homeric stories are a fusion of various tales of sieges and expeditions by Mycenaean Greeks during the Bronze Age . Those who believe that the stories of the Trojan War are derived from a specific historical conflict usually date it to the 12th or 11th centuries BC , often preferring the dates given by Eratosthenes , 1194 -- 1184 BC , which roughly corresponds with archaeological evidence of a catastrophic burning of Troy VII . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Sources </Li> <Li> 2 Legend <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Origins of the war <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Plan of Zeus </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Judgement of Paris </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Elopement of Paris and Helen </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition <Ul> <Li> 2.2. 1 Odysseus and Achilles </Li> <Li> 2.2. 2 First gathering at Aulis </Li> <Li> 2.2. 3 Telephus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.3 Second gathering </Li> <Li> 2.4 Nine years of war <Ul> <Li> 2.4. 1 Philoctetes </Li> <Li> 2.4. 2 Arrival </Li> <Li> 2.4. 3 Achilles ' campaigns </Li> <Li> 2.4. 4 Ajax and a game of petteia </Li> <Li> 2.4. 5 Death of Palamedes </Li> <Li> 2.4. 6 Mutiny </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.5 Iliad </Li> <Li> 2.6 After the Iliad <Ul> <Li> 2.6. 1 Penthesilea and the death of Achilles </Li> <Li> 2.6. 2 Judgment of Arms </Li> <Li> 2.6. 3 Prophecies </Li> <Li> 2.6. 4 Trojan Horse </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.7 Sack of Troy </Li> <Li> 2.8 Returns <Ul> <Li> 2.8. 1 House of Atreus </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.9 Odyssey </Li> <Li> 2.10 Telegony </Li> <Li> 2.11 Aeneid </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Dates of the Trojan War </Li> <Li> 4 Historical basis </Li> <Li> 5 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Ancient authors </Li> <Li> 7.2 Modern authors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sources </H2> The Burning of Troy ( 1759 / 62 ) , oil painting by Johann Georg Trautmann <P> The events of the Trojan War are found in many works of Greek literature and depicted in numerous works of Greek art . There is no single , authoritative text which tells the entire events of the war . Instead , the story is assembled from a variety of sources , some of which report contradictory versions of the events . The most important literary sources are the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer , the Iliad and the Odyssey , composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC . Each poem narrates only a part of the war . The Iliad covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy , while the Odyssey concerns Odysseus 's return to his home island of Ithaca following the sack of Troy and contains several flashbacks to particular episodes in the war . </P> <P> Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle , also known as the Cyclic Epics : the Cypria , Aethiopis , Little Iliad , Iliou Persis , Nostoi , and Telegony . Though these poems survive only in fragments , their content is known from a summary included in Proclus ' Chrestomathy . The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain . It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the 7th and 6th century BC , after the composition of the Homeric poems , though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions . Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition . Even after the composition of the Iliad , Odyssey , and the Cyclic Epics , the myths of the Trojan War were passed on orally in many genres of poetry and through non-poetic storytelling . Events and details of the story that are only found in later authors may have been passed on through oral tradition and could be as old as the Homeric poems . Visual art , such as vase painting , was another medium in which myths of the Trojan War circulated . </P> <P> In later ages playwrights , historians , and other intellectuals would create works inspired by the Trojan War . The three great tragedians of Athens - Aeschylus , Sophocles , and Euripides -- wrote a number of dramas that portray episodes from the Trojan War . Among Roman writers the most important is the 1st century BC poet Virgil . In Book 2 of the Aeneid , Aeneas narrates the sack of Troy ; this section of the poem is thought to rely on material from the Cyclic Epic Iliou Persis . </P> <H2> Legend </H2> <P> The following summary of the Trojan War follows the order of events as given in Proclus ' summary , along with the Iliad , Odyssey , and Aeneid , supplemented with details drawn from other authors . </P> <H3> Origins of the War </H3> Plan of Zeus <P> According to Greek mythology , Zeus had become king of the gods by overthrowing his father Cronus ; Cronus in turn had overthrown his father Uranus . Zeus was not faithful to his wife and sister Hera , and had many relationships from which many children were born . Since Zeus believed that there were too many people populating the earth , he envisioned Momus or Themis , who was to use the Trojan War as a means to depopulate the Earth , especially of his demigod descendants . </P> <P> These can be supported by Hesiod 's account : </P> <P> Now all the gods were divided through strife ; for at that very time Zeus who thunders on high was meditating marvelous deeds , even to mingle storm and tempest over the boundless earth , and already he was hastening to make an utter end of the race of mortal men , declaring that he would destroy the lives of the demi - gods , that the children of the gods should not mate with wretched mortals , seeing their fate with their own eyes ; but that the blessed gods henceforth even as aforetime should have their living and their habitations apart from men . But on those who were born of immortals and of mankind verily Zeus laid toil and sorrow upon sorrow . </P> Judgement of Paris The Judgment of Paris ( 1904 ) by Enrique Simonet Main article : Judgement of Paris <P> Zeus came to learn from either Themis or Prometheus , after Heracles had released him from Caucasus , that , like his father Cronus , he would be overthrown by one of his sons . Another prophecy stated that a son of the sea - nymph Thetis , with whom Zeus fell in love after gazing upon her in the oceans off the Greek coast , would become greater than his father . Possibly for one or both of these reasons , Thetis was betrothed to an elderly human king , Peleus son of Aeacus , either upon Zeus ' orders , or because she wished to please Hera , who had raised her . </P> <P> All of the gods were invited to Peleus and Thetis ' wedding and brought many gifts , except Eris ( the goddess of discord ) , who was stopped at the door by Hermes , on Zeus ' order . Insulted , she threw from the door a gift of her own : a golden apple ( το μήλον της έριδος ) on which was inscribed the word καλλίστῃ Kallistēi ( `` To the fairest '' ) . The apple was claimed by Hera , Athena , and Aphrodite . They quarreled bitterly over it , and none of the other gods would venture an opinion favoring one , for fear of earning the enmity of the other two . Eventually , Zeus ordered Hermes to lead the three goddesses to Paris , a prince of Troy , who , unaware of his ancestry , was being raised as a shepherd in Mount Ida , because of a prophecy that he would be the downfall of Troy . After bathing in the spring of Ida , the goddesses appeared to him naked , either for the sake of winning or at Paris ' request . Paris was unable to decide between them , so the goddesses resorted to bribes . Athena offered Paris wisdom , skill in battle , and the abilities of the greatest warriors ; Hera offered him political power and control of all of Asia ; and Aphrodite offered him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world , Helen of Sparta . Paris awarded the apple to Aphrodite , and , after several adventures , returned to Troy , where he was recognized by his royal family . </P> Thetis gives her son Achilles weapons forged by Hephaestus ( detail of Attic black - figure hydria , 575 -- 550 BC ) <P> Peleus and Thetis bore a son , whom they named Achilles . It was foretold that he would either die of old age after an uneventful life , or die young in a battlefield and gain immortality through poetry . Furthermore , when Achilles was nine years old , Calchas had prophesied that Troy could not again fall without his help . A number of sources credit Thetis with attempting to make Achilles immortal when he was an infant . Some of these state that she held him over fire every night to burn away his mortal parts and rubbed him with ambrosia during the day , but Peleus discovered her actions and stopped her . According to some versions of this story , Thetis had already killed several sons in this manner , and Peleus ' action therefore saved his son 's life . Other sources state that Thetis bathed Achilles in the Styx , the river that runs to the underworld , making him invulnerable wherever he was touched by the water . Because she had held him by the heel , it was not immersed during the bathing and thus the heel remained mortal and vulnerable to injury ( hence the expression `` Achilles heel '' for an isolated weakness ) . He grew up to be the greatest of all mortal warriors . After Calchas ' prophesy , Thetis hid Achilles in Skyros at the court of King Lycomedes , where he was disguised as a girl . At a crucial point in the war , she assists her son by providing weapons divinely forged by Hephaestus ( see below ) . </P> Elopement of Paris and Helen The Abduction of Helen ( 1530 -- 39 ) by Francesco Primaticcio , with Aphrodite directing <P> The most beautiful woman in the world was Helen , one of the daughters of Tyndareus , King of Sparta . Her mother was Leda , who had been either raped or seduced by Zeus in the form of a swan . Accounts differ over which of Leda 's four children , two pairs of twins , were fathered by Zeus and which by Tyndareus . However , Helen is usually credited as Zeus ' daughter , and sometimes Nemesis is credited as her mother . Helen had scores of suitors , and her father was unwilling to choose one for fear the others would retaliate violently . </P> <P> Finally , one of the suitors , Odysseus of Ithaca , proposed a plan to solve the dilemma . In exchange for Tyndareus ' support of his own suit towards Penelope , he suggested that Tyndareus require all of Helen 's suitors to promise that they would defend the marriage of Helen , regardless of whom he chose . The suitors duly swore the required oath on the severed pieces of a horse , although not without a certain amount of grumbling . </P> <P> Tyndareus chose Menelaus . Menelaus was a political choice on her father 's part . He had wealth and power . He had humbly not petitioned for her himself , but instead sent his brother Agamemnon on his behalf . He had promised Aphrodite a hecatomb , a sacrifice of 100 oxen , if he won Helen , but forgot about it and earned her wrath . Menelaus inherited Tyndareus ' throne of Sparta with Helen as his queen when her brothers , Castor and Pollux , became gods , and when Agamemnon married Helen 's sister Clytemnestra and took back the throne of Mycenae . </P> <P> Paris , under the guise of a supposed diplomatic mission , went to Sparta to get Helen and bring her back to Troy . Before Helen could look up to see him enter the palace , she was shot with an arrow from Eros , otherwise known as Cupid , and fell in love with Paris when she saw him , as promised by Aphrodite . Menelaus had left for Crete to bury his uncle , Crateus . </P> <P> According to one account , Hera , still jealous over the judgement of Paris , sent a storm . The storm caused the lovers to land in Egypt , where the gods replaced Helen with a likeness of her made of clouds , Nephele . The myth of Helen being switched is attributed to the 6th century BC Sicilian poet Stesichorus . For Homer the true Helen was in Troy . The ship then landed in Sidon before reaching Troy . Paris , fearful of getting caught , spent some time there and then sailed to Troy . </P> Map of Homeric Greece <P> Paris ' abduction of Helen had several precedents . Io was taken from Mycenae , Europa was taken from Phoenicia , Jason took Medea from Colchis , and the Trojan princess Hesione had been taken by Heracles , who gave her to Telamon of Salamis . According to Herodotus , Paris was emboldened by these examples to steal himself a wife from Greece , and expected no retribution , since there had been none in the other cases . </P> <H3> Gathering of Achaean forces and the first expedition </H3> <P> According to Homer , Menelaus and his ally , Odysseus , traveled to Troy , where they unsuccessfully sought to recover Helen by diplomatic means . </P> <P> Menelaus then asked Agamemnon to uphold his oath , which , as one of Helen 's suitors , was to defend her marriage regardless of which suitor had been chosen . Agamemnon agreed and sent emissaries to all the Achaean kings and princes to call them to observe their oaths and retrieve Helen . </P> Odysseus and Achilles A scene from the Iliad where Odysseus ( Ulysses ) discovers Achilles dressed as a woman and hiding among the princesses at the royal court of Skyros . A late Roman mosaic from La Olmeda , Spain , 4th -- 5th centuries AD <P> Since Menelaus 's wedding , Odysseus had married Penelope and fathered a son , Telemachus . In order to avoid the war , he feigned madness and sowed his fields with salt . Palamedes outwitted him by placing his infant son in front of the plough 's path , and Odysseus turned aside , unwilling to kill his son , so revealing his sanity and forcing him to join the war . </P> <P> According to Homer , however , Odysseus supported the military adventure from the beginning , and traveled the region with Pylos ' king , Nestor , to recruit forces . </P> <P> At Skyros , Achilles had an affair with the king 's daughter Deidamia , resulting in a child , Neoptolemus . Odysseus , Telamonian Ajax , and Achilles ' tutor Phoenix went to retrieve Achilles . Achilles ' mother disguised him as a woman so that he would not have to go to war , but , according to one story , they blew a horn , and Achilles revealed himself by seizing a spear to fight intruders , rather than fleeing . According to another story , they disguised themselves as merchants bearing trinkets and weaponry , and Achilles was marked out from the other women for admiring weaponry instead of clothes and jewelry . </P> <P> Pausanias said that , according to Homer , Achilles did not hide in Skyros , but rather conquered the island , as part of the Trojan War . </P> The Discovery of Achilles among the Daughters of Lycomedes ( 1664 ) by Jan de Bray First gathering at Aulis <P> The Achaean forces first gathered at Aulis . All the suitors sent their forces except King Cinyras of Cyprus . Though he sent breastplates to Agamemnon and promised to send 50 ships , he sent only one real ship , led by the son of Mygdalion , and 49 ships made of clay . Idomeneus was willing to lead the Cretan contingent in Mycenae 's war against Troy , but only as a co-commander , which he was granted . The last commander to arrive was Achilles , who was then 15 years old . </P> <P> Following a sacrifice to Apollo , a snake slithered from the altar to a sparrow 's nest in a plane tree nearby . It ate the mother and her nine babies , then was turned to stone . Calchas interpreted this as a sign that Troy would fall in the tenth year of the war . </P> Telephus <P> When the Achaeans left for the war , they did not know the way , and accidentally landed in Mysia , ruled by King Telephus , son of Heracles , who had led a contingent of Arcadians to settle there . In the battle , Achilles wounded Telephus , who had killed Thersander . Because the wound would not heal , Telephus asked an oracle , `` What will happen to the wound ? '' . The oracle responded , `` he that wounded shall heal '' . The Achaean fleet then set sail and was scattered by a storm . Achilles landed in Scyros and married Deidamia . A new gathering was set again in Aulis . </P> <P> Telephus went to Aulis , and either pretended to be a beggar , asking Agamemnon to help heal his wound , or kidnapped Orestes and held him for ransom , demanding the wound be healed . Achilles refused , claiming to have no medical knowledge . Odysseus reasoned that the spear that had inflicted the wound must be able to heal it . Pieces of the spear were scraped off onto the wound , and Telephus was healed . Telephus then showed the Achaeans the route to Troy . </P> <P> Some scholars have regarded the expedition against Telephus and its resolution as a derivative reworking of elements from the main story of the Trojan War , but it has also been seen as fitting the story - pattern of the `` preliminary adventure '' that anticipates events and themes from the main narrative , and therefore as likely to be `` early and integral '' . </P> <H3> Second gathering </H3> Map of the Troad ( Troas ) <P> Eight years after the storm had scattered them , the fleet of more than a thousand ships was gathered again . But when they had all reached Aulis , the winds ceased . The prophet Calchas stated that the goddess Artemis was punishing Agamemnon for killing either a sacred deer or a deer in a sacred grove , and boasting that he was a better hunter than she . The only way to appease Artemis , he said , was to sacrifice Iphigenia , who was either the daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra , or of Helen and Theseus entrusted to Clytemnestra when Helen married Menelaus . Agamemnon refused , and the other commanders threatened to make Palamedes commander of the expedition . According to some versions , Agamemnon relented and performed the sacrifice , but others claim that he sacrificed a deer in her place , or that at the last moment , Artemis took pity on the girl , and took her to be a maiden in one of her temples , substituting a lamb . Hesiod says that Iphigenia became the goddess Hecate . </P> <P> The Achaean forces are described in detail in the Catalogue of Ships , in the second book of the Iliad . They consisted of 28 contingents from mainland Greece , the Peloponnese , the Dodecanese islands , Crete , and Ithaca , comprising 1186 pentekonters , ships with 50 rowers . Thucydides says that according to tradition there were about 1200 ships , and that the Boeotian ships had 120 men , while Philoctetes ' ships only had the fifty rowers , these probably being maximum and minimum . These numbers would mean a total force of 70,000 to 130,000 men . Another catalogue of ships is given by the Bibliotheca that differs somewhat but agrees in numbers . Some scholars have claimed that Homer 's catalogue is an original Bronze Age document , possibly the Achaean commander 's order of operations . Others believe it was a fabrication of Homer . </P> <P> The second book of the Iliad also lists the Trojan allies , consisting of the Trojans themselves , led by Hector , and various allies listed as Dardanians led by Aeneas , Zeleians , Adrasteians , Percotians , Pelasgians , Thracians , Ciconian spearmen , Paionian archers , Halizones , Mysians , Phrygians , Maeonians , Miletians , Lycians led by Sarpedon and Carians . Nothing is said of the Trojan language ; the Carians are specifically said to be barbarian - speaking , and the allied contingents are said to have spoken multiple languages , requiring orders to be translated by their individual commanders . The Trojans and Achaeans in the Iliad share the same religion , same culture and the enemy heroes speak to each other in the same language , though this could be dramatic effect . </P> Philoctetes on Lemnos , with Heracles ' bow and quiver ( Attic red - figure lekythos , 420 BC ) <H3> Nine years of War </H3> Philoctetes <P> Philoctetes was Heracles ' friend , and because he lit Heracles 's funeral pyre when no one else would , he received Heracles ' bow and arrows . He sailed with seven ships full of men to the Trojan War , where he was planning on fighting for the Achaeans . They stopped either at Chryse Island for supplies , or in Tenedos , along with the rest of the fleet . Philoctetes was then bitten by a snake . The wound festered and had a foul smell ; on Odysseus 's advice , the Atreidae ordered Philoctetes to stay on Lemnos . Medon took control of Philoctetes 's men . While landing on Tenedos , Achilles killed king Tenes , son of Apollo , despite a warning by his mother that if he did so he would be killed himself by Apollo . From Tenedos , Agamemnon sent an embassy to Priam , composed of Menelaus , Odysseus , and Palamedes , asking for Helen 's return . The embassy was refused . </P> <P> Philoctetes stayed on Lemnos for ten years , which was a deserted island according to Sophocles ' tragedy Philoctetes , but according to earlier tradition was populated by Minyans . </P> Arrival <P> Calchas had prophesied that the first Achaean to walk on land after stepping off a ship would be the first to die . Thus even the leading Greeks hesitated to land . Finally , Protesilaus , leader of the Phylaceans , landed first . Odysseus had tricked him , in throwing his own shield down to land on , so that while he was first to leap off his ship , he was not the first to land on Trojan soil . Hector killed Protesilaus in single combat , though the Trojans conceded the beach . In the second wave of attacks , Achilles killed Cycnus , son of Poseidon . The Trojans then fled to the safety of the walls of their city . The walls served as sturdy fortifications for defense against the Greeks ; the build of the walls was so impressive that legend held that they had been built by Poseidon and Apollo during a year of forced service to Trojan King Laomedon . Protesilaus had killed many Trojans but was killed by Hector in most versions of the story , though others list Aeneas , Achates , or Ephorbus as his slayer . The Achaeans buried him as a god on the Thracian peninsula , across the Troad . After Protesilaus ' death , his brother , Podarces , took command of his troops . </P> Briseis and Achilles in a 17th - century book illustration by Wenzel Hollar Achilles ' campaigns Achilles ' surrender of Briseis to Agamemnon , from the House of the Tragic Poet in Pompeii , fresco , 1st century AD , now in the Naples National Archaeological Museum <P> The Achaeans besieged Troy for nine years . This part of the war is the least developed among surviving sources , which prefer to talk about events in the last year of the war . After the initial landing the army was gathered in its entirety again only in the tenth year . Thucydides deduces that this was due to lack of money . They raided the Trojan allies and spent time farming the Thracian peninsula . Troy was never completely besieged , thus it maintained communications with the interior of Asia Minor . Reinforcements continued to come until the very end . The Achaeans controlled only the entrance to the Dardanelles , and Troy and her allies controlled the shortest point at Abydos and Sestus and communicated with allies in Europe . </P> <P> Achilles and Ajax were the most active of the Achaeans , leading separate armies to raid lands of Trojan allies . According to Homer , Achilles conquered 11 cities and 12 islands . According to Apollodorus , he raided the land of Aeneas in the Troad region and stole his cattle . He also captured Lyrnassus , Pedasus , and many of the neighbouring cities , and killed Troilus , son of Priam , who was still a youth ; it was said that if he reached 20 years of age , Troy would not fall . According to Apollodorus , </P> <P> He also took Lesbos and Phocaea , then Colophon , and Smyrna , and Clazomenae , and Cyme ; and afterwards Aegialus and Tenos , the so - called Hundred Cities ; then , in order , Adramytium and Side ; then Endium , and Linaeum , and Colone . He took also Hypoplacian Thebes and Lyrnessus , and further Antandrus , and many other cities . </P> <P> Kakrides comments that the list is wrong in that it extends too far into the south . Other sources talk of Achilles taking Pedasus , Monenia , Mythemna ( in Lesbos ) , and Peisidice . </P> <P> Among the loot from these cities was Briseis , from Lyrnessus , who was awarded to him , and Chryseis , from Hypoplacian Thebes , who was awarded to Agamemnon . Achilles captured Lycaon , son of Priam , while he was cutting branches in his father 's orchards . Patroclus sold him as a slave in Lemnos , where he was bought by Eetion of Imbros and brought back to Troy . Only 12 days later Achilles slew him , after the death of Patroclus . </P> Ajax and Achilles playing a board game ( Black - figure Attic lekythos , c. 500 BC ) Ajax and a game of petteia <P> Ajax son of Telamon laid waste the Thracian peninsula of which Polymestor , a son - in - law of Priam , was king . Polymestor surrendered Polydorus , one of Priam 's children , of whom he had custody . He then attacked the town of the Phrygian king Teleutas , killed him in single combat and carried off his daughter Tecmessa . Ajax also hunted the Trojan flocks , both on Mount Ida and in the countryside . </P> <P> Numerous paintings on pottery have suggested a tale not mentioned in the literary traditions . At some point in the war Achilles and Ajax were playing a board game ( petteia ) . They were absorbed in the game and oblivious to the surrounding battle . The Trojans attacked and reached the heroes , who were only saved by an intervention of Athena . </P> Death of Palamedes <P> Odysseus was sent to Thrace to return with grain , but came back empty - handed . When scorned by Palamedes , Odysseus challenged him to do better . Palamedes set out and returned with a shipload of grain . </P> <P> Odysseus had never forgiven Palamedes for threatening the life of his son . In revenge , Odysseus conceived a plot where an incriminating letter was forged , from Priam to Palamedes , and gold was planted in Palamedes ' quarters . The letter and gold were `` discovered '' , and Agamemnon had Palamedes stoned to death for treason . </P> <P> However , Pausanias , quoting the Cypria , says that Odysseus and Diomedes drowned Palamedes , while he was fishing , and Dictys says that Odysseus and Diomedes lured Palamedes into a well , which they said contained gold , then stoned him to death . </P> <P> Palamedes ' father Nauplius sailed to the Troad and asked for justice , but was refused . In revenge , Nauplius traveled among the Achaean kingdoms and told the wives of the kings that they were bringing Trojan concubines to dethrone them . Many of the Greek wives were persuaded to betray their husbands , most significantly Agamemnon 's wife , Clytemnestra , who was seduced by Aegisthus , son of Thyestes . </P> Mutiny <P> Near the end of the ninth year since the landing , the Achaean army , tired from the fighting and from the lack of supplies , mutinied against their leaders and demanded to return to their homes . According to the Cypria , Achilles forced the army to stay . According to Apollodorus , Agamemnon brought the Wine Growers , daughters of Anius , son of Apollo , who had the gift of producing by touch wine , wheat , and oil from the earth , in order to relieve the supply problem of the army . </P> <H3> Iliad </H3> Chryses pleading with Agamemnon for his daughter ( 360 -- 350 BC ) Main article : Iliad <P> Chryses , a priest of Apollo and father of Chryseis , came to Agamemnon to ask for the return of his daughter . Agamemnon refused , and insulted Chryses , who prayed to Apollo to avenge his ill - treatment . Enraged , Apollo afflicted the Achaean army with plague . Agamemnon was forced to return Chryseis to end the plague , and took Achilles ' concubine Briseis as his own . Enraged at the dishonour Agamemnon had inflicted upon him , Achilles decided he would no longer fight . He asked his mother , Thetis , to intercede with Zeus , who agreed to give the Trojans success in the absence of Achilles , the best warrior of the Achaeans . </P> <P> After the withdrawal of Achilles , the Achaeans were initially successful . Both armies gathered in full for the first time since the landing . Menelaus and Paris fought a duel , which ended when Aphrodite snatched the beaten Paris from the field . With the truce broken , the armies began fighting again . Diomedes won great renown amongst the Achaeans , killing the Trojan hero Pandaros and nearly killing Aeneas , who was only saved by his mother , Aphrodite . With the assistance of Athena , Diomedes then wounded the gods Aphrodite and Ares . During the next days , however , the Trojans drove the Achaeans back to their camp and were stopped at the Achaean wall by Poseidon . The next day , though , with Zeus ' help , the Trojans broke into the Achaean camp and were on the verge of setting fire to the Achaean ships . An earlier appeal to Achilles to return was rejected , but after Hector burned Protesilaus ' ship , he allowed his close friend and relative Patroclus to go into battle wearing Achilles ' armour and lead his army . Patroclus drove the Trojans all the way back to the walls of Troy , and was only prevented from storming the city by the intervention of Apollo . Patroclus was then killed by Hector , who took Achilles ' armour from the body of Patroclus . </P> Triumphant Achilles dragging Hector 's body around Troy , from a panoramic fresco of the Achilleion <P> Achilles , maddened with grief , swore to kill Hector in revenge . He was reconciled with Agamemnon and received Briseis back , untouched by Agamemnon . He received a new set of arms , forged by the god Hephaestus , and returned to the battlefield . He slaughtered many Trojans , and nearly killed Aeneas , who was saved by Poseidon . Achilles fought with the river god Scamander , and a battle of the gods followed . The Trojan army returned to the city , except for Hector , who remained outside the walls because he was tricked by Athena . Achilles killed Hector , and afterwards he dragged Hector 's body from his chariot and refused to return the body to the Trojans for burial . The Achaeans then conducted funeral games for Patroclus . Afterwards , Priam came to Achilles ' tent , guided by Hermes , and asked Achilles to return Hector 's body . The armies made a temporary truce to allow the burial of the dead . The Iliad ends with the funeral of Hector . </P> <H3> After the Iliad </H3> Penthesilea and the death of Achilles Achilles killing the Amazon Penthesilea <P> Shortly after the burial of Hector , Penthesilea , queen of the Amazons , arrived with her warriors . Penthesilea , daughter of Otrere and Ares , had accidentally killed her sister Hippolyte . She was purified from this action by Priam , and in exchange she fought for him and killed many , including Machaon ( according to Pausanias , Machaon was killed by Eurypylus ) , and according to one version , Achilles himself , who was resurrected at the request of Thetis . In another version , Penthesilia was killed by Achilles who fell in love with her beauty after her death . Thersites , a simple soldier and the ugliest Achaean , taunted Achilles over his love and gouged out Penthesilea 's eyes . Achilles slew Thersites , and after a dispute sailed to Lesbos , where he was purified for his murder by Odysseus after sacrificing to Apollo , Artemis , and Leto . </P> <P> While they were away , Memnon of Ethiopia , son of Tithonus and Eos , came with his host to help his stepbrother Priam . He did not come directly from Ethiopia , but either from Susa in Persia , conquering all the peoples in between , or from the Caucasus , leading an army of Ethiopians and Indians . Like Achilles , he wore armour made by Hephaestus . In the ensuing battle , Memnon killed Antilochus , who took one of Memnon 's blows to save his father Nestor . Achilles and Memnon then fought . Zeus weighed the fate of the two heroes ; the weight containing that of Memnon sank , and he was slain by Achilles . Achilles chased the Trojans to their city , which he entered . The gods , seeing that he had killed too many of their children , decided that it was his time to die . He was killed after Paris shot a poisoned arrow that was guided by Apollo . In another version he was killed by a knife to the back ( or heel ) by Paris , while marrying Polyxena , daughter of Priam , in the temple of Thymbraean Apollo , the site where he had earlier killed Troilus . Both versions conspicuously deny the killer any sort of valour , saying Achilles remained undefeated on the battlefield . His bones were mingled with those of Patroclus , and funeral games were held . Like Ajax , he is represented as living after his death in the island of Leuke , at the mouth of the Danube River , where he is married to Helen . </P> Judgment of arms The suicide of Ajax ( from a calyx - krater , 400 -- 350 BC , Vulci ) <P> A great battle raged around the dead Achilles . Ajax held back the Trojans , while Odysseus carried the body away . When Achilles ' armour was offered to the smartest warrior , the two that had saved his body came forward as competitors . Agamemnon , unwilling to undertake the invidious duty of deciding between the two competitors , referred the dispute to the decision of the Trojan prisoners , inquiring of them which of the two heroes had done most harm to the Trojans . Alternatively , the Trojans and Pallas Athena were the judges in that , following Nestor 's advice , spies were sent to the walls to overhear what was said . A girl said that Ajax was braver : </P> <P> For Aias took up and carried out of the strife the hero , Peleus ' son : this great Odysseus cared not to do . To this another replied by Athena 's contrivance : Why , what is this you say ? A thing against reason and untrue ! Even a woman could carry a load once a man had put it on her shoulder ; but she could not fight . For she would fail with fear if she should fight . ( Scholiast on Aristophanes , Knights 1056 and Aristophanes ib ) </P> <P> According to Pindar , the decision was made by secret ballot among the Achaeans . In all story versions , the arms were awarded to Odysseus . Driven mad with grief , Ajax desired to kill his comrades , but Athena caused him to mistake the cattle and their herdsmen for the Achaean warriors . In his frenzy he scourged two rams , believing them to be Agamemnon and Menelaus . In the morning , he came to his senses and killed himself by jumping on the sword that had been given to him by Hector , so that it pierced his armpit , his only vulnerable part . According to an older tradition , he was killed by the Trojans who , seeing he was invulnerable , attacked him with clay until he was covered by it and could no longer move , thus dying of starvation . </P> Prophecies A mosaic depicting Odysseus , from the villa of La Olmeda , Pedrosa de la Vega , Spain , late 4th -- 5th centuries AD <P> After the tenth year , it was prophesied that Troy could not fall without Heracles ' bow , which was with Philoctetes in Lemnos . Odysseus and Diomedes retrieved Philoctetes , whose wound had healed . Philoctetes then shot and killed Paris . </P> <P> According to Apollodorus , Paris ' brothers Helenus and Deiphobus vied over the hand of Helen . Deiphobus prevailed , and Helenus abandoned Troy for Mt . Ida . Calchas said that Helenus knew the prophecies concerning the fall of Troy , so Odysseus waylaid Helenus . Under coercion , Helenus told the Achaeans that they would win if they retrieved Pelops ' bones , persuaded Achilles ' son Neoptolemus to fight for them , and stole the Trojan Palladium . </P> <P> The Greeks retrieved Pelop 's bones , and sent Odysseus to retrieve Neoptolemus , who was hiding from the war in King Lycomedes 's court in Scyros . Odysseus gave him his father 's arms . Eurypylus , son of Telephus , leading , according to Homer , a large force of Kêteioi , or Hittites or Mysians according to Apollodorus , arrived to aid the Trojans . He killed Machaon and Peneleos , but was slain by Neoptolemus . </P> <P> Disguised as a beggar , Odysseus went to spy inside Troy , but was recognized by Helen . Homesick , Helen plotted with Odysseus . Later , with Helen 's help , Odysseus and Diomedes stole the Palladium . </P> The earliest known depiction of the Trojan Horse , from the Mykonos vase c. 670 BC Trojan horse Main article : Trojan Horse <P> The end of the war came with one final plan . Odysseus devised a new ruse -- a giant hollow wooden horse , an animal that was sacred to the Trojans . It was built by Epeius and guided by Athena , from the wood of a cornel tree grove sacred to Apollo , with the inscription : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The Greeks dedicate this thank - offering to Athena for their return home . </Dd> </Dl> <P> The hollow horse was filled with soldiers led by Odysseus . The rest of the army burned the camp and sailed for Tenedos . </P> <P> When the Trojans discovered that the Greeks were gone , believing the war was over , they `` joyfully dragged the horse inside the city '' , while they debated what to do with it . Some thought they ought to hurl it down from the rocks , others thought they should burn it , while others said they ought to dedicate it to Athena . </P> <P> Both Cassandra and Laocoön warned against keeping the horse . While Cassandra had been given the gift of prophecy by Apollo , she was also cursed by Apollo never to be believed . Serpents then came out of the sea and devoured either Laocoön and one of his two sons , Laocoön and both his sons , or only his sons , a portent which so alarmed the followers of Aeneas that they withdrew to Ida . The Trojans decided to keep the horse and turned to a night of mad revelry and celebration . Sinon , an Achaean spy , signaled the fleet stationed at Tenedos when `` it was midnight and the clear moon was rising '' and the soldiers from inside the horse emerged and killed the guards . </P> <H3> Sack of Troy </H3> Neoptolemus , son of Achilles , kills King Priam ( detail of Attic black - figure amphora , 520 -- 510 BC ) <P> The Achaeans entered the city and killed the sleeping population . A great massacre followed which continued into the day . </P> <P> Blood ran in torrents , drenched was all the earth , As Trojans and their alien helpers died . Here were men lying quelled by bitter death All up and down the city in their blood . </P> <P> The Trojans , fuelled with desperation , fought back fiercely , despite being disorganized and leaderless . With the fighting at its height , some donned fallen enemies ' attire and launched surprise counterattacks in the chaotic street fighting . Other defenders hurled down roof tiles and anything else heavy down on the rampaging attackers . The outlook was grim though , and eventually the remaining defenders were destroyed along with the whole city . </P> <P> Neoptolemus killed Priam , who had taken refuge at the altar of Zeus of the Courtyard . Menelaus killed Deiphobus , Helen 's husband after Paris ' death , and also intended to kill Helen , but , overcome by her beauty , threw down his sword and took her to the ships . </P> <P> Ajax the Lesser raped Cassandra on Athena 's altar while she was clinging to her statue . Because of Ajax 's impiety , the Acheaens , urged by Odysseus , wanted to stone him to death , but he fled to Athena 's altar , and was spared . </P> <P> Antenor , who had given hospitality to Menelaus and Odysseus when they asked for the return of Helen , and who had advocated so , was spared , along with his family . Aeneas took his father on his back and fled , and , according to Apollodorus , was allowed to go because of his piety . </P> <P> The Greeks then burned the city and divided the spoils . Cassandra was awarded to Agamemnon . Neoptolemus got Andromache , wife of Hector , and Odysseus was given Hecuba , Priam 's wife . </P> <P> The Achaeans threw Hector 's infant son Astyanax down from the walls of Troy , either out of cruelty and hate or to end the royal line , and the possibility of a son 's revenge . They ( by usual tradition Neoptolemus ) also sacrificed the Trojan princess Polyxena on the grave of Achilles as demanded by his ghost , either as part of his spoil or because she had betrayed him . </P> <P> Aethra , Theseus ' mother , and one of Helen 's handmaids , was rescued by her grandsons , Demophon and Acamas . </P> <H3> Returns </H3> Main article : Returns from Troy <P> The gods were very angry over the destruction of their temples and other sacrilegious acts by the Achaeans , and decided that most would not return home . A storm fell on the returning fleet off Tenos island . Additionally , Nauplius , in revenge for the murder of his son Palamedes , set up false lights in Cape Caphereus ( also known today as Cavo D'Oro , in Euboea ) and many were shipwrecked . </P> <Ul> <Li> Agamemnon had made it back to Argos safely with Cassandra in his possession after some stormy weather . He and Cassandra were slain by Aegisthus ( in the oldest versions of the story ) or by Clytemnestra or by both of them . Electra and Orestes later avenged their father , but Orestes was the one who was chased by the Furies . </Li> <Li> Nestor , who had the best conduct in Troy and did not take part in the looting , was the only hero who had a fast and safe return . Those of his army that survived the war also reached home with him safely , but later left and colonised Metapontium in Southern Italy . </Li> </Ul> Poseidon smites Ajax the Lesser , by Bonaventura Genelli ( 1798 -- 1868 ) <Ul> <Li> Ajax the Lesser , who had endured more than the others the wrath of the Gods , never returned . His ship was wrecked by a storm sent by Athena , who borrowed one of Zeus ' thunderbolts and tore it to pieces . The crew managed to land in a rock , but Poseidon struck it , and Ajax fell in the sea and drowned . He was buried by Thetis in Myconos or Delos . </Li> <Li> Teucer , son of Telamon and half - brother of Ajax , stood trial by his father for his half - brother 's death . He was disowned by his father and was n't allowed back on Salamis Island . He was at sea near Phreattys in Peiraeus . He was acquitted of responsibility but found guilty of negligence because he did not return his dead body or his arms . He left with his army ( who took their wives ) and founded Salamis in Cyprus . The Athenians later created a political myth that his son left his kingdom to Theseus ' sons ( and not to Megara ) . </Li> <Li> Neoptolemus , following the advice of Helenus , who accompanied him when he traveled over land , was always accompanied by Andromache . He met Odysseus and they buried Achilles ' teacher Phoenix on the land of the Ciconians . They then conquered the land of the Molossians ( Epirus ) and Neoptolemus had a child by Andromache , Molossus , to whom he later gave the throne . Thus the kings of Epirus claimed their lineage from Achilles , and so did Alexander the Great , whose mother was of that royal house . Alexander the Great and the kings of Macedon also claimed to be descended from Heracles . Helenus founded a city in Molossia and inhabited it , and Neoptolemus gave him his mother Deidamia as wife . After Peleus died he succeeded Phtia 's throne . He had a feud with Orestes ( son of Agamemnon ) over Menelaus ' daughter Hermione , and was killed in Delphi , where he was buried . In Roman myths , the kingdom of Phtia was taken over by Helenus , who married Andromache . They offered hospitality to other Trojan refugees , including Aeneas , who paid a visit there during his wanderings . </Li> <Li> Diomedes was first thrown by a storm on the coast of Lycia , where he was to be sacrificed to Ares by king Lycus , but Callirrhoe , the king 's daughter , took pity upon him , and assisted him in escaping . He then accidentally landed in Attica , in Phaleron . The Athenians , unaware that they were allies , attacked them . Many were killed , and Demophon took the Palladium . He finally landed in Argos , where he found his wife Aegialeia committing adultery . In disgust , he left for Aetolia . According to later traditions , he had some adventures and founded Canusium and Argyrippa in Southern Italy . </Li> <Li> Philoctetes , due to a sedition , was driven from his city and emigrated to Italy , where he founded the cities of Petilia , Old Crimissa , and Chone , between Croton and Thurii . After making war on the Leucanians he founded there a sanctuary of Apollo the Wanderer , to whom also he dedicated his bow . </Li> <Li> According to Homer , Idomeneus reached his house safe and sound . Another tradition later formed . After the war , Idomeneus 's ship hit a horrible storm . Idomeneus promised Poseidon that he would sacrifice the first living thing he saw when he returned home if Poseidon would save his ship and crew . The first living thing he saw was his son , whom Idomeneus duly sacrificed . The gods were angry at his murder of his own son and they sent a plague to Crete . His people sent him into exile to Calabria in Italy , and then to Colophon , in Asia Minor , where he died . Among the lesser Achaeans very few reached their homes . </Li> </Ul> House of atreus The murder of Agamemnon ( 1879 illustration from Alfred Church 's Stories from the Greek Tragedians ) <P> According to the Odyssey , Menelaus 's fleet was blown by storms to Crete and Egypt , where they were unable to sail away due to calm winds . Only five of his ships survived . Menelaus had to catch Proteus , a shape - shifting sea god , to find out what sacrifices to which gods he would have to make to guarantee safe passage . According to some stories the Helen who was taken by Paris was a fake , and the real Helen was in Egypt , where she was reunited with Menelaus . Proteus also told Menelaus that he was destined for Elysium ( Heaven ) after his death . Menelaus returned to Sparta with Helen eight years after he had left Troy . </P> <P> Agamemnon returned home with Cassandra to Argos . His wife Clytemnestra ( Helen 's sister ) was having an affair with Aegisthus , son of Thyestes , Agamemnon 's cousin who had conquered Argos before Agamemnon himself retook it . Possibly out of vengeance for the death of Iphigenia , Clytemnestra plotted with her lover to kill Agamemnon . Cassandra foresaw this murder , and warned Agamemnon , but he disregarded her . He was killed , either at a feast or in his bath , according to different versions . Cassandra was also killed . Agamemnon 's son Orestes , who had been away , returned and conspired with his sister Electra to avenge their father . He killed Clytemnestra and Aegisthus and succeeded to his father 's throne . </P> <H3> Odyssey </H3> Main article : Odyssey <P> Odysseus ' ten - year journey home to Ithaca was told in Homer 's Odyssey . Odysseus and his men were blown far off course to lands unknown to the Achaeans ; there Odysseus had many adventures , including the famous encounter with the Cyclops Polyphemus , and an audience with the seer Teiresias in Hades . On the island of Thrinacia , Odysseus ' men ate the cattle sacred to the sun - god Helios . For this sacrilege Odysseus ' ships were destroyed , and all his men perished . Odysseus had not eaten the cattle , and was allowed to live ; he washed ashore on the island of Ogygia , and lived there with the nymph Calypso . After seven years , the gods decided to send Odysseus home ; on a small raft , he sailed to Scheria , the home of the Phaeacians , who gave him passage to Ithaca . </P> Odysseus and Polyphemus by Arnold Böcklin : the Cyclops ' curse delays the homecoming of Odysseus for another ten years <P> Once in his home land , Odysseus traveled disguised as an old beggar . He was recognised by his dog , Argos , who died in his lap . He then discovered that his wife , Penelope , had been faithful to him during the 20 years he was absent , despite the countless suitors that were eating his food and spending his property . With the help of his son Telemachus , Athena , and Eumaeus , the swineherd , he killed all of them except Medon , who had been polite to Penelope , and Phemius , a local singer who had only been forced to help the suitors against Penelope . Penelope tested Odysseus and made sure it was him , and he forgave her . The next day the suitors ' relatives tried to take revenge on him but they were stopped by Athena . </P> <H3> Telegony </H3> Main article : Telegony <P> The Telegony picks up where the Odyssey leaves off , beginning with the burial of the dead suitors , and continues until the death of Odysseus . Some years after Odysseus ' return , Telegonus , the son of Odysseus and Circe , came to Ithaca and plundered the island . Odysseus , attempting to fight off the attack , was killed by his unrecognized son . After Telegonus realized he had killed his father , he brought the body to his mother Circe , along with Telemachus and Penelope . Circe made them immortal ; then Telegonus married Penelope and Telemachus married Circe . </P> <H3> Aeneid </H3> Aeneas Flees Burning Troy ( 1598 ) by Federico Barocci Main article : Aeneid <P> The journey of the Trojan survivor Aeneas and his resettling of Trojan refugees in Italy are the subject of the Latin epic poem The Aeneid by Virgil . Writing during the time of Augustus , Virgil has his hero give a first - person account of the fall of Troy in the second of the Aeneid ' s twelve books ; the Trojan Horse , which does not appear in `` The Iliad '' , became legendary from Virgil 's account . </P> <P> Aeneas leads a group of survivors away from the city , among them his son Ascanius ( also known as Iulus ) , his trumpeter Misenus , father Anchises , the healer Iapyx , his faithful sidekick Achates , and Mimas as a guide . His wife Creusa is killed during the sack of the city . Aeneas also carries the Lares and Penates of Troy , which the historical Romans claimed to preserve as guarantees of Rome 's own security . </P> <P> The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships , seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere . They land in several nearby countries that prove inhospitable , and are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears . They first try to establish themselves in Crete , where Dardanus had once settled , but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away . They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache , but decline to remain . After seven years they arrive in Carthage , where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido . ( Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC , the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition . ) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward , and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy . Dido commits suicide , and Aeneas 's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony . </P> <P> At Cumae , the Sibyl leads Aeneas on an archetypal descent to the underworld , where the shade of his dead father serves as a guide ; this book of the Aeneid directly influenced Dante , who has Virgil act as his narrator 's guide . Aeneas is given a vision of the future majesty of Rome , which it was his duty to found , and returns to the world of the living . He negotiates a settlement with the local king , Latinus , and was wed to his daughter , Lavinia . This triggered a war with other local tribes , which culminated in the founding of the settlement of Alba Longa , ruled by Aeneas and Lavinia 's son Silvius . Roman myth attempted to reconcile two different founding myths : three hundred years later , in the more famous tradition , Romulus founded Rome after murdering his brother Remus . The Trojan origins of Rome became particularly important in the propaganda of Julius Caesar , whose family claimed descent from Venus through Aeneas 's son Iulus ( hence the Latin gens name Iulius ) , and during the reign of Augustus ; see for instance the Tabulae Iliacae and the `` Troy Game '' presented frequently by the Julio - Claudian dynasty . </P> <H2> Dates of the Trojan War </H2> Hypnos and Thanatos carrying the body of Sarpedon from the battlefield of Troy ; detail from an Attic white - ground lekythos , c. 440 BC . <P> Since this war was considered among the ancient Greeks as either the last event of the mythical age or the first event of the historical age , several dates are given for the fall of Troy . They usually derive from genealogies of kings . Ephorus gives 1135 BC , Sosibius 1172 BC , Eratosthenes 1184 BC / 1183 BC , Timaeus 1193 BC , the Parian marble 1209 BC / 1208 BC , Dicaearchus 1212 BC , Herodotus around 1250 BC , Eretes 1291 BC , while Douris 1334 BC . As for the exact day Ephorus gives 23 / 24 Thargelion ( May 6 or 7 ) , Hellanicus 12 Thargelion ( May 26 ) while others give the 23rd of Sciroforion ( July 7 ) or the 23rd of Ponamos ( October 7 ) . </P> <P> The glorious and rich city Homer describes was believed to be Troy VI by many twentieth century authors , destroyed in 1275 BC , probably by an earthquake . Its follower Troy VIIa , destroyed by fire at some point during the 1180s BC , was long considered a poorer city , but since the excavation campaign of 1988 it has risen to the most likely candidate . </P> Map showing the Hittite Empire , Ahhiyawa ( possibly the Achaeans ) and Wilusa ( Troy ) <H2> Historical basis </H2> See also : Historicity of the Iliad <P> The historicity of the Trojan War is still subject to debate . Most classical Greeks thought that the war was a historical event , but many believed that the Homeric poems had exaggerated the events to suit the demands of poetry . For instance , the historian Thucydides , who is known for being critical , considers it a true event but doubts that 1,186 ships were sent to Troy . Euripides started changing Greek myths at will , including those of the Trojan War . Near year 100 , Dio Chrysostom argued that while the war was historical , it ended with the Trojans winning , and the Greeks attempted to hide that fact . Around 1870 it was generally agreed in Western Europe that the Trojan War had never happened and Troy never existed . Then Heinrich Schliemann popularized his excavations at Hisarlik , which he and others believed to be Troy , and of the Mycenaean cities of Greece . Today many scholars agree that the Trojan War is based on a historical core of a Greek expedition against the city of Troy , but few would argue that the Homeric poems faithfully represent the actual events of the war . </P> <P> In November 2001 , geologist John C. Kraft and classicist John V. Luce presented the results of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977 . The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the Iliad and other classical sources , notably Strabo 's Geographia . Their conclusion was that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann ( and other locations such as the Greek camp ) , the geological evidence , and descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the Iliad . </P> <P> In the twentieth century scholars have attempted to draw conclusions based on Hittite and Egyptian texts that date to the time of the Trojan War . While they give a general description of the political situation in the region at the time , their information on whether this particular conflict took place is limited . Andrew Dalby notes that while the Trojan War most likely did take place in some form and is therefore grounded in history , its true nature is and will be unknown . The Tawagalawa letter mentions a kingdom of Ahhiyawa ( Achaea , or Greece ) that lies beyond the sea ( that would be the Aegean ) and controls Milliwanda , which is identified with Miletus . Also mentioned in this and other letters is the Assuwa confederation made of 22 cities and countries which included the city of Wilusa ( Ilios or Ilium ) . The Milawata letter implies this city lies on the north of the Assuwa confederation , beyond the Seha river . While the identification of Wilusa with Ilium ( that is , Troy ) is always controversial , in the 1990s it gained majority acceptance . In the Alaksandu treaty ( c. 1280 BC ) the king of the city is named Alaksandu , and Paris 's name in the Iliad ( among other works ) is Alexander . The Tawagalawa letter ( dated c. 1250 BC ) which is addressed to the king of Ahhiyawa actually says : `` Now as we have come to an agreement on Wilusa over which we went to war ... '' </P> <P> Formerly under the Hittites , the Assuwa confederation defected after the battle of Kadesh between Egypt and the Hittites ( c. 1274 BC ) . In 1230 BC Hittite king Tudhaliya IV ( c. 1240 -- 1210 BC ) campaigned against this federation . Under Arnuwanda III ( c. 1210 -- 1205 BC ) the Hittites were forced to abandon the lands they controlled in the coast of the Aegean . It is possible that the Trojan War was a conflict between the king of Ahhiyawa and the Assuwa confederation . This view has been supported in that the entire war includes the landing in Mysia ( and Telephus ' wounding ) , Achilles 's campaigns in the North Aegean and Telamonian Ajax 's campaigns in Thrace and Phrygia . Most of these regions were part of Assuwa . That most Achaean heroes did not return to their homes and founded colonies elsewhere was interpreted by Thucydides as being due to their long absence . Nowadays the interpretation followed by most scholars is that the Achaean leaders driven out of their lands by the turmoil at the end of the Mycenaean era preferred to claim descent from exiles of the Trojan War . </P> <H2> In popular culture </H2> Main article : Trojan War in popular culture <P> The inspiration provided by these events produced many literary works , far more than can be listed here . The siege of Troy provided inspiration for many works of art , most famously Homer 's Iliad , set in the last year of the siege . Some of the others include Troades by Euripides , Troilus and Criseyde by Geoffrey Chaucer , Troilus and Cressida by William Shakespeare , Iphigenia and Polyxena by Samuel Coster , Palamedes by Joost van den Vondel and Les Troyens by Hector Berlioz . </P> <P> Films based on the Trojan War include Helen of Troy ( 1956 ) , The Trojan Horse ( 1961 ) and Troy ( 2004 ) . The war has also been featured in many books , television series , and other creative works . </P> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bryce , Trevor ( 2005 ) . The Trojans and their neighbours . Taylor & Francis . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 415 - 34959 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rutter , Jeremy B. `` Troy VII and the Historicity of the Trojan War '' . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the second edition of his In Search of the Trojan War , Michael Wood notes developments that were made in the intervening ten years since his first edition was published . Scholarly skepticism about Schliemann 's identification has been dispelled by the more recent archaeological discoveries , linguistic research , and translations of clay - tablet records of contemporaneous diplomacy . Wood , Michael ( 1998 ) . `` Preface '' . In Search of the Trojan War ( 2 ed . ) . Berkeley , CA : University of California Press . p. 4 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21599 - 0 . Now , more than ever , in the 125 years since Schliemann put his spade into Hisarlik , there appears to be a historical basis to the tale of Troy </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood ( 1985 : 116 -- 118 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wood ( 1985 : 19 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It is unknown whether this Proclus is the Neoplatonic philosopher , in which case the summary dates to the 5th century AD , or whether he is the lesser - known grammarian of the 2nd century AD . See Burgess , p. 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burgess , pp. 10 -- 12 ; cf . W. Kullmann ( 1960 ) , Die Quellen der Ilias . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burgess , pp. 3 -- 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scholium on Homer A. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plato , Republic 2,379 e . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.1 , Hesiod Fragment 204 , 95ff . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berlin Papyri , No. 9739 ; Hesiod . Catalogue of Women Fragment 68 . Translated by Evelyn - White , H G. Loeb Classical Library Volume 57 . London : William Heinemann , 1914 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4.757 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aeschylus , Prometheus Bound 767 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Iliad ; Hyginus , Fabulae 54 ; Ovid , Metamorphoses 11.217 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.168 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pindar , Nemean 5 ep2 ; Pindar , Isthmian 8 str3 -- str5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hesiod , Catalogue of Women fr. 57 ; Cypria fr. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Photius , Myrobiblion 190 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P. Oxy. 56 , 3829 ( L. Koppel , 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus Epitome E. 3.2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 15.9. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Euripides Andromache 298 ; Div . i . 21 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.12. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer Iliad I. 410 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Library 3.13. 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollonius Rhodius 4.869 -- 879 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.13. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazer on Apollodorus , Library 3.13. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alluded to in Statius , Achilleid 1.269 -- 270 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hyginus , Fabulae 96 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus 3.10. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 1.33. 1 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.10. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.10. 5 ; Hyginus , Fabulae 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.10. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 3.20. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion , New History 4 ( as summarized in Photius , Myriobiblon 190 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pindar , Pythian 11 ep4 ; Apollodorus , Library 3.11. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 2.15 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Proclus Chrestomathy 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Euripides , Helen 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herodotus , Histories 1.2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.12. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herodotus , 1.3. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Il. 3.205 - 6 ; 11.139 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Il. 11.767 -- 770 , ( lines rejected by Aristophanes and Aristarchus ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Statius , Achilleid 1.25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Iliad 19.326 ; Ovid , Metamorphoses 13.162 ff . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.22. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 11.19 ff. ; Apollodurus , Epitome 3.9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philostratus , Heroicus 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.4. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pindar , Isthmian 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 9.5. 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 3.20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aeschylus fragment 405 -- 410 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pliny , Natural History 24.42 , 34.152 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davies , esp . pp. 8 , 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philodemus , On Piety . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Antoninus Liberalis , Metamorphoses 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion , New History 5 ( as summarized in Photius , Myriobiblon 190 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.43. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ History of the Pelloponesian War 1 , 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( History of the Greek Nation ) vol . A , Ekdotiki Athinon , Athens 1968 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pantelis Karykas , Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ( Mycenian Warriors ) , Athens 1999 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vice Admiral P.E. Konstas R.H.N. , Η ναυτική ηγεμονία των Μυκηνών ( The naval hegemony of Mycenae ) , Athens 1966 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad Β. 803 -- 806 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diodorus iv , 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 8.33. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Herodotus 4.145. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 4.2. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cartwright , Mark ( 2 August 2012 ) . `` Troy '' . Ancient History Encyclopedia . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eustathius on Homer , Iliad ii. 701 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scholiast on Lycophron 532 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thucydides 1.11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Papademetriou Konstantinos , `` Τα όπλα του Τρωϊκού Πολέμου '' ( `` The weapons of the Trojan War '' ) , Panzer Magazine issue 14 , June -- July 2004 , Athens . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iliad I. 328 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.32 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.33 ; translation , Sir James George Frazer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Volume 5 p. 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Demetrius ( 2nd century BC ) Scholium on Iliad Z , 35 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Parthenius Ερωτικά Παθήματα 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Library 3.12. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad Φ 35 -- 155 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dictis Cretensis ii. 18 ; Sophocles , Ajax 210 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Petteia '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greek Board Games '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Latrunculi '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kakrides vol. 5 p. 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Servius , Scholium on Virgil 's Aeneid 2.81 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to other accounts Odysseus , with the other Greek captains , including Agamemnon , conspired together against Palamedes , as all were envious of his accomplishments . See Simpson , Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , p. 251 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to Apollodorus Epitome 3.8 , Odysseus forced a Phrygian prisoner , to write the letter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 10.31. 2 ; Simpson , Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , p. 251 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 3.10 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The exact nature of Achilles ' relationship to Patroclus is the subject of some debate . See Achilles and Patroclus for details . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer , Iliad . xxiv. 804 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quintus of Smyrna , Posthomerica i. 18 ff . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 5.1 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pausanias 3.26. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ptolemy Hephaestion , New History Bk6 ( as summarized in Photius , Myriobiblon 190 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Proclus , Chrestomathy 2 , Aethiopis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tzetzes , Scholiast on Lycophron 999 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 5.3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 10.31. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dictys Cretensis iv. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 8.372 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pindarus Pythian vi. 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus ii. 224 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Diodorus Siculus , Library of History 4.75. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 1.13. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Euripedes , Hecuba 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica iv. 88 -- 595 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 3.19. 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Argument of Sophocles ' Ajax </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Odyssey λ. 547 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey λ 542 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pindar , Nemean Odes 8.46 ( 25 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zenobius , Cent . i. 43 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sophocles , Ajax 42 , 277 , 852 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Either by Calchas , ( Apollodorus , Epitome 5.8 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica 9.325 -- 479 ) , or by Paris ' brother Helenus ( Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad ; Sophocles , Philoctetes 604 -- 613 ; Tzetzes , Posthomerica 571 -- 595 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This is according to Apollodorus , Epitome 5.8 , Hyginus , Fabulae 103 , Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica 9.325 -- 479 , and Euripides , Philoctetes -- but Sophocles , Philoctetes says Odysseus and Neoptolemus , while Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad says Diomedes alone . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philoctetes was cured by a son of Asclepius , either Machaon , ( Proclus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad ; Tzetzes , Posthomerica 571 -- 595 ) or his brother Podalirius ( Apollodorus , Epitome 5.8 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica 9.325 -- 479 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.10 ; Pausanias 5.13. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 5.13. 4 -- 6 , says that Pelop 's shoulder - blade was brought to Troy from Pisa , and on its return home was lost at sea , later to be found by a fisherman , and identified as Pelop 's by the Oracle at Delphi . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Odyssey λ. 520 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias 9.5. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 4.242 ff . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 8.492 -- 495 ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 3.13. 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.15 , Simpson , p. 246 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.14 , says the hollow horse held 50 , but attributes to the author of the Little Iliad a figure of 3,000 , a number that Simpson , p. 265 , calls `` absurd '' , saying that the surviving fragments only say that the Greeks put their `` best men '' inside the horse . Tzetzes , Posthomerica 641 -- 650 , gives a figure of 23 , while Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xii. 314 -- 335 , gives the names of thirty , and says that there were more . In late tradition it seems it was standardized at 40 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 8.500 -- 504 ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.16 , as translated by Simpson , p. 246 . Proculus , Chrestomathy 3 , Little Iliad , says that the Trojans pulled down a part of their walls to admit the horse . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Proclus , Chrestomathy 4 , Iliou Persis . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 8.505 ff. ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.16 -- 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.17 says that Cassandra warned of an armed force inside the horse , and that Laocoön agreed . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 2.199 -- 227 ; Hyginus , Fabulae 135 ; </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xii. 444 -- 497 ; Apollodorus , Epitome 5.18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scholiast on Lycophroon , 344 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.19 -- 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 100 -- 104 , Translation by A.S. Way , 1913 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus . Epitome 5.21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aristophanes , Lysistrata 155 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 423 -- 457 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.22 ; Pausanias 10.31. 2 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 462 -- 473 ; Virgil , Aeneid 403 -- 406 . The rape of Cassandra was a popular theme of ancient Greek paintings , see Pausanias , 1.15. 2 , 5.11. 6 , 5.19. 5 , 10.26. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 3.203 -- 207 , 7.347 -- 353 ; Apollodorus , Epitome , 5.21 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 322 -- 331 , Livy , 1.1 ; Pausanias , 10.26. 8 , 27.3 ff. ; Strabo , 13.1. 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus . Epitome 5.23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proclus , Chrestomathy 4 , Ilio Persis , says Odysseus killed Astyanax , while Pausanias , 10.25. 9 , says Neoptolemus . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 279 -- 285 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Euripides , Trojan Women 709 -- 739 , 1133 -- 1135 ; Hyginus , Fabulae 109 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Euripides , Hecuba 107 -- 125 , 218 -- 224 , 391 -- 393 , 521 -- 582 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiv. 193 -- 328 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Iliad 3.144 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 5.22 ; Pausanias , 10.25. 8 ; Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica xiii. 547 -- 595 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.11 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Apollodorus , Epitome 5.24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strabo , 6.1. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer , Iliad 13.66 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.28. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 8.15. 7 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.12 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plutarch , 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 1.28. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tzetzes ad Lycophroon 609 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strabo , 6.3. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strabo , 6.1. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.15 b ; Strabo , 6.1. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 3.191 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Virgil , Aeneid 3.400 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scholiast on Homer 's Odyssey 13.259 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 4.360 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 4.382 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 2.16. 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollodorus , Epitome 6.23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Homer , Odyssey 1.30 , 298 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pausanias , 2.16. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sophocles , Electra 1405 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Proclus Chrestomathy 2 , Telegony </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FGrHist 70 F 223 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FGrHist 595 F 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chronographiai FGrHist 241 F 1d </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FGrHist 566 F 125 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FGrHist 239 , § 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bios Hellados </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Histories 2,145 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FGrHist 242 F 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FGrHist 76 F 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FGrHist 4 F 152 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dio Chrysostom The Eleventh Discourse Maintaining that Troy was not Captured </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yale University : Introduction to Ancient Greek History : Lecture 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kraft , J.C. ; Rapp , G. ( Rip ) ; Kayan , I. ; Luce , J.V. ( 2003 ) . `` Harbor areas at ancient Troy : Sedimentology and geomorphology complement Homer 's Iliad '' . Geology. 31 ( 2 ) : 163 . doi : 10.1130 / 0091 - 7613 ( 2003 ) 031 < 0163 : HAAATS > 2.0.CO ; 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geologists show Homer got it right at the Wayback Machine ( archived April 2 , 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iliad , Discovery . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , Emily . Was The Iliad written by a woman ? , Slate Magazine , December 12 , 2006 . Accessed June 30 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους ( History of the Greek Nation ) Volume A. Athens : Ekdotiki Athinon , 1968 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thucydides . The Peloponnesian War , 1.12. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graves , Robert . The Greek Myths , `` The Returns '' . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> Tabula Iliaca , a 1st - century BC Roman bas - relief depicting scenes from Trojan War narratives <H3> Ancient authors </H3> <Ul> <Li> Apollodorus , Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , translated by Michael Simpson , The University of Massachusetts Press , ( 1976 ) . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 205 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Apollodorus , Apollodorus : The Library , translated by Sir James George Frazer , two volumes , Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press and London : William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Volume 1 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99135 - 4 . Volume 2 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99136 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Euripides , Andromache , in Euripides : Children of Heracles , Hippolytus , Andromache , Hecuba , with an English translation by David Kovacs . Cambridge . Harvard University Press . ( 1996 ) . ISBN 0 - 674 - 99533 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Euripides , Helen , in The Complete Greek Drama , edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill , Jr. in two volumes . 1 . Helen , translated by E.P. Coleridge . New York . Random House . 1938 . </Li> <Li> Euripides , Hecuba , in The Complete Greek Drama , edited by Whitney J. Oates and Eugene O'Neill , Jr. in two volumes . 1 . Hecuba , translated by E.P. Coleridge . New York . Random House . 1938 . </Li> <Li> Herodotus , Histories , A.D. Godley ( translator ) , Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1920 ; ISBN 0 - 674 - 99133 - 8 . Online version at the Perseus Digital Library ) . </Li> <Li> Pausanias , Description of Greece , ( Loeb Classical Library ) translated by W.H.S. Jones ; Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press ; London , William Heinemann Ltd. ( 1918 ) . Vol 1 , Books I -- II , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99104 - 4 ; Vol 2 , Books III -- V , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99207 - 5 ; Vol 3 , Books VI -- VIII. 21 , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99300 - 4 ; Vol 4 , Books VIII. 22 -- X , ISBN 0 - 674 - 99328 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Proclus , Chrestomathy , in Fragments of the Kypria translated by H.G. Evelyn - White , 1914 ( public domain ) . </Li> <Li> Proclus , Proclus ' Summary of the Epic Cycle , trans . Gregory Nagy . </Li> <Li> Quintus Smyrnaeus , Posthomerica , in Quintus Smyrnaeus : The Fall of Troy , Arthur Sanders Way ( Ed . & Trans . ) , Loeb Classics # 19 ; Harvard University Press , Cambridge MA . ( 1913 ) . ( 1962 edition : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99022 - 6 ) . </Li> <Li> Strabo , Geography , translated by Horace Leonard Jones ; Cambridge , Massachusetts : Harvard University Press ; London : William Heinemann , Ltd. ( 1924 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Modern authors </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Greek mythology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deities </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Primordial </Li> <Li> Titans </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Olympians </Li> <Li> Nymphs </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Sea - deities </Li> <Li> Earth - deities </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heroes and heroism </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Heracles / Hercules ( Labors ) </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Achilles </Li> <Li> Hector ( Trojan War ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Odysseus ( Odyssey ) </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Jason </Li> <Li> Argonauts ( Golden Fleece ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Perseus ( Medusa </Li> <Li> Gorgon ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Oedipus ( Sphinx ) </Li> <Li> Orpheus ( Orphism ) </Li> <Li> Theseus ( Minotaur ) </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Bellerophon ( Pegasus </Li> <Li> Chimera ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Daedalus ( Labyrinth ) </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Atalanta </Li> <Li> Hippomenes ( Golden apple ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cadmus ( Thebes ) </Li> <Li> Aeneas ( Aeneid ) </Li> <Li> Triptolemus ( Eleusinian Mysteries ) </Li> <Li> Pelops ( Ancient Olympic Games ) </Li> <Li> Pirithous ( Centauromachy ) </Li> <Li> Amphitryon ( Teumessian fox ) </Li> <Li> Narcissus ( Narcissism ) </Li> <Li> Meleager ( Calydonian Boar ) </Li> <Li> Otrera ( Amazons ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Satyrs </Li> <Li> Centaurs </Li> <Li> Dragons </Li> <Li> Demogorgon </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Religion in Ancient Greece </Li> <Li> Mycenaean gods </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Greek mythology portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Burgess , Jonathan S. 2004 . The Tradition of the Trojan War in Homer and the Epic Cycle ( Johns Hopkins ) . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 7890 - X . </Li> <Li> Castleden , Rodney . The Attack on Troy . Barnsley , South Yorkshire , UK : Pen and Sword Books , 2006 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 84415 - 175 - 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Davies , Malcolm ( 2000 ) . `` Euripides Telephus Fr. 149 ( Austin ) and the Folk - Tale Origins of the Teuthranian Expedition '' ( PDF ) . Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik. 133 : 7 -- 10 . </Li> <Li> Durschmied , Erik . The Hinge Factor : How Chance and Stupidity Have Changed History . Coronet Books ; New Ed edition ( 7 Oct 1999 ) . </Li> <Li> Frazer , Sir James George , Apollodorus : The Library , two volumes , Cambridge MA : Harvard University Press and London : William Heinemann Ltd. 1921 . Volume 1 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99135 - 4 . Volume 2 : ISBN 0 - 674 - 99136 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Graves , Robert . The Greek Myths , Penguin ( Non-Classics ) ; Cmb / Rep edition ( April 6 , 1993 ) . ISBN 0 - 14 - 017199 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Kakridis , J. , 1988 . Ελληνική Μυθολογία ( `` Greek mythology '' ) , Ekdotiki Athinon , Athens . </Li> <Li> Karykas , Pantelis , 2003 . Μυκηναίοι Πολεμιστές ( `` Mycenean Warriors '' ) , Communications Editions , Athens . </Li> <Li> Latacz , Joachim . Troy and Homer : Towards a Solution of an Old Mystery . New York : Oxford University Press ( US ) , 2005 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 19 - 926308 - 6 ) . </Li> <Li> Simpson , Michael . Gods & Heroes of the Greeks : The Library of Apollodorus , The University of Massachusetts Press , ( 1976 ) . ISBN 0 - 87023 - 205 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Strauss , Barry . The Trojan War : A New History . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2006 ( hardcover , ISBN 0 - 7432 - 6441 - X ) . </Li> <Li> Thompson , Diane P . The Trojan War : Literature and Legends from the Bronze Age to the Present . Jefferson , NC : McFarland . ISBN 0 - 7864 - 1737 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Troy : From Homer 's Iliad to Hollywood Epic , edited by Martin M. Winkler . Oxford : Blackwell Publishers , 2007 ( hardcover , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3182 - 9 ; paperback , ISBN 1 - 4051 - 3183 - 7 ) . </Li> <Li> Wood , Michael . In Search of the Trojan War . Berkeley : University of California Press , 1998 ( paperback , ISBN 0 - 520 - 21599 - 0 ) ; London : BBC Books , 1985 ( ISBN 0 - 563 - 20161 - 4 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Media related to Trojan War at Wikimedia Commons </Li> <Li> Was There a Trojan War ? Maybe so . From Archeology , a publication of the Archeological Institute of America . 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Smooth North West - wikipedia <H1> Smooth North West </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Smooth North West <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> City </Th> <Td> Manchester </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast area </Th> <Td> North West England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Branding </Th> <Td> Smooth Radio </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slogan </Th> <Td> Your Relaxing Music Mix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> 100.4 MHz / DAB : 11B Liverpool 12A Lancashire 11C Manchester </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First air date </Th> <Td> 1 September 1994 ( as Jazz FM ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Adult Contemporary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Owner </Th> <Td> Communicorp </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sister stations </Th> <Td> XS Manchester Heart North West Capital Manchester </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Smooth North West </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Smooth North West is a regional radio station owned by Communicorp and operated by Global Radio as part of the Smooth Radio network . The station broadcasts to the North West of England from studios at Spinningfields in Manchester . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 GMG Radio ownership </Li> <Li> 1.2 Global Radio franchisee under Communicorp ownership </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Programming <Ul> <Li> 2.1 News </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Former notable presenters </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> GMG Radio ownership ( edit ) </H3> <P> The station was launched by Radio Investments Ltd on 1 September 1994 as Jazz FM , but was also known as JFM in an attempt to appeal to listeners who could be put off by the use of the word `` jazz '' . Jazz FM originally played a wide variety of jazz , pandering to more smooth jazz during the daytime in order to attract the 25 - to 45 - year - old target market which was required to make the station a success . However , the focus of the music later changed , and by the early 2000s , it was focusing more on soul and softer R&B alongside jazz . </P> <P> 100.4 Jazz FM broadcast its daytime shows from its Manchester station , but specialist shows such as Dinner Jazz and Legends of Jazz with Ramsey Lewis were networked from its London sister station 102.2 Jazz FM . </P> <P> In 2003 , the Guardian Media Group did extensive research into the type of music that listeners in the north - west wanted to hear . They concluded that many people were dissuaded by the name `` jazz '' , and as a result , 100.4 Jazz FM closed on 13 February 2004 and relaunched as Smooth FM on 1 March 2004 . </P> <P> The station now began to play more modern music during the day , but continued a mostly jazz themed output at night . The arrangements for local and networked programming remained for a time , but from March 2005 , only Mike Chadwick 's The Saturday Night Experience was networked from 102.2 Smooth FM . All other programming was produced and aired in the North West . </P> <P> The station was relaunched again as Smooth Radio 100.4 on 26 March 2007 . The launch occurred at the same time as London based 102.2 Smooth FM , however Smooth Radio 100.4 continued with its own unique soul music based format . On 5 July 2007 , GMG Radio announced that it was requesting a change of format from Ofcom , which would bring Smooth Radio 100.4 in line with the rest of the network . It proposed an easy listening music service mixed with speech for the over 50 's , coupled with an improved local news service . Ofcom approved the changes on 11 October 2007 . </P> <P> In March 2008 , GMG requested a format change to remove its jazz commitments it has in place for Smooth Radio 100.4 . Part of the plans included a relaunch of Jazz FM from the jazzfm.com service broadcasting on DAB in Glasgow and online on the MXR North West multiplex . In a meeting on 22 April 2008 Ofcom denied GMG 's request to drop its jazz commitments . GMG said that it would be relaunching Jazz FM despite the decision . </P> <P> Local and networked programming originated from studios at Laser House in Salford Quays . </P> <P> In 2010 , GMG announced that it would be merging its five Smooth stations in England to create a nationwide Smooth Radio service based in Salford . The new station was launched on 4 October 2010 and could be heard both on DAB and on the locally on the FM frequencies . </P> <H3> Global Radio franchisee under Communicorp ownership ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Smooth Radio <P> Smooth Radio 's output was relocated to new owner Global Radio 's Leicester Square headquarters from 1 October 2013 , a move that coincided with a major overhaul of its schedule , and the closure of Smooth 70s after 21 months on air . </P> <P> Global Radio reached an agreement to sell Smooth North West and seven others to Communicorp , as part of a plan to allay competition fears following Global 's purchase of GMG Radio . </P> <P> On 4 February 2014 , the Radio Today website reported that Ofcom had given Global Radio permission to remove Smooth from the Digital One platform , and to replace it with a service playing music from the 1970s , 80s and 90s . Under this agreement , Smooth would continue to broadcast on its regional frequencies , but would be required to provide seven hours of local output on weekdays ( four hours at weekends ) and a regional news service . </P> <P> In May 2017 , local programming moved from Salford to new studios at the XYZ building in the Spinningfields district of Manchester City Centre . Smooth North West shares facilities with sister station XS Manchester and two Global - owned stations , Heart North West and Capital Manchester . </P> <H2> Programming ( edit ) </H2> <P> Local programming is produced and broadcast from Smooth 's Manchester studios from 6 - 10am and 4 - 8pm on weekdays and 2 - 6pm at weekends . All networked programming originates from Global Radio 's London headquarters . </P> <P> The station 's regional presenters are Darren Parks ( Smooth Breakfast ) , Carl ' Carlos ' Emms ( Smooth Drive Home ) and Jo Lloyd . </P> <H3> News ( edit ) </H3> <P> Smooth North West broadcasts hourly regional news bulletins from 6am - 7pm on weekdays and 6am - 12pm at weekends . The bulletins are produced for Communicorp by Global Radio 's Manchester newsroom , which also produces bulletins for Heart North West , Capital Manchester , Capital North West and Wales on the Wirral , XFM Manchester and XS Manchester . </P> <P> National news updates air hourly from Global 's London headquarters at all other times . </P> <H2> Former notable presenters ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Emma B </Li> <Li> Simon Bates </Li> <Li> Tony Blackburn </Li> <Li> Daryl Denham </Li> <Li> Mark Goodier </Li> <Li> David Jensen </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lynn Parsons </Li> <Li> Andy Peebles </Li> <Li> David Prever </Li> <Li> Pat Sharp </Li> <Li> Pete Waterman </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 102.2 Smooth Radio ( London ) and 100.4 Smooth Radio ( North - West England ) - Request to Change Station Formats '' ( PDF ) . Ofcom . Archived from the original ( pdf ) on October 3 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Smooth Radio ( London and North - West ) Formats Change - Request Denied '' . Ofcom . Archived from the original on 2008 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ofcom say no to Smooth '' . Radio Today . 2008 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Global welcomes Smooth Radio to London HQ '' . Radio Today . 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Smooth Radio 70s to close after 21 months '' . Radio Today . 3 October 2013 . Retrieved 3 October 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sandle , Paul ( 6 February 2014 ) . `` Denis O'Brien buys eight UK radio stations from Global Radio '' . Reuters . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Smooth Radio to be removed from Digital 1 '' . Radio Today . 4 February 2014 . Retrieved 5 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smooth Radio - North West presenters </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Smooth Format Change Consultation , July 2007 OFCOM </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Radio stations in Greater Manchester , England </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> List of radio stations in the United Kingdom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longwave AM stations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 198 ( BBC Radio 4 ) </Li> <Li> 252 ( RTÉ Radio 1 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Medium wave AM stations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 909 / 693 ( BBC Radio 5 Live ) </Li> <Li> 1089 / 1053 ( Talksport ) </Li> <Li> 1152 ( Key 2 ) </Li> <Li> 1215 ( Absolute Radio ) </Li> <Li> 1350 ( Radio Cavell ) </Li> <Li> 1377 ( Asian Sound Radio ) </Li> <Li> 1458 ( Gold ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> FM stations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 88.4 ( Gaydio ) </Li> <Li> 89.3 / 89.8 ( BBC Radio 2 ) </Li> <Li> 90.1 ( Legacy FM ) </Li> <Li> 91.5 / 91.9 ( BBC Radio 3 ) </Li> <Li> 92.8 ( Unity Radio ) </Li> <Li> 93.7 / 94.1 ( BBC Radio 4 ) </Li> <Li> 94.4 ( Salford City Radio ) </Li> <Li> 95.1 / 104.6 ( BBC Radio Manchester ) </Li> <Li> 96.2 ( 96.2 The Revolution ) </Li> <Li> 96.5 ( Bolton FM ) </Li> <Li> 96.9 ( ALL FM ) </Li> <Li> 97.0 ( Crescent Radio ) </Li> <Li> 97.2 ( Wythenshawe FM ) </Li> <Li> 97.7 ( Radio X ) </Li> <Li> 98.9 / 99.3 ( BBC Radio 1 ) </Li> <Li> 99.7 ( Oldham Community Radio ) </Li> <Li> 100.4 ( Smooth Radio ) </Li> <Li> 101.1 ( Classic FM ) </Li> <Li> 102.0 ( Capital ) </Li> <Li> 102.4 ( Wish FM ) </Li> <Li> 103.0 ( Key 103 ) </Li> <Li> 103.6 ( Tameside Radio ) </Li> <Li> 104.9 ( Imagine FM ) </Li> <Li> 105.4 ( Heart ) </Li> <Li> 106.1 ( XS Manchester ) </Li> <Li> 106.6 ( North Manchester FM ) </Li> <Li> 107.4 ( Tower FM ) </Li> <Li> 107.8 ( Pure Radio ) . The FM BBC Radio stations are broadcast from two transmitters , Holme Moss and Saddleworth . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> DAB </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stations : Absolute Radio </Li> <Li> Absolute Radio 80s </Li> <Li> Absolute Radio 90s </Li> <Li> Asian Sound Radio </Li> <Li> BBC Radio 1 </Li> <Li> BBC Radio 2 </Li> <Li> BBC Radio 3 </Li> <Li> BBC Radio 4 </Li> <Li> BBC Radio 4 Extra </Li> <Li> BBC Radio 5 Live </Li> <Li> BBC Radio 5 Live Sports Extra </Li> <Li> BBC Radio 6 Music </Li> <Li> BBC Asian Network </Li> <Li> BBC World Service </Li> <Li> BBC Radio Manchester </Li> <Li> BFBS Radio </Li> <Li> Classic FM </Li> <Li> Capital </Li> <Li> Capital Xtra </Li> <Li> Heart North West </Li> <Li> Heat Radio </Li> <Li> Key 103 </Li> <Li> Key 2 </Li> <Li> Key 3 </Li> <Li> Kiss </Li> <Li> LBC </Li> <Li> Magic UK </Li> <Li> Planet Rock </Li> <Li> Premier Christian Radio </Li> <Li> Radio X </Li> <Li> Smooth Extra </Li> <Li> Smooth Radio North West </Li> <Li> Talksport </Li> <Li> UCB UK Christian </Li> <Li> Multiplexes : CE Manchester ( local ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Global </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> The Board </Dt> <Dd> Ashley Tabor , Founder & Executive President </Dd> <Dd> Lord Allen , Chairman </Dd> <Dd> Stephen Miron , Group CEO </Dd> <Dd> Richard Park , Group Executive Director & Director of Broadcasting </Dd> <Dd> Mike Gordon , Chief Commercial Officer </Dd> <Dd> Will Harding , Chief Strategy Officer </Dd> <Dd> Ian Hanson , Chief Operating Officer </Dd> <Dd> Darren Singer , CFO </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Radio stations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Heart </Li> <Li> Capital </Li> <Li> Smooth Radio </Li> <Li> Classic FM </Li> <Li> Capital XTRA </Li> <Li> Radio X </Li> <Li> LBC </Li> <Li> Gold </Li> <Li> LBC London News </Li> <Li> The Arrow </Li> <Li> Chill </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television channels </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Capital TV </Li> <Li> Heart TV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Artist Management </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Matt Terry </Li> <Li> Louisa Johnson </Li> <Li> 5 After Midnight </Li> <Li> Saara Aalto </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Global 's Make Some Noise </Li> <Li> Global Academy </Li> <Li> List of Global Group stations </Li> <Li> Leicester Square </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> global.com/ </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Smooth Radio </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> London </Li> <Li> East Midlands </Li> <Li> West Midlands </Li> <Li> North East </Li> <Li> North West </Li> <Li> Glasgow </Li> <Li> Wales </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Simon Bates at Breakfast </Li> <Li> The Golden Hour </Li> <Li> Our Tune </Li> <Li> Jonny Gould </Li> <Li> Smooth 70s </Li> <Li> Jazz FM </Li> <Li> 102.2 Jazz FM </Li> <Li> 100.4 Jazz FM </Li> <Li> 102.2 Smooth FM </Li> <Li> Jazzfm.com </Li> <Li> Smooth Radio ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Smooth presenter history </Li> <Li> Wrexham and Chester Gold </Li> <Li> List of Global Group stations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smooth_North_West&oldid=822659269 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Communicorp </Li> <Li> Global Radio </Li> <Li> GMG Radio </Li> <Li> Media in Salford </Li> <Li> Radio stations in Manchester </Li> <Li> Smooth Radio </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 27 January 2018 , at 19 : 02 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Shawn Mendes - wikipedia <H1> Shawn Mendes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Shawn Mendes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mendes performing live in 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Shawn Peter Raul Mendes ( 1998 - 08 - 08 ) August 8 , 1998 ( age 19 ) Toronto , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Singer </Li> <Li> songwriter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 2013 -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Home town </Th> <Td> Pickering , Ontario </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Musical career </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genres </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pop </Li> <Li> folk pop </Li> <Li> pop rock </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Instruments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Vocals </Li> <Li> guitar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Labels </Th> <Td> Island </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> shawnmendesofficial.com </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Shawn Peter Raul Mendes ( / ˈmɛndɛz / ; European Portuguese : ( ˈmẽdɨʃ ) ; born August 8 , 1998 ) is a Canadian singer and songwriter . He attracted a following in 2013 when he began posting song covers on the video - sharing application Vine . The following year , he caught the attention of artist managers Andrew Gertler and Island Records A&R Ziggy Chareton , which led to him signing a deal with the record label . </P> <P> Mendes went on to release an EP and his debut studio album Handwritten , whose single `` Stitches '' reached the top 10 in the US and Canada , and number one in the UK . His sophomore album , Illuminate ( 2016 ) , was preceded by the single `` Treat You Better '' . Both albums debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 , making Mendes one of five artists to ever debut at number one before the age of eighteen . Mendes has headlined three world tours : ShawnsFirstHeadlines , the Shawn Mendes World Tour and the Illuminate World Tour . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career <Ul> <Li> 2.1 2013 -- 2015 : Handwritten </Li> <Li> 2.2 2016 -- present : Illuminate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Artistry </Li> <Li> 4 Philanthropy </Li> <Li> 5 Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> 6 Discography </Li> <Li> 7 Tours <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Headlining </Li> <Li> 7.2 Co-headlining </Li> <Li> 7.3 Opening act </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Early Life </H2> <P> Mendes was born in Toronto , Ontario , the son of Karen , a real estate agent , and Manuel Mendes , a businessman , selling bar and restaurant supplies in Toronto . His father is Portuguese ( from the Algarve ) , while his mother is English . He has a younger sister named Aaliyah . Mendes was raised in Pickering , Ontario , where he attended Pine Ridge Secondary School . </P> <H2> Career </H2> <H3> 2013 -- 2015 : Handwritten </H3> Main article : Handwritten ( Shawn Mendes album ) Mendes in 2014 <P> Mendes learned to play guitar by watching YouTube tutorial videos at the age of 13 in 2012 . Less than a year later he started posting cover videos on the social video app Vine in 2013 and gained millions of views and followers in a few months , becoming well known for his six - second snippets of renditions of many popular songs . By August 2014 , he was the third most - followed musician on Vine . Artist manager Andrew Gertler discovered Mendes online in November 2013 , bringing him to Island Records in January 2014 . He officially signed in May 2014 and released his first single `` Life of the Party '' on June 26 , 2014 . He became the youngest to debut in the top 25 on the US Billboard Hot 100 , making it to number 24 for the week ending July 12 , 2014 . Prior to his signing , Mendes toured as a member of the Magcon Tour alongside other young Viners with a large following on social media . Mendes was also on a nationwide tour with Austin Mahone as an opening act , releasing his debut major label EP in July . The EP debuted and peaked at number five on Billboard 200 , selling 48,000 copies in its first week . He won a Teen Choice award in 2014 for Webstar in Music . On September 5 , 2014 , `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' featuring Mendes was released as the fifth single from The Vamps ' debut album , Meet the Vamps . On November 6 , 2014 , `` Something Big '' was released as the second single . </P> <P> On April 14 , 2015 , Mendes released his full - length album Handwritten , which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 chart with 119,000 equivalent album units , selling 106,000 copies in its first week and was certified platinum . Mendes then became the youngest artist to debut at number one since the release of Justin Bieber 's My World 2.0 . The third single from the album , `` Stitches '' , peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 , becoming his first top 10 single in the US , and reached the top position on the Mainstream Top 40 chart . The song later reached number one in the UK . Also in 2015 , Mendes opened for Taylor Swift during 1989 World Tour dates for North America . In late 2015 Mendes and Camila Cabello , who was at the time a member of the group Fifth Harmony , released their collaborative single `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' . The song was included on Mendes ' Handwritten Revisited reissue . Mendes was listed among Time 's The 25 Most Influential Teens in 2014 , 2015 , , and 2016 . </P> <H3> 2016 -- present : Illuminate </H3> Main article : Illuminate ( Shawn Mendes album ) Mendes in 2017 <P> On January 21 , 2016 , Mendes appeared on The CW 's The 100 third season premiere . He later announced his second world tour as a headliner , the Shawn Mendes World Tour which started in March 2016 and sold out 38 shows in North America and Europe within minutes . Mendes signed with modeling agency Wilhelmina Models in early 2016 . He also made his first appearance on a Forbes list with their annual `` 30 Under 30 '' , for 2016 . Mendes released `` Treat You Better '' , the lead single from his second studio album Illuminate , in June 2016 . Commercially , the single reached the top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart and was certified triple platinum . The album , released September 23 , 2016 , debuted at number one on the US Billboard 200 with 145,000 equivalent album units , including 121,000 in pure album sales and was certified platinum . The album foray into `` a soft classic - rock groove '' in his new direction . `` Mercy '' was released as the second single on August 18 , 2016 , which entered the top 20 in the US and the UK and was certified double platinum . Mendes released the live album Live at Madison Square Garden in December 2016 . He appeared as the musical guest on Saturday Night Live December 3 , 2016 . Mendes embarked on his Illuminate World Tour in April 2017 , which sold out arenas around the world such as Los Angeles ' Staples Center and The O2 Arena in London . </P> <P> He released the single `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' on April 20 , 2017 , included on his Illuminate deluxe edition . The song was Mendes ' third single to reach the top 10 and also reached number one on the Mainstream Top 40 airplay chart . In August 2017 , he became the first artist under 20 to have 3 number 1 songs on Billboard 's Adult Pop Songs Chart . </P> <H2> Artistry </H2> <P> Mendes has cited John Mayer , Ed Sheeran , Justin Timberlake , and Bruno Mars as his musical influences . For Brittany Spanos of Rolling Stone Mendes incorporates `` catchy acoustic folk - pop tunes '' in his catalogue , while for Joe Coscarelli of The New York Times , `` his soft , sometimes soulful pop - rock plays primarily to tweens and teenagers , but has also found traction on adult contemporary radio stations . '' In an interview with Clash magazine , Mendes stated : </P> <P> `` I want to create anthems for people . I want to create anthems for big moments in their lives ... I do n't want my music to play for a few months and then go away forever . And not only that , I want to do incredible things that make a difference too . I think it 's not only about the music you release , it 's about the things you do while you 're making the music . '' </P> <H2> Philanthropy </H2> <P> In 2014 , Mendes and DoSomething.org launched their campaign called `` Notes from Shawn '' . The campaign was inspired by the lyrics to his first single , `` Life of the Party '' , and addressed low self - esteem , depression and awareness of self - harm . They relaunched their campaign for the second year in a row in 2015 and for a third year in a row in 2016 . He has also worked with Pencils of Promise , raising $25,000 to build a school in Ghana . </P> <H2> Awards and nominations </H2> Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Shawn Mendes <P> Mendes has received several awards and nominations , including two MTV Europe Music Awards , four iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards , and the Allan Slaight Honour from Canada 's Walk of Fame . In 2015 , Mendes was the recipient of the Breakout Award at the SOCAN Awards in Toronto . In 2016 , he received a People 's Choice Award for Favorite Breakout Artist . In 2017 , Shawn was nominated for an MTV Video Music Award for Best Pop Video for `` Treat You Better '' . </P> <H2> Discography </H2> Main article : Shawn Mendes discography <Ul> <Li> Handwritten ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Illuminate ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Tours </H2> <H3> Headlining </H3> <Ul> <Li> ShawnsFirstHeadlines ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> Shawn Mendes World Tour ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Illuminate World Tour ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Co-headlining </H3> <Ul> <Li> Jingle Ball Tour 2014 ( with various artists ) ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Jingle Ball Tour 2015 ( with various artists ) ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Opening act </H3> <Ul> <Li> Austin Mahone : Live on Tour ( Austin Mahone ) ( North America ) ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> The 1989 World Tour ( Taylor Swift ) ( North America ) ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shawn Mendes on Grown - Up New LP , John Mayer 's Advice , Dream Acting Role '' . Rolling Stone . September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved October 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Shawn Mendes , Pop Idol , Is Not Banking on a Gimmick '' . The New York Times . September 20 , 2016 . Retrieved October 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynch , Joe . `` These 10 Solo Artists Scored a No. 1 Album Before Turning 18 '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : o rapaz do momento '' . noticiasmagazine.pt . October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 2 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HAPPY BIRTHDAY TO MY BEAUTIFUL SISTER ! '' . Shawn Mendes Official Twitter . September 15 , 2015 . Retrieved December 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : How a six - second video launched the next Justin Bieber '' . Telegraph.co.uk . January 16 , 2015 . Retrieved January 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : 5 things you did n't know '' . AXS. April 23 , 2015 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Getting Honest With Shawn Mendes '' . Honest Blue . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes : 5 Things You Need To Know About The Vine Star Turned Chart - Topping Singer ( PHOTOS ) '' . Headlines & Global News . October 21 , 2015 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Shawn Mendes Is Turning Vine Fame into A Music Career '' . Billboard . July 18 , 2014 . Retrieved July 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes , 15 - Year - Old Vine Celebrity , Makes Record - Breaking Debut on Billboard Hot 100 '' . Idolator . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Girls go gaga for Vine video boys at Itasca meet and greet DailyHerald.com '' . Daily Herald . March 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gregory , Ted ( February 21 , 2014 ) . `` Viners ' meet and greet fosters teen idol frenzy Boys encounter stardom as popular producers of Twitter app 's 6 - second videos '' . Chicago Tribune . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Secret ' is out : Austin Mahone announces album , tour '' . USA Today . April 4 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Album on Course for No. 1 Debut on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Harley ( June 4 , 2014 ) . `` Vine Superstar Shawn Mendes Signed to Island Records ( Exclusive ) '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Vamps Release Remix of ' Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) ' Feat . Shawn Mendes ( LISTEN ) '' . popcrush.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes ' New Single ' Something Big ' Is Actually Something Huge '' . MTV.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( April 22 , 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes ' ' Handwritten ' Debuts at No. 1 on Billboard 200 Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` You searched for shawn mendes -- RIAA '' . RIAA . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daw , Robbie ( 22 April 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Becomes Youngest Artist To Top Album Chart In Half A Decade -- idolator '' . idolator . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( October 26 , 2015 ) . `` The Weeknd Tops Hot 100 ; Adele No. 1 Next Week ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 26 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( November 15 , 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes ' ' Stitches ' Hits No. 1 on Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved November 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Copsey , Rob ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` It 's not a stitch - up ! Shawn Mendes knocks Bieber off Number 1 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Vance Joy , Shawn Mendes tapped to support Taylor Swift on her `` 1989 '' tour `` . Headline Planet . November 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes & Camila Cabello Announce ' I Know What You Did Last Summer ' Duet : Hear a Preview '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 25 Most Influential Teens of 2014 '' . TIME Staff . Time . October 13 , 2014 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 30 Most Influential Teens of 2015 '' . TIME Staff . Time . October 27 , 2015 . Retrieved November 16 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 30 Most Influential Teens of 2016 '' . TIME Staff . Time . October 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch Shawn Mendes Bring Sweet , Beautiful Music To ' The 100 ′ '' . MTV news . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Announces Second Headlining World Tour '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guardia , Niko ; Berkofsky , Blossom . `` Shawn Mendes ' World Tour Sells Out in Minutes -- Music News -- ABC News Radio '' . ABC News Radio . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCall , Tyler ( January 5 , 2016 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Gets Modelling Contract '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Forbes 30 Under 30 : Music '' . Forbes . January 3 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Tries to End an Abusive Relationship in ' Treat You Better ' Video '' . Billboard . July 12 , 2016 . Retrieved July 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caulfield , Keith ( October 2 , 2016 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Earns Second No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 With ' Illuminate ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who 's Shawn Mendes ? You 're About To Find Out , Whether You Like It Or Not '' . Stereogum . September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved November 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ceron , Ella ( August 18 , 2016 ) . `` Shawn Mendes 's New Song `` Mercy '' Will Break Your Heart `` . Teen Vogue . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Gifts Fans Early : ' Live at Madison Square Garden ' Coming Friday '' . Billboard . December 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atkinson , Katie . `` Shawn Mendes Performs ' Mercy ' & ' Treat You Better ' on ' Saturday Night Live ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved 22 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Middleton , Ryan ( September 8 , 2016 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Announces 2017 Illuminate World Tour Dates '' . musictimes.com . Retrieved December 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilker , Deborah . `` Shawn Mendes Rocks His Dream Stage at Sold - Out L.A. Staples Center Concert '' . Billboard . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McClean , Craig . `` Shawn Mendes : I was the most upset I 've ever been after Manchester '' . Evening Standard . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weatherby , Taylor ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Drops Feisty New Single ' There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back ' '' . Billboard . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( July 17 , 2017 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Grabs Another Top 10 Hit , While ' Despacito ' Leads For Week 10 '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes ' `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' tops `` Billboard 's '' Pop Songs chart -- Music News -- ABC News Radio `` . ABC News Radio . August 15 , 2017 . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary . `` Shawn Mendes First Artist Under 20 to Land Three No. 1s on Adult Pop Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved 29 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pankey , William ( May 27 , 2015 ) . `` Q&A : Shawn Mendes talks touring , musical influences and having a No. 1 album '' . AXS . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lynn , Jennifer ( September 2 , 2014 ) . `` MTV Meets : Shawn Mendes '' . MTV . Retrieved September 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes Is The First Face Of Issue 104 '' . Clash Magazine . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Abel , Alex ( August 28 , 2014 ) . `` Join Shawn Mendes to Combat Low Self - Esteem & Spread LOVE ! '' . seventeenmag . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kassoy , Ben ( August 13 , 2015 ) . `` How Shawn Mendes is Spreading Happiness with Little Notes '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved December 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webster , Emma Sarran . `` The One Note Shawn Mendes Wishes He Could Leave Everywhere He Goes '' . Teen Vogue . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bliss , Karen ( November 11 , 2015 ) . `` Shawn Mendes Wants To Continue Making a Difference , Perhaps Go to Africa '' . SamaritanMag . Retrieved October 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes To Receive The 2015 Allan Slaight Honour '' . ETCanada . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 26th Anniversary SOCAN Awards -- Toronto -- Winners List '' ( PDF ) . Society of Composers , Authors and Music Publishers of Canada . June 2015 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lou , Shane ( 7 January 2016 ) . `` People 's Choice Awards Winners List '' . ABC News . Retrieved 23 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Respers France , Lisa ( July 25 , 2017 ) . `` 2017 MTV Video Music Awards nominations announced '' . CNN . Retrieved August 24 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shawn Mendes . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Shawn Mendes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Handwritten </Li> <Li> Illuminate </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Live at Madison Square Garden </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Shawn Mendes EP </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Life of the Party '' </Li> <Li> `` Something Big '' </Li> <Li> `` Stitches '' </Li> <Li> `` I Know What You Did Last Summer '' </Li> <Li> `` Treat You Better '' </Li> <Li> `` Mercy '' </Li> <Li> `` There 's Nothing Holdin ' Me Back '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Oh Cecilia ( Breaking My Heart ) '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Promotional singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Believe '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> # ShawnsFirstHeadlines </Li> <Li> Shawn Mendes World Tour </Li> <Li> Illuminate World Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 18144782949690386956 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2014147012 </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0004 5300 2747 </Li> <Li> GND : 1071955284 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 196898285 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb17004182j ( data ) </Li> <Li> MusicBrainz : b7d92248 - 97e3 - 4450 - 8057 - 6fe06738f735 </Li> <Li> NKC : xx0198586 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shawn_Mendes&oldid=808913842 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Shawn Mendes </Li> <Li> 1998 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> 21st - century Canadian singers </Li> <Li> 21st - century pianists </Li> <Li> Canadian child singers </Li> <Li> Canadian male singers </Li> <Li> Canadian people of English descent </Li> <Li> Canadian people of Portuguese descent </Li> <Li> Canadian pop guitarists </Li> <Li> Canadian pop pianists </Li> <Li> Canadian pop singers </Li> <Li> Child pop musicians </Li> <Li> Male guitarists </Li> <Li> Musicians from Toronto </Li> <Li> People from Pickering , Ontario </Li> <Li> Juno Award winners </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia semi-protected pages </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from June 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 6 November 2017 , at 00 : 15 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Alkali metal - wikipedia <H1> Alkali metal </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Alkali metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Hydrogen </Td> <Td_colspan="30"> </Td> <Td> Helium </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lithium </Td> <Td> Beryllium </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Boron </Td> <Td> Carbon </Td> <Td> Nitrogen </Td> <Td> Oxygen </Td> <Td> Fluorine </Td> <Td> Neon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sodium </Td> <Td> Magnesium </Td> <Td_colspan="24"> </Td> <Td> Aluminium </Td> <Td> Silicon </Td> <Td> Phosphorus </Td> <Td> Sulfur </Td> <Td> Chlorine </Td> <Td> Argon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Potassium </Td> <Td> Calcium </Td> <Td> Scandium </Td> <Td_colspan="14"> </Td> <Td> Titanium </Td> <Td> Vanadium </Td> <Td> Chromium </Td> <Td> Manganese </Td> <Td> Iron </Td> <Td> Cobalt </Td> <Td> Nickel </Td> <Td> Copper </Td> <Td> Zinc </Td> <Td> Gallium </Td> <Td> Germanium </Td> <Td> Arsenic </Td> <Td> Selenium </Td> <Td> Bromine </Td> <Td> Krypton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rubidium </Td> <Td> Strontium </Td> <Td> Yttrium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="13"> </Td> <Td> Zirconium </Td> <Td> Niobium </Td> <Td> Molybdenum </Td> <Td> Technetium </Td> <Td> Ruthenium </Td> <Td> Rhodium </Td> <Td> Palladium </Td> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> Cadmium </Td> <Td> Indium </Td> <Td> Tin </Td> <Td> Antimony </Td> <Td> Tellurium </Td> <Td> Iodine </Td> <Td> Xenon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caesium </Td> <Td> Barium </Td> <Td> Lanthanum </Td> <Td> Cerium </Td> <Td> Praseodymium </Td> <Td> Neodymium </Td> <Td> Promethium </Td> <Td> Samarium </Td> <Td> Europium </Td> <Td> Gadolinium </Td> <Td> Terbium </Td> <Td> Dysprosium </Td> <Td> Holmium </Td> <Td> Erbium </Td> <Td> Thulium </Td> <Td> Ytterbium </Td> <Td> Lutetium </Td> <Td> Hafnium </Td> <Td> Tantalum </Td> <Td> Tungsten </Td> <Td> Rhenium </Td> <Td> Osmium </Td> <Td> Iridium </Td> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> Mercury ( element ) </Td> <Td> Thallium </Td> <Td> Lead </Td> <Td> Bismuth </Td> <Td> Polonium </Td> <Td> Astatine </Td> <Td> Radon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Francium </Td> <Td> Radium </Td> <Td> Actinium </Td> <Td> Thorium </Td> <Td> Protactinium </Td> <Td> Uranium </Td> <Td> Neptunium </Td> <Td> Plutonium </Td> <Td> Americium </Td> <Td> Curium </Td> <Td> Berkelium </Td> <Td> Californium </Td> <Td> Einsteinium </Td> <Td> Fermium </Td> <Td> Mendelevium </Td> <Td> Nobelium </Td> <Td> Lawrencium </Td> <Td> Rutherfordium </Td> <Td> Dubnium </Td> <Td> Seaborgium </Td> <Td> Bohrium </Td> <Td> Hassium </Td> <Td> Meitnerium </Td> <Td> Darmstadtium </Td> <Td> Roentgenium </Td> <Td> Copernicium </Td> <Td> Nihonium </Td> <Td> Flerovium </Td> <Td> Moscovium </Td> <Td> Livermorium </Td> <Td> Tennessine </Td> <Td> Oganesson </Td> </Tr> </Table> noble gases ← → alkaline earth metals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> IUPAC group number </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Name by element </Td> <Td> lithium group </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trivial name </Td> <Td> alkali metals </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> CAS group number ( US , pattern A-B-A ) </Td> <Td> IA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> old IUPAC number ( Europe , pattern A-B ) </Td> <Td> IA </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ↓ Period </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Lithium ( Li ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Sodium ( Na ) 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Potassium ( K ) 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Rubidium ( Rb ) 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Caesium ( Cs ) 55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Francium ( Fr ) 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> Legend </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> primordial </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> element by radioactive decay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atomic number color : black = solid </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The alkali metals are a group ( column ) in the periodic table consisting of the chemical elements lithium ( Li ) , sodium ( Na ) , potassium ( K ) , rubidium ( Rb ) , caesium ( Cs ) , and francium ( Fr ) . This group lies in the s - block of the periodic table of elements as all alkali metals have their outermost electron in an s - orbital : this shared electron configuration results in their having very similar characteristic properties . Indeed , the alkali metals provide the best example of group trends in properties in the periodic table , with elements exhibiting well - characterised homologous behaviour . </P> <P> The alkali metals are all shiny , soft , highly reactive metals at standard temperature and pressure and readily lose their outermost electron to form cations with charge + 1 . They can all be cut easily with a knife due to their softness , exposing a shiny surface that tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation by atmospheric moisture and oxygen ( and in the case of lithium , nitrogen ) . Because of their high reactivity , they must be stored under oil to prevent reaction with air , and are found naturally only in salts and never as the free elements . Caesium , the fifth alkali metal , is the most reactive of all the metals . In the modern IUPAC nomenclature , the alkali metals comprise the group 1 elements , excluding hydrogen ( H ) , which is nominally a group 1 element but not normally considered to be an alkali metal as it rarely exhibits behaviour comparable to that of the alkali metals . All the alkali metals react with water , with the heavier alkali metals reacting more vigorously than the lighter ones . </P> <P> All of the discovered alkali metals occur in nature as their compounds : in order of abundance , sodium is the most abundant , followed by potassium , lithium , rubidium , caesium , and finally francium , which is very rare due to its extremely high radioactivity ; francium occurs only in the minutest traces in nature as an intermediate step in some obscure side branches of the natural decay chains . Experiments have been conducted to attempt the synthesis of ununennium ( Uue ) , which is likely to be the next member of the group , but they have all met with failure . However , ununennium may not be an alkali metal due to relativistic effects , which are predicted to have a large influence on the chemical properties of superheavy elements ; even if it does turn out to be an alkali metal , it is predicted to have some differences in physical and chemical properties from its lighter homologues . </P> <P> Most alkali metals have many different applications . One of the best - known applications of the pure elements is the use of rubidium and caesium in atomic clocks , of which caesium atomic clocks are the most accurate and precise representation of time . A common application of the compounds of sodium is the sodium - vapour lamp , which emits light very efficiently . Table salt , or sodium chloride , has been used since antiquity . Sodium and potassium are also essential elements , having major biological roles as electrolytes , and although the other alkali metals are not essential , they also have various effects on the body , both beneficial and harmful . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Occurrence <Ul> <Li> 2.1 In the Solar System </Li> <Li> 2.2 On Earth </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Properties <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Physical and chemical <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Lithium </Li> <Li> 3.1. 2 Francium </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.2 Nuclear </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Periodic trends <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Atomic and ionic radii </Li> <Li> 4.2 First ionisation energy </Li> <Li> 4.3 Reactivity </Li> <Li> 4.4 Electronegativity </Li> <Li> 4.5 Melting and boiling points </Li> <Li> 4.6 Density </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Compounds <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Hydroxides </Li> <Li> 5.2 Intermetallic compounds </Li> <Li> 5.3 Compounds with the group 13 elements </Li> <Li> 5.4 Compounds with the group 14 elements </Li> <Li> 5.5 Nitrides and pnictides </Li> <Li> 5.6 Oxides and chalcogenides </Li> <Li> 5.7 Halides , hydrides , and pseudohalides </Li> <Li> 5.8 Coordination complexes </Li> <Li> 5.9 Ammonia solutions </Li> <Li> 5.10 Organometallic <Ul> <Li> 5.10. 1 Organolithium </Li> <Li> 5.10. 2 Heavier alkali metals </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Extensions </Li> <Li> 7 Pseudo-alkali metals <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Hydrogen </Li> <Li> 7.2 Ammonium and derivatives </Li> <Li> 7.3 Cobaltocene and derivatives </Li> <Li> 7.4 Thallium </Li> <Li> 7.5 Copper , silver , and gold </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Production and isolation </Li> <Li> 9 Applications </Li> <Li> 10 Biological role and precautions <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Metals </Li> <Li> 10.2 Ions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Petalite , the lithium mineral from which lithium was first isolated <P> Sodium compounds have been known since ancient times ; salt ( sodium chloride ) has been an important commodity in human activities , as testified by the English word salary , referring to salarium , money paid to Roman soldiers for the purchase of salt . While potash has been used since ancient times , it was not understood for most of its history to be a fundamentally different substance from sodium mineral salts . Georg Ernst Stahl obtained experimental evidence which led him to suggest the fundamental difference of sodium and potassium salts in 1702 , and Henri Louis Duhamel du Monceau was able to prove this difference in 1736 . The exact chemical composition of potassium and sodium compounds , and the status as chemical element of potassium and sodium , was not known then , and thus Antoine Lavoisier did include the alkali in his list of chemical elements in 1789 . </P> <P> Pure potassium was first isolated in 1807 in England by Sir Humphry Davy , who derived it from caustic potash ( KOH , potassium hydroxide ) by the use of electrolysis of the molten salt with the newly invented voltaic pile . Previous attempts at electrolysis of the aqueous salt were unsuccessful due to potassium 's extreme reactivity . Potassium was the first metal that was isolated by electrolysis . Later that same year , Davy reported extraction of sodium from the similar substance caustic soda ( NaOH , lye ) by a similar technique , demonstrating the elements , and thus the salts , to be different . Later that year , the first pieces of pure molten sodium metal were similarly prepared by Humphry Davy through the electrolysis of molten caustic soda ( now called sodium hydroxide ) . </P> Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner was among the first to notice similarities between what are now known as the alkali metals . <P> Petalite ( Li Al Si O ) was discovered in 1800 by the Brazilian chemist José Bonifácio de Andrada in a mine on the island of Utö , Sweden . However , it was not until 1817 that Johan August Arfwedson , then working in the laboratory of the chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius , detected the presence of a new element while analysing petalite ore . This new element was noted by him to form compounds similar to those of sodium and potassium , though its carbonate and hydroxide were less soluble in water and more alkaline than the other alkali metals . Berzelius gave the unknown material the name `` lithion / lithina '' , from the Greek word λιθoς ( transliterated as lithos , meaning `` stone '' ) , to reflect its discovery in a solid mineral , as opposed to potassium , which had been discovered in plant ashes , and sodium , which was known partly for its high abundance in animal blood . He named the metal inside the material `` lithium '' . Lithium , sodium , and potassium were part of the discovery of periodicity , as they are among a series of triads of elements in the same group that were noted by Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner in 1850 as having similar properties . </P> Lepidolite , the rubidium mineral from which rubidium was first isolated <P> Rubidium and caesium were the first elements to be discovered using the spectroscope , invented in 1859 by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff . The next year , they discovered caesium in the mineral water from Bad Dürkheim , Germany . Their discovery of rubidium came the following year in Heidelberg , Germany , finding it in the mineral lepidolite . The names of rubidium and caesium come from the most prominent lines in their emission spectra : a bright red line for rubidium ( from the Latin word rubidus , meaning dark red or bright red ) , and a sky - blue line for caesium ( derived from the Latin word caesius , meaning sky - blue ) . </P> <P> Around 1865 John Newlands produced a series of papers where he listed the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and similar physical and chemical properties that recurred at intervals of eight ; he likened such periodicity to the octaves of music , where notes an octave apart have similar musical functions . His version put all the alkali metals then known ( lithium to caesium ) , as well as copper , silver , and thallium ( which show the + 1 oxidation state characteristic of the alkali metals ) , together into a group . His table placed hydrogen with the halogens . </P> Dmitri Mendeleev 's periodic system proposed in 1871 showing hydrogen and the alkali metals as part of his group I , along with copper , silver , and gold <P> After 1869 , Dmitri Mendeleev proposed his periodic table placing lithium at the top of a group with sodium , potassium , rubidium , caesium , and thallium . Two years later , Mendeleev revised his table , placing hydrogen in group 1 above lithium , and also moving thallium to the boron group . In this 1871 version , copper , silver , and gold were placed twice , once as part of group IB , and once as part of a `` group VIII '' encompassing today 's groups 8 to 11 . After the introduction of the 18 - column table , the group IB elements were moved to their current position in the d - block , while alkali metals were left in group IA . Later the group 's name was changed to group 1 in 1988 . The trivial name `` alkali metals '' comes from the fact that the hydroxides of the group 1 elements are all strong alkalis when dissolved in water . </P> <P> There were at least four erroneous and incomplete discoveries before Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris , France discovered francium in 1939 by purifying a sample of actinium - 227 , which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV . However , Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV . Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by a previously unidentified decay product , one that was separated during purification , but emerged again out of the pure actinium - 227 . Various tests eliminated the possibility of the unknown element being thorium , radium , lead , bismuth , or thallium . The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal ( such as coprecipitating with caesium salts ) , which led Perey to believe that it was element 87 , caused by the alpha decay of actinium - 227 . Perey then attempted to determine the proportion of beta decay to alpha decay in actinium - 227 . Her first test put the alpha branching at 0.6 % , a figure that she later revised to 1 % . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Ac α ( 1.38 % ) → 21.77 y Fr β → 22 min Ra α → 11.4 d </Dd> </Dl> <P> The next element below francium ( eka - francium ) in the periodic table would be ununennium ( Uue ) , element 119 . The synthesis of ununennium was first attempted in 1985 by bombarding a target of einsteinium - 254 with calcium - 48 ions at the superHILAC accelerator at Berkeley , California . No atoms were identified , leading to a limiting yield of 300 nb . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Es + Ca → Uue * → no atoms </Dd> </Dl> <P> It is highly unlikely that this reaction will be able to create any atoms of ununennium in the near future , given the extremely difficult task of making sufficient amounts of einsteinium - 254 , which is favoured for production of ultraheavy elements because of its large mass , relatively long half - life of 270 days , and availability in significant amounts of several micrograms , to make a large enough target to increase the sensitivity of the experiment to the required level ; einsteinium has not been found in nature and has only been produced in laboratories , and in quantities smaller than those needed for effective synthesis of superheavy elements . However , given that ununennium is only the first period 8 element on the extended periodic table , it may well be discovered in the near future through other reactions , and indeed an attempt to synthesise it is currently ongoing in Japan . Currently , none of the period 8 elements have been discovered yet , and it is also possible , due to drip instabilities , that only the lower period 8 elements , up to around element 128 , are physically possible . No attempts at synthesis have been made for any heavier alkali metals : due to their extremely high atomic number , they would require new , more powerful methods and technology to make . </P> <H2> Occurrence ( edit ) </H2> <H3> In the solar system ( edit ) </H3> Estimated abundances of the chemical elements in the Solar system . Hydrogen and helium are most common , from the Big Bang . The next three elements ( lithium , beryllium , and boron ) are rare because they are poorly synthesised in the Big Bang and also in stars . The two general trends in the remaining stellar - produced elements are : ( 1 ) an alternation of abundance in elements as they have even or odd atomic numbers , and ( 2 ) a general decrease in abundance , as elements become heavier . Iron is especially common because it represents the minimum energy nuclide that can be made by fusion of helium in supernovae . <P> The Oddo -- Harkins rule holds that elements with even atomic numbers are more common that those with odd atomic numbers , with the exception of hydrogen . This rule argues that elements with odd atomic numbers have one unpaired proton and are more likely to capture another , thus increasing their atomic number . In elements with even atomic numbers , protons are paired , with each member of the pair offsetting the spin of the other , enhancing stability . All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers and they are not as common as the elements with even atomic numbers adjacent to them ( the noble gases and the alkaline earth metals ) in the Solar System . The heavier alkali metals are also less abundant than the lighter ones as the alkali metals from rubidium onward can only be synthesised in supernovae and not in stellar nucleosynthesis . Lithium is also much less abundant than sodium and potassium as it is poorly synthesised in both Big Bang nucleosynthesis and in stars : the Big Bang could only produce trace quantities of lithium , beryllium and boron due to the absence of a stable nucleus with 5 or 8 nucleons , and stellar nucleosynthesis could only pass this bottleneck by the triple - alpha process , fusing three helium nuclei to form carbon , and skipping over those three elements . </P> <H3> On Earth ( edit ) </H3> Spodumene , an important lithium mineral <P> The Earth formed from the same cloud of matter that formed the Sun , but the planets acquired different compositions during the formation and evolution of the solar system . In turn , the natural history of the Earth caused parts of this planet to have differing concentrations of the elements . The mass of the Earth is approximately 5.98 × 10 kg . It is composed mostly of iron ( 32.1 % ) , oxygen ( 30.1 % ) , silicon ( 15.1 % ) , magnesium ( 13.9 % ) , sulfur ( 2.9 % ) , nickel ( 1.8 % ) , calcium ( 1.5 % ) , and aluminium ( 1.4 % ) ; with the remaining 1.2 % consisting of trace amounts of other elements . Due to planetary differentiation , the core region is believed to be primarily composed of iron ( 88.8 % ) , with smaller amounts of nickel ( 5.8 % ) , sulfur ( 4.5 % ) , and less than 1 % trace elements . </P> <P> The alkali metals , due to their high reactivity , do not occur naturally in pure form in nature . They are lithophiles and therefore remain close to the Earth 's surface because they combine readily with oxygen and so associate strongly with silica , forming relatively low - density minerals that do not sink down into the Earth 's core . Potassium , rubidium and caesium are also incompatible elements due to their large ionic radii . </P> <P> Sodium and potassium are very abundant in earth , both being among the ten most common elements in Earth 's crust ; sodium makes up approximately 2.6 % of the Earth 's crust measured by weight , making it the sixth most abundant element overall and the most abundant alkali metal . Potassium makes up approximately 1.5 % of the Earth 's crust and is the seventh most abundant element . Sodium is found in many different minerals , of which the most common is ordinary salt ( sodium chloride ) , which occurs in vast quantities dissolved in seawater . Other solid deposits include halite , amphibole , cryolite , nitratine , and zeolite . Many of these solid deposits occur as a result of ancient seas evaporating , which still occurs now in places such as Utah 's Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea . Despite their near - equal abundance in Earth 's crust , sodium is far more common than potassium in the ocean , both because potassium 's larger size makes its salts less soluble , and because potassium is bound by silicates in soil and what potassium leaches is absorbed far more readily by plant life than sodium . </P> <P> Despite its chemical similarity , lithium typically does not occur together with sodium or potassium due to its smaller size . Due to its relatively low reactivity , it can be found in seawater in large amounts ; it is estimated that seawater is approximately 0.14 to 0.25 parts per million ( ppm ) or 25 micromolar . Its diagonal relationship with magnesium often allows it to replace magnesium in ferromagnesium minerals , where its crustal concentration is about 18 ppm , comparable to that of gallium and niobium . Commercially , the most important lithium mineral is spodumene , which occurs in large deposits worldwide . </P> <P> Rubidium is approximately as abundant as zinc and more abundant than copper . It occurs naturally in the minerals leucite , pollucite , carnallite , zinnwaldite , and lepidolite , although none of these contain only rubidium and no other alkali metals . Caesium is more abundant than some commonly known elements , such as antimony , cadmium , tin , and tungsten , but is much less abundant than rubidium . </P> <P> Francium - 223 , the only naturally occurring isotope of francium , is the product of the alpha decay of actinium - 227 and can be found in trace amounts in uranium minerals . In a given sample of uranium , there is estimated to be only one francium atom for every 10 uranium atoms . It has been calculated that there is at most 30 g of francium in the earth 's crust at any time , due to its extremely short half - life of 22 minutes . </P> <H2> Properties ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Physical and Chemical ( edit ) </H3> <P> The physical and chemical properties of the alkali metals can be readily explained by their having an ns valence electron configuration , which results in weak metallic bonding . Hence , all the alkali metals are soft and have low densities , melting and boiling points , as well as heats of sublimation , vaporisation , and dissociation . They all crystallise in the body - centered cubic crystal structure , and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited . The ns configuration also results in the alkali metals having very large atomic and ionic radii , as well as very high thermal and electrical conductivity . Their chemistry is dominated by the loss of their lone valence electron in the outermost s - orbital to form the + 1 oxidation state , due to the ease of ionising this electron and the very high second ionisation energy . Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group . The chemistry of francium is not well established due to its extreme radioactivity ; thus , the presentation of its properties here is limited . What little is known about francium shows that it is very close in behaviour to caesium , as expected . The physical properties of francium are even sketchier because the bulk element has never been observed ; hence any data that may be found in the literature are certainly speculative extrapolations . </P> <Table> Properties of the alkali metals <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Lithium </Th> <Th> Sodium </Th> <Th> Potassium </Th> <Th> Rubidium </Th> <Th> Caesium </Th> <Th> Francium </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atomic number </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Standard atomic weight ( u ) </Td> <Td> 6.94 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 22.98976928 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 39.0983 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 85.4678 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 132.9054519 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> ( 223 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electron configuration </Td> <Td> ( He ) 2s </Td> <Td> ( Ne ) 3s </Td> <Td> ( Ar ) 4s </Td> <Td> ( Kr ) 5s </Td> <Td> ( Xe ) 6s </Td> <Td> ( Rn ) 7s </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Melting point ( ° C ) </Td> <Td> 180.54 </Td> <Td> 97.72 </Td> <Td> 63.38 </Td> <Td> 39.31 </Td> <Td> 28.44 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boiling point ( ° C ) </Td> <Td> 1342 </Td> <Td> 883 </Td> <Td> 759 </Td> <Td> 688 </Td> <Td> 671 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Density ( g cm ) </Td> <Td> 0.534 </Td> <Td> 0.968 </Td> <Td> 0.89 </Td> <Td> 1.532 </Td> <Td> 1.93 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heat of fusion ( kJ mol ) </Td> <Td> 3.00 </Td> <Td> 2.60 </Td> <Td> 2.321 </Td> <Td> 2.19 </Td> <Td> 2.09 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heat of vaporisation ( kJ mol ) </Td> <Td> 136 </Td> <Td> 97.42 </Td> <Td> 79.1 </Td> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> 66.1 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heat of formation of monatomic gas ( kJ mol ) </Td> <Td> 162 </Td> <Td> 108 </Td> <Td> 89.6 </Td> <Td> 82.0 </Td> <Td> 78.2 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electrical resistivity at 25 ° C ( n Ω cm ) </Td> <Td> 94.7 </Td> <Td> 48.8 </Td> <Td> 73.9 </Td> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> 208 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atomic radius ( pm ) </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> 186 </Td> <Td> 227 </Td> <Td> 248 </Td> <Td> 265 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ionic radius of hexacoordinate M ion ( pm ) </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 102 </Td> <Td> 138 </Td> <Td> 152 </Td> <Td> 167 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> First ionisation energy ( kJ mol ) </Td> <Td> 520.2 </Td> <Td> 495.8 </Td> <Td> 418.8 </Td> <Td> 403.0 </Td> <Td> 375.7 </Td> <Td> 392.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Electron affinity ( kJ mol ) </Td> <Td> 59.62 </Td> <Td> 52.87 </Td> <Td> 48.38 </Td> <Td> 46.89 </Td> <Td> 45.51 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Enthalpy of dissociation of M ( kJ mol ) </Td> <Td> 106.5 </Td> <Td> 73.6 </Td> <Td> 57.3 </Td> <Td> 45.6 </Td> <Td> 44.77 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pauling electronegativity </Td> <Td> 0.98 </Td> <Td> 0.93 </Td> <Td> 0.82 </Td> <Td> 0.82 </Td> <Td> 0.79 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Standard electrode potential ( E ° ( M → M ) ; V ) </Td> <Td> − 3.04 </Td> <Td> − 2.71 </Td> <Td> − 2.93 </Td> <Td> − 2.98 </Td> <Td> − 3.03 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flame test colour Principal emission / absorption wavelength ( nm ) </Td> <Td> Crimson 670.8 </Td> <Td> Yellow 589.2 </Td> <Td> Violet 766.5 </Td> <Td> Red - violet 780.0 </Td> <Td> Blue 455.5 </Td> <Td> ? </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other . Indeed , the similarity is so great that it is quite difficult to separate potassium , rubidium , and caesium , due to their similar ionic radii ; lithium and sodium are more distinct . For instance , when moving down the table , all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius , decreasing electronegativity , increasing reactivity , and decreasing melting and boiling points as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation . In general , their densities increase when moving down the table , with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium . One of the very few properties of the alkali metals that does not display a very smooth trend is their reduction potentials : lithium 's value is anomalous , being more negative than the others . This is because the Li ion has a very high hydration energy in the gas phase : though the lithium ion disrupts the structure of water significantly , causing a higher change in entropy , this high hydration energy is enough to make the reduction potentials indicate it as being the most electropositive alkali metal , despite the difficulty of ionising it in the gas phase . </P> <P> The stable alkali metals are all silver - coloured metals except for caesium , which has a pale golden tint : it is one of only three metals that are clearly coloured ( the other two being copper and gold ) . Additionally , the heavy alkaline earth metals calcium , strontium , and barium , as well as the divalent lanthanides europium and ytterbium , are pale yellow , though the colour is much less prominent than it is for caesium . Their lustre tarnishes rapidly in air due to oxidation . They all crystallise in the body - centered cubic crystal structure , and have distinctive flame colours because their outer s electron is very easily excited . Indeed , these flame test colours are the most common way of identifying them since all their salts with common ions are soluble . </P> Play media Potassium reacts violently with water at room temperature Play media Caesium reacts explosively with water even at low temperatures <P> All the alkali metals are highly reactive and are never found in elemental forms in nature . Because of this , they are usually stored in mineral oil or kerosene ( paraffin oil ) . They react aggressively with the halogens to form the alkali metal halides , which are white ionic crystalline compounds that are all soluble in water except lithium fluoride ( Li F ) . The alkali metals also react with water to form strongly alkaline hydroxides and thus should be handled with great care . The heavier alkali metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones ; for example , when dropped into water , caesium produces a larger explosion than potassium if the same number of moles of each metal is used . The alkali metals have the lowest first ionisation energies in their respective periods of the periodic table because of their low effective nuclear charge and the ability to attain a noble gas configuration by losing just one electron . Not only do the alkali metals react with water , but also with proton donors like alcohols and phenols , gaseous ammonia , and alkynes , the last demonstrating the phenomenal degree of their reactivity . Their great power as reducing agents makes them very useful in liberating other metals from their oxides or halides . </P> <P> The second ionisation energy of all of the alkali metals is very high as it is in a full shell that is also closer to the nucleus ; thus , they almost always lose a single electron , forming cations . The alkalides are an exception : they are unstable compounds which contain alkali metals in a − 1 oxidation state , which is very unusual as before the discovery of the alkalides , the alkali metals were not expected to be able to form anions and were thought to be able to appear in salts only as cations . The alkalide anions have filled s - subshells , which gives them enough stability to exist . All the stable alkali metals except lithium are known to be able to form alkalides , and the alkalides have much theoretical interest due to their unusual stoichiometry and low ionisation potentials . Alkalides are chemically similar to the electrides , which are salts with trapped electrons acting as anions . A particularly striking example of an alkalide is `` inverse sodium hydride '' , H Na ( both ions being complexed ) , as opposed to the usual sodium hydride , Na H : it is unstable in isolation , due to its high energy resulting from the displacement of two electrons from hydrogen to sodium , although several derivatives are predicted to be metastable or stable . </P> <P> In aqueous solution , the alkali metal ions form aqua ions of the formula ( M ( H O ) ) , where n is the solvation number . Their coordination numbers and shapes agree well with those expected from their ionic radii . In aqueous solution the water molecules directly attached to the metal ion are said to belong to the first coordination sphere , also known as the first , or primary , solvation shell . The bond between a water molecule and the metal ion is a dative covalent bond , with the oxygen atom donating both electrons to the bond . Each coordinated water molecule may be attached by hydrogen bonds to other water molecules . The latter are said to reside in the second coordination sphere . However , for the alkali metal cations , the second coordination sphere is not well - defined as the + 1 charge on the cation is not high enough to polarise the water molecules in the primary solvation shell enough for them to form strong hydrogen bonds with those in the second coordination sphere , producing a more stable entity . The solvation number for Li has been experimentally determined to be 4 , forming the tetrahedral ( Li ( H O ) ) : while solvation numbers of 3 to 6 have been found for lithium aqua ions , solvation numbers less than 4 may be the result of the formation of contact ion pairs , and the higher solvation numbers may be interpreted in terms of water molecules that approach ( Li ( H O ) ) through a face of the tetrahedron , though molecular dynamic simulations may indicate the existence of an octahedral hexaaqua ion . There are also probably six water molecules in the primary solvation sphere of the sodium ion , forming the octahedral ( Na ( H O ) ) ion . While it was previously thought that the heavier alkali metals also formed octahedral hexaaqua ions , it has since been found that potassium and rubidium probably form the ( K ( H O ) ) and ( Rb ( H O ) ) ions , which have the square antiprismatic structure , and that caesium forms the 12 - coordinate ( Cs ( H O ) ) ion . </P> Lithium ( edit ) <P> The chemistry of lithium shows several differences from that of the rest of the group as the small Li cation polarises anions and gives its compounds a more covalent character . Lithium and magnesium have a diagonal relationship due to their similar atomic radii , so that they show some similarities . For example , lithium forms a stable nitride , a property common among all the alkaline earth metals ( magnesium 's group ) but unique among the alkali metals . In addition , among their respective groups , only lithium and magnesium form organometallic compounds with significant covalent character ( e.g. Li Me and MgMe ) . </P> <P> Lithium fluoride is the only alkali metal halide that is poorly soluble in water , and lithium hydroxide is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent . Conversely , lithium perchlorate and other lithium salts with large anions that can not be polarised are much more stable than the analogous compounds of the other alkali metals , probably because Li has a high solvation energy . This effect also means that most simple lithium salts are commonly encountered in hydrated form , because the anhydrous forms are extremely hygroscopic : this allows salts like lithium chloride and lithium bromide to be used in dehumidifiers and air - conditioners . </P> Francium ( edit ) <P> Francium is also predicted to show some differences due to its high atomic weight , causing its electrons to travel at considerable fractions of the speed of light and thus making relativistic effects more prominent . In contrast to the trend of decreasing electronegativities and ionisation energies of the alkali metals , francium 's electronegativity and ionisation energy are predicted to be higher than caesium 's due to the relativistic stabilisation of the 7s electrons ; also , its atomic radius is expected to be abnormally low . Thus , contrary to expectation , caesium is the most reactive of the alkali metals , not francium . All known physical properties of francium also deviate from the clear trends going from lithium to caesium , such as the first ionisation energy , electron affinity , and anion polarisability , though due to the paucity of known data about francium many sources give extrapolated values , ignoring that relativistic effects make the trend from lithium to caesium become inapplicable at francium . Some of the few properties of francium that have been predicted taking relativity into account are the electron affinity ( 47.2 kJ / mol ) and the enthalpy of dissociation of the Fr molecule ( 42.1 kJ / mol ) . The CsFr molecule is polarised as Cs Fr , showing that the 7s subshell of francium is much more strongly affected by relativistic effects than the 6s subshell of caesium . Additionally , francium superoxide ( FrO ) is expected to have significant covalent character , unlike the other alkali metal superoxides , because of bonding contributions from the 6p electrons of francium . </P> <H3> Nuclear ( edit ) </H3> <Table> Primordial isotopes of the alkali metals <Tr> <Th> Z </Th> <Th> Alkali metal </Th> <Th> Stable </Th> <Th> Decays </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> unstable : italics odd -- odd isotopes coloured pink </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> lithium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Li </Td> <Td> Li </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> sodium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Na </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> potassium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> rubidium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rb </Td> <Td> Rb </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> caesium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> Cs </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> francium </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td_colspan="3"> No primordial isotopes ( Fr is a radiogenic nuclide ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Radioactive : K , t 1.25 × 10 years ; Rb , t 4.9 × 10 years ; Fr , t 22.0 min . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> All the alkali metals have odd atomic numbers ; hence , their isotopes must be either odd -- odd ( both proton and neutron number are odd ) or odd -- even ( proton number is odd , but neutron number is even ) . Odd -- odd nuclei have even mass numbers , whereas odd -- even nuclei have odd mass numbers . Odd -- odd primordial nuclides are rare because most odd -- odd nuclei are highly unstable with respect to beta decay , because the decay products are even -- even , and are therefore more strongly bound , due to nuclear pairing effects . </P> <P> Due to the great rarity of odd -- odd nuclei , almost all the primordial isotopes of the alkali metals are odd -- even ( the exceptions being the light stable isotope lithium - 6 and the long - lived radioisotope potassium - 40 ) . For a given odd mass number , there can be only a single beta - stable nuclide , since there is not a difference in binding energy between even -- odd and odd -- even comparable to that between even -- even and odd -- odd , leaving other nuclides of the same mass number ( isobars ) free to beta decay toward the lowest - mass nuclide . An effect of the instability of an odd number of either type of nucleons is that odd - numbered elements , such as the alkali metals , tend to have fewer stable isotopes than even - numbered elements . Of the 26 monoisotopic elements that have only a single stable isotope , all but one have an odd atomic number and all but one also have an even number of neutrons . Beryllium is the single exception to both rules , due to its low atomic number . </P> <P> All of the alkali metals except lithium and caesium have at least one naturally occurring radioisotope : sodium - 22 and sodium - 24 are trace radioisotopes produced cosmogenically , potassium - 40 and rubidium - 87 have very long half - lives and thus occur naturally , and all isotopes of francium are radioactive . Caesium was also thought to be radioactive in the early 20th century , although it has no naturally occurring radioisotopes . ( Francium had not been discovered yet at that time . ) The natural long - lived radioisotope of potassium , potassium - 40 , makes up about 0.012 % of natural potassium , and thus natural potassium is weakly radioactive . This natural radioactivity became a basis for a mistaken claim of the discovery for element 87 ( the next alkali metal after caesium ) in 1925 . Natural rubidium is similarly slightly radioactive , with 27.83 % being the long - lived radioisotope rubidium - 87 . </P> <P> Caesium - 137 , with a half - life of 30.17 years , is one of the two principal medium - lived fission products , along with strontium - 90 , which are responsible for most of the radioactivity of spent nuclear fuel after several years of cooling , up to several hundred years after use . It constitutes most of the radioactivity still left from the Chernobyl accident . Caesium - 137 undergoes high - energy beta decay and eventually becomes stable barium - 137 . It is a strong emitter of gamma radiation . Caesium - 137 has a very low rate of neutron capture and can not be feasibly disposed of in this way , but must be allowed to decay . Caesium - 137 has been used as a tracer in hydrologic studies , analogous to the use of tritium . Small amounts of caesium - 134 and caesium - 137 were released into the environment during nearly all nuclear weapon tests and some nuclear accidents , most notably the Goiânia accident and the Chernobyl disaster . As of 2005 , caesium - 137 is the principal source of radiation in the zone of alienation around the Chernobyl nuclear power plant . Its chemical properties as one of the alkali metals make it one of most problematic of the short - to - medium - lifetime fission products because it easily moves and spreads in nature due to the high water solubility of its salts , and is taken up by the body , which mistakes it for its essential congeners sodium and potassium . </P> <H2> Periodic trends ( edit ) </H2> <P> The alkali metals are more similar to each other than the elements in any other group are to each other . For instance , when moving down the table , all known alkali metals show increasing atomic radius , decreasing electronegativity , increasing reactivity , and decreasing melting and boiling points as well as heats of fusion and vaporisation . In general , their densities increase when moving down the table , with the exception that potassium is less dense than sodium . </P> <H3> Atomic and ionic radii ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Atomic radius Effective nuclear charge on an atomic electron <P> The atomic radii of the alkali metals increase going down the group . Because of the shielding effect , when an atom has more than one electron shell , each electron feels electric repulsion from the other electrons as well as electric attraction from the nucleus . In the alkali metals , the outermost electron only feels a net charge of + 1 , as some of the nuclear charge ( which is equal to the atomic number ) is cancelled by the inner electrons ; the number of inner electrons of an alkali metal is always one less than the nuclear charge . Therefore , the only factor which affects the atomic radius of the alkali metals is the number of electron shells . Since this number increases down the group , the atomic radius must also increase down the group . </P> <P> The ionic radii of the alkali metals are much smaller than their atomic radii . This is because the outermost electron of the alkali metals is in a different electron shell than the inner electrons , and thus when it is removed the resulting atom has one fewer electron shell and is smaller . Additionally , the effective nuclear charge has increased , and thus the electrons are attracted more strongly towards the nucleus and the ionic radius decreases . </P> <H3> First ionisation energy ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ionisation energy Periodic trend for ionisation energy : each period begins at a minimum for the alkali metals , and ends at a maximum for the noble gases . <P> The first ionisation energy of an element or molecule is the energy required to move the most loosely held electron from one mole of gaseous atoms of the element or molecules to form one mole of gaseous ions with electric charge + 1 . The factors affecting the first ionisation energy are the nuclear charge , the amount of shielding by the inner electrons and the distance from the most loosely held electron from the nucleus , which is always an outer electron in main group elements . The first two factors change the effective nuclear charge the most loosely held electron feels . Since the outermost electron of alkali metals always feels the same effective nuclear charge ( + 1 ) , the only factor which affects the first ionisation energy is the distance from the outermost electron to the nucleus . Since this distance increases down the group , the outermost electron feels less attraction from the nucleus and thus the first ionisation energy decreases . ( This trend is broken in francium due to the relativistic stabilisation and contraction of the 7s orbital , bringing francium 's valence electron closer to the nucleus than would be expected from non-relativistic calculations . This makes francium 's outermost electron feel more attraction from the nucleus , increasing its first ionisation energy slightly beyond that of caesium . ) </P> <P> The second ionisation energy of the alkali metals is much higher than the first as the second-most loosely held electron is part of a fully filled electron shell and is thus difficult to remove . </P> <H3> Reactivity ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Reactivity ( chemistry ) <P> The reactivities of the alkali metals increase going down the group . This is the result of a combination of two factors : the first ionisation energies and atomisation energies of the alkali metals . Because the first ionisation energy of the alkali metals decreases down the group , it is easier for the outermost electron to be removed from the atom and participate in chemical reactions , thus increasing reactivity down the group . The atomisation energy measures the strength of the metallic bond of an element , which falls down the group as the atoms increase in radius and thus the metallic bond must increase in length , making the delocalised electrons further away from the attraction of the nuclei of the heavier alkali metals . Adding the atomisation and first ionisation energies gives a quantity closely related to ( but not equal to ) the activation energy of the reaction of an alkali metal with another substance . This quantity decreases going down the group , and so does the activation energy ; thus , chemical reactions can occur faster and the reactivity increases down the group . </P> <H3> Electronegativity ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Electronegativity The variation of Pauling electronegativity ( y - axis ) as one descends the main groups of the periodic table from the second to the sixth period <P> Electronegativity is a chemical property that describes the tendency of an atom or a functional group to attract electrons ( or electron density ) towards itself . If the bond between sodium and chlorine in sodium chloride were covalent , the pair of shared electrons would be attracted to the chlorine because the effective nuclear charge on the outer electrons is + 7 in chlorine but is only + 1 in sodium . The electron pair is attracted so close to the chlorine atom that they are practically transferred to the chlorine atom ( an ionic bond ) . However , if the sodium atom was replaced by a lithium atom , the electrons will not be attracted as close to the chlorine atom as before because the lithium atom is smaller , making the electron pair more strongly attracted to the closer effective nuclear charge from lithium . Hence , the larger alkali metal atoms ( further down the group ) will be less electronegative as the bonding pair is less strongly attracted towards them . As mentioned previously , francium is expected to be an exception . </P> <P> Because of the higher electronegativity of lithium , some of its compounds have a more covalent character . For example , lithium iodide ( Li I ) will dissolve in organic solvents , a property of most covalent compounds . Lithium fluoride ( Li F ) is the only alkali halide that is not soluble in water , and lithium hydroxide ( Li OH ) is the only alkali metal hydroxide that is not deliquescent . </P> <H3> Melting and boiling points ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Melting point and Boiling point <P> The melting point of a substance is the point where it changes state from solid to liquid while the boiling point of a substance ( in liquid state ) is the point where the vapour pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid and all the liquid changes state to gas . As a metal is heated to its melting point , the metallic bonds keeping the atoms in place weaken so that the atoms can move around , and the metallic bonds eventually break completely at the metal 's boiling point . Therefore , the falling melting and boiling points of the alkali metals indicate that the strength of the metallic bonds of the alkali metals decreases down the group . This is because metal atoms are held together by the electromagnetic attraction from the positive ions to the delocalised electrons . As the atoms increase in size going down the group ( because their atomic radius increases ) , the nuclei of the ions move further away from the delocalised electrons and hence the metallic bond becomes weaker so that the metal can more easily melt and boil , thus lowering the melting and boiling points . ( The increased nuclear charge is not a relevant factor due to the shielding effect . ) </P> <H3> Density ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Density <P> The alkali metals all have the same crystal structure ( body - centred cubic ) and thus the only relevant factors are the number of atoms that can fit into a certain volume and the mass of one of the atoms , since density is defined as mass per unit volume . The first factor depends on the volume of the atom and thus the atomic radius , which increases going down the group ; thus , the volume of an alkali metal atom increases going down the group . The mass of an alkali metal atom also increases going down the group . Thus , the trend for the densities of the alkali metals depends on their atomic weights and atomic radii ; if figures for these two factors are known , the ratios between the densities of the alkali metals can then be calculated . The resultant trend is that the densities of the alkali metals increase down the table , with an exception at potassium . Due to having the lowest atomic weight of all the elements in their period and having the largest atomic radius for their periods , the alkali metals are the least dense metals in the periodic table . Lithium , sodium , and potassium are the only three metals in the periodic table that are less dense than water : in fact , lithium is the least dense known solid at room temperature . </P> <H2> Compounds ( edit ) </H2> <P> The alkali metals form complete series of compounds with all usually encountered anions , which well illustrate group trends . These compounds can be described as involving the alkali metals losing electrons to acceptor species and forming monopositive ions . This description is most accurate for alkali halides and becomes less and less accurate as cationic and anionic charge increase , and as the anion becomes larger and more polarisable . For instance , ionic bonding gives way to metallic bonding along the series NaCl , Na O , Na S , Na P , Na As , Na Sb , Na Bi , Na . </P> <H3> Hydroxides ( edit ) </H3> <Table> External video <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Reactions of the alkali metals with water , conducted by The Open University </Td> </Tr> </Table> A reaction of 3 pounds ( ≈ 1.4 kg ) of sodium with water <P> All the alkali metals react vigorously or explosively with cold water , producing an aqueous solution of a strongly basic alkali metal hydroxide and releasing hydrogen gas . This reaction becomes more vigorous going down the group : lithium reacts steadily with effervescence , but sodium and potassium can ignite and rubidium and caesium sink in water and generate hydrogen gas so rapidly that shock waves form in the water that may shatter glass containers . When an alkali metal is dropped into water , it produces an explosion , of which there are two separate stages . The metal reacts with the water first , breaking the hydrogen bonds in the water and producing hydrogen gas ; this takes place faster for the more reactive heavier alkali metals . Second , the heat generated by the first part of the reaction often ignites the hydrogen gas , causing it to burn explosively into the surrounding air . This secondary hydrogen gas explosion produces the visible flame above the bowl of water , lake or other body of water , not the initial reaction of the metal with water ( which tends to happen mostly under water ) . The alkali metal hydroxides are the most basic known hydroxides . </P> <P> Recent research has suggested that the explosive behavior of alkali metals in water is driven by a Coulomb explosion rather than solely by rapid generation of hydrogen itself . All alkali metals melt as a part of the reaction with water . Water molecules ionise the bare metallic surface of the liquid metal , leaving a positively charged metal surface and negatively charged water ions . The attraction between the charged metal and water ions will rapidly increase the surface area , causing an exponential increase of ionisation . When the repulsive forces within the liquid metal surface exceeds the forces of the surface tension , it vigorously explodes . </P> <P> The hydroxides themselves are the most basic hydroxides known , reacting with acids to give salts and with alcohols to give oligomeric alkoxides . They easily react with carbon dioxide to form carbonates or bicarbonates , or with hydrogen sulfide to form sulfides or bisulfides , and may be used to separate thiols from petroleum . They react with amphoteric oxides : for example , the oxides of aluminium , zinc , tin , and lead react with the alkali metal hydroxides to give aluminates , zincates , stannates , and plumbates . Silicon dioxide is acidic , and thus the alkali metal hydroxides can also attack silicate glass . </P> <H3> Intermetallic compounds ( edit ) </H3> Liquid NaK alloy at room temperature <P> The alkali metals form many intermetallic compounds with each other and the elements from groups 2 to 13 in the periodic table of varying stoichiometries , such as the sodium amalgams with mercury , including Na Hg and Na Hg . Some of these have ionic characteristics : taking the alloys with gold , the most electronegative of metals , as an example , NaAu and KAu are metallic , but RbAu and CsAu are semiconductors . NaK is an alloy of sodium and potassium that is very useful because it is liquid at room temperature , although precautions must be taken due to its extreme reactivity towards water and air . The eutectic mixture melts at − 12.6 ° C. An alloy of 41 % caesium , 47 % sodium , and 12 % potassium has the lowest known melting point of any metal or alloy , − 78 ° C . </P> <H3> Compounds with the group 13 elements ( edit ) </H3> <P> The intermetallic compounds of the alkali metals with the heavier group 13 elements ( aluminium , gallium , indium , and thallium ) , such as NaTl , are poor conductors or semiconductors , unlike the normal alloys with the preceding elements , implying that the alkali metal involved has lost an electron to the Zintl anions involved . Nevertheless , while the elements in group 14 and beyond tend to form discrete anionic clusters , group 13 elements tend to form polymeric ions with the alkali metal cations located between the giant ionic lattice . For example , NaTl consists of a polymeric anion ( -- Tl -- ) with a covalent diamond cubic structure with Na ions located between the anionic lattice . The larger alkali metals can not fit similarly into an anionic lattice and tend to force the heavier group 13 elements to form anionic clusters . </P> <P> Boron is a special case , being the only nonmetal in group 13 . The alkali metal borides tend to be boron - rich , involving appreciable boron -- boron bonding involving deltahedral structures , and are thermally unstable due to the alkali metals having a very high vapour pressure at elevated temperatures . This makes direct synthesis problematic because the alkali metals do not react with boron below 700 ° C , and thus this must be accomplished in sealed containers with the alkali metal in excess . Furthermore , exceptionally in this group , reactivity with boron decreases down the group : lithium reacts completely at 700 ° C , but sodium at 900 ° C and potassium not until 1200 ° C , and the reaction is instantaneous for lithium but takes hours for potassium . Rubidium and caesium borides have not even been characterised . Various phases are known , such as LiB , NaB , NaB , and KB . Under high pressure the boron -- boron bonding in the lithium borides changes from following Wade 's rules to forming Zintl anions like the rest of group 13 . </P> <H3> Compounds with the group 14 elements ( edit ) </H3> Side ( left ) and top ( right ) views of the graphite intercalation compound KC <P> Lithium and sodium react with carbon to form acetylides , Li C and Na C , which can also be obtained by reaction of the metal with acetylene . Potassium , rubidium , and caesium react with graphite ; their atoms are intercalated between the hexagonal graphite layers , forming graphite intercalation compounds of formulae MC ( dark grey , almost black ) , MC ( dark grey , almost black ) , MC ( blue ) , MC ( steel blue ) , and MC ( bronze ) ( M = K , Rb , or Cs ) . These compounds are over 200 times more electrically conductive than pure graphite , suggesting that the valence electron of the alkali metal is transferred to the graphite layers ( e.g. M ) . Upon heating of KC , the elimination of potassium atoms results in the conversion in sequence to KC , KC , KC and finally KC . KC is a very strong reducing agent and is pyrophoric and explodes on contact with water . While the larger alkali metals ( K , Rb , and Cs ) initially form MC , the smaller ones initially form MC , and indeed they require reaction of the metals with graphite at high temperatures around 500 ° C to form . Apart from this , the alkali metals are such strong reducing agents that they can even reduce buckminsterfullerene to produce solid fullerides M C ; sodium , potassium , rubidium , and caesium can form fullerides where n = 2 , 3 , 4 , or 6 , and rubidium and caesium additionally can achieve n = 1 . </P> <P> When the alkali metals react with the heavier elements in the carbon group ( silicon , germanium , tin , and lead ) , ionic substances with cage - like structures are formed , such as the silicides M Si ( M = K , Rb , or Cs ) , which contains M and tetrahedral Si ions . The chemistry of alkali metal germanides , involving the germanide ion Ge and other cluster ( Zintl ) ions such as Ge , Ge , Ge , and ( ( Ge ) ) , is largely analogous to that of the corresponding silicides . Alkali metal stannides are mostly ionic , sometimes with the stannide ion ( Sn ) , and sometimes with more complex Zintl ions such as Sn , which appears in tetrapotassium nonastannide ( K Sn ) . The monatomic plumbide ion ( Pb ) is unknown , and indeed its formation is predicted to be energetically unfavourable ; alkali metal plumbides have complex Zintl ions , such as Pb . These alkali metal germanides , stannides , and plumbides may be produced by reducing germanium , tin , and lead with sodium metal in liquid ammonia . </P> <H3> Nitrides and pnictides ( edit ) </H3> Unit cell ball - and - stick model of lithium nitride . On the basis of size a tetrahedral structure would be expected , but that would be geometrically impossible : thus lithium nitride takes on this unique crystal structure . <P> Lithium , the lightest of the alkali metals , is the only alkali metal which reacts with nitrogen at standard conditions , and its nitride is the only stable alkali metal nitride . Nitrogen is an unreactive gas because breaking the strong triple bond in the dinitrogen molecule ( N ) requires a lot of energy . The formation of an alkali metal nitride would consume the ionisation energy of the alkali metal ( forming M ions ) , the energy required to break the triple bond in N and the formation of N ions , and all the energy released from the formation of an alkali metal nitride is from the lattice energy of the alkali metal nitride . The lattice energy is maximised with small , highly charged ions ; the alkali metals do not form highly charged ions , only forming ions with a charge of + 1 , so only lithium , the smallest alkali metal , can release enough lattice energy to make the reaction with nitrogen exothermic , forming lithium nitride . The reactions of the other alkali metals with nitrogen would not release enough lattice energy and would thus be endothermic , so they do not form nitrides at standard conditions . Sodium nitride ( Na N ) and potassium nitride ( K N ) , while existing , are extremely unstable , being prone to decomposing back into their constituent elements , and can not be produced by reacting the elements with each other at standard conditions . Steric hindrance forbids the existence of rubidium or caesium nitride . However , sodium and potassium form colourless azide salts involving the linear N anion ; due to the large size of the alkali metal cations , they are thermally stable enough to be able to melt before decomposing . </P> <P> All the alkali metals react readily with phosphorus and arsenic to form phosphides and arsenides with the formula M Pn ( where M represents an alkali metal and Pn represents a pnictogen -- phosphorus , arsenic , antimony , or bismuth ) . This is due to the greater size of the P and As ions , so that less lattice energy needs to be released for the salts to form . These are not the only phosphides and arsenides of the alkali metals : for example , potassium has nine different known phosphides , with formulae K P , K P , K P , KP , K P , K P , K P , KP , and KP . While most metals form arsenides , only the alkali and alkaline earth metals form mostly ionic arsenides . The structure of Na As is complex with unusually short Na -- Na distances of 328 -- 330 pm which are shorter than in sodium metal , and this indicates that even with these electropositive metals the bonding can not be straightforwardly ionic . Other alkali metal arsenides not conforming to the formula M As are known , such as LiAs , which has a metallic lustre and electrical conductivity indicating the presence of some metallic bonding . The antimonides are unstable and reactive as the Sb ion is a strong reducing agent ; reaction of them with acids form the toxic and unstable gas stibine ( SbH ) . Indeed , they have some metallic properties , and the alkali metal antimonides of stoichiometry MSb involve antimony atoms bonded in a spiral Zintl structure . Bismuthides are not even wholly ionic ; they are intermetallic compounds containing partially metallic and partially ionic bonds . </P> <H3> Oxides and chalcogenides ( edit ) </H3> See also : Alkali metal oxide Rb O cluster , composed of two regular octahedra connected to each other by one face Cs O cluster , composed of three regular octahedra where each octahedron is connected to both of the others by one face each . All three octahedra have one edge in common . <P> All the alkali metals react vigorously with oxygen at standard conditions . They form various types of oxides , such as simple oxides ( containing the O ion ) , peroxides ( containing the O ion , where there is a single bond between the two oxygen atoms ) , superoxides ( containing the O ion ) , and many others . Lithium burns in air to form lithium oxide , but sodium reacts with oxygen to form a mixture of sodium oxide and sodium peroxide . Potassium forms a mixture of potassium peroxide and potassium superoxide , while rubidium and caesium form the superoxide exclusively . Their reactivity increases going down the group : while lithium , sodium and potassium merely burn in air , rubidium and caesium are pyrophoric ( spontaneously catch fire in air ) . </P> <P> The smaller alkali metals tend to polarise the larger anions ( the peroxide and superoxide ) due to their small size . This attracts the electrons in the more complex anions towards one of its constituent oxygen atoms , forming an oxide ion and an oxygen atom . This causes lithium to form the oxide exclusively on reaction with oxygen at room temperature . This effect becomes drastically weaker for the larger sodium and potassium , allowing them to form the less stable peroxides . Rubidium and caesium , at the bottom of the group , are so large that even the least stable superoxides can form . Because the superoxide releases the most energy when formed , the superoxide is preferentially formed for the larger alkali metals where the more complex anions are not polarised . ( The oxides and peroxides for these alkali metals do exist , but do not form upon direct reaction of the metal with oxygen at standard conditions . ) In addition , the small size of the Li and O ions contributes to their forming a stable ionic lattice structure . Under controlled conditions , however , all the alkali metals , with the exception of francium , are known to form their oxides , peroxides , and superoxides . The alkali metal peroxides and superoxides are powerful oxidising agents . Sodium peroxide and potassium superoxide react with carbon dioxide to form the alkali metal carbonate and oxygen gas , which allows them to be used in submarine air purifiers ; the presence of water vapour , naturally present in breath , makes the removal of carbon dioxide by potassium superoxide even more efficient . All the stable alkali metals except lithium can form red ozonides ( MO ) through low - temperature reaction of the powdered anhydrous hydroxide with ozone : the ozonides may be then extracted using liquid ammonia . They slowly decompose at standard conditions to the superoxides and oxygen , and hydrolyse immediately to the hydroxides when in contact with water . Potassium , rubidium , and caesium also form sesquioxides M O , which may be better considered peroxide disuperoxides , ( ( M ) ( O ) ( O ) ) . </P> <P> Rubidium and caesium can form a great variety of suboxides with the metals in formal oxidation states below + 1 . Rubidium can form Rb O and Rb O ( copper - coloured ) upon oxidation in air , while caesium forms an immense variety of oxides , such as the ozonide CsO and several brightly coloured suboxides , such as Cs O ( bronze ) , Cs O ( red - violet ) , Cs O ( violet ) , Cs O ( dark green ) , CsO , Cs O , as well as Cs O . The last of these may be heated under vacuum to generate Cs O . </P> <P> The alkali metals can also react analogously with the heavier chalcogens ( sulfur , selenium , tellurium , and polonium ) , and all the alkali metal chalcogenides are known ( with the exception of francium 's ) . Reaction with an excess of the chalcogen can similarly result in lower chalcogenides , with chalcogen ions containing chains of the chalcogen atoms in question . For example , sodium can react with sulfur to form the sulfide ( Na S ) and various polysulfides with the formula Na S ( x from 2 to 6 ) , containing the S ions . Due to the basicity of the Se and Te ions , the alkali metal selenides and tellurides are alkaline in solution ; when reacted directly with selenium and tellurium , alkali metal polyselenides and polytellurides are formed along with the selenides and tellurides with the Se and Te ions . They may be obtained directly from the elements in liquid ammonia or when air is not present , and are colourless , water - soluble compounds that air oxidises quickly back to selenium or tellurium . The alkali metal polonides are all ionic compounds containing the Po ion ; they are very chemically stable and can be produced by direct reaction of the elements at around 300 -- 400 ° C . </P> <H3> Halides , hydrides , and pseudohalides ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Alkali metal halide <P> The alkali metals are among the most electropositive elements on the periodic table and thus tend to bond ionically to the most electronegative elements on the periodic table , the halogens ( fluorine , chlorine , bromine , iodine , and astatine ) , forming salts known as the alkali metal halides . The reaction is very vigorous and can sometimes result in explosions . All twenty stable alkali metal halides are known ; the unstable ones are not known , with the exception of sodium astatide , because of the great instability and rarity of astatine and francium . The most well - known of the twenty is certainly sodium chloride , otherwise known as common salt . All of the stable alkali metal halides have the formula MX where M is an alkali metal and X is a halogen . They are all white ionic crystalline solids that have high melting points . All the alkali metal halides are soluble in water except for lithium fluoride ( LiF ) , which is insoluble in water due to its very high lattice enthalpy . The high lattice enthalpy of lithium fluoride is due to the small sizes of the Li and F ions , causing the electrostatic interactions between them to be strong : a similar effect occurs for magnesium fluoride , consistent with the diagonal relationship between lithium and magnesium . </P> <P> The alkali metals also react similarly with hydrogen to form ionic alkali metal hydrides , where the hydride anion acts as a pseudohalide : these are often used as reducing agents , producing hydrides , complex metal hydrides , or hydrogen gas . Other pseudohalides are also known , notably the cyanides . These are isostructural to the respective halides except for lithium cyanide , indicating that the cyanide ions may rotate freely . Ternary alkali metal halide oxides , such as Na ClO , K BrO ( yellow ) , Na Br O , Na I O , and K Br O , are also known . The polyhalides are rather unstable , although those of rubidium and caesium are greatly stabilised by the feeble polarising power of these extremely large cations . </P> <H3> Coordination complexes ( edit ) </H3> 18 - crown - 6 coordinating a potassium ion Structure of 2.2. 2 - Cryptand encapsulating a potassium cation ( purple ) . At crystalline state , obtained with an X-ray diffraction . <P> Alkali metal cations do not usually form coordination complexes with simple Lewis bases due to their low charge of just + 1 and their relatively large size ; thus the Li ion forms most complexes and the heavier alkali metal ions form less and less ( though exceptions occur for weak complexes ) . Lithium in particular has a very rich coordination chemistry in which it exhibits coordination numbers from 1 to 12 , although octahedral hexacoordination is its preferred mode . In aqueous solution , the alkali metal ions exist as octahedral hexahydrate complexes ( ( M ( H O ) ) ) ) , with the exception of the lithium ion , which due to its small size forms tetrahedral tetrahydrate complexes ( ( Li ( H O ) ) ) ) ; the alkali metals form these complexes because their ions are attracted by electrostatic forces of attraction to the polar water molecules . Because of this , anhydrous salts containing alkali metal cations are often used as desiccants . Alkali metals also readily form complexes with crown ethers ( e.g. 12 - crown - 4 for Li , 15 - crown - 5 for Na , 18 - crown - 6 for K , and 21 - crown - 7 for Rb ) and cryptands due to electrostatic attraction . </P> <H3> Ammonia solutions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The alkali metals dissolve slowly in liquid ammonia , forming ammoniacal solutions of solvated M and e , which react to form hydrogen gas and the alkali metal amide ( MNH , where M represents an alkali metal ) : this was first noted by Humphry Davy in 1809 and rediscovered by W. Weyl in 1864 . The process may be speeded up by a catalyst . Similar solutions are formed by the heavy divalent alkaline earth metals calcium , strontium , barium , as well as the divalent lanthanides , europium and ytterbium . The amide salt is quite insoluble and readily precipitates out of solution , leaving intensely coloured ammonia solutions of the alkali metals . In 1907 , Charles Krause identified the colour as being due to the presence of solvated electrons , which contribute to the high electrical conductivity of these solutions . At low concentrations ( below 3 M ) , the solution is dark blue and has ten times the conductivity of aqueous sodium chloride ; at higher concentrations ( above 3 M ) , the solution is copper - coloured and has approximately the conductivity of liquid metals like mercury . In addition to the alkali metal amide salt and solvated electrons , such ammonia solutions also contain the alkali metal cation ( M ) , the neutral alkali metal atom ( M ) , diatomic alkali metal molecules ( M ) and alkali metal anions ( M ) . These are unstable and eventually become the more thermodynamically stable alkali metal amide and hydrogen gas . Solvated electrons are powerful reducing agents and are often used in chemical synthesis . </P> <H3> Organometallic ( edit ) </H3> Organolithium ( edit ) Main article : Organolithium reagent Structure of the octahedral n - butyllithium hexamer , ( C H Li ) . The aggregates are held together by delocalised covalent bonds between lithium and the terminal carbon of the butyl chain . There is no direct lithium -- lithium bonding in any organolithium compound . Solid phenyllithium forms monoclinic crystals can be described as consisting of dimeric Li ( C H ) subunits . The lithium atoms and the ipso carbons of the phenyl rings form a planar four - membered ring . The plane of the phenyl groups are perpendicular to the plane of this Li C ring . Additional strong intermolecular bonding occurs between these phenyllithium dimers and the π electrons of the phenyl groups in the adjacent dimers , resulting in an infinite polymeric ladder structure . <P> Being the smallest alkali metal , lithium forms the widest variety of and most stable organometallic compounds , which are bonded covalently . Organolithium compounds are electrically non-conducting volatile solids or liquids that melt at low temperatures , and tend to form oligomers with the structure ( RLi ) where R is the organic group . As the electropositive nature of lithium puts most of the charge density of the bond on the carbon atom , effectively creating a carbanion , organolithium compounds are extremely powerful bases and nucleophiles . For use as bases , butyllithiums are often used and are commercially available . An example of an organolithium compound is methyllithium ( ( CH Li ) ) , which exists in tetrameric ( x = 4 , tetrahedral ) and hexameric ( x = 6 , octahedral ) forms . Organolithium compounds , especially n - butyllithium , are useful reagents in organic synthesis , as might be expected given lithium 's diagonal relationship with magnesium , which plays an important role in the Grignard reaction . For example , alkyllithiums and aryllithiums may be used to synthesise aldehydes and ketones by reaction with metal carbonyls . The reaction with nickel tetracarbonyl , for example , proceeds through an unstable acyl nickel carbonyl complex which then undergoes electrophilic substitution to give the desired aldehyde ( using H as the electrophile ) or ketone ( using an alkyl halide ) product . </P> <Dl> <Dd> LiR + ( Ni ( CO ) ) − CO → Li ( RCONi ( CO ) ) </Dd> <Dd> Li ( RCONi ( CO ) ) H → solvent Li + RCHO + ( ( solvent ) Ni ( CO ) ) </Dd> <Dd> Li ( RCONi ( CO ) ) R'Br → solvent Li + R'COR + ( ( solvent ) Ni ( CO ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Alkyllithiums and aryllithiums may also react with N , N - disubstituted amides to give aldehydes and ketones , and symmetrical ketones by reacting with carbon monoxide . They thermally decompose to eliminate a β - hydrogen , producing alkenes and lithium hydride : another route is the reaction of ethers with alkyl - and aryllithiums that act as strong bases . In non-polar solvents , aryllithiums react as the carbanions they effectively are , turning carbon dioxide to aromatic carboxylic acids ( ArCO H ) and aryl ketones to tertiary carbinols ( Ar'C ( Ar ) OH ) . Finally , they may be used to synthesise other organometallic compounds through metal - halogen exchange . </P> Heavier alkali metals ( edit ) <P> Unlike the organolithium compounds , the organometallic compounds of the heavier alkali metals are predominantly ionic . The application of organosodium compounds in chemistry is limited in part due to competition from organolithium compounds , which are commercially available and exhibit more convenient reactivity . The principal organosodium compound of commercial importance is sodium cyclopentadienide . Sodium tetraphenylborate can also be classified as an organosodium compound since in the solid state sodium is bound to the aryl groups . Organometallic compounds of the higher alkali metals are even more reactive than organosodium compounds and of limited utility . A notable reagent is Schlosser 's base , a mixture of n - butyllithium and potassium tert - butoxide . This reagent reacts with propene to form the compound allylpotassium ( KCH CHCH ) . cis - 2 - Butene and trans - 2 - butene equilibrate when in contact with alkali metals . Whereas isomerisation is fast with lithium and sodium , it is slow with the heavier alkali metals . The heavier alkali metals also favour the sterically congested conformation . Several crystal structures of organopotassium compounds have been reported , establishing that they , like the sodium compounds , are polymeric . Organosodium , organopotassium , organorubidium and organocaesium compounds are all mostly ionic and are insoluble ( or nearly so ) in nonpolar solvents . </P> <P> Alkyl and aryl derivatives of sodium and potassium tend to react with air . They cause the cleavage of ethers , generating alkoxides . Unlike alkyllithium compounds , alkylsodiums and alkylpotassiums can not be made by reacting the metals with alkyl halides because Wurtz coupling occurs : </P> <Dl> <Dd> RM + R'X → R -- R ' + MX </Dd> </Dl> <P> As such , they have to be made by reacting alkylmercury compounds with sodium or potassium metal in inert hydrocarbon solvents . While methylsodium forms tetramers like methyllithium , methylpotassium is more ionic and has the nickel arsenide structure with discrete methyl anions and potassium cations . </P> <P> The alkali metals and their hydrides react with acidic hydrocarbons , for example cyclopentadienes and terminal alkynes , to give salts . Liquid ammonia , ether , or hydrocarbon solvents are used , the most common of which being tetrahydrofuran . The most important of these compounds is sodium cyclopentadienide , NaC H , an important precursor to many transition metal cyclopentadienyl derivatives . Similarly , the alkali metals react with cyclooctatetraene in tetrahydrofuran to give alkali metal cyclooctatetraenides ; for example , dipotassium cyclooctatetraenide ( K C H ) is an important precursor to many metal cyclooctatetraenyl derivatives , such as uranocene . The large and very weakly polarising alkali metal cations can stabilise large , aromatic , polarisable radical anions , such as the dark - green sodium naphthalenide , Na ( C H ) , a strong reducing agent . </P> <H2> Extensions ( edit ) </H2> Empirical ( Na -- Cs , Mg -- Ra ) and predicted ( Fr -- Uhp , Ubn -- Uhh ) atomic radius of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period , measured in angstroms <P> Although francium is the heaviest alkali metal that has been discovered , there has been some theoretical work predicting the physical and chemical characteristics of the hypothetical heavier alkali metals . Being the first period 8 element , the undiscovered element ununennium ( element 119 ) is predicted to be the next alkali metal after francium and behave much like their lighter congeners ; however , it is also predicted to differ from the lighter alkali metals in some properties . Its chemistry is predicted to be closer to that of potassium or rubidium instead of caesium or francium . This is unusual as periodic trends , ignoring relativistic effects would predict ununennium to be even more reactive than caesium and francium . This lowered reactivity is due to the relativistic stabilisation of ununennium 's valence electron , increasing ununennium 's first ionisation energy and decreasing the metallic and ionic radii ; this effect is already seen for francium . This assumes that ununennium will behave chemically as an alkali metal , which , although likely , may not be true due to relativistic effects . The relativistic stabilisation of the 8s orbital also increases ununennium 's electron affinity far beyond that of caesium and francium ; indeed , ununennium is expected to have an electron affinity higher than all the alkali metals lighter than it . Relativistic effects also cause a very large drop in the polarisability of ununennium . On the other hand , ununennium is predicted to continue the trend of melting points decreasing going down the group , being expected to have a melting point between 0 ° C and 30 ° C . </P> Empirical ( Na -- Fr ) and predicted ( Uue ) electron affinity of the alkali metals from the third to the eighth period , measured in electron volts <P> The stabilisation of ununennium 's valence electron and thus the contraction of the 8s orbital cause its atomic radius to be lowered to 240 pm , very close to that of rubidium ( 247 pm ) , so that the chemistry of ununennium in the + 1 oxidation state should be more similar to the chemistry of rubidium than to that of francium . On the other hand , the ionic radius of the Uue ion is predicted to be larger than that of Rb , because the 7p orbitals are destabilised and are thus larger than the p - orbitals of the lower shells . Ununennium may also show the + 3 oxidation state , which is not seen in any other alkali metal , in addition to the + 1 oxidation state that is characteristic of the other alkali metals and is also the main oxidation state of all the known alkali metals : this is because of the destabilisation and expansion of the 7p spinor , causing its outermost electrons to have a lower ionisation energy than what would otherwise be expected . Indeed , many ununennium compounds are expected to have a large covalent character , due to the involvement of the 7p electrons in the bonding . </P> Empirical ( Na -- Fr , Mg -- Ra ) and predicted ( Uue -- Uhp , Ubn -- Uhh ) ionisation energy of the alkali and alkaline earth metals from the third to the ninth period , measured in electron volts <P> Not as much work has been done predicting the properties of the alkali metals beyond ununennium . Although a simple extrapolation of the periodic table would put element 169 , unhexennium , under ununennium , Dirac - Fock calculations predict that the next alkali metal after ununennium may actually be element 165 , unhexpentium , which is predicted to have the electron configuration ( Og ) 5g 6f 7d 8s 8p 9s . Furthermore , this element would be intermediate in properties between an alkali metal and a group 11 element , and while its physical and atomic properties would be closer to the former , its chemistry may be closer to that of the latter . Further calculations show that unhexpentium would follow the trend of increasing ionisation energy beyond caesium , having an ionisation energy comparable to that of sodium , and that it should also continue the trend of decreasing atomic radii beyond caesium , having an atomic radius comparable to that of potassium . However , the 7d electrons of unhexpentium may also be able to participate in chemical reactions along with the 9s electron , possibly allowing oxidation states beyond + 1 , whence the likely transition metal behaviour of unhexpentium . Due to the alkali and alkaline earth metals both being s - block elements , these predictions for the trends and properties of ununennium and unhexpentium also mostly hold quite similarly for the corresponding alkaline earth metals unbinilium ( Ubn ) and unhexhexium ( Uhh ) . </P> <P> The probable properties of further alkali metals beyond unhexpentium have not been explored yet as of 2015 ; in fact , it is suspected that they may not be able to exist . In periods 8 and above of the periodic table , relativistic and shell - structure effects become so strong that extrapolations from lighter congeners become completely inaccurate . In addition , the relativistic and shell - structure effects ( which stabilise the s - orbitals and destabilise and expand the d - , f - , and g - orbitals of higher shells ) have opposite effects , causing even larger difference between relativistic and non-relativistic calculations of the properties of elements with such high atomic numbers . Interest in the chemical properties of ununennium and unhexpentium stems from the fact that both elements are located close to the expected locations of islands of stabilities , centered at elements 122 ( Ubb ) and 164 ( Uhq ) . </P> <H2> Pseudo-alkali metals ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many other substances are similar to the alkali metals in their tendency to form monopositive cations . Analogously to the pseudohalogens , they have sometimes been called `` pseudo-alkali metals '' . These substances include some elements and many more polyatomic ions ; the polyatomic ions are especially similar to the alkali metals in their large size and weak polarising power . </P> <H3> Hydrogen ( edit ) </H3> <P> The element hydrogen , with one electron per neutral atom , is usually placed at the top of Group 1 of the periodic table for convenience , but hydrogen is not normally considered to be an alkali metal ; when it is considered to be an alkali metal , it is because of its atomic properties and not its chemical properties . Under typical conditions , pure hydrogen exists as a diatomic gas consisting of two atoms per molecule ( H ) ; however , the alkali metals only form diatomic molecules ( such as dilithium , Li ) at high temperatures , when they are in the gaseous state . </P> <P> Hydrogen , like the alkali metals , has one valence electron and reacts easily with the halogens , but the similarities end there because of the small size of a bare proton H compared to the alkali metal cations . Its placement above lithium is primarily due to its electron configuration . It is sometimes placed above carbon due to their similar electronegativities or fluorine due to their similar chemical properties . </P> <P> The first ionisation energy of hydrogen ( 1312.0 kJ / mol ) is much higher than that of the alkali metals . As only one additional electron is required to fill in the outermost shell of the hydrogen atom , hydrogen often behaves like a halogen , forming the negative hydride ion , and is very occasionally considered to be a halogen on that basis . ( The alkali metals can also form negative ions , known as alkalides , but these are little more than laboratory curiosities , being unstable . ) An argument against this placement is that formation of hydride from hydrogen is endothermic , unlike the exothermic formation of halides from halogens . The radius of the H anion also does not fit the trend of increasing size going down the halogens : indeed , H is very diffuse because its single proton can not easily control both electrons . It was expected for some time that liquid hydrogen would show metallic properties ; while this has been shown to not be the case , under extremely high pressures , such as those found at the cores of Jupiter and Saturn , hydrogen does become metallic and behaves like an alkali metal ; in this phase , it is known as metallic hydrogen . The electrical resistivity of liquid metallic hydrogen at 3000 K is approximately equal to that of liquid rubidium and caesium at 2000 K at the respective pressures when they undergo a nonmetal - to - metal transition . </P> <P> The 1s electron configuration of hydrogen , while superficially similar to that of the alkali metals ( ns ) , is unique because there is no 1p subshell . Hence it can lose an electron to form the hydron H , or gain one to form the hydride ion H. In the former case it resembles superficially the alkali metals ; in the latter case , the halogens , but the differences due to the lack of a 1p subshell are important enough that neither group fits the properties of hydrogen well . Group 14 is also a good fit in terms of thermodynamic properties such as ionisation energy and electron affinity , but makes chemical nonsense because hydrogen can not be tetravalent . Thus none of the three placements are entirely satisfactory , although group 1 is the most common placement ( if one is chosen ) because the hydron is by far the most important of all monatomic hydrogen species , being the foundation of acid - base chemistry . As an example of hydrogen 's unorthodox properties stemming from its unusual electron configuration and small size , the hydrogen ion is very small ( radius around 150 fm compared to the 50 -- 220 pm size of most other atoms and ions ) and so is nonexistent in condensed systems other than in association with other atoms or molecules . Indeed , transferring of protons between chemicals is the basis of acid - base chemistry . Also unique is hydrogen 's ability to form hydrogen bonds , which are an effect of charge - transfer , electrostatic , and electron correlative contributing phenomena . While analogous lithium bonds are also known , they are mostly electrostatic . Nevertheless , hydrogen can take on the same structural role as the alkali metals in some molecular crystals , and has a close relationship with the lightest alkali metals ( especially lithium ) . </P> <H3> Ammonium and derivatives ( edit ) </H3> Similarly to the alkali metals , ammonia reacts with hydrochloric acid to form the salt ammonium chloride . <P> The ammonium ion ( NH ) has very similar properties to the heavier alkali metals , acting as an alkali metal intermediate between potassium and rubidium , and is often considered a close relative . For example , most alkali metal salts are soluble in water , a property which ammonium salts share . Ammonium is expected to behave stably as a metal ( NH ions in a sea of delocalised electrons ) at very high pressures ( though less than the typical pressure where transitions from insulating to metallic behaviour occur around , 100 GPa ) , and could possibly occur inside the ice giants Uranus and Neptune , which may have significant impacts on their interior magnetic fields . It has been estimated that the transition from a mixture of ammonia and dihydrogen molecules to metallic ammonium may occur at pressures just below 25 GPa . Under standard conditions , ammonium can form a metallic amalgam with mercury . </P> <P> Other `` pseudo-alkali metals '' include the alkylammonium cations , in which some of the hydrogen atoms in the ammonium cation are replaced by alkyl or aryl groups . In particular , the quaternary ammonium cations ( NR ) are very useful since they are permanently charged , and they are often used as an alternative to the expensive Cs to stabilise very large and very easily polarisable anions such as HI . Tetraalkylammonium hydroxides , like alkali metal hydroxides , are very strong bases that react with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form carbonates . Furthermore , the nitrogen atom may be replaced by a phosphorus , arsenic , or antimony atom ( the heavier nonmetallic pnictogens ) , creating a phosphonium ( PH ) or arsonium ( AsH ) cation that can itself be substituted similarly ; while stibonium ( SbH ) itself is not known , some of its organic derivatives are characterised . </P> <H3> Cobaltocene and derivatives ( edit ) </H3> <P> Cobaltocene , Co ( C H ) , is a metallocene , the cobalt analogue of ferrocene . It is a dark purple solid . Cobaltocene has 19 valence electrons , one more than usually found in organotransition metal complexes , such as its very stable relative , ferrocene , in accordance with the 18 - electron rule . This additional electron occupies an orbital that is antibonding with respect to the Co -- C bonds . Consequently , many chemical reactions of Co ( C H ) are characterized by its tendency to lose this `` extra '' electron , yielding a very stable 18 - electron cation known as cobaltocenium . Many cobaltocenium salts coprecipitate with caesium salts , and cobaltocenium hydroxide is a strong base that absorbs atmospheric carbon dioxide to form cobaltocenium carbonate . Like the alkali metals , cobaltocene is a strong reducing agent , and decamethylcobaltocene is stronger still due to the combined inductive effect of the ten methyl groups . Cobalt may be substituted by its heavier congener rhodium to give rhodocene , an even stronger reducing agent . Iridocene ( involving iridium ) would presumably be still more potent , but is not very well - studied due to its instability . </P> <H3> Thallium ( edit ) </H3> Very pure thallium pieces in a glass ampoule , stored under argon gas <P> Thallium is the heaviest stable element in group 13 of the periodic table . At the bottom of the periodic table , the inert pair effect is quite strong , because of the relativistic stabilisation of the 6s orbital and the decreasing bond energy as the atoms increase in size so that the amount of energy released in forming two more bonds is not worth the high ionisation energies of the 6s electrons . It displays the + 1 oxidation state that all the known alkali metals display , and thallium compounds with thallium in its + 1 oxidation state closely resemble the corresponding potassium or silver compounds stoichiometrically due to the similar ionic radii of the Tl ( 164 pm ) , K ( 152 pm ) and Ag ( 129 pm ) ions . It was sometimes considered an alkali metal in continental Europe ( but not in England ) in the years immediately following its discovery , and was placed just after caesium as the sixth alkali metal in Dmitri Mendeleev 's 1869 periodic table and Julius Lothar Meyer 's 1868 periodic table . ( Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table and Meyer 's 1870 periodic table put thallium in its current position in the boron group and left the space below caesium blank . ) However , thallium also displays the oxidation state + 3 , which no known alkali metal displays ( although ununennium , the undiscovered seventh alkali metal , is predicted to possibly display the + 3 oxidation state ) . The sixth alkali metal is now considered to be francium . While Tl is stabilised by the inert pair effect , this inert pair of 6s electrons is still able to participate chemically , so that these electrons are stereochemically active in aqueous solution . Additionally , the thallium halides ( except TlF ) are quite insoluble in water , and TlI has an unusual structure because of the presence of the stereochemically active inert pair in thallium . </P> <H3> Copper , silver , and gold ( edit ) </H3> Copper Silver Gold <P> The group 11 metals ( or coinage metals ) , copper , silver , and gold , are typically categorised as transition metals given they can form ions with incomplete d - shells . Physically , they have the relatively low melting points and high electronegativity values associated with post-transition metals . `` The filled d subshell and free s electron of Cu , Ag , and Au contribute to their high electrical and thermal conductivity . Transition metals to the left of group 11 experience interactions between s electrons and the partially filled d subshell that lower electron mobility . '' Chemically , the group 11 metals behave like main - group metals in their + 1 valence states , and are hence somewhat related to the alkali metals : this is one reason for their previously being labelled as `` group IB '' , paralleling the alkali metals ' `` group IA '' . They are occasionally classified as post-transition metals . Their spectra are analogous to those of the alkali metals . Their monopositive ions are paramagnetic and contribute no colour to their salts , like those of the alkali metals . </P> <P> In Mendeleev 's 1871 periodic table , copper , silver , and gold are listed twice , once under group VIII ( with the iron triad and platinum group metals ) , and once under group IB . Group IB was nonetheless parenthesised to note that it was tentative . Mendeleev 's main criterion for group assignment was the maximum oxidation state of an element : on that basis , the group 11 elements could not be classified in group IB , due to the existence of copper ( II ) and gold ( III ) compounds being known at that time . However , eliminating group IB would make group I the only main group ( group VIII was labelled a transition group ) to lack an A -- B bifurcation . Soon afterward , a majority of chemists chose to classify these elements in group IB and remove them from group VIII for the resulting symmetry : this was the predominant classification until the rise of the modern medium - long 18 - column periodic table , which separated the alkali metals and group 11 metals . </P> <P> The coinage metals were traditionally regarded as a subdivision of the alkali metal group , due to them sharing the characteristic s electron configuration of the alkali metals ( group 1 : p s ; group 11 : d s ) . However , the similarities are largely confined to the stoichiometries of the + 1 compounds of both groups , and not their chemical properties . This stems from the filled d subshell providing a much weaker shielding effect on the outermost s electron than the filled p subshell , so that the coinage metals have much higher first ionisation energies and smaller ionic radii than do the corresponding alkali metals . Furthermore , they have higher melting points , hardnesses , and densities , and lower reactivities and solubilities in liquid ammonia , as well as having more covalent character in their compounds . Finally , the alkali metals are at the top of the electrochemical series , whereas the coinage metals are almost at the very bottom . The coinage metals ' filled d shell is much more easily disrupted than the alkali metals ' filled p shell , so that the second and third ionisation energies are lower , enabling higher oxidation states than + 1 and a richer coordination chemistry , thus giving the group 11 metals clear transition metal character . Particularly noteworthy is gold forming ionic compounds with rubidium and caesium , in which it forms the auride ion ( Au ) which also occurs in solvated form in liquid ammonia solution : here gold behaves as a pseudohalogen because its 5d 6s configuration has one electron less than the quasi-closed shell 5d 6s configuration of mercury . </P> <H2> Production and isolation ( edit ) </H2> Salt flats are rich in lithium , such as these in Salar del Hombre Muerto , Argentina ( left ) and Uyuni , Bolivia ( right ) . The lithium - rich brine is concentrated by pumping it into solar evaporation ponds ( visible in Argentina image ) . <P> The production of pure alkali metals is somewhat complicated due to their extreme reactivity with commonly used substances , such as water . From their silicate ores , all the stable alkali metals may be obtained the same way : sulfuric acid is first used to dissolve the desired alkali metal ion and aluminium ( III ) ions from the ore ( leaching ) , whereupon basic precipitation removes aluminium ions from the mixture by precipitating it as the hydroxide . The remaining insoluble alkali metal carbonate is then precipitated selectively ; the salt is then dissolved in hydrochloric acid to produce the chloride . The result is then left to evaporate and the alkali metal can then be isolated . Lithium and sodium are typically isolated through electrolysis from their liquid chlorides , with calcium chloride typically added to lower the melting point of the mixture . The heavier alkali metals , however , is more typically isolated in a different way , where a reducing agent ( typically sodium for potassium and magnesium or calcium for the heaviest alkali metals ) is used to reduce the alkali metal chloride . The liquid or gaseous product ( the alkali metal ) then undergoes fractional distillation for purification . Most routes to the pure alkali metals require the use of electrolysis due to their high reactivity ; one of the few which does not is the pyrolysis of the corresponding alkali metal azide , which yields the metal for sodium , potassium , rubidium , and caesium and the nitride for lithium . </P> <P> Lithium salts have to be extracted from the water of mineral springs , brine pools , and brine deposits . The metal is produced electrolytically from a mixture of fused lithium chloride and potassium chloride . </P> <P> Sodium occurs mostly in seawater and dried seabed , but is now produced through electrolysis of sodium chloride by lowering the melting point of the substance to below 700 ° C through the use of a Downs cell . Extremely pure sodium can be produced through the thermal decomposition of sodium azide . Potassium occurs in many minerals , such as sylvite ( potassium chloride ) . Previously , potassium was generally made from the electrolysis of potassium chloride or potassium hydroxide , found extensively in places such as Canada , Russia , Belarus , Germany , Israel , United States , and Jordan , in a method similar to how sodium was produced in the late 1800s and early 1900s . It can also be produced from seawater . However , these methods are problematic because the potassium metal tends to dissolve in its molten chloride and vaporises significantly at the operating temperatures , potentially forming the explosive superoxide . As a result , pure potassium metal is now produced by reducing molten potassium chloride with sodium metal at 850 ° C . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Na ( g ) + KCl ( l ) ⇌ NaCl ( l ) + K ( g ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Although sodium is less reactive than potassium , this process works because at such high temperatures potassium is more volatile than sodium and can easily be distilled off , so that the equilibrium shifts towards the right to produce more potassium gas and proceeds almost to completion . </P> This sample of uraninite contains about 100,000 atoms ( 3.3 × 10 g ) of francium - 223 at any given time . <P> For several years in the 1950s and 1960s , a by - product of the potassium production called Alkarb was a main source for rubidium . Alkarb contained 21 % rubidium while the rest was potassium and a small fraction of caesium . Today the largest producers of caesium , for example the Tanco Mine in Manitoba , Canada , produce rubidium as by - product from pollucite . Today , a common method for separating rubidium from potassium and caesium is the fractional crystallisation of a rubidium and caesium alum ( Cs , Rb ) Al ( SO ) 12 H O , which yields pure rubidium alum after approximately 30 recrystallisations . The limited applications and the lack of a mineral rich in rubidium limit the production of rubidium compounds to 2 to 4 tonnes per year . Caesium , however , is not produced from the above reaction . Instead , the mining of pollucite ore is the main method of obtaining pure caesium , extracted from the ore mainly by three methods : acid digestion , alkaline decomposition , and direct reduction . Both metals are produced as by - products of lithium production : after 1958 , when interest in lithium 's thermonuclear properties increased sharply , the production of rubidium and caesium also increased correspondingly . Pure rubidium and caesium metals are produced by reducing their chlorides with calcium metal at 750 ° C and low pressure . </P> <P> As a result of its extreme rarity in nature , most francium is synthesised in the nuclear reaction Au + O → Fr + 5 n , yielding francium - 209 , francium - 210 , and francium - 211 . The greatest quantity of francium ever assembled to date is about 300,000 neutral atoms , which were synthesised using the nuclear reaction given above . When the only natural isotope francium - 223 is specifically required , it is produced as the alpha daughter of actinium - 227 , itself produced synthetically from the neutron irradiation of natural radium - 226 , one of the daughters of natural uranium - 238 . </P> <H2> Applications ( edit ) </H2> FOCS 1 , a caesium atomic clock in Switzerland <P> Lithium , sodium , and potassium have many applications , while rubidium and caesium are very useful in academic contexts but do not have many applications yet . Lithium is often used in lithium - ion batteries , and lithium oxide can help process silica . Lithium stearate is a thickener and can be used to make lubricating greases ; it is produced from lithium hydroxide , which is also used to absorb carbon dioxide in space capsules and submarines . Lithium chloride is used as a brazing alloy for aluminium parts . Metallic lithium is used in alloys with magnesium and aluminium to give very tough and light alloys . </P> <P> Sodium compounds have many applications , the most well - known being sodium chloride as table salt . Sodium salts of fatty acids are used as soap . Pure sodium metal also has many applications , including use in sodium - vapour lamps , which produce very efficient light compared to other types of lighting , and can help smooth the surface of other metals . Being a strong reducing agent , it is often used to reduce many other metals , such as titanium and zirconium , from their chlorides . Furthermore , it is very useful as a heat - exchange liquid in fast breeder nuclear reactors due to its low melting point , viscosity , and cross-section towards neutron absorption . </P> <P> Potassium compounds are often used as fertilisers as potassium is an important element for plant nutrition . Potassium hydroxide is a very strong base , and is used to control the pH of various substances . Potassium nitrate and potassium permanganate are often used as powerful oxidising agents . Potassium superoxide is used in breathing masks , as it reacts with carbon dioxide to give potassium carbonate and oxygen gas . Pure potassium metal is not often used , but its alloys with sodium may substitute for pure sodium in fast breeder nuclear reactors . </P> <P> Rubidium and caesium are often used in atomic clocks . Caesium atomic clocks are extraordinarily accurate ; if a clock had been made at the time of the dinosaurs , it would be off by less than four seconds ( after 80 million years ) . For that reason , caesium atoms are used as the definition of the second . Rubidium ions are often used in purple fireworks , and caesium is often used in drilling fluids in the petroleum industry . </P> <P> Francium has no commercial applications , but because of francium 's relatively simple atomic structure , among other things , it has been used in spectroscopy experiments , leading to more information regarding energy levels and the coupling constants between subatomic particles . Studies on the light emitted by laser - trapped francium - 210 ions have provided accurate data on transitions between atomic energy levels , similar to those predicted by quantum theory . </P> <H2> Biological role and precautions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Metals ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pure alkali metals are dangerously reactive with air and water and must be kept away from heat , fire , oxidising agents , acids , most organic compounds , halocarbons , plastics , and moisture . They also react with carbon dioxide and carbon tetrachloride , so that normal fire extinguishers are counterproductive when used on alkali metal fires . Some Class D dry powder extinguishers designed for metal fires are effective , depriving the fire of oxygen and cooling the alkali metal . </P> <P> Experiments are usually conducted using only small quantities of a few grams in a fume hood . Small quantities of lithium may be disposed of by reaction with cool water , but the heavier alkali metals should be dissolved in the less reactive isopropanol . The alkali metals must be stored under mineral oil or an inert atmosphere . The inert atmosphere used may be argon or nitrogen gas , except for lithium , which reacts with nitrogen . Rubidium and caesium must be kept away from air , even under oil , because even a small amount of air diffused into the oil may trigger formation of the dangerously explosive peroxide ; for the same reason , potassium should not be stored under oil in an oxygen - containing atmosphere for longer than 6 months . </P> <H3> Ions ( edit ) </H3> Lithium carbonate <P> The bioinorganic chemistry of the alkali metal ions has been extensively reviewed . Solid state crystal structures have been determined for many complexes of alkali metal ions in small peptides , nucleic acid constituents , carbohydrates and ionophore complexes . </P> <P> Lithium naturally only occurs in traces in biological systems and has no known biological role , but does have effects on the body when ingested . Lithium carbonate is used as a mood stabiliser in psychiatry to treat bipolar disorder ( manic - depression ) in daily doses of about 0.5 to 2 grams , although there are side - effects . Excessive ingestion of lithium causes drowsiness , slurred speech and vomiting , among other symptoms , and poisons the central nervous system , which is dangerous as the required dosage of lithium to treat bipolar disorder is only slightly lower than the toxic dosage . Its biochemistry , the way it is handled by the human body and studies using rats and goats suggest that it is an essential trace element , although the natural biological function of lithium in humans has yet to be identified . </P> <P> Sodium and potassium occur in all known biological systems , generally functioning as electrolytes inside and outside cells . Sodium is an essential nutrient that regulates blood volume , blood pressure , osmotic equilibrium and pH ; the minimum physiological requirement for sodium is 500 milligrams per day . Sodium chloride ( also known as common salt ) is the principal source of sodium in the diet , and is used as seasoning and preservative , such as for pickling and jerky ; most of it comes from processed foods . The Dietary Reference Intake for sodium is 1.5 grams per day , but most people in the United States consume more than 2.3 grams per day , the minimum amount that promotes hypertension ; this in turn causes 7.6 million premature deaths worldwide . </P> <P> Potassium is the major cation ( positive ion ) inside animal cells , while sodium is the major cation outside animal cells . The concentration differences of these charged particles causes a difference in electric potential between the inside and outside of cells , known as the membrane potential . The balance between potassium and sodium is maintained by ion transporter proteins in the cell membrane . The cell membrane potential created by potassium and sodium ions allows the cell to generate an action potential -- a `` spike '' of electrical discharge . The ability of cells to produce electrical discharge is critical for body functions such as neurotransmission , muscle contraction , and heart function . Disruption of this balance may thus be fatal : for example , ingestion of large amounts of potassium compounds can lead to hyperkalemia strongly influencing the cardiovascular system . Potassium chloride is used in the United States for lethal injection executions . </P> A wheel type radiotherapy device which has a long collimator to focus the radiation into a narrow beam . The caesium - 137 chloride radioactive source is the blue square , and gamma rays are represented by the beam emerging from the aperture . This was the radiation source involved in the Goiânia accident , containing about 93 grams of caesium - 137 chloride . <P> Due to their similar atomic radii , rubidium and caesium in the body mimic potassium and are taken up similarly . Rubidium has no known biological role , but may help stimulate metabolism , and , similarly to caesium , replace potassium in the body causing potassium deficiency . Partial substitution is quite possible and rather non-toxic : a 70 kg person contains on average 0.36 g of rubidium , and an increase in this value by 50 to 100 times did not show negative effects in test persons . Rats can survive up to 50 % substitution of potassium by rubidium . Rubidium ( and to a much lesser extent caesium ) can function as temporary cures for hypokalemia ; while rubidium can adequately physiologically substitute potassium in some systems , caesium is never able to do so . There is only very limited evidence in the form of deficiency symptoms for rubidium being possibly essential in goats ; even if this is true , the trace amounts usually present in food are more than enough . </P> <P> Caesium compounds are rarely encountered by most people , but most caesium compounds are mildly toxic . Like rubidium , caesium tends to substitute potassium in the body , but is significantly larger and is therefore a poorer substitute . Excess caesium can lead to hypokalemia , arrythmia , and acute cardiac arrest , but such amounts would not ordinarily be encountered in natural sources . As such , caesium is not a major chemical environmental pollutant . The median lethal dose ( LD ) value for caesium chloride in mice is 2.3 g per kilogram , which is comparable to the LD values of potassium chloride and sodium chloride . Caesium chloride has been promoted as an alternative cancer therapy , but has been linked to the deaths of over 50 patients , on whom it was used as part of a scientifically unvalidated cancer treatment . </P> <P> Radioisotopes of caesium require special precautions : the improper handling of caesium - 137 gamma ray sources can lead to release of this radioisotope and radiation injuries . Perhaps the best - known case is the Goiânia accident of 1987 , in which an improperly - disposed - of radiation therapy system from an abandoned clinic in the city of Goiânia , Brazil , was scavenged from a junkyard , and the glowing caesium salt sold to curious , uneducated buyers . This led to four deaths and serious injuries from radiation exposure . Together with caesium - 134 , iodine - 131 , and strontium - 90 , caesium - 137 was among the isotopes distributed by the Chernobyl disaster which constitute the greatest risk to health . Radioisotopes of francium would presumably be dangerous as well due to their high decay energy and short half - life , but none have been produced in large enough amounts to pose any serious risk . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The symbols Na and K for sodium and potassium are derived from their Latin names , natrium and kalium ; these are still the names for the elements in some languages , such as German and Russian . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Caesium is the spelling recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC ) . The American Chemical Society ( ACS ) has used the spelling cesium since 1921 , following Webster 's Third New International Dictionary . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In both the old IUPAC and the CAS systems for group numbering , this group is known as group IA ( pronounced as `` group one A '' , as the `` I '' is a Roman numeral ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In the 1869 version of Mendeleev 's periodic table , copper and silver were placed in their own group , aligned with hydrogen and mercury , while gold was tentatively placed under uranium and the undiscovered eka - aluminium in the boron group . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The asterisk denotes an excited state . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The number given in parentheses refers to the measurement uncertainty . This uncertainty applies to the least significant figure ( s ) of the number prior to the parenthesised value ( ie . counting from rightmost digit to left ) . For instance , 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ( 7 ) stands for 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ± 0.000 07 , while 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ( 72 ) stands for 7000100794000000000 ♠ 1.007 94 ± 0.000 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The value listed is the conventional value suitable for trade and commerce ; the actual value may range from 6.938 to 6.997 depending on the isotopic composition of the sample . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The element does not have any stable nuclides , and a value in brackets indicates the mass number of the longest - lived isotope of the element . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Linus Pauling estimated the electronegativity of francium at 0.7 on the Pauling scale , the same as caesium ; the value for caesium has since been refined to 0.79 , although there are no experimental data to allow a refinement of the value for francium . Francium has a slightly higher ionisation energy than caesium , 392.811 ( 4 ) kJ / mol as opposed to 375.7041 ( 2 ) kJ / mol for caesium , as would be expected from relativistic effects , and this would imply that caesium is the less electronegative of the two . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( 2005 ) . Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry ( IUPAC Recommendations 2005 ) . Cambridge ( UK ) : RSC -- IUPAC . ISBN 0 - 85404 - 438 - 8 . pp. 248 -- 49 . Electronic version ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coghill , Anne M. ; Garson , Lorrin R. , eds. ( 2006 ) . The ACS Style Guide : Effective Communication of Scientific Information ( 3rd ed . ) . Washington , D.C. : American Chemical Society . p. 127 . ISBN 0 - 8412 - 3999 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coplen , T.B. ; Peiser , H.S. 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The Sydney Morning Herald . 20 November 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Periodic table </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Periodic table forms </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Standard </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 18 - column </Li> <Li> 18 - column , large cells </Li> <Li> 32 - column , large cells </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alternative </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alternatives </Li> <Li> Chemical Galaxy </Li> <Li> Janet 's left step table </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Extension beyond the 7th period <Ul> <Li> Fricke model <Ul> <Li> large cells </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pyykkö model </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sets of elements </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By periodic table structure </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Groups </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1 ( Alkali metals ) </Li> <Li> 2 ( Alkaline earth metals ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 ( Pnictogens ) </Li> <Li> 16 ( Chalcogens ) </Li> <Li> 17 ( Halogens ) </Li> <Li> 18 ( Noble gases ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Periods </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 + <Ul> <Li> Aufbau </Li> <Li> Fricke </Li> <Li> Pyykkö </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blocks </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> s - block </Li> <Li> p - block </Li> <Li> d - block </Li> <Li> f - block </Li> <Li> g - block </Li> <Li> Aufbau principle </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By metallicity </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Metals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alkali metals </Li> <Li> Alkaline earth metals </Li> <Li> Lanthanides </Li> <Li> Actinides </Li> <Li> Superactinides </Li> <Li> Transition metals </Li> <Li> Post-transition metals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Metalloids </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Lists of metalloids by source </Li> <Li> Dividing line </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nonmetals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Polyatomic nonmetals </Li> <Li> Diatomic nonmetals </Li> <Li> Noble gases </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other sets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nutritional elements </Li> <Li> Platinum - group metals ( PGM ) </Li> <Li> Rare - earth elements </Li> <Li> Refractory metals </Li> <Li> Precious metals </Li> <Li> Coinage metals </Li> <Li> Noble metal </Li> <Li> Heavy metals </Li> <Li> Native metals </Li> <Li> Transuranium elements </Li> <Li> Transactinide elements </Li> <Li> Major actinides </Li> <Li> Minor actinides </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elements </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Lists </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> By : Abundance ( in humans ) </Li> <Li> Atomic properties </Li> <Li> Nuclear stability </Li> <Li> Production </Li> <Li> Symbol </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Properties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Atomic weight </Li> <Li> Crystal structure </Li> <Li> Electron affinity </Li> <Li> Electron configuration </Li> <Li> Electronegativity <Ul> <Li> Allen </Li> <Li> Pauling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Goldschmidt classification </Li> <Li> Maximum valence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Data pages </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Abundance </Li> <Li> Atomic radius </Li> <Li> Boiling point </Li> <Li> Critical point </Li> <Li> Density </Li> <Li> Elasticity </Li> <Li> Electrical resistivity </Li> <Li> Electron affinity </Li> <Li> Electron configuration </Li> <Li> Electronegativity </Li> <Li> Hardness </Li> <Li> Heat capacity </Li> <Li> Heat of fusion </Li> <Li> Heat of vaporization </Li> <Li> Ionization energy </Li> <Li> Melting point </Li> <Li> Oxidation state </Li> <Li> Speed of sound </Li> <Li> Thermal conductivity </Li> <Li> Thermal expansion coefficient </Li> <Li> Vapor pressure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Element discoveries <Ul> <Li> Mendeleev 's predictions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Naming <Ul> <Li> Etymology </Li> 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Polyatomic nonmetal </Td> <Td> Diatomic nonmetal </Td> <Td> Noble gas </Td> <Td> Unknown chemical properties </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Alkali metals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Lithium Li Atomic Number : 3 Atomic Weight : 6.941 Melting Point : 453.85 K Boiling Point : 1615 K Specific mass : 0.534 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.98 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Sodium Na Atomic Number : 11 Atomic Weight : 22.98976928 Melting Point : 371.15 K Boiling Point : 1156 K Specific mass : 0.97 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.96 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Potassium Atomic Number : 19 Atomic Weight : 39.0983 Melting Point : 336.5 K Boiling Point : 1032 K Specific mass : 0.86 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.82 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Rubidium Rb Atomic Number : 37 Atomic Weight : 85.4678 Melting Point : 312.79 K Boiling Point : 961 K Specific mass : 1.53 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.82 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Caesium Cs Atomic Number : 55 Atomic Weight : 132.9054519 Melting Point : 301.7 K Boiling Point : 944 K Specific mass : 1.93 g / cm Electronegativity : 0.79 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Francium Fr Atomic Number : 87 Atomic Weight : ( 223 ) Melting Point : ? Boiling Point : ? Specific mass : ? 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A Bug 's Life - Wikipedia <H1> A Bug 's Life </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the video game , see A Bug 's Life ( video game ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> A Bug 's Life </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> John Lasseter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Darla K. Anderson </Li> <Li> Kevin Reher </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andrew Stanton </Li> <Li> Donald McEnery </Li> <Li> Bob Shaw </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> John Lasseter </Li> <Li> Andrew Stanton </Li> <Li> Joe Ranft </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dave Foley </Li> <Li> Kevin Spacey </Li> <Li> Julia Louis - Dreyfus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Randy Newman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Sharon Calahan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> Lee Unkrich </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures </Li> <Li> Pixar Animation Studios </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> Buena Vista Pictures </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> November 25 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 25 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 95 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $120 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $363.3 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> A Bug 's Life is a 1998 American computer - animated comedy film produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures . Directed by John Lasseter , the film involves a misfit ant named Flik that is looking for `` tough warriors '' to save his colony from greedy grasshoppers , only to recruit a group of bugs that turn out to be an inept circus troupe . The film stars the voices of Dave Foley , Kevin Spacey and Julia Louis - Dreyfus . </P> <P> The film is inspired by Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Production began shortly after the release of Toy Story in 1995 . The screenplay was penned by Stanton and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw . The ants in the film were redesigned to be more appealing , and Pixar 's animation unit employed new technical innovations in computer animation . During production , the filmmakers became embroiled in a public feud with DreamWorks Animation due to the production of their similar film Antz , which was released the same year . Randy Newman composed the music for the film . </P> <P> The film was released on November 25 , 1998 , and was a box office success , surpassing competition and grossing $363 million in receipts . It received positive reviews from film critics , who commended the storyline , witty dialogue and animation , while others unfavorably compared it to Antz . The film has been released multiple times on home video . It was Roddy McDowall 's final role before his death . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Voice cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Development </Li> <Li> 3.2 Writing </Li> <Li> 3.3 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.4 Art design and animation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Controversy </Li> <Li> 5 Music </Li> <Li> 6 Reception <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Critical reception </Li> <Li> 6.2 Box office </Li> <Li> 6.3 Awards and honors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Home media </Li> <Li> 8 Media and merchandise <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Attached short film </Li> <Li> 8.2 Video game </Li> <Li> 8.3 Theme park attractions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 Future reading </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> Ant Island is a colony of ants led by the Queen and her daughter , Princess Atta . Every season , they are forced to give food to a gang of marauding grasshoppers led by Hopper . One day , when Flik , an individualist and would - be inventor , inadvertently knocks the offering into a stream with his latest invention , a grain harvesting device , Hopper demands twice as much food as compensation . When Flik suggests in earnest that they seek help from other stronger bugs , the other ants see it as an opportunity to remove him and send him off . </P> <P> At the `` bug city '' , which is a heap of trash under a trailer , the naïve Flik mistakes a troupe of Circus Bugs who were recently dismissed by their greedy ringmaster , P.T. Flea , for the warrior bugs he seeks . The bugs , in turn , mistake Flik for a talent agent and accept his offer to travel with him back to Ant Island . During a welcome ceremony upon their arrival , the Circus Bugs and Flik both discover their mutual misunderstandings . The Circus Bugs attempt to leave but are attacked by a bird ; while fleeing , they save Dot , Atta 's younger sister , gaining the ants ' respect in the process . At Flik 's request , they continue the ruse of being `` warriors '' so the troupe can continue to enjoy the hospitality of the ants . Hearing that Hopper fears birds inspires Flik to create a false bird to scare away the grasshoppers . Meanwhile , Hopper tells his gang how greatly the ants outnumber them and worries that they will eventually rebel against them . </P> <P> The ants finish constructing the fake bird , but during a celebration , P.T. Flea arrives searching for his troupe and inadvertently reveals their secret . Outraged by Flik 's deception , the ants exile him and desperately gather food for a new offering to the grasshoppers . However , when Hopper returns to discover the mediocre offering , he takes over the island and demands the ants ' winter food supply , planning to assassinate the Queen afterwards . Overhearing the plan , Dot informs Flik and the Circus Bugs and convinces them to return to Ant Island . </P> <P> After rescuing the Queen , Flik deploys the bird ; it initially fools the grasshoppers , but P.T. Flea , also mistaking it for a real bird , burns it , exposing it as a decoy . Hopper beats Flik in retaliation and says that the ants are humble and lowly life forms who live to serve the grasshoppers . However , Flik responds that Hopper actually fears the colony , because he has always known what they are capable of , inspiring the ants and the Circus Bugs to fight back against the grasshoppers . The ants attempt to force Hopper out of Ant Island , but it suddenly begins to rain . In the ensuing chaos , Hopper kidnaps Flik and flees . After the Circus Bugs fail to catch them , Atta rescues Flik . As Hopper pursues them , Flik lures him to the nest of the bird he , Dot , and the Circus Bugs encountered earlier . Thinking that the bird is another decoy , Hopper taunts it before discovering it is real , and is captured and fed to its chicks . </P> <P> Sometime later , Flik has improved his inventions and the quality of life for Ant Island , and Atta professes her love for him , and they give Hopper 's younger brother Molt , and a few ants to P.T. Flea as new members of his act . Atta and Dot respectively become the new queen and princess . The ants congratulate Flik as a hero and bid a fond farewell to the circus troupe , who promise to return in the future . </P> <H2> Voice cast ( edit ) </H2> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Dave Foley as Flik , an inventive , but mostly accident - prone , ant </Li> <Li> Kevin Spacey as Hopper , the leader of the grasshopper gang </Li> <Li> Julia Louis - Dreyfus as Princess Atta , the soon - to - be queen of the colony </Li> <Li> Hayden Panettiere as Dot , Princess Atta 's younger sister and initially Flik 's only friend in the ant colony </Li> <Li> Phyllis Diller as the Queen , the leader of the ant colony </Li> <Li> Richard Kind as Molt , Hopper 's dim - witted younger brother </Li> <Li> David Hyde Pierce as Slim , a walking stick and Francis and Heimlich 's friend </Li> <Li> Joe Ranft as Heimlich , a plump , German - accented caterpillar that longs to be a butterfly </Li> <Li> Denis Leary as Francis , a short - tempered ladybug that is constantly mistaken for a female </Li> <Li> Jonathan Harris as Manny , a praying mantis and magician in P.T. Flea 's circus </Li> <Li> Madeline Kahn as Gypsy , a gypsy moth and Manny 's beautiful wife and assistant </Li> <Li> Bonnie Hunt as Rosie , a black widow spider and Dim 's tamer </Li> <Li> Michael McShane as Tuck and Roll , twin pillbug brothers from Hungary </Li> <Li> John Ratzenberger as P.T. Flea , the owner of the circus </Li> <Li> Brad Garrett as Dim , a rhinoceros beetle that plays the `` Ferocious Beast '' in the circus act </Li> <Li> Roddy McDowall as Mr. Soil , the lead thespian </Li> <Li> Edie McClurg as Dr. Flora , the doctor of the ant colony </Li> <Li> Alex Rocco as Thorny , Princess Atta 's assistant </Li> <Li> David Ossman as Cornelius , an elderly ant </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Development ( edit ) </H3> John Lasseter , the director of A Bug 's Life , at the Austin Film Festival in October 2011 . <P> During the summer of 1994 , Pixar 's story department began turning their thoughts to their next film . The storyline for A Bug 's Life originated from a lunchtime conversation between John Lasseter , Andrew Stanton , Pete Docter , and Joe Ranft , the studio 's head story team ; other films such as Monsters , Inc. and Finding Nemo were also conceived at this lunch . Lasseter and his story team had already been drawn to the idea of insects serving as characters . Like toys , insects were within the reach of computer animation back then , due to their relatively simple surfaces . Stanton and Ranft wondered whether they could find a starting point in Aesop 's fable The Ant and the Grasshopper . Walt Disney had produced his own version with a cheerier ending decades earlier in the 1934 short film The Grasshopper and the Ants . In addition , Walt Disney Feature Animation had considered producing a film in the late - 1980s entitled Army Ants , that centered around a pacifist ant living in a militaristic colony , but this never fully materialized . </P> <P> As Stanton and Ranft discussed the adaptation , they rattled off scenarios and storylines springing from their premise . Lasseter liked the idea and offered some suggestions . The concept simmered until early 1995 , when the story team began work on the second film in earnest . During an early test screening for Toy Story in San Rafael in June 1995 , they pitched the film to Disney CEO Michael Eisner . Eisner thought the idea was fine and they submitted a treatment to Disney in early - July under the title Bugs . Disney approved the treatment and gave notice on July 7 that it was exercising the option of a second film under the original 1991 agreement between Disney and Pixar . Lasseter assigned the co-director job to Stanton ; both worked well together and had similar sensibilities . Lasseter had realized that working on a computer - animated feature as a sole director was dangerous while the production of Toy Story was in process . In addition , Lasseter believed that it would relieve stress and that the role would groom Stanton for having his own position as a lead director . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> In The Ant and the Grasshopper , a grasshopper squanders the spring and summer months on singing while the ants put food away for the winter ; when winter comes , the hungry grasshopper begs the ants for food , but the ants turn him away . Andrew Stanton and Joe Ranft hit on the notion that the grasshopper could just take the food . After Stanton had completed a draft of the script , he came to doubt one of the story 's main pillars -- that the Circus Bugs that had come to the colony to cheat the ants would instead stay and fight . He thought the Circus Bugs were unlikable characters as liars and that it was unrealistic for them to undergo a complete personality change . Also , no particularly good reason existed for Circus Bugs to stay with the ant colony during the second act . Although the film was already far along , Stanton concluded that the story needed a different approach . </P> <P> Stanton took one of the early circus bug characters , Red the red ant , and changed him into the character Flik . The Circus Bugs , no longer out to cheat the colony , would be embroiled in a comic misunderstanding as to why Flik was recruiting them . Lasseter agreed with this new approach , and comedy writers Donald McEnery and Bob Shaw spent a few months working on further polishing with Stanton . The characters `` Tuck and Roll '' were inspired by a drawing that Stanton did of two bugs fighting when he was in the second grade . Lasseter had come to envision the film as an epic in the tradition of David Lean 's 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia . </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> The voice cast was heavy with television situation - comedy stars of the time : Flik was voiced by Dave Foley ( from NewsRadio ) , Princess Atta was voiced by Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( from Seinfeld ) , Molt was voiced by Richard Kind ( from Spin City ) , Slim was voiced by David Hyde Pierce ( from Frasier ) and Dim was voiced by Brad Garrett ( from Everybody Loves Raymond ) . Joe Ranft , member of Pixar 's story team , played Heimlich the caterpillar at the suggestion of Lasseter 's wife , Nancy , who had heard him playing the character on a scratch vocal track . </P> <P> The casting of Hopper , the film 's villain , proved problematic . Lasseter 's top choice was Robert De Niro , who repeatedly turned the part down , as did a succession of other actors . Kevin Spacey met John Lasseter at the 1995 Academy Awards and Lasseter asked Spacey if he would be interested in doing the voice of Hopper . Spacey was delighted and signed on immediately . </P> <H3> Art design and animation ( edit ) </H3> <P> It was more difficult for animators during the production of A Bug 's Life than that of Toy Story , as computers ran sluggishly due to the complexity of the character models . Lasseter and Stanton had two supervising animators to assist with directing and reviewing the animation : Rich Quade and Glenn McQueen . The first sequence to be animated and rendered was the circus sequence that culminated with P.T. Flea 's `` Flaming Wall of Death '' . Lasseter placed this scene first in the pipeline because he believed it was `` less likely to change '' . Lasseter thought it would be useful to look at a view of the world from an insect 's perspective . Two technicians obliged by creating a miniature video camera on Lego wheels , which they dubbed as the `` Bugcam '' . Fastened to the end of a stick , the Bugcam could roll through grass and other terrain and send back an insect 's - eye outlook . Lasseter was intrigued by the way grass , leaves , and flower petals formed a translucent canopy , as if the insects were living under a stained - glass ceiling . The team also later sought inspiration from Microcosmos ( 1996 ) , a French documentary on love and violence in the insect world . </P> <P> The transition from treatment to storyboards took on an extra layer of complexity due to the profusion of storylines . Where Toy Story focused heavily on Woody and Buzz , with the other toys serving mostly as sidekicks , A Bug 's Life required in - depth storytelling for several major groups of characters . Character design also presented a new challenge , in that the designers had to make ants appear likable . Although the animators and the art department studied insects more closely , natural realism would give way to the film 's larger needs . The team took out mandibles and designed the ants to stand upright , replacing their normal six legs with two arms and two legs . The grasshoppers , in contrast , received a pair of extra appendages to appear less attractive . The story 's scale also required software engineers to accommodate new demands . Among these was the need to handle shots with crowds of ants . The film would include more than 400 such shots in the ant colony , some with as many as 800 . It was impractical for animators to control them individually , but neither could the ants remain static for even a moment without appearing lifeless , or move identically . Bill Reeves , one of the film 's two supervising technical directors , dealt with the quandary by leading the development of software for autonomous ants . The animators would only animate four or five groups of about eight individual `` universal ants '' . Each one of these `` universal ants '' would later be randomly distributed throughout the digital set . The program also allowed each ant to be automatically modified in subtle ways ( e.g. different color of eye or skin , different heights , different weights , etc . ) . This ensured that no two ants were the same . It was partly based on Reeves 's invention of particle systems a decade and a half earlier , which had let animators use masses of self - guided particles to create effects like swirling dust and snow . </P> <P> The animators also employed subsurface scattering -- developed by Pixar co-founder Edwin Catmull during his graduate student days at the University of Utah in the 1970s -- to render surfaces in a more lifelike way . This would be the first time that subsurface scattering would be used in a Pixar film , and a small team at Pixar worked out the practical problems that kept it from working in animation . Catmull asked for a short film to test and showcase subsurface scattering and the result , Geri 's Game ( 1997 ) , was attached alongside A Bug 's Life in its theatrical release . </P> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> During the production of A Bug 's Life , a public feud erupted between DreamWorks ' Jeffrey Katzenberg , and Pixar 's Steve Jobs and John Lasseter . Katzenberg , former chairman of Disney 's film division , had left the company in a bitter feud with CEO Michael Eisner . In response , he formed DreamWorks SKG with Steven Spielberg and David Geffen and planned to rival Disney in animation . After DreamWorks ' acquisition of Pacific Data Images ( PDI ) -- long Pixar 's contemporary in computer animation -- Lasseter and others at Pixar were dismayed to learn from the trade papers that PDI 's first project at DreamWorks would be another ant film , to be called Antz . By this time , Pixar 's project was well - known within the animation community . Both Antz and A Bug 's Life center on a young male , a drone with oddball tendencies that struggles to win a princess 's hand by saving their society . Whereas A Bug 's Life relied chiefly on visual gags , Antz was more verbal and revolved more around satire . The script of Antz was also heavy with adult references , whereas Pixar 's film was more accessible to children . </P> <P> It was clear that Lasseter and Jobs believed that the idea was stolen by Katzenberg . Katzenberg had stayed in touch with Lasseter after the acrimonious Disney split , often calling to check up . In October 1995 , when Lasseter was overseeing postproduction work on Toy Story at the Universal lot 's Technicolor facility in Universal City , where DreamWorks was also located , he called Katzenberg and dropped by with Stanton . When Katzenberg asked what they were doing next , Lasseter described what would become A Bug 's Life in detail . Lasseter respected Katzenberg 's judgment and felt comfortable using him as a sounding board for creative ideas . Lasseter had high hopes for Toy Story , and he was telling friends throughout the tight - knit computer - animation business to get cracking on their own films . `` If this hits , it 's going to be like space movies after Star Wars '' for computer animation companies , he told various friends . `` I should have been wary , '' Lasseter later recalled . `` Jeffrey kept asking questions about when it would be released . '' </P> <P> When the trades indicated production on Antz , Lasseter , feeling betrayed , called Katzenberg and asked him bluntly if it were true , who in turn asked him where he had heard the rumor . Lasseter asked again , and Katzenberg admitted it was true . Lasseter raised his voice and would not believe Katzenberg 's story that a development director had pitched him the idea long ago . Katzenberg claimed Antz came from a 1991 story pitch by Tim Johnson that was related to Katzenberg in October 1994 . Another source gives Nina Jacobson , one of Katzenberg 's executives , as the person responsible for the Antz pitch . Lasseter , who normally did not use profane language , cursed at Katzenberg and hung up the phone . Lasseter recalled that Katzenberg began explaining that Disney was `` out to get him '' and that he realized that he was just cannon fodder in Katzenberg 's fight with Disney . In truth , Katzenberg was the victim of a conspiracy : Eisner had decided not to pay him his contract - required bonus , convincing Disney 's board not to give him anything . Katzenberg was further angered by the fact that Eisner scheduled Bugs to open the same week as The Prince of Egypt , which was then intended to be DreamWorks ' first animated release . Lasseter grimly relayed the news to Pixar employees but kept morale high . Privately , Lasseter told other Pixar executives that he and Stanton felt terribly let down by Katzenberg . </P> <P> Katzenberg moved the opening of Antz from spring 1999 to October 1998 to compete with Pixar 's release . David Price writes in his 2008 book The Pixar Touch that a rumor , `` never confirmed '' , was that Katzenberg had given PDI `` rich financial incentives to induce them to whatever it would take to have Antz ready first , despite Pixar 's head start '' . Jobs was furious and called Katzenberg and began yelling . Katzenberg made an offer : He would delay production of Antz if Jobs and Disney would move A Bug 's Life so that it did not compete with The Prince of Egypt . Jobs believed it `` a blatant extortion attempt '' and would not go for it , explaining that there was nothing he could do to convince Disney to change the date . Katzenberg casually responded that Jobs himself had taught him how to conduct similar business long ago , explaining that Jobs had come to Pixar 's rescue by making the deal for Toy Story , as Pixar was near bankruptcy at that time . `` I was the one guy there for you back then , and now you 're allowing them to use you to screw me , '' Katzenberg said . He suggested that if Jobs wanted to , he could simply slow down production on A Bug 's Life without telling Disney . If he did , Katzenberg said , he would put Antz on hold . Lasseter also claimed Katzenberg had phoned him with the proposition , but Katzenberg denied these charges later . </P> <P> As the release dates for both films approached , Disney executives concluded that Pixar should keep silent on the DreamWorks battle . Regardless , Lasseter publicly dismissed Antz as a `` schlock version '' of A Bug 's Life . Lasseter , who claimed to have never seen Antz , told others that if DreamWorks and PDI had made the film about anything other than insects , he would have closed Pixar for the day so the entire company could go see it . Jobs and Katzenberg would not back down and the rivaling ant films provoked a press frenzy . `` The bad guys rarely win , '' Jobs told the Los Angeles Times . In response , DreamWorks ' head of marketing Terry Press suggested , `` Steve Jobs should take a pill . '' Despite the successful box office performance of both Antz and A Bug 's Life , tensions would remain high between Jobs and Katzenberg for many years . According to Jobs , Katzenberg came to Jobs after the success of Shrek ( 2001 ) and insisted he had never heard the pitch for A Bug 's Life , reasoning that his settlement with Disney would have given him a share of the profits if that were so . Although the contention left all parties estranged , Pixar and PDI employees kept up the old friendships that had arisen from spending a long time together in computer animation . </P> <H2> Music ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> A Bug 's Life : An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Randy Newman </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> October 27 , 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1998 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Score </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 47 : 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Randy Newman chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Michael ( 1996 ) Michael 1996 </Td> <Td> A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) </Td> <Td> Pleasantville ( 1998 ) Pleasantville 1998 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Pixar soundtrack chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Toy Story ( 1995 ) Toy Story 1995 </Td> <Td> A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) A Bug 's Life1998 </Td> <Td> Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) Toy Story 2 1999 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The film 's score was composed and conducted by Randy Newman . The soundtrack album was produced and released on October 27 , 1998 , by Walt Disney Records . The album 's first track is a song called `` The Time of Your Life '' written and performed by Newman , while all the other 19 tracks are orchestral cues . The album is no longer manufactured into physical media , but is available for purchase on iTunes . The time duration is 47 minutes and 32 seconds . Out of five stars , Allmusic , Empire Online , and Film Tracks rated the album three stars . Movie Wave rated it four and a half . The score won the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical reception ( edit ) </H3> <P> On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 92 % , based on 85 reviews , with an average rating of 7.9 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , `` A Bug 's Life is a rousing adventure that blends animated thrills with witty dialogue and memorable characters -- and another smashing early success for Pixar . '' Another review aggregator , Metacritic , gave the film a score of 77 out of 100 , based on 23 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . </P> <P> Todd McCarthy of Variety gave the film a positive review , saying `` Lasseter and Pixar broke new technical and aesthetic ground in the animation field with Toy Story , and here they surpass it in both scope and complexity of movement while telling a story that overlaps Antz in numerous ways . '' James Berardinelli of ReelViews gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` A Bug 's Life , like Toy Story , develops protagonists we can root for , and places them in the midst of a fast - moving , energetic adventure . '' Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun - Times gave the film three and a half stars out of four , saying `` Will A Bug 's Life suffer by coming out so soon after Antz ? Not any more than one thriller hurts the chances for the next one . Antz may even help business for A Bug 's Life by demonstrating how many dramatic and comedic possibilities can be found in an anthill . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times gave the film four out of five stars , saying `` What A Bug 's Life demonstrates is that when it comes to bugs , the most fun ones to hang out with hang exclusively with the gang at Pixar . '' Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle gave the film four out of four stars , saying `` A Bug 's Life is one of the great movies -- a triumph of storytelling and character development , and a whole new ballgame for computer animation . Pixar Animation Studios has raised the genre to an astonishing new level '' . </P> <P> Richard Corliss of Time gave the film a positive review , saying `` The plot matures handsomely ; the characters neatly converge and combust ; the gags pay off with emotional resonance . '' Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B , saying `` A Bug 's Life may be the single most amazing film I 've ever seen that I could n't fall in love with . '' Paul Clinton of CNN gave the film a positive review , saying `` A Bug 's Life is a perfect movie for the holidays . It contains a great upbeat message ... it 's wonderful to look at ... it 's wildly inventive ... and it 's entertaining for both adults and kids . '' Michael Wilmington of the Chicago Tribune gave the film three and a half stars out of four , and compared the movie to `` Akira Kurosawa 's Seven Samurai ( with a little of another art - film legend , Federico Fellini , tossed in ) . '' where `` As in Samurai , the colony here is plagued every year by the arrival of bandits . '' On the contrary , Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post gave the film a negative review , saying `` Clever as it is , the film lacks charm . One problem : too many bugs . Second , bigger world for two purposes : to feed birds and to irk humans . '' </P> <H3> Box Office ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Bug 's Life grossed approximately $33,258,052 on its opening weekend , ranking number 1 for that weekend . It managed to retain its number 1 spot for two weeks . The film grossed $162.8 million in its United States theatrical run , covering its estimated production costs of $120 million . The film made $200,460,294 in foreign countries , pushing its worldwide gross to $363.3 million , surpassing the competition from DreamWorks Animation 's Antz . </P> <H3> Awards and honors ( edit ) </H3> Main article : List of Pixar awards and nominations ( feature films ) § A Bug 's Life <P> A Bug 's Life won a number of awards and numerous nominations . The film won the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards for Best Animated Film ( tied with The Prince of Egypt ) and Best Family Film , the Satellite Award for Best Animated Film and the Grammy Award for Best Instrumental Composition by Randy Newman . It was also nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Musical or Comedy Score , the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score and the BAFTA Award for Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects . In 2008 , the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Animation Films list . </P> <H2> Home media ( edit ) </H2> <P> A Bug 's Life was released on VHS and DVD on April 20 , 1999 . On August 1 , 2000 , it was rereleased on VHS and DVD under the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection banner . On May 27 , 2003 , another DVD was released as a 2 - disc Collector 's Edition . This DVD was fully remastered and has substantial bonus features . On May 19 , 2009 , the film was released on Blu - ray . </P> <H2> Media and merchandise ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Attached short film ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Geri 's Game <P> The film 's theatrical and video releases include Geri 's Game , an Academy Award winning Pixar short made in 1997 , a year before this film was released . </P> <H3> Video game ( edit ) </H3> Main article : A Bug 's Life ( video game ) <P> A game , based on the film , was developed by Traveller 's Tales and Tiertex Design Studios and released by Sony Computer Entertainment , Disney Interactive , THQ and Activision for various systems . The game 's storyline was similar to the film 's , with a few changes . However , unlike the film , the game received mixed to negative reviews . Aggregating review website GameRankings gave the Nintendo 64 version 54.40 % , the PlayStation version 51.90 % and the Game Boy Color version 36.63 % . GameSpot gave the PlayStation version a 2.7 / 10 , concluding that it was `` obvious that Disney was more interested in producing a $40 advertisement for its movie than in developing a playable game . '' IGN gave the Nintendo 64 version a 6.8 / 10 , praising the presentation and sound by stating `` It was upbeat , cheery look and feel very much like the movie of the same name with cheery , happy tunes and strong sound effects but again criticised the gameplay by saying the controls were sluggish with stuttering framerate and tired gameplay mechanics '' . while they gave the PlayStation version a 4 / 10 , criticizing the gameplay as slow and awkward but praising the presentation as cinematic . </P> <H3> Theme park attractions ( edit ) </H3> <P> A Bug 's Land is a section of Disney California Adventure that is inspired by A Bug 's Life . One of the main attractions is the 3D show It 's Tough to Be a Bug ! which is also in Disney 's Animal Kingdom . The Disney California Adventure nighttime show World of Color features a segment that includes Heimlich , the caterpillar from the film . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Disney portal </Li> <Li> Film in the United States portal </Li> <Li> Animation portal </Li> <Li> Cartoon portal </Li> <Li> 1990s portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of animated feature - length films </Li> <Li> List of Pixar films </Li> <Li> List of computer - animated films </Li> <Li> List of Disney animated films based on fairy tales </Li> <Li> List of films featuring insects </Li> <Li> Antz </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved October 27 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved August 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 25 , 1998 ) . `` A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved June 16 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life -- The Tale '' . Pixar . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sterngold , James ( December 4 , 1998 ) . `` At the Movies ; Bug 's Word : Yaddanyafoo '' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2014 . Retrieved February 19 , 2017 . Tuck is older by a few milliseconds , ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Price , p. 157 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 158 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Burrows , Peter ( November 23 , 1998 ) . `` Antz vs. Bugs '' . Business Week . Archived from the original on November 28 , 1999 . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 159 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 160 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pixar Animation Studios , official website , feature films , A Bugs Life , The inspiration </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : A Bugs Life , DVD Commentary </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 161 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 162 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 163 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 172 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : A Bugs Life , DVD Behind the Scenes </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 173 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Isaacson , Walter ( 2011 ) . Steve Jobs . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 307 . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 4853 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Price , p. 170 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 171 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 174 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Price , p. 169 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Isaacson , Walter ( 2011 ) . Steve Jobs . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 308 . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 4853 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Of Ants , Bugs , and Rug Rats : The Story of Dueling Bug Movies '' . Associated Press . October 2 , 1998 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Isaacson , Walter ( 2011 ) . Steve Jobs . New York : Simon & Schuster . p. 309 . ISBN 1 - 4516 - 4853 - 7 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` iTunes Music -- A Bug 's Life ( An Original Walt Disney Records Soundtrack ) by Randy Newman '' . iTunes Store . October 23 , 2001 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Empire 's A Bug 's Life Soundtrack Review '' . Empire . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Movie Wave '' . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved June 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life Reviews , Ratings , and more at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Todd McCarthy ( November 29 , 1998 ) . `` A Bug 's Life '' . Variety . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reelviews Movie Reviews '' . Reelviews.net . November 25 , 1998 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Monji , Jana . `` A Bug 's Life Movie Review & Film Summary ( 1998 ) '' . Roger Ebert . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life -- Movie Reviews '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peter Stack ( November 25 , 1998 ) . `` '' Bug 's '' Has Legs / Cute insect adventure a visual delight `` . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( November 30 , 1998 ) . `` Cinema : Bugs Funny '' . Time . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Owen Gleiberman ( November 20 , 1998 ) . `` A Bug 's Life Review Movie Reviews and News '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Review : ' A Bug 's Life ' hits a bulls - eye -- November 20 , 1998 '' . CNN . November 20 , 1998 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilmington , Michael ( November 25 , 1998 ) . `` Movie Review : ' A Bug 's Life Disney 's Venture Into The Insect World Squashes ' Antz ' -- November 25 , 1998 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' A Bug 's Life ' ( G ) '' . The Washington Post . November 25 , 1998 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for November 27 -- 29 , 1998 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 4 -- 6 , 1998 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Weekend Box Office Results for December 11 -- 13 , 1998 '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A-Bug - s - Life -- Cast , Crew , Director and Awards '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 10 Top 10 Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2011 . Retrieved August 19 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life ( Disney Gold Classic Collection ) by Disney / Pixar '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 29 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life DVD '' . Blu-ray.com. April 20 , 1999 . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life Blu - ray '' . Blu-ray.com . Retrieved October 21 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( November 25 , 1998 ) . `` A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 6 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life ( Nintendo 64 ) reviews at '' . GameRankings . Retrieved February 28 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life for Nintendo 64 '' . GameRankings. April 30 , 1999 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney / Pixar A Bug 's Life for PlayStation '' . GameRankings . October 31 , 1998 . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney / Pixar A Bug 's Life for Game Boy Color '' . GameRankings . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Disney / Pixar A Bug 's Life Review '' . GameSpot . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life -- IGN '' . Uk.ign.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Bug 's Life -- IGN '' . Uk.ign.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` It 's Tough to be a Bug ! Walt Disney World Resort '' . Disney . Retrieved January 13 , 2014 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Future reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Price , David ( 2008 ) . The Pixar Touch . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 307 - 26575 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : A Bug 's Life </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Official website at Pixar </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life on IMDb </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life at The Big Cartoon DataBase </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life at AllMovie </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Pixar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Feature films </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Monsters , Inc. 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( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Piper ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Lou ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cars Toons ( 2008 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story Toons ( 2011 -- 12 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tiny Toy Stories ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 1 ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Cars Toons : Mater 's Tall Tales ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Pixar Short Films Collection , Volume 2 ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other work </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beach Chair ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Light & Heavy ( 1990 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story of Terror ! ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story That Time Forgot ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Franchises </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Toy Story ( 1995 -- present ) </Li> <Li> Monsters , Inc. 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( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> BURN - E ( 2008 , short ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Animated Feature </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1998 -- 2000 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Bug 's Life -- John Lasseter and Andrew Stanton / The Prince of Egypt -- Simon Wells , Brenda Chapman , and Steve Hickner ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story 2 -- John Lasseter , Lee Unkrich , and Ash Brannon ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Chicken Run -- Peter Lord and Nick Park ( 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2001 -- 2010 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shrek -- Andrew Adamson and Vicky Jenson ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Spirited Away -- Hayao Miyazaki ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Finding Nemo -- Andrew Stanton and Lee Unkrich ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Incredibles -- Brad Bird ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Wallace & Gromit : The Curse of the Were - Rabbit -- Nick Park and Steve Box ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Cars -- John Lasseter and Joe Ranft ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Ratatouille -- Brad Bird and Jan Pinkava ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> WALL - E -- Andrew Stanton ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Up -- Pete Docter and Bob Peterson ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story 3 -- Lee Unkrich ( 2010 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2011 -- present </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rango -- Gore Verbinski ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Wreck - It Ralph -- Rich Moore ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Frozen -- Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> The Lego Movie -- Phil Lord and Christopher Miller ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Inside Out -- Pete Docter and Ronnie del Carmen ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Zootopia -- Byron Howard and Rich Moore ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Family Film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Anastasia ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> October Sky ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> My Dog Skip ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Pirates of the Caribbean : The Curse of the Black Pearl ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Finding Neverland ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Charlotte 's Web ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Enchanted ( 2007 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Hunchback of Notre Dame ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Men in Black ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Toy Story 2 ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Chicken Run ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Spirited Away ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> The Triplets of Belleville ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> The Incredibles ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Pan 's Labyrinth ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Ratatouille ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> WALL - 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language films </Li> <Li> A Bug 's Life </Li> <Li> 1998 animated films </Li> <Li> 1990s American animated films </Li> <Li> 1990s computer - animated films </Li> <Li> 1990s fantasy films </Li> <Li> American children 's adventure films </Li> <Li> American children 's animated comedy films </Li> <Li> American children 's fantasy films </Li> <Li> American films </Li> <Li> Films about royalty </Li> <Li> Best Animated Feature Broadcast Film Critics Association Award winners </Li> <Li> Fictional ants </Li> <Li> Films scored by Randy Newman </Li> <Li> Films about animals </Li> <Li> Films about insects </Li> <Li> Films directed by John Lasseter </Li> <Li> Films featuring anthropomorphic characters </Li> <Li> Pixar animated films </Li> <Li> Screenplays by John Lasseter </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Joe Ranft </Li> <Li> Screenplays by Andrew Stanton </Li> <Li> Walt Disney Pictures films </Li> <Li> Films set on islands </Li> <Li> Works based on fables </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from October 2015 </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Album infoboxes lacking a cover </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> ދިވެހިބަސް </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Emiliàn e rumagnòl </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Runa Simi </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> ייִדיש </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 30 December 2017 , at 23 : 51 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Tooms - wikipedia <H1> Tooms </H1> <P> </P> 21st episode of the first season of The X-Files <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Tooms '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The X-Files episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episode no . </Th> <Td> Season 1 Episode 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> David Nutter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Glen Morgan James Wong </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production code </Th> <Td> 1X20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Td> April 22 , 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 45 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Guest appearance ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Doug Hutchison as Eugene Victor Tooms </Li> <Li> Paul Ben - Victor as Dr. Aaron Monte </Li> <Li> Mitch Pileggi as Walter Skinner </Li> <Li> Henry Beckman as Detective Frank Briggs </Li> <Li> William B. Davis as the Smoking Man </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Episode chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← Previous `` Darkness Falls '' </Td> <Td> Next → `` Born Again '' </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The X-Files ( season 1 ) List of The X-Files episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Tooms '' is the twenty - first episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X-Files . It premiered on the Fox network on April 22 , 1994 . `` Tooms '' was written by Glen Morgan and James Wong , and directed by David Nutter . The episode featured Mitch Pileggi 's first appearance as Assistant Director Walter Skinner , and saw Doug Hutchison and William B. Davis reprise their roles as Eugene Victor Tooms and the Smoking Man , respectively . The episode is a `` monster - of - the - week '' story , a stand - alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . `` Tooms '' earned a Nielsen household rating of 8.6 , being watched by 8.1 million households in its initial broadcast ; and received positive reviews from critics . </P> <P> The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X-Files . When mutant serial killer Eugene Tooms , last seen in `` Squeeze '' , is released from prison , Mulder and Scully try to stop him from resuming his killing spree . Tooms , however , sets out to frame Mulder for assault before the agent can apprehend him . </P> <P> After seeing men working on an open escalator in a mall around Christmas time , Glen Morgan decided to revisit the character of Eugene Victor Tooms , from the first episode he and co-writer James Wong wrote for the series , `` Squeeze '' . `` Tooms '' introduced the character of Walter Skinner , although this would be his only appearance in the first season . The character had been conceived as playing against the stereotypical bureaucratic `` paper - pusher '' , being instead someone more `` quietly dynamic '' . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Production </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 Footnotes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 References </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the events of `` Squeeze '' , Eugene Victor Tooms has been placed in a sanatorium in Baltimore . He attempts to escape by squeezing his arm through the food slot of his cell door but is forced to abort when he is visited by his psychologist , Dr. Aaron Monte . </P> <P> Dana Scully is called before FBI assistant director Walter Skinner , who is accompanied by the Smoking Man . Despite the success of the X-Files investigations , Skinner criticizes their unconventionalism and wants both Scully and Fox Mulder to do by - the - book work . The agents attend a release hearing for Tooms , where Monte claims that Tooms ' attack on Scully was due to being falsely accused of murder . Mulder tries to point out the physical evidence of Tooms ' physiology and crimes but is ignored by the hearing 's panel . Tooms is released into the care of an elderly couple and is ordered to continue his treatment with Dr. Monte . </P> <P> Scully meets with Frank Briggs , the detective who investigated Tooms ' 1933 murders . Briggs claims that the body of one of the victims from that spree was never discovered . Scully and Briggs visit a chemical plant where a piece of the victim 's liver was found , ultimately discovering a skeleton encased in concrete . Meanwhile , Mulder harasses Tooms at work as he stalks a would - be victim . Later that night , Mulder follows him when he tries to break into a man 's house . Tooms flees without attacking anyone . </P> <P> A researcher examining the skeleton identifies it as the missing victim from 1933 . However , there seems to be no substantial evidence proving that Tooms was the murderer . Scully relieves Mulder , who is watching Tooms ' new residence ; they are unaware that Tooms is hiding in the trunk of Mulder 's car . He manages to break into Mulder 's apartment , where he injures himself and imprints Mulder 's shoe print on his face . Tooms ' frameup leads the police to question Mulder . Skinner then forbids Mulder from contacting Tooms . </P> <P> Further research on the skeleton reveals bite marks matching Tooms ' teeth . When the old couple watching Tooms depart and Tooms is visited by Monte , he kills him and consumes the final liver he needs before his thirty - year hibernation . After discovering Monte 's body and defying Skinner 's orders , Mulder and Scully head to Tooms ' former residence at 66 Exeter Street , which has been demolished and replaced with a shopping mall . Inside , Mulder crawls below an escalator and finds Tooms ' nest . Tooms bursts out , covered in bile , and pursues Mulder , who makes it to the surface and activates the escalator , trapping and killing Tooms . </P> <P> Skinner reads Scully 's final report on the Tooms case and asks the Smoking Man if he believes it , to which he replies , `` Of course I do . '' Outside , Scully finds Mulder , who is observing a caterpillar 's cocoon . Mulder predicts that change is coming to the X-Files . </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> `` Tooms '' was directed by David Nutter , who the crew felt was the `` best '' director working on The X-Files . <P> Devising a sequel to `` Squeeze '' posed a challenge for writers Glen Morgan and James Wong , who had never written a follow - up to any of their work previously . Morgan felt that the primary difficulty was in moving the story forward while still leaving room to recap what had happened previously for the benefit of viewers who had not seen the first episode ; this led to the use of the courtroom scene as a means to repeat any necessary information . Morgan also felt that Harry Longstreet , the initial director for `` Squeeze '' , had been `` a problem '' , and a second episode allowed for the use of scenes which Longstreet had failed to film for the earlier episode . To this end , the episode was helmed by David Nutter , who series creator Chris Carter considered the `` best '' director working on the series . </P> <P> Morgan was inspired to write this episode after seeing men working on an open escalator in a mall around Christmas time . He thought of the scare factor from a creature living underneath the escalator , and felt Tooms would be the perfect choice for the creature . Tooms was the first villain in the show 's history to make an appearance in a second episode . It was actor Doug Hutchison 's idea to play Tooms nude during the escalator sequence , a decision which Carter felt `` caused a little discomfort '' , but that `` actually added to the scene '' . The bile - like substance coating Tooms and his nest was actually a yellow piping gel , which the cast found would stick to their skin and pull out hair upon removal . Tooms framing Mulder for assault seems to have been inspired by a similar plot point in the film Dirty Harry . </P> <P> `` Tooms '' introduced the character of Walter Skinner , although this would be his only appearance in the first season . The character had been conceived as playing against the stereotypical bureaucratic `` paper - pusher '' , being instead someone more `` quietly dynamic '' . Actor Mitch Pileggi had auditioned unsuccessfully for several other parts on the series before being cast as Skinner . At first , the fact that he was asked back to audition for the role had puzzled him , until he discovered the reason he had not cast for the previous parts -- Chris Carter had been unable to imagine Pileggi as any of those characters , due to the fact that the actor had been shaving his head . When Pileggi attended the audition for Skinner , he had been in a grumpy mood and had allowed his small amount of hair to grow back . Pileggi 's attitude fit well with the character of Skinner , causing Carter to assume that the actor was only pretending to be grumpy . After successfully auditioning for the role , Pileggi thought he had been lucky that he had not been cast in one of the earlier roles , as he believed he would have appeared in only a single episode and would have missed the opportunity to play the recurring role of Skinner . </P> <P> The episode 's climactic scene in the shopping mall where Tooms had made his nest was filmed in City Square Mall , Vancouver . Shooting at the location required the permission of every store owner on the premises , and care was taken to ensure that the stage blood used for the escalator scene did not seep into the escalator 's motor to avoid possible damage . `` Tooms '' includes the Smoking Man 's first line of dialogue in the series , and his only lines of the first season . Carter was initially unsure that the character would ever receive any dialogue , feeling that he would seem `` more forbidding '' if he remained silent . However , he described actor William B. Davis as `` an extremely competent actor '' , noting the character 's increasing popularity . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Tooms '' premiered on the Fox network on April 22 , 1994 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on February 16 , 1995 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 8.6 , with a 15 share , meaning that roughly 8.6 percent of all television - equipped households , and 15 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . It was viewed by 8.1 million households . </P> <P> In a retrospective of the first season in Entertainment Weekly , `` Tooms '' was rated an A , with the Hutchison 's appearance being noted as `` another sublimely slimy performance '' , whilst Pileggi 's performance was said to have an `` engagingly steely presence '' . Zack Handlen , writing for The A.V. Club , called the episode `` a richly rewarding one '' , finding the interaction between the characters of Mulder and Scully to have been a highlight of the episode . However , Handlen felt that some of the episode 's plot development was ultimately needless , and found the motives of several characters to have been unexplained and baffling . Matt Haigh , writing for Den of Geek , felt that the plot thread of Tooms framing Mulder for assault `` never really amounts to much '' , though he felt that the episode showed Tooms to be a creepier villain than his previous appearance in `` Squeeze '' . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X-Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode four - and - a-half stars out of five , finding it to be a better instalment than `` Squeeze '' . Shearman felt that the episode featured very little plotting , consisting simply of `` a series of set pieces '' , but considered its wit and character development to adequately compensate for this . </P> <P> The character of Eugene Tooms has also attracted positive criticism . Author Neil Gaiman listed the character of Eugene Tooms as one of his favourite monsters in a guest column for Entertainment Weekly 's 1,000 th issue ; whilst UGO Networks listed the character as one of their `` Best TV Serial Killers '' , describing Hutchison 's acting as `` uber - creepy '' . Writing for Den of Geek , John Moore listed Eugene Tooms as his `` Top 10 X-Files Baddies '' , noting that the popularity of both `` Squeeze '' and `` Tooms '' proved to be `` largely responsible for shifting the emphasis of the show '' away from dwelling solely on alien conspiracy - based mythology episodes . </P> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lowry 1996 , pp. 147 -- 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovece 1997 , pp. 96 -- 97 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Edwards 1997 , p. 73 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lowry 1995 , pp. 148 -- 149 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chris Carter ( narrator ) . Chris Carter Speaks about Season One Episodes : Tooms ( DVD ) . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glen Morgan & James Wong ( writers ) ; Dave Gauthier ( special effects coordinator ) ; Mat Beck ( visual effects ) . Behind the Truth : Squeeze and Tooms ( DVD ) . Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovece 1997 , p. 98 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lovece 1997 , p. 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lowry 1996 , p. 71 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gradnitzer & Pittson 1999 , p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lowry 1996 , p. 148 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The X-Files : The Complete First Season ( booklet ) . Robert Mandel , et al. Fox . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lowry 1996 , p. 248 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` X Cyclopedia : The Ultimate Episode Guide , Season 1 EW.com '' . Entertainment Weekly . November 29 , 1996 . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Handlen , Zack ( August 1 , 2008 ) . `` ' Shapes ' / ' Darkness Falls ' / ' Tooms ' The X-Files / Millennium TV Club '' . The A.V. Club . The Onion . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Haigh , Matt ( December 9 , 2008 ) . `` Revisiting The X-Files : Season 1 Episode 21 '' . Den of Geek . Dennis Publishing . Retrieved August 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shearman & Pearson 2009 , pp. 28 -- 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gaiman , Neil ( July 23 , 2008 ) . `` The X-Files Neil Gaiman : My Top 10 New Classic Monsters Photo 7 of 12 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` The Best TV Serial Killers '' . UGO Networks . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2011 . Retrieved July 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moore , John ( July 20 , 2008 ) . `` The Top 10 X-Files Baddies '' . Den of Geek . Retrieved July 28 , 2011 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> References ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Edwards , Ted ( 1996 ) . X-Files Confidential . Little , Brown and Company . ISBN 0 - 316 - 21808 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Gradnitzer , Louisa ; Pittson , Todd ( 1999 ) . X Marks the Spot : On Location with The X-Files . Arsenal Pulp Press . ISBN 1 - 55152 - 066 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Lovece , Frank ( 1996 ) . The X-Files Declassified . Citadel Press . ISBN 0 - 8065 - 1745 - X . </Li> <Li> Lowry , Brian ( 1995 ) . The Truth is Out There : The Official Guide to the X-Files. Harper Prism . ISBN 0 - 06 - 105330 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Shearman , Robert ; Pearson , Lars ( 2009 ) . Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X-Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen . Mad Norwegian Press . ISBN 0 - 9759446 - 9 - X . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : TXF Season 1 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> `` Tooms '' on The X-Files official website </Li> <Li> `` Tooms '' on IMDb </Li> <Li> `` Tooms '' at TV.com </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The X-Files episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Seasons </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> The X-Files </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> I Want to Believe </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 1 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Pilot '' </Li> <Li> `` Deep Throat '' </Li> <Li> `` Squeeze '' </Li> <Li> `` Conduit '' </Li> <Li> `` The Jersey Devil '' </Li> <Li> `` Shadows '' </Li> <Li> `` Ghost in the Machine '' </Li> <Li> `` Ice '' </Li> <Li> `` Space '' </Li> <Li> `` Fallen Angel '' </Li> <Li> `` Eve '' </Li> <Li> `` Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Beyond the Sea '' </Li> <Li> `` Gender Bender '' </Li> <Li> `` Lazarus '' </Li> <Li> `` Young at Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` E.B.E. '' </Li> <Li> `` Miracle Man '' </Li> <Li> `` Shapes '' </Li> <Li> `` Darkness Falls '' </Li> <Li> `` Tooms '' </Li> <Li> `` Born Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Roland '' </Li> <Li> `` The Erlenmeyer Flask '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Unmade episodes </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tooms&oldid=857550862 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1994 American television episodes </Li> <Li> Baltimore in fiction </Li> <Li> Maryland in fiction </Li> <Li> The X-Files ( season 1 ) episodes </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> <Li> Television episode articles with short description for single episodes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 September 2018 , at 12 : 02 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Tooms&oldid=857550862 | -301,984,797,491,631 |
List of Grand Slam related Tennis records - wikipedia <H1> List of Grand Slam related Tennis records </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> These are records for Grand Slam tournaments , also known as majors , which are the four most prestigious tennis events . All records are based on official data from the majors . </P> <P> The names of active players appear in boldface for their career totals and currently active streaks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Singles career totals ( all time ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Men </Li> <Li> 1.2 Women </Li> <Li> 1.3 Chronological titles leaders </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Most singles titles and finals ( all time ) <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Men </Li> <Li> 2.2 Women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Most singles titles ( Open Era ) <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Men </Li> <Li> 3.2 Women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Most singles finals ( Open Era ) <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Men </Li> <Li> 4.2 Women </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Most titles across all disciplines ( all time ) <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Most wins per event </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Most same gender doubles titles ( all time ) <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Per team </Li> <Li> 6.2 Per player </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Most mixed doubles titles ( all time ) <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Per team </Li> <Li> 7.2 Per player </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Other singles records ( all time ) <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Youngest and oldest champions </Li> <Li> 8.2 Won a title without losing a set </Li> <Li> 8.3 Won a title at final appearance </Li> <Li> 8.4 Won a title after saving match points </Li> <Li> 8.5 Fewest career first - round losses </Li> <Li> 8.6 Participation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Wheelchair records <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Men 's singles </Li> <Li> 9.2 Women 's singles </Li> <Li> 9.3 Men 's doubles </Li> <Li> 9.4 Women 's doubles </Li> <Li> 9.5 Quad singles </Li> <Li> 9.6 Quad doubles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Singles career totals ( all time ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Men ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Titles </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Pete Sampras </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Rod Laver </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Björn Borg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Bill Tilden </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Fred Perry </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ken Rosewall </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Connors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivan Lendl </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andre Agassi </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Finals </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Ivan Lendl </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Pete Sampras </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Rod Laver </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Ken Rosewall </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Björn Borg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Bill Tilden </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Connors </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andre Agassi </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Semifinals </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Jimmy Connors </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Ivan Lendl </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Andre Agassi </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Ken Rosewall </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Pete Sampras </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Andy Murray </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Bill Tilden </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Quarterfinals </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Jimmy Connors </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Andre Agassi </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Ivan Lendl </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Ken Rosewall </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Murray </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Pete Sampras </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Titles </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Helen Wills </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / M. Navratilova </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Billie Jean King </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Maureen Connolly </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / / Monica Seles </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Molla Mallory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Finals </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> / M. Navratilova </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Helen Wills </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Doris Hart </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> E. Goolagong Cawley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Helen Jacobs </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Semifinals </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> / M. Navratilova </Td> <Td> 44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Doris Hart </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean King </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Louise Brough </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Helen Jacobs </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Quarterfinals </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> / M. Navratilova </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Billie Jean King </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> A. Sánchez Vicario </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Doris Hart </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> / / Monica Seles </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindsay Davenport </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Chronological titles leaders ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Men </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Years led </Th> <Th> Span of years led </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Titles won at point of lead </Th> <Th> Total career titles </Th> <Th> Event at which lead began </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1877 -- 1880 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Spencer Gore </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1880 -- 1883 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Hartley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1883 -- 1887 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> William Renshaw </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1887 -- 1925 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Richard Sears </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> U.S. Championships </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1925 -- 1967 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Bill Tilden </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> U.S. Championships </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 -- 2000 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Australian Championships </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2000 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Pete Sampras </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 -- present </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Women </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Years led </Th> <Th> Span of years led </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Titles won at point of lead </Th> <Th> Total career titles </Th> <Th> Event at which lead began </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1884 -- 1891 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Maud Watson </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1891 -- 1900 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Lottie Dod </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1900 -- 1914 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Blanche Bingley </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1914 -- 1926 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Dorothea Douglass </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1926 -- 1929 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> French Championships </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1929 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> French Championships </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1970 -- present </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> US Open </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Most singles titles and finals ( all time ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Includes all players with at least two singles titles . </P> <P> In the following tables : </P> <Ul> <Li> `` AU '' means the Australian Open or the Australian Championships . </Li> <Li> `` FR '' means the French Open or the French Championships . </Li> <Li> `` WB '' means Wimbledon . </Li> <Li> `` US '' means the US Open or the United States Championships . </Li> <Li> `` W '' means the person was the champion , i.e. , the winning finalist . </Li> <Li> `` F '' means the person was the runner - up , i.e. , the losing finalist . </Li> <Li> `` NP '' means the person never participated in that Grand Slam event . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Men ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU <P> W -- F </P> </Th> <Th> FR <P> W -- F </P> </Th> <Th> WB <P> W -- F </P> </Th> <Th> US <P> W -- F </P> </Th> <Th> Overall <P> W -- F </P> </Th> <Th> Titles span ( years ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 10 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2017 ( 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 16 -- 7 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2017 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pete Sampras </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 14 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 2002 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 9 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2016 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1967 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rod Laver </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1969 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Björn Borg </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 11 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1981 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Tilden </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 10 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1920 -- 1930 ( 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Ivan Lendl </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 11 </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1990 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ken Rosewall </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 1972 ( 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Connors </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 7 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1983 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andre Agassi </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 2003 ( 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Perry </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1933 -- 1936 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John McEnroe </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1984 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mats Wilander </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1988 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> René Lacoste </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1925 -- 1929 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henri Cochet </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1926 -- 1932 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Newcombe </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1975 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Larned </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1901 -- 1911 ( 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Renshaw </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1881 -- 1889 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Sears </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1881 -- 1887 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Crawford </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1933 -- 1935 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stefan Edberg </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boris Becker </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1996 ( 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laurence Doherty </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1902 -- 1906 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Wilding </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 1906 -- 1913 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Budge </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 1938 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Sedgman </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1952 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Trabert </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1953 -- 1955 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean Borotra </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1924 -- 1931 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Guillermo Vilas </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1979 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Courier </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1991 -- 1993 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reginald Doherty </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1897 -- 1900 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Parker </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1944 -- 1949 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lew Hoad </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1957 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashley Cooper </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1957 -- 1958 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Wrenn </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1893 -- 1897 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manuel Santana </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1966 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Murray </Td> <Td> 0 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2016 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Johnston </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1915 -- 1919 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arthur Gore </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1901 -- 1909 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Jaroslav Drobný </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 1954 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gerald Patterson </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1919 -- 1927 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neale Fraser </Td> <Td> 0 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1960 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilfred Baddeley </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1891 -- 1895 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norman Brookes </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1907 -- 1914 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bobby Riggs </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1939 -- 1941 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jan Kodeš </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1973 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arthur Ashe </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1975 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ellsworth Vines </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1931 -- 1932 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Kramer </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1947 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adrian Quist </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1936 -- 1948 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stan Wawrinka </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2014 -- 2016 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Anderson </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1922 -- 1925 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gustavo Kuerten </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2001 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Bromwich </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1939 -- 1946 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Stolle </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1965 -- 1966 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gottfried von Cramm </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1934 -- 1936 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ilie Năstase </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1972 -- 1973 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henry Slocum </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1888 -- 1889 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joshua Pim </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1893 -- 1894 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nicola Pietrangeli </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1960 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patrick Rafter </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 1998 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lleyton Hewitt </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2002 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marat Safin </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2005 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Williams </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1914 -- 1916 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Budge Patty </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mervyn Rose </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1954 -- 1958 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Olmedo </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1959 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stan Smith </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1972 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sergi Bruguera </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1993 -- 1994 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yevgeny Kafelnikov </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 1999 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rodney Heath </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1905 -- 1910 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindley Murray </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1917 -- 1918 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pat O'Hara Wood </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1920 -- 1923 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don McNeill </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1939 -- 1940 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pancho Gonzales </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1949 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Johan Kriek </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1982 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU <P> W-F </P> </Th> <Th> FR <P> W-F </P> </Th> <Th> WB <P> W-F </P> </Th> <Th> US <P> W-F </P> </Th> <Th> Overall <P> W-F </P> </Th> <Th> Titles span ( years ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> 11 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 24 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1973 ( 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 7 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 23 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2017 ( 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 22 -- 9 </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1999 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helen Wills </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 19 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1923 -- 1938 ( 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 7 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 16 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1986 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Martina Navratilova </Td> <Td> 3 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 18 -- 14 </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1990 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean King </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 12 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1966 -- 1975 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / / Monica Seles </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 1996 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maureen Connolly </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 9 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 1954 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Molla Mallory </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1915 -- 1926 ( 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 8 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1919 -- 1926 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> E. Goolagong Cawley </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 11 </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1980 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 9 </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2008 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maria Bueno </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1966 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Justine Henin </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2007 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dorothea Douglass </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 7 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 7 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1903 -- 1914 ( 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doris Hart </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 12 </Td> <Td> 1949 -- 1955 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louise Brough </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 1955 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Blanche Bingley </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 </Td> <Td> 1886 -- 1900 ( 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> M. Osborne duPont </Td> <Td> NP </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1946 -- 1950 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancye Wynne Bolton </Td> <Td> 6 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1937 -- 1951 ( 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helen Jacobs </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 11 </Td> <Td> 1932 -- 1936 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martina Hingis </Td> <Td> 3 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 7 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 1999 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Charlotte Cooper </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 5 </Td> <Td> 1895 -- 1908 ( 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maria Sharapova </Td> <Td> 1 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2014 ( 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pauline Betz </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1942 -- 1946 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Althea Gibson </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1958 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lottie Dod </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1887 -- 1893 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daphne Akhurst </Td> <Td> 5 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1925 -- 1930 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice Marble </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1936 -- 1940 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A. Sánchez Vicario </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 8 </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1998 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elisabeth Moore </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1896 -- 1905 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shirley Fry Irvin </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1951 -- 1957 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hana Mandlíková </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1980 -- 1987 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kim Clijsters </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2011 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hazel Hotchkiss </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1909 -- 1919 ( 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ann Haydon </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 3 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1969 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darlene Hard </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1961 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lindsay Davenport </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2000 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary Browne </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1912 -- 1914 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> H. Krahwinkel Sperling </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1935 -- 1937 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angela Mortimer </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1955 -- 1961 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Juliette Atkinson </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1895 -- 1898 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May Sutton </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1904 -- 1907 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dorothy Round </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1934 -- 1937 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia Wade </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1977 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jennifer Capriati </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2002 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simonne Mathieu </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 6 </Td> <Td> 1938 -- 1939 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kathleen McKane </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 1924 -- 1926 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thelma Coyne Long </Td> <Td> 2 -- 4 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1952 -- 1954 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesley Turner Bowrey </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1963 -- 1965 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancy Richey </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1967 -- 1968 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary Pierce </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1995 -- 2000 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marion Jones Farquhar </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1899 -- 1902 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah Palfrey Cooke </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1941 -- 1945 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Svetlana Kuznetsova </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2009 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Victoria Azarenka </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 2012 -- 2013 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Li Na </Td> <Td> 1 -- 2 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2014 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maud Watson </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1884 -- 1885 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bertha Townsend </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1888 -- 1889 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Molesworth </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1922 -- 1923 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coral Buttsworth </Td> <Td> 2 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1931 -- 1932 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amélie Mauresmo </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angelique Kerber </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Garbiñe Muguruza </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 1 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2016 -- 2017 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mabel Cahill </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1891 -- 1892 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cilly Aussem </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1931 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Scriven </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1933 -- 1934 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary Carter Reitano </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1959 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tracy Austin </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1981 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Petra Kvitová </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 0 -- 0 </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2014 ( 4 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Most singles titles ( Open Era ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Players with at least 5 singles titles during the Open Era . </P> <H3> Men ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> Span ( years ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2017 ( 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2017 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pete Sampras </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 2002 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2016 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Björn Borg </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1981 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Connors </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1983 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ivan Lendl </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1984 -- 1990 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andre Agassi </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1992 -- 2003 ( 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John McEnroe </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1984 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mats Wilander </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1988 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stefan Edberg </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1992 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boris Becker </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1996 ( 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rod Laver </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1969 ( 2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Newcombe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1970 -- 1975 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> Span ( years ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2017 ( 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1999 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1986 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Martina Navratilova </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1978 -- 1990 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 1973 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / / Monica Seles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 1996 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean King </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1975 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> E. Goolagong Cawley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1980 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Justine Henin </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2007 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2000 -- 2008 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martina Hingis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 1999 ( 3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maria Sharapova </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2014 ( 11 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Most singles finals ( Open Era ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Players who reached at least 10 singles finals during the Open Era . Titles won are within parentheses . </P> <H3> Men ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> Span ( years ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 6 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 11 ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 7 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 29 ( 19 ) </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2017 ( 15 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 10 ( 10 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 23 ( 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2005 -- 2017 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 6 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 7 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 21 ( 12 ) </Td> <Td> 2007 -- 2016 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Ivan Lendl </Td> <Td> 4 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 8 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 19 ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1991 ( 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pete Sampras </Td> <Td> 3 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 8 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 18 ( 14 ) </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 2002 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Björn Borg </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 6 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 16 ( 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1981 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Connors </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 7 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 15 ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1984 ( 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andre Agassi </Td> <Td> 4 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 6 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 2005 ( 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John McEnroe </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 11 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 1979 -- 1985 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mats Wilander </Td> <Td> 4 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1982 -- 1988 ( 7 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stefan Edberg </Td> <Td> 5 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 11 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1993 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andy Murray </Td> <Td> 5 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 11 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2008 -- 2016 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boris Becker </Td> <Td> 2 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 10 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 1985 -- 1996 ( 12 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> Span ( years ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> <Td> 6 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 9 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 10 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 9 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 34 ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1973 -- 1988 ( 16 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Martina Navratilova </Td> <Td> 6 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 6 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 12 ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> 8 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 32 ( 18 ) </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1994 ( 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> 5 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 9 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 9 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 8 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 31 ( 22 ) </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1999 ( 13 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 8 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 9 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 8 ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 29 ( 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2017 ( 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> E. Goolagong Cawley </Td> <Td> 7 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 5 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 18 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 1971 -- 1980 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> <Td> 2 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 9 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 16 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2017 ( 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / / Monica Seles </Td> <Td> 4 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 13 ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 1998 ( 9 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> 4 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 12 ( 11 ) </Td> <Td> 1969 -- 1973 ( 5 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean King </Td> <Td> 1 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 6 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 12 ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 1968 -- 1975 ( 8 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Justine Henin </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 4 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 12 ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 2001 -- 2010 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martina Hingis </Td> <Td> 6 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 12 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2002 ( 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> A. Sánchez Vicario </Td> <Td> 2 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 6 ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 0 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 12 ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1998 ( 10 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maria Sharapova </Td> <Td> 4 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 3 ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 1 ( 1 ) </Td> <Td> 10 ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 2004 -- 2015 ( 12 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Most titles across all disciplines ( all time ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> In these tables `` S '' is singles , `` D '' is same gender doubles , and `` M '' is mixed doubles . </P> <P> Players with at least 18 titles in any combination . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Men </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> Span </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Newcombe </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 1964 -- 1976 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todd Woodbridge </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1990 -- 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Bryan </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2014 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Sedgman </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1948 -- 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Tilden </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1913 -- 1930 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rod Laver </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 1959 -- 1971 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Bryan </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2015 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Bromwich </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1938 -- 1950 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neale Fraser </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1956 -- 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Stolle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 1962 -- 1969 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 2003 -- 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean Borotra </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1924 -- 1936 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leander Paes </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 1999 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Women </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Total </Th> <Th> Span </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 1960 -- 1975 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> / Martina Navratilova </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 2006 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean King </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 1961 -- 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 1941 -- 1962 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doris Hart </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 1947 -- 1955 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louise Brough </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 1942 -- 1957 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helen Wills </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 1923 -- 1938 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elizabeth Ryan </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 1913 -- 1934 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martina Hingis </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 1996 -- 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1999 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1998 -- 2016 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pam Shriver </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 1981 -- 1991 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 1919 -- 1926 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 1974 -- 1986 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancye Wynne Bolton </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 1936 -- 1952 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natasha Zvereva </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1997 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maria Bueno </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 1958 -- 1968 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thelma Coyne Long </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 1936 -- 1958 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice Marble </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 1936 -- 1940 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Most wins per event ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Discipline </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Men 's titles </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Women 's titles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Championships / Australian Open </Td> <Td> Singles </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Roy Emerson Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doubles </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Adrian Quist </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Thelma Coyne Long </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mixed doubles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harry Hopman Colin Long </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thelma Coyne Long Nancye Wynne Bolton Daphne Akhurst Cozens Nell Hall Hopman Margaret Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Adrian Quist </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Championships / French Open </Td> <Td> Singles </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doubles </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mixed doubles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ken Fletcher Jean - Claude Barclay </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Championships , Wimbledon </Td> <Td> Singles </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doubles </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Todd Woodbridge </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Ryan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mixed doubles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Vic Seixas Ken Fletcher Owen Davidson Leander Paes </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Elizabeth Ryan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Laurence Doherty </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean King Martina Navratilova </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Championships / US Open </Td> <Td> Singles </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Bill Larned Bill Tilden Richard Sears </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Molla Mallory </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doubles </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Holcombe Ward Richard Sears </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mixed doubles </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Edwin Fischer Wallace Johnson Bill Tilden William Talbert Marty Riessen Owen Davidson Bob Bryan </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Bill Tilden </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Overall </Td> <Td> Singles </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doubles </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> John Newcombe </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mixed doubles </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Owen Davidson </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Margaret Court 's 1965 and 1969 Australian mixed doubles titles were unplayed finals . </P> <P> Owen Davidson 's 1965 Australian mixed doubles title was an unplayed final . </P> <H2> Most same gender doubles titles ( all time ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Per team ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pairs that won at least four titles together . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Men </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Players </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Bryan ( USA ) Mike Bryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Newcombe ( AUS ) Tony Roche ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todd Woodbridge ( AUS ) Mark Woodforde ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reginald Doherty ( GBR ) Laurence Doherty ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Bromwich ( AUS ) Adrian Quist ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Sedgman ( AUS ) Ken McGregor ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roy Emerson ( AUS ) Neale Fraser ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John McEnroe ( USA ) Peter Fleming ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lew Hoad ( AUS ) Ken Rosewall ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Renshaw ( GBR ) Ernest Renshaw ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Dwight ( USA ) Richard Sears ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henri Cochet ( FRA ) Jacques Brugnon ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean Borotra ( FRA ) Jacques Brugnon ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Hewitt ( RSA ) Frew McMillan ( RSA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stan Smith ( USA ) Robert Lutz ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacco Eltingh ( NED ) Paul Haarhuis ( NED ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonas Björkman ( SWE ) Todd Woodbridge ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilfred Baddeley ( GBR ) Herbert Baddeley ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Alexander ( USA ) Harold Hackett ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gardnar Mulloy ( USA ) William Talbert ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilmer Allison ( USA ) John van Ryn ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Budge ( USA ) Gene Mako ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vic Seixas ( USA ) Tony Trabert ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roy Emerson ( AUS ) Fred Stolle ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Hewitt ( RSA ) Fred Stolle ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Fitzgerald ( AUS ) Anders Järryd ( SWE ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Women </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Players </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont ( USA ) Louise Brough ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martina Navratilova ( CZE / USA ) Pam Shriver ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natasha Zvereva ( BLR ) Gigi Fernández ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serena Williams ( USA ) Venus Williams ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doris Hart ( USA ) Shirley Fry Irvin ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thelma Coyne Long ( AUS ) Nancye Wynne Bolton ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia Ruano Pascual ( ESP ) Paola Suárez ( ARG ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosemary Casals ( USA ) Billie Jean King ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen ( FRA ) Elizabeth Ryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah Palfrey Cooke ( USA ) Alice Marble ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darlene Hard ( USA ) Maria Bueno ( BRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court ( AUS ) Judy Tegart Dalton ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sara Errani ( IT ) Roberta Vinci ( IT ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bethanie Mattek - Sands ( USA ) Lucie Šafářová ( CZE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helen Wills ( USA ) Elizabeth Ryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simonne Mathieu ( FRA ) Elizabeth Ryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simonne Mathieu ( FRA ) Billie Yorke ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court ( AUS ) Virginia Wade ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court ( AUS ) Lesley Turner Bowrey ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renée Schuurman ( RSA ) Sandra Reynolds ( RSA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kathy Jordan ( USA ) Anne Smith ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jana Novotná ( CZE ) Helena Suková ( CZE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The team of René Lacoste and Jean Borotra also won three men 's doubles titles at the French Championships . </P> <H3> Per player ( edit ) </H3> <P> Players with at least four titles . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Men </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Newcombe ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roy Emerson ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todd Woodbridge ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Bryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Bryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Adrian Quist ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Bromwich ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Roche ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Woodforde ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neale Fraser ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Reginald Doherty ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Laurence Doherty ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacques Brugnon ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Stolle ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean Borotra ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ken Rosewall ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Hewitt ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Sedgman ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John McEnroe ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jonas Björkman ( SWE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Lott ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lew Hoad ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anders Järryd ( SWE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel Nestor ( CAN ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leander Paes ( IND ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Renshaw ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ernest Renshaw ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Fitzgerald ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vincent Richards ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ken McGregor ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Fleming ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Holcombe Ward ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Crawford ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Tilden ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John van Ryn ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Alexander ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gerald Patterson ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Kramer ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rod Laver ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paul Haarhuis ( NED ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacco Eltingh ( NED ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Max Mirnyi ( BLR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Wilding ( NZL ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dennis Ralston ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tony Trabert ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Talbert ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Randolph Lycett ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pat O'Hara Wood ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rick Leach ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Lutz ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stan Smith ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Henri Cochet ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frew McMillan ( RSA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gardnar Mulloy ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vic Seixas ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilfred Baddeley ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herbert Baddeley ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harold Hackett ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ken Flach ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Seguso ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kim Warwick ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ashley Cooper ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rex Hartwig ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mervyn Rose ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norman Brookes ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Budge ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gene Mako ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wilmer Allison ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yevgeny Kafelnikov ( RUS ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mahesh Bhupathi ( IND ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Women </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martina Navratilova ( CZE / USA ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louise Brough ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pam Shriver ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elizabeth Ryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Natasha Zvereva ( BLR ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gigi Fernández ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean King ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doris Hart ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Serena Williams ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Venus Williams ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darlene Hard ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martina Hingis ( SUI ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thelma Coyne Long ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shirley Fry Irvin ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jana Novotná ( CZE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah Palfrey Cooke ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maria Bueno ( BRA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancye Wynne Bolton ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia Ruano Pascual ( ESP ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helen Wills ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Simonne Mathieu ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rosemary Casals ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helena Suková ( CZE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judy Tegart Dalton ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paola Suárez ( ARG ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Françoise Dürr ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesley Turner Bowrey ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Juliette Atkinson ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary Browne ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice Marble ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betty Stöve ( NED ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Evonne Goolagong Cawley ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( ESP ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Esna Boyd Robertson ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daphne Akhurst ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary Bevis Hawton ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Althea Gibson ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kathy Jordan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anne Smith ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helen Gourlay Cawley ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Renée Schuurman ( RSA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa Raymond ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cara Black ( ZIM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sara Errani ( IT ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Roberta Vinci ( IT ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bethanie Mattek - Sands ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lucie Šafářová ( CZE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gail Chanfreau ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginia Wade ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancy Richey ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sandra Reynolds ( RSA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Yorke ( GBF ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betty Nuthall ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Phoebe Holcroft Watson ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eleanor Goss ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marion Zinderstein ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eleonora Sears ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wendy Turnbull ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rennae Stubbs ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Liezel Huber ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Most mixed doubles titles ( all time ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Per team ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pairs that won at least four titles together . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Players </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court ( AUS ) Ken Fletcher ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean King ( USA ) Owen Davidson ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doris Hart ( USA ) Frank Sedgman ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doris Hart ( USA ) Vic Seixas ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court ( AUS ) Marty Riessen ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nell Hall Hopman ( AUS ) Harry Hopman ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancye Wynne Bolton ( AUS ) Colin Long ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont ( USA ) William Talbert ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont ( USA ) Neale Fraser ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jana Novotná ( CZE ) Jim Pugh ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betty Stöve ( NET ) Frew McMillan ( RSA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leander Paes ( IND ) Martina Hingis ( SUI ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This was an unplayed 1969 Australian Open final , officially credited as a title . </P> <H3> Per player ( edit ) </H3> <P> Players with at least four titles . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Men </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Owen Davidson ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ken Fletcher ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leander Paes ( IND ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vic Seixas ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Sedgman ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mahesh Bhupathi ( IND ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bob Bryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Stolle ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marty Riessen ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Todd Woodbridge ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jack Crawford ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bill Tilden ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean Borotra ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry Hopman ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Neale Fraser ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frew McMillan ( RSA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eric Sturgess ( RSA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jim Pugh ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Woodforde ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nenad Zimonjić ( SRB ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Edwin Fischer ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Talbert ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Colin Long ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Lott ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fred Perry ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Don Budge ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Bromwich ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Howe ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rick Leach ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cyril Suk ( CZE ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel Nestor ( CAN ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mike Bryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Max Mirnyi ( BLR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Women </Dt> </Dl> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> AU </Th> <Th> FR </Th> <Th> WB </Th> <Th> US </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Court ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Doris Hart ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Billie Jean King ( USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martina Navratilova ( CZE / USA ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elizabeth Ryan ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Louise Brough ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice Marble ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martina Hingis ( SUI ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Thelma Coyne Long ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sarah Palfrey Cooke ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Darlene Hard ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Anne Smith ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wendy Turnbull ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Helena Suková ( CZE ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cara Black ( ZIM ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Katarina Srebotnik ( SLO ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa Raymond ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betty Nuthall ( GBR ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nancye Wynne Bolton ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daphne Akhurst ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nell Hall Hopman ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lesley Turner Bowrey ( AUS ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mary Browne ( USA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Françoise Dürr ( FRA ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Betty Stöve ( NED ) </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Manon Bollegraf ( NED ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Larisa Savchenko Neiland ( LAT ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arantxa Sánchez Vicario ( ESP ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jana Novotná ( CZE ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela Hantuchová ( SVK ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Other singles records ( all time ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Youngest and oldest champions ( edit ) </H3> <P> Men </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Age of first title </Th> <Th> Event </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17y 3m </Td> <Td> Michael Chang </Td> <Td> 1989 French Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17y 7m </Td> <Td> Boris Becker </Td> <Td> 1985 Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17y 9m </Td> <Td> Mats Wilander </Td> <Td> 1982 French Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18y 0m </Td> <Td> Björn Borg </Td> <Td> 1974 French Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18y 2m </Td> <Td> Ken Rosewall </Td> <Td> 1953 Australian Champ . </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Age of last title </Th> <Th> Event </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41y 6m </Td> <Td> Arthur Gore </Td> <Td> 1909 Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37y 4m </Td> <Td> Bill Tilden </Td> <Td> 1930 Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37y 2m </Td> <Td> Ken Rosewall </Td> <Td> 1972 Australian Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35y 11m </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 2017 Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34y 10m </Td> <Td> Andrés Gimeno </Td> <Td> 1972 French Open </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Women </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Age of first title </Th> <Th> Event </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15y 9m </Td> <Td> Lottie Dod </Td> <Td> 1887 Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16y 3m </Td> <Td> Martina Hingis </Td> <Td> 1997 Australian Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16y 6m </Td> <Td> Monica Seles </Td> <Td> 1990 French Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16y 9m </Td> <Td> Tracy Austin </Td> <Td> 1979 US Open </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16y 11m </Td> <Td> Maureen Connolly </Td> <Td> 1951 US Champ . </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Age of last title </Th> <Th> Event </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42y 5m </Td> <Td> Molla Mallory </Td> <Td> 1926 US Champ . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38y 0m </Td> <Td> Maud Barger - Wallach </Td> <Td> 1908 US Champ . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37y 8m </Td> <Td> Charlotte Cooper </Td> <Td> 1908 Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35y 10m </Td> <Td> Dorothea Douglass </Td> <Td> 1914 Wimbledon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35y 4m </Td> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 2017 Australian Open </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Won a title without losing a set ( edit ) </H3> <P> These players did not lose a set during the course of their listed title runs . </P> <P> Men </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Seed </Th> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Sets </Th> <Th> GW </Th> <Th> GL </Th> <Th> % Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Don Budge </Td> <Td> 1938 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 100 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 62.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Don Budge ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1938 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 129 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 72.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> John Bromwich </Td> <Td> 1939 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 93 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 71.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Tony Trabert </Td> <Td> 1955 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 131 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 68.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Neale Fraser </Td> <Td> 1960 U.S. National Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 135 </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> 69.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Chuck McKinley </Td> <Td> 1963 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 140 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 63.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> <Td> 1964 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 65.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Ken Rosewall </Td> <Td> 1971 Australian Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 63.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Ilie Năstase </Td> <Td> 1973 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 115 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 70.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Björn Borg </Td> <Td> 1976 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 133 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 65.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Björn Borg ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1978 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 127 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 79.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Björn Borg ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1980 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 126 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 76.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 2007 Australian Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 132 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 64.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal </Td> <Td> 2008 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 128 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 75.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2010 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 130 </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> 64.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Rafael Nadal ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2017 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 116 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 76.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Roger Federer ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2017 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 122 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 62.2 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Women </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Seed </Th> <Th> Matches </Th> <Th> Sets </Th> <Th> GW </Th> <Th> GL </Th> <Th> % Games </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen </Td> <Td> 1922 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 78.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1923 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 86.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1925 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 91.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suzanne Lenglen ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1926 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 93.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills </Td> <Td> 1928 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 82.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1928 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 80.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1929 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 68.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1929 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 81.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 1930 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 82.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 1930 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 79.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills ( 7 ) </Td> <Td> 1932 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 68.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills ( 8 ) </Td> <Td> 1932 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 84.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Joan Hartigan Bathurst </Td> <Td> 1934 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 72.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling </Td> <Td> 1935 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 73.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1936 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 78.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Joan Hartigan Bathurst ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1936 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 63.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Hilde Krahwinkel Sperling ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1937 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 75.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Dorothy Cheney </Td> <Td> 1938 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 65.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Simonne Mathieu </Td> <Td> 1938 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 84.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Helen Wills ( 9 ) </Td> <Td> 1938 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> 63.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Emily Hood Westacott </Td> <Td> 1939 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 68.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Nancye Wynne Bolton </Td> <Td> 1946 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 74.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Pauline Betz </Td> <Td> 1946 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 78.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont </Td> <Td> 1947 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> 70.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Nancye Wynne Bolton ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1947 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> 73.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Nancye Wynne Bolton ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1948 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 77.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Margaret Osborne duPont ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1949 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 70.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Nancye Wynne Bolton ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1951 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 76.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Doris Hart </Td> <Td> 1951 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 71.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Doris Hart ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1952 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> 60.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Maureen Connolly </Td> <Td> 1953 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 84.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Maureen Connolly ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1953 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 79.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Maureen Connolly ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1953 U.S. National Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Thelma Coyne Long </Td> <Td> 1954 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> 76.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Maureen Connolly ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1954 French Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 81.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Maureen Connolly ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 1954 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 79.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Louise Brough </Td> <Td> 1955 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 73.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Shirley Fry Irvin </Td> <Td> 1957 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 69.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Althea Gibson </Td> <Td> 1957 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 70.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Angela Mortimer Barrett </Td> <Td> 1958 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 77.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Mary Carter Reitano </Td> <Td> 1959 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 66.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> 1961 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 75.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1962 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 79.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 </Td> <Td> Karen Hantze Susman </Td> <Td> 1962 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 94 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 63.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1963 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 77.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1965 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 77.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 47 </Td> <Td> Margaret Court ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 1966 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 68.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> Nancy Richey </Td> <Td> 1967 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 73.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean King </Td> <Td> 1967 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 69.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean King ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1967 U.S. National Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 51 </Td> <Td> Evonne Goolagong Cawley </Td> <Td> 1971 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 73.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 52 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean King ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1971 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 71.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 53 </Td> <Td> Billie Jean King ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1972 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 70.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 54 </Td> <Td> Chris Evert </Td> <Td> 1974 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 70.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 55 </Td> <Td> Chris Evert ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1976 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 83.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 56 </Td> <Td> Chris Evert ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1977 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 76.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 57 </Td> <Td> Chris Evert ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1978 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> 69.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 58 </Td> <Td> Chris Evert ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 1981 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> 76.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 59 </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova </Td> <Td> 1983 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 77.3 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1983 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> 81.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 61 </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1984 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> 69.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 62 </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1986 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> 71.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 63 </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 1987 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 72.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 64 </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> 1988 Australian Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 74.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 65 </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1988 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> 81.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 66 </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 1989 Australian Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> 77.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 67 </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 1990 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 73.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 68 </Td> <Td> Monica Seles </Td> <Td> 1992 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> 75.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 69 </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 1994 Australian Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 74.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 70 </Td> <Td> Arantxa Sánchez Vicario </Td> <Td> 1994 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 70.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 71 </Td> <Td> Mary Pierce </Td> <Td> 1995 Australian Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> 71.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 72 </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 1996 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 65.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 73 </Td> <Td> Martina Hingis </Td> <Td> 1997 Australian Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 70.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> Martina Hingis ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1997 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> 75.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> Lindsay Davenport </Td> <Td> 1998 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 72.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 76 </Td> <Td> Lindsay Davenport ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 1999 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> 69.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> Lindsay Davenport ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2000 Australian Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 69.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> <Td> 2001 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> 70.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 2002 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> <Td> 66.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> Serena Williams ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2002 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> 74.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 81 </Td> <Td> Justine Henin </Td> <Td> 2006 French Open </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> 68.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> Justine Henin ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2007 French Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> 69.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> Justine Henin ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2007 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 72.9 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> Maria Sharapova </Td> <Td> 2008 Australian Open </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 72.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> Venus Williams ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> 2008 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> 64.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> Serena Williams ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> 2008 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> 68.0 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 87 </Td> <Td> Serena Williams ( 4 ) </Td> <Td> 2010 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> 68.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> Marion Bartoli </Td> <Td> 2013 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 88 </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> <Td> 64.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 89 </Td> <Td> Serena Williams ( 5 ) </Td> <Td> 2014 US Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 84 </Td> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> 72.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 90 </Td> <Td> Serena Williams ( 6 ) </Td> <Td> 2017 Australian Open </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> <Td> 64.8 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Won a title at final appearance ( edit ) </H3> <P> These players won the title of the final Grand Slam tournament they played . </P> <P> Men </P> <Ol> <Li> Frank Hadow : Wimbledon , 1878 </Li> <Li> Richard Sears : U.S. Championships , 1887 </Li> <Li> Laurence Doherty : Wimbledon , 1906 </Li> <Li> William Larned : U.S. Championships , 1912 </Li> <Li> Fred Perry : U.S. Championships , 1936 </Li> <Li> Don Budge : U.S. Championships , 1938 </Li> <Li> Bobby Riggs : U.S. Championships , 1939 </Li> <Li> Jack Kramer : U.S. Championships , 1947 </Li> <Li> Tony Trabert : U.S. Championships , 1955 </Li> <Li> Ashley Cooper : U.S. Championships , 1958 </Li> <Li> Pete Sampras : US Open , 2002 </Li> </Ol> <P> Women </P> <Ol> <Li> Lena Rice : Wimbledon , 1890 </Li> <Li> Lottie Dod : Wimbledon , 1893 </Li> <Li> Muriel Robb : Wimbledon , 1902 </Li> <Li> Daphne Akhurst : Australian Championships , 1930 </Li> <Li> Helen Wills : Wimbledon , 1938 </Li> <Li> Alice Marble : U.S. Championships , 1940 </Li> <Li> Sarah Palfrey Cooke : U.S. Championships , 1945 </Li> <Li> Pauline Betz : U.S. Championships , 1946 </Li> <Li> Maureen Connolly : Wimbledon , 1954 </Li> <Li> Doris Hart : U.S. Championships , 1955 </Li> <Li> Shirley Fry Irvin : Australian Championships , 1957 </Li> <Li> Althea Gibson : U.S. Championships , 1958 </Li> <Li> Ann Haydon - Jones : Wimbledon , 1969 </Li> <Li> Marion Bartoli : Wimbledon , 2013 </Li> <Li> Flavia Pennetta : US Open , 2015 </Li> </Ol> <H3> Won a title after saving match points ( edit ) </H3> <P> These players saved at least one match point during their listed title runs . </P> <P> Note that the round of the tournament in which match points were saved is listed as follows : F = Final , SF = Semifinal , QF = Quarterfinal , 4R = Fourth round , 3R = Third round , 2R = Second round , 1R = First round . The accompanying number of match points saved and final match score are also listed . </P> <P> Men </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> # saved </Th> <Th> Match score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> Gerald Patterson </Td> <Td> John Hawkes </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 18 -- 16 , 6 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 French Championships </Td> <Td> René Lacoste </Td> <Td> Bill Tilden </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 11 -- 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1927 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> Henri Cochet </Td> <Td> Jean Borotra </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1934 French Championships </Td> <Td> Gottfried von Cramm </Td> <Td> Jack Crawford </Td> <Td> QF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 9 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1936 U.S. National Championships </Td> <Td> Fred Perry </Td> <Td> Don Budge </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 8 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1947 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> Dinny Pails </Td> <Td> John Bromwich </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1948 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> Bob Falkenburg </Td> <Td> John Bromwich </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 -- 5 , 0 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1949 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> Ted Schroeder </Td> <Td> Frank Sedgman </Td> <Td> QF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 2 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 Australian Championships </Td> <Td> Rod Laver </Td> <Td> Neale Fraser </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 8 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> Neale Fraser </Td> <Td> Butch Buchholz </Td> <Td> QF </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 4 -- 6 , 15 -- 15 ret . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 French Championships </Td> <Td> Rod Laver ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Martin Mulligan </Td> <Td> QF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 , 3 -- 6 , 2 -- 6 , 10 -- 8 , 6 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 US Open </Td> <Td> Manuel Orantes </Td> <Td> Guillermo Vilas </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 , 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 , 6 -- 4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1975 Australian Open </Td> <Td> John Newcombe </Td> <Td> Tony Roche </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 4 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 2 -- 6 , 11 -- 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1976 French Open </Td> <Td> Adriano Panatta </Td> <Td> Pavel Hut'ka </Td> <Td> 1R </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 6 -- 2 , 0 -- 6 , 12 -- 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1982 Australian Open </Td> <Td> Johan Kriek </Td> <Td> Paul McNamee </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1985 Australian Open </Td> <Td> Stefan Edberg </Td> <Td> Wally Masur </Td> <Td> 4R </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 , 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1989 US Open </Td> <Td> Boris Becker </Td> <Td> Derrick Rostagno </Td> <Td> 2R </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 7 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1996 US Open </Td> <Td> Pete Sampras </Td> <Td> Alex Corretja </Td> <Td> QF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 , 5 -- 7 , 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 7 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2001 French Open </Td> <Td> Gustavo Kuerten </Td> <Td> Michael Russell </Td> <Td> 4R </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 US Open </Td> <Td> Andy Roddick </Td> <Td> David Nalbandian </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 French Open </Td> <Td> Gastón Gaudio </Td> <Td> Guillermo Coria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 -- 6 , 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 6 -- 1 , 8 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 Australian Open </Td> <Td> Marat Safin </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 -- 7 , 6 -- 4 , 5 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 US Open </Td> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 , 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 2 , 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 US Open </Td> <Td> Stan Wawrinka </Td> <Td> Daniel Evans </Td> <Td> 3R </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Women </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Event </Th> <Th> Winner </Th> <Th> Opponent </Th> <Th> Round </Th> <Th> # saved </Th> <Th> Match score </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1923 Australasian Championships </Td> <Td> Margaret Molesworth </Td> <Td> Sylvia Lance </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 8 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1935 Wimbledon Championships </Td> <Td> Helen Wills </Td> <Td> Helen Jacobs </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1946 French Championships </Td> <Td> M. Osborne duPont </Td> <Td> Pauline Betz </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 6 , 8 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 Australasian Championships </Td> <Td> Mary Carter Reitano </Td> <Td> Thelma Coyne Long </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 , 9 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1962 French Championships </Td> <Td> Margaret Court </Td> <Td> Lesley Turner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 , 3 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1986 US Open </Td> <Td> Martina Navratilova </Td> <Td> Steffi Graf </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 1 , 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 Australian Open </Td> <Td> Monica Seles </Td> <Td> Mary Joe Fernandez </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 3 , 0 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 Australian Open </Td> <Td> Jennifer Capriati </Td> <Td> Martina Hingis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2003 Australian Open </Td> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> Kim Clijsters </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 , 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 French Open </Td> <Td> Anastasia Myskina </Td> <Td> Svetlana Kuznetsova </Td> <Td> 4R </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 6 , 6 -- 4 , 8 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 Australian Open </Td> <Td> Serena Williams ( 2 ) </Td> <Td> Maria Sharapova </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 French Open </Td> <Td> Justine Henin </Td> <Td> Svetlana Kuznetsova </Td> <Td> 4R </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 -- 6 , 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 Wimbledon </Td> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> <Td> Lindsay Davenport </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 9 -- 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 Wimbledon </Td> <Td> Serena Williams ( 3 ) </Td> <Td> Elena Dementieva </Td> <Td> SF </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 5 , 8 -- 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 Australian Open </Td> <Td> Li Na </Td> <Td> Lucie Šafářová </Td> <Td> 3R </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 -- 6 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 Australian Open </Td> <Td> Angelique Kerber </Td> <Td> Misaki Doi </Td> <Td> 1R </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 -- 7 , 7 -- 6 , 6 -- 3 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Fewest career first - round losses ( edit ) </H3> <P> Must have won at least 2 singles titles and played at least 20 first round matches ( does not include byes , walkovers , or challenge rounds ) . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Losses </Th> <Th> Men </Th> <Th> Women </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> None </Td> <Td> Fred Perry Björn Borg </Td> <Td> Helen Jacobs Margaret Court E. Goolagong Cawley Chris Evert </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bill Tilden Ken Rosewall </Td> <Td> Doris Hart Hana Mandlíková Monica Seles Serena Williams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roy Emerson Rafael Nadal Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> Lesley Turner Kim Clijsters </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Arthur Ashe Yevgeny Kafelnikov Andy Murray </Td> <Td> Billie Jean King Steffi Graf Lindsay Davenport Martina Hingis Maria Sharapova Garbiñe Muguruza </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Participation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Must have played at least one main draw singles match per event . </P> <P> Men </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Total appearances </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Fabrice Santoro </Td> <Td> 70 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Lleyton Hewitt </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Mikhail Youzhny </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Feliciano López </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Andre Agassi </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Tommy Haas </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Roy Emerson </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Ferrer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Jonas Björkman </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fernando Verdasco </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Consecutive events </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Roger Federer </Td> <Td> 65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Feliciano López </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Fernando Verdasco </Td> <Td> 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Wayne Ferreira </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Stefan Edberg </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Tomáš Berdych </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Novak Djokovic </Td> <Td> 51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> David Ferrer </Td> <Td> 50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> G. García López </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stan Wawrinka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andreas Seppi </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Women </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Total appearances </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Venus Williams </Td> <Td> 76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Amy Frazier </Td> <Td> 71 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Francesca Schiavone </Td> <Td> 68 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> / Martina Navratilova </Td> <Td> 67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 . </Td> <Td> Serena Williams </Td> <Td> 66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Conchita Martínez </Td> <Td> 64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Ai Sugiyama </Td> <Td> 63 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Daniela Hantuchová </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Svetlana Kuznetsova </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 . </Td> <Td> Patty Schnyder </Td> <Td> 59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tamarine Tanasugarn </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Virginie Razzano </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> Consecutive events </Th> <Th> # </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1 . </Td> <Td> Ai Sugiyama </Td> <Td> 62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2 . </Td> <Td> Francesca Schiavone </Td> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3 . </Td> <Td> Jelena Janković </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 4 . </Td> <Td> Elena Likhovtseva </Td> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nathalie Dechy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 . </Td> <Td> Patty Schnyder </Td> <Td> 52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 . </Td> <Td> Ana Ivanovic </Td> <Td> 48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 . </Td> <Td> Tsvetana Pironkova </Td> <Td> 47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 . </Td> <Td> Amanda Coetzer </Td> <Td> 46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lisa Raymond </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elena Dementieva </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Agnieszka Radwańska </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Wheelchair records ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Men 's singles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Grand Slam </Th> <Th> Masters </Th> <Th> Paralympics </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Open </Th> <Th> French Open </Th> <Th> Wimbledon </Th> <Th> US Open </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shingo Kunieda </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Hall </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robin Amerlaan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stéphane Houdet </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Randy Snow </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephen Welch </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ricky Molier </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Maikel Scheffers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stefan Olsson </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gordon Reid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Joachim Gérard </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gustavo Fernández </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Laurent Giammartini </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kai Schrameyer </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Jeremiasz </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alfie Hewett </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women 's singles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Grand Slam </Th> <Th> Masters </Th> <Th> Paralympics </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Open </Th> <Th> French Open </Th> <Th> Wimbledon </Th> <Th> US Open </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Esther Vergeer </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jiske Griffioen </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Monique Kalkman </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yui Kamiji </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Maaike Smit </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Chantal Vandierendonck </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aniek van Koot </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Daniela Di Toro </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabine Ellerbrock </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Sonja Peters </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sharon Walraven </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Korie Homan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jordanne Whiley </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marjolein Buis </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diede de Groot </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Men 's doubles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Grand Slam </Th> <Th> Masters </Th> <Th> Paralympics </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Open </Th> <Th> French Open </Th> <Th> Wimbledon </Th> <Th> US Open </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stéphane Houdet </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shingo Kunieda </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Michael Jeremiasz </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robin Ammerlaan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gordon Reid </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Maikel Scheffers </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ronald Vink </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Nicolas Peifer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Satoshi Saida </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Stefan Olsson </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Stephen Welch </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin Legner </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joachim Gérard </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alfie Hewett </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Ricky Molier </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tom Egberink </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peter Vikström </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Brad Parks </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Randy Snow </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vance Parmelly </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miroslav Brychta </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kai Schrameyer </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jayant Mistry </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frédéric Cattanéo </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gustavo Fernández </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Women 's doubles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Grand Slam </Th> <Th> Masters </Th> <Th> Paralympics </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Open </Th> <Th> French Open </Th> <Th> Wimbledon </Th> <Th> US Open </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Esther Vergeer </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jiske Griffioen </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Aniek van Koot </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Yui Kamiji </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Jordanne Whiley </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Sharon Walraven </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Maaike Smit </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Korie Homan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Marjolein Buis </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Monique Kalkman </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chantal Vandierendonck </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Florence Gravellier </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniela di Toro </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Diede de Groot </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Lucy Shuker </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Quad singles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Grand Slam </Th> <Th> Masters </Th> <Th> Paralympics </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Open </Th> <Th> US Open </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Wagner </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Norfolk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dylan Alcott </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Noam Gershony </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Lucas Sithole </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Andrew Lapthorne </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Quad doubles ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Player </Th> <Th_colspan="3"> Grand Slam </Th> <Th> Masters </Th> <Th> Paralympics </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Open </Th> <Th> US Open </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> David Wagner </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Nick Taylor </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Andrew Lapthorne </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Peter Norfolk </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Sarah Hunter </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Johan Andersson </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bas van Erp </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lucas Sithole </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Antony Cotterill </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dylan Alcott </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Heath Davidson </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` MEN 'S TENNIS RECORDS '' . www.tennis-x.com/ . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Top 10 saved matchpoints by future Roland - Garros champs '' . rolandgarros.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ted Schroeder '' . telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neale Fraser AO MBE - Tennis - Athlete & Coach '' . Sports Australia Hall of Fame . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` On This Day in US Open History : September 6 , 1975 '' . usopen.org . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian Open '' . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Martina repays Sukova for loss '' . newspapers.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Open Tennis Championships : No. 115 - Ranked Haarhuis Ousts McEnroe ; Becker Survives in 5 Sets '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sampras Survives Gut - Wrenching Five - Setter '' . nytimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sports : Kuerten escapes 2 -- 0 hole vs. qualifier '' . Sptimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Andy Roddick : His 2003 U.S. Open Comeback Will Make You a Believer '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Margaret Molesworth '' . molesworth.id.au . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History - 1930s '' . wimbledon.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The history of the Australian Championships ( 1946 - 1968 ) '' . theconcisehistoryoftennis.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Navratilova Pushed To Limit Before Ousting Upstart Graf '' . sun-sentinel.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TENNIS AUSTRALIAN OPEN : Seles Saves Win Over Fernandez '' . latimes.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Jennifer Capriati Tennis '' . Jennifer Capriati Tennis . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Capriati stages remarkable fightback Tennis '' . Archive.thepeninsulaqatar.com. 2002 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tennis Tickets -- Serena Williams Proves She Is The Queen Of Comebacks '' . Articlesnatch.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Serena to play Davenport in final -- Tennis -- ESPN '' . Sports.espn.go.com. 2005 - 01 - 27 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 08 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website of the Australian Open </Li> <Li> Official website of the French Open </Li> <Li> Official website of Wimbledon </Li> <Li> Official website of the US Open </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Grand Slam tournament champions </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian Open </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Men 's singles </Li> <Li> Women 's singles </Li> <Li> Men 's doubles </Li> <Li> Women 's doubles </Li> <Li> Mixed doubles </Li> <Li> Singles finalists ( open era ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Open </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Men 's singles </Li> <Li> Women 's singles </Li> <Li> Men 's doubles </Li> <Li> Women 's doubles </Li> <Li> Mixed doubles </Li> <Li> Singles finalists ( open era ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wimbledon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Men 's singles </Li> <Li> Women 's singles </Li> <Li> Men 's doubles </Li> <Li> Women 's doubles </Li> <Li> Mixed doubles </Li> <Li> Singles finalists ( open era ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Open </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Men 's singles </Li> <Li> Women 's singles </Li> <Li> Men 's doubles </Li> <Li> Women 's doubles </Li> <Li> Mixed doubles </Li> <Li> Singles finalists ( open era ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> All tournaments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Men 's singles </Li> <Li> Women 's singles </Li> <Li> Men 's doubles </Li> <Li> Women 's doubles </Li> <Li> Mixed doubles </Li> <Li> Boys ' singles </Li> <Li> Girls ' singles </Li> <Li> Boys ' doubles </Li> <Li> Girls ' doubles </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Grand Slam overall records </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Tennis records and statistics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grand Slam </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Records </Li> <Li> Champions <Ul> <Li> Men 's singles <Ul> <Li> Chronological </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Women 's singles <Ul> <Li> Chronological </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Men 's doubles </Li> <Li> Women 's doubles </Li> <Li> Mixed doubles </Li> <Li> Boys ' singles </Li> <Li> Girls ' singles </Li> <Li> Boys ' doubles </Li> <Li> Girls ' doubles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Champions by country <Ul> <Li> Singles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Singles finals </Li> <Li> Open Era singles <Ul> <Li> Men 's finals </Li> <Li> Women 's finals </Li> <Li> Age of first title </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Men 's </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Singles <Ul> <Li> Open Era </Li> <Li> All - 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United States territory - wikipedia <H1> United States territory </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about various forms of the jurisdiction of the United States . For the individual political entities currently or formerly called `` United States territories '' , see Territories of the United States . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> An automated process has detected links on this page on the local or global blacklist . If the links are appropriate you may request whitelisting by following these instructions ; otherwise consider removing or replacing them with more appropriate links . ( To hide this tag , set the `` invisible '' field to `` true '' ) List of blacklisted links : ( show ) <Ul> <Li> http://www.econlib.org/library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy1025.html#V.3,%20Entry%20255,%20TERRITORIES <Dl> <Dd> Triggered by \ beconlib \. org \ b on the local blacklist </Dd> </Dl> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> A map of the Earth , showing the fifty U.S. states in green . <P> United States territory is any extent of region under the sovereign jurisdiction of the federal government of the United States , including all waters ( around islands or continental tracts ) and all U.S. naval vessels . The United States asserts sovereign rights for exploring , exploiting , conserving , and managing its territory . This extent of territory is all the area belonging to , and under the dominion of , the United States federal government ( which includes tracts lying at a distance from the country ) for administrative and other purposes . The United States total territory includes a subset of political divisions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Territory of the United States <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Constitution of the United States </Li> <Li> 1.2 Congress of the United States </Li> <Li> 1.3 Supreme Court of the United States </Li> <Li> 1.4 United States Department of the Interior </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 United States divisions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 States , territories , and their subdivisions </Li> <Li> 2.2 History of United States territory </Li> <Li> 2.3 Insular areas </Li> <Li> 2.4 Dependent areas </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Maritime territory of the United States </Li> <Li> 4 International law </Li> <Li> 5 Customs territories </Li> <Li> 6 Other areas </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Territory of the United States ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States territory includes any geography under the control of the United States federal government . Various regions , districts , and divisions are under the supervision of the United States federal government . The United States territory includes clearly defined geographical area and refers to an area of land , air , or sea under jurisdiction of United States federal governmental authority ( but is not limited only to these areas ) . The extent of territory is all the area belonging to , and under the dominion of , the United States of America federal government ( which includes tracts lying at a distance from the country ) for administrative and other purposes . </P> <H3> Constitution of the United States ( edit ) </H3> Original copy of the Constitution . <P> Under Article IV of the U.S. Constitution , territory is subject to and belongs to the United States ( but not necessarily within the national boundaries or any individual state ) . This includes tracts of land or water not included within the limits of any State and not admitted as a State into the Union . </P> <P> The Constitution of the United States states : </P> <P> The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States , or of any particular State . </P> -- Article IV , United States Constitution <H3> Congress of the United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> Congress possesses power to set territorial governments within the boundaries of the United States . The power of Congress over such territory is exclusive and universal . Congressional legislation is subject to no control , unless in the case of its being particularly and explicitly ceded to the territory by act of Congress . The U.S. Congress is granted the exclusive and universal power to set a United States territory 's political divisions . </P> <H3> Supreme Court of the United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> All territory under the control of the federal government is considered part of the `` United States '' for purposes of law . From 1901 -- 1905 , the U.S. Supreme Court in a series of opinions known as the Insular Cases held that the Constitution extended ex proprio vigore to the territories . However , the Court in these cases also established the doctrine of territorial incorporation . Under the same , the Constitution only applied fully in incorporated territories such as Alaska and Hawaii , whereas it only applied partially in the new unincorporated territories of Puerto Rico , Guam and the Philippines . A Supreme Court ruling from 1945 stated that the term `` United States '' can have three different meanings , in different contexts : </P> <P> The term `` United States '' may be used in any one of several senses . It may be merely the name of a sovereign occupying the position analogous to that of other sovereigns in the family of nations . It may designate the territory over which the sovereignty of the United States extends , or it may be the collective name of the states which are united by and under the Constitution . </P> -- Hooven & Allison Co. v. Evatt , 324 U.S. 652 ( 1945 ) <H3> United States Department of the Interior ( edit ) </H3> Main article : United States Department of the Interior <P> The United States Department of the Interior is charged with managing federal affairs within U.S. territory . The Interior Department has a wide range of responsibilities ( which include the regulation of territorial governments and the basic stewardship for public lands , et al . ) . The United States Department of the Interior is not responsible for local government or for civil administration except in the cases of Indian reservations , through the Bureau of Indian Affairs , as well as those territories administered through the Office of Insular Affairs . The exception is the `` incorporated and unorganized '' ( see below ) United States Territory of Palmyra Island , the legal remnant of the former United States Territory of Hawaii since 1959 , in which the local government and civil administration were assigned by the Secretary of the Interior to the Fish and Wildlife Service in 2001 . </P> <H2> United States divisions ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Political divisions of the United States <H3> States , territories , and their subdivisions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The contiguous United States , Hawaii , and Alaska are divided into smaller administrative regions . These are called counties in 48 of the 50 states , and they are called boroughs in Alaska and parishes in Louisiana . A county can include a number of cities and towns , or just a portion of either type . These counties have varying degrees of political and legal significance . A township in the United States refers to a small geographic area . The term is used in two ways : a survey township is simply a geographic reference used to define property location for deeds and grants ; a civil township is a unit of local government , originally rural in application . </P> <P> Territories are subdivided into legally administered tracts -- e.g. , geographic areas that are under the authority of a government . The District of Columbia and territories are under the direct authority of Congress , although each is allowed home rule . The United States Government , rather than individual states or territories , conducts foreign relations under the U.S. Constitution . </P> <P> Federal enclaves , such as domestic military bases and national parks , are administered directly by the federal government . To varying degrees , the federal government exercises concurrent jurisdiction with the states where federal land is part of the territory previously granted to a state . </P> <H3> History of United States territory ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Historic regions of the United States , United States territorial acquisitions , and Territorial evolution of the United States <P> At times , territories are organized with a separate legislature , under a territorial governor and officers , appointed by the President and approved by the Senate of the United States . A territory has been historically divided into organized territories and unorganized territories . An unorganized territory was generally either unpopulated or set aside for Native Americans and other indigenous peoples in the United States by the U.S. federal government , until such time as the growing and restless population encroached into the areas . In recent times , `` unorganized '' refers to the degree of self - governmental authority exercised by the territory . </P> <P> As a result of several Supreme Court cases after the Spanish -- American War , the United States had to determine how to deal with its newly acquired territories , such as the Philippines , Puerto Rico , Guam , Wake Island , and other areas that were not part of the North American continent and which were not necessarily intended to become a part of the Union of States . As a consequence of the Supreme Court decisions , the United States has since made a distinction between incorporated and unincorporated territories . In essence , an incorporated territory is land that has been irrevocably incorporated within the sovereignty of the United States and to which the full corpus of the U.S. Constitution applies . An unincorporated territory is land held by the United States , and to which Congress of the United States applies selected parts of the constitution . At the present time , the only incorporated U.S. territory is the unorganized ( and unpopulated ) Palmyra Atoll . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State land claims and cessions to the federal government ( 1782 -- 1802 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Admission of states and territorial acquisition , U.S. Bureau of the Census </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Territorial acquisitions of the United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> States and incorporated territories of the United States , August 21 , 1959 to present </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Insular areas ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Insular area and Territories of the United States Map of the U.S. Insular areas . <P> The United States currently administers 16 territories as insular areas : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Minor Outlying Islands <Ul> <Li> Bajo Nuevo Bank </Li> <Li> Baker Island </Li> <Li> Howland Island </Li> <Li> Jarvis Island </Li> <Li> Johnston Atoll </Li> <Li> Kingman Reef </Li> <Li> Midway Islands </Li> <Li> Navassa Island </Li> <Li> Palmyra Atoll </Li> <Li> Serranilla Bank </Li> <Li> Wake Island </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Palmyra Atoll is the only incorporated territory remaining , and having no government it is also unorganized . The remaining are unincorporated territories of the United States . Puerto Rico and Northern Mariana Islands are styled as commonwealths . </P> <H3> Dependent areas ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Insular area <P> Several islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea are dependent territories of the United States . </P> <P> The Guantanamo Bay Naval Base , Guantanamo Bay , Cuba , is administered by the United States under a perpetual lease , much as the Panama Canal Zone used to be before the signing of the Torrijos - Carter Treaties and only mutual agreement or U.S. abandonment of the area can terminate the lease . </P> <P> From July 18 , 1947 , until October 1 , 1994 , the United States administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands , but the Trust ceased to exist when the last member state of Palau gained its independence to become the Republic of Palau . The Panama canal , and the Canal Zone surrounding it , was territory administered by the United States until 1999 , when control was relinquished to Panama . </P> <P> The United States has made no territorial claim in Antarctica but has reserved the right to do so . </P> <H2> Maritime territory of the United States ( edit ) </H2> <P> The government of the United States of America has claims to the oceans in accord with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , which delineates a zone of territory adjacent to territorial lands and seas . United States protects this marine environment , though not interfering with other lawful uses of this zone . The United States jurisdiction has been established on vessels , ships , and artificial islands ( along with other marine structures ) . </P> <P> In 1983 President Ronald Reagan , through Proclamation No. 5030 , claimed a 200 - mile exclusive economic zone . In December 1988 President Reagan , through Proclamation No. 5928 , extended U.S. territorial waters from three nautical miles to twelve nautical miles for national security purposes . However a legal opinion from the Justice Department questioned the President 's constitutional authority to extend sovereignty as Congress has the power to make laws concerning the territory belonging to the United States under the U.S. Constitution . In any event , Congress needs to make laws defining if the extended waters , including oil and mineral rights , are under State or Federal control . </P> <P> The primary enforcer of maritime law is the U.S. Coast Guard . Federal and state governments share economic and regulatory jurisdiction over the waters owned by the country . ( See tidelands . ) </P> The Exclusive Economic Zones of the United States <H2> International Law ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States is not restricted from making laws governing its own territory by international law . United States territory can include occupied territory , which is a geographic area that claims sovereignty , but is being forcibly subjugated to the authority of the United States of America . United States territory can also include disputed territory , which is a geographic area claimed by the United States of America and one ( or more ) rival governments . </P> <P> Like many nations , the United States of America has acquired territory by force and conquest ( Latin , `` to seek for '' ) . Under the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 , United States territory can include areas occupied by and controlled by the United States Armed Forces . When de facto military control is maintained and exercised , occupation ( and thus possession ) extends to that territory . Military personnel in control of the territory have a responsibility to provide for the basic needs of individuals under their control ( which includes food , clothing , shelter , medical attention , law maintenance , and social order ) . To prevent systematic abuse of puppet governments by the occupation forces , they must enforce laws that were in place in the territory prior to the occupation . </P> <H2> Customs territories ( edit ) </H2> <P> The fifty states , the District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico form the main customs territory of the United States . Special rules apply to foreign trade zones in these areas . Separate customs territories are formed by American Samoa , Guam , Northern Mariana Islands , the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . </P> <H2> Other areas ( edit ) </H2> <P> U.S. sovereignty includes the airspace over its land and territorial waters . No international agreement exists on the vertical limit that separates this from outer space , which is international . </P> <P> Federal jurisdiction includes federal enclaves like national parks and domestic military bases , even though these are located in the territory of a state . Host states exercise concurrent jurisdiction to some degree . </P> <P> The United States exercises extraterritoriality on overseas embassies and military bases , including the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base in Cuba . Despite exercise of extraterritorial jurisdiction , these overseas locations remain under the sovereignty of the host countries . </P> <P> The federal government also exercises property ownership , but not sovereignty over land in various foreign countries . Examples include the John F. Kennedy Memorial built at Runnymede in England , and 13 hectares ( 32 acres ) around Pointe du Hoc in Normandy , France . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Territories of the United States </Li> <Li> Territories of the United States on stamps </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hurd , John C. ( 1968 ) ( 1858 ) . The Law of Freedom and Bondage in the United States . New York : Negro Universities Press . pp. 438 -- 439 . OCLC 10955 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McLaughlin , Andrew C. ; Hart , Albert Bushnell ( 1914 ) . `` Influence of the United States on International Law '' . Cyclopedia of American Government . 2 . New York : D. Appleton and Co. pp. 204 -- 209 . OCLC 11430802 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Robert W. ( 1986 ) . Exclusive Economic Zone Claims : An Analysis and Primary Documents . Hingham , Mass. : M. Nijhoff . p. 467 . ISBN 90 - 247 - 3250 - 6 . OCLC 424143523 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An example of this would be the Northwest Ordinance . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See 8 U.S.C. § 1101 ( a ) ( 36 ) and 8 U.S.C. § 1101 ( a ) ( 38 ) Providing the term `` State '' and `` United States '' definitions on the U.S. Federal Code , Immigration and Nationality Act . 8 U.S.C. § 1101a </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CONSEJO DE SALUD PLAYA DE PONCE v JOHNNY RULLAN , SECRETARY OF HEALTH OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO Page 6 and 7 ( PDF ) , The United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico , archived from the original ( PDF ) on May 10 , 2011 , retrieved 4 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Insular Cases : The Establishment of a Regime of Political Apartheid '' ( 2007 ) Juan R. Torruella ( PDF ) , retrieved 5 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Towle , Nathaniel C. ( 1861 ) . A History and Analysis of the Constitution of the United States . Boston : Little , Brown . pp. 384 -- 385 . OCLC 60723860 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` GAO / OGC - 98 - 5 -- U.S. Insular Areas : Application of the U.S. Constitution ; Appendix II : 0.3 , footnote 22 '' . U.S. Government Printing Office . November 7 , 1997 . Retrieved September 6 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Secretary of the Interior Order No. 3224 , January 18 , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Geographic Areas Reference Manual '' . U.S. Census Bureau . 16 September 2005 . Retrieved 11 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` District of Columbia Home Rule Act '' . abfa.com. 19 November 1997 . Retrieved 11 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berg - Andersson , Richard E. ( 14 July 2008 ) . `` Official Name and Status History of the several States and U.S. Territories '' . The Green Papers . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Indian Land Cessions in the United States , 1784 -- 1894 '' . The Library of Congress . 2009 . Retrieved 12 September 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philippines -- United States Rule '' . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Philippines -- A Collaborative Philippine Leadership '' . U.S. Library of Congress . Retrieved 2006 - 08 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Carano and Pedro C. Sanchez , A Complete History of Guam ( Rutland , VT : C.E. Tuttle , 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Howard P Willens and Dirk Ballendorf , The Secret Guam Study : How President Ford 's 1975 Approval of Commonwealth Was Blocked by Federal Officials ( Mangilao , Guam : Micronesian Area Research Center ; Saipan : Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Division of Historical Preservation , 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FindLaw : Downes v. Bidwell , 182 U.S. 244 ( 1901 ) regarding the distinction between incorporated and unincorporated territories </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FindLaw : People of Puerto Rico v. Shell Co. , 302 U.S. 253 ( 1937 ) regarding application of U.S. law to organized but unincorporated territories </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FindLaw : United States v. Standard Oil Company , 404 U.S. 558 ( 1972 ) regarding application of U.S. law to unorganized unincorporated territories </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Office of Insular Affairs </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Department of the Interior Definitions of Insular Area Political Types Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew Rosenthal ( 29 December 1988 ) . `` Reagan Extends Territorial Waters to 12 Miles '' . New York Times . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carol Elizabeth Remy ( 1992 ) . `` U.S. Territorial Sea Extension : Jurisdiction and International Environmental Protection '' . Fordham International Law Journal . 16 ( 4 ) : 1208 -- 1252 . Retrieved 23 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Evans , D.M. Emrys ( 1965 ) . `` John F. Kennedy Memorial Act , 1964 '' . The Modern Law Review . 28 ( 6 ) : 703 -- 706 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The American Battle Monuments Commission '' . Retrieved October 29 , 2012 . The site , preserved since the war by the French Committee of the Pointe du Hoc , which erected an impressive granite monument at the edge of the cliff , was transferred to American control by formal agreement between the two governments on 11 January 1979 in Paris , with Ambassador Arthur A. Hartman signing for the United States and Secretary of State for Veterans Affairs Maurice Plantier signing for France . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Fleury Graff , Thibaut ( 2013 ) . Etat et territoire en droit international . L'exemple de la construction du territoire des Etats - Unis ( 1789 - 1914 ) ( State and Territory in International Law . The case of United States ' Territory ( 1789 - 1914 ) ) . Paris , France : Pedone . ISBN 978 - 2 - 233 - 00686 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Lalor , John J. ( 1899 ) . `` Territories '' . Cyclopaedia of Political Science , Political Economy , and of the Political History of the United States . New York : Maynard , Merrill , and Co . OCLC 221087006 . </Li> <Li> McFerson , Hazel M. ( 1997 ) . The Racial Dimension of American Overseas Colonial Policy . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 28996 - 4 . OCLC 36301430 . </Li> <Li> Willoughby , Westel W. ( 1910 ) . The Constitutional Law of the United States . 2 . New York : Baker , Voorhis & Company . OCLC 180533376 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mellander , Gustavo A. ; Mellander , Nelly Maldonado ( 1999 ) . Charles Edward Magoon , the Panama Years . Río Piedras , Puerto Rico : Editorial Plaza Mayor . ISBN 1 - 56328 - 155 - 4 . OCLC 42970390 . </Li> <Li> Mellander , Gustavo A. ( 1971 ) . The United States in Panamanian Politics : The Intriguing Formative Years . Danville , Ill. : Interstate Publishers . OCLC 138568 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> USGS map of the territorial acquisitions of the U.S. </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Political divisions of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alabama </Li> <Li> Alaska </Li> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> Arkansas </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Colorado </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Idaho </Li> <Li> Illinois </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Iowa </Li> <Li> Kansas </Li> <Li> Kentucky </Li> <Li> Louisiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota </Li> <Li> Mississippi </Li> <Li> Missouri </Li> <Li> Montana </Li> <Li> Nebraska </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New Mexico </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> North Dakota </Li> <Li> Ohio </Li> <Li> Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Oregon </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> South Dakota </Li> <Li> Tennessee </Li> <Li> Texas </Li> <Li> Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Federal district </Th> <Td> Washington , D.C. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Insular areas </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Samoa </Li> <Li> Guam </Li> <Li> Northern Mariana Islands </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> U.S. Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Outlying islands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Baker Island </Li> <Li> Howland Island </Li> <Li> Jarvis Island </Li> <Li> Johnston Atoll </Li> <Li> Kingman Reef </Li> <Li> Midway Atoll </Li> <Li> Navassa Island </Li> <Li> Palmyra Atoll </Li> <Li> Wake Island </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Indian reservations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of Indian reservations </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By event </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian era </Li> <Li> Colonial era <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> military history </Li> <Li> Continental Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Revolution <Ul> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American frontier </Li> <Li> Drafting and ratification of Constitution </Li> <Li> Federalist Era </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Territorial acquisitions </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> Mexican -- American War </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Era </Li> <Li> Indian Wars </Li> <Li> Gilded Age </Li> <Li> Progressive Era </Li> <Li> African - 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Infection control - wikipedia <H1> Infection control </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Infection control is the discipline concerned with preventing nosocomial or healthcare - associated infection , a practical ( rather than academic ) sub-discipline of epidemiology . It is an essential , though often underrecognized and undersupported , part of the infrastructure of health care . Infection control and hospital epidemiology are akin to public health practice , practiced within the confines of a particular health - care delivery system rather than directed at society as a whole . Anti-infective agents include antibiotics , antibacterials , antifungals , antivirals and antiprotozoals . </P> <P> Infection control addresses factors related to the spread of infections within the healthcare setting ( whether patient - to - patient , from patients to staff and from staff to patients , or among - staff ) , including prevention ( via hand hygiene / hand washing , cleaning / disinfection / sterilization , vaccination , surveillance ) , monitoring / investigation of demonstrated or suspected spread of infection within a particular health - care setting ( surveillance and outbreak investigation ) , and management ( interruption of outbreaks ) . It is on this basis that the common title being adopted within health care is `` infection prevention and control . '' </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Infection control in healthcare facilities <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Hand hygiene </Li> <Li> 1.2 Sterilization </Li> <Li> 1.3 Cleaning </Li> <Li> 1.4 Disinfection </Li> <Li> 1.5 Personal protective equipment </Li> <Li> 1.6 Antimicrobial surfaces </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Vaccination of health care workers </Li> <Li> 3 Post-exposure prophylaxis </Li> <Li> 4 Surveillance for infections </Li> <Li> 5 Isolation and quarantine </Li> <Li> 6 Outbreak investigation </Li> <Li> 7 Training in infection control and health care epidemiology </Li> <Li> 8 Standardization <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Australia </Li> <Li> 8.2 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Infection control in healthcare facilities ( edit ) </H2> <P> Aseptic technique is a key component of all invasive medical procedures . Similarly , infection control measures are most effective when Standard Precautions ( health care ) are applied because undiagnosed infection is common . </P> <H3> Hand hygiene ( edit ) </H3> <P> Independent studies by Ignaz Semmelweis in 1846 in Vienna and Oliver Wendell Holmes , Sr. in 1843 in Boston established a link between the hands of health care workers and the spread of hospital - acquired disease . The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) state that `` It is well documented that the most important measure for preventing the spread of pathogens is effective handwashing . '' In the developed world , hand washing is mandatory in most health care settings and required by many different regulators . </P> <P> In the United States , OSHA standards require that employers must provide readily accessible hand washing facilities , and must ensure that employees wash hands and any other skin with soap and water or flush mucous membranes with water as soon as feasible after contact with blood or other potentially infectious materials ( OPIM ) . </P> <P> In the UK healthcare professionals have adopted the ' Ayliffe Technique ' , based on the 6 step method developed by Graham Ayliffe , JR Babb and AH Quoraishi . </P> <Table> Mean percentage changes in bacterial numbers <Tr> <Th> Method used </Th> <Th> Change in bacteria present </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paper towels ( 2 - ply 100 % recycled ) . </Td> <Td> - 48.4 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paper towels ( 2 - ply through - air dried , 50 % recycled ) </Td> <Td> - 76.8 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Warm air dryer </Td> <Td> + 254.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jet air dryer </Td> <Td> + 14.9 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Drying is an essential part of the hand hygiene process . In November 2008 , a non-peer - reviewed study was presented to the European Tissue Symposium by the University of Westminster , London , comparing the bacteria levels present after the use of paper towels , warm air hand dryers , and modern jet - air hand dryers . Of those three methods , only paper towels reduced the total number of bacteria on hands , with `` through - air dried '' towels the most effective . </P> <P> The presenters also carried out tests to establish whether there was the potential for cross-contamination of other washroom users and the washroom environment as a result of each type of drying method . They found that : </P> <Ul> <Li> the jet air dryer , which blows air out of the unit at claimed speeds of 400 mph , was capable of blowing micro-organisms from the hands and the unit and potentially contaminating other washroom users and the washroom environment up to 2 metres away </Li> <Li> use of a warm air hand dryer spread micro-organisms up to 0.25 metres from the dryer </Li> <Li> paper towels showed no significant spread of micro-organisms . </Li> </Ul> <P> In 2005 , in a study conducted by TUV Produkt und Umwelt , different hand drying methods were evaluated . The following changes in the bacterial count after drying the hands were observed : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Drying method </Th> <Th> Effect on bacterial count </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paper towels and roll </Td> <Td> Decrease of 24 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hot - air drier </Td> <Td> Increase of 117 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Sterilization ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sterilization is a process intended to kill all microorganisms and is the highest level of microbial kill that is possible . Sterilizers may be heat only , steam , or liquid chemical . Effectiveness of the sterilizer ( e.g. , a steam autoclave ) is determined in three ways . First , mechanical indicators and gauges on the machine itself indicate proper operation of the machine . Second heat sensitive indicators or tape on the sterilizing bags change color which indicate proper levels of heat or steam . And , third ( most importantly ) is biological testing in which a microorganism that is highly heat and chemical resistant ( often the bacterial endospore ) is selected as the standard challenge . If the process kills this microorganism , the sterilizer is considered to be effective . </P> <P> Sterilization , if performed properly , is an effective way of preventing bacteria from spreading . It should be used for the cleaning of the medical instruments or gloves , and basically any type of medical item that comes into contact with the blood stream and sterile tissues . </P> <P> There are four main ways in which such items can be sterilized : autoclave ( by using high - pressure steam ) , dry heat ( in an oven ) , by using chemical sterilants such as glutaraldehydes or formaldehyde solutions or by radiation ( with the help of physical agents ) . The first two are the most used methods of sterilizations mainly because of their accessibility and availability . Steam sterilization is one of the most effective types of sterilizations , if done correctly which is often hard to achieve . Instruments that are used in health care facilities are usually sterilized with this method . The general rule in this case is that in order to perform an effective sterilization , the steam must get into contact with all the surfaces that are meant to be disinfected . On the other hand , dry heat sterilization , which is performed with the help of an oven , is also an accessible type of sterilization , although it can only be used to disinfect instruments that are made of metal or glass . The very high temperatures needed to perform sterilization in this way are able to melt the instruments that are not made of glass or metal . </P> <P> Steam sterilization is done at a temperature of 121 C ( 250 F ) with a pressure of 209 kPa ( 15 lbs / in2 ) . In these conditions , rubber items must be sterilized for 20 minutes , and wrapped items 134 C with pressure of 310 kPa for 7 minutes . The time is counted once the temperature that is needed has been reached . Steam sterilization requires four conditions in order to be efficient : adequate contact , sufficiently high temperature , correct time and sufficient moisture . Sterilization using steam can also be done at a temperature of 132 C ( 270 F ) , at a double pressure . Dry heat sterilization is performed at 170 C ( 340 F ) for one hour or two hours at a temperature of 160 C ( 320 F ) . Dry heat sterilization can also be performed at 121 C , for at least 16 hours . </P> <P> Chemical sterilization , also referred to as cold sterilization , can be used to sterilize instruments that can not normally be disinfected through the other two processes described above . The items sterilized with cold sterilization are usually those that can be damaged by regular sterilization . Commonly , glutaraldehydes and formaldehyde are used in this process , but in different ways . When using the first type of disinfectant , the instruments are soaked in a 2 - 4 % solution for at least 10 hours while a solution of 8 % formaldehyde will sterilize the items in 24 hours or more . Chemical sterilization is generally more expensive than steam sterilization and therefore it is used for instruments that can not be disinfected otherwise . After the instruments have been soaked in the chemical solutions , they are mandatory to be rinsed with sterile water which will remove the residues from the disinfectants . This is the reason why needles and syringes are not sterilized in this way , as the residues left by the chemical solution that has been used to disinfect them can not be washed off with water and they may interfere with the administered treatment . Although formaldehyde is less expensive than glutaraldehydes , it is also more irritating to the eyes , skin and respiratory tract and is classified as a potential carcinogen . </P> <P> Other sterilization methods exist , though their efficiency is still controversial . These methods include gas , UV , gas plasma , and chemical sterilization with agents such as peroxyacetic acid or paraformaldehyde . </P> <H3> Cleaning ( edit ) </H3> <P> Infections can be prevented from occurring in homes as well . In order to reduce their chances to contract an infection , individuals are recommended to maintain a good hygiene by washing their hands after every contact with questionable areas or bodily fluids and by disposing of garbage at regular intervals to prevent germs from growing . </P> <H3> Disinfection ( edit ) </H3> <P> Disinfection uses liquid chemicals on surfaces and at room temperature to kill disease causing microorganisms . Ultraviolet light has also been used to disinfect the rooms of patients infected with Clostridium difficile after discharge . Disinfection is less effective than sterilization because it does not kill bacterial endospores . </P> <H3> Personal protective equipment ( edit ) </H3> Disposable PPE <P> Personal protective equipment ( PPE ) is specialized clothing or equipment worn by a worker for protection against a hazard . The hazard in a health care setting is exposure to blood , saliva , or other bodily fluids or aerosols that may carry infectious materials such as Hepatitis C , HIV , or other blood borne or bodily fluid pathogen . PPE prevents contact with a potentially infectious material by creating a physical barrier between the potential infectious material and the healthcare worker . </P> <P> The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) requires the use of Personal protective equipment ( PPE ) by workers to guard against blood borne pathogens if there is a reasonably anticipated exposure to blood or other potentially infectious materials . </P> <P> Components of PPE include gloves , gowns , bonnets , shoe covers , face shields , CPR masks , goggles , surgical masks , and respirators . How many components are used and how the components are used is often determined by regulations or the infection control protocol of the facility in question . Many or most of these items are disposable to avoid carrying infectious materials from one patient to another patient and to avoid difficult or costly disinfection . In the US , OSHA requires the immediate removal and disinfection or disposal of a worker 's PPE prior to leaving the work area where exposure to infectious material took place . </P> <H3> Antimicrobial surfaces ( edit ) </H3> <P> Microorganisms are known to survive on non-antimicrobial in animate ' touch ' surfaces ( e.g. , bedrails , over-the - bed trays , call buttons , bathroom hardware , etc . ) for extended periods of time . This can be especially troublesome in hospital environments where patients with immunodeficiencies are at enhanced risk for contracting nosocomial infections . </P> Main article : Antimicrobial copper - alloy touch surfaces <P> Products made with antimicrobial copper alloy ( brasses , bronzes , cupronickel , copper - nickel - zinc , and others ) surfaces destroy a wide range of microorganisms in a short period of time . The United States Environmental Protection Agency has approved the registration of 355 different antimicrobial copper alloys and one synthetic copper - infused hard surface that kill E. coli O157 : H7 , methicillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) , Staphylococcus , Enterobacter aerogenes , and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in less than 2 hours of contact . Other investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of antimicrobial copper alloys to destroy Clostridium difficile , influenza A virus , adenovirus , and fungi . As a public hygienic measure in addition to regular cleaning , antimicrobial copper alloys are being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K. , Ireland , Japan , Korea , France , Denmark , and Brazil . The synthetic hard surface is being installed in the United States as well as in Israel . </P> <H2> Vaccination of health care workers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Health care workers may be exposed to certain infections in the course of their work . Vaccines are available to provide some protection to workers in a healthcare setting . Depending on regulation , recommendation , the specific work function , or personal preference , healthcare workers or first responders may receive vaccinations for hepatitis B ; influenza ; measles , mumps and rubella ; Tetanus , diphtheria , pertussis ; N. meningitidis ; and varicella . </P> <H2> Post-exposure prophylaxis ( edit ) </H2> <P> In some cases where vaccines do not exist , post-exposure prophylaxis is another method of protecting the health care worker exposed to a life - threatening infectious disease . For example , the viral particles for HIV - AIDS can be precipitated out of the blood through the use of an antibody injection if given within four hours of a significant exposure . </P> <H2> Surveillance for infections ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Disease surveillance <P> Surveillance is the act of infection investigation using the CDC definitions . Determining the presence of a hospital acquired infection requires an infection control practitioner ( ICP ) to review a patient 's chart and see if the patient had the signs and symptom of an infection . Surveillance definitions exist for infections of the bloodstream , urinary tract , pneumonia , surgical sites and gastroenteritis . </P> <P> Surveillance traditionally involved significant manual data assessment and entry in order to assess preventative actions such as isolation of patients with an infectious disease . Increasingly , computerized software solutions are becoming available that assess incoming risk messages from microbiology and other online sources . By reducing the need for data entry , software can reduce the data workload of ICPs , freeing them to concentrate on clinical surveillance . </P> <P> As of 1998 , approximately one third of healthcare acquired infections were preventable . Surveillance and preventative activities are increasingly a priority for hospital staff . The Study on the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infection Control ( SENIC ) project by the U.S. CDC found in the 1970s that hospitals reduced their nosocomial infection rates by approximately 32 per cent by focusing on surveillance activities and prevention efforts . </P> <H2> Isolation and quarantine ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Isolation ( health care ) <P> In the health care context , medical isolation refers to various physical measures taken to interrupt nosocomial spread of contagious diseases . Various forms of isolation exist , and are applied depending on the type of infection and agent involved , to address the likelihood of spread via airborne particles or droplets , by direct skin contact , or via contact with body fluids . </P> <P> In cases where infection is merely suspected , individuals may be quarantined until the incubation period has passed and the disease manifests itself or the person remains healthy . Groups may undergo quarantine , or in the case of communities , a cordon sanitaire may be imposed to prevent infection from spreading beyond the community , or in the case of protective sequestration , into a community . Public health authorities may implement other forms of social distancing , such as school closings , to control an epidemic . </P> <H2> Outbreak investigation ( edit ) </H2> <P> When an unusual cluster of illness is noted , infection control teams undertake an investigation to determine whether there is a true outbreak , a pseudo-outbreak ( a result of contamination within the diagnostic testing process ) , or just random fluctuation in the frequency of illness . If a true outbreak is discovered , infection control practitioners try to determine what permitted the outbreak to occur , and to rearrange the conditions to prevent ongoing propagation of the infection . Often , breaches in good practice are responsible , although sometimes other factors ( such as construction ) may be the source of the problem . </P> <P> Outbreaks investigations have more than a single purpose . These investigations are carried out in order to prevent additional cases in the current outbreak , prevent future outbreaks , learn about a new disease or learn something new about an old disease . Reassuring the public , minimizing the economic and social disruption as well as teaching epidemiology are some other obvious objectives of outbreak investigations . </P> <P> According to the WHO , outbreak investigations are meant to detect what is causing the outbreak , how the pathogenic agent is transmitted , where it all started from , what is the carrier , what is the population at risk of getting infected and what are the risk factors . </P> <P> The results of outbreak investigations are always made public in the means of a report in which the findings are communicated to the authorities , media , scientific community and so on . These reports are commonly used as pedagogical tools . </P> <H2> Training in infection control and health care epidemiology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Practitioners can come from several different educational streams . Many begin as nurses , some as medical technologists ( particularly in clinical microbiology ) , and some as physicians ( typically infectious disease specialists ) . Specialized training in infection control and health care epidemiology are offered by the professional organizations described below . Physicians who desire to become infection control practitioners often are trained in the context of an infectious disease fellowship . </P> <P> In the United States , Certification Board of Infection Control and Epidemiology is a private company that certifies infection control practitioners based on their educational background and professional experience , in conjunction with testing their knowledge base with standardized exams . The credential awarded is CIC , Certification in Infection Control and Epidemiology . It is recommended that one has 2 years of Infection Control experience before applying for the exam . Certification must be renewed every five years . </P> <P> A course in hospital epidemiology ( infection control in the hospital setting ) is offered jointly each year by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America . </P> <H2> Standardization ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2002 , the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners published a revised standard for office - based infection control which covers the sections of managing immunisation , sterilisation and disease surveillance . However , the document on the personal hygiene of health workers is only limited to hand hygiene , waste and linen management , which may not be sufficient since some of the pathogens are air - born and could be spread through air flow . </P> <H3> United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> Currently , the federal regulation that describes infection control standards is found at 29 CFR Part 1910.1030 Bloodborne pathogens . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Centre for Infection Prevention and Management </Li> <Li> Computer virus </Li> <Li> Cordon sanitaire </Li> <Li> Infectious disease </Li> <Li> Nosocomial infection </Li> <Li> Protective sequestration </Li> <Li> Quarantine </Li> <Li> Royal Australian College of General Practitioners </Li> <Li> Social distancing </Li> <Li> Transmission ( medicine ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Footnotes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anti-infectives '' . Drugs.com . Retrieved 27 July 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Korniewicz , Ph. D , RN , FAAN , Denise M. ( 1 January 2014 ) . Infection Control for Advanced Practice Professionals ( 1st ed . ) . Lancaster PA : DEStech Publications , Inc. p. 264 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60595 - 060 - 0 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CDC Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health - Care Settings '' . MMWR . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` General information on Hand Hygiene '' . CDC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bloodborne Pathogens Regulations 1910.1030 '' . Occupational Safety and Health Administration . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Policy for Hand Hygiene Infection Prevention and Control Policy No. 2 '' ( PDF ) . Wirral.nhs.uk . Retrieved 3 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ According to p. 35 of the Redway / Fawdar presentation , `` Note : this study has not been peer reviewed but it is intended that the test methods described in this document are provided in sufficient detail to allow replication by those who wish to confirm the results . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keith Redway and Shameem Fawdar ( School of Biosciences , University of Westminster London ) ( November 2008 ) . `` A comparative study of three different hand drying methods : paper towel , warm air dryer , jet air dryer ' '' ( PDF ) . Table 4 . European Tissue Symposium . p. 13 . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Report No. 425 - 452006 concerning a study conducted with regard to the different methods used for drying hands '' ( PDF ) . TÜV Produkt und Umwelt . September 2005 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Miller , Chris H. ( 2010 ) . `` 11 '' . Infection control and management of hazardous materials for the dental team ( 4th ed . ) . Mosby Elsevier Health Science . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sterilization '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eliminating microbes '' . Archived from the original on 24 July 2010 . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Preventing infections adequately '' . Retrieved 27 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Performance feedback , ultraviolet cleaning device , and dedicated housekeeping team significantly improve room cleaning , reduce potential for spread of common , dangerous infection '' . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality . 2014 - 01 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bloodborne Pathogens Regulations '' . Occupational Safety and Health Administration . 1910.1030 ( d ) ( 2 ) ( i ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bloodborne Pathogens Regulations '' . Occupational Safety and Health Administration . 1910.1030 ( d ) ( 3 ) ( vii ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilks SA ; Michels H ; Keevil CW ( 2005 ) . `` The survival of Escherichia coli O157 on a range of metal surfaces '' . International Journal of Food Microbiology. 105 ( 3 ) : 445 -- 454 . doi : 10.1016 / j. ijfoodmicro. 2005.04. 021 . PMID 16253366 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michels HT ( October 2006 ) . `` Anti-microbial characteristics of copper '' . ASTM Standardization News : 28 -- 31 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Copper touch surfaces '' . coppertouchsurfaces.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sentara Leigh 's new copper - infused surfaces that kill bacteria said to be world 's largest clinical trial '' . Inside Business . 6 December 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CDC Vaccine Site </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Weinstein RA ( September 1998 ) . `` Nosocomial Infection Update '' . Emerging Infectious Diseases . CDC. 4 ( 3 ) : 416 -- 420 . doi : 10.3201 / eid0403. 980320 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jarvis WR ( March -- April 2001 ) . `` Infection Control and Changing Health - Care Delivery Systems '' ( PDF ) . Emerging Infectious Diseases . CDC. 7 ( 2 ) : 170 -- 3 . doi : 10.3201 / eid0702. 700170 . PMC 2631740 . PMID 11294699 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kathy Kinlaw , Robert Levine , `` Ethical Guidelines on Pandemic Influenza , '' CDC , December 2006 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Conducting an Outbreak Investigation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2010 - 07 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About CBIC '' . Certification Board of Infection Control and Epidemiology . ( official site ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Education '' . Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America . ( official site ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners . `` RACGP Infection Control Standards for Office - based Practices ( 4th Edition ) '' . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners . `` Slides - RACGP Infection Control Standards for Office - based Practices ( 4th Edition ) '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 8 November 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dix , Kathy . `` Airborne Pathogens in Healthcare Facilities '' . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicas , Mark ; et al. ( 2005 ) . `` Toward Understanding the Risk of Secondary Airborne Infection : Emission of Respirable Pathogens '' . Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene. 2 ( 3 ) : 143 -- 154 . doi : 10.1080 / 15459620590918466 . PMID 15764538 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bloodborne pathogens '' . U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration . 1910.1030 . </Li> </Ol> <Ol> <Li> 22 Devnani M , Kumar R , Sharma RK , Gupta AK . A survey of hand - washing facilities in the outpatient department of a tertiary care teaching hospital in India . J Infect Dev Ctries 2011 ; 5 ( 2 ) : 114 - 118 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology is primarily composed of infection prevention and control professionals with nursing or medical technology backgrounds </Li> <Li> The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America is more heavily weighted towards practitioners who are physicians or doctoral - level epidemiologists . </Li> <Li> Regional Infection Control Networks </Li> <Li> The Certification Board of Infection Control and Epidemiology , Inc . </Li> <Li> Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Public health </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Auxology </Li> <Li> Biological hazard </Li> <Li> Chief Medical Officer </Li> <Li> Cultural competence </Li> <Li> Deviance </Li> <Li> Environmental health </Li> <Li> Euthenics </Li> <Li> Genomics </Li> <Li> Globalization and disease </Li> <Li> Health economics </Li> <Li> Health literacy </Li> <Li> Health policy <Ul> <Li> Health system </Li> <Li> Health care reform </Li> <Li> Public health law </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Maternal health </Li> <Li> Medical anthropology </Li> <Li> Medical sociology </Li> <Li> Mental health </Li> <Li> Pharmaceutical policy </Li> <Li> Public health laboratory </Li> <Li> Reproductive health </Li> <Li> Social psychology </Li> <Li> Sociology of health and illness </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Preventive healthcare </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Behavior change <Ul> <Li> Theories </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Family planning </Li> <Li> Health promotion </Li> <Li> Human nutrition </Li> <Li> Preventive nutrition </Li> <Li> Hygiene <Ul> <Li> Food safety </Li> <Li> Hand washing </Li> <Li> Infection control </Li> <Li> Oral hygiene </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Occupational safety and health <Ul> <Li> Human factors and ergonomics </Li> <Li> Hygiene </Li> <Li> Injury prevention </Li> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Nursing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Patient safety <Ul> <Li> Organization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Pharmacovigilance </Li> <Li> Safe sex </Li> <Li> Sanitation <Ul> <Li> Emergency </Li> <Li> Fecal -- oral transmission </Li> <Li> Open defecation </Li> <Li> Sanitary sewer </Li> <Li> Waterborne diseases </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Smoking cessation </Li> <Li> Vaccination </Li> <Li> Vector control </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Population health </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Biostatistics </Li> <Li> Child mortality </Li> <Li> Community health </Li> <Li> Epidemiology </Li> <Li> Global health </Li> <Li> Health impact assessment </Li> <Li> Health system </Li> <Li> Infant mortality </Li> <Li> Open - 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Micrographia - wikipedia <H1> Micrographia </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the book . For the medical term , see Micrographia ( handwriting ) . For artwork `` drawn '' with lines of minute characters , see Micrography . <Table> Micrographia <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Title page of Micrographia </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Author </Th> <Td> Robert Hooke </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original title </Th> <Td> Micrographia : or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses . With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> Great Britain </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Microscopy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher </Th> <Td> The Royal Society </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publication date </Th> <Td> January 1665 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Micrographia : or Some Physiological Descriptions of Minute Bodies Made by Magnifying Glasses . With Observations and Inquiries Thereupon . is a historically significant book by Robert Hooke about his observations through various lenses . It is particularly notable for being the first book to illustrate insects , plants etc. as seen through microscopes . Published in January 1665 , the first major publication of the Royal Society , it became the first scientific best - seller , inspiring a wide public interest in the new science of microscopy . It is also notable for coining the biological term cell . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Observations </Li> <Li> 2 Reception </Li> <Li> 3 Methods </Li> <Li> 4 Bibliography </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Observations ( edit ) </H2> <P> Hooke most famously describes a fly 's eye and a plant cell ( where he coined that term because plant cells , which are walled , reminded him of the cells in a honeycomb ) . Known for its spectacular copperplate engravings of the miniature world , particularly its fold - out plates of insects , the text itself reinforces the tremendous power of the new microscope . The plates of insects fold out to be larger than the large folio itself , the engraving of the louse in particular folding out to four times the size of the book . Although the book is best known for demonstrating the power of the microscope , Micrographia also describes distant planetary bodies , the wave theory of light , the organic origin of fossils , and other philosophical and scientific interests of its author . </P> <P> Hooke also selected several objects of human origin ; among these objects were the jagged edge of a honed razor and the point of a needle , seeming blunt under the microscope . His goal may well have been as a way to contrast the flawed products of mankind with the perfection of nature ( and hence , in the spirit of the times , of biblical creation ) . </P> <Ul> <Li> Gallery </Li> <Li> <P> Microscope manufactured by Christopher White of London for Robert Hooke . Hooke is believed to have used this microscope for the observations that formed the basis of Micrographia . ( M - 030 00276 ) Courtesy - Billings Microscope Collection , National Museum of Health and Medicine , AFIP ) . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hooke 's drawing of a louse </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hooke 's drawing of a flea </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hooke 's microscope . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hooke was the first to apply the word `` cell '' to biological objects : Cork . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hooke 's drawing of a gnat . </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Hooke 's drawing of a grey dronefly . </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> Published under the aegis of The Royal Society , the popularity of the book helped further the society 's image and mission of being the UK 's leading scientific organization . Micrographia 's illustrations of the miniature world captured the public 's imagination in a radically new way ; Samuel Pepys called it `` the most ingenious book that I ever read in my life . '' </P> <H2> Methods ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2007 , Janice Neri , a professor of art history and visual culture , studied Hooke 's artistic influences and processes with the help of some newly rediscovered notes and drawings that appear to show some of his work leading up to Micrographia . She observes , `` Hooke 's use of the term `` schema '' to identify his plates indicates that he approached his images in a diagrammatic manner and implies the study or visual dissection of the objects portrayed . '' Identifying Hooke 's schema as ' organization tools , ' she emphasizes : </P> <P> Hooke built up his images from numerous observations made from multiple vantage points , under varying lighting conditions , and with lenses of differing powers . Similarly his specimens required a great deal of manipulation and preparation in order to make them visible through the microscope . </P> <P> Additionally : `` Hooke often enclosed the objects he presented within a round frame , thus offering viewers an evocation of the experience of looking through the lens of a microscope . '' </P> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Robert Hooke . Micrographia : or , Some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses . London : J. Martyn and J. Allestry , 1665 . ( first edition ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous , much like a Honey - comb , but that the pores of it were not regular ( ... ) these pores , or cells , ( ... ) were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw , and perhaps , that were ever seen , for I had not met with any Writer or Person , that had made any mention of them before this ... '' -- Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork . Robert Hooke </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fara P ( June 2009 ) . `` A microscopic reality tale '' . Nature . 459 ( 4 June 2009 ) : 642 -- 644 . Bibcode : 2009Natur. 459 ... 642F . doi : 10.1038 / 459642a . PMID 19494897 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samuel Pepys Diary , 21 January 1665 '' . Retrieved 13 December 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sample , Ian ( 8 February 2006 ) . `` Eureka ! Lost manuscript found in cupboard '' . https://www.theguardian.com . The Guardian . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Neri , Janice ( 2008 ) . `` Between Observation and Image : Representations of Insects in Robert Hooke 's Micrographia '' . In O'Malley , Therese ; Meyers , Amy R.W. The Art of Natural History . National Gallery of Art . pp. 83 -- 107 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 16024 - 6 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hooke 's Micrographia Diagrams from the National Library of Wales . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Project Gutenberg Micrographia text </Li> <Li> Turning the Pages - virtual copy of the book from the National Library of Medicine </Li> <Li> Micrographia - full digital facsimile at Linda Hall Library </Li> <Li> Transcribing the Hooke Folio </Li> <Li> Micrographia on the Internet Archive </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> History of biology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fields , disciplines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agricultural science </Li> <Li> Anatomy </Li> <Li> Biochemistry </Li> <Li> Biotechnology </Li> <Li> Botany </Li> <Li> Ecology </Li> <Li> Evolutionary thought </Li> <Li> Genetics </Li> <Li> Geology </Li> <Li> Immunology </Li> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Model organisms </Li> <Li> Molecular biology </Li> <Li> Molecular evoluton </Li> <Li> Paleontology </Li> <Li> Phycology </Li> <Li> Plant systematics </Li> <Li> RNA biology </Li> <Li> Zoology ( since 1859 ) </Li> <Li> Zoology ( through 1859 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Institutions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory </Li> <Li> Laboratory of Molecular Biology </Li> <Li> Marine Biological Laboratory </Li> <Li> Max Planck Society </Li> <Li> Pasteur Institute </Li> <Li> Rockefeller University </Li> <Li> Rothamsted Experimental Station </Li> <Li> Stazione Zoologica </Li> <Li> Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theories , concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Germ theory of disease </Li> <Li> Central dogma of molecular biology </Li> <Li> Darwinism </Li> <Li> Great chain of being </Li> <Li> Hierarchy of life </Li> <Li> Lamarckism </Li> <Li> One gene -- one enzyme hypothesis </Li> <Li> Protocell </Li> <Li> RNA world hypothesis </Li> <Li> Sequence hypothesis </Li> <Li> Spontaneous generation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Classical antiquity </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aristotle <Ul> <Li> Aristotle 's biology </Li> <Li> On Generation and Corruption </Li> <Li> History of Animals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Theophrastus <Ul> <Li> Historia Plantarum </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Dioscorides <Ul> <Li> De Materia Medica </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Galen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Renaissance , Early Modern </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conrad Gessner <Ul> <Li> Historia animalium </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Andreas Vesalius <Ul> <Li> De humani corporis fabrica </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> William Harvey <Ul> <Li> De Motu Cordis </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Antonie van Leeuwenhoek <Ul> <Li> Micrographia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Francesco Redi </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Evolution </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 19th century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Linnaeus <Ul> <Li> Systema Naturae </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Buffon <Ul> <Li> Histoire Naturelle </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Lamarck <Ul> <Li> Philosophie Zoologique </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Humboldt </Li> <Li> Charles Lyell <Ul> <Li> Principles of Geology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Charles Darwin <Ul> <Li> On the Origin of Species </Li> <Li> The Descent of Man </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Gregor Mendel </Li> <Li> Alfred Russel Wallace </Li> <Li> Henry Walter Bates </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Modern synthesis </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> William Bateson </Li> <Li> Theodosius Dobzhansky <Ul> <Li> Genetics and the Origin of Species </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> R.A. 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Watson and Francis Crick <Ul> <Li> `` Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Linus Pauling <Ul> <Li> `` Sickle Cell Anemia , a Molecular Disease '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Fred Sanger </Li> <Li> Max Perutz </Li> <Li> John Kendrew </Li> <Li> Sydney Brenner </Li> <Li> Joshua Lederberg </Li> <Li> Walter Gilbert </Li> <Li> Kary Mullis </Li> <Li> Emmanuelle Charpentier </Li> <Li> Jennifer Doudna </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ecology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rachel Carson </Li> <Li> Frederic Clements </Li> <Li> Charles Elton </Li> <Li> Henry Gleason </Li> <Li> Arthur Tansley </Li> <Li> Eugenius Warming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ethology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karl von Frisch </Li> <Li> Jane Goodall </Li> <Li> Konrad Lorenz </Li> <Li> Ivan Pavlov </Li> <Li> Niko Tinbergen </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> History of science </Li> <Li> Philosophy of biology <Ul> <Li> Teleology </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ethnobotany </Li> <Li> Eugenics </Li> <Li> History of the creation - evolution controversy </Li> <Li> Human Genome Project </Li> <Li> Humboldtian science </Li> <Li> Natural history </Li> <Li> Natural philosophy </Li> <Li> Natural theology </Li> <Li> Relationship between religion and science </Li> <Li> Timeline of biology and organic chemistry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrographia&oldid=808316376 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> English non-fiction literature </Li> <Li> Biology books </Li> <Li> 1665 books </Li> <Li> Microscopes </Li> <Li> Microscopy </Li> <Li> Cell imaging </Li> <Li> Royal Society </Li> <Li> 1665 in science </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 errors : external links </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from January 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2017 </Li> <Li> Commons category without a link on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles with Internet Archive links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 November 2017 , at 03 : 43 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Samantha ! - Wikipedia <H1> Samantha ! </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Samantha ! </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Sitcom </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Felipe Braga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Written by </Th> <Td> Roberto Vitorino Patricia Corso Rafael Lessa Filipe Valerim </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> Luis Pinheiro Julia Jordão </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Emanuelle Araújo Douglas Silva Sabrina Nonato Cauã Gonçalves </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country of origin </Th> <Td> Brazil </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original language ( s ) </Th> <Td> Portuguese </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of seasons </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> No. of episodes </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Production </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Executive producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Rita Moraes Felipe Braga Alice Braga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production location ( s ) </Th> <Td> São Paulo </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Camera setup </Th> <Td> Single camera </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 30 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company ( s ) </Th> <Td> Losbragas </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributor </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Release </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original network </Th> <Td> Netflix </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Picture format </Th> <Td> 4K ( Ultra HD ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Original release </Th> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) -- present </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> External links </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Website </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Samantha ! is a Brazilian Netflix original comedy series . It is the first Brazilian comedy produced by Netflix and the third show produced in Brazil , after 3 % and O Mecanismo . The first season , released in July 6 , 2018 . It is directed by Luis Pinheiros and Julia Jordão , and scripted by Roberto Vitorino , Patricia Corso , Rafael Lessa and Filipe Valerim . The series shows Samantha 's efforts to stay in the spotlight at all costs these days , since in her childhood she was considered a celebrity who had her own TV show and led the children 's musical group Turminha Plimplom in the ' 80s . </P> <P> Netflix confirmed the production of the series in February 2017 , during a press conference given by its founder . Its official teaser was released in June of 2018 , announcing its debut for the 6 of July of the same year . Months earlier , the service confirmed the production of season two that should have its debut in 2019 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Cast </Li> <Li> 2 Series overview </Li> <Li> 3 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Season 1 ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Season 2 ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Critical response </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Actor </Th> <Th> Character </Th> <Th_colspan="1"> Seasons </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Emanuelle Araújo </Td> <Td> Samantha </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Douglas Silva </Td> <Td> Dodói </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabrina Nonato </Td> <Td> Cindy </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cauã Gonçalves </Td> <Td> Brandon </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Main </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Giovanna Chaves </Td> <Td> Valentina </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel Furlan </Td> <Td> Marcinho </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ary França </Td> <Td> Zé Cigarrinho </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rodrigo Pandolfo </Td> <Td> Tico </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maurício Xavier </Td> <Td> Bolota </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lorena Comparato </Td> <Td> Laila </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alessandra Negrini </Td> <Td> Liliane </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luciana Vendramini </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gilda Nomacce </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Maria Eduarda </Td> <Td> Samantha ( young ) </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fernanda Matias </Td> <Td> Liliane ( young ) </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sidney Alexandre </Td> <Td> Bolota ( young ) </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Enzo Oviedo </Td> <Td> Tico ( young ) </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Marco Gonçalves </Td> <Td> Juninho </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Paulo Tiefenthaler </Td> <Td> Flávio Junior </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carol Melgaço </Td> <Td> Jéssica </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fernanda Matias </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyvia Maschio </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alice Braga </Td> <Td> Samantha w / Y </Td> <Td> Special Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Bianca Comparato </Td> <Td> TV Director </Td> <Td> Special Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Luciana Vendramini </Td> <Td> Lenny K </Td> <Td> Special Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jean Pierre Noher </Td> <Td> Pablo Anton </Td> <Td> Special Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gretchen </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Special Guest </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabrina Sato </Td> <Td> Herself </Td> <Td> Special Guest </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Episode 1 '' </Td> <Td> Luis Pinheiro </Td> <Td> Roberto Vitorino </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Episode 2 '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Episode 3 '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Episode 4 '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 5 '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 6 '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Episode 7 '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> July 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 07 - 06 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2019 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> A second season was confirmed by Netflix . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Critical response ( edit ) </H3> <P> Writing to the Cine Pop website , Rafaela Gomes praised Samantha ! , giving the series a 4 - star rating of 5 : `` Samantha ! Brings with her a rich humor for her authentic contextualizations , playing with the mannerisms of both eras , placing us as spectators who observe these outside universes , and even be able to signal the ridiculous aspects with which we have become accustomed by virtue of familiarization . '' However , she adds that her first three episodes `` stagger '' , with the series proving to be more interesting in the ensuing episodes , for its symbolic veracity created between the 80 's and 2010 . </P> <P> Doktor Bruce of Freak Pop , said that the series `` it 's simply ingenious '' , and considers it one of the best Brazilian comedies , addressing the absurdities that occurred on Brazilian TV in the 80 's , and that it seeks current elements about those people who try to remain in the media at all costs . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Netflix Annuonces New Brazilian Series `` Samantha ! '' `` . plus55 . Archived from the original on 2017 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samantha é a próxima série original da Netflix no Brasil '' . Omelete ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Netflix Brasil ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) , Samantha ! Teaser Netflix , retrieved 2018 - 04 - 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Série da Netflix , ' Samantha ! ' retrata artista mirim de carreira semelhante à de Simony '' . Folha de S. Paulo ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samantha ! , série brasileira da Netflix , ganha trailer oficial '' . OFuxico ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Samantha ! ' : CEO da Netflix confirma produção de nova série brasileira '' . Pop Cultura ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 06 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Samantha ! é renovada para a 2a temporada pela Netflix '' . AdoroCinema ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Netflix gives another preview of Samantha ! , its new national production '' . A Tribuna. 19 June 2018 . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Samantha ! `` , comédia nacional da Netflix , é renovada para 2a temporada '' ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ AdoroCinema . `` Samantha ! é renovada para a 2a temporada pela Netflix '' . AdoroCinema . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marafon , Renato ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Crítica - Samantha ! -- Série brasileira da Netflix é uma overdose maravilhosa dos anos 80 '' . CinePOP ( in Portuguese ) . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bruce , Doktor ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` CRÍTICA - Samantha ! - Temporada 01 - '' . Portal Freakpop ( in Portuguese ) . 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Samantha!&oldid=853412834 | 5,624,390,652,816,833,000 |
Curling - wikipedia <H1> Curling </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the sport . For other uses , see Curling ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Curling <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Curling games taking place during the 2005 Tim Hortons Brier </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Highest governing body </Th> <Td> World Curling Federation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nicknames </Th> <Td> Chess On Ice , The Roaring Game </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First played </Th> <Td> Approximately late medieval Scotland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Registered players </Th> <Td> est . 1,500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Contact </Th> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Team members </Th> <Td> 4 or 3 per team ( 2 in mixed doubles ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mixed gender </Th> <Td> Yes ; see mixed curling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Precision and accuracy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Equipment </Th> <Td> Curling brooms , stones ( rocks ) , curling shoes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Venue </Th> <Td> Curling sheet </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glossary </Th> <Td> Glossary of curling </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Presence </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Olympic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First event in 1924 ( retroactively made official in 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Demonstration sport in 1932 , 1988 and 1992 . </Li> <Li> Officially added in 1998 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Paralympic </Th> <Td> Wheelchair curling officially added in 2006 . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Curling is a sport in which players slide stones on a sheet of ice towards a target area which is segmented into four concentric circles . It is related to bowls , boules and shuffleboard . Two teams , each with four players , take turns sliding heavy , polished granite stones , also called rocks , across the ice curling sheet towards the house , a circular target marked on the ice . Each team has eight stones , with each player throwing two . The purpose is to accumulate the highest score for a game ; points are scored for the stones resting closest to the centre of the house at the conclusion of each end , which is completed when both teams have thrown all of their stones . A game usually consists of eight or ten ends . </P> <P> The curler can induce a curved path by causing the stone to slowly turn as it slides , and the path of the rock may be further influenced by two sweepers with brooms who accompany it as it slides down the sheet , using the brooms to alter the state of the ice in front of the stone . Sweeping a rock makes it curl less , and decreases the friction that slows the rock down . A great deal of strategy and teamwork go into choosing the ideal path and placement of a stone for each situation , and the skills of the curlers determine the degree to which the stone will achieve the desired result . This gives curling its nickname of `` chess on ice '' . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Olympic curling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Equipment <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Curling sheet </Li> <Li> 2.2 Curling stone </Li> <Li> 2.3 Curling broom </Li> <Li> 2.4 Shoes </Li> <Li> 2.5 Other equipment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Gameplay <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Delivery </Li> <Li> 3.2 Sweeping </Li> <Li> 3.3 Burning a stone </Li> <Li> 3.4 Types of shots </Li> <Li> 3.5 Free guard zone </Li> <Li> 3.6 Hammer </Li> <Li> 3.7 Strategy </Li> <Li> 3.8 Conceding a game </Li> <Li> 3.9 Dispute resolution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Scoring </Li> <Li> 5 Curling culture <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Good sportsmanship </Li> <Li> 5.2 Accessibility in curling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Terminology </Li> <Li> 7 Champions and major championships </Li> <Li> 8 Notable curling clubs </Li> <Li> 9 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 10 See also </Li> <Li> 11 Notes </Li> <Li> 12 Further reading </Li> <Li> 13 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> Detail from a reproduction of Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap ( Bruegel , 1565 ) <P> Evidence that curling existed in Scotland in the early 16th century includes a curling stone inscribed with the date 1511 uncovered ( along with another bearing the date 1551 ) when an old pond was drained at Dunblane , Scotland . The world 's oldest curling stone and the world 's oldest football are now kept in the same museum ( the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum ) in Stirling . The first written reference to a contest using stones on ice coming from the records of Paisley Abbey , Renfrewshire , in February 1541 . Two paintings , `` Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap '' and `` The Hunters in the Snow '' ( both dated 1565 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder depict Flemish peasants curling , albeit without brooms ; Scotland and the Low Countries had strong trading and cultural links during this period , which is also evident in the history of golf . </P> A curling match at Eglinton Castle , Ayrshire , Scotland in 1860 . The curling house is located to the left of the picture . <P> The word curling first appears in print in 1620 in Perth , Scotland , in the preface and the verses of a poem by Henry Adamson . The sport was ( and still is , in Scotland and Scottish - settled regions like southern New Zealand ) also known as `` the roaring game '' because of the sound the stones make while traveling over the pebble ( droplets of water applied to the playing surface ) . The verbal noun curling is formed from the Scots ( and English ) verb curl , which describes the motion of the stone . </P> Group of people curling on a lake in Dartmouth , Nova Scotia , Canada , c. 1897 <P> Kilsyth Curling Club claims to be the first club in the world , having been formally constituted in 1716 ; it is still in existence today . Kilsyth also claims the oldest purpose - built curling pond in the world at Colzium , in the form of a low dam creating a shallow pool some 100 × 250 metres in size . </P> Men curling in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 1909 <P> In the early history of curling , the playing stones were simply flat - bottomed stones from rivers or fields , which lacked a handle and were of inconsistent size , shape and smoothness . Some early stones had holes for a finger and the thumb , akin to ten - pin bowling balls . Unlike today , the thrower had little control over the ' curl ' or velocity and relied more on luck than on precision , skill and strategy . The sport was often played on frozen rivers although purpose - built ponds were later created in many Scottish towns . For example the Scottish poet David Gray describes whisky drinking curlers on the Luggie Water at Kirkintilloch . </P> Curling on Lake of Menteith from 2010 . The last official Grand Match was held here in 1979 . <P> In Darvel , East Ayrshire , the weavers relaxed by playing curling matches using the heavy stone weights from the looms ' warp beams , fitted with a detachable handle for the purpose . Many a wife would keep her husband 's brass curling stone handle on the mantelpiece , brightly polished until the next time it was needed . Central Canadian curlers often used ' irons ' rather than stones until the early 1900s ; Canada is the only country known to have done so , while others experimented with wood or ice - filled tins . </P> <P> Outdoor curling was very popular in Scotland between the 16th and 19th centuries because the climate provided good ice conditions every winter . Scotland is home to the international governing body for curling , the World Curling Federation , Perth , which originated as a committee of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club , the mother club of curling . </P> <P> Today , the sport is most firmly established in Canada , having been taken there by Scottish emigrants . The Royal Montreal Curling Club , the oldest established sports club still active in North America , was established in 1807 . The first curling club in the United States was established in 1830 , and the sport was introduced to Switzerland and Sweden before the end of the 19th century , also by Scots . Today , curling is played all over Europe and has spread to Brazil , Japan , Australia , New Zealand , China , and Korea . </P> <P> The first world championship for curling was limited to men and was known as the Scotch Cup , held in Falkirk and Edinburgh , Scotland , in 1959 . The first world title was won by the Canadian team from Regina , Saskatchewan , skipped by Ernie Richardson . ( The skip is the team member who calls the shots ; see below . ) </P> <P> Curling was one of the first sports that was popular with women and girls . </P> <H3> Olympic curling </H3> Curling at Youth Olympic Games 2012 Main article : Curling at the Winter Olympics Curling pictogram <P> Curling has been a medal sport in the Winter Olympic Games since the 1998 Winter Olympics . It currently includes men 's , women 's and mixed doubles tournaments ( the mixed tournament was held for the first time in 2018 ) . </P> <P> In February 2002 , the International Olympic Committee retroactively decided that the curling competition from the 1924 Winter Olympics ( originally called Semaine des Sports d'Hiver , or International Winter Sports Week ) would be considered official Olympic events and no longer be considered demonstration events . Thus , the first Olympic medals in curling , which at the time was played outdoors , were awarded for the 1924 Winter Games , with the gold medal won by Great Britain and Ireland , two silver medals by Sweden , and the bronze by France . A demonstration tournament was also held during the 1932 Winter Olympic Games between four teams from Canada and four teams from the United States , with Canada winning 12 games to 4 . </P> <P> Since the 1998 Olympics , Canada has dominated the sport with their men 's teams winning gold in 2006 , 2010 , and 2014 , and silver in 1998 and 2002 . The women 's team won gold in 1998 and 2014 , a silver in 2010 , and a bronze in 2002 and 2006 . The mixed doubles team won gold in 2018 . </P> <H2> Equipment </H2> The playing area in curling is shown here . Stones must land between the hog line ( bottom of photo ) and the back line ( behind the rings ) and may not contact boards or out lines ( on the sides ) at any time during travel . <H3> Curling sheet </H3> <P> The playing surface or curling sheet is defined by the World Curling Federation Rules of Curling . It is a rectangular area of ice , carefully prepared to be as flat and level as possible , 146 to 150 feet ( 45 to 46 m ) in length by 14.5 to 16.5 feet ( 4.4 to 5.0 m ) in width . The shorter borders of the sheet are called the backboards . Because of the elongated shape , several sheets may be laid out side by side in the same arena , allowing multiple games to be played simultaneously . </P> <P> A target , the house , is centred on the intersection of the centre line , drawn lengthwise down the centre of the sheet and the tee line , drawn 16 feet ( 4.9 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . These lines divide the house into quarters . The house consists of a centre circle ( the button ) and three concentric rings , of diameters 4 , 8 and 12 feet , formed by painting or laying coloured vinyl sheet under the ice and are usually distinguished by colour . A stone must at least touch the outer ring in order to score ( see Scoring below ) ; otherwise the rings are merely a visual aid for aiming and judging which stone is closer to the button . Two hog lines are drawn 37 feet ( 11 m ) from , and parallel to , the backboard . </P> <P> The hacks are fixed 12 feet ( 3.7 m ) behind each button ; a hack gives the thrower something to push against when making the throw . On indoor rinks , there are usually two fixed hacks , rubber - lined holes , one on each side of the centre line , with the inside edge no more than 3 inches ( 76 mm ) from the centre line and the front edge on the hack line . A single moveable hack may also be used . </P> <P> The ice may be natural but is usually frozen by a refrigeration plant pumping a brine solution through numerous pipes fixed lengthwise at the bottom of a shallow pan of water . Most curling clubs have an ice maker whose main job is to care for the ice . At the major curling championships , ice maintenance is extremely important . Large events , such as the Brier or other national / international championships , are typically held in an arena that presents a challenge to the ice maker , who must constantly monitor and adjust the ice and air temperatures as well as air humidity levels to ensure a consistent playing surface . It is common for each sheet of ice to have multiple sensors embedded in order to monitor surface temperature , as well as probes set up in the seating area ( to monitor humidity ) and in the compressor room ( to monitor brine supply and return temperatures ) . The surface of the ice is maintained at a temperature of around 23 ° F ( − 5 ° C ) . </P> <P> A key part of the preparation of the playing surface is the spraying of water droplets onto the ice , which form pebble on freezing . The pebbled ice surface resembles an orange peel , and the stone moves on top of the pebbled ice . As the stone moves over the pebble , any rotation of the stone causes it to curl to the inside or outside . The amount of curl ( commonly referred to as the feet of curl ) can change during a game as the pebble wears ; the ice maker must monitor this and be prepared to scrape and re-pebble the surface prior to each game . </P> A curling sheet , with dimensions in feet ( 1 ' = 1 ft = 0.3 m ) . CL : Centreline HOL : Hogline TL : Teeline BL : Backline HA : Hackline with Hacks FGZ : Free Guard Zone <H3> Curling stone </H3> <P> The curling stone ( also sometimes called a rock in North America ) is made of granite and is specified by the World Curling Federation , which requires a weight between 38 and 44 pounds ( 17.24 and 19.96 kg ) , a maximum circumference of 36 inches ( 914.4 mm ) and a minimum height of 4.5 inches ( 114.3 mm ) . The only part of the stone in contact with the ice is the running surface , a narrow , flat annulus or ring , 0.25 to 0.50 inches ( 6.4 to 12.7 mm ) wide and about 5 inches ( 130 mm ) in diameter ; the sides of the stone bulge convex down to the ring and the inside of the ring is hollowed concave to clear the ice . This concave bottom was first proposed by J.S. Russell of Toronto , Ontario , Canada sometime after 1870 , and was subsequently adopted by Scottish stone manufacturer Andrew Kay . </P> The curling stone or rock is made of granite An old - style curling stone <P> The granite for the stones comes from two sources : Ailsa Craig , an island off the Ayrshire coast of Scotland , and the Trefor Granite Quarry in Wales . </P> <P> Ailsa Craig is the traditional source and produces two types of granite , Blue Hone and Ailsa Craig Common Green . Blue Hone has very low water absorption , which prevents the action of repeatedly freezing water from eroding the stone . Ailsa Craig Common Green is a lesser quality granite than Blue Hone . In the past , most curling stones were made from Blue Hone but the island is now a wildlife reserve and the quarry is restricted by environmental conditions that exclude blasting . </P> <P> Kays of Scotland has been making curling stones in Mauchline , Ayrshire , since 1851 and has the exclusive rights to the Ailsa Craig granite , granted by the Marquess of Ailsa , whose family has owned the island since 1560 . According to the 1881 Census , Andrew Kay employed 30 people in his curling stone factory in Mauchline . The last harvest of Ailsa Craig granite by Kays took place in 2013 , after a hiatus of 11 years ; 2,000 tons were harvested , sufficient to fill anticipated orders through at least 2020 . Kays have been involved in providing curling stones for the Winter Olympics since Chamonix in 1924 and has been the exclusive manufacturer of curling stones for the Olympics since the 2006 Winter Olympics . </P> <P> Trefor granite comes from the Yr Eifl or Trefor Granite Quarry in the village of Trefor on the north coast of the Llŷn Peninsula in Gwynedd , Wales and has produced granite since 1850 . Trefor granite comes in shades of pink , blue and grey . The quarry supplies curling stone granite exclusively to the Canadian , Canada Curling Stone Co. , which has been producing stones since 1992 and supplied the stones for the 2002 Winter Olympics . </P> <P> A handle is attached by a bolt running vertically through a hole in the centre of the stone . The handle allows the stone to be gripped and rotated upon release ; on properly prepared ice the rotation will bend ( curl ) the path of the stone in the direction in which the front edge of the stone is turning , especially as the stone slows . Handles are coloured to identify each team , two popular colours in major tournaments being red and yellow . In competition , an electronic handle known as the eye on the hog may be fitted to detect hog line violations . This electronically detects whether the thrower 's hand is in contact with the handle as it passes the hog line and indicates a violation by lights at the base of the handle . The eye on the hog eliminates human error and the need for hog line officials . It is mandatory in high - level national and international competition , but its cost , around US $ 650 each , currently puts it beyond the reach of most club curling . </P> <H3> Curling broom </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Curling broom <P> The curling broom , or brush , is used to sweep the ice surface in the path of the stone ( see sweeping ) and is also often used as a balancing aid during delivery of the stone . </P> <P> Prior to the 1950s , most curling brooms were made of corn strands and were similar to household brooms of the day . In 1958 , Fern Marchessault of Montreal inverted the corn straw in the centre of the broom . This style of corn broom was referred to as the Blackjack . </P> <P> Artificial brooms made from man - made fabrics rather than corn , such as the Rink Rat , also became common later during this time period . Prior to the late sixties , Scottish curling brushes were used primarily by some of the Scots , as well as by recreational and elderly curlers , as a substitute for corn brooms , since the technique was easier to learn . In the late sixties , competitive curlers from Calgary , Alberta , such as John Mayer , Bruce Stewart , and , later , the world junior championship teams skipped by Paul Gowsell , proved that the curling brush could be just as ( or more ) effective without all the blisters common to corn broom use . During that time period , there was much debate in competitive curling circles as to which sweeping device was more effective : brush or broom . Eventually , the brush won out with the majority of curlers making the switch to the less costly and more efficient brush . Today , brushes have replaced traditional corn brooms at every level of curling ; it is rare now to see a curler using a corn broom on a regular basis . </P> <P> Curling brushes may have fabric , hog hair , or horsehair heads . Modern curling brush handles are usually hollow tubes made of fibreglass or carbon fibre instead of a solid length of wooden dowel . These hollow tube handles are lighter and stronger than wooden handles , allowing faster sweeping and also enabling more downward force to be applied to the broom head with reduced shaft flex . New , `` directional fabric '' brooms , which players are worried will alter the fundamentals of the sport by reducing the level of skill required , have been accused of giving players an unfair advantage . The new brooms were temporarily banned by the World Curling Federation and Curling Canada for the 2015 -- 2016 season . The new brooms give sweepers unprecedented control over the direction the stone goes . </P> <H3> Shoes </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> Curling shoes , showing a slider sole <P> Curling shoes are similar to ordinary athletic shoes except that they have dissimilar soles ; the slider shoe ( usually known as a `` slider '' ) is designed for the sliding foot and the `` gripper shoe '' ( usually known as a gripper ) for the hack foot . </P> <P> The slider is designed to slide and typically has a Teflon sole . It is worn by the thrower during delivery from the hack and by sweepers or the skip to glide down the ice when sweeping or otherwise traveling down the sheet quickly . Stainless steel was once common for slider soles , and `` red brick '' sliders with lateral blocks of PVC on the sole are also available . Most shoes have a full - sole sliding surface , but some shoes have a sliding surface covering only the outline of the shoe and other enhancements with the full - sole slider . Some shoes have small disc sliders covering the front and heel portions or only the front portion of the foot , which allow more flexibility in the sliding foot for curlers playing with tuck deliveries . When a player is not throwing , the player 's slider shoe can be temporarily rendered non-slippery by using a slip - on gripper . Ordinary athletic shoes may be converted to sliders by using a step - on or slip - on Teflon slider or by applying electrical or gaffer tape directly to the sole or over a piece of cardboard . This arrangement often suits casual or beginning players . </P> <P> The gripper is worn by the thrower on the hack foot during delivery and is designed to grip the ice . It may have a normal athletic shoe sole or a special layer of rubbery material applied to the sole of a thickness to match the sliding shoe . The toe of the hack foot shoe may also have a rubberised coating on the top surface or a flap that hangs over the toe to reduce wear on the top of the shoe as it drags on the ice behind the thrower . </P> <H3> Other equipment </H3> <P> Other types of equipment include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Curling pants , made to be stretchy to accommodate the curling delivery . </Li> <Li> A stopwatch to time the stones over a fixed distance to calculate their speed . Stopwatches can be attached either to clothing or the broom . </Li> <Li> Curling gloves and mittens , to keep the hands warm and improve grip on the broom . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Gameplay </H2> At the 2006 Winter Olympics , Mark Nichols from Team Canada delivers a stone while his teammates look on , ready to begin sweeping . The curler uses his broom to help keep his balance during delivery . <P> The purpose of a game is to score points by getting stones closer to the house centre , or the `` button '' , than the other team 's stones . Players from either team alternate in taking shots from the far side of the sheet . An end is complete when all eight rocks from each team have been delivered , a total of sixteen stones . If the teams are tied at the end of the game , play continues for as many ends as may be required to break the tie . The winner is the team with the highest score after all ends have been completed ( see Scoring below ) . A game may be conceded if considered unwinnable . </P> <P> International competitive games are generally ten ends , so most of the national championships that send a representative to the World Championships or Olympics also play ten ends . However , there is a movement on the World Curling Tour to make the games only eight ends . Most tournaments on that tour are eight ends , as are the vast majority of recreational games . </P> <P> In international competition , each side is given 73 minutes to complete all of its throws . Each team is also allowed two minute - long timeouts per 10 - end game . If extra ends are required , each team is allowed 10 minutes of playing time to complete its throws and one added 60 - second timeout for each extra end . However , the `` thinking time '' system , in which the delivering team 's game timer stops as soon as the shooter 's rock crosses the t - line during the delivery , is becoming more popular , especially in Canada . This system allows each team 38 minutes per 10 ends , or 30 minutes per 8 ends , to make strategic and tactical decisions , with 4 minutes and 30 seconds an end for extra ends . The `` thinking time '' system was implemented after it was recognized that teams playing aggressively ( using draws and other low - weight shots which take more time for the stones to come to rest ) were essentially being penalized in terms of the time they had available compared to teams which primarily use hits which require far less time per shot . </P> <H3> Delivery </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The process of sliding a stone down the sheet is known as the delivery . </P> <P> The skip , or the captain of the team , will usually determine the required weight , turn , and line of the stone . These will be influenced by the tactics at this point in the game , which may involve taking out , blocking or tapping another stone . </P> <Ul> <Li> The weight of the stone is its velocity , which depends on the leg drive of the delivery rather than the arm . </Li> <Li> The turn or curl is the rotation of the stone , which gives it a curved trajectory . </Li> <Li> The line is the direction of the throw ignoring the effect of the turn . </Li> </Ul> <P> The skip may communicate the weight , turn , line , and other tactics by calling or tapping a broom on the ice . In the case of a takeout , guard , or a tap , the skip will indicate the stones involved . </P> <P> Before delivery , the running surface of the stone is wiped clean and the path across the ice swept with the broom if necessary , because any dirt on the bottom of a stone or in its path can alter the trajectory and ruin the shot . Intrusion by a foreign object is called a pick - up or pick . </P> Players must push out of the hack to deliver their stones . 95 % of hacks in use around the world are Marco Hacks , which were invented in the 1980s by Marco Ferraro . Outdoor curling on Stormont Loch . The stone is delivered from an iron crampit rather than the hack used indoors <P> The thrower throws from the hack . Another player , usually the skip , is stationed behind the button to determine the tactics , weight , turn , and line , and the other two may sweep in front of the stone to influence the trajectory ( see Sweeping , below ) . The players , with the exception of the skip , take turns throwing and sweeping ; when one player ( e.g. , the lead ) throws , the players not throwing ( the second and third ) sweep . When the skip throws , the third , or vice-skip , takes his role . </P> <P> The thrower 's gripper shoe ( with the non-slippery sole ) is positioned against one of the hacks ; for a right - handed curler the right foot is placed against the left hack and vice versa for a left - hander . The thrower , now in the hack , lines the body up with shoulders square to the skip 's broom at the far end for line . </P> <P> The stone is placed in front of the foot now in the hack . Rising slightly from the hack , the thrower pulls the stone back ( some older curlers may actually raise the stone in this backward movement ) then lunges smoothly out from the hack pushing the stone ahead while the slider foot is moved in front of the gripper foot , which trails behind . The thrust from this lunge determines the weight and hence the distance the stone will travel . While not compulsory , most curlers deliver the stone while sliding out from the hack . Balance may be assisted by a broom held in the free hand with the back of the broom down so that it slides . One older writer suggests the player keep `` a basilisk glance '' at the mark . </P> <P> There are two current types of delivery , the common flat - foot deliver as well as the Manitoba tuck delivery where the curler slides on the front ball of his foot . </P> <P> The stone is released as the thrower approaches the hog line , at which point the turn is imparted by a slight clockwise or counter-clockwise twist of the handle from around the two or ten o'clock position to the twelve o'clock on release . A typical rate of turn is about 2 ⁄ rotations before coming to a rest . </P> <P> The stone must be released before its front edge crosses the near hog line , and it must clear the far hog line or else be removed from play ( hogged ) ; an exception is made if a stone fails to come to rest beyond the far hog line after rebounding from a stone in play just past the hog line . The release rule is rarely enforced in club play unless abuse is suspected . However , in major tournaments it is strictly enforced ; the `` eye on the hog '' sensor in the stone will indicate whether the stone has been legally thrown or not . The lights on the stone handle will either light up green , indicating that the stone has been legally thrown , or red , in which case the illegally thrown stone will be immediately pulled from play instead of waiting for the stone to come to rest . </P> <H3> Sweeping </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> The skip of Team Sweden joins the front end in sweeping a stone into the house at the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver <P> After the stone is delivered , its trajectory is still influenced by the two sweepers under instruction from the skip . Sweeping is done for several reasons : to reduce friction underneath the stone , to decrease the amount of curl , and to clean debris from the stone 's path . The stones curl more as they slow down , so sweeping early in travel tends to increase distance as well as straighten the path , and sweeping after sideways motion is established can increase the sideways distance . When sweeping , pressure and speed of the brush head are key in slightly increasing the layer of moisture that builds up under the stone . </P> <P> One of the basic technical aspects of curling is knowing when to sweep . When the ice in front of the stone is swept , a stone will usually travel both farther and straighter . In some situations , one of the two alterations in path is not desirable . For example , a stone may have too much weight , but require sweeping to prevent curling into a guard . The team must decide which is better : getting by the guard but traveling too far , or hitting the guard . </P> <P> Much of the yelling that goes on during a curling game is the skip calling the line of the shot and the sweepers calling the weight . The skip evaluates the path of the stone and calls to the sweepers to sweep as necessary to maintain the intended track . The sweepers themselves are responsible for judging the weight of the stone , ensuring the length of travel is correct and communicating the weight of the stone back to the skip . Some teams use stopwatch timing , from back line to the nearest hog line as a sweeping aid . Many teams use the Number System to communicate in which of 10 playable zones it is estimated the stone will stop . </P> <P> Usually , the two sweepers will be on opposite sides of the stone 's path , although depending on which side the sweepers ' strengths lie this may not always be the case . Speed and pressure are vital to sweeping . In gripping the broom , one hand should be one third of the way from the top ( non-brush end ) of the handle while the other hand should be one third of the way from the head of the broom . The angle of the broom to the ice should be so that the most force possible can be exerted on the ice . The precise amount of pressure may vary from relatively light brushing ( `` just cleaning '' - to ensure debris will not alter the stone 's path ) to maximum - pressure scrubbing . </P> <P> Sweeping is allowed anywhere on the ice up to the tee line , as long as it is only for one 's own team stones . Once the leading edge of a team stone crosses the tee line only one player may sweep it . Additionally , when a stone crosses the tee line , one player from the other team is allowed to sweep it . This is the only case that a stone may be swept by an opposing team member . In international rules , this player must be the skip ; or if the skip is throwing , then the sweeping player must be the third . </P> <H3> Burning a stone </H3> <P> Occasionally , players may accidentally touch a stone with their broom or a body part . This is often referred to as burning a stone . Players touching a stone in such a manner are expected to call their own infraction as a matter of good sportsmanship . Touching a stationary stone when no stones are in motion ( there is no delivery in progress ) is not an infraction ( unless the stationary stone is struck in such a manner that its position is altered ) , and is a common way for the skip to indicate a stone that is to be taken out . </P> <P> When a stone is touched when stones are in play , the remedies vary between placing the stones as they end up after the touch , replacing the stones as they would have been if no stone were touched , or removal of the touched stone from play . In non-officiated league play , the skip of the non-offending team has the final say on where the stones are placed after the infraction . </P> <H3> Types of shots </H3> Two ways to get the end with the last stone , playing a draw <P> Many different types of shots are used to carefully place stones for strategic or tactical reasons ; they fall into three fundamental categories as follows : </P> <P> Guards are thrown in front of the house in the free guard zone , usually to protect the shot - rock ( the stone closest to the button at the time ) or to make the opposing team 's shot difficult . Guard shots include the centre - guard , on the centreline and the corner - guards to the left or right sides of the centre line . See Free Guard Zone below . </P> <P> Draws are thrown only to reach the house . Draw shots include raise and angle - raise , come - around , and freeze shots . </P> <P> Takeouts are intended to remove stones from play and include the peel , hit - and - roll and double shots . </P> <P> For a more complete listing , see Glossary of curling terms . </P> <H3> Free guard zone </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Until four stones have been played ( two from each side ) , stones in the free guard zone ( those stones left in the area between the hog and tee lines , excluding the house ) may not be removed by an opponent 's stone ( although they can be moved as long as they are not taken out of play ) . These are known as guard rocks . If the guard rocks are removed , they are placed back in the positions they were before the shot was thrown , and the opponent 's stone is removed from play and can not be replayed . This rule is known as the four - rock rule or the free guard zone rule ( for a while in Canada , a `` three - rock rule '' was in place , but that rule has been replaced by the four - rock rule ) . </P> <P> This rule , a relatively recent addition to curling , was added in response to a strategy of `` peeling '' opponents ' guard stones ( knocking them out of play at an angle that caused the shooter 's stone to also roll out of play , leaving no stones on the ice ) . A team in the lead would often employ this strategy during the game . By knocking all stones out , the opponents could at best score one point ( if they had the hammer ) . Alternatively , the team with the hammer could peel rock after rock , which would blank the end , keeping the last rock advantage for another end . This strategy had developed ( mostly in Canada ) as ice - makers had become skilled at creating a predictable ice surface and the adoption of brushes allowed greater control over the rock . While a sound strategy , this made for an unexciting game . Observers at the time noted that if two teams equally skilled in the peel game faced each other on good ice , the outcome of the game would be predictable from who won the coin flip to have last rock ( or had earned it in the schedule ) at the beginning of the game . The 1990 Brier was considered by many curling fans as boring to watch because of the amount of peeling and the quick adoption of the Free Guard Zone the following year reflected how disliked this aspect of the game had become . </P> <P> The free guard zone was originally called the Modified Moncton Rule and was developed from a suggestion made by Russ Howard for the Moncton 100 cashspiel ( with the richest prize ever awarded at the time in a tournament ) in Moncton , New Brunswick , in January 1990 . `` Howard 's Rule '' ( later known as the Moncton Rule ) , used for the tournament and based on a practice drill his team used , had the first four rocks in play unable to be removed no matter where they were at any time during the end . This method of play was altered by restricting the area in which a stone was protected to the free guard zone only for the first four rocks thrown and adopted as a Four - rock Free Guard Zone for international competition shortly after . Canada kept to the traditional rules until a three - rock Free Guard Zone rule was adopted for the 1993 -- 94 season . After several years of having the three - rock rule used for the Canadian championships and the winners then having to adjust to the four - rock rule in the World Championships , the Canadian Curling Association adopted the now - standard Free Guard Zone in the 2002 -- 2003 season . </P> <P> One strategy that has been developed by curlers in response to the Free Guard Zone ( Kevin Martin from Alberta is one of the best examples ) is the `` tick '' game , where a shot is made attempting to knock ( tick ) the guard to the side , far enough that it is difficult or impossible to use but still remaining in play while the shot itself goes out of play . The effect is functionally identical to peeling the guard but significantly harder , as a shot that hits the guard too hard ( knocking it out of play ) results in its being replaced , while not hitting it hard enough can result in its still being tactically useful for the opposition . There is also a greater chance that the shot will miss the guard entirely because of the greater accuracy required to make the shot . Because of the difficulty of making this type of shot , only the best teams will normally attempt it , and it does not dominate the game the way the peel formerly did . Steve Gould from Manitoba popularized ticks played across the face . These are easier to make because they impart less speed on the object stone , therefore increasing the chance that it remains in play even if a bigger chunk of it is hit . </P> <H3> Hammer </H3> <P> Last - rock or last - stone advantage in an end is called the hammer . Before the game , teams typically decide who gets the hammer in the first end either by chance ( such as a coin toss ) , by a `` draw - to - the - button '' contest , where a representative of each team shoots to see who gets closer to the centre of the rings , or , particularly in tournament settings like the Winter Olympics , by a comparison of each team 's win - loss record . In all subsequent ends , the hammer belongs to the team that did not score in the preceding end . In the event that neither team scores , the hammer remains with the same team . Naturally , it is easier to score points with the hammer than without ; in tournament play , the team with the hammer generally tries to score two or more points . If only one point is possible , the skip will often try to avoid scoring at all in order to retain the hammer until the next end , when two or more points may lie . This is called a blank end . Scoring without the hammer is commonly referred to as stealing , or a steal , and is much more difficult . </P> <H3> Strategy </H3> Diagram of the play area in curling , showing the four - foot zone , corner guard , and centre line guard <P> Curling is a game of strategy , tactics and skill . The strategy depends on the team 's skill , the opponent 's skill , the conditions of the ice , the score of the game , how many ends remain and whether the team has last - stone advantage ( the hammer ) . A team may play an end aggressively or defensively . Aggressive playing will put a lot of stones in play by throwing mostly draws ; this makes for an exciting game and is very risky but the reward can be very great . Defensive playing will throw a lot of hits preventing a lot of stones in play ; this tends to be less exciting and less risky . A good drawing team will usually opt to play aggressively , while a good hitting team will opt to play defensively . </P> <P> If a team does not have the hammer in an end , it will opt to try to clog up the four - foot zone in the house to deny the opposing team access to the button . This can be done by throwing `` centre line '' guards in front of the house on the centre line , which can be tapped into the house later or drawn around . If a team has the hammer , they will try to keep this four - foot zone free so that they have access to the button area at all times . A team with the hammer may throw a corner guard as their first stone of an end placed in front of the house but outside the four - foot zone to utilize the free guard zone . Corner guards are key for a team to score two points in an end , because they can either draw around it later or hit and roll behind it , making the opposing team 's shot to remove it more difficult . </P> <P> Ideally , the strategy in an end for a team with the hammer is to score two points or more . Scoring one point is often a wasted opportunity , as they will then lose last - rock advantage for the next end . If a team can not score two points , they will often attempt to `` blank an end '' by removing any leftover opposition rocks and rolling out ; or , if there are no opposition rocks , just throwing the rock through the house so that no team scores any points , and the team with the hammer can try again the next end to score two or more with it . Generally , a team without the hammer would want to either force the team with the hammer to only one point ( so that they can get the hammer back ) or `` steal '' the end by scoring one or more points of their own . </P> <P> Generally , the larger the lead a team will have in a game , the more defensively they should play . By hitting all of the opponent 's stones , it removes opportunities for their getting multiple points , therefore defending the lead . If the leading team is quite comfortable , leaving their own stones in play can also be dangerous . Guards can be drawn around by the other team , and stones in the house can be tapped back ( if they are in front of the tee line ) or frozen onto ( if they are behind the tee line ) . A frozen stone is difficult to remove , because it is `` frozen '' ( in front of and touching ) to the opponents stone . At this point , a team will opt for `` peels '' , meaning that the stones they throw will be to not only hit their opposition stones , but to roll out of play as well . Peels are hits that are thrown with the most amount of power . </P> <H3> Conceding a game </H3> <P> It is not uncommon at any level for a losing team to terminate the match before all ends are completed if it believes it no longer has a realistic chance of winning . Competitive games end once the losing team has `` run out of rocks '' -- that is , once it has fewer stones in play and available for play than the number of points needed to tie the game . </P> <H3> Dispute resolution </H3> Measuring which stone is closest to the centre of the house <P> Most decisions about rules are left to the skips , although in official tournaments , decisions may be left to the officials . However , all scoring disputes are handled by the vice skip . No players other than the vice skip from each team should be in the house while score is being determined . In tournament play , the most frequent circumstance in which a decision has to be made by someone other than the vice skip is the failure of the vice skips to agree on which stone is closest to the button . An independent official ( supervisor at Canadian and World championships ) then measures the distances using a specially designed device that pivots at the centre of the button . When no independent officials are available , the vice skips measure the distances . </P> <H2> Scoring </H2> A typical curling scoreboard used at clubs , which use a method of scoring different from the ones used on television <P> The winner is the team having the highest number of accumulated points at the completion of ten ends . Points are scored at the conclusion of each of these ends as follows : when each team has thrown its eight stones , the team with the stone closest to the button wins that end ; the winning team is then awarded one point for each of its own stones lying closer to the button than the opponent 's closest stone . </P> <P> Only stones that are in the house are considered in the scoring . A stone is in the house if it lies within the 12 - foot ( 3.7 m ) zone or any portion of its edge lies over the edge of the ring . Since the bottom of the stone is rounded , a stone just barely in the house will not have any actual contact with the ring , which will pass under the rounded edge of the stone , but it still counts . This type of stone is known as a biter . </P> <P> It may not be obvious to the eye which of two rocks is closer to the button ( centre ) or if a rock is actually biting or not . There are specialized devices to make these determinations , but these can not be brought out until after an end is completed . Therefore , a team may make strategic decisions during an end based on assumptions of rock position that turn out to be incorrect . </P> <P> The score is marked on a scoreboard , of which there are two types ; the baseball type and the club scoreboard . </P> <P> The baseball - style scoreboard was created for televised games for audiences not familiar with the club scoreboard . The ends are marked by columns 1 through 10 ( or 11 for the possibility of an extra end to break ties ) plus an additional column for the total . Below this are two rows , one for each team , containing the team 's score for that end and their total score in the right hand column . </P> <P> The club scoreboard is traditional and used in most curling clubs . Scoring on this board only requires the use of ( up to ) 11 digit cards , whereas with baseball - type scoring an unknown number of multiples of the digits ( especially low digits like 1 ) may be needed . The numbered centre row represents all possible accumulated scores , and the numbers placed in the team rows represent the end in which that team achieved that cumulative score . If the red team scores three points in the first end ( called a three - ender ) , then a 1 ( indicating the first end ) is placed beside the number 3 in the red row . If they score two more in the second end , then a 2 will be placed beside the 5 in the red row , indicating that the red team has five points in total ( 3 + 2 ) . This scoreboard works because only one team can get points in an end . However , some confusion may arise if neither team scores points in an end , this is called a blank end . The blank end numbers are usually listed in the farthest column on the right in the row of the team that has the hammer ( last rock advantage ) , or on a special spot for blank ends . </P> <P> The following example illustrates the difference between the two types . The example illustrates the men 's final at the 2006 Winter Olympics . </P> <Table> Baseball - style scoreboard <Tr> <Td> Team </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Final </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> x </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Curling club - style scoreboard <Tr> <Td> Canada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Points </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Blank ends </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finland </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Eight points -- all the rocks thrown by one team counting -- is the highest score possible in an end , and is known as an `` eight - ender '' or `` snowman '' . Scoring an eight - ender against a relatively competent team is very difficult ; in curling , it is considered the equivalent of pitching a perfect game in baseball . Probably the best - known snowman came at the 2006 Players ' Championships . Future ( 2007 ) World Champion Kelly Scott scored eight points in one of her games against 1998 World bronze medalist Cathy King . </P> <H2> Curling culture </H2> The Curlers ( 1835 ) by Sir George Harvey Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park ( 1862 ) by John George Brown Curling at Carsebreck ( 1899 ) by Charles Martin Hardie <P> Competition teams are normally named after the skip , for example , Team Martin after skip Kevin Martin . Amateur league players can ( and do ) creatively name their teams , but when in competition ( a bonspiel ) the official team will have a standard name . </P> <P> Top curling championships are typically played by all - male or all - female teams . It is known as mixed curling when a team consists of two men and two women . For many years , in the absence of world championship or Olympic mixed curling events , national championships ( of which the Canadian Mixed Curling Championship was the most prominent ) were the highest - level mixed curling competitions . However , a European Mixed Curling Championship was inaugurated in 2005 , a World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship was established in 2008 , and the European Mixed Championship was replaced with the World Mixed Curling Championship in 2015 . A mixed tournament was held at the Olympic level for the first time in 2018 , although it was a doubles tournament , not a four - person . </P> <P> Curling tournaments may use the Schenkel system for determining the participants in matches . </P> <P> Curling is played in many countries , including Canada , the United Kingdom ( especially Scotland ) , the United States , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland , Denmark , Finland and Japan , all of which compete in the world championships . </P> <P> Curling has been depicted by many artists including : George Harvey , John Levack , The Dutch School , Charles Martin Hardie , John Elliot Maguire , John McGhie , and John George Brown . </P> <P> Curling is particularly popular in Canada . Improvements in ice making and changes in the rules to increase scoring and promote complex strategy have increased the already high popularity of the sport in Canada , and large television audiences watch annual curling telecasts , especially the Scotties Tournament of Hearts ( the national championship for women ) , the Tim Hortons Brier ( the national championship for men ) , and the women 's and men 's world championships . </P> <P> Despite the Canadian province of Manitoba 's small population ( ranked 5th of 10 Canadian provinces ) , Manitoban teams have won the Brier more times than teams from any other province . The Tournament of Hearts and the Brier are contested by provincial and territorial champions , and the world championships by national champions . </P> <P> Curling is the provincial sport of Saskatchewan . From there Ernie Richardson and his family team dominated Canadian and international curling during the late 1950s and early 1960s and have been considered to be the best male curlers of all time . Sandra Schmirler led her team to the first ever gold medal in women 's curling in the 1998 Winter Olympics . When she died two years later from cancer , over 15,000 people attended her funeral , and it was broadcast on national television . </P> <H3> Good sportsmanship </H3> <P> More so than in many other team sports , good sportsmanship , often referred to as the `` Spirit of Curling '' , is an integral part of curling . In the United States there was even a theology of curling . </P> <P> The Spirit of Curling also leads teams to congratulate their opponents for making a good shot , strong sweeping or spectacular form . Perhaps most importantly , the Spirit of Curling dictates that one never cheers mistakes , misses or gaffes by one 's opponent ( unlike most team sports ) and one should not celebrate one 's own good shots during the game beyond modest acknowledgement of the shot such as a head nod , fist bump or thumbs - up gesture . Modest congratulation , however , may be exchanged between winning team members after the match . On - the - ice celebration is usually reserved for the winners of a major tournament after winning the final game of the championship . It is completely unacceptable to attempt to throw opposing players off their game by way of negative comment , distraction or heckling . </P> <P> A match traditionally begins with players shaking hands with and saying `` good curling '' or `` have a pleasant game '' to each member of the opposing team . It is also traditional in some areas for the winning team to buy the losing team a drink after the game . Even at the highest levels of play , players are expected to call their own fouls . </P> <P> It is not uncommon for a team to concede a curling match after it believes it no longer has any hope of winning . Concession is an honourable act and does not carry the stigma associated with quitting , and also allows for more socializing . To concede a match , members of the losing team offer congratulatory handshakes to the winning team . Thanks , wishes of future good luck and hugs are usually exchanged between the teams . To continue playing when a team has no realistic chance of winning can be seen as a breach of etiquette . </P> <H3> Accessibility in curling </H3> Main article : Wheelchair curling Team China at WWHCC 2009 <P> Curling has been adapted for wheelchair users and people otherwise unable to throw the stone from the hack . These curlers may use a device known as a `` delivery stick '' . The cue holds on to the handle of the stone and is then pushed along by the curler . At the end of delivery , the curler pulls back on the cue , which releases it from the stone . The Canadian Curling Association Rules of Curling allows the use of a delivery stick in club play but does not permit it in championships . </P> <P> The delivery stick was specifically invented for elderly curlers in Canada in 1999 . In early 2016 an international initiative started to allow use of the delivery sticks by players over 60 years of age in World Curling Federation Senior Championships , as well as in any projected Masters ( 60 + ) Championship that develops in the future . </P> <H2> Terminology </H2> For an extensive glossary of terminology , see Glossary of curling . <P> Terms used to describe the game include : </P> <P> The ice in the game may be fast ( keen ) or slow . If the ice is keen , a rock will travel farther with a given amount of weight ( throwing force ) on it . The speed of the ice is measured in seconds . One such measure , known as `` hog - to - hog '' time , is the speed of the stone and is the time in seconds the rock takes from the moment it crosses the near hog line till it crosses the far hog line . If this number is lower , the rock is moving faster , so again low numbers mean more speed . The ice in a match will be somewhat consistent and thus this measure of speed can also be used to measure how far down the ice the rock will travel . Once it is determined that a rock taking ( for example ) 13 seconds to go from hog line to hog line will stop on the tee line , the curler can know that if the hog - to - hog time is matched by a future stone , that stone will likely stop at approximately the same location . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 16 seconds for guards , 14 seconds for draws , and 8 seconds for peel weight . </P> <P> The back line to hog line speed is used principally by sweepers to get an initial sense of the weight of a stone . As an example , on keen ice , common times might be 4.0 seconds for guards , 3.8 seconds for draws , 3.2 for normal hit weight , and 2.9 seconds for peel weight . Especially at the club level , this metric can be misleading , due to amateurs sometimes pushing stones on release , causing the stone to travel faster than the back - to - hog speed . </P> <H2> Champions and major championships </H2> World Women 's Championship trophy <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Curling at the Winter Olympics </Li> <Li> World Curling Championships </Li> <Li> World Junior Curling Championships </Li> <Li> World Senior Curling Championships </Li> <Li> World Mixed Doubles Curling Championship </Li> <Li> European Curling Championships </Li> <Li> Continental Cup of Curling </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Tim Hortons Brier </Li> <Li> Scotties Tournament of Hearts </Li> <Li> United States Men 's Curling Championship </Li> <Li> United States Women 's Curling Championship </Li> <Li> Canada Cup of Curling </Li> <Li> European Mixed Curling Championship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Notable curling clubs </H2> Main article : List of curling clubs Notable curling clubs <Ul> <Li> Bemidji Curling Club -- Bemidji , Minnesota , Home of the 2006 United States Men 's & Women 's Olympic Curling Teams </Li> <Li> Broomstones Curling Club -- Wayland , Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Chicago Curling Club -- Chicago , Illinois </Li> <Li> Dakota Curling Club -- Burnsville , Minnesota -- a leading example of the development of new curling clubs on arena ice in the USA </Li> <Li> Detroit Curling Club -- Ferndale , Michigan </Li> <Li> Garrison Golf and Curling Club , Kingston , Ontario </Li> <Li> Grand National Curling Club -- Organization in the United States covering clubs on the east coast </Li> <Li> Granite Curling Club -- Winnipeg , Manitoba </Li> <Li> Granite Curling Club -- Seattle , Washington , the only dedicated curling facility on the west coast of the United States </Li> <Li> Ice Melters Curling Club -- England </Li> <Li> Markinch Curling Club -- Fife , Scotland </Li> <Li> Mayflower Curling Club -- Halifax , Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Milwaukee Curling Club -- Mequon , Wisconsin -- The oldest curling club in the U.S. -- Since 1845 </Li> <Li> Ottawa Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario </Li> <Li> Potomac Curling Club -- Laurel , Maryland -- Near Washington , D.C </Li> <Li> Pittsburgh Curling Club -- Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania -- Established in 2002 </Li> <Li> Plainfield Curling Club -- South Plainfield , New Jersey </Li> <Li> Rideau Curling Club -- Ottawa , Ontario </Li> <Li> Royal Caledonian Curling Club -- Scotland , the official Mother Club of curling </Li> <Li> Royal Montreal Curling Club -- Montreal , Quebec , the oldest active athletic club in North America </Li> <Li> Royal City Curling Club -- New Westminster , British Columbia </Li> <Li> Saint Paul Curling Club -- St. Paul , Minnesota -- Founded in 1885 . Club with largest active membership in the United States ( over 1000 members ) . </Li> <Li> Utica Curling Club -- Utica , New York </Li> <Li> Kilsyth Curling Club -- the first constituted curling club in the world </Li> <Li> Wausau Curling Club -- Wausau , Wisconsin -- Home of the Tietge Bonspiel , the oldest and largest high school curling bonspiel in the U.S. </Li> </Ul> <H2> In popular culture </H2> <P> Curling is featured prominently in `` Boy Meets Curl '' , the twelfth episode of the comedy series The Simpsons ' twenty - first season . The episode aired on the Fox network in the United States on 14 February 2010 . </P> <P> Men with Brooms is a 2002 Canadian film that takes a satirical look at curling . A TV adaptation , also titled Men with Brooms , debuted in 2010 on CBC Television . </P> <P> The Corner Gas episode `` Hurry Hard '' involves the townspeople of Dog River competing in a local curling bonspiel for the fictitious `` Clavet Cup '' . The episode also features cameos by Canadian curlers Randy Ferbey and Dave Nedohin . </P> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> Scotland portal </Li> <Li> Sport portal </Li> <Li> Olympics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Glossary of curling </Li> <Li> Grand Slam of Curling </Li> <Li> List of curlers </Li> <Li> United States Curling Association </Li> <Li> University and college curling </Li> <Li> Women 's curling </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling Makes Gains in U.S. Popularity '' . Yahoo ! Sports . 19 November 2011 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wetzel , Dan ( 19 February 2010 ) . `` Do n't take curling for granite '' . Yahoo ! Sports . Archived from the original on 25 February 2010 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Chess on ice ' '' . Princeton Allumni Weekly . 28 January 2009 . Archived from the original on 23 July 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chess on ice '' . The Curling News . 22 June 2007 . Archived from the original on 15 May 2011 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society . 23 February 2006 . Archived from the original on 5 November 2010 . Retrieved 14 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The world 's oldest curling stone '' . The Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of the Game '' . Scottish Curling . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eberlin , Amy . `` The Flemish and the game of ' curling ' '' . Scotland and the Flemish People . University of St Andrews . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . The History of Curling : And Fifty Years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 79 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adamson , Henry . `` The muses threnodie , or , mirthfull mournings , on the death of Master Gall Containing varietie of pleasant poëticall descriptions , morall instructions , historiall narrations , and divine observations , with the most remarkable antiquities of Scotland , especially at Perth By Mr. H. Adamson . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling '' . Olympic Games . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SND '' . Dsl.ac.uk . Archived from the original on 7 March 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 115 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kilsyth Curling History '' . Paperclip.org.uk . Archived from the original on 5 February 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramsay , John ( 1882 ) . An Account of the Game of Curling , with Songs for the Canon - Mills Curling Club . Edinburgh . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wooden Curling Stone '' . Wisconsin Historical Society ( in Lodi ) . 23 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 February 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cairnie , J. ( 1833 ) . Essay on curling , and artificial pond making . Glasgow : W.R. McPhun . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Watson , Thomas ( 1894 ) . Kirkintilloch , town and parish . Glasgow : J. Smith . p. 312 . Retrieved 13 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bell , Henry Glassford ( 1874 ) . The Poetical Works of David Gray . J. Maclehose . pp. 16 -- 17 . 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Twin Cities Curling Association . Archived from the original on 2 September 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Smooth operators : They make Olympic ice nice '' . Today in Vancouver . MSNBC. 23 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 4 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` About Curling / Stones '' . Anchorage Curling Club . Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1881 Census entry for Haugh , Mauchline , Ayrshire GRO Ref Volume 604 EnumDist 1 Page 3 '' . Scotland 's People . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` News '' . Kays of Scotland . Archived from the original on 26 February 2013 . Retrieved 4 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mauchline , 9 Barskimming Road , Kay 's Curling Stone Factory '' . Canmore . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Welsh Stone Forum newsletter '' ( PDF ) . October 2004 . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 2 February 2014 . Retrieved 26 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The History of Curling '' . Canadian Curling Association . 18 January 2013 . Archived from the original on 10 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top curling teams say they wo n't use high - tech brooms '' . CBC News . 16 October 2015 . Archived from the original on 22 October 2015 . Retrieved 21 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling Canada bans broom heads with ' directional fabric ' '' . Ctvnews.ca . Archived from the original on 1 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ouellette , Jennifer ( 12 June 2016 ) . `` Here 's the Physics Behind the ' Broomgate ' Controversy Rocking the Sport of Curling '' . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on 12 June 2016 . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling Shoes : Choosing a Slider '' . Archived from the original on 18 April 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling Explained to non Curlers by Cameron Scott '' . Sporting Life 360 . 14 February 2010 . Archived from the original on 9 February 2014 . Retrieved 10 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eight is Great ! Asham World Curling Tour Events , Including Grand Slams , move to Eight - End Format '' . World Curling Tour . World Curling Tour . Archived from the original on 19 September 2016 . Retrieved 18 September 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' . Canadian Curling Association . October 2014 . Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 . Retrieved 20 November 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DeSaulniers , Darren ( 26 March 2010 ) . `` Ferraro 's hack innovation remains curling standard '' . Ottawa Citizen . Pressreader.com . p . B5 . Archived from the original on 4 September 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bannerman , Gordon ( 11 November 2013 ) . `` Curling : Stormont Loch hosts outdoor bonspiel '' . Daily Record . Retrieved 20 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Syers , Edgar and Madge ( 1908 ) . The book of winter sports . London : Edward Arnold . p. 29 . Retrieved 17 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerr , John ( 1890 ) . History of curling , Scotland 's ain game , and fifty years of the Royal Caledonian Curling Club . Edinburgh : David Douglas . p. 402 . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Wiecek ( 7 March 2016 ) . `` Team of ' tuckers ' '' . Winnipeg Free Press . Archived from the original on 8 March 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` '' Why Curlers Sweep the Ice `` '' . Business Insider. 14 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 20 August 2017 . Retrieved 20 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Rules of Curling for General Play '' ( PDF ) . Canadian Curling Association . September 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 23 May 2016 . Retrieved 7 March 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 7 Basic Strategy '' . The Curling Manual . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shooting Percentages '' . CurlingZone . Archived from the original on 27 September 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling 8 Ender '' . YouTube . Archived from the original on 22 September 2011 . Retrieved 20 October 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harvey , George . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Levack , John . `` The Curlers at Rawyards '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutch School '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hardie , Charles Martin . `` Curling at Carsebreck '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maguire , John Elliot . `` Curling Stone Workshop '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGhie , John . `` The Curlers '' . ArtUK . Retrieved 15 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Curling ; -- a Scottish Game , at Central Park '' . The Museum of Fine Arts , Houston . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Kings of the World : The Curling Richardsons '' . CBC Television . 13 March 2004 . Archived from the original on 28 April 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rossiter , S. B ( 1898 ) . Curler 's sermons : preached before the Grand National Curling Club . New York : Bonnell , Silver & Co . Retrieved 16 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Spirit of Curling '' . RCMP Curling Club , Ottawa . Archived from the original on 17 May 2013 . Retrieved 23 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pearson , Patricia ( March -- April 2009 ) . `` How one woman fell in love with curling '' . Best Health . Archived from the original on 9 February 2010 . Retrieved 1 February 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 4 - Using a Throwing Device '' . The Curling School . Curltech . Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 . Retrieved 16 December 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World Masters Curling World Masters Curling Archived 10 January 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catch the fanfare of Fox February '' . The Futon Critic. 25 January 2010 . Retrieved 25 January 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Men With Brooms IMDB Entry '' . Retrieved 8 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Glennon , Morgan ( 5 January 2012 ) . `` Men With Brooms : Requiem for an Obscure Canadian Sitcom '' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 7 August 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mott , Morris ; Allardyce , John ( 1989 ) . Curling Capital Winnipeg and the Roarin ' Game , 1876 to 1988 . Winnipeg : University of Manitoba Press . ISBN 0 - 88755 - 145 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Richard , Pierre ( 2006 ) . Une Histoire Sociale du Curling au Québec , de 1807 à 1980 ( in French ) . Trois - Rivières : Université du Québec . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Curling . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article Curling . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> World Curling Federation </Li> <Li> CBC Digital Archives -- Curling : Sweeping the Nation </Li> <Li> Bonspiel ! 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Curling&oldid=832035862 | -2,460,252,523,746,235,000 |
The enemy of my enemy is my friend - wikipedia <H1> The enemy of my enemy is my friend </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The enemy of my enemy is my friend is an ancient proverb which suggests that two opposing parties can or should work together against a common enemy . The earliest known expression of this concept is found in a Sanskrit treatise on statecraft , the Arthashastra , which dates to around the 4th century BC , while the first recorded use of the current English version came in 1884 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 International policy </Li> <Li> 2 World War II </Li> <Li> 3 Cold War </Li> <Li> 4 Middle East </Li> <Li> 5 Balance theory </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> International policy ( edit ) </H2> <P> In his Arthashastra : Book VI , `` The Source of Sovereign States '' , Kautilya writes : </P> <P> The king who is situated anywhere immediately on the circumference of the conqueror 's territory is termed the enemy . The king who is likewise situated close to the enemy , but separated from the conqueror only by the enemy , is termed the friend ( of the conqueror ) . </P> -- Kautilya , Arthasastra <H2> World War II ( edit ) </H2> The Allies of World War II at the Yalta Conference : Winston Churchill , Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin , 1945 <P> The idea that `` the enemy of my enemy is my friend '' functioned in various guises as foreign policy by Allied powers during World War II . In Europe , tension was common between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union . Despite their inherent differences , they recognized a need to work together to meet the threat of Nazi aggression under the leadership of Adolf Hitler . Both U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill were wary of the Soviet Union under the leadership of Joseph Stalin . However , both developed policies with an understanding that Soviet cooperation was necessary for the Allied war effort to succeed . There is a quote from Winston Churchill made to his personal secretary John Colville on the eve of Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union ( Operation Barbarossa ) . He was quoted as saying , `` if Hitler invaded Hell , I would make at least a favorable reference to the Devil in the House of Commons . '' The Soviet leader reciprocated these feelings towards his Western allies . He was distrustful and feared that they would negotiate a separate peace with Nazi Germany . However , he also viewed their assistance as critical in resisting the Nazi invasion . </P> <P> The doctrine of `` the enemy of my enemy is my friend '' was employed by nation states in regions outside of the European theater as well . In the Second Sino - Japanese War , within the Pacific theater , an alliance was formed between Chinese Communists and Chinese Nationalists . Leading up to this , these forces had battled each other throughout the Chinese Civil War . However , they formed an alliance , the Second United Front in response to the mutual threat of Japanese aggression . Similarly , the Malayan Communist Party and the British Empire agreed a truce for the Malayan Campaign and subsequent Japanese Occupation . </P> <H2> Cold War ( edit ) </H2> <P> The doctrine was also used extensively during the Cold War between Western Bloc nations and the Soviet Union . The Soviets and the Chinese aided North Korea during the Korean War as well as the Viet Cong / North Vietnamese during the Vietnam War to oppose American foreign policy goals . Likewise , the United States and its allies supported the Afghan Mujahideen after the Soviet invasion in the hopes of thwarting the spread of Communism . In the Third World , both superpowers supported regimes whose values were at odds with the ideals espoused by their governments . These ideals were capitalism and democracy in the case of the United States , and the Marxist -- Leninist interpretation of Communism in the case of the Soviet Union . In order to oppose the spread of Communism , the United States government supported undemocratic regimes , such as Mobutu Sese Seko in Zaire , Suharto in Indonesia , and Augusto Pinochet in Chile . </P> <P> The support provided by the Soviet Union towards nations with overtly anti-Communist governments , such as Gamal Abdul Nasser in Egypt , in order to oppose American influence , is another example of `` the enemy of my enemy is my friend '' as policy on an international scale . The Soviets also backed India to counter both the pro-American Pakistani government and the People 's Republic of China ( following the Sino - Soviet split ) , despite the fact that India had a democratic government . Similarly , China , following the split , lent support to nations and factions that embraced an anti-Soviet , often Maoist form of Communism , but whose governments nonetheless embraced Sinophobic policies at home , such as the Khmer Rouge . </P> <H2> Middle East ( edit ) </H2> <P> In an example of this doctrine at work in Middle Eastern foreign policy , United States backed the Iraqi government under Saddam Hussein during the Iran -- Iraq War , as a strategic response to the anti-American Iranian Revolution of 1979 . A 2001 study of international relations in the Middle East used the proverb as the basis of its main thesis , examining how enmity between adverse nations evolve and alliances develop in response to common threats . </P> <H2> Balance theory ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Balance theory <P> In mathematical sociology a signed graph may be used to represent a social network that may or may not be balanced , depending upon the signs found along cycles . Fritz Heider considered a pair of friends with a common enemy as a balanced triangle . The full spectrum of changes induced by unbalanced networks was described by Anatol Rapoport : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The hypothesis implies roughly that attitudes of the group members will tend to change in such a way that one 's friends ' friends will tend to become one 's friends and one 's enemies ' enemies also one 's friends , and one 's enemies ' friends and one 's friends ' enemies will tend to become one 's enemies , and moreover , that these changes tend to operate even across several removes ( one 's friends ' friends ' enemies ' enemies tend become friends by an iterative process ) . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Frank Harary described how balance theory can predict coalition formation in international relations : </P> <Dl> <Dd> One can draw the signed graph of a given state of events and examine it for balance . If it is balanced there will be a tendency for the status quo . If it is not balanced , one should examine each of the bonds between pairs of nations in a cycle with regard to relative strength in the situation . One might then predict that the weakest such bond will change sign . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Harary illustrated the method as a gloss on some events in the Middle East using several signed graphs , one of which represented eight nations . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Frenemy </Li> <Li> You 're either with us , or against us </Li> <Li> Law of excluded middle </Li> <Li> Lesser of two evils principle </Li> <Li> Unholy alliance ( geopolitical ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Rangarajan , L.N. ( 1992 ) . The Arthashastra . New Delhi : Penguin Books India . p. 520 . ISBN 9780140446036 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wickman , Forrest ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) . `` Star Trek Into Darkness , fact - checked : Was the `` Enemy of My Enemy '' guy really killed by his friend ? `` . Slate.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Project South Asia '' . Columbia.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stefan Roosevelt & Stalin '' . Unc.edu . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sir Winston Churchill : A biography -- Churchill College '' . Chu.cam.ac.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kenez , Peter ( 2006 ) . A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End ( 2nd ed . ) . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0521682967 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Pike . `` Chinese Civil War '' . Globalsecurity.org . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Moscow on situation around Iraq -- PravdaReport '' . English.pravda.ru. 2002 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Mobutu Sese Seko , 66 , Longtime Dictator of Zaire '' . New York Times . 1997 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bevins , Vincent ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` What the United States Did in Indonesia '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Still Hidden : A Full Record Of What the U.S. Did in Chile '' . Hartford-hwp.com . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Middle East : Anti-Communist Rally '' . Time . 1961 - 06 - 23 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stuever , Hank ( 1970 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Washington Post : Breaking News , World , US , DC News & Analysis '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2014 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2014 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anatol Rapoport ( 1963 ) `` Mathematical models of social interaction '' , in Handbook of Mathematical Sociology , v. 2 , pp 493 -- 580 , especially 541 , editors : R.A. Galanter , R.R. Lace , E. Bush , John Wiley & Sons </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harary , Frank ( 1 June 1961 ) . `` A structural analysis of the situation in the Middle East in 1956 '' . Journal of Conflict Resolution . 5 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 178 . doi : 10.1177 / 002200276100500204 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_enemy_of_my_enemy_is_my_friend&oldid=854128572 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Adages </Li> <Li> International relations </Li> <Li> Proverbs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2017 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 04 : 25 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Raza Jaffrey - wikipedia <H1> Raza Jaffrey </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Raza Jaffrey </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> ( 1975 - 05 - 28 ) 28 May 1975 ( age 43 ) Liverpool , Merseyside , England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actor , singer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spouse ( s ) </Th> <Td> Miranda Raison ( m . 2007 ; div. 2009 ) Lara Pulver ( m . 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Children </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Raza Jaffrey , ( born 28 May 1975 ) is an English actor and singer , who starred as Dr. Neal Hudson on the CBS TV medical drama Code Black . He is best known for playing Zafar Younis on the BBC One spy drama series Spooks . In 2014 , he played Pakistani Lieutenant Colonel Aasar Khan in season 4 of the Showtime series Homeland . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life </Li> <Li> 2 Career </Li> <Li> 3 Personal life </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Film </Li> <Li> 4.2 Television </Li> <Li> 4.3 Radio </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jaffrey was born in Liverpool , Merseyside , the son of an Indian sea captain from Agra and an English mother from Liverpool . He grew up in London and was educated at Dulwich College ( 1986 -- 1991 ) , alongside fellow Spooks actor Rupert Penry - Jones . He studied English and Drama at Manchester University , and studied acting at Bristol Old Vic Theatre School . He intended to join the Royal Air Force as a pilot after leaving Manchester University . </P> <P> While at university , he appeared in a number of plays at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe , including The London Vertigo by Brian Friel , and at the Pendley Open Air Shakespeare Festival , including Henry VIII and A Comedy of Errors . In his final year at Manchester , he worked with Royal Shakespeare Company chief associate director Gregory Doran , which he has cited as one of the things that led him to apply for Bristol Old Vic Theatre School and eventually go on to become a professional actor . Throughout his time at Manchester , he was also the lead singer of a jazz funk band . He also participated on America 's Next Top Model . </P> <H2> Career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jaffrey has worked extensively on stage , appearing in Romeo and Juliet ( Haymarket Theatre ) , Cyrano De Bergerac ( Theatre Royal ) , East Is East ( Oldham Coliseum ) , and 14 Songs 2 Weddings and A Funeral ( Lyric Hammersmith , Birmingham Repertory Theatre ) . His break came in 2001 when he was cast as Sky in Mamma Mia ! at the Prince Edward Theatre , London , directed by Phyllida Lloyd . From this , he went on to land the leading role in Andrew Lloyd Webber 's production of A.R. Rahman 's Bombay Dreams at the Apollo Theatre , London , directed by Steven Pimlott . He won rave reviews for his performance , with the BBC hailing him as `` the most exciting new leading man to emerge in a London musical since Hugh Jackman became an overnight star in the National Theatre production of Oklahoma '' . </P> <P> After leaving Bombay Dreams he appeared in ITV1 's M.I.T. : Murder Investigation Team , the HBO / BBC co-production Dirty War , and the three part BBC drama Life Is n't All Ha Ha Hee Hee . In 2005 , he began work on the BBC One spy drama series Spooks as agent Zafar Younis . During this time , he returned to the stage , playing Orsino in Shakespeare 's Twelfth Night at the Albery Theatre , London , and was cast in the David Cronenberg film Eastern Promises . </P> <P> Jaffrey left Spooks to join the BBC One drama series Mistresses and went on to star in Sharpe 's Peril and the films Infinite Justice , for which he won the Best Supporting Actor Award at the Kara Film Festival , The Crew , and Harry Brown . In 2010 , he appeared in Sex and the City 2 as Gaurav . He then went on to star as cheating boyfriend Mike in the BBC1 comedy Accidental Farmer . </P> <P> In 2011 , he appeared as the French supervillain Cain on the NBC superhero drama The Cape before working for NBC again on the Steven Spielberg produced drama Smash , airing in early 2012 . In Smash , he played Dev , the English boyfriend of a rising Broadway star , working as a press officer in the New York Mayor 's office . He did not return to the show for its second season . </P> <P> Jaffrey still continues to sing and has performed in a number of concert productions , including singing at the London Palladium with the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra , and with the BBC Concert Orchestra for BBC Radio 2 . He was also the creator and co-producer of the dance show RED , a celebration of dozens of styles of movement and dance , brought together by their influences on and from India . He took the show to Johannesburg 's Nelson Mandela Theatre . He played the role of Billy Flynn in Chicago at the Garrick Theatre in London . </P> <H2> Personal Life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Jaffrey married fellow Spooks actress Miranda Raison in September 2007 , shortly after he left the show . They divorced in November 2009 . </P> <P> In late 2011 , Jaffrey began dating another Spooks actress , Lara Pulver , and the two were married on 27 December 2014 . The couple had a son in February 2017 . </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Film ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dirty War </Td> <Td> Rashid Dhar </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2006 </Td> <Td> Infinite Justice </Td> <Td> Kamal Khan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2007 </Td> <Td> Eastern Promises </Td> <Td> Doctor Aziz </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> The Crew </Td> <Td> Keith Thompson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2009 </Td> <Td> Harry Brown </Td> <Td> Father Bracken </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sex and the City 2 </Td> <Td> Butler Gaurau </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2016 </Td> <Td> The Rendezvous </Td> <Td> Jake Al - Shadi </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Television ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1999 </Td> <Td> EastEnders </Td> <Td> Mr. Datani </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2002 </Td> <Td> Casualty </Td> <Td> Hakkan Tahsin </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2004 -- 2007 </Td> <Td> Spooks </Td> <Td> Zafar Younis </Td> <Td> 23 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Murder Investigation Team </Td> <Td> Kareem Dobar </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Phone Tag '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2005 </Td> <Td> Life Is n't All Ha Ha Hee Hee </Td> <Td> Krishan </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Sharpe 's Peril </Td> <Td> Lance Naik Singh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 -- 2009 </Td> <Td> Mistresses </Td> <Td> Hari </Td> <Td> 12 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> The Cape </Td> <Td> Cain / Raimonde LeFleur </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Tarot '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2012 </Td> <Td> Smash </Td> <Td> Dev Sundaram </Td> <Td> Season 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Death in Paradise </Td> <Td> Adam Frost </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Once Upon a Time in Wonderland </Td> <Td> Taj </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit </Td> <Td> Defense Lawyer </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Spring Awakening '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 - 2015 </Td> <Td> Elementary </Td> <Td> Andrew Mittal </Td> <Td> 4 episodes ; Recurring role </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2014 </Td> <Td> Homeland </Td> <Td> Aasar Khan </Td> <Td> 7 episodes ; Recurring role </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2015 </Td> <Td> Code Black </Td> <Td> Dr. Neal Hudson </Td> <Td> Main role </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2017 </Td> <Td> Adventure Time </Td> <Td> Danny </Td> <Td> Episode : `` Ring of Fire '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2018 </Td> <Td> Lost in Space </Td> <Td> Victor </Td> <Td> Recurring </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2019 </Td> <Td> The Enemy Within </Td> <Td> Ali Ziai </Td> <Td> Main role </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Radio ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2008 </Td> <Td> Double Science </Td> <Td> Danny Woods , Anish </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Eminent OAs , Drama : Penry - Jones , Rupert '' . Dulwich College . Archived from the original on 24 December 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apollo Victoria Theatre </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drama Faces : Raza Jaffrey '' . BBC . August 2005 . Archived from the original on 22 July 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dehlavi Films </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( 25 February 2011 ) . `` NBC 's ' Grimm ' And ' Smash ' Add To Casts '' . Deadline Hollywood . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( 5 March 2011 ) . `` Anjelica Huston Joins NBC 's Smash '' . TV Guide . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 2012 ) . `` ' Smash ' Shakeup : Four Stars Axed From Second Season '' . Hollywood Reporter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UPDATED : Brian d'Arcy James , Will Chase , Jaime Cepero and Raza Jaffrey Not Returning as Regulars on SMASH '' . Broadway World . May 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lyrics by Don Black - BBC Radio 2 concert '' . 17 July 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ RED : The Indian Dance Spectacular </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam Jacques ( 29 March 2015 ) . `` Camilla Schneideman & Lara Pulver : ' I realised the flapjacks I gave '' . The Independent . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Raza Jaffrey on IMDb </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNF : cb14189757m ( data ) </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 1944 3088 </Li> <Li> LCCN : no2003096115 </Li> <Li> MusicBrainz : e8c34ed8 - 1dbb - 4cfb - 8445 - 70672da2b9da </Li> <Li> VIAF : 5142387 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raza_Jaffrey&oldid=850415230 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1975 births </Li> <Li> Living people </Li> <Li> 20th - century English male actors </Li> <Li> 21st - century English male actors </Li> <Li> English people of Indian descent </Li> <Li> English male stage actors </Li> <Li> English male television actors </Li> <Li> English male film actors </Li> <Li> English male actors of South Asian descent </Li> <Li> British male actors of Indian descent </Li> <Li> People educated at Dulwich College </Li> <Li> People from Liverpool </Li> <Li> Alumni of the University of Manchester </Li> <Li> Alumni of Bristol Old Vic Theatre School </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use dmy dates from August 2016 </Li> <Li> Use British English from August 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 July 2018 , at 18 : 30 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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United States Secretary of Defense - wikipedia <H1> United States Secretary of Defense </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Secretary of Defense of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Seal of the Department of Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Flag of the Secretary of Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Incumbent James Mattis since January 20 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> United States Department of Defense Office of the Secretary of Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Style </Th> <Td> Mr. Secretary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Member of </Th> <Td> The Cabinet National Security Council </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reports to </Th> <Td> The President </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seat </Th> <Td> The Pentagon , Arlington County , Virginia , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appointer </Th> <Td> The President with Senate advice and consent </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Term length </Th> <Td> No fixed term </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituting instrument </Th> <Td> 10 U.S.C. § 113 50 U.S.C. § 401 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Precursor </Th> <Td> Secretary of War Secretary of the Navy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inaugural holder </Th> <Td> James Forrestal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> September 17 , 1947 ; 70 years ago ( 1947 - 09 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succession </Th> <Td> Sixth </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deputy </Th> <Td> Deputy Secretary of Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Salary </Th> <Td> Executive Schedule , Level 1 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> Defense.gov </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Secretary of Defense ( SecDef ) is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense , an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America . The Secretary of Defense 's power over the United States military is second only to that of the President . This position corresponds to what is generally known as a Defense Minister in many other countries . The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate , and is by custom a member of the Cabinet and by law a member of the National Security Council . </P> <P> Secretary of Defense is a statutory office , and the general provision in 10 U.S.C. § 113 provides that the Secretary of Defense has `` authority , direction and control over the Department of Defense '' , and is further designated by the same statute as `` the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to the Department of Defense '' . Ensuring civilian control of the military , an individual may not be appointed as Secretary of Defense within seven years after relief from active duty as a commissioned officer of a regular ( i.e. , non-reserve ) component of an armed force . </P> <P> The Secretary of Defense is in the chain of command and exercises command and control , for both operational and administrative purposes subject only to the orders of the President , over all Department of Defense forces : the Army , Marine Corps , Navy , and Air Force . This is also extended to the United States Coast Guard during any period of time in which its command and control is transferred to the Department of Defense . Only the Secretary of Defense ( or the President ) can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments ( the departments of the Army , Navy , and Air Force ) and the nine Combatant Commands ( Africa Command , Central Command , European Command , Northern Command , Pacific Command , Southern Command , Special Operations Command , Strategic Command , Transportation Command ) . Because the Office of Secretary of Defense is vested with legal powers which exceed those of any commissioned officer , and is second only to the President in the military hierarchy , it has sometimes unofficially been referred to as a de facto `` deputy commander - in - chief '' . The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense and the President , and while the Chairman may assist the Secretary and President in their command functions , the Chairman is not in the chain of command . </P> <P> The Secretary of Defense , Secretary of State , the Attorney General , and the Secretary of the Treasury are generally regarded as the four most important cabinet officials because of the importance of their departments . </P> <P> The current Secretary of Defense is retired United States Marine Corps general James Mattis , who was confirmed and sworn in on January 20 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Powers and functions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Office of the Secretary of Defense </Li> <Li> 2.2 Awards and decorations </Li> <Li> 2.3 Congressional committees </Li> <Li> 2.4 National Security Council </Li> <Li> 2.5 Role in the military justice system </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Amenities <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Salary </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 List of Secretaries of Defense </Li> <Li> 5 Succession <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Presidential succession </Li> <Li> 5.2 Secretary of Defense succession </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Living former Secretaries of Defense </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Footnotes </Li> <Li> 8.2 Sources <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 1 Federal law </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2 Directives , regulations and manuals </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Primary historical sources <Ul> <Li> 9.1. 1 Online sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History </H2> Seal of the National Military Establishment ( 1947 -- 1949 ) , which was reorganized into the Department of Defense . <P> The Army , Navy , and Marine Corps were established in 1775 , in concurrence with the American Revolution . The War Department , headed by the Secretary of War , was created by Act of Congress in 1789 and was responsible for both the Army and Navy until the founding of a separate Department of the Navy in 1798 . </P> <P> Based on the experiences of World War II , proposals were soon made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment . The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization and the status quo . The resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints . The Act merged the Department of War ( which was renamed as the Department of the Army ) with the Department of the Navy to form the National Military Establishment ( NME ) , presided over by the Secretary of Defense . The Act also separated the Army Air Forces ( known before and very early in the war as the Army Air Corps ) from the Department of the Army to become its own branch of service , the Department of the Air Force . ( Each branch was provided with its own Secretary . ) At first , each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status . The first Secretary of Defense , James Forrestal , who in his previous capacity as Secretary of the Navy had opposed creation of the new position , found it difficult to exercise authority over the other branches with the limited powers his office had at the time . To address this and other problems , the National Security Act was amended in 1949 to further consolidate the national defense structure in order to reduce interservice rivalry , directly subordinate the Secretaries of the Army , the Navy and the Air Force to the Secretary of Defense in the chain of command , and rename the National Military Establishment as the Department of Defense , making it one Executive Department . The position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense , the number two position in the department , was also created at this time . </P> <P> The general trend since 1949 has been to further centralize management in the Department of Defense , elevating the status and authorities of civilian OSD appointees and defense - wide organizations at the expense of the military departments and the services within them . The last major revision of the statutory framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater -- Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 . In particular , it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers , making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made . </P> <H2> Powers and functions </H2> Main article : Organizational structure of the United States Department of Defense The Secretary of War ( now Secretary of Defense ) is the regular constitutional organ of the President for the administration of the military establishment of the nation ; and rules and orders publicly promulgated through him must be received as the acts of the executive , and as such , be binding upon all within the sphere of his legal and constitutional authority . Such regulations can not be questioned or denied because they may be thought unwise or mistaken ... United States v. Eliason , 41 U.S. 291 ( 1842 ) Nor is it necessary for the Secretary of War ( now Secretary of Defense ) in promulgating such rules or orders to state that they emanate from the President , for the presumption is that the Secretary is acting with the President 's approbation and under his direction . In re Brodie , 128 Fed . 668 ( CCA 8th 1904 ) Department of Defense organizational chart ( December 2013 ) <P> The Secretary of Defense , appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate , is by federal law ( 10 U.S.C. § 113 ) the head of the Department of Defense , `` the principal assistant to the President in all matters relating to Department of Defense '' , and has `` authority , direction and control over the Department of Defense '' . Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President , the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities . Since it is impractical for either Congress or the President to participate in every piece of Department of Defense affairs , the Secretary of Defense , and the Secretary 's subordinate officials generally exercise military authority . </P> <P> As the head of DoD , all officials , employees and service members are `` under '' the Secretary of Defense . Some of those high - ranking officials , civil and military ( outside of OSD and the Joint Staff ) are : the Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , and Secretary of the Air Force , Army Chief of Staff , Commandant of the Marine Corps , Chief of Naval Operations , and Air Force Chief of Staff , Chief of the National Guard Bureau and the Combatant Commanders of the Combatant Commands . All of these high - ranking positions , civil and military , require Senate confirmation . </P> <P> The Department of Defense is composed of the Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) , the Joint Chiefs of Staff ( JCS ) and the Joint Staff ( JS ) , Office of the Inspector General ( DODIG ) , the Combatant Commands , the Military Departments ( Department of the Army ( DA ) , Department of the Navy ( DON ) & Department of the Air Force ( DAF ) ) , the Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities , the National Guard Bureau ( NGB ) , and such other offices , agencies , activities , organizations , and commands established or designated by law , or by the President or by the Secretary of Defense . </P> <P> Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the organizational relationships within the Department , and is the foundational issuance for delineating the major functions of the Department . The latest version , signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010 , is the first major re-write since 1987 . </P> <H3> Office of the Secretary of Defense </H3> Main article : Office of the Secretary of Defense <P> The Secretary 's principally civilian staff element is called the Office of the Secretary of Defense ( OSD ) and is composed of the Deputy Secretary of Defense ( DEPSECDEF ) and five Under Secretaries of Defense in the fields of Acquisition , Technology & Logistics , Comptroller / Chief Financial Officer , Intelligence , Personnel & Readiness , and Policy ; several Assistant Secretaries of Defense ; other directors and the staffs under them . </P> <P> The name of the principally military staff organization , organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , is the Joint Staff ( JS ) . </P> <H3> Awards and Decorations </H3> <P> The Defense Distinguished Service Medal ( DDSM ) , the Defense Superior Service Medal ( DSSM ) , the Defense Meritorious Service Medal ( DMSM ) , the Joint Service Commendation Medal ( JSCM ) and the Joint Service Achievement Medal ( JSAM ) are awarded , to military personnel for service in joint duty assignments , in the name of the Secretary of Defense . In addition , there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award ( JMUA ) , which is the only ribbon ( as in non-medal ) and unit award issued to joint DoD activities , also issued in the name of the Secretary of Defense . </P> <P> The DDSM is analogous to the distinguished services medals issued by the military departments ( i.e. Army Distinguished Service Medal , Navy Distinguished Service Medal & Air Force Distinguished Service Medal ) , the DSSM corresponds to the Legion of Merit , the DMSM to the Meritorious Service Medal , the JSCM to the service commendation medals , and the JSAM to the achievement medals issued by the services . While the approval authority for DSSM , DMSM , JSCM , JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials : the DDSM can only be awarded by the Secretary of Defense . </P> <P> Recommendations for the Medal of Honor ( MOH ) , formally endorsed in writing by the Secretary of the Military Department concerned and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff , are processed through the Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness , and such recommendations be must approved by the Secretary of Defense before it can be handed over to the President , who is the final approval authority for the MOH , although it is awarded in the name of Congress . </P> <P> The Secretary of Defense , with the concurrence of the Secretary of State , is the approval authority for the acceptance and wear of NATO medals issued by the Secretary General of NATO and offered to the U.S. Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U.S. Service members who meet the eligibility criteria specified by NATO . </P> <H3> Congressional committees </H3> <P> As the head of the department , the Secretary of Defense is the chief witness for the congressional committees with oversight responsibilities over the Department of Defense . The most important committees , with respect to the entire department , are the two authorizing committees , the Senate Armed Services Committee ( SASC ) and the House Armed Services Committee ( HASC ) , and the two appropriations committees , the Senate Appropriations Committee and the House Appropriations Committee . </P> <P> For the DoD intelligence programs the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence and the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence have the principal oversight role . </P> <H3> National Security Council </H3> <P> The Secretary of Defense is a statutory member of the National Security Council . As one of the principals , the Secretary along with the Vice President , Secretary of State and the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs participates in biweekly Principals Committee ( PC ) meetings , preparing and coordinating issues before they are brought before full NSC sessions chaired by the President . </P> <H3> Role in the military justice system </H3> <P> The Secretary is one of only five or six civilians -- the others being the President , the three `` service secretaries '' ( the Secretary of the Army , Secretary of the Navy , and Secretary of the Air Force ) , and the Secretary of Homeland Security ( when the United States Coast Guard is under the United States Department of Homeland Security and has not been transferred to the Department of the Navy under the Department of Defense ) -- authorized to act as convening authority in the military justice system for General Courts - Martial ( 10 U.S.C. § 822 : article 22 , UCMJ ) , Special Courts - Martial ( 10 U.S.C. § 823 : article 23 , UCMJ ) , and Summary Courts - Martial ( 10 U.S.C. § 824 : article 24 UCMJ ) . </P> <H2> Amenities </H2> <H3> Salary </H3> <P> Secretary of Defense is a Level I position of the Executive Schedule , and thus earns a salary of $203,700 per year as of January 2015 . </P> <H2> List of Secretaries of Defense </H2> <P> The longest - serving Secretary of Defense is Robert McNamara , who served for a total of 2,595 days . Combining his two non-sequential services as Secretary of Defense , the second longest serving is Donald Rumsfeld , who served just ten days fewer than McNamara . The shortest - serving Secretary of Defense is Elliot Richardson , who was quickly moved to US Attorney General after 114 days due to resignations during the Watergate Scandal ( not counting Deputy Secretary of Defense William P. Clements and William Howard Taft IV , who each served a few weeks as temporary / acting Secretary of Defense ) . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Parties </Dt> </Dl> <P> Democratic Republican Political Independent / Unknown </P> <Dl> <Dt> Status </Dt> </Dl> Denotes an Acting Secretary of Defense <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . </Th> <Th> Portrait </Th> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> State of Residence </Th> <Th> Took Office </Th> <Th> Left Office </Th> <Th> Days served </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> President serving under </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> James V. Forrestal </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> September 17 , 1947 </Td> <Td> March 28 , 1949 </Td> <Td> 558 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harry S Truman </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Louis A. Johnson </Td> <Td> West Virginia </Td> <Td> March 28 , 1949 </Td> <Td> September 19 , 1950 </Td> <Td> 540 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> George C. Marshall </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> September 21 , 1950 </Td> <Td> September 12 , 1951 </Td> <Td> 356 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert A. Lovett </Td> <Td> New York </Td> <Td> September 17 , 1951 </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1953 </Td> <Td> 491 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Charles E. Wilson </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> January 28 , 1953 </Td> <Td> October 8 , 1957 </Td> <Td> 1714 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dwight D. Eisenhower </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Neil H. McElroy </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> October 9 , 1957 </Td> <Td> December 1 , 1959 </Td> <Td> 783 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Thomas S. Gates , Jr . </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> December 2 , 1959 </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1961 </Td> <Td> 415 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert S. McNamara </Td> <Td> Michigan </Td> <Td> January 21 , 1961 </Td> <Td> February 29 , 1968 </Td> <Td> 1035 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> John F. Kennedy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1560 ( 2595 total ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lyndon B. Johnson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Clark M. Clifford </Td> <Td> Maryland </Td> <Td> March 1 , 1968 </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1969 </Td> <Td> 325 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Melvin R. Laird </Td> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> January 22 , 1969 </Td> <Td> January 29 , 1973 </Td> <Td> 1468 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard Nixon </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Elliot L. Richardson </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> January 30 , 1973 </Td> <Td> May 24 , 1973 </Td> <Td> 114 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> William P. Clements , Jr . Acting </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> May 24 , 1973 </Td> <Td> July 2 , 1973 </Td> <Td> 39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> James R. Schlesinger </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> July 2 , 1973 </Td> <Td> November 19 , 1975 </Td> <Td> 403 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 467 ( 870 total ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Gerald Ford </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donald Rumsfeld </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> November 20 , 1975 </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1977 </Td> <Td> 427 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Harold Brown </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> January 21 , 1977 </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1981 </Td> <Td> 1460 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Jimmy Carter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Caspar Weinberger </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> January 21 , 1981 </Td> <Td> November 23 , 1987 </Td> <Td> 2497 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ronald Reagan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Frank Carlucci </Td> <Td> Virginia </Td> <Td> November 23 , 1987 </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1989 </Td> <Td> 424 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> -- </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> William Howard Taft IV Acting </Td> <Td> Ohio </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1989 </Td> <Td> March 21 , 1989 </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Richard B. Cheney </Td> <Td> Wyoming </Td> <Td> March 21 , 1989 </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1993 </Td> <Td> 1401 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leslie Aspin </Td> <Td> Wisconsin </Td> <Td> January 21 , 1993 </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1994 </Td> <Td> 378 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bill Clinton </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> William J. Perry </Td> <Td> Pennsylvania </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1994 </Td> <Td> January 23 , 1997 / January 24 , 1997 </Td> <Td> 1085 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> William S. Cohen </Td> <Td> Maine </Td> <Td> January 24 , 1997 </Td> <Td> January 20 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 1457 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donald Rumsfeld </Td> <Td> Illinois </Td> <Td> January 20 , 2001 </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 2158 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> George W. Bush </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Robert M. Gates </Td> <Td> Texas </Td> <Td> December 18 , 2006 </Td> <Td> June 30 , 2011 </Td> <Td> 764 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 891 ( 1,655 total ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Barack Obama </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Leon Panetta </Td> <Td> California </Td> <Td> July 1 , 2011 </Td> <Td> February 26 , 2013 </Td> <Td> 606 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chuck Hagel </Td> <Td> Nebraska </Td> <Td> February 27 , 2013 </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> 720 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Ash Carter </Td> <Td> Massachusetts </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2015 </Td> <Td> January 19 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 702 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> James Mattis </Td> <Td> Washington </Td> <Td> January 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Present </Td> <Td> 249 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Donald Trump </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Succession </H2> <H3> Presidential succession </H3> <P> The Secretary of Defense is sixth in the presidential line of succession , following the Secretary of the Treasury and preceding the Attorney General . </P> <H3> Secretary of Defense succession </H3> <P> In Executive Order 13533 of March 1 , 2010 , President Barack Obama modified the line of succession regarding who would act as Secretary of Defense in the event of a vacancy or incapacitation , thus reversing the changes made by President George W. Bush in Executive Order 13394 as to the relative positions of the Secretaries of the Military Departments . All of the officials in the line of succession are civilians appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <P> Executive Order 13533 ( March 1 , 2010 -- present ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Office </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Secretary of Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Deputy Secretary of Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Army </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Navy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology , and Logistics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of Defense for Policy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Deputy Chief Management Officer of the Department of Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology , and Logistics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Principal Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Director of Defense Research and Engineering </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> General Counsel of the Department of Defense Assistant Secretaries of Defense Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Nuclear and Chemical and Biological Defense Programs Director of Operational Test and Evaluation Director of Operational Energy Plans and Programs and the Director of Cost Assessment and Program Evaluation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of the Army Under Secretary of the Navy and the Under Secretary of the Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> Assistant Secretaries of the Army Assistant Secretaries of the Navy Assistant Secretaries of the Air Force General Counsel of the Army General Counsel of the Navy and the General Counsel of the Air Force </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <P> Executive Order 13394 ( December 22 , 2005 -- March 1 , 2010 ) </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> # </Th> <Th> Office </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Secretary of Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Deputy Secretary of Defense </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of Defense for Policy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology , and Logistics </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Army </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Secretary of the Navy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness and the Under Secretary of Defense ( Comptroller ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Policy and the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Personnel and Readiness </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> General Counsel of the Department of Defense Assistant Secretaries of Defense and the Director of Operational Test and Evaluation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Deputy Under Secretary of Defense for Logistics and Material Readiness and the Director of Defense Research and Engineering </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Under Secretary of the Army Under Secretary of the Navy and the Under Secretary of the Air Force </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Assistant Secretaries of the Army Assistant Secretaries of the Navy Assistant Secretaries of the Air Force General Counsel of the Army General Counsel of the Navy and the General Counsel of the Air Force </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Living former Secretaries of Defense </H2> See also : List of living former members of the United States Cabinet <P> As of January 2017 , there are ten living former Secretaries of Defense , the oldest being Harold Brown ( 1977 -- 1981 , born 1927 ) . The most recent Secretary of Defense to die was Melvin Laird ( 1969 -- 1973 ) , on November 16 , 2016 . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Term of office </Th> <Th> Date of birth ( and age ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Donald Rumsfeld </Td> <Td> 1975 -- 1977 , 2001 -- 2006 </Td> <Td> ( 1932 - 07 - 09 ) July 9 , 1932 ( age 85 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harold Brown </Td> <Td> 1977 -- 1981 </Td> <Td> ( 1927 - 09 - 19 ) September 19 , 1927 ( age 90 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Frank Carlucci </Td> <Td> 1987 -- 1989 </Td> <Td> ( 1930 - 10 - 18 ) October 18 , 1930 ( age 86 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dick Cheney </Td> <Td> 1989 -- 1993 </Td> <Td> ( 1941 - 01 - 30 ) January 30 , 1941 ( age 76 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Perry </Td> <Td> 1994 -- 1997 </Td> <Td> ( 1927 - 10 - 11 ) October 11 , 1927 ( age 89 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Cohen </Td> <Td> 1997 -- 2001 </Td> <Td> ( 1940 - 08 - 28 ) August 28 , 1940 ( age 77 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Robert Gates </Td> <Td> 2006 -- 2011 </Td> <Td> ( 1943 - 09 - 25 ) September 25 , 1943 ( age 74 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leon Panetta </Td> <Td> 2011 -- 2013 </Td> <Td> ( 1938 - 06 - 28 ) June 28 , 1938 ( age 79 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chuck Hagel </Td> <Td> 2013 -- 2015 </Td> <Td> ( 1946 - 10 - 04 ) October 4 , 1946 ( age 70 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ash Carter </Td> <Td> 2015 -- 2017 </Td> <Td> September 24 , 1954 ( age 62 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of United States Secretaries of Defense by time in office </Li> <Li> Base Realignment and Closure Commission </Li> <Li> Boeing E-4 </Li> <Li> Challenge coin </Li> <Li> Combat Exclusion Policy </Li> <Li> Commission to Assess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States </Li> <Li> Continuity of Operations Plan </Li> <Li> CONPLAN 8022 - 02 </Li> <Li> Defense Policy Board Advisory Committee </Li> <Li> Defense Support of Civil authorities </Li> <Li> Department of Defense Directive 2310 </Li> <Li> Designated survivor </Li> <Li> Emergency Action Message </Li> <Li> Global Command and Control System </Li> <Li> Gold Codes </Li> <Li> Hamdan v. Rumsfeld </Li> <Li> Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System </Li> <Li> Key West Agreement </Li> <Li> McCarran Internal Security Act </Li> <Li> Military Commissions Act of 2006 </Li> <Li> Military operation plan </Li> <Li> National Command Authority </Li> <Li> National Industrial Security Program </Li> <Li> National Security Strategy ( United States ) </Li> <Li> Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge </Li> <Li> Packard Commission </Li> <Li> Permissive Action Link </Li> <Li> Presidential Successor Support System </Li> <Li> Quadrennial Defense Review </Li> <Li> Rules of engagement </Li> <Li> Secretary of Defense Employer Support Freedom Award </Li> <Li> Single Integrated Operational Plan </Li> <Li> State secrets privilege </Li> <Li> Stop - loss policy </Li> <Li> Two - man rule </Li> <Li> Unconventional warfare ( United States Department of Defense doctrine ) </Li> <Li> United States Foreign Military Financing </Li> <Li> US Commission on National Security / 21st Century </Li> </Ul> <H2> References </H2> <H3> Footnotes </H3> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Trask & Goldberg : p. 177 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/UniformedServices/Flags/Pos_Colors_DoD.aspx , accessed on 2012 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 3 U.S. Code § 19 - Vacancy in offices of both President and Vice President ; officers eligible to act '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 5 U.S.C. § 5312 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 113 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DoDD 5100.1 : Enclosure 2 : a </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 5 U.S.C. § 101 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trask & Goldberg : p. 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nato.int/cps/en/SID-C0FDE451-36F2483B/natolive/nato_countries.htm , accessed on 2012 - 01 - 04 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 50 U.S.C. § 402 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The National Security Act of 1947 originally required an interval of ten years after relief from active duty , which was reduced to seven years by Sec. 903 ( a ) of the 2008 National Defense Authorization Act . In 1950 Congress passed special legislation ( Pub . Law 81 - 788 ) to allow George C. Marshall to serve as Secretary of Defense while remaining a commissioned officer on the active list of the Army ( Army regulations kept all five - star generals on active duty for life ) , but warned : <P> It is hereby expressed as the intent of the Congress that the authority granted by this Act is not to be construed as approval by the Congress of continuing appointments of military men to the office of Secretary of Defense in the future . It is hereby expressed as the sense of the Congress that after General Marshall leaves the office of Secretary of Defense , no additional appointments of military men to that office shall be approved . </P> <P> See Defenselink bio , retrieved 8 / 2 / 2010 ; and Marshall Foundation bio , retrieved 8 / 2 / 2010 . </P> </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 10 U.S.C. § 162 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joint Publication 1 : II - 9 , II - 10 & II - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 3011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 5011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 8011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trask & Goldberg : pp. 11 & 52 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cohen : p. 231 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.americanprogress.org/issues/2006/10/rumsfeld.html , accessed on 2012 - 01 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 10 U.S.C. § 152 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabinets and Counselors : The President and the Executive Branch ( 1997 ) . Congressional Quarterly . p. 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Senate confirms retired Gen. James Mattis as defense secretary , breaking with decades of precedent '' . The Washington Post . January 20 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DoDD 5100.1 : p. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DoDM 1348.33 , Vol 3 : p. 39 ( Enclosure 3 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 50 U.S.C. § 402 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James V. Forrestal - Harry S. Truman Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Louis A. Johnson - Harry S. Truman Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` George C. Marshall - Harry S. Truman Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Robert A. Lovett - Harry S. Truman Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charles E. Wilson - Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Neil H. McElroy - Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Thomas S. Gates , Jr . - Dwight D. Eisenhower Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Robert S. McNamara - John F. Kennedy / Lyndon Johnson Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Clark M. Gifford - Lyndon Johnson Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Melvin R. Laird - Richard Nixon Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Elliot L. Richardson - Richard Nixon Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cantwell , Gerald T. Citizen Airmen : A History of the Air Force Reserve 1946 -- 1994 . DIANE Publishing . p. 252 . In June 1973 , Representative O.C. Fisher complained to William P. Clements , Jr. , acting Secretary of Defense , that the authority , responsibility , and , consequently , effectiveness of the chiefs of the various reserve components seemed to be eroding . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James R. Schlesinger - Richard Nixon / Gerald Ford Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donald H. Rumsfeld - Gerald Ford Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Harold Brown - James Carter Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Caspar W. Weinberger - Ronald Reagan Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frank C. Carlucci - Ronald Reagan Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` II . Secretaries of Defense '' ( PDF ) . Washington Headquarters Services - Pentagon Digital Library . p. 9 . ( Deputy Secretary of Defense William H. Taft served as acting secretary of defense from 20 January 1989 until 21 March 1989 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Richard B. Cheney - George H.W. Bush Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leslie Aspin - William J. Clinton Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` William J. Perry - William J. Clinton Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` II . Secretaries of Defense '' ( PDF ) . Washington Headquarters Services - Pentagon Digital Library . p. 10 . Sworn in as secretary of defense on 3 February 1994 and served until 24 January 1997 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` William S. Cohen - William J. Clinton Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Donald H. Rumsfeld - George W. Bush Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Robert M. Gates - George W. Bush / Barack Obama Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Leon E. Panetta - Barack Obama Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Chuck Hagel - Barack Obama Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ashton B. Carter - Barack Obama Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James N. Mattis - Donald Trump Administration '' . Office of the Secretary of Defense - Historical Office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 3 U.S.C. § 19 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Sources </H3> Federal law <Ul> <Li> Title 10 of the United States Code </Li> <Li> Title 50 of the United States Code </Li> </Ul> Directives , regulations and manuals <Ul> <Li> Department of Defense Directive 5100.1 : Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components ( PDF ) . Department of Defense Directive . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Defense . 2010 - 12 - 21 . </Li> <Li> Department of Defense Manual 1348.33 , Volume 1 : Manual of Military Decorations and Awards : General Information , Medal of Honor , and Defense / Joint Decorations and Awards ( PDF ) . Department of Defense Manual . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Defense . 2013 - 03 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Department of Defense Manual 1348.33 , Volume 2 : Manual of Military Decorations and Awards : General Information , Medal of Honor , and Defense / Joint Decorations and Awards ( PDF ) . Department of Defense Manual . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Defense . 2013 - 05 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Department of Defense Manual 1348.33 , Volume 3 : Manual of Military Decorations and Awards : General Information , Medal of Honor , and Defense / Joint Decorations and Awards ( PDF ) . Department of Defense Manual . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Defense . 2010 - 11 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Joint Publication 1 -- Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States ( PDF ) . Joint Publications . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Defense . 2013 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Joint Publication 1 - 04 -- Legal Support to Military Operations ( PDF ) . Joint Publications . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Department of Defense . 2011 - 08 - 17 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cohen , Eliot A. ( 2003 ) . Supreme Command : soldiers , statesmen and leadership in wartime . New York : Anchor Books . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 3404 - 8 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cole , Alice C. ; Goldberg , Alfred ; Tucker , Samuel A. ; et al. , eds. ( 1978 ) . The Department of Defense : Documents on Establishment and Organization 1944 -- 1978 ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Historical Office , Office of the Secretary of Defense / U.S. Government Printing Office . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Huntington , Samuel P. ( 1957 ) . The Soldier and the State . Cambridge , Massachusetts : The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press . ISBN 0 - 674 - 81736 - 2 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> King , Archibald ( 1960 ) ( 1949 ) . Command of the Army ( PDF ) . Military Affairs . Charlottesville , Virginia : The Judge Advocate General 's School , U.S. Army . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mahan , Erin R. , and Jeffrey A. Larsen , eds. ( 2012 ) `` Evolution of the Secretary of Defense in the Era of Massive Retaliation : Charles Wilson , Neil McElroy , and Thomas Gates , 1953 -- 1961 , '' Cold War Foreign Policy Series : Special Study 3 ( September 2012 ) , vii -- 41 . </Li> <Li> Stevenson , Charles A. ( 2006 ) . SECDEF : the nearly impossible job of Secretary of Defense . Dulles , Virginia : Potomac Books . ISBN 1 - 57488 - 794 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Trask , Roger R. ; Goldberg , Alfred ( 1997 ) . The Department of Defense 1997 - 1947 : Organization and Leaders ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Historical Office , Office of the Secretary of Defense / U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 0 - 16 - 049163 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Department of Defense Key Officials 1947 -- 2013 ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : Historical Office , Office of the Secretary of Defense . 2013 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary Historical sources </H3> <Ul> <Li> Cheney , Dick ; Cheney , Liz ( 2011 ) . In My Time : A Personal and Political Memoir . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4391 - 7619 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Rumsfeld , Donald ( 2011 ) . Known and Unknown : A Memoir . New York : Sentinel . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59523 - 067 - 6 . </Li> </Ul> Online sources <Ul> <Li> `` Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 Functions of the Department of Defense and Its Major Components '' . Office of the Secretary Defense , Director of Administration and Management , Directorate for Organizational & Management Planning . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Secretary of Defense . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website <Ul> <Li> DoD Issuances </Li> <Li> Director of Administration & Management , Office of the Secretary of Defense </Li> <Li> Executive Secretary , Office of the Secretary of Defense </Li> <Li> Historical Office , Office of the Secretary of Defense </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Current U.S. order of precedence ( ceremonial ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Steve Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury </Td> <Td> Order of Precedence of the United States as Secretary of the Treasury </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Jeff Sessions as Attorney General </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Current U.S. presidential line of succession </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin </Td> <Td> 6th in line </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Attorney General Jeff Sessions </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> United States Secretaries of Defense </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Forrestal </Li> <Li> Johnson </Li> <Li> Marshall </Li> <Li> Lovett </Li> <Li> Wilson </Li> <Li> McElroy </Li> <Li> T. 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Spencer </Dd> <Dd> Secretary of the Air Force : Heather Wilson </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff </Dt> <Dd> Gen Joe Dunford , USMC </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Under Secretaries of Defense for </Dt> <Dd> Acquisition , Technology and Logistics : Frank Kendall </Dd> <Dd> Policy : James Miller </Dd> <Dd> Comptroller / Chief Financial Officer : Robert Hale </Dd> <Dd> Personnel and Readiness : Jessica Wright ( Acting ) </Dd> <Dd> Intelligence : Marcel Lettre </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Deputy Chief Management Officer </Dt> <Dd> Elizabeth McGrath </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff </Dt> <Dd> Gen Paul Selva , USAF </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Chiefs of the Military Services </Dt> <Dd> Chief of Staff of the Army : GEN Mark Milley </Dd> <Dd> Commandant of the Marine Corps : Gen Robert Neller </Dd> <Dd> Chief of Naval Operations : ADM John Richardson </Dd> <Dd> Chief of Staff of the Air Force : Gen David Goldfein </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Chief of the National Guard Bureau </Dt> <Dd> Gen Joseph Lengyel , USAF </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Unified Combatant Command Commanders </Dt> <Dd> Africa : Gen Tom Waldhauser , USMC </Dd> <Dd> Central : GEN Joe Votel , USA </Dd> <Dd> European : GEN Mike Scaparrotti , USA </Dd> <Dd> Northern : Gen Lori Robinson , USAF </Dd> <Dd> Pacific : ADM Harry Harris , USN </Dd> <Dd> Southern : ADM Kurt Tidd , USN </Dd> <Dd> Special Operations : GEN Tony Thomas , USA </Dd> <Dd> Strategic : Gen John Hyten , USAF </Dd> <Dd> Transportation : Gen Darren McDew , USAF </Dd> </Dl> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> - Acting </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States Department of Defense </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Headquarters : The Pentagon </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> James Mattis , Secretary of Defense </Li> <Li> Patrick M. Shanahan , Deputy Secretary of Defense </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Office of the Secretary of Defense ( including Defense Agencies and DoD Field Activities ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Deputy Secretary of Defense </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Deputy 's Advisory Working Group </Li> <Li> Office of Net Assessment </Li> <Li> Special Access Program Oversight Committee </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition , Technology and Logistics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Director , Defense Research and Engineering </Li> <Li> Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency </Li> <Li> Missile Defense Agency </Li> <Li> Defense Contract Management Agency </Li> <Li> Defense Logistics Agency </Li> <Li> Defense Technical Information Center </Li> <Li> Defense Threat Reduction Agency </Li> <Li> Office of Economic Adjustment </Li> <Li> Defense Acquisition University </Li> <Li> Defense Acquisition Board </Li> </Ul> </Td> 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Geospatial - Intelligence Agency </Li> <Li> National Reconnaissance Office </Li> <Li> National Security Agency ( Director ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Assistant Secretary of Defense for Public Affairs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Defense Media Activity ( American Forces Press Service , American Forces Radio and Television Service , Stars and Stripes , The Pentagon Channel ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General Counsel of the Department of Defense </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Defense Legal Services Agency </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Director of Administration and Management </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pentagon Force Protection Agency </Li> <Li> Washington Headquarters Services </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Military Departments </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Department of the Army </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Secretary of the Army The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Army </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary for Acquisition , Logistics , and Technology </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary for Civil Works </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary ( Financial Management and Comptroller ) </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Army for Installations , Energy and Environment </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Army for Manpower and Reserve Affairs </Li> <Li> General Counsel of the Army </Li> <Li> The Administrative Assistant The Army Staff : Chief of Staff of the Army </Li> <Li> Vice Chief of Staff of the Army </Li> <Li> Sergeant Major of the Army </Li> <Li> Deputy Chief of Staff G - 8 </Li> <Li> Chief of Chaplains </Li> <Li> Judge Advocate General </Li> <Li> Provost Marshal General </Li> <Li> Surgeon General U.S. Army field organizations : see Structure of the United States Army </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Department of the Navy </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Secretary of the Navy The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Navy </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Financial Management and Comptroller ) </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Installations and Environment ) </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Manpower and Reserve Affairs ) </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Research , Development and Acquisitions ) </Li> <Li> General Counsel of the Navy </Li> <Li> Judge Advocate General </Li> <Li> Naval Criminal Investigative Service </Li> <Li> Naval Inspector General Headquarters Marine Corps : Commandant of the Marine Corps </Li> <Li> Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps </Li> <Li> Sergeant Major of the Marine Corps </Li> <Li> Chaplain U.S. Marine Corps field organizations : see Organization of the United States Marine Corps Office of the Chief of Naval Operations : Chief of Naval Operations </Li> <Li> Vice Chief of Naval Operations </Li> <Li> Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy </Li> <Li> Director of Naval Reactors </Li> <Li> Chief of Chaplains </Li> <Li> Chief of Naval Personnel </Li> <Li> Surgeon General United States Navy field organizations : see Structure of the United States Navy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Department of the Air Force </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Secretary of the Air Force The Secretariat : Under Secretary of the Air Force </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Acquisition ) </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Financial Management & Comptroller ) </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Installations , Environment & Logistics ) </Li> <Li> Assistant Secretary of the Air Force ( Manpower & Reserve Affairs ) </Li> <Li> General Counsel of the Air Force </Li> <Li> Air Force Office of Special Investigations The Air Staff : Chief of Staff of the Air Force </Li> <Li> Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force </Li> <Li> Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force </Li> <Li> Chief of Chaplains </Li> <Li> Chief of Safety </Li> <Li> Chief Scientist </Li> <Li> Judge Advocate General </Li> <Li> Surgeon General U.S. Air Force field organizations : Major Commands </Li> 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Alex Acosta ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Health and Human Services ( Tom Price ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Housing and Urban Development ( Ben Carson ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Transportation ( Elaine Chao ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Energy ( Rick Perry ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Education ( Betsy DeVos ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Veterans Affairs ( David Shulkin ) </Li> <Li> Secretary of Homeland Security </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Although Elaine Chao is the current Secretary of Transportation , she is not a natural - born citizen ( acquired U.S. citizenship by naturalization ) and thus ineligible for the Presidency . </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Secretary_of_Defense&oldid=795612801 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1947 establishments in the United States </Li> <Li> Lists of members of the Cabinet of the United States </Li> <Li> Cabinet of the United States </Li> <Li> United States 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2018 Pro Bowl - wikipedia <H1> 2018 Pro Bowl </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> 2018 Pro Bowl <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> NFC </Th> <Th> AFC </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Head coach : Sean Payton ( New Orleans Saints ) </Th> <Th> Head coach : Mike Tomlin ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) </Th> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> January 28 , 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stadium </Th> <Td> Camping World Stadium , Orlando , Florida </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Offensive MVP </Th> <Td> Delanie Walker ( Tennessee Titans ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defensive MVP </Th> <Td> Von Miller ( Denver Broncos ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Referee </Th> <Td> Walt Anderson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Attendance </Th> <Td> 51,019 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Ceremonies </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> National anthem </Th> <Td> Jordan Fisher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coin toss </Th> <Td> Derrick Brooks Warrick Dunn Jason Taylor LaDainian Tomlinson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Halftime show </Th> <Td> Jordan Fisher </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> TV in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Network </Th> <Td> ESPN / ABC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Announcers </Th> <Td> Sean McDonough , Matt Hasselbeck , Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Radio in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Network </Th> <Td> Westwood One </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Announcers </Th> <Td> Kevin Kugler ( play - by - play ) Steve Tasker ( analyst ) Laura Okmin ( sideline reporter ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← 2017 </Li> <Li> Pro Bowl </Li> <Li> 2019 → </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 Pro Bowl was the National Football League 's all - star game for the 2017 season , which was played at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida on January 28 , 2018 . For the first time since 2008 , the game started during afternoon hours instead of primetime hours for U.S. Mainland viewers with a 3 : 00 PM ET start . It marked the second year the game was played in Orlando . It was televised nationally by ESPN and simulcasted on ABC . The roster was announced on December 19 on NFL Network . The AFC team won the game 24 -- 23 , the second straight year the Pro Bowl was won by the AFC . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Host selection process </Li> <Li> 1.2 Side events </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Game format <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Rule changes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Summary <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Box score </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 AFC rosters <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Offense </Li> <Li> 4.2 Defense </Li> <Li> 4.3 Special teams </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 NFC rosters <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Offense </Li> <Li> 5.2 Defense </Li> <Li> 5.3 Special teams </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Number of selections per team </Li> <Li> 7 Broadcasting </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Host selection process ( edit ) </H3> <P> Under a three - year deal that began in 2017 , the Pro Bowl will once again be hosted by Camping World Stadium in Orlando . </P> <H3> Side events ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Pro Bowl Skills Challenge was held on January 25 at the Walt Disney World Resort and its ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex . </P> <H2> Game format ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Rule changes ( edit ) </H3> <P> The game format was the same as for 2017 , highlighted by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Forty - four players were assigned to each team , up from 43 in 2016 ( a regular game - day active roster has 46 ) . </Li> <Li> The two - minute warning that was given in the first and third quarters ( in addition to the second and fourth quarters ) in previous years was eliminated , and the ball did not change hands after the first and third quarters . </Li> <Li> The coin toss determined which team was awarded possession first . There were no kickoffs ; the ball was placed on the 25 - yard line at the start of each half and after scoring plays . </Li> <Li> Defenses were now permitted to play cover two and press coverage . Prior to 2014 , only man coverage was allowed , except for goal line situations . </Li> <Li> A 38 - second / 25 - second play clock was used instead of the usual 40 - second / 25 - second clock , and up from 35 - second / 25 - second clock in 2016 . </Li> <Li> Replay reviews will be allowed ; previously there was replay in the Pro Bowl only when new equipment tests were being conducted . </Li> <Li> There are no intentional grounding rules . </Li> <Li> Only defensive ends and tackles may rush on passing plays , but those must be on the same side of the ball . The defense is not permitted to blitz . </Li> <Li> All blindside blocks and blocks below the waist are illegal . </Li> <Li> A tight end and running back must be in every formation . </Li> <Li> No more than two wide receivers on either side of the ball . </Li> <Li> Deep middle safety must be aligned inside the hash marks . </Li> <Li> Play is stopped the moment a defender wraps his arms around the ball carrier . ( This rule only applies to the quarterback in the backfield during regular NFL play . ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Box score ( edit ) </H3> 2018 Pro Bowl : American Football Conference vs National Football Conference <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NFC </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> AFC </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> at Camping World Stadium in Orlando , Florida </P> <Ul> <Li> Date : January 28 , 2018 </Li> <Li> Game time : 3 : 00 p.m. ET </Li> <Li> Game weather : 78 ° F ( 26 ° C ) , Rain showers </Li> <Li> Game attendance : 51,019 </Li> <Li> Referee : Walt Anderson </Li> <Li> TV announcers ( ESPN ) : Sean McDonough , Matt Hasselbeck , Lisa Salters and Louis Riddick </Li> <Li> Recap , Game Book </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> ( show ) Game information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> First quarter </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> NFC -- Adam Thielen 8 - yard pass from Drew Brees ( Graham Gano kick ) , 7 : 50 . NFC 7 -- 0 . Drive : 13 plays , 75 yards , 7 : 10 . </Li> <Li> AFC -- Chris Boswell 41 - yard field goal , 0 : 43 . NFC 7 -- 3 . Drive : 12 plays , 52 yards , 7 : 07 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Second quarter </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> NFC -- Graham Gano 43 - yard field goal , 12 : 08 . NFC 10 -- 3 . Drive : 4 plays , − 4 yards , 1 : 56 . </Li> <Li> NFC -- Harrison Smith 79 - yard interception return ( Graham Gano kick ) , 7 : 18 . NFC 17 -- 3 . </Li> <Li> NFC -- Graham Gano 40 - yard field goal , 0 : 00 . NFC 20 -- 3 . Drive : 11 plays , 58 yards , 1 : 53 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Third quarter </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> AFC -- Delanie Walker 4 - yard pass from Alex Smith ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 11 : 20 . NFC 20 -- 10 . Drive : 5 plays , 75 yards , 3 : 40 . </Li> <Li> AFC -- LeSean McCoy 2 - yard run ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 5 : 36 . NFC 20 -- 17 . Drive : 5 plays , 53 yards , 3 : 07 . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Fourth quarter </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> NFC -- Graham Gano 38 - yard field goal , 14 : 09 . NFC 23 -- 17 . Drive : 13 plays , 55 yards , 6 : 27 . </Li> <Li> AFC -- Delanie Walker 18 - yard pass from Derek Carr ( Chris Boswell kick ) , 1 : 31 . AFC 24 -- 23 . Drive : 7 plays , 47 yards , 2 : 13 . </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Top passers </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> NFC -- Jared Goff -- 10 / 18 , 86 yards </Li> <Li> AFC -- Alex Smith -- 7 / 10 , 131 yards , TD , INT </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Top rushers </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> NFC -- Mark Ingram -- 5 rushes , 21 yards </Li> <Li> AFC -- LeSean McCoy -- 3 rushes , 7 yards , TD </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Top receivers </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> NFC -- Kyle Rudolph -- 7 receptions , 70 yards </Li> <Li> AFC -- T.Y. Hilton -- 4 receptions , 98 yards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> AFC rosters ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following players were selected to represent the AFC : </P> <H3> Offense ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Starter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Reserve ( s ) </Th> <Th> Alternate ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 12 Tom Brady , New England </Td> <Td> 7 Ben Roethlisberger , Pittsburgh 17 Philip Rivers , LA Chargers </Td> <Td> 11 Alex Smith , Kansas City 4 Derek Carr , Oakland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Running back </Td> <Td> 26 Le'Veon Bell , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 25 LeSean McCoy , Buffalo 27 Kareem Hunt , Kansas City </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fullback </Td> <Td> 46 James Develin , New England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 45 Roosevelt Nix , Pittsburgh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wide receiver </Td> <Td> 10 DeAndre Hopkins , Houston 84 Antonio Brown , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 13 Keenan Allen , LA Chargers 18 A.J. Green , Cincinnati </Td> <Td> 13 T.Y. Hilton , Indianapolis 14 Jarvis Landry , Miami </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tight end </Td> <Td> 87 Travis Kelce , Kansas City </Td> <Td> 87 Rob Gronkowski , New England </Td> <Td> 82 Delanie Walker , Tennessee 84 Jack Doyle , Indianapolis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Offensive tackle </Td> <Td> 77 Taylor Lewan , Tennessee 78 Alejandro Villanueva , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 72 Donald Penn , Oakland </Td> <Td> 76 Russell Okung , LA Chargers </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Offensive guard </Td> <Td> 66 David DeCastro , Pittsburgh 70 Kelechi Osemele , Oakland </Td> <Td> 64 Richie Incognito , Buffalo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> 53 Maurkice Pouncey , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 61 Rodney Hudson , Oakland </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Defense ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Starter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Reserve ( s ) </Th> <Th> Alternate ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Defensive end </Td> <Td> 93 Calais Campbell , Jacksonville 99 Joey Bosa , LA Chargers </Td> <Td> 52 Khalil Mack , Oakland </Td> <Td> 54 Melvin Ingram , LA Chargers 97 Cameron Heyward , Pittsburgh 91 Yannick Ngakoue , Jacksonville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Defensive tackle </Td> <Td> 97 Geno Atkins , Cincinnati 99 Jurrell Casey , Tennessee </Td> <Td> 97 Malik Jackson , Jacksonville </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outside linebacker </Td> <Td> 58 Von Miller , Denver 90 Jadeveon Clowney , Houston </Td> <Td> 55 Terrell Suggs , Baltimore </Td> <Td> 50 Telvin Smith , Jacksonville </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inside linebacker </Td> <Td> 57 C.J. Mosley , Baltimore </Td> <Td> 50 Ryan Shazier , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> 53 Joe Schobert , Cleveland </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cornerback </Td> <Td> 20 Jalen Ramsey , Jacksonville 21 A.J. Bouye , Jacksonville </Td> <Td> 21 Aqib Talib , Denver 26 Casey Hayward , LA Chargers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Free safety </Td> <Td> 32 Eric Weddle , Baltimore </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 31 Kevin Byard , Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strong safety </Td> <Td> 20 Reshad Jones , Miami </Td> <Td> 23 Micah Hyde , Buffalo </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Special teams ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Starter </Th> <Th> Alternate ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Punter </Td> <Td> 6 Brett Kern , Tennessee </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Placekicker </Td> <Td> 9 Chris Boswell , Pittsburgh </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Return specialist </Td> <Td> 10 Tyreek Hill , Kansas City </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Special teamer </Td> <Td> 18 Matthew Slater , New England </Td> <Td> 41 Brynden Trawick , Tennessee </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Long snapper </Td> <Td> 46 Clark Harris , Cincinnati </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Nfc rosters ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following players were selected to represent the NFC : </P> <H3> Offense ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Starter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Reserve ( s ) </Th> <Th> Alternate ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quarterback </Td> <Td> 11 Carson Wentz , Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 3 Russell Wilson , Seattle 9 Drew Brees , New Orleans </Td> <Td> 16 Jared Goff , LA Rams </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Running back </Td> <Td> 30 Todd Gurley , LA Rams </Td> <Td> 22 Mark Ingram , New Orleans 41 Alvin Kamara , New Orleans </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fullback </Td> <Td> 44 Kyle Juszczyk , San Francisco </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wide receiver </Td> <Td> 11 Julio Jones , Atlanta 19 Adam Thielen , Minnesota </Td> <Td> 11 Larry Fitzgerald , Arizona 13 Michael Thomas , New Orleans </Td> <Td> 17 Davante Adams , Green Bay 89 Doug Baldwin , Seattle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tight end </Td> <Td> 86 Zach Ertz , Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 88 Jimmy Graham , Seattle </Td> <Td> 82 Jason Witten , Dallas 82 Kyle Rudolph , Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Offensive tackle </Td> <Td> 71 Trent Williams , Washington 77 Tyron Smith , Dallas </Td> <Td> 65 Lane Johnson , Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 77 Andrew Whitworth , LA Rams 74 Joe Staley , San Francisco 76 Duane Brown , Seattle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Offensive guard </Td> <Td> 70 Zack Martin , Dallas 79 Brandon Brooks , Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 75 Brandon Scherff , Washington </Td> <Td> 70 Trai Turner , Carolina 76 T.J. Lang , Detroit 67 Larry Warford , New Orleans </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> 51 Alex Mack , Atlanta </Td> <Td> 72 Travis Frederick , Dallas </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Defense ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Starter ( s ) </Th> <Th> Reserve ( s ) </Th> <Th> Alternate ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Defensive end </Td> <Td> 90 DeMarcus Lawrence , Dallas 97 Everson Griffen , Minnesota </Td> <Td> 94 Cameron Jordan , New Orleans </Td> <Td> 72 Michael Bennett , Seattle </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Defensive tackle </Td> <Td> 91 Fletcher Cox , Philadelphia 99 Aaron Donald , LA Rams </Td> <Td> 93 Gerald McCoy , Tampa Bay </Td> <Td> 76 Mike Daniels , Green Bay 98 Linval Joseph , Minnesota </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Outside linebacker </Td> <Td> 55 Chandler Jones , Arizona 91 Ryan Kerrigan , Washington </Td> <Td> 55 Anthony Barr , Minnesota </Td> <Td> 58 Thomas Davis Sr. , Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Inside linebacker </Td> <Td> 59 Luke Kuechly , Carolina </Td> <Td> 54 Bobby Wagner , Seattle </Td> <Td> 45 Deion Jones , Atlanta 58 Kwon Alexander ' , Tampa Bay </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cornerback </Td> <Td> 21 Patrick Peterson , Arizona 29 Xavier Rhodes , Minnesota </Td> <Td> 23 Marshon Lattimore , New Orleans 23 Darius Slay , Detroit </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Free safety </Td> <Td> 29 Earl Thomas , Seattle </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strong safety </Td> <Td> 21 Landon Collins , NY Giants </Td> <Td> 27 Malcolm Jenkins , Philadelphia </Td> <Td> 22 Keanu Neal , Atlanta 22 Harrison Smith , Minnesota </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Special teams ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Position </Th> <Th> Starter </Th> <Th> Alternate ( s ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Punter </Td> <Td> 6 Johnny Hekker , LA Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Placekicker </Td> <Td> 4 Greg Zuerlein , LA Rams </Td> <Td> 9 Graham Gano , Carolina </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Return specialist </Td> <Td> 10 Pharoh Cooper , LA Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Special teamer </Td> <Td> 36 Budda Baker , Arizona </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Long snapper </Td> <Td> 44 Jake McQuaide , LA Rams </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Notes : Players must have accepted their invitations as alternates to be listed ; those who declined are not considered Pro Bowlers . </P> <Dl> <Dd> bold player who participated in game </Dd> <Dd> ( C ) signifies the player has been selected as a captain </Dd> <Dd> Replacement Player selection due to injury or vacancy </Dd> <Dd> Injured / suspended player ; selected but did not participate </Dd> <Dd> Replacement starter ; selected as reserve </Dd> <Dd> Selected but did not play because his team advanced to Super Bowl LII ( see Pro Bowl `` Player Selection '' section ) </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Number of selections per team ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> American Football Conference <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pittsburgh Steelers </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jacksonville Jaguars </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles Chargers </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tennessee Titans </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oakland Raiders </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New England Patriots </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Kansas City Chiefs </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Baltimore Ravens </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Buffalo Bills </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cincinnati Bengals </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Denver Broncos </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Houston Texans </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Indianapolis Colts </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miami Dolphins </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cleveland Browns </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Jets </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> National Football Conference <Tr> <Th> Team </Th> <Th> Selections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Los Angeles Rams </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Seattle Seahawks </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Minnesota Vikings </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Orleans Saints </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Philadelphia Eagles </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dallas Cowboys </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona Cardinals </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carolina Panthers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Atlanta Falcons </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Washington Redskins </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Green Bay Packers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Detroit Lions </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> San Francisco 49ers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tampa Bay Buccaneers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New York Giants </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chicago Bears </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Broadcasting ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 2018 Pro Bowl was televised nationally by ABC , ESPN , and ESPN Deportes . The simulcast marked the game 's return to broadcast television , as well as its return to ABC for the first time since 2003 . To accommodate the return to broadcast television , the game moved from primetime to an afternoon start time to avoid interfering with ABC 's Primetime Lineup . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Walt Anderson is the referee for the 2018 Pro Bowl </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL 's pro bowl moves to Orlando '' . Chicago Tribune . Tronc . Retrieved 13 December 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Alex Smith added to AFC Pro Bowl roster '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Raiders QB Derek Carr Selected To Third Consecutive Pro Bowl '' . Raiders.com . January 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Varley , Teresa ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Nix is Pro Bowl bound '' . Steelers.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dolphins receiver Jarvis Landry named to Pro Bowl as alternate '' . Sun-Sentinel.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Walker , Andrew . `` T.Y. Hilton Selected To Fourth Straight Pro Bowl '' . Colts.com . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Delanie Walker in , Travis Kelce out for Pro Bowl '' . Yahoo.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walker , Andrew ( January 21 , 2018 ) . `` Jack Doyle Named To First - Career Pro Bowl '' . Colts.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Elwood , Hayley ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Russell Okung Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . Chargers.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Ngakoue and Smith added to Pro Bowl roster '' . Jaguars.com . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Chargers OLB Melvin Ingram named to 2018 NFL Pro Bowl '' . USAToday.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Varley , Teresa ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Heyward headed to the Pro Bowl '' . Steelers.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Joe Schobert added to AFC Pro Bowl team '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com. 2018 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Titans FS Kevin Byard , ST Brynden Trawick Named to Pro Bowl '' . TitansOnline.com . Retrieved January 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams , Charean ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Bengals long snapper Clark Harris selected for Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simmons , Myles ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Jared Goff Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . TheRams.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Western , Evan ( January 16 , 2018 ) . `` Packers ' Davante Adams added to 2018 Pro Bowl roster '' . SBNation . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Williams , Charean ( January 4 , 2018 ) . `` Doug Baldwin replaces Larry Fitzgerald on Pro Bowl roster '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Linval Joseph , Kyle Rudolph , Harrison Smith Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . Vikings.com . January 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eatman , Nick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Witten Added to Pro Bowl Roster ; Ties Franchise Record With 11 Appearances '' . DallasCowboys.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alper , Josh ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Andrew Whitworth will go to the Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` T Joe Staley Named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . 49ers.com . January 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boyle , John ( January 23 , 2018 ) . `` Seahawks Left Tackle Duane Brown Named To Pro Bowl Roster '' . Seahawks.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Graham Gano , Trai Turner named to Pro Bowl roster '' . panthers.com . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Twentyman , Tim ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` T.J. Lang named to 2018 Pro Bowl '' . DetroitLions.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alper , Josh ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Larry Warford will join Saints coaches at the Pro Bowl '' . ProFootballTalk.NBCSports.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Boyle , John ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Seahawks Defensive End Michael Bennett Named To 2018 Pro Bowl Roster '' . Seahawks.com . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Packers DT Mike Daniels named to Pro Bowl '' . packers.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Thomas Davis named to Pro Bowl roster '' . Panthers.com . January 22 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Deion Jones added to Pro Bowl roster '' . nbcsports.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Kwon Alexander Headed to the Pro Bowl ! '' . buccaneers.com . Retrieved January 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Conway , Kelsey ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` Falcons ' safety Keanu Neal selected to 2018 Pro Bowl roster '' . AtlantaFalcons.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klein , Gary ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Rams snapper Jake McQuaide named to Pro Bowl for second year in a row '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL 's Pro Bowl Back on ABC '' . Broadcasting & Cable . 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Joe Sugden - wikipedia <H1> Joe Sugden </H1> Jump to : navigation , search For the baseball player , see Joe Sugden ( baseball ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Joe Sugden </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Emmerdale character </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayed by </Th> <Td> Frazer Hines </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duration </Th> <Td> 1972 -- 1984 , 1986 -- 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> 16 October 1972 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Last appearance </Th> <Td> 11 August 1994 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> Kevin Laffan </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Introduced by </Th> <Td> David Goddard ( 1972 ) Richard Handford ( 1984 , 1986 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Classification </Th> <Td> Former ; regular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Profile </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Farmer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Family </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Sugden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Father </Th> <Td> Jacob Sugden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mother </Th> <Td> Annie Brearly </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stepfather </Th> <Td> Leonard Kempinski ( 1993 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brothers </Th> <Td> Jack Sugden </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sisters </Th> <Td> Peggy Skilbeck </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Wife </Th> <Td> Christine Sharp ( 1974 -- 1976 ) Kate Hughes ( 1989 -- 1991 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grandfathers </Th> <Td> Joseph Sugden Sam Pearson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Grandmothers </Th> <Td> Margaret Sugden Grace Pearson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nephews </Th> <Td> Jackie Merrick Sam Skilbeck Robert Sugden Andy Sugden ( Adoptive ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Nieces </Th> <Td> Sally Skilbeck Victoria Sugden </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Joseph `` Joe '' Sugden is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera , Emmerdale , played by ex-Doctor Who Companion Frazer Hines . He first appeared on - screen during the soap 's first episode broadcast 16 October 1972 and remained in the programme until 1983 . After a brief return in the following year , Hines reprised his role on a permanent basis in 1986 , a landmark year for the show under Richard Handford . He made his last appearance in August 1994 , and subsequently died off - screen the following year . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Development </Li> <Li> 2 Storylines </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Development ( edit ) </H2> <P> Joe is a farmer as was his father . When Emmerdale began it depicted actual farm life . Rather than act out tasks Hines learned to dip sheep and milk cows . </P> <P> Joe is involved in a relationship with Christine Sharp ( Angela Cheyne ) . They married during the episode broadcast 10 September 1974 . The duo overcome a series of problems before marrying and Christine has the wedding day `` she 'd always dreamed of '' . To commemorate the event TVTimes featured a promotional souvenir photograph for readers prior to the episode 's airdate . </P> <H2> Storylines ( edit ) </H2> <P> Joe is the youngest child of Jacob and Annie Sugden ( Sheila Mercier ) born on 31 May 1949 . Jacob dies in October 1972 and Joe 's brother , Jack , inherits the farm and divides it between the family . </P> <P> After a failed attempt at courting Marian Wilks ( Gail Harrison ) , Joe starts dating Christine Sharp and they soon marry but separate when Christine decides she does not want to be a farmer 's wife . Christine returns the following year to reconcile but Joe wants a divorce and she leaves for good . Joe 's next relationship is with Kathy Gimbel ( Polly Hemingway ) , who moves in with him . Their relationship is a huge talking point in the village as Kathy is separated from her husband , Kenny . When Kathy 's father , Jim ( John Atkinson ) shoots himself , Kathy leaves Joe to live with her mother , Freda ( Mary Henry ) . </P> <P> In 1980 , Joe gets a job working for NY estates and gets jobs for his nephew Jackie Merrick ( Ian Sharrock ) and Jackie 's half - sister Sandie ( Jane Hutcheson ) . Joe develops feelings for vicar 's daughter , Barbara Peters , in 1983 but is rejected and moves to France for several years but briefly returns for the funeral of his grandfather , Sam Pearson ( Toke Townley ) , in November 1984 . In 1986 , Joe returns permanently and becomes regional manager for NY Estates . During this time , he has a brief relationship with Karen Moore ( Annie Hulley ) who had previously had an affair with Jack but Karen ends the relationship . </P> <P> In 1988 , Joe meets divorcee Kate Hughes ( Sally Knyvette ) , and her two children , Rachel ( Glenda McKay ) and Mark Hughes ( Craig McKay ) . Initially Kate and Joe argue after he shoots her dog for bothering his sheep but eventually they fall in love . They marry in 1989 after Joe proposes but with Mark and Rachel opposed and wanting Kate to reconcile with their father , David ( Martyn Whitby ) , Joe becomes worried . They do marry and Kate 's children eventually come round to their mother 's new marriage . In 1990 , Kate accidentally runs over Pete Whiteley , killing him and is jailed for a year but is released the following January . Kate tells Joe the marriage is over and returns to Sheffield . Rachel and Mark decide to stay and Joe forms a closer relationship with them . On 30 December 1993 , Joe and Mark argue over a vacuum cleaner that needs returning so Mark goes to the Whiteley Farm when a large section of an Eastern European Airjet comes down , knocking down a wall which falls on Mark , killing him . Joe , his mother , Annie and her new husband Leonard Kempinski ( Bernard Archard ) are also hit when another part of the plane hits his car . Joe breaks a leg , Annie is left comatose but Leonard is killed . When Joe learns of Mark 's death , he becomes very depressed and blames himself . After saving Dave Glover from being run over by a car , Jack and Rachel persuade him go and spend time with Annie in Spain . </P> <P> This is Joe 's last appearance onscreen and in June 1995 , news reaches Emmerdale that he has died in a car crash . Annie and Amos Brearly ( Ronald Magill ) return to the village for his funeral . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The character was selected as one of the `` top 100 British soap characters '' by industry experts for a poll to be run by What 's on TV , with readers able to vote for their favourite character to discover `` Who is Soap 's greatest Legend ? '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Palmer , Alun ( 18 October 2012 ) . `` Emmerdale legend Frazer Hines on his cancer battle , marriages and 22 years on the soap '' . Daily Mirror . ( Trinity Mirror ) . Retrieved 25 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hayward 1997 , p. 131 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Emmerdale Farm '' . TVTimes . Independent Television Publications Ltd. 76 ( 37 ) : 46 . 7 -- 13 September 1974 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wedding at Emmerdale '' . TVTimes . Independent Television Publications Ltd. 76 ( 37 ) : 29 . 7 -- 13 September 1974 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Who is Soaps ' Greatest Legend ? '' . What 's on TV . IPC Media . Archived from the original on 5 December 2012 . Retrieved 8 July 2012 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> Hayward , Anthony ( 1997 ) . The Emmerdale Companion : A Celebration of Twenty - five Years . Orion Media . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7528 - 1043 - 0 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Joe Sugden at MTV3 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Emmerdale characters </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Present and future </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Moira Barton </Li> <Li> Ross Barton </Li> <Li> Bernice Blackstock </Li> <Li> Rodney Blackstock </Li> <Li> Belle Dingle </Li> <Li> Cain Dingle </Li> <Li> Chas Dingle </Li> <Li> Debbie Dingle </Li> <Li> Lisa Dingle </Li> <Li> Marlon Dingle </Li> <Li> Sam Dingle </Li> <Li> Zak Dingle </Li> <Li> Rhona Goskirk </Li> <Li> Leyla Harding </Li> <Li> Bob Hope </Li> <Li> Jimmy King </Li> <Li> Nicola King </Li> <Li> Paddy Kirk </Li> <Li> Pearl Ladderbanks </Li> <Li> Aaron Livesy </Li> <Li> David Metcalfe </Li> <Li> Eric Pollard </Li> <Li> Douglas Potts </Li> <Li> Jai Sharma </Li> <Li> Priya Sharma </Li> <Li> Diane Sugden </Li> <Li> Robert Sugden </Li> <Li> Victoria Sugden </Li> <Li> Charity Tate </Li> <Li> Gabby Thomas </Li> <Li> Laurel Thomas </Li> <Li> Brenda Walker </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Past </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Louise Appleton </Li> <Li> Seth Armstrong </Li> <Li> Chloe Atkinson </Li> <Li> DCI Grace Barraclough </Li> <Li> Adam Barton </Li> <Li> Holly Barton </Li> <Li> John Barton </Li> <Li> Alice Bates </Li> <Li> Nick Bates </Li> <Li> Edna Birch </Li> <Li> Rita Brannigan </Li> <Li> Amos Brearly </Li> <Li> Archie Brooks </Li> <Li> Lily Butterfield </Li> <Li> Graham Clark </Li> <Li> Danny Daggert </Li> <Li> Toni Daggert </Li> <Li> Anna De Souza </Li> <Li> Donald De Souza </Li> <Li> Miles De Souza </Li> <Li> Carlos Diaz </Li> <Li> Albert Dingle </Li> <Li> Alice Dingle </Li> <Li> Del Dingle </Li> <Li> Eli Dingle </Li> <Li> Mandy Dingle </Li> <Li> Shadrach Dingle </Li> <Li> Betty Eagleton </Li> <Li> Daz Eden </Li> <Li> Adam Forsythe </Li> <Li> Jonny Foster </Li> <Li> Biff Fowler </Li> <Li> Linda Fowler </Li> <Li> Alicia Gallagher </Li> <Li> Dave Glover </Li> <Li> Kathy Glover </Li> <Li> Roy Glover </Li> <Li> Ella Hart </Li> <Li> Jamie Hope </Li> <Li> Jean Hope </Li> <Li> Viv Hope </Li> <Li> Billy Hopwood </Li> <Li> Rachel Hughes </Li> <Li> Perdita Hyde - 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The Sims Mobile - Wikipedia <H1> The Sims Mobile </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> The Sims Mobile </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Maxis EA Mobile </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Publisher ( s ) </Th> <Td> Electronic Arts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Series </Th> <Td> The Sims </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform ( s ) </Th> <Td> iOS , Android </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release </Th> <Td> WW : April 2018 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> life simulation game </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mode ( s ) </Th> <Td> multiplayer capibilities </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Sims Mobile is a life simulation game based on The Sims 4 and The Sims FreePlay set for release on Android and iOS devices . It was announced on May 9 , 2017 in a launch trailer . It is to feature multiplayer capabilities and will also include story elements . </P> <P> The game is currently available in Australia , Ireland , Brazil and Spain . The game is supposed to be release worldwide by April 2018 </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Sims TM Mobile Launch Trailer - IGN Video , retrieved May 10 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Proper The Sims Game Is Finally Coming To Mobile '' . Press Start Australia - Bringing The Best Of Video Games & Gaming To Australia . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sims Mobile is a brand new entry in the franchise , in soft launch on Android right now '' . Droid Gamers . May 9 , 2017 . Retrieved May 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sims Mobile is out as a soft launch title currently available in Brazil '' . Androidpolice . May 10 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Sims Mobile is now soft - launched in Spain '' . Sims Community . August 18 , 2017 . 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Civil procedure in South Africa - Wikipedia <H1> Civil procedure in South Africa </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Civil procedure in South Africa is the formal rules and standards that courts follow in that country when adjudicating civil suits ( as opposed to procedures in criminal law matters ) . The legal realm is divided broadly into substantive and procedural law . Substantive law is that law which defines the contents of rights and obligations between legal subjects ; procedural law regulates how those rights and obligations are enforced . These rules govern how a lawsuit or case may be commenced , and what kind of service of process is required , along with the types of pleadings or statements of case , motions or applications , and orders allowed in civil cases , the timing and manner of depositions and discovery or disclosure , the conduct of trials , the process for judgment , various available remedies , and how the courts and clerks are to function . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Sources <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Constitution </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Courts <Ul> <Li> 2.1 System <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Magistrate 's Court </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 High Court </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Supreme Court of Appeal </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 Constitutional Court </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2.2 Personnel </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Pre-litigation <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Cause of action </Li> <Li> 3.2 Locus standi <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Grounds </Li> <Li> 3.2. 2 Capacity </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3 Jurisdiction <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 3.1 Residence </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3.2 Cause of action </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3.3 Where the dispute arose </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3.4 Quantum and nature of the claim </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3.5 Consent </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3.6 Location of property </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3.7 Other factors </Li> <Li> 3.2. 3.8 Jurisdiction in the High Court </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.3 Demand </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Litigation <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Courts </Li> <Li> 4.2 Actions <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1 Pleadings <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 1.1 Summons </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.2 Particulars of claim </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.3 Service of the summons </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.4 Default judgment </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.5 Notice of intention to defend </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.6 Further particulars </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.7 Declaration </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.8 Defence </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.9 Exception </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.10 Application to strike out </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.11 Plea </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.12 Special plea </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.13 Counterclaim </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.14 Replication and the plea in reconvention </Li> <Li> 4.2. 1.15 Close of pleadings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2. 2 Procedures After Pleading are closed <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 2.1 Pre-trial pleadings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3 Variation and rescission of judgment <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 3.1 High Court </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3.2 Magistrate 's Court <Ul> <Li> 4.2. 3.2. 1 Good cause </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3.2. 2 Good reason </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3.2. 3 Situations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.2. 3.3 Summary of rescission of default judgment </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3 Applications <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1 Form <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 1.1 Notice of motion </Li> <Li> 4.3. 1.2 Affidavit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 2 Procedure </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3 High Court <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 3.1 General rule </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3.2 Disputes of fact </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3.3 Resolving a dispute of fact <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 3.3. 1 Dismissal of the application </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3.3. 2 Presentation of oral evidence </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3.3. 3 Referral to trial </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 3.4 Notice to respondent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4 Exceptions to the general rules <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 4.1 Form of notice of motion <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 4.1. 1 Petitions </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4.1. 2 Ex parte applications </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4.1. 3 Interlocutory applications </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4.1. 4 Urgent applications </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4.2 Application notwithstanding existence of factual dispute </Li> <Li> 4.3. 4.3 Notice and service </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.3. 5 Appointment of curator <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 5.1 Persons of unsound mind <Ul> <Li> 4.3. 5.1. 1 Who may institute proceedings ? </Li> <Li> 4.3. 5.1. 2 When application to court for appointment of a curator is unnecessary </Li> <Li> 4.3. 5.1. 3 When court proceedings must be instituted </Li> <Li> 4.3. 5.1. 4 How proceedings must be initiated </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Post-litigation <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Enforcement of judgments <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 1 Property that may be attached in execution </Li> <Li> 5.1. 2 Movable , immovable and incorporeal property </Li> <Li> 5.1. 3 Property exempt from attachment and execution </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4 Writ or warrant of execution <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 4.1 High Court </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4.2 Magistrate 's Court </Li> <Li> 5.1. 4.3 Attachment and execution against movables </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.1. 5 Attachment and execution against immovable property <Ul> <Li> 5.1. 5.1 Interpleader proceedings </Li> <Li> 5.1. 5.2 Magistrates ' Courts </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2 Debt collection <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1 Recovery of debts in terms of Chapter VIII of the Act <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 1.1 Section 56 </Li> <Li> 5.2. 1.2 Section 57 </Li> <Li> 5.2. 1.3 Section 58 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2 Section 65 procedure <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 2.1 Notice to summon debtor to appear before court </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2.2 Procedure when debtor appears before court in camera </Li> <Li> 5.2. 2.3 Section 65 and administration orders </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2. 3 Emoluments attachment orders </Li> <Li> 5.2. 4 Debt - collecting procedure in regard to certain classes of debtor <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 4.1 Debtors against whom judgment has been granted in the High Court </Li> <Li> 5.2. 4.2 Juristic persons </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.2. 5 Administration orders <Ul> <Li> 5.2. 5.1 Application for administration order </Li> <Li> 5.2. 5.2 Hearing of the application </Li> <Li> 5.2. 5.3 Contents of administration order </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3 Costs <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 1 General principles </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2 Terminology <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 2.1 Party - and - party costs </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2.2 Attorney - and - client costs </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2.3 Attorney - and - own - client costs </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2.4 Costs de bonis propriis </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2.5 Wasted costs </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2.6 Costs reserved </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2.7 Costs in the cause </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2.8 Costs of the day </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2.9 All costs </Li> <Li> 5.3. 2.10 No costs order </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5.3. 3 Taxation of bills of cost </Li> <Li> 5.3. 4 Costs and tariffs <Ul> <Li> 5.3. 4.1 High Court </Li> <Li> 5.3. 4.2 Magistrate 's Court </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Action versus application proceedings <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Application proceedings </Li> <Li> 6.2 Action proceedings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Appeals and reviews </Li> <Li> 8 Additional procedures <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Settlement <Ul> <Li> 8.1. 1 Offers or tenders to settle during litigation <Ul> <Li> 8.1. 1.1 High Court </Li> <Li> 8.1. 1.2 Magistrate 's Court </Li> <Li> 8.1. 1.3 Tactical considerations </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.2 Provisional sentence <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 1 Liquid document </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2 Procedure <Ul> <Li> 8.2. 2.1 Commencement </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2.2 Defendant </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2.3 Plaintiff </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2.4 Onus of proof </Li> <Li> 8.2. 2.5 Hearing </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8.2. 3 Further procedure when provisional sentence is refused </Li> <Li> 8.2. 4 Further procedure when provisional sentence is granted </Li> <Li> 8.2. 5 Principal case </Li> <Li> 8.2. 6 Fairness </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 References <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Books </Li> <Li> 9.2 Legislation </Li> <Li> 9.3 Cases </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <P> The sources of civil procedure in South Africa are to be found in the Magistrates ' Courts Act and Rules , the Superior Courts Act ( which repealed and replaced the Supreme Court Act ) , the Uniform Rules of Court , jurisprudence , court practice rules and other legislation . Notice ought also to be taken of the Seventeenth Constitutional Amendment Bill . Since its establishment in 1985 , the Rules Board alone has competence to make rules for courts . </P> <H3> Constitution ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa , 1996 , as the supreme law of the Republic , provides the overarching framework for civil procedure ; the Constitution has been responsible for significant changes to civil procedure since its inception in the 1990s , as in , for example , debt collection matters , access to the courts and prescription , in particular with respect to litigation against the state . </P> <P> Section 8 applies Chapter 2 of the Constitution , the Bill of Rights , to `` all law '' . Therefore , litigation can not be conducted without considering section 36 of the Constitution , the limitations clause ; and several Chapter 2 rights directly relate to the law of civil procedure : the right to equality before the law ( section 9 ) , to freedom and security ( 12 ) , to property ( 25 ) , to have access to adequate housing ( 26 ) , and the right to have access to courts ( 34 ) . </P> <H2> Courts ( edit ) </H2> <H3> System ( edit ) </H3> <P> The South African court system comprises the lower courts , including indigenous courts , and other judicial and quasi-judicial bodies established by legislation ; the superior courts , which the Superior Courts Act defines as the Constitutional Court , the Supreme Court of Appeal , and the High Courts ; and special courts such as the Small Claims Court , the Labour Court , the Competition Appeal Court , the Tax Courts , the Land Claims Court , and the Electoral Court . </P> <P> Different procedures apply in different courts . There is only a slight distinction between the procedures of the High Court and those in the Magistrate 's Court ; save where otherwise indicated , it is safe to assume that the form and content of the proceedings is the same . It is important to note , however , that both courts have their own empowering statutes and court rules . The Act , in each case , sets out what kinds of disputes may be heard by each court , and the rules prescribe how the disputes will be brought before court : that is to say , the form of pleadings and time limits . </P> Magistrate 's court ( edit ) <P> The magistrate 's courts are the lower courts in South Africa . These are so - called `` creatures of statute '' , governed by and created under the Magistrates ' Courts Act , and therefore do not have inherent jurisdiction . This means that they may only hear matters prescribed by the Act . There are two kinds : the district Magistrate 's Court and the Regional Magistrate 's Court . The Republic of South Africa is divided into magisterial districts and regional divisions , and each has a magistrates ' court . The Regional Court was previously only a criminal court ; however , since August 2010 , it has also had civil jurisdiction . Matters in the magistrate 's court are presided over by a magistrate under the leadership of a Chief magistrate . </P> <P> Section 4 ( 3 ) of the Magistrates ' Courts Act provides that all processes issued in a magistrates ' court apply throughout the country . </P> <P> In terms of the Seventeenth Constitutional Amendment Bill , the Magistrate 's Court would be renamed the `` Lower Court , '' and the presiding magistrates known as `` Judges of the Lower Court , '' who would be appointed by the Judicial Service Commission . It is anticipated that both the Seventeenth Constitutional Amendment Bill and the Superior Courts Bill will be promulgated in 2012 . </P> High court ( edit ) <P> The term `` High Court '' is misleading , because it suggests that there is only one , whereas in reality there are many , divided into provincial ( CPD , ECD , NCD , TPD , NCP , OPD ) and local divisions ( WLD , DCLD , SECLD ) . </P> <P> The High Court enjoys `` inherent jurisdiction '' , which means that it derives its powers from common law ( although statutory law does modify these powers ) . It is due to this inherent jurisdiction that the High Court may hear any matter , whereas lower courts are more limited . Inherent jurisdiction will be exercised in order to prevent abuse of the law , which ultimately exists to properly facilitate the administration of justice . It should be noted that inherent jurisdiction was subsumed under section 173 of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa : courts now can not exercise jurisdiction beyond the ambit of the Constitution . </P> <P> Matters in the High Court are presided over by judges under the leadership of the Judge President . Administration is led by the office of the Registrar of the High Court , whose duties are similar to those of the clerk of the court . </P> Supreme court of appeal ( edit ) <P> The Supreme Court of Appeal ( SCA ) , located in Bloemfontein , is the highest court in appeal cases with no constitutional basis . Matters in the SCA are presided over by judges under the leadership of the President of the Supreme Court of Appeal . In terms of the amendments proposed in the Seventeenth Constitutional Amendment Bill , the Constitutional Court would become the highest court in respect of all matters ( not just those in which a constitutional point is raised ) , so that leave to appeal any decision of a high court would be granted directly to the Constitutional Court if this is deemed to be in the interest of justice . The SCA would continue to exist ; indeed , its workload would be enhanced , in that it would have to deal also with appeals from courts of similar status to that of a High Court , such as the Competition 's Court and the Labour Court . </P> Constitutional court ( edit ) <P> This is the highest court in constitutional matters . It is located in Johannesburg and is presided over by judges under the leadership of the Chief Justice . </P> <H3> Personnel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Owing to the volume of administrative work involved in court matters , each court has a comprehensive system of administration . The key officer in civil matters is the Clerk or Registrar of the Court . This official undertakes such administrative duties as issuing summonses , receiving pleadings , compiling court rolls and keeping records , and also has the task of noting judgments in certain matters . </P> <P> In practice , the roles of Clerk and Registrar are often covered by the same person , who wears different hats depending on whether she administers lower - court or regional - court matters . </P> <P> The sheriff of the court ( known formerly as the messenger of court ) is a creature of statute , created by the Sheriff 's Act , which came into force in 1990 . Her jurisdiction is specific , and her duties are set out in section 14 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act and in the Rules . She has the power to deliver and serve court documents and judgments , to execute writs and to conduct arrests . Whereas the clerk or registrar plays a mostly administrative role , the sheriff is charged with more practical matters . </P> <P> Finally , there are legal representatives and presiding officers . </P> <H2> Pre-litigation ( edit ) </H2> <P> A civil dispute may be and usually is divided into three stages : </P> <Ul> <Li> pre-litigation ; </Li> <Li> litigation ; and </Li> <Li> post-litigation . </Li> </Ul> <P> The pre-litigation stage involves certain preliminary enquiries : into , for example , whether there is in fact a case , the kind of action to be taken , the identity of the person against whom it is to be pursued , for how much , by whom , and in which court -- everything , that is , which must occur prior to the point at which a dispute is actually referred to a court . It may also involve correspondence with an opponent and the sending of a letter of demand . </P> <H3> Cause of action ( edit ) </H3> <P> One of the first questions to be asked is on what basis the claim is founded ; what , in other words , is the cause of action ? The cause of action is essential in identifying the elements which must be proved to be successful with the claim . It is therefore an enquiry into substantive law , assisting in the determination of the appropriate civil procedure to be followed . Examples include breach of contract and damages in delict . The best way to deal with a matter is to identify the cause of action with as much particularity as possible . In the case of breach of contract , for example , one should identify the type of breach , be it misrepresentation or mora debitoris or something else . A set of facts may disclose multiple causes of action : In the case of a motor - vehicle collision in which a breadwinner dies , a claimant may sue both for damage to the vehicle and for loss of support . </P> <H3> Locus standi ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before a party may sue in a court of law , he has to prove that he has title to sue . This is determined by two questions : </P> <Ol> <Li> whether a particular person or juristic person is the right party to sue ; and </Li> <Li> whether that person has the ability or capacity to sue . </Li> </Ol> Grounds ( edit ) <P> Under the common law , a litigant had title to sue if he could show that he had a direct and substantial interest in the matter . The requirements were as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> the plaintiff must have had an adequate interest , not merely a technical one ; </Li> <Li> the interest must not have been too far removed ; </Li> <Li> the interest must have been actual , not abstract or academic ; and </Li> <Li> the interest must have been current , not hypothetical . </Li> </Ul> <P> In actions based on the Bill of Rights , the grounds on which a litigant may have locus standi are listed in section 38 , in terms of which the following may litigate : </P> <Ul> <Li> anyone acting in his own interest ; </Li> <Li> anyone acting on behalf of another person who can not act in his own name ; </Li> <Li> anyone acting as a member of , or in the interest of , a group or a class of persons ; </Li> <Li> anyone acting in the public interest ; and </Li> <Li> an association acting in the interest of its members . </Li> </Ul> Capacity ( edit ) <P> Someone may be the right person to litigate , but he may still lack capacity to sue . Capacity determines a litigant 's title not only to sue , but also to be sued . The general rule is that natural and juristic persons have the capacity to sue . There are , however , certain exceptions : </P> <Ul> <Li> minors ; </Li> <Li> insane persons ; </Li> <Li> prodigals ; and </Li> <Li> insovlents . </Li> </Ul> <P> It is important also to note the special position of the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> judges ; </Li> <Li> diplomats ; </Li> <Li> fugitives from justice ; </Li> <Li> trusts ; and </Li> <Li> partnerships . </Li> </Ul> Jurisdiction ( edit ) <P> Once a person has decided what is his cause of action , and who is going to institute the claim , he can determine out of which court to sue . The general principle in jurisdiction is that the plaintiff has the choice , because he is dominus litis . There are various factors which may affect where a case will be heard : </P> <Ul> <Li> residence ; </Li> <Li> cause of action ; </Li> <Li> the place where the dispute arose ; </Li> <Li> the quantum and nature of the claim ; </Li> <Li> consent ; </Li> <Li> location of the property ; and </Li> <Li> other factors . </Li> </Ul> <P> Very often there will be more than one court with jurisdiction . In such a case the plaintiff may simply choose out of which court to sue . He must ensure , however , that he minimises his own cost . Jurisdiction is dealt with in the Magistrates ' Courts Act and the Supreme Court Act . </P> Residence ( edit ) <P> In terms of section 28 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , a court has jurisdiction over all persons residing within its jurisdiction as well as all property situated within its jurisdiction . It is evident from this section that the court has jurisdiction over the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> any person who resides , is employed in or carries on business within the district , where `` person '' includes the state , body corporate , municipalities , and corporations , and where the key is permanence , so that a person employed for a short period , or visiting a place for a short period , can not be said to `` reside '' there ; </Li> <Li> any partnership with its business premises in the area , or whose members reside in the district , which allows one , in spite of the common law , to sue a partnership in its name ; and </Li> <Li> any person in respect of proceedings incidental to any action or proceeding instituted in the court by such person himself , which deals with the case where a plaintiff sues out of the wrong court and is met by a counterclaim . The plaintiff in convention can only continue in that wrong court if his claim is incidental -- i.e. arises out of the same facts -- as the original claim . </Li> </Ul> Cause of action ( edit ) <P> Section 28 also confers jurisdiction over any person , regardless of residence or employment , if the cause of action arose entirely within the jurisdiction of the court . </P> Where the dispute arose ( edit ) <P> The court has jurisdiction in terms of section 28 over any party to interpleader proceedings if </P> <Ul> <Li> the execution creditor and every claimant to the subject matter reside , carry out business or are employed within the area ; </Li> <Li> the subject matter have been attached by the court ; and </Li> <Li> all parties consent . </Li> </Ul> <P> Interpleader proceedings occur when one party intervenes in execution proceedings , usually because property attached while in the possession of the other party belongs to him . The interpleader summons is issued therefore to try to prevent the sheriff from selling off property that belongs to the first party . </P> Quantum and nature of the claim ( edit ) <P> The district magistrate 's court may only hear a matter with a quantum of up to R200 , 000 . The regional court may hear matters with a quantum of up to R400 , 000 . One may not sue for more than these amounts in these courts ; nor may one institute a claim whose judgment value is more than these amounts . </P> <P> The court may hear the following cases : </P> <Ul> <Li> delivery or transfer of immoveable or moveable property ; </Li> <Li> claims for ejectment ; </Li> <Li> actions for the determination of a right of way ; </Li> <Li> claims based on liquid documents or mortgage bonds ; </Li> <Li> actions arising out of a credit agreement ; </Li> <Li> actions arising out of section 16 of the Matrimonial Property Act ; </Li> <Li> actions including application for the liquidation of a close corporation ; and </Li> <Li> other actions where the quantum is below the stated figure . </Li> </Ul> <P> There are certain matters which can not be heard in the magistrate 's court . These are dealt with in section 46 of the Act and include </P> <Ul> <Li> matters concerning the validity or interpretation of a will or other testamentary document ; </Li> <Li> matters in which the status of a person is affected ; </Li> <Li> matters in which is sought a decree of perpetual silence ; and </Li> <Li> matters involving specific performance without the alternative of damages , except <Ul> <Li> the rendering of an account in which the claim does not exceed the prescribed monetary jurisdiction ; and </Li> <Li> delivery or transfer of property , moveable or immoveable , where the value of the property does not exceed the prescribed amount . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Consent ( edit ) <P> The court has jurisdiction over any defendant who appears and does not object to its jurisdiction . A defendant who fails to object to jurisdiction in his plea is deemed to have consented to jurisdiction . Note , however , that there may be some exceptions , and that such a defendant may only consent to jurisdiction over his person and can not consent where the court lacks jurisdiction in any event . </P> Location of property ( edit ) <P> Any person who owns immoveable property situated within the area of jurisdiction of the court , where such action is in respect of that property or a mortgage bond over that property , is subject to the jurisdiction of the court . </P> Other factors ( edit ) <P> Section 30bis deals with court orders for the attachment of property or person to found jurisdiction . This usually occurs where the defendant resides outside the Republic and there is another basis for the court 's jurisdiction . </P> Jurisdiction in the High court ( edit ) <P> The Constitution , in section 169 , permits High Courts to hear any matter save </P> <Ul> <Li> cases that can be heard only by the Constitutional Court ; and </Li> <Li> cases which have been assigned by an act of parliament to another court with a status similar to that of the High Court . </Li> </Ul> <P> Otherwise the High Court enjoys jurisdiction over all persons residing and all causes of action arising within its area of jurisdiction . There are three common grounds of jurisdiction in the High Court : </P> <Ol> <Li> domicile ( ratio domicilii ) ; </Li> <Li> cause of action ( ratione res gestae ) ; and </Li> <Li> property situated within the court 's area ( ratione rei sitae ) . </Li> </Ol> <P> High Court jurisdiction is founded on the doctrine of effectiveness , which refers to the principle that a claimant must sue out of the court which will be most effective in giving a judgment : that is , the court which is best positioned to enforce the judgment . </P> <H3> Demand ( edit ) </H3> <P> In certain cases , a demand is required as a prerequisite for litigation , failing which a cause of action can not arise and any action instituted will be premature . The rules of substantive law determine whether or not a demand is an essential element of the cause of action ; generally speaking , a demand is required in two instances : </P> <Ol> <Li> to complete a cause of action ; and </Li> <Li> where legislation requires it . </Li> </Ol> <P> A demand can be made orally or in writing . The purpose of the demand is to inform the prospective defendant / respondent : </P> <Ul> <Li> that a particular legal representative acts on behalf of the prospective plaintiff / applicant ; </Li> <Li> about the nature and content of the claim ; </Li> <Li> that payment or performance is being requested ; </Li> <Li> about the time period within which action is required ; and </Li> <Li> about the consequences of failure to comply with the demand </Li> </Ul> <P> in order to convince the person to meet their obligations and thus avoid litigation . </P> <H2> Litigation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Once the pre-litigation issues have been settled , the formal litigation process begins . This stage involves </P> <Ul> <Li> the exchange of documents ; </Li> <Li> time limits ; </Li> <Li> compliance with court rules and procedures ; and , finally , </Li> <Li> the trial or hearing . </Li> </Ul> <P> In civil procedure , there are two ways to litigate : </P> <Ol> <Li> action ( or summons ) proceedings , which are brought by means of a summons ; and </Li> <Li> application ( or motion ) proceedings , which are launched by means of notice of motion . </Li> </Ol> <P> If the incorrect form of litigation is used , the court may refuse to hear the case or to hear it in its present form , or may allow it to be heard but penalise the party which used the incorrect form when it issues an order for costs . </P> <H3> Courts ( edit ) </H3> <P> Action proceedings are heard in so - called `` trial court '' . During the trial , parties endeavour to prove the basic facts formulated in the pleadings , by means of witnesses who appear in person and who provide oral , documentary , or real evidence . These witnesses are examined in chief , cross-examined , and re-examined . After all evidence has been led , argument is addressed to the court on the pleadings and on the evidence , and judgment is then delivered . </P> <P> Application proceedings are heard in so - called `` motion court '' . There are two main types of applications , opposed applications and unopposed applications . Unopposed applications are more common and often only last a few minutes each , so they make up most of the court 's roll . Opposed applications are set down separately for hearing , days in advance , and are heard after the unopposed matters have been dealt with . The applicant and respondent confine themselves to arguing only the issues `` on the papers '' , meaning that the arguments are limited to legal submissions ; the procedure resembles the closing argument stage that normally occurs at the end of a trial action . </P> <H3> Actions ( edit ) </H3> <P> A summons has been defined as `` a court process in which the defendant is called upon to enter appearance to defend the action within a stipulated time and to answer the claim of the plaintiff , and in which he is warned of the consequences of failure to do so . '' Action proceedings are characterised by a clear distinction between the pleading stage , and the trial and evidence stage . </P> Pleadings ( edit ) <P> The pleadings consist of ' ' printed or written statements ' ' . Except where a party is appearing in person , he or she does not draft or sign the pleadings ; this is done by the legal representative . </P> <P> What follows is a series of documentary exchanges , called pleadings , between the parties akin to a conversation on paper . Each party 's legal representative sets out the material facts of their complaint or defence , as the case may be , in summary form . This effectively means that conclusions of fact are pleaded . Because pleadings consist of simple statements and do not disclose evidence , they are not affirmed under oath . The procedure is strictly regulated by the rules of court , not least with respect to the time limits that have to be observed . Failure to comply with the rules of court can be fatal for a case . </P> <P> Once the process of pleading is completed , the action is set down for trial , where the parties will attempt to prove , with evidence , what is averred in the pleadings . </P> Summons ( edit ) <P> Summons proceedings are characterised by a clear distinction between the pleading stage and the trial stage . </P> <P> There are three types of summons : </P> <Ol> <Li> a simple or ordinary summons ; </Li> <Li> a combined summons ; and </Li> <Li> a provisional sentence summons . </Li> </Ol> <P> A simple summons is a document which contains the basis ( the particulars of the claim ) for the plaintiff 's action in the body of the summons . The simple summons is the High Court equivalent of the ordinary summons in the Magistrate 's Court . A combined summons , on the other hand , has a more detailed and separate document containing the particulars of claim and is annexed to the summons . As a general rule , the simple summons is used where the claim is for a debt or a liquidated demand . There are certain matters for which a combined summons is prescribed : for example , in divorce matters . In the High Court , however , it is customary only to use a simple summons when one is certain that it is appropriate to do so . </P> <P> A provisional sentence summons is one whereby a creditor in possession of a liquid document may sue speedily . If the debtor can not dispute the validity of the liquid document , a provisional judgment will be entered against him . Only once he has paid the judgment debt as security will the debtor be able to enter into the merits of the case . In a recent Constitutional Court decision , it was held that various aspects of the provisional summons procedure were inconsistent with the Constitution . </P> <P> The contents of the summons are set out in Rules 5 and 7 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act . Similar provisions are contained in Rule 17 of the Uniform Rules of Court . The summons consists of the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> a warning ; </Li> <Li> a form of consent to judgment ; </Li> <Li> a form of appearance to defend ; </Li> <Li> a notice drawing attention to section 109 of the Act ; </Li> <Li> a notice drawing attention to sections 57 , 58 , 65A and 65D of Act ; </Li> <Li> the address at which plaintiff will receive service of all process ; </Li> <Li> a signature ; </Li> <Li> citations of parties ; </Li> <Li> averment of jurisdiction ; </Li> <Li> particulars of Claim ; and </Li> <Li> a prayer . </Li> </Ul> <P> The summons is usually signed by an attorney , or by the plaintiff personally if he is not represented . Once it has been drafted , it must be issued by the clerk of the court or the registrar , who places a stamp on the document and gives it a case number . Rule 10 of the previous court rules provided for the lapsing of a summons after twelve months if service has not taken place by then . No such provision appears in the amended court rules . </P> Particulars of claim ( edit ) <P> The rules of court prescribe both the form of the particulars as well as the content . It is only from the particulars that one can see the basis of the action as well as the relief sought . The particulars of claim , then , sets out the facts that give rise to the claim as well as what the plaintiff wants the court to decide . </P> <P> In a simple summons , the particulars appear in abbreviated form , often in one line . Prior to the new Magistrates ' Court Rules , a defendant who wished to find out more did so by delivering to the plaintiff a request for further particulars in terms of Rule 16 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act . No such rule exists in the High Court , and Rule 16 has now also been replaced by Rule 15 , which refers to a declaration . The declaration is a separate document in which the Plaintiff must set out his particulars of claim in the same precise manner as he would in a combined summons . </P> <P> Rule 6 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , and Rule 18 of the Uniform Rules , set out the form and content of pleadings in general . With respect to the form , particulars of claim must be divided into separate paragraphs and numbered consecutively with each averment appearing in a separate paragraph . </P> <P> With regards to the content , it must contain the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> a heading ; </Li> <Li> a statement of the facts on which the claim is based ; </Li> <Li> jurisdiction ; </Li> <Li> a cause of action ; and </Li> <Li> a prayer . </Li> </Ul> <P> Rule 6 of the new Magistrates ' Court Rules and Rule 18 of the High Court have specific rules regarding certain categories of cases , namely </P> <Ul> <Li> damages ; </Li> <Li> contractual matters ; and </Li> <Li> matrimonial matters . </Li> </Ul> <P> Failure to comply with these rules will result in the pleading 's being irregular . </P> Service of the summons ( edit ) <P> Once the summons has been issued by the registrar or clerk of the court , it may be served . Service of court process is undertaken by the sheriff . In practice , the attorney takes the original summons with any annexures , together with one copy for the defendant ( or as many copies as there are defendants ) to the sheriff . The sheriff will deliver the document to the defendant . There are prescribed forms of service that are permitted by law . The following general terms apply to the service of documents : </P> <Ul> <Li> Service must be effected by the specific sheriff appointed to operate in that particular jurisdiction . </Li> <Li> Service may not be effected on a Sunday or a public holiday ( with some exceptions ) . </Li> <Li> Service must be effected without undue delay . </Li> <Li> Any person obstructing the sheriff in the carrying out of his duties is guilty of an offence . </Li> </Ul> <P> On arrival at the defendant 's house , the Sheriff hands to the defendant a copy of the process and is required to show him the original and to explain the meaning of the document . The defendant will often sign on the back page of the process to acknowledge receipt thereof . The Sheriff is required then to submit to the attorney a return of service ( if he is successful ) or a return of non-service ( if he is unsuccessful ) . </P> <P> Rule 9 of the Magistrate 's Court , and Rule 4 ( 1 ) ( a ) of the High Court , make provision for the methods of service . These include </P> <Ul> <Li> personal Service ; </Li> <Li> service upon an agent ; </Li> <Li> service on another at the residence or place of business of the defendant ; </Li> <Li> service at the defendant 's place of employment ; </Li> <Li> service at the defendant 's domicilium citandi et executandi ; </Li> <Li> service by affixing ; and </Li> <Li> service via registered post ( which applies only to the Magistrate 's Court ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Where a party is unable to serve in any of the following conventional ways , the Magistrate 's and High Court rules make provision for service via substituted service and edictal citation . The former is where the instituting party applies to the court to grant some other form of service : for example , via newspaper . The latter is frequently used in service of process on a defendant who is resident outside the Republic . </P> Default judgment ( edit ) <P> Once the summons , with all annexures , has been served on the defendant , and the required time period for a response has lapsed without such a response , a party can apply for judgment . This is judgment on the basis that the defendant is in default . Default judgment is entered or given in the absence of the party against whom it is made . It frequently occurs when a defendant has failed to file his notice of intention to defend , but it can also be entered against the plaintiff . In terms of the rules , default judgment is granted in the following circumstances : </P> <Ul> <Li> when there is a failure to deliver a notice of intention to defend at all ; </Li> <Li> when there is a failure to deliver a notice of intention to defend timeously ; </Li> <Li> when the notice of intention to defend , although delivered , is defective ; and </Li> <Li> when there is a failure to deliver a plea timeously or at all . </Li> </Ul> <P> The consequences of each depend on which of the above circumstances applies : </P> <Ul> <Li> In the case of a failure to deliver a notice of intention to defend at all , the plaintiff will only be granted his request for default judgment where the summons is in order and there has been proper service . </Li> <Li> Magistrates ' Courts Rule 13 ( 5 ) provides that a late notice of intention to defend will still be effective provided that it is sent before default judgment has been granted . If the notice is sent before judgment is granted , but after request for default judgment has been lodged , the plaintiff is entitled to costs . Rule 19 ( 5 ) of the Uniform Rules of court provides for costs to be awarded in a similar situation . </Li> <Li> As regards delivery of a defective notice of intention to defend , Rule 12 ( 2 ) ( a ) sets out the meaning of the term `` defective . '' In this case , the plaintiff is required to give the defendant a chance to rectify the defect within five days , failing which default judgment will not be granted . </Li> <Li> As for failure to deliver a plea timeously or at all , there are several circumstances under which a defendant can be in default of a plea . In such case Magistrates ' Courts rule 12 ( 1 ) ( b ) and High Court rule 31 ( 5 ) ( a ) require that the plaintiff afford the defendant a chance to do so by delivering a notice calling on the defendant to file his plea ; otherwise he will be barred . This document is called a notice of bar . </Li> </Ul> <P> A request for default judgment must be in writing and lodged with the clerk or registrar of the court . The request is sent to the registrar . If the defendant has not filed an appearance to defend , there is no need to send a copy of this request to the defendant . A request thus consists of the following documents : </P> <Ul> <Li> a request for default judgment ; </Li> <Li> the original summons ; and </Li> <Li> a return of service . </Li> </Ul> <P> The request must set out that the papers are in order as well as the grounds on which the request is being brought . </P> <P> Ordinarily a default judgment may be granted administratively . This means the clerk or registrar is permitted to grant the judgment , provided that the papers are in order . In matters where the claim is not for a debt or a liquidated demand , default judgment can only be obtained after either giving oral evidence before court or providing same by way of affidavit . When faced with a request , a magistrate or clerk can do one of the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> grant judgment ; </Li> <Li> refuse judgment ; </Li> <Li> call for evidence ; </Li> <Li> make any other order as he deems fit . </Li> </Ul> Notice of intention to defend ( edit ) <P> If the defendant decides to oppose the action as set out in the summons , he is required to deliver a notice setting out his intention within ten days of receipt of the summons ( or twenty days in the case of the state ) . </P> <P> The document sets out the defendant 's intention to defend the action , as well as the address at which he will receive all further documents in the proceedings . The appearance should indicate the physical , postal , email and fax number of the defendant , provided that the physical address is within fifteen kilometres ( MC ) and eight kilometres ( HC ) of the court house . The document must be signed by the defendant or his legal representative . The notice should also indicate the manner in which the defendant prefers all further pleadings and documents to be exchanged . </P> <P> The notice is delivered to the plaintiff by either physically delivering it to his address , or via registered mail . There is no requirement to send the document through the sheriff . The word `` deliver '' entails that a copy of the document is served on the opposite party and the original filed with the clerk of the court . In the event of a notice to defend being filed , a plaintiff may , under certain circumstances , file an application for summary judgment . </P> Further particulars ( edit ) <P> Prior to the amendment of the MC rules , Rules 15 and 16 made provision for a defendant , requesting further particulars to the cause of action , to clarify any issues in the particulars of claim to plead to the case before him . This rule has now been removed and replaced with one which deals with proving a declaration and further particulars for the purposes of a trial . The High Court rule was also removed many years ago . </P> Declaration ( edit ) <P> Should a plaintiff elect to issue a simple summons ( HC ) or ordinary summons ( MC ) , and the defendant decides to defend the matter by filing his notice of intention to defend , the plaintiff is then obliged to file a declaration . </P> <P> The declaration is similar to the particulars of claim filed in a combined summons and must therefore contain all the essential averments of the cause of action . It will set out in detail the nature of the claim , the conclusions of law that the plaintiff is entitled to make from the facts , and a prayer setting out the relief to be claimed . If the plaintiff 's claim consists of a number of claims , each claim should be dealt with separately in the details referred to above . </P> <P> Rule 15 ( 1 ) instructs a plaintiff to deliver the declaration within fifteen days of the date of the receipt of the notice of intention to defend . Should the plaintiff fail to do so , a defendant may , in writing , request the plaintiff to deliver such declaration within five days . Should the plaintiff fail to deliver the declaration , the defendant may set the action down for hearing on a further day days ' notice to the plaintiff ; in the event of the plaintiff 's being in default to rectify his default or to appear on the date , the defendant may apply for absolution of the instance or judgment . </P> Defence ( edit ) <P> Where a defendant is faced with a summons , he has two choices -- either </P> <Ol> <Li> to defend on a substantive basis by raising an objection to the merits of the case ; or </Li> <Li> to defend on a technical basis by objecting to the form and manner of the summons . </Li> </Ol> <P> Where a defence is on the merits , the defendant files a plea ; where the defence is on a technicality , the defendant either files an exception or an application to strike out . </P> Exception ( edit ) <P> Previously , a defendant in the MC filed an exception where he wished to raise an objection based on one of the following listed grounds : </P> <Ul> <Li> Summons does not disclose a cause of action . </Li> <Li> Summons is vague and embarrassing . </Li> <Li> The pleading does not comply with the rules of court . </Li> <Li> Summons has not been properly served . </Li> <Li> The copy of the summons served on the defendant differs substantially from the original . </Li> </Ul> <P> All of the above are technical aspects of the summons that are apparent ex facie ( on the face of ) the document . The amended MC rules only make provision for exception on the first two grounds . This is brought in line with the HC rules , which provide for exception on the first two grounds . The rationale of the exception is that a defendant can not be expected to file his defence if he is prejudiced somehow . The aim of the exception is thus to have the summons dismissed and do away with the action in its entirety . </P> <P> The exception must be raised within 10 days of receipt of the notice of intention to defend . </P> <P> The exception is taken by way of a notice of motion without an affidavit . It sets out the basis of the exception , as exactly which aspect of the summons that the exception is levelled against as well as the grounds for the exception . Where the exception is taken on the grounds that the summons is vague and embarrassing , the defendant is required to state that he has given the plaintiff a chance to rectify the cause of complaint . A prayer appears at the end of the notice of exception in which the defendant requests the court to uphold the exception and dismiss the claim . </P> <P> If an exception is not raised timeously , the defendant may not raise it at a later stage unless he has the leave of the court . The exception may not generally be raised during the trial . Once the notice of exception has been filed on the plaintiff , the exception has to be enrolled for hearing . This is usually done on ten days ' notice ( MC ) and five days ' notice ( HC ) . A formal hearing thus proceeds where the party raising the exception ( the excipient ) has the onus of proof . The excipient must prove not only that the summons is defective but also that he will suffer prejudice if the court does not uphold his exception . </P> <P> If the exception is upheld , the plaintiff may be ordered to rectify his papers or court may dismiss the plaintiff 's claim . In such a case , this only amounts to final judgment if the plaintiff does not then apply for leave to amend his papers . If the court dismisses the exception , the defendant is then required to file his plea within ten days . </P> <P> It is important to note the difference between a special plea and an exception . </P> Application to strike out ( edit ) <P> The second ground on which an objection can be levelled against a summons is the application to strike out . Previously in the MC , a defendant raised this defence on three grounds : </P> <Ul> <Li> The pleading contained averments that were mutually inconsistent and had not been made in the alternative . </Li> <Li> The pleading contained averments that were argumentative , irrelevant and superfluous in nature . </Li> <Li> The pleading contained contradictory matter . </Li> </Ul> <P> This section has now been brought in line with the HC rules , which provide for an application to strike out to be brought on the following grounds : </P> <Ul> <Li> The pleading contains statements that are scandalous , vexatious or irrelevant . </Li> <Li> The applicant will be prejudiced in the conduct of his claim or defence if the offending statements are not struck out . </Li> </Ul> <P> The aim of the application is to delete the offending portions of the pleading . </P> <P> The form of the notice of application to strike out is very similar to the notice of exception . The notice points out the grounds on which the application is being made as well the exact section or sections of the pleading against which the application is being brought . The application is then heard in the same way as the exception . </P> Plea ( edit ) <P> One way of defending oneself against a claim is to give one 's own version of events . This is called the plea . It is the document in which the defendant answers the allegations raised by the plaintiff . </P> <P> The plea is generally delivered within twenty days after delivery of the notice of intention to defend . It is also delivered in other circumstances . </P> <P> In terms of MC Rule 17 and HC Rule 22 , when drafting a plea a party must answer every material allegation . Where a party does not deal directly with an allegation , it will be deemed to be admitted . In the plea , a party must </P> <Ul> <Li> admit the allegations ; </Li> <Li> deny the allegations ; or </Li> <Li> confess and avoid the allegations . </Li> </Ul> <P> The plea is contained in one document . </P> Special plea ( edit ) <P> Where a party wishes to raise some technical defect about the summons , this is done by filing either an exception or an application to strike out . These defects are those which are apparent on the face of the pleading . A party may , however , wish to raise an objection based on a defect that does not appear from the face of the pleadings , in which case he will raise a special plea . </P> <P> A special plea may be raised on the following listed grounds : </P> <Ul> <Li> prescription ; </Li> <Li> lack of jurisdiction ; </Li> <Li> lis pendens ; </Li> <Li> locus standi ; </Li> <Li> res judicata ; </Li> <Li> settlement ; </Li> <Li> arbitration ; </Li> <Li> costs in a previous suit between the same parties still outstanding ; and </Li> <Li> non-joinder and misjoinder . </Li> </Ul> <P> Where a party fails to raise the above issues , the court assumes that the party condones the other party 's failures in those respects . </P> <P> The plea ( usually referred to as the plea over the merits ) and the special plea appear in the same document . Although a successful special plea has the effect of dismissing the action , it is not frequently set down before the trial . On the trial date , the court will simply deal with the special plea before it proceeds to the plea on the merits . </P> <P> There is no specific reference to a special plea in either the MC rules or the HC rules . It is well established in South African law , though . </P> Counterclaim ( edit ) <P> In a plea , a party simply answers the allegations raised by the plaintiff . It frequently occurs , however , that the defendant has a counterclaim . The rules provide that a party may file a counterclaim against the plaintiff . A counterclaim is often called a claim in reconvention . The same rules apply as those in the claim in convention . The plea and counterclaim are set out in the same document or in two separate documents , filed and served at the same time . </P> Replication and the plea in reconvention ( edit ) <P> After a defendant has filed a plea , the plaintiff may file a replication ( or reply ) if he wishes to plead new facts in answer to a defendant 's plea . If the plaintiff merely denies everything stated by the defendant in his plea , no reply is necessary . </P> <P> If a defendant filed a claim in reconvention ( called a counterclaim ) , the plaintiff will be obliged to file a plea to such a counterclaim , which is similar to the defendant 's plea to the claim in convention ( the plaintiff 's claim ) . </P> Close of pleadings ( edit ) <P> Rule 21 ( MC ) indicates specifically when pleadings are considered closed . This is called litis contestatio , and it means that the litigants have reached finality in regard to all the allegations of fact forming the basis of the claim and defence . Once the pleadings are closed , a plaintiff or defendant may apply for a trial date . </P> Procedures after pleading are closed ( edit ) Pre-trial pleadings ( edit ) <P> Various documents are exchanged before the matter is ready to proceed to trial . The three most important are </P> <Ul> <Li> the discovery of documents ; </Li> <Li> the pre-trial conference ; and </Li> <Li> further particulars for the purpose of the trial . </Li> </Ul> <P> Rule 23 ( MC ) and Rule 35 ( HC ) deal with the discovery of documents . Both are substantial and indicative of the importance of this step prior to proceeding to trial . </P> <P> Both plaintiff and defendant will normally provide each other with a request to discover . This notice will contain portions consisting of Rule 23 ( 1 ) , ( 6 ) and ( 11 ) of the MC , and Rule 35 of the HC . It requests either party to discover -- that is , set out in a list -- all the documents , correspondence , etc. , which they have available , and to make these items available to the other party . A party receiving such a request must respond by filing a discovery affidavit within a certain period . On receipt thereof , the receiving party may request copies of any or all documents listed therein . </P> <P> The purpose of discovery is to ensure that an opponent is not caught by surprise at trial . Any document not discovered may normally not be used at trial unless by consent or on application to court . </P> <P> While the issues will have been resolved , to a large extent , prior to the close of pleadings , it may be possible to reach consensus on some further issues that were placed in dispute before the close of pleadings or were not dealt with in the pleadings . This is normally done at a pre trial conference . </P> <P> Rule 25 ( MC ) and Rule 37 ( HC ) deal with this question . Rule 37 lists the issues that should be raised at the conference : </P> <Ul> <Li> the date , place and duration of the conference ; </Li> <Li> any prejudice ; </Li> <Li> the settlement proposals ; </Li> <Li> any aspect to be referred to mediation , etc. ; </Li> <Li> transfer to another court ; </Li> <Li> issues in terms of rule 33 ( 4 ) ; </Li> <Li> admissions ; </Li> <Li> duty to begin ; </Li> <Li> agreement regarding producing proof by affidavit ; </Li> <Li> who is responsible for the copy and preparation of documents ; and </Li> <Li> documents to be utilised as evidence without duty to prove . </Li> </Ul> <P> Although it is generally thought to be advisable that all these aspects be covered in a pre-trial conference in the magistrate 's court , the rule does not specify this . </P> <P> The pre-trial conference is normally attended by the parties ' legal representatives . In some courts , the registrar will refuse to award a trial date until the pre-trial conference has been held . While many legal representatives do not take this rule seriously , and merely go through the formalities so as to move to the trial date , this is not recommended . </P> <P> The old Rule 15 and 16 ( MC ) dealt with the obtaining of further particulars before pleading to the plaintiff 's case . Because this rule has been removed , a defendant no longer has the benefit of asking questions to clarify certain aspects of the plaintiff 's claim at this early stage of the case . The new Rule 16 ( MC ) and Rule 21 ( HC ) have been introduced to assist with this . </P> <P> In terms of Rule 16 ( 2 ) , a party may ask only such further particulars as are strictly necessary to prepare for trial . This must be done at least twenty days before trial . Should a party fail to deliver such particulars timeously or sufficiently , the party so requesting may apply to court </P> <Ul> <Li> for their delivery ; </Li> <Li> for the dismissal of the action ; or </Li> </Ul> <P> to strike out the defence . </P> <P> The question of an award for costs , because of unnecessary use of the rule , is also considered . </P> <P> This is , for various reasons , an important tool . It is recommended that the request be drafted as long as possible before the trial , as failure to comply may result in various interlocutory applications , which may take time . Every effort must be taken to ensure that all these procedures are completed well before the trial date , as a postponement of the trial could have disastrous consequences for both parties . </P> <P> Once the process of pleading is completed , the action goes to trial . </P> Variation and rescission of judgment ( edit ) <P> Normally , once the court has given a final order or judgment , the matter is closed . The original court may not revisit the matter ; it is functus officio . Under certain exceptional circumstances , however , a court may alter or cancel its judgment . </P> High court ( edit ) <P> Judgments may be varied in two ways in the High Courts : </P> <Ul> <Li> in terms of their common law ; or </Li> <Li> in terms of rule 42 of the High Courts Rules . </Li> </Ul> <P> The High Courts have authority at common law to `` supplement , clarify or correct '' their own judgments . This would seem to overlap with their inherent jurisdiction to regulate their own proceedings in the interests of justice . Using this power , they have varied their judgments </P> <Ul> <Li> to include accessory or consequential matters that the court overlooked or failed to grant ; </Li> <Li> to clarify obscurities or ambiguities or uncertainties in the judgment ( although it may not in so doing alter the substance of the judgment or the material findings or outcome of the case ) ; </Li> <Li> to correct clerical or arithmetical or other errors ; and </Li> <Li> to correct , alter or supplement a costs order . </Li> </Ul> <P> Rule 42 ( 1 ) supplements the common law by providing for certain instances in which the court may , either mero motu or on application by one of the parties , set aside or vary one of its judgments or orders . The element that is more or less common to all the instances of variation or rescission under this rule is that of error . The rule provides for variation in the following instances : </P> <Ul> <Li> in respect of an order or judgment granted erroneously in the absence of an affected party ( as often happens , for example , with default judgments ) ; </Li> <Li> in respect of an ambiguity or patent error or omission ; and </Li> <Li> in respect of an order or judgment granted as a result of a mistake common to the parties . </Li> </Ul> <P> Default judgment may be rescinded in the High Court in the following ways : </P> <Ul> <Li> in terms of the common law in the case of <Ul> <Li> fraud ; </Li> <Li> justus error ; </Li> <Li> the discovery of new documents ; and </Li> <Li> default judgment ( if sufficient cause is shown ) ; </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> in terms of rule 42 ( 1 ) ( just discussed ) , when there has been an error of some kind ; and </Li> <Li> in terms of rule 31 ( 2 ) ( b ) , in respect of default judgments on unliquidated claims in terms of rule 31 ( 2 ) ( a ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Default judgments on liquidated claims must be rescinded in terms either of the common law or of rule 42 ( 1 ) . </P> Magistrate 's court ( edit ) <P> Section 36 of the Magistrate 's Court Act refers to the `` rescission '' of a judgment . The expression ' setting aside ' of a judgment is , however , often encountered as a synonym and is well established in practice . Rescission of a judgment is in issue not only in cases in which default judgment has been granted , but also in cases in which application is made for the rescission of a summary judgment , as well as in cases in which judgment has been granted in the absence of a defendant in terms of rule 60 ( 3 ) , where the defendant has not supplied further particulars requested of him . </P> <P> Section 36 is similar to High Court rule 42 ( 1 ) , providing that the court may , on application , rescind or vary </P> <Ul> <Li> any judgment it has granted in the absence of the person against whom it was granted ; </Li> <Li> any judgment it has granted which was void ab initio or obtained by fraud or mistake common to the parties ; and </Li> <Li> any judgment in respect of which no appeal lies . </Li> </Ul> <P> While it may not do any of the above in the absence of an application from any person affected by the judgment , it may , mero motu , correct patent errors in any judgment in respect of which no appeal is pending . If a plaintiff in whose favour a default judgment has been granted has agreed in writing that the judgment be rescinded or varied , a court must rescind or vary such judgment on application by any person affected by it . </P> <P> It does not matter , therefore , whether a default judgment has been obtained as a result of the failure of the defendant to enter appearance to defend , or as a result of the failure of the defendant to plead . </P> <P> Rule 49 was the subject of extensive amendment in 1997 . Earlier cases must be used with caution in the interpretation of the new rule . In certain important respects , the new rule appears to revise the position as set out in the old cases . </P> <P> Apart from applications for the rescission of default judgments , the procedure by means of which a party will make an application for the rescission or variation of a judgment in the Magistrates ' Courts is set out in rule 49 ( 7 ) , which requires that such applications be </P> <Ul> <Li> brought on notice to all parties ; and </Li> <Li> supported by an affidavit or affidavits setting out the grounds on which the applicant seeks rescission or variation . </Li> </Ul> <P> If the rescission or variation is sought on the ground that the judgment is void ab origine , or was obtained by fraud or mistake , rule 49 ( 8 ) provides that the application must be served and filed within one year after the applicant first had knowledge of such voidness , fraud or mistake . </P> <P> The most common type of application for rescission , however , is an application for rescission of a default judgment . </P> <P> In terms of rule 49 ( 1 ) , a party seeking to rescind or vary a default judgment has twenty court days , from the date on which the judgment came to his knowledge , to serve and file the application for rescission . Rule 49 ( 2 ) provides that an applicant is presumed to have had knowledge of the default judgment ten days after the date on which it was granted , unless the applicant proves otherwise . This sub-rule places an onus on the applicant to rebut the presumption and to prove that he has brought the application within the twenty - day period . </P> <P> Notice of the application must be given to all parties to the proceedings . The defendant is required to show good cause why the judgment should be rescinded ; alternatively , the court must be satisfied that there is good reason to do so . The court has a discretion in this regard . </P> <P> The application may be made by any party , or any person affected thereby . The applicant is not necessarily the defendant in default . It may be , for instance , that there has been non-joinder . A person may seek to set aside the judgment because he is materially affected by it . </P> <P> The rule appears to lay down two different but related grounds upon which a court may grant rescission . The first is `` upon good cause shown ; '' the second is `` if it is satisfied that there is good reason to do so . '' </P> Good cause ( edit ) <P> `` Good cause '' has never been properly defined , but it incorporates both an investigation into the existence of a prima facie defence , and whether or not the defendant was in wilful default . In the cases on the previous rule , `` good cause '' was held to include </P> <Ul> <Li> a reasonable explanation for the default ; </Li> <Li> the existence of a bona fide defence ; and </Li> <Li> evidence that the application is made bona fide . </Li> </Ul> <P> The first two of these requirements are set out in the new rule 49 ( 3 ) , which provides that the application must be supported by an affidavit setting out the reasons for the defendant 's absence or default , and the grounds of the defendant 's defence to the claim . It has been argued that `` the previous case law still applies in regard to this sub-rule , since ' good cause ' would only be shown if the explanation was reasonable , and the defence bona fide . '' </P> <P> The requirement of absence of wilful default has become more problematic . Rule 49 ( 4 ) deals with the situation in which a defendant wishes to rescind the judgment when he does not wish to proceed with the proceedings : that is , when he is prepared to make arrangements to satisfy the judgment . It is in these circumstances that the new sub-rule requires an applicant to show that he or she was not in wilful default and that the judgment was satisfied , or arrangements were made to satisfy the judgment , within a reasonable time after it came to his or her knowledge . `` Does this mean , '' asks Torquil Paterson , </P> <P> that it is only in these circumstances that the absence of wilful default is a requirement ? This matter appears still to be moot . It is submitted that the absence of wilful default applies to all applications , and that it still remains part of demonstrating `` good cause . '' </P> <P> It is also submitted that in the circumstances of rule 49 ( 4 ) the onus of demonstrating the absence of wilful default will rest on the applicant . </P> <P> With regard to the previous rule , it was held that the onus of demonstrating that the applicant was in wilful default rested on the respondent : `` Whether this is still the case appears to be moot . '' </P> <P> Generally , then , rescission may not be granted if the defendant </P> <Ul> <Li> is in wilful default ; and </Li> <Li> can not show a prima facie defence . </Li> </Ul> <P> This means that , to show good cause , the defendant in his affidavit must explain the reasons for his absence or default and show the existence of a prima facie defence as well as satisfy the court that his default was not wilful . </P> Good reason ( edit ) <P> The second possibility is that the applicant may show that there is `` good reason '' to rescind the judgment . The court may rescind the judgment , that is , `` if it is satisfied that there is good reason to do so . '' Paterson writes that , </P> <P> while this requirement overlaps with that of ' good cause , ' it should be given an independent meaning . It is submitted that the ' good reason ' relates to a wider discretion than that contained in good cause relating to the general equities of the situation . </P> <P> The prejudice to both parties will be considered together with all the other factors set out above . </P> <P> Although `` good reason '' appears to set a lower standard than the requirements of good cause , it has been held that it does not so much lower the requirements for the applicant as extend the discretion of the magistrate . Where the applicant fails to show good cause , the magistrate may nevertheless grant rescission mero motu , in the interests of justice , if exceptional circumstances warrant it . </P> <P> A magistrate has a discretion in the case of rescission , and is not obliged to grant it . The defendant 's bona fides , whether or not the default was wilful , and the existence of a prima facie defence are all taken into account in exercising that discretion , the most important aspect being that of the existence of a prima fade defence . </P> Situations ( edit ) <P> Four different situations may arise : </P> <Ol> <Li> The defendant is bringing the application to rescind the default judgment and wants to defend the matter . This is the most common situation . It may occur , for instance , that for some reason , the defendant did not receive the summons . The next thing he knew the sheriff was at his door telling him that judgment had been taken against him . He consults an attorney , telling him that he has a good defence to the matter and would definitely have entered an appearance to defend if he had known about the summons . In this case the application must be supported by an affidavit , in which must be set out the reasons for the defendant 's absence or default . This is where the defendant deals with the aspect of wilful default . The defendant sets out facts to show why he is in default , and must show that the default was not wilful . If any of the three elements discussed previously are absent , the defendant can not beheld to be in wilful default . The onus of proving wilfulness is on the respondent in the application . The affidavit must also set out the grounds of the defendant 's defence to the claim . This is perhaps the most important part of the affidavit . The defendant must set forth allegations of fact which give rise to a defence . He need not deal fully with the merits , but sufficient facts must be alleged to show that a prima facie case exists . </Li> <Li> The defendant is bringing the application to rescind the default judgment , but does not wish to defend the proceedings . This happens where the defendant would have been happy to pay if he had known about he summons . As soon as he finds out about the judgment he makes arrangements to pay , but by that time he already has a judgment against his name . He now wants to remove the judgment . There is no need to show good cause in this situation , but the defendant must satisfy the court that he was not in wilful default , and that the judgment was satisfied or arrangements were made to satisfy the judgment within a reasonable time after it came to his knowledge . </Li> <Li> The plaintiff agrees in writing that the default judgment be rescinded or varied . This will usually be the case where the defendant has paid off the judgment debt and now wants the judgment rescinded so that he can take his name off the list of judgment debtors that credit bureaus might have . As long as a debtor 's name appears on the list , he will find it difficult to obtain credit . Either the plaintiff , the defendant or any other person affected by such judgment may make the request for rescission or variation . Note that , until a 2010 amendment to rule 49 ( 5 ) , this was not an official application to court , but a request which would have been dealt with administratively by the court . The rule has now been amended to align with section 36 ( 2 ) of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , with the result that the word `` request '' has been replaced with the word `` apply . '' It would therefore seem that the correct procedure is by way of application , rather than a notice dealt with in chambers . In terms of rule 49 ( 5 ) ( b ) , an application of this nature may be made at any time after the plaintiff has agreed in writing to the rescission or variation of the judgment . Notice of the application must be given to all parties . Written proof of the plaintiff 's consent to the rescission must accompany the application . </Li> <Li> The application for rescission of the default judgment is being made by a person other than those referred to in 1 , 2 or 3 above . This is a catch - all clause for rescission of default judgments . The application must be supported by affidavit , and set out the reasons why the applicant seeks rescission of the default judgment . </Li> </Ol> Summary of rescission of default judgment ( edit ) <P> In the High Court , the defendant , seeking rescission of a default judgment , </P> <Ul> <Li> must not be in wilful default ; and </Li> <Li> must have a bona fide defence with a prima facie prospect of success . </Li> </Ul> <P> In the Magistrate 's Court , rescission of a default judgment will be granted </P> <Ul> <Li> if there is good reason ; or </Li> <Li> on good cause shown . </Li> </Ul> <P> It is important to note that rescission is not available in respect of provisional sentences or summary judgments . </P> <H3> Applications ( edit ) </H3> <P> Application proceedings , also known as motion proceedings , are based on the exchange of affidavits . The party bringing the application is known as the applicant ; the party opposing the application , if any , is known as the respondent . In application proceedings , the equivalent documents to pleadings are called `` processes '' ; these processes not only formulate the factual dispute but also offer the evidence in support of the factual allegations . Processes are drafted in the form of affidavits , which are written statements sworn under oath or affirmation , and may have extra documents attached as annexures , which further support the evidence adduced . </P> <P> In contrast to summons proceedings , there is no distinction between the pleading stage and the trial stage in application proceedings . In essence , application procedure condenses the action process ; the pleadings as well as the evidence are contained in the applications papers which go before the court . Application procedure is therefore reserved for matters in which the court can reach a decision on the documents before it , without resorting to the oral evidence of witnesses because the parties do not dispute the material facts of the case . </P> Form ( edit ) <P> An application will generally consist of </P> <Ul> <Li> a notice of motion ; and </Li> <Li> one or more supporting affidavits . </Li> </Ul> Notice of motion ( edit ) <P> The notice of motion must be in general accordance with Form 2 ( a ) of the First Schedule to the Rules . This form is often referred to as the `` long - form notice of motion . '' </P> <P> It serves to inform the court and the respondent that a specific type of application will be made on a specified date , at a specified time at a specified court , and that the legal relief mentioned therein will be requested . </P> Affidavit ( edit ) <P> The purpose of an affidavit is to record certain facts under oath , which the court will then consider in determining whether or not to grant the application . </P> <P> There is no standard form prescribed for the affidavit . Its contents will vary widely , depending on Motion courtthe nature of the specific application . </P> <P> There are certain basic principles which apply to all affidavits . The following information should appear in all supporting affidavits : </P> <Ul> <Li> the names and addresses of the applicant and the respondent ; </Li> <Li> the fact that the applicant has locus standi ; </Li> <Li> the fact that the court has jurisdiction ; </Li> <Li> the material facts on which the claim is based ( facta probanda ) , as well as the evidence which the deponent wishes to place before the court ( facta probantia ) ; and </Li> <Li> a request to the court to grant the relief as prayed for in the notice of motion . </Li> </Ul> <P> The affidavit is framed in the first person . The deponent will generally state that its contents are true . </P> <P> If the applicant refers to documentary evidence in the supporting affidavit , such documents must be attached to the affidavit . Being a document containing evidence , the substantive law of evidence applies as much to an affidavit as to viva voce evidence . </P> <P> Where the applicant refers in the supporting affidavit to communications by other persons , such reference must be affirmed by obtaining confirmatory affidavits from the said persons , and attaching it to the supporting affidavit . Such attachment is necessary in order to comply with the evidentiary rule against hearsay . Only admissible evidence should be contained in the affidavit . </P> Procedure ( edit ) <P> The applicant commences proceedings by issuing a notice of motion , which serves to advise the respondent of the applicant 's claim and the relief which the applicant seeks . The notice of motion is usually accompanied by a founding affidavit . Sometimes one or more supporting affidavits or relevant documentation are attached to the affidavit . </P> <P> If the application is not opposed , the facts , as set out in the documents , are accepted . The only question that must be answered then is whether a case can be made for granting the requested order . </P> <P> The respondent who wishes to oppose the application must deliver an opposing affidavit ( or answering affidavit ) in which he answers the allegations of fact contained in the founding affidavit . </P> <P> If necessary , the applicant may then deliver a replying affidavit , in order to address and respond to any allegations contained in the opposing affidavit . </P> <P> Affidavits consist not only of the applicant 's affidavit but also of the supporting affidavits of witnesses , and set out the facts of the claim , defence , and all supporting evidence . These are all in the possession of the motion court when the case appears before it . Consequently , on the date of the hearing of the application , the parties ' legal representatives argue `` on the papers '' . Only in exceptional cases will oral evidence be heard . </P> <P> Magistrates ' Courts do not provide for a general application procedure , and only recognise specific instances in which applications may be brought . In the High Court , however , the application procedure is widely used . </P> High court ( edit ) General rule ( edit ) <P> In any claim , the decision to be made up front is whether to proceed by way of action or application procedure . In Room Hire v Jeppe Street Mansions , it was decided that , as a general rule , the choice between the procedures depends on whether a bona fide material dispute of fact should have been anticipated by the party launching the proceedings . </P> <P> When such a dispute is anticipated , a trial action should be instituted ; otherwise motion proceedings are permissible in order to avoid the delay and expense involved in trials . </P> <P> It follows , from this general rule , that motion proceedings should not be instituted in respect of </P> <Ul> <Li> unliquidated claims ; </Li> <Li> matters in which it is anticipated that a material dispute of fact will arise ; or </Li> <Li> claims for divorce . </Li> </Ul> <P> Notwithstanding the rule regarding anticipated disputes of fact , there are certain types of proceeding in which applications should always be used : </P> <Ul> <Li> insolvency proceedings ; </Li> <Li> where a party seeks urgent relief ; or </Li> <Li> where legislation so dictates . </Li> </Ul> <P> Between these two extremes , the party suing has the choice between an action and an application ; his only limitation in regard to an application is the anticipation of a real dispute on any material question of fact . </P> <P> This principle is valid only for an application for final relief ( such as an application for the payment of money , or for the vindication of an article ) or for a final interdict . </P> <P> The party suing ( the applicant ) is dominus litis ; he chooses the procedure to be used . It must be appreciated that it is inherently unfair on the respondent to be brought to court in an application </P> <Ul> <Li> where there are disputes of fact ; </Li> <Li> when he has the prospect of a final judgment being granted against him ; and </Li> <Li> when he does not have the opportunity of giving viva voce evidence before a judge who is trained in the art of evaluating that evidence and observing his demeanour . </Li> </Ul> Disputes of fact ( edit ) <P> According to the Room Hire case , a dispute of fact might arise in the following situations : </P> <Ul> <Li> where the respondent denies all the material allegations made by the various deponents on behalf of the applicant , and furnishes positive evidence by deponents or witnesses to the contrary ; </Li> <Li> `` confession and avoidance , '' where the respondent admits the allegations ( or evidence ) in the applicant 's founding or supporting affidavit , but raises other facts which in turn are denied by the applicant ; </Li> <Li> where the respondent concedes that he has no knowledge of the main facts alleged by the applicant , but denies them and orders the applicant to the proof thereof , and furnishes ( or undertakes to furnish ) evidence to indicate that the applicant or the applicant 's deponents are prejudiced , incredible or otherwise unreliable , and that certain facts upon which the applicant or the deponents rely to prove the main facts are also unreliable ; or </Li> <Li> where the respondent states that he can lead no evidence himself , or by others , to dispute the truth of the applicant 's allegations , but puts the applicant to the proof thereof by oral evidence subject to cross-examination . </Li> </Ul> Resolving a dispute of fact ( edit ) <P> Bearing in mind the disadvantage to which the respondent is put in an application for final relief , a court is not permitted , where there are genuine disputes of fact on material issues , to decide the matter on a mere balance of probabilities , as would be done in an action . The test is more stringent : The applicant will only succeed if the facts as stated by the respondent , together with those facts in the applicant 's affidavit which have been admitted by the respondent , justify the order sought . The matter is therefore decided essentially on the respondent 's version . </P> <P> A court will not permit a respondent to defeat the applicant 's application by a mere denial in general terms . In suitable cases , it will adopt a `` robust , common sense approach '' to disputes of fact . Where , however , the court is unable to decide the application on the papers , generally there are three avenues open to it : </P> <Ol> <Li> HCR 6 ( 5 ) ( g ) provides that , where an application can not properly be decided on affidavit , a motion court may dismiss the application or make such an order as is necessary to ensure a just and expeditious decision . </Li> <Li> The court may direct that oral evidence be heard on specified issues with a view to resolving any dispute of fact . To that end , it may order any deponent to appear personally , or grant leave for the deponent or any witness . </Li> <Li> It may refer the matter to trial with appropriate directions as to pleadings or the definition of issues . </Li> </Ol> Dismissal of the application ( edit ) <P> If it appears that the applicant must reasonably have foreseen that a material dispute of fact would arise at the time the application was brought , but the applicant nevertheless proceeded by way of application , the court may dismiss the application with costs . This is perhaps the most drastic course of action open to the court . </P> <P> Even in such a circumstance , the court is not obliged to dismiss the application . It has a discretion to decide on one of the other steps mentioned below , and in addition to penalise the applicant with a costs order . </P> Presentation of oral evidence ( edit ) <P> In terms of HCR 6 ( 5 ) ( g ) , the court may order that oral evidence be heard to decide a specific factual dispute . This procedure is applicable only where the dispute is of limited or narrow scope , not where it is extensive and complicated . </P> <P> If the court is of the opinion that it is proper to hear oral evidence in terms of HCR 6 ( 5 ) ( g ) , the court may determine which persons to call as witnesses ; it may also determine the issues in respect of which oral evidence must be presented . Apart from calling the deponents of the affidavits to give oral evidence , the court may also order that any other person be called as a witness . </P> Referral to trial ( edit ) <P> If the factual dispute is extensive or complicated , the court may refer the matter to trial . The result is that the application is converted into a trial action , where oral evidence may be led . </P> <P> The court may give such direction regarding the pleadings and the determination of the issues as it deems proper . For example , the court may order that the notice of motion serve as a summons , and that other pleadings be delivered . The matter will proceed as if it had been started as an action . </P> <P> The affidavits here will play no role in the ultimate decision , other than perhaps with regard to credibility . The customary order made when referring an application to trial would typically read as follows : </P> <Ol> <Li> The application is referred to trial . </Li> <Li> The notice of motion shall stand as a simple summons . </Li> <Li> The notice of intention to oppose shall stand as a notice of intention to defend . </Li> <Li> The applicant shall deliver a declaration within twenty days of this order . </Li> <Li> Thereafter the rules relating to actions shall apply . </Li> <Li> The costs to date shall be reserved for determination by the trial court ( or shall be paid by the applicant ) . </Li> </Ol> Notice to respondent ( edit ) <P> It is a fundamental policy that the respondent ought to be afforded the opportunity of placing his version before the court , and of being heard . Therefore , unless there are exceptional circumstances , the notice of motion and the founding affidavit ( together with all annexures ) must be served on the respondent in the manner provided for in the Rules . </P> <P> There are exceptions to this general rule . </P> Exceptions to the general rules ( edit ) Form of notice of motion ( edit ) Petitions ( edit ) <P> Rule 6 ( 1 ) refers to petitions ; reference thereto is also to be found in legislation . </P> <P> Petitions were abolished by the Petition Proceedings Replacement Act . For practical purposes they exist only as the form used for applications in the Supreme Court of Appeal . </P> <P> Petitions are written in the third person : `` Your petitioner respectfully submits that he ... '' </P> Ex parte applications ( edit ) <P> An ex parte or unilateral application is an application in which the applicant is the only party before the court . As a rule , in fact , when only one person is before the court as a litigant , the application procedure is always appropriate , as the possibility of a dispute of fact does not exist . </P> <P> The ex parte application may be used in the following cases : </P> <Ul> <Li> when the applicant is the only person with an interest in the case ( for example , where application is made for the voluntary surrender of an insolvent estate , or for admission as an attorney or advocate ) ; </Li> <Li> when the application is merely a preliminary step in the matter ( for example , where application is made to sue by means of substituted service ) ; and </Li> <Li> where urgent or immediate relief is required , and where notice to the respondent , and the delay which such notice may occasion , would result in prejudice to the applicant ( for example , where the applicant applies to attach a vehicle in the other party 's possession which the other party plans to remove from the country ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> In accordance with the audi alteram partem principle , and as a general rule , justice and fairness demand that the court should not make an order against any person unless the affected person has received proper notice of the legal relief sought . The ex parte application represents a departure from this rule . The courts will examine such an application very carefully , that the interests of affected persons may be properly safeguarded . </P> <P> There are two important principles for ensuring fairness to the party against whom relief is sought in terms of an ex parte application : </P> <Ol> <Li> The applicant is obliged to observe the utmost good faith in placing all material facts before the court . If the court makes an order pursuant to an ex parte application , and it subsequently emerges that material facts , which might have influenced the decision of the court , were not disclosed , the court has the discretion to set the order aside on the grounds of non-disclosure . This applies irrespective of whether the failure to disclose was mala fide or negligent . </Li> <Li> If another person 's interests stand to be affected by an order in an ex parte application , the court will not grant a final order without giving the respondent the opportunity to present a defence . The court will merely grant a provisional order with a return date , known as a rule nisi . After the order has been provisionally granted , it is then served on the respondent . The rule nisi calls on the respondent to appear before the court on a certain date to furnish reasons for the provisional order not to be confirmed and made final . The respondent must then deliver an answering affidavit , unless the respondent relies solely on a point of law . The audi alteram partem rule is therefore complied with by affording the affected party the opportunity to state a case on the return day . </Li> </Ol> Interlocutory applications ( edit ) <P> Interlocutory applications , and other applications incidental to pending proceedings , are brought on notice ( notice here does not mean `` notice of motion '' ) , usually supported by an affidavit . </P> <P> Service of such an application need not be effected by the sheriff ; it is usually effected by the attorney 's messenger . </P> <P> In practice , Form 2 is adapted for this purpose by reflecting on it both the applicant and the respondent , and by addressing it to both the Registrar and the respondent . </P> Urgent applications ( edit ) <P> In certain circumstances , a party may need to obtain relief on an urgent basis ; proper compliance with the rules and time limits may not be possible . Consequently , HCR 6 ( 12 ) provides that the court may dispense with the forms and service provided for in the rules , and may dispose of the matter at such a time and place , and in such manner and in accordance with such procedure ( which shall , as far as practicable , be in terms of the rules ) , as it deems fit . </P> <P> It is important to note that , when a matter is urgent , it will always be appropriate to proceed by way of application , at least to obtain temporary relief -- even though a dispute of fact is anticipated . </P> <P> Luna Meubel v Makin is the leading case on the question of how and when an urgent application may be brought . The court highlighted the requirement in HCR 6 ( 12 ) ( a ) that the procedure for an urgent application must , as far as practicable , comply with the rules . </P> <P> The court found that HCR 6 ( 12 ) does not permit practitioners to select any day of the week , or any time of the day ( or night ) , to demand a hearing . Urgency involves </P> <Ol> <Li> primarily , the abridgement of time periods prescribed by the rules ; and , </Li> <Li> secondarily , the departure from established filing and sitting times of the court . </Li> </Ol> <P> The court held that the following factors , listed in ascending order of urgency , must be borne in mind : </P> <Ul> <Li> When the matter is too urgent for the respondent to be allowed the usual ten court days prescribed by HCR 6 ( 5 ) ( b ) , from date of service of notice of the application to date of hearing , the ten - day period may be ignored . The application must still be set down for hearing on a motion day ; the papers must still be filed with the registrar of the court sufficiently early for it to come onto the following week 's motion roll . </Li> <Li> Only if the matter is so urgent that the applicant can not set the matter down for hearing on the court 's weekly motion day , and give the registrar the prescribed period of notice of the hearing , may the applicant set the matter down for hearing on the next motion day while giving the registrar a shorter period of notice . </Li> <Li> The matter may be set down for hearing on the next court day only if the urgency is such that the applicant dare not wait even for the next motion day . It must be set down at the normal time of 10 : 00 , or for the same day if the court has not yet adjourned . </Li> <Li> Only if , once the court has adjourned for the day , the applicant can not possibly wait for the hearing until the next court day , at the normal time at which the court sits , may the matter be set down forthwith for hearing at any reasonably convenient time , in consultation with the registrar -- even if that is at night or during a weekend . </Li> </Ul> <P> The court explained that practitioners should carefully analyse the facts of each case to determine , for the purposes of setting the case down for hearing , whether a greater or lesser degree of relaxation of the rules is required . The degree of relaxation should not be greater than the exigency of the case demands ; it must be commensurate therewith . The applicant must make out a case in the founding affidavit to justify the particular extent of the departure from the norm . </P> Application notwithstanding existence of factual dispute ( edit ) <P> Notwithstanding a factual dispute , foreseen or foreseeable , the situation may demand that the applicant be afforded urgent relief in the face of a factual dispute . </P> <P> For example , an applicant whose life is threatened may approach a court for an interim interdict restraining the respondent from assaulting him , despite the fact that the applicant foresees that the respondent in an answering affidavit will deny having made the threat . </P> <P> The relief sought in such a case is not final , but merely interim . It may be corrected or reversed at a later stage , and is invariably granted pendente lite . For this reason , the test is not as stringent as when final relief is sought ; in fact , it favours the applicant . </P> <P> There are other examples of applications which do not claim final relief , such as applications for rescission and provisional sentence . </P> <P> It is not , then , for every case in which a factual dispute arises that motion proceedings are excluded . </P> Notice and service ( edit ) <P> Although the general rule requires that notice of an application be given to the respondent , there may be exceptional circumstances where notice will thwart the object of the application . </P> <P> An applicant may contend , for example , that the respondent is in wrongful possession of the applicant 's motor vehicle , and has threatened to destroy it in the event of the applicant 's proceeding to court for its recovery . In such a case , the applicant would contend that , having received notice of the application , the respondent might very well destroy or dispose of the vehicle without a trace , prior to the applicant 's obtaining an order from the court for the return of the vehicle . The applicant will accordingly seek an order on an interim basis , directing that , pending the determination of the application , the vehicle be preserved . </P> <P> There are instances , then , where the circumstances may justify the court in dispensing with service . </P> Appointment of curator ( edit ) <P> If it is suspected that a person may be of unsound mind , and as such incapable of managing his own affairs , proceedings may be instituted for a declaration by the court to that effect , and for the appointment of curators to his person and property ( curator personae ) . The court may also on application declare a person to be a prodigal , and appoint a curator to his estate ( curator bonis ) . </P> <P> There are three main classes or categories of persons who must be assisted by curators ad litem in actions or proceedings brought by or against them : </P> <Ol> <Li> lunatics ( including any persons who , by reason of mental disability or disorder , can not manage his own affairs ) ; </Li> <Li> minors who have no guardians ; and </Li> <Li> interdicted or declared prodigals . </Li> </Ol> Persons of unsound mind ( edit ) Who may institute proceedings ? ( edit ) <P> Proceedings are initiated by application to court by any person ( a relative , for example , or a guardian ; in certain circumstances , a friend ) who has locus standi and an interest in the matter . The State may bring an application for reimbursement of future expenses incurred in the maintenance of a person who is detained in a public asylum . </P> When application to court for appointment of a curator is unnecessary ( edit ) <P> If a person is incapable of managing his own affairs , and the estimated value of his property does not exceed R100 , 000 , a judge may , on application , appoint a curator bonis . </P> <P> The Administration of Estates Act lays down that the Master may , by notice published in the Gazette , call upon the relatives of the person concerned to attend before him for the purpose of recommending the appointment as curator of a person or any number of specified persons . The notice may be dispensed with if the value of the property does not exceed R5 , 000 . </P> When court proceedings must be instituted ( edit ) <P> If proceedings are initiated under the Mental Health Act , application must be made to the provincial or local division of the Supreme Court with jurisdiction . </P> <P> If the application is made under the common law , application may be made to the court in whose area of jurisdiction the patient was domiciled , at the time of his becoming mentally ill . </P> How proceedings must be initiated ( edit ) <P> Rule 57 ( 1 ) provides that any person who desires to make an application to the court for an order declaring another person ( `` the patient '' ) to be of an unsound mind , and as such incapable of managing his own affairs , and appointing a curator to the person or property of the patient , must in the first instance apply to court for the appointment of a curator ad litem to the patient . </P> <P> The rule shows clearly that the appointment of such curator is aimed at a declaratory order . It is the request for this order which distinguishes the procedure from that under the common law , where the person concerned suffers from a physical disability only . </P> <P> An application to court for the appointment of a curator ad litem to a patient must be brought ex parte , and must set forth fully </P> <Ul> <Li> the grounds on which the applicant claims locus standi to make the application ; </Li> <Li> the grounds on which the court is alleged to have jurisdiction ; </Li> <Li> the patient 's age and sex , full particulars of his means , and information as to his general state of physical health ; </Li> <Li> the relationship ( if any ) between the patient and the application , and the duration and intimacy of their association ( if any ) ; </Li> <Li> the facts and circumstances relied upon to show that the patient is of unsound mind and incapable of managing his affairs ; and </Li> <Li> the name , occupation and address of the respective persons suggested as curators to the patient 's person and / or property , and a statement that these persons have been approached and have intimated that , if appointed , they would be willing to act in those capacities . </Li> </Ul> <P> The application must , as far as possible , be supported by the following : </P> <Ol> <Li> There must be an affidavit by at least one person to whom the patient is well - known , containing such facts and information as are within the deponent 's own knowledge concerning the patient 's mental condition . If the deponent is related to the patient or has any personal interest in the terms of any order sought , full details of that relationship or interest must be set forth in the affidavit . </Li> <Li> There must be affidavits by at least two medical practitioners , one of whom must be an alienist , who have conducted recent examinations of the patient with a view to ascertaining and reporting on his mental condition . The affidavits must state all the facts observed by their opinions in regard to the nature , extent , and probable duration of any mental disorder or defect so observed , and their reasons for those opinions ; and whether or not the patient is in their opinion incapable of managing his affairs . The medical practitioners must , as far as possible , be persons unrelated to the patient , and without any personal interest in the terms of any order sought . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Post-litigation ( edit ) </H2> <P> Even though the trial has by now run its course , the dispute is not yet resolved . There are two outstanding issues still to be decided : firstly , the question of enforcement and then that of costs . The legal representatives may still need to execute on the judgment , either by serving documents via the sheriff or by managing the logistical arrangements for payment . They must also settle the issue of the final figure of the legal costs . This involves the winning party drafting a bill of costs , which will be taxed . Only once the judgement debt and costs awarded have been settled -- that is to say , paid by the losing party -- can it be said that the matter is over . </P> <H3> Enforcement of judgments ( edit ) </H3> <P> Obtaining judgment in one 's favour is not necessarily the final step in the litigation process . In many cases the party against whom the judgment is granted ( the `` judgment debtor '' ) will willingly comply with the judgment by , for example , paying an amount of money or performing a specific act in accordance with the terms of the judgment . It may happen , however , that the debtor is recalcitrant and unwilling to comply with a judgment . In such a case , it will be necessary to distinguish between a judgment in terms of which the court orders the judgment debtor to perform some act , known as a judgment ad factum praestandum , and a judgment which orders the judgment debtor to pay a sum of money , known as a judgment ad pecuniam solvendam ( like an order to pay damages arising out of a delict ) . The remedy of the creditor is to follow a process known as `` execution , '' which is set out in specific rules of the High Court and Magistrate 's Court . Such procedures provide a mechanism by which court orders may be enforced , and ensure the effectiveness and integrity of the process of judicial decision - making . </P> <P> In general terms , the process of execution entails the attachment and sale by public auction , by the sheriff of the court , of the property of the judgment debtor in order to realise money and thereby satisfy a money judgment . The property may be moveable , immovable or incorporeal . This procedure amounts to an individual debt - collecting ( execution ) procedure , since it can operate effectively only where the debtor has sufficient assets to meet the amount of the judgment debt . If the debtor can not pay the debt and has no executable assets , the debtor is technically insolvent . In such an instance , creditors will have to revert to other debt - collecting devices , such as an application for the sequestration of the estate of the debtor , in the case of a natural person ( as provided by the Insolvency Act ) , or an application for the liquidation or winding - up of the judgment debtor , in the case of a juristic person ( as provided by the Companies Act or the Close Corporation Act ) . </P> <P> The following requirements must be complied with before it may be said that execution has been levied : </P> <Ul> <Li> the issue of a valid writ of execution ; </Li> <Li> the attachment of the judgment debtor 's property by the sheriff , unless the debtor pays the amount of the writ and costs ; and </Li> <Li> the sale by the sheriff , through public auction , of the property attached . </Li> </Ul> <P> An attachment of property is subject to and qualified by the recent Constitutional Court decision in Jaftha v Schoeman , which holds that the attachment process in the Magistrate 's Court , specifically section 66 , is unconstitutional in so far as it does not provide for judicial supervision over the attachment of immovable property . </P> <P> In particular , the Constitutional Court found that any legal process or measure which removes from persons their pre-existing access to adequate housing is unconstitutional , because it limits unjustifiably the right to housing as defined in section 26 ( 1 ) of the Constitution . </P> <P> In order to overcome the problem , the Constitutional Court proposes a remedy based on judicial oversight of the execution process : namely , that a magistrate must carefully consider the facts of each case in order to determine ( before a writ of attachment in respect to immovable property is issued in terms of section 66 ) whether the execution will be reasonable and justifiable in the circumstances . </P> <P> In later cases , the effect of the Jaftha decision was considered with regard to execution following default judgment in terms of HCR 31 ( 5 ) , as well as execution of immovable property in the High Court in terms of HCR 45 . With regard to HCR 31 ( 5 ) , the SCA held that the Registrar may continue to grant default judgment declaring specially hypothecated immovable property executable in cases where such judgment is applied for based on a debt flowing from the mortgage bond over the property . </P> <P> Although a full bench of the WLD has ruled that the Jaftha case would affect HCR 45 ( 1 ) , and that judicial supervision of this procedure had to be read into this rule , the SCA in Standard Bank v Saunderson found it unnecessary to do so . </P> <P> These decisions will influence future development of the execution process relating to residential property . The procedures described below must be read with the Constitutional Court 's remedy in mind . </P> <P> It is important to bear in mind that , where the formalities set out in the HCR and MCR are not complied with , ultimately the sale in execution may be void . </P> Property that may be attached in execution ( edit ) <P> The primary principle in execution is that it can be carried out only once judgment is granted , and then only by means of the issue of a warrant of execution . Generally execution takes place first against the defendant 's movables , and thereafter against any immovable property . </P> Movable , immovable and incorporeal property ( edit ) <P> As a general rule , the judgment creditor is entitled to as much of the property of the judgment debtor as satisfies the judgment , plus costs . The property attached may be either movable property , immovable property or incorporeal property , although the mode of attachment of each is different . </P> <P> Execution will take place first against the debtor 's movables , and only thereafter against any immovable property . Therefore , where a writ against the movables of the judgment debtor is issued and served , and insufficient attachable movables are found , the writ must be re-issued against the debtor 's immovable property . </P> <P> Immovable property may , however , be declared to be specifically executable at the time of judgment where there is a prayer to that effect . In such a case , the immovable property may be attached in the first instance without the necessity of attempting first to execute against moveable property . This often occurs in the context of provisional - sentence proceedings . </P> <P> The property must belong to the judgment debtor . In the context of movable and immovable property , this means that ownership in the property must vest in the debtor . Therefore , even in circumstances where property has been sold by the debtor to a third party , but ownership has not yet been transferred , because delivery has not yet taken place , the property will still be subject to attachment . </P> <P> Where the ownership in the movable or immovable property vests in the debtor , but a third party has a real right in respect of that property , such as a pledge ( in the case of movable property ) or a mortgage ( in the case of immovable property ) , as a general rule that property may nevertheless be attached and sold in execution , subject to certain conditions . The third party , however , will have a preferential right to the proceeds . </P> <P> Incorporeal property , whether movable or immovable , may also be attached . Such property may take the form of a lease , a bill of exchange , a promissory note , a bond or other security for the payment of money . It may also take the form of an interest in a partnership , shares in a company , or a member 's interest in a close corporation . </P> <P> Any debts which are owed or accruing from a third person to the judgment debtor may be attached and executed upon by way of a garnishee order . In terms of such an order , the third person , known as the `` garnishee , '' will be ordered to pay the debt , or part thereof , to the judgment creditor , rather than to the judgment debtor . </P> <P> A specific procedure is laid down for obtaining execution in this manner . Money or bank notes , as a form of moveable property , may also be seized . </P> Property exempt from attachment and execution ( edit ) <P> Certain property belonging to the judgment debtor may not be attached and sold in execution . Section 39 of the Supreme Court Act , and section 67 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , which are framed in identical terms , provide that the following items are exempt from attachment and execution : </P> <Ul> <Li> necessary beds and bedding and wearing apparel of the person against whom execution is levied , or any member of his family ; </Li> <Li> necessary furniture , other than beds , and household utensils , insofar as they do not exceed in value the amount determined by the Minister ; </Li> <Li> stock , tools and agricultural implements of a farmer , insofar as they do not exceed in value the amount determined by the Minister ; </Li> <Li> any food or drink sufficient to meet the needs of such person , and the members of his family , for one month ; </Li> <Li> tools and implements of trade , insofar as they do not exceed in value the amount determined by the Minister ; </Li> <Li> professional books , documents or instruments necessarily used by the debtor in his profession , insofar as they do not exceed in value the amount determined by the Minister ; and </Li> <Li> arms and ammunition of which the debtor , in terms of any law , is required to have possession as part of his equipment . </Li> </Ul> <P> The limit set by the minister is R2 , 000 . The provisos to section 39 of the SCA , and section 67 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , state that the court may , in exceptional circumstances , and on such conditions as it may determine , increase this amount at its discretion . </P> <P> There are certain other limitations . Section 3 of the State Liability Act provides that no execution , attachment or like process shall be issued against a State defendant or respondent in any such action or proceedings , or against any property of the State , but the amount , if any , which may be required to satisfy any judgment or order given or made against the nominal defendant or respondent in any such action or proceedings may be paid out of the National Revenue Fund . </P> <P> Section 2 of the Statutory Pensions Protection Act provides that no pension , right to a pension or any contributions made by any person towards a pension , shall be liable to be attached or subjected to any form of execution under a judgment of a court . On the other hand , section 26 ( 4 ) of the Maintenance Act provides ( notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any law ) that any pension , annuity , gratuity or compassionate allowance or other similar benefit shall be liable to be attached or subjected to execution under any warrant of execution . </P> <P> A limitation also exists in terms of the gratuity or benefit paid under the Occupational Diseases and Mines and Works Act , and movable or immovable property purchased with such gratuity or benefit . </P> Writ or warrant of execution ( edit ) <P> The first step in the procedure for attachment and execution is the valid issue of a document known in the practice of the High Court as a `` writ of execution , '' and in the Magistrate 's Court as a `` warrant of execution . '' Although the terminology is different , the purpose of the documents is essentially the same . </P> <P> A writ or warrant of execution is issued by the registrar of the High Court or the clerk of the Magistrate 's Court . It instructs the sheriff of the court to attach and sell , by public sale , so much of the judgment debtor 's property as is necessary to satisfy the judgment debt , plus the costs of the execution process . Thereafter , it is handed to the sheriff to execute . </P> <P> A writ or warrant may be issued only after judgment . It is therefore a prerequisite for the issue of a writ or warrant that there be a judgment against the debtor . </P> <P> In the High Court , there does not appear to be any rule prescribing when , after judgment , a writ may be issued . It would also appear that there is no prerequisite at common law that the creditor should wait a reasonable time after judgment before issuing a writ so as to give the debtor an opportunity to satisfy the judgment . </P> <P> In the Magistrate 's Court , the only time requirement appears in MCR 36 ( 7 ) , which provides that a warrant of execution shall not be given before the day following that on which the judgment is given without leave of the court applied for at the time of granting the judgment . </P> High court ( edit ) <P> In the High Court , the form of the writ of execution differs , depending on whether it pertains to movable property or to immovable property : </P> <Ul> <Li> HCR 45 ( 1 ) provides that , where the writ pertains to movables , the writ must be as near as possible in accordance with Form 18 of the First Schedule . </Li> <Li> Where the writ pertains to immovable property , HCR 46 ( 2 ) provides that it must be as near as possible in accordance with Form 20 of the First Schedule . The writ must contain a full description of the nature and situation , including the address , of the immovable property , to enable it to be traced and identified by the sheriff . </Li> </Ul> Magistrate 's court ( edit ) <P> MCR 36 ( 1 ) provides that the process for the execution of any judgment for ejectment , the delivery of property ( movable or immovable ) , or the payment of money , shall be by warrant issued and signed by the clerk of the court and addressed to the sheriff . Three different forms of warrant are provided for in Annexure 1 . The form of the warrant depends on the type of judgment granted : </P> <Ul> <Li> Where the court makes an order of ejectment , the warrant will be in accordance with Annexure 1 , Form 30 . </Li> <Li> Where the court makes an order for the delivery of goods , the warrant will be in accordance with Annexure 1 , Form 31 . </Li> <Li> Where the court makes an order for the payment of money , execution shall take place against the property of the debtor ; in such a case , the warrant will be in accordance with Annexure 1 , Form 32 . </Li> </Ul> Attachment and execution against movables ( edit ) <P> MCR 41 ( 1 ) ( a ) provides that , upon receipt of the warrant , the sheriff must proceed to the home or place of employment of the debtor , and request satisfaction of the writ . </P> <P> With regard to the attachment of the property , certain specific provisions of the rules of the Magistrates ' Courts bear mention : </P> <Ul> <Li> The sheriff must show the original warrant to the debtor , and must leave a copy thereof on the premises . Although this is not specifically provided for in the High Court , the practice there is the same . </Li> <Li> Where the sheriff is in doubt as to the validity of any attachment , the sheriff may require the party suing out the process in execution to provide security in the form of indemnification . In particular , security must be granted where the judgment creditor is executing a judgment under circumstances where summons has not been served on the defendant personally , unless the defendant has entered an appearance to defend or the notice of attachment has been given to the debtor personally . The position in the High Court is different : The sheriff will attach the property . Where , however , any claim is made by another person to any property seized , the sheriff will , before taking the property into custody , request the execution creditor to provide indemnity to the sheriff 's satisfaction against any loss or damage incurred as a result of the seizure . Where no indemnity is given , the sheriff may follow the interpleader proceedings set out in HCR 58 . In such a case , the sheriff will have the rights of an applicant ; an execution creditor will have the rights of a claimant . </Li> <Li> Even if the property is insufficient to satisfy the debt fully , the sheriff must nevertheless proceed to attach and make an inventory and valuation of those items in part - execution of the warrant . Although this is not specifically provided for in the High Court , the practice is the same ; the sheriff will attach property even if it is insufficient to satisfy the judgment in full . </Li> <Li> If necessary for purposes of execution of the warrant , the sheriff may open any door on any premises , or of any piece of furniture , even if such opening is refused , and even if there is nobody present representing the judgment debtor . If necessary , the sheriff may use force for such purpose . Although this is not specifically provided for in the High Court , the practice is the same . </Li> <Li> As soon as the sheriff has complied with the requirements of MCR 41 ( 1 ) to ( 3 ) -- that is , by exhibiting the original warrant and making an inventory and valuation of the property to be attached -- the inventoried goods will be deemed to have been judicially attached . </Li> <Li> The sheriff must hand a signed copy of the inventory to the execution debtor , or leave a copy of the inventory on the premises . The inventory must be annexed to a notice of attachment . In the High Court , the practice is not significantly different . </Li> </Ul> <P> After attachment of the items , the sheriff must notify the execution creditor of such attachment by sending the return and the inventory to the execution creditor or his attorney . As a general rule , the sheriff must leave the movable property , other than money , specie or documents , on the premises and in the possession of the execution debtor . The property may be removed in two circumstances : </P> <Ol> <Li> Where , upon issue of the warrant of execution , the execution creditor or his attorney is able to satisfy the clerk of the court of the desirability of removing the property immediately , the property may be removed . The clerk will endorse the warrant with permission for immediate removal . The attorney will then , when sending the warrant to the sheriff , also send a letter to the sheriff with instructions to remove immediately the articles to be attached . </Li> <Li> Where there is no such instruction , the execution creditor or his attorney , after receiving notification of the attachment , may instruct the sheriff in writing either to remove the property to a place of security or leave it upon the premises in the charge and custody of the debtor or another person acting on the sheriff 's behalf . </Li> </Ol> <P> In the Magistrate 's Court , there is no equivalent to HCR 45 ( 5 ) , which sets out the mechanism by which property attached and inventoried may be left on the premises if the execution debtor , together with some person of sufficient means acting as a surety , undertakes that such property will be produced on the day appointed for the sale . In the Magistrate 's Court , the general rule is that property is left on the premises until the sheriff receives an instruction to remove it . </P> <P> An attachment over movables is valid for four months , calculated from the date of attachment . </P> <P> The execution creditor 's attorney must obtain a date for sale from the sheriff . The date of the sale must be at least fifteen days after the attachment . The property must be sold at or near the place where it was attached , or to which it has been removed . The property will then be sold by the sheriff through public auction , or with the approval of the magistrate , by an auctioneer or other person so appointed by the sheriff . </P> <P> Thereafter , it is the responsibility of the creditor , after consultation with the sheriff , to prepare a notice of sale , and to send two copies thereof to the sheriff , so that one copy may be affixed to the notice board or door of the court , and the other copy near the place where the sale is to take place . This must be done ten days before the sale . </P> <P> If the sheriff is of the opinion that the items are worth more than R3 , 000 , the sheriff will require the creditor to publish the notice of sale in a local newspaper . The advertisement must be published at least ten days prior to the sale . A copy of the edition of the paper wherein the advertisement is published must be furnished to the sheriff at least one day prior to the sale . </P> <P> On completion of the sale , the sheriff must attach to the return a `` vendue roll , '' showing details of the property sold , the prices realised , the names and addresses of the purchasers ( where known ) , and an account of the distribution of the proceeds . </P> Attachment and execution against immovable property ( edit ) <P> In the case of immovable property , the warrant of execution must be delivered to the sheriff of the district in which the immovable property is situated . The sheriff effects the attachment by serving the notice of attachment and the warrant of execution on </P> <Ul> <Li> the owner of the property ; </Li> <Li> the registrar of deeds ; </Li> <Li> all registered holders of bonds ( other than the execution creditor ) registered against the property attached ; </Li> <Li> the occupier of the property , if the property is in the occupation of some person other than the owner ; and </Li> <Li> the local authority in whose area the property is situated . </Li> </Ul> <P> Unlike the provision in the HCR , which requires service by registered letter addressed to the intended recipient , the MCR require service in the same manner as a summons . The sheriff will then send the original warrant of execution , together with the return of service , to the creditor 's attorney . </P> <P> After the attachment , the sheriff must ascertain and record whether the said property is subject to any claim preferent to that of the creditor . If that is the case , the sheriff must notify the creditor of the existence of any such claim . Having received such notification , the creditor is obliged , in terms of section 66 ( 2 ) of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , to cause a notice of the intended sale in execution to be served personally upon the preferent creditor ; alternatively , the execution creditor must make application to the Magistrate 's Court of the district in which the property is situated in order to obtain a direction as to what steps must be taken to bring the intended sale to the notice of the preferent creditor . </P> <P> Section 66 ( 2 ) also provides that no immovable property subject to any preferent claim shall be sold in execution unless </P> <Ul> <Li> the proceeds of the sale are sufficient to satisfy the claim of such preferent creditor in full ; or </Li> <Li> the preferent creditor confirms the sale in writing , in which event the preferent creditor shall be deemed to have agreed to accept such proceeds in full settlement of his claim . </Li> </Ul> <P> The sheriff will then set a day and a place for the sale of the property . The date of the sale must be at least a month after the service of the notice of attachment . The sale must take place in front of the courthouse in the district in which the attached property is situated , or at such place as the magistrate may determine . </P> <P> The sale must be by public auction without reserve . The property must , subject to the provisions of section 66 ( 2 ) of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , and to the other conditions of sale , be sold to the highest bidder . </P> <P> Therefore , unlike the position in the High Court , no reserve price may be stipulated , as preferent creditors are protected by the provisions of section 66 ( 2 ) . </P> <P> It is not necessary for the property to be sold by the sheriff . The execution creditor , or any person having an interest in the proper realisation of the property , may by notice to the sheriff , within fifteen days after attachment , and subject to certain conditions , require that such property be sold by an auctioneer in the ordinary course of business , and may in such notice nominate the auctioneer to be employed . </P> <P> Thereafter , it is the responsibility of the execution creditor to prepare a notice of sale and the conditions of sale . Such a notice of sale must contain </P> <Ul> <Li> a brief description of the property ; </Li> <Li> its situation ; </Li> <Li> the time and place of the sale ; and </Li> <Li> the material conditions of sale . </Li> </Ul> <P> Thereafter the execution creditor must publish the notice of sale in a newspaper circulating in the district in which the property is situated , as well as in the Government Gazette not less than five days , and not more than fifteen days , before the date of sale . A photocopy of each of the published notices must be furnished to the sheriff as proof of publication . </P> <P> At least ten days prior to the sale , the sheriff must </P> <Ul> <Li> send , by registered post , a copy of the notice of sale to each judgment creditor who has caused the immovable property to be attached , and to each mortgagee whose address is known ; and </Li> <Li> affix one copy of the notice of sale on the notice board of the Magistrate 's Court of the district in which the property is situated . </Li> </Ul> <P> At least twenty days prior to the sale , the execution creditor prepares the conditions of sale , which must include a condition for payment by the purchaser of any interest due to a preferent creditor from the sale of the property to the date of transfer . The execution creditor will then deliver two copies of the conditions of sale to the sheriff , and one copy to each person entitled to notice of the sale . Any interested party may then apply for a modification of such conditions of sale . </P> <P> After the sale , the sheriff prepares a plan of distribution of the proceeds of the sale . After the property is transferred , and the plan of distribution of the proceeds has lain open for inspection , the necessary pay - outs are made to the creditors in accordance with the plan of distribution . </P> <P> An attachment in respect of immovables is valid for one year from the date of attachment . </P> Interpleader proceedings ( edit ) <P> It may happen that a third party , other than a judgment debtor , lays claim to property seized by the sheriff . As has already been explained , the sheriff will proceed with the attachment notwithstanding the fact that a third - party claimant alleges ownership of the property . In such an event , an interpleader may be the most appropriate course of action . </P> <P> In Bernstein v Visser , the court explained that an interpleader is a form of procedure available to a person who is in custody of property to which the custodian lays no claim by right , but to which two or more other persons lay claim . </P> <P> The custodian may , in terms of an interpleader , oblige any two persons laying claim to the property to fight out their claims among themselves , without putting the custodian to the expense and trouble of an action or actions . </P> <P> Although not unique to the execution process , the interpleader occurs most frequently in this context because it provides an obvious mechanism by which the sheriff as custodian , who has seized or is about to seize property as part of the execution process , is spared the risk of becoming involved in conflicting claims which may potentially arise in the exercise of his statutory duty . </P> <P> When considering the relevant rules of the High Court , and the appropriate section and rules of the Magistrate 's Court , one should not lose sight of the fact that interpleader proceedings may occur in a context other than execution . </P> <P> In the High Court , interpleader proceedings are dealt with in terms of HCR 58 , and in the Magistrate 's Court in terms of section 69 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , read with MCR 39 and 44 . Although the form of process is slightly different , the procedure is similar . </P> Magistrates ' Courts ( edit ) <P> Where a third - party claimant lays claim to property attached or about to be attached by the sheriff , or to any proceeds of property so attached and sold in execution , the sheriff must give notice of such claim to the execution creditor . </P> <P> The execution creditor has ten days after the receipt of the notice in which to admit the claim , in which event the execution creditor will not be liable for any costs , fees or expenses afterwards incurred , and the sheriff may withdraw from possession of the property concerned . Where the execution creditor does not admit the claim , the sheriff must sue out an interpleader summons in terms of section 69 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , read with MCR 44 . </P> <P> Section 69 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act makes provision for interpleader proceedings in two different circumstances . Two different forms for interpleader summons are provided for in Annexure 1 to the rules of the Magistrate 's Court , in order to provide for each circumstance : </P> <Ol> <Li> Section 69 ( 1 ) makes specific provision for interpleader proceedings in the context of property attached or about to be attached in execution under the process of any court . Interpleader summons must be in accordance with Annexure 1 , Form 35 . </Li> <Li> Section 69 ( 2 ) is the general provision which provides for interpleader proceedings in all other cases where two or more persons make adverse claims to any property in the custody or possession of a third party . In such a case the summons must be in accordance with Annexure 1 , Form 36 . </Li> </Ol> <P> A similar structure , providing for a specific interpleader process , and for a general interpleader process , emerges from MCR 44 . The former , in MCR 44 ( 2 ) , is the most relevant for present purposes . </P> <P> MCR 44 ( 2 ) provides that , where the third - party claimant makes a claim in respect of property attached by the sheriff , and the execution creditor has not admitted the claim within the ten - day period referred to above , the sheriff must sue out an interpleader summons in the prescribed form , calling on the third - party claimant and the execution creditor to appear on the date specified in the summons , to have the claim adjudicated upon . </P> <P> The third - party claimant must , not less than ten days before the date of the hearing specified in the summons , lodge with the sheriff an affidavit in triplicate , setting forth the particulars of the claim and the grounds thereof . The sheriff will then forward a copy of the affidavit to the execution creditor , and another copy to the execution debtor . </P> <P> On the date of the hearing , the parties must appear in court . The court will adjudicate the dispute between the claimants . It may </P> <Ul> <Li> order the third - party claimant to state , orally or in writing , on oath or otherwise ( as the court may deem expedient ) , the nature and particulars of the claim ; </Li> <Li> order that the matters in issue be tried on a day to be appointed for that purpose ; or </Li> <Li> try the matters in dispute in a summary manner . </Li> </Ul> <P> Where the matter is tried , the normal rules of a trial action apply . The court may make such order as to any additional expenses of execution occasioned by the claim , and for payment of costs incurred by the application or sheriff , as may be just . </P> <P> If a third - party claimant fails to appear in court on the stipulated day , or fails to deliver an affidavit in the stipulated time , or within such further period as the court may allow , or appears but fails to comply with any order made by the court after an appearance , the court may make an order barring the third party from making any further claim in respect of the subject matter of the dispute . </P> <P> From a practical point of view , it is usually advisable to proceed by way of the interpleader . When in doubt , however , it might be best to proceed instead with a section 65 procedure . </P> <H3> Debt collection ( edit ) </H3> <P> The decision of Coetzee v Government declared the imprisonment provisions in section 65 of the MCA to be unconstitutional , with effect from September 22 , 1995 . </P> <P> The Act provides for several means whereby a creditor may exact payment of his debt . The process of execution after gaining a judgment is costly and time - consuming . Because the majority of cases involve the payment of accounts for goods provided , or for services rendered , and for which the defendant has no valid defence , the Act provides in sections 55 to 60 a procedure whereby judgment may be obtained in this kind of instance without first issuing a summons and following the full summons procedure . </P> <P> The Act also provides in section 65 for a procedure whereby debtors may be summonsed before the court to face an inquiry into their failure to pay the debt . Following such an inquiry , the court may issue various orders : </P> <Ul> <Li> an order to pay the debt in whole or in instalments ; </Li> <Li> a writ of execution ; or </Li> <Li> an emoluments - attachment order . </Li> </Ul> <P> Prior to the decision in Coetzee , the sanction for non-compliance on the part of the debtor was imprisonment , which was described as `` imprisonment for contempt of court . '' Sachs J , in his judgment in Coetzee , described this as a misnomer . This form of imprisonment , when it related to failure to pay or the inability to pay debts , was nothing more than a disguised extension of civil imprisonment for debt , which had been abolished by the Abolition of Civil Imprisonment Act of 1977 . Didcott J commented , obiter , that he could see circumstances in which imprisonment for failure to pay a debt could be defended . The decision explicitly does not impugn other provisions which do allow imprisonment for failure to pay debts of certain categories , such as maintenance orders . </P> <P> The decision abolished the committal procedure of section 65 as being contrary to the right to freedom of the person . It found particularly that the procedure could not be defended as a justifiable limitation on that right , because the provisions were unreasonable on the grounds of `` overbreadth . '' The court held that the committal procedure was separable from the remainder of the section , and that , therefore , only references to the committal procedure were excised from the section . </P> <P> The result of Coetzee is that the procedure of section 65 has had its teeth drawn . What remains is the inquiry into the financial status of the debtor and the possibility of orders being made as a result of that inquiry . A creditor will no longer be able to obtain a writ of imprisonment on failure of the debtor to attend such an inquiry . Where a debtor deliberately refuses to co-operate with the courts regarding his refusal to pay a debt , even a proper judgment debt , the creditor who finds that the normal process of execution yields no dividends will have to resort to an administration order in terms of section 74 , or to full - scale sequestration . </P> <P> As noted by Sachs J in Coetzee , the small debtor without means will no longer be faced with imprisonment , from which he can only be rescued by family or friends . Further , creditors will no longer be able to extend credit on the basis that the debt can be exacted through fear of imprisonment . Credit should be extended only to those who are creditworthy , and to those who provide proper security . </P> Recovery of debts in terms of Chapter viii of the Act ( edit ) <P> Chapter VIII provides a procedure whereby a creditor may obtain judgment without the issue of a summons . If the debtor admits liability , the creditor may proceed to gain an order against the debtor . </P> <P> If the creditor proceeds by way of summons , and the debtor consents to judgment , certain provisions also provide for obtaining an appropriate judgment . </P> Section 56 ( edit ) <P> Section 56 provides that a registered letter of demand may be sent by the attorney acting for a creditor to a debtor who is liable for the payment of the debt ( `` any liquidated sum of money due '' ) claimed in the letter . </P> <P> Section 56 further provides that , should the debtor pay the debt upon receipt of the letter , the creditor shall be entitled to recover the fees and costs prescribed in the rules for a registered letter of demand , provided that the amount of such fees and costs was stated in the letter of demand . No specific format is prescribed for the letter of demand ; this is unlike the position in regard to summons . </P> <P> In terms of section 56 , the letter of demand must be sent by registered post by an attorney to the debtor . In terms of rule 4B , the letter must contain particulars of the nature and amount of the claim . </P> Section 57 ( edit ) <P> Section 57 provides </P> <Ul> <Li> that the defendant may admit his liability to the plaintiff ; </Li> <Li> that he may offer to pay the debt in instalments ; and </Li> <Li> that he may agree to allow the plaintiff to apply for judgment against him , and for a court order in accordance with his offer to pay the amount due by him in instalments . </Li> </Ul> Section 58 ( edit ) <P> In contrast , section 58 provides for an unconditional consent to judgment , coupled with a consent to an order of court for the payment of the debt in instalments . </P> <P> Both </P> <Ul> <Li> where a defendant admits liability in terms of section 57 and undertakes to pay the debt , in instalments or otherwise ; and </Li> <Li> where a defendant in terms of section 58 consents to judgment , or to judgment and an order for the payment of the judgment debt in instalments , </Li> </Ul> <P> the defendant may take the steps set out above after he has been summonsed , or after he has received a letter of demand in terms of section 56 . </P> Section 65 procedure ( edit ) <P> Where there has been judgment for the payment of a sum of money , and the judgment debtor has made a written offer to pay in instalments , and where such offer is accepted by the judgment creditor or his attorney , the judgment creditor may apply to the clerk of the court for an order that the debtor pay such amount in accordance with the offer . Such an order is deemed to be an order for the purpose of launching the following procedures : </P> Notice to summon debtor to appear before court ( edit ) <P> The debtor may be summoned to appear before the court if the judgment or order has not been complied with for a period of ten days from </P> <Ul> <Li> the date on which it was given ; </Li> <Li> the date on which an instalment became payable ; or </Li> <Li> the expiry of a period of suspension ordered in terms of section 48 ( e ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> The notice calling upon the debtor to appear before the courting chambers must be in a printed form . It must indicate the date of judgment or order , as well as the amount of the judgment and the balance of the capital , interest , costs and collection fees which the defendant has undertaken to pay in terms of section 57 ( 1 ) ( c ) , and which remains due on the date of issue or reissue of the notice . </P> <P> This notice is supported by an affidavit ( or affirmation ) by the judgment creditor or a certificate by his attorney in which the following averments are made : </P> <Ul> <Li> the date of the judgment or the date of the expiry of the period of suspension under section 48 ( e ) of the Act , as the case may be ; </Li> <Li> that the judgment or order has remained unsatisfied for a period of ten days from the date on which it was given or became payable , or from the expiry of the period of suspension in terms of section 48 ( e ) ; </Li> <Li> in what respect the judgment debtor has failed to comply with the judgment or order referred to in section 65A ( 1 ) of the Act , the amount in arrears and outstanding balance on the date on which the notice is issued ; </Li> <Li> that the judgment debtor has been advised by registered letter of the terms of the judgment , or of the expiry of the period of suspension under section 48 ( e ) of the Act , as the case may be , and of the consequences of his failure to satisfy the judgment , and that a period of ten days has elapsed since the date on which the letter was posted ; and </Li> <Li> that the court is not barred by the provisions of the National Credit Act from making an order . </Li> </Ul> <P> When the original judgment or order for payment of the judgment debt , referred to in section 65A ( 1 ) , has been given in any court other than the court of the district in which the inquiry is held , the clerk of the court may not issue the notice calling on the debtor to appear before the court until a certified copy of the judgment has been lodged with him . </P> <P> Any alteration in the notice to the debtor must be initialed by the judgment creditor or his attorney , and by the clerk of the court before issue or reissue . </P> <P> The clerk may not issue the section 65A notice until it is shown , from the minutes of the proceedings , that the debtor was present or represented when judgment was given , or a warrant of execution was served on the debtor personally -- unless the judgment creditor or his attorney demonstrates that the debtor has been notified by registered letter of the terms of the judgment or of the expiry of the period of suspension ordered under section 48 ( e ) , and a period of ten days has elapsed since the posting of the letter . </P> <P> A new section 65A ( 6 ) provides that , where the court is satisfied that the debtor has knowledge of the notice in section 65A ( 1 ) , and has failed to appear , or where the debtor fails to appear on a postponement date , or where he has failed to remain in attendance , the court may issue a warrant of arrest to bring the debtor before a competent court to conduct an enquiry in terms of section 65A ( 1 ) . </P> <P> Section 65A ( 8 ) provides that a person so arrested should , as soon as reasonably possible , be brought before the court within the district which that person was arrested . He may be detained at a police station pending the court appearance . </P> <P> Instead of arresting the debtor ( but only if the creditor consents ) , the sheriff may hand the debtor a notice calling upon him to attend court . </P> <P> A willful refusal or failure to appear in terms of a notice in terms of section 65A ( 1 ) or ( 8 ) constitutes an offence , making the debtor liable to a fine or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months . Section65A ( 10 ) provides details of the procedure to be followed when the court inquires into the failure of a debtor to attend . </P> <P> Section 65A makes provision throughout for the summonsing of a juristic person , represented by a director or officer . </P> Procedure when debtor appears before court in camera ( edit ) <P> When the debtor appears before the court in camera on the return day mentioned in the notice , he gives evidence under oath or affirmation as to his financial position . </P> <P> The court permits examination or cross-examination of the judgment debtor in relation to all matters affecting his financial position and his ability to pay the judgment debt and costs , and also in relation to his failure to do so . </P> <P> The court hears such further evidence as may be adduced ( orally or by affidavit , or in such other manner as the court may deem just ) , and as is material to the determination of the judgment debtor 's financial position , his ability to pay the judgment debt and his failure to do so . Witnesses may be summoned for the purpose of giving such evidence . </P> <P> The Act prescribes the factors which the court must take into consideration in determining the ability of the debtor to pay the debt due . These factors are </P> <Ul> <Li> the nature of his income ; </Li> <Li> the amounts needed by him for his necessary expenses and those of the persons dependent upon him ; and </Li> <Li> the amount in periodical payments that he is obliged to make in terms of an order of court , agreement or otherwise in respect of his other commitments </Li> </Ul> <P> The court may , in its discretion , refuse to take account of periodical payments that a judgment debtor has undertaken to make in terms of instalment sale transactions for the purchase of goods not exempted from attachment , or goods which , in the opinion of the court , can not be regarded as household requirements . </P> <P> If , at the hearing , the court is satisfied that the judgment debtor has movable or immovable property which may be attached and sold in order to satisfy the judgment debt , or part of it , the court may </P> <Ul> <Li> authorise the issuing of a warrant of execution against such movable or immovable property , or such part of it as the court may deem fit ; or </Li> <Li> authorise the issuing of such a warrant , together with an order for the payment of the judgment debt , in periodical instalments in terms of section 73 . </Li> </Ul> <P> If it appears to the court that there is a debt due to the judgment debtor which may be attached in terms of section 72 , the court may authorise the attachment of that debt in terms of that section . </P> <P> If it is apparent from the evidence that , after receipt of the notice to appear in court in terms of section 65A ( 1 ) , the judgment debtor made a written offer to pay the judgment debt in instalments or otherwise , or that the debtor is able to pay the debt in reasonable instalments , the court may order him to pay the judgment debt and costs in specified instalments , and may also authorise the issuing of an emoluments attachment order . </P> <P> The further hearing of the matter is thereupon postponed . The proceedings may again be placed on the roll by the judgment creditor or his attorney by notice delivered or posted at least ten days before the day appointed in such notice for the hearing . </P> <P> The court may in any event postpone the proceedings at any time in the presence of the judgment debtor or , in the case of a juristic person , in the presence of the director or officer of the debtor , to such date as the court may determine . </P> <P> When postponing the proceedings , the court informs the judgment debtor or the director or officer in question of the provisions of section 65E ( 1 ) ( c ) , and may order the judgment debtor , etc. , to produce such documents as the court may specify at the hearing on the date determined by the court . The court may , in addition , stipulate such conditions as it deems fit . </P> <P> As far as the costs of the appearance at the hearing in chambers are concerned , the rule applies that the judgment debtor will be ordered to pay the costs unless it appears at the hearing that the debtor has made an offer to settle the judgment debt in instalments that the court considers reasonable , or unless it appears that he has notified the judgment creditor that he was not able to make an offer , and the court finds this to be true . If it emerges that the creditor refused the offer , the court may order the judgment creditor to pay those costs , including the loss of wages suffered by the debtor through having to appear in court in connection with the proceedings . </P> <P> The court may suspend , amend or rescind its order . If the debtor or his representative was not present in court at the time the order was made , the judgment creditor or his attorney is obliged to advise him forthwith , by registered post , of the terms of the order and of the consequences of his failure to satisfy it . </P> Section 65 and administration orders ( edit ) <P> The court may postpone the hearing in terms of section 65A ( 1 ) if the judgment debtor lodges with the court an application for an administration order prior to or at the time of the hearing . </P> <P> If a debtor has not lodged an application for an administration order with the court before or at the time of the hearing of the section 65 proceedings , and it appears at the hearing that the judgment debtor has other debts also , the court considers whether all of the judgment debtor 's debts should be treated collectively . If the court is of the opinion that they should be so treated , it may , with a view to granting the administration order , postpone further hearing of the proceedings to a date determined by the court , and order the judgment debtor </P> <Ul> <Li> to submit to the court a full statement of his affairs ; and </Li> <Li> to cause a copy of the statement to be delivered to each of his creditors at least three days before the date appointed for the further hearing . </Li> </Ul> <P> If it appears that the judgment debtor 's total debts do not exceed R50 , 000 , the court may grant the administration order in respect of his estate , and stay further proceedings , but may grant the judgment creditor the costs already incurred in connection with such proceedings . </P> Emoluments attachment orders ( edit ) <P> A distinction must be drawn between a garnishee order and an emoluments attachment order : </P> <Ul> <Li> A garnishee order is a method used to attach a debt due to the judgment debtor . </Li> <Li> An emoluments attachment order is regarded as part of the procedure for the collection of debt . In this instance , the court orders the judgment debtor 's employer to make regular monthly deductions from the debtor 's salary , and to pay them to the judgment creditor . </Li> </Ul> <P> An emoluments - attachment order will only be granted if </P> <Ul> <Li> the debtor has consented thereto in writing , or the court has so authorised ; or </Li> <Li> the judgment creditor has sent a registered letter to the debtor at his last known address , informing him of the judgment debt and the amount outstanding , and that an emoluments attachment order will be issued ten days from the posting of the letter . The judgment creditor must place an affidavit before the court setting out the outstanding amount of the judgment , and how the specific instalment and cash have accumulated from the date of the judgment , and the balance owing . </Li> </Ul> <P> When the judgment creditor issues an emoluments attachment order out of any court other than the one in which the judgment was obtained , a certified copy of the judgment against the debtor must accompany the affidavit . </P> <P> If the court authorises the issuing of an emoluments - attachment order in terms of section 65J ( 1 ) , the order must be issued in the form prescribed by the rules , and must contain sufficient information , including the identity number , work number or date of birth of the judgment debtor , to enable the garnishee to identify the judgment debtor . </P> <P> The emoluments - attachment order must be signed by the judgment creditor or his attorney , and by the clerk of the court , and served on the garnishee ( the employer ) by the sheriff in the manner prescribed . </P> <P> The order is executed against the garnishee as if it were a court judgment , subject to the right of the garnishee and the debtor , or any other interested party , to dispute the existence or validity of the order or the correctness of the balance claimed . </P> <P> The deductions are made monthly , commencing at the end of the month following that in which the emoluments attachment order was served upon the garnishee . </P> <P> The garnishee is entitled to commission of up to five per cent of all amounts paid over by him in terms of the order . This commission is deducted from the amount paid to the creditor . </P> <P> If it is shown that the debtor , after satisfaction of the order , will not have sufficient means for his own and his dependants ' maintenance , the court will rescind the order or amend it in such a way as to affect only the balance of the debtor 's emoluments over and above such sufficient means . </P> <P> The court may in any event , on good cause shown , suspend or amend or rescind the emoluments attachment order on such conditions as it may deem just . </P> <P> Should the debtor leave the service of the garnishee before the debt has been paid in full , he must forthwith advise the creditor of the name and address of his new employer . The creditor may cause a certified copy of the order to be served on the new employer , together with a certificate specifying the balance outstanding on account of the debt . The new employer is thereupon bound by the order , subject to his right to dispute the existence or validity of the order and the correctness of the balance claimed . </P> <P> Whenever any debtor to whom an emoluments order relates leaves the service of the garnishee before the debt has been paid in full , and becomes self - employed or is employed by someone else , he is , pending the service of the emoluments order upon his new employer , again obliged to comply with the order made by the court in terms of section 65J ( 1 ) ( a ) or ( b ) , which provides in essence that he must pay the debt and costs in specific instalments as set out in the order . </P> Debt - collecting procedure in regard to certain classes of debtor ( edit ) Debtors against whom judgment has been granted in the High court ( edit ) <P> Section 65M provides that , where judgment for the payment of money has been given by a division of the High Court , the judgment creditor may file with the clerk of the court a certified copy of that judgment and an affidavit specifying the amount still owing and how it has been arrived at . </P> <P> The judgment then has all the effects of a judgment of that Magistrate 's Court , even though the amount of the judgment may exceed the jurisdiction of the court . The procedure generally followed for the collection of debts in the Magistrates ' Courts is thereafter followed in collecting that amount . </P> <P> In terms of section 65M , the debtor is entitled to dispute the correctness of the amount specified in the affidavit . </P> Juristic persons ( edit ) <P> Section 65A ( 1 ) provides that , where a judgment debtor is a juristic person , either a director or an officer of the juristic person may be called upon as a representative of the juristic person , in his personal capacity , to appear before the court to show cause why he should not be ordered to pay the judgment debt in instalments . </P> <P> It should be noted that , wherever the legislation alludes to a `` judgment debtor , '' it refers also to the director or officer of the juristic person . For all practical purposes , the juristic person is placed in the same position with regard to section 65 proceedings as a debtor who is a natural person . </P> <P> The court may , at the request of the debtor , at any stage of the proceedings , if the director or officer ceases to be a director or officer of the juristic person , or absconds , replace the director or officer with any other person who at the time of the replacement is a director or officer of the juristic person ; the proceedings then continue as if there has been no replacement . </P> Administration orders ( edit ) <P> In terms of section 74 of the MCA , an application for an administration order is described as a modified form of insolvency proceedings , and provides for debt relief for debtors whose debts amount to less than R50 , 000 . </P> <P> In principle the procedure provides for a rescheduling of a debtor 's debt without sequestrating the debtor 's estate . </P> <P> In terms of this order , a court will assist the debtor by appointing an administrator to take control of the debtor 's financial affairs , and to manage the payment of debts due to creditors . </P> <P> In terms of the order , the debtor has an obligation to make regular payments to the administrator . After deducting necessary expenses and a specified remuneration determined by tariff , the administrator will in turn make a regular distribution in weekly or monthly instalments , or otherwise out of such received payments to all creditors . </P> Application for administration order ( edit ) <P> In terms of section 74 ( 1 ) ( a ) , where a debtor possesses a regular income , and where the burden of debt is reasonably manageable , the debtor may obtain an administration order from the court of the district in which he resides , carries on business or is employed , in the following circumstances : </P> <Ul> <Li> where he is unable immediately to satisfy a judgment obtained against him in court ; </Li> <Li> where no judgment has yet been obtained against the debtor , but he has insufficient cash on hand to meet his financial obligations , and in addition lacks sufficient realisable assets capable of satisfying his debts . </Li> </Ul> <P> Additionally , in terms of section 65I , an administration order may be granted against a debtor who applied for such an order during a section 65 in camera inquiry into the debtor 's financial position . The application for an administration order enjoys preference , so the court will suspend the section 65 in camera hearing until the application for an administration order has been disposed of . </P> <P> The procedure for applying for an administration order is based on an application , together with a prescribed statement of affairs , in which the debtor affirms on oath that the names of the creditors and the amounts owed to them , and all other statements or declarations made in the statement , are true . </P> <P> The application is lodged with the clerk and delivered personally , or by registered post , to the creditors at least three calendar days before the hearing . </P> <P> The true basis for the application is that the debtor is unable to pay his debts as they become due . </P> <P> The clerk must , in accordance with the Act , assist an illiterate debtor in preparing the application . In practice , it is usual for an attorney to assist the debtor in preparing the application . </P> Hearing of the application ( edit ) <P> The application is heard before a magistrate in a section 65 court , and in the presence of the debtor or an appointed legal representative , as well as the creditors and their respective legal representatives . </P> <P> All the debts listed in the statement of affairs are deemed to be proved , subject to any amendments the court may make , except where a creditor objects to a listed debt , or the court rejects or requires the debt to be substantiated by evidence . </P> <P> Similarly , when the debtor objects to a creditor 's claim , the court will require the creditor to prove the claim . The court , or any creditor or legal representative , may question the debtor with regard to </P> <Ul> <Li> assets and liabilities ; </Li> <Li> present and future income , including the income of a spouse ; </Li> <Li> standard of living and the possibility of economising ; and </Li> <Li> any other relevant matter . </Li> </Ul> Contents of administration order ( edit ) <P> The content of an administration order takes a prescribed form . It must set out </P> <Ul> <Li> that the debtor 's estate has been placed under administration ; </Li> <Li> that an administrator has been appointed ; and </Li> <Li> the amount the debtor is obliged to pay . </Li> </Ul> <P> The order must specifically state a weekly or monthly amount to be paid over to the administrator by the debtor . This amount is calculated in terms of section 74C ( 2 ) by taking into account the difference between the future income of the debtor and certain prescribed `` necessary expenses . '' </P> <P> Unless the court or the Act provides otherwise , the cost of the application in terms of section 74 ( 1 ) becomes a first claim against the moneys controlled by the administrator . </P> <P> In futuro debts -- that is to say , debts which become due and payable in the future , including mortgage bonds and assets subject to credit agreements -- are excluded from the administration order . This means that the court will exclude a certain amount of money from the weekly or monthly payments made to the administrator for the purpose of allowing the debtor to make periodical payments in terms of a credit instalment sale agreement or existing maintenance or mortgage - bond obligations . </P> <P> Where the administration order provides for the payment of instalments out of future income , the court shall authorise the issue of an emoluments or garnishee attachment order to facilitate payments by the debtor . </P> <H3> Costs ( edit ) </H3> <P> The term `` legal costs '' refers to the costs that are payable in respect of the fees of any legal practitioner who has acted on behalf of a party , and any expenses incurred in respect of such items as telephone calls , faxes , photocopies or payments to the sheriff of the court for service of a document . </P> <P> These costs are payable by a client to his attorney </P> <Ul> <Li> in terms of an account rendered by the attorney to the client ; or </Li> <Li> in terms of an agreement between the two . </Li> </Ul> <P> Each party is responsible to its own attorney for payment of the attorney 's fees , and for payment of monies disbursed by the attorney on behalf of the client , including the fees of any advocate who may have been briefed in the matter -- irrespective of whether the client won or lost the case . </P> <P> In civil matters , each party usually claims an order for recovery from the other party of the costs paid to his own attorney . Therefore , in almost every civil matter , the court is required , when granting judgment , to consider </P> <Ul> <Li> whether an order in respect of costs should be made ; and , </Li> <Li> if so , what the order should be . </Li> </Ul> <P> As a result of the Contingency Fees Act , it is now possible for attorneys to charge on a contingency basis . The attorney and client may agree that the attorney will charge the client only if he succeeds in the case . If the client loses , he is not charged for fees by his own attorney . Owing to the risk involved , the Act allows the attorney to charge a larger amount than he would be entitled to charge if the matter were conducted on a normal basis . </P> <P> In terms of section 83 ( 6 ) and ( 7 ) of the Attorney 's Act , a practising attorney may not share his professional fees with anyone other than another practising attorney . The allowance to the other attorney may not , directly or indirectly , exceed a third of the fees charged . An unqualified person may not receive remuneration from a practitioner for work done where he is not permitted by law to carry out such work . </P> General principles ( edit ) <P> The court which hears a matter has a wide discretion as to costs , but it is expected that the court will exercise this discretion in accordance with well - established principles . </P> <P> The most important of these principles is that , where a party has been substantially successful in bringing or defending a claim , that party is generally entitled to have a costs order made in his favour against the party who was unsuccessful . This principle is often expressed by the saying that `` the costs follow the outcome of the case . '' The result of such an order is that the losing party will have to pay a substantial portion of the costs incurred by the winning party , along with his or her own costs . </P> <P> Other principles which the civil courts frequently apply , in conjunction with this main principle , are </P> <Ul> <Li> that a successful party may be deprived of costs if there is good reason for this ; </Li> <Li> that matters which are separate and distinct usually carry their own costs ; </Li> <Li> that judgment on the merits is usually a prerequisite for a costs order , but that orders made in respect of interlocutory procedures may include an appropriate costs order ; </Li> <Li> that small or partial successes may carry an appropriate or commensurate award of costs ; </Li> <Li> that a successful application for the granting of an indulgence does not carry a costs order ; </Li> <Li> that a party who unnecessarily causes costs must bear those costs ; and </Li> <Li> that , in exceptional circumstances , a party may be ordered to pay costs on a more punitive scale than would normally have applied ( an attorney - and - client scale , for example , instead of party - and - party scale ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> A party may , in exceptional circumstances , be ordered to pay his counterparty 's cost . Such circumstances include fraud , dishonesty , reckless , malicious or frivolous motives and grave misconduct . </P> <P> It is clear from the principles above that equity is an important consideration . </P> <P> In recent years , the Constitutional Court , the Land Claims Court and the Labour Courts have adopted a new principle : that persons should not be deterred from enforcing their rights because they fear that they will have to pay their opponent 's costs , on top of their own , if they do not succeed . </P> <P> In Hlatshwayo v Hein , the Land Claims Court held that is does not see itself as being bound to follow the usual approach of the superior courts in awarding costs . It will give due weight to the constitutional obligation to promote the fundamental right of access to the courts in such a way that legitimate litigants will not be deterred , for fear of an adverse costs order , from approaching the court to have disputes settled . </P> <P> In the High Courts and the Magistrates ' Courts , the principle that the loser pays the winner 's costs is still applied in almost all cases . </P> <P> In the Constitutional Court , the Land Claims Court and the Labour Courts , judgments are often given with no order as to costs , or with an order that each party should pay its own costs . </P> <P> Rule 41 ( 1 ) of the Divorce Courts provides that parties to divorce proceedings in these courts should pay their own costs , unless there is good reason for the court to order otherwise . </P> <P> Another well - established principle is that , because the making of an order of costs involves the exercise of a judicial discretion , a court of appeal will not readily interfere with an order of costs made by the court of first instance . </P> <P> In Attorney - General , Eastern Cape v Blom , it was held that the power of interference on appeal is limited to cases </P> <Ul> <Li> of vitiation by misdirection or irregularity ; or </Li> <Li> marked by the absence of grounds on which a court , acting reasonably , could have made the order in question . </Li> </Ul> <P> A court may also reconsider an award of costs if the question of costs , or of the particular award , was not argued before it , without the need for the principles of rescission to be applied . </P> Terminology ( edit ) Party - and - party costs ( edit ) <P> Party - and - party costs are those which are necessarily incurred for the purposes of litigation ( charged according to the tariff set out in the Rules of Court ) . This does not include all costs ; only those which were necessary and properly incurred in order to obtain justice and to protect the client 's rights . Where a court simply makes an order of costs against one party in favour of another , this is deemed to be a party - and - party order of costs . </P> <P> For example , Cameron institutes a claim against Rodney . The court eventually decides in Cameron 's favour . This means that Rodney will have to pay the account of Cameron 's attorney in respect of all costs that were necessary in order to obtain justice and to protect Cameron 's rights . If Cameron telephoned his attorney to inquire about the progress of the case more often than was reasonably necessary , he will not be able to recover the costs of those telephone calls from Rodney . </P> Attorney - and - client costs ( edit ) <P> An attorney - and - client order of costs entitles the party in whose favour it is made to recover more from the opposing party than he would be able to recover on a party - and - party order of costs . </P> <P> In a broad sense , attorney - and - client costs include all costs that the attorney is entitled to recover from the client . </P> <P> In a narrow sense , they include those costs and charges and expenses , between attorney and client , which ordinarily the client can not recover from the other party . </P> <P> If , for example , a court granted judgment in favour of Armand against Corbin , with costs on the attorney - and - client scale , Armand would be entitled to recover from Corbin all the costs that Armand 's attorney would justifiably have been able to recover from Armand . </P> <P> Attorney - and - client orders are often made because the losing party agreed to pay such costs in an agreement prior to litigation . A court may also make an attorney - and - client order to penalise a party which the court believes has acted improperly . </P> Attorney - and - own - client costs ( edit ) <P> Attorney - and - own - client costs are the remuneration to which an attorney is entitled , in terms of an agreement or mandate with the client which stipulates that the attorney is to be remunerated according to a predetermined rate ( hourly , for example ) . </P> <P> This order of costs therefore entitles the party in whose favour it is made to recover even more than could be recovered in terms of an attorney - and - client costs award . </P> <P> Magistrates ' Courts are not entitled to grant attorney - and - own - client costs . </P> <P> If a court granted judgment in Debbie 's favour , against Margo , with costs on the attorney - and - own - client scale , and Debbie and her attorney agreed that the attorney could charge , for example , an hourly fee for consultations , which is twice as high as that prescribed by the tariff , Margo will have to pay that agreed fee . </P> Costs de bonis propriis ( edit ) <P> This is an order that the costs be paid by the attorney , instead of by the client . A court will make this kind of order where it believes that it was the attorney 's fault that certain legal costs were incurred . </P> <P> A court may also order costs de bonis propiis against a person who acts in a representative capacity , such as an executor of a deceased estate , or a trustee of an insolvent estate . Such costs are usually granted if there is a substantial deviation from the responsibilities of the person 's office -- where , for example , the person has acted mala fide , negligently or unreasonably . </P> Wasted costs ( edit ) <P> Costs are `` wasted '' when the services for which those costs are charged are of no use to the parties to the action . </P> <P> Where , for example , a party sets a matter down for trial , and then postpones the matter , the relevant notice of set - down is a useless procedure , and the costs related to it are wasted costs . </P> Costs reserved ( edit ) <P> A costs - reserved order entails that the issue of which of the parties is to pay the costs of a particular procedure will be decided at a later stage , usually at the end of the matter , when the court can adjudicate the issue in the light of everything that has occurred in course of the proceedings . </P> <P> The court usually reserves cost for argument and determination by a trial court when the liability for costs of an interim application would be more effectively determined by the trial court . </P> Costs in the cause ( edit ) <P> This means that the costs of preliminary or interlocutory proceedings are included in the total costs of the court case . </P> <P> The party who must pay the costs in respect of the main case then also carries the costs of the preliminary or interlocutory procedure in respect of which costs were made costs in the cause . </P> Costs of the day ( edit ) <P> This refers to costs occasioned to a party in respect of proceedings that occurred on a specific day , usually wasted costs occasioned by a postponement . </P> All costs ( edit ) <P> Such an order refers to party - and - party costs , unless the court indicates otherwise . </P> No costs order ( edit ) <P> Where a court expressly indicates `` no order as to costs , '' each party is liable for its own costs . </P> <P> Where the High Court fails to deal with costs at all , it is not finalised . Any one of the parties may then approach the court for a costs order . </P> <P> Where no order is made as to costs in the Magistrates ' Courts , such costs will be costs in the action . </P> Taxation of bills of cost ( edit ) <P> A bill of costs is an itemised account reflecting all the charges , including fees and disbursements , made by an attorney . The fees charged in a party - and - party bill of costs must be in accordance with the tariff of fees and charges set out in the schedule to the Rules of Court . Briefly , a bill of costs should indicate </P> <Ul> <Li> the date on which the work was done ; </Li> <Li> the item in respect of which costs are charged ( which items must be listed in chronological order , and should be numbered ) ; </Li> <Li> the number of folios or pages involved , and the period of time spent in relation to each item ; </Li> <Li> a precise description of each item ; and </Li> <Li> fees for each item , charged in accordance with the applicable tariff . </Li> </Ul> <P> The party who has been ordered to pay costs requires the party who is claiming the costs to have the bill taxed by the taxing master of the court . </P> <P> Before a bill of costs may be taxed , the party who has drafted the bill must request a date for taxation from the taxing master . </P> <P> After such a date has been allocated , the party who drafted the bill must send a notice of taxation to the other party , to inform him where and when the taxation will occur . </P> <P> Both parties are entitled to be present at the taxation , and to put argument to the taxing master in favour of or against the charges being taxed . </P> <P> HCR 70 ( 4 ) provides that the taxing master shall not proceed to the taxation of any bill of costs unless he is satisfied that the party liable to pay has received due notice as to the time and place of such taxation , together with notice that he is entitled to be present . Such notice is not necessary , however , </P> <Ul> <Li> when the party against whom costs have been awarded has not appeared at the hearing , either in person or through his legal representation ; </Li> <Li> if the person liable to pay costs has consented in writing to taxation in his absence ; or </Li> <Li> for the taxation of writ and post-writ bills . </Li> </Ul> <P> In this regard , MCR 33 ( 16 ) provides that , where costs or expenses are awarded to any party by the court ( otherwise than by a judgment in default of the defendant 's entry of appearance to defend , or on the defendant 's consent to judgment before the time for such appearance has expired ) , the party to whom such costs or expenses have been awarded must deliver a bill of such costs or expenses . Such party must give at least five days ' notice of taxation for an hour to be fixed , generally or specially , by the clerk of the court , and may include in such bill all payments that have necessarily and properly been made by him . </P> <P> During the taxation , the attorney of the party against whom the costs order was granted , and who is thus liable to pay the account , will bring to the attention of the taxing officer all items that in his opinion should not appear on such account . </P> <P> For example , it may be argued that unnecessary telephone calls were made . The attorney who submitted the bill will then have to furnish reasons to the taxing master why those telephone calls were made , and furnish proof thereof by notes of telephone conversations on file . </P> <P> When the taxation of the bill is finalised , the taxing master allocates the amount that is payable in terms of the taxed bill of costs , puts his stamp on it , and signs it . This `` endorsement '' is known as the taxing master 's allocatur . The taxed bill then has the effect of a court order ; if the party who is liable for payment of same fails to pay the bill of costs , payment may be enforced by means of a warrant of execution . </P> <P> Review of taxation is provided for by HCR 48 and MCR 35 . </P> Costs and tariffs ( edit ) High court ( edit ) <P> HCR 67 indicates which fees are payable to the court , while HCR 68 indicates which tariffs are applicable to the sheriff . HCR 69 sets out the maximum fees for advocates on the party - and - party scale in certain matters . </P> <P> HCR 70 provides for taxation , and provides the tariff for fees that may be charged by attorneys . The latter tariff is divided into the following parts : </P> <Ul> <Li> Part A : consultations , appearances , conferences and inspections </Li> <Li> Part B : drafting and drawing </Li> <Li> Part C : attendance and perusal </Li> <Li> Part D: miscellaneous ( including the making of copies , telephone calls and faxes ) </Li> <Li> Part E : charges in connection with the bill of costs </Li> <Li> Part F : execution </Li> </Ul> Magistrate 's court ( edit ) <P> In the Magistrate 's Court , costs and fees are provided for by sections 80 and 81 of the Magistrates ' Courts Act , MCR 33 , 34 and 35 , as well as the scale of costs and fees con - tained in Tables A and B of Annexure 2 of the MCRs . </P> <H2> Action versus application proceedings ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are two different forms which proceedings may take : action or trial proceedings and application or motion proceedings . The key difference is that application proceedings are used only where there is no material dispute as to the facts . </P> <H3> Application proceedings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since there is no material dispute of fact , in application proceedings the case proceeds largely on a dispute of law ; witnesses are normally not called . Evidence is presented on paper and not viva voce . The case usually involves two legal representatives , who appear before a presiding officer and present their respective arguments based on facts which have already been recorded by either party in an affidavit . Having thus put his version of events on paper , the client need not appear in person . </P> <P> Application proceedings commence with a notice of motion , together with a founding affidavit . Parties to these proceedings are called the applicant and the respondent . </P> <H3> Action proceedings ( edit ) </H3> <P> Action proceedings are trials as we know them . They involve the calling of witnesses , who give their evidence orally before the court . At the end of the case , the legal representatives will sum up the evidence and argue which way the court should decide . There are usually multiple disputes of fact ; as such , the court is required to weigh up the evidence and rule as to which version is the more probable . </P> <P> Action proceedings commence with a summons followed by an exchange of pleadings based on the facts . The parties are referred to as the plaintiff and the defendant . </P> <H2> Appeals and reviews ( edit ) </H2> <P> Appeals are based on the grounds that the decision by the trial court was wrong in fact or law . An appeal relates to the substantive correctness of a decision : that is , to findings of fact and law . A review relates to procedural fairness . </P> <H2> Additional procedures ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Settlement ( edit ) </H3> Offers or tenders to settle during litigation ( edit ) High court ( edit ) <P> Offers of settlement in the High Courts are covered by rule 34 , which distinguishes between two types of claim : </P> <Ul> <Li> money claims , in which there is an offer , unconditional or without prejudice , of payment of money by the defendant ( 34 ( 1 ) ) ; and </Li> <Li> performance claims , in which there is a tender , unconditional or without prejudice , of specific performance by the defendant ( 34 ( 2 ) ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> If it made as an `` offer of compromise '' without prejudice , and the plaintiff accepts , the whole claim is extinguished . </P> <P> The difference between an `` unconditional '' offer or tender , on the one hand , and an offer or tender `` without prejudice , '' on the other , may be illustrated as follows : </P> <Ul> <Li> Unconditional : `` I admit that I owe you that particular part of your claim and I am prepared to pay it . I deny that I owe you the rest of your claim , and you 're welcome to take the risk of suing me for it if you want to . '' </Li> <Li> Without prejudice : `` I do n't think your claim is valid , but I do n't want to be tied up in litigation over it . Why not accept partial payment in full and final settlement of your claim , and call it quits ? '' </Li> </Ul> <P> An offer or tender without prejudice may only be brought to the court 's attention after judgment if it is relevant to costs . If done earlier , it may result in an adverse costs order against party doing so , even if that party is successful . </P> <P> There is no such prohibition in respect of unconditional offers or tenders . </P> <P> Whether an offer is unconditional or without prejudice can affect the costs award if the court grants judgment in favour of plaintiff for less than the amount of the offer . </P> Magistrate 's court ( edit ) <P> Rule 18 of the new Magistrates ' Courts Rules has essentially replicated rule 34 of the High Courts Rules . </P> <P> The defendant may make an unconditional payment into the court with an admission of liability , in which case the matter then terminates . The plaintiff is only entitled to costs up to that point . The defendant is not a judgment debtor . </P> <P> Alternatively , the defendant may make a compromise offer of settlement without admission of liability or without prejudice . If the plaintiff rejects this , the defendant can pay amount into the court in `` final settlement . '' If the plaintiff does not accept payment , this can not be disclosed to the court until the end of the trial . If judgment is for less than the amount paid in , the court will order payment to the plaintiff in terms of the award . If judgment is for the defendant , not the plaintiff , the plaintiff must make payment into the court of the defendant 's costs since payment . </P> Tactical considerations ( edit ) <P> A compromise offer of settlement is a valuable tactical weapon to achieve settlement of the matter . If the plaintiff rejects it , he must be sure that the court will grant judgment for more than the offer , or risk an adverse costs order . </P> <H3> Provisional sentence ( edit ) </H3> <P> This is an extraordinary , hybrid and speedy procedure , whereby a plaintiff in possession of a liquid document may obtain quick judgment against a defendant for the amount payable on the face of a liquid document . </P> <P> The procedure is initiated by means of a summons ( as in an action procedure ) . At the preliminary stage , however , it proceeds by way of affidavits ( as in an application procedure ) , and is converted back into an action procedure only once the defendant enters into the principal case . </P> <P> It is speedy because it allows the plaintiff 's claim to be adjudicated upon before trial , and because it accelerates the process of granting judgment ( although the judgment at this early stage is merely provisional ) . </P> <P> The procedure has two advantages for the plaintiff : </P> <Ol> <Li> As a speedy process , it allows for the prompt recovery of a monetary debt from the defendant . </Li> <Li> It places an onus on the defendant at the preliminary sage to establish a defence by satisfying the court , on a balance of probabilities , that the defendant should not be made to pay the amount claimed by the plaintiff , and that the probability of success in the principal case does not favour the plaintiff . </Li> </Ol> <P> The defendant must raise his defence by way of an affidavit , to which the plaintiff may respond with a replying affidavit . </P> <P> A provisional sentence simply entails that the judgment obtained by the plaintiff at this early stage is provisional and can not prevent the defendant from proceeding to the principal case . The defendant may choose to satisfy the provisional judgment and subsequently , within two months , and by notification to the plaintiff , enter into the principal case . </P> <P> The primary principle behind the provisional - sentence procedure is that the court will grant judgment to the plaintiff on the basis of a presumption of indebtedness , founded on the legal validity of the liquid document before the court . The court is thus provisionally satisfied that the plaintiff will succeed in the principal case . The purpose of a provisional sentence is therefore to bring the proceedings to a speedy end , especially when the defendant does not have a defence to the plaintiff 's liquid claim . </P> <P> A provisional sentence must not be confused with a summary judgment . Both are sui generis remedies . Each has its own limited scope of application and specific rules of procedure . Summary judgment may be granted in four situations : </P> <Ol> <Li> where there is a liquid document ; </Li> <Li> in claims for ejectment ; </Li> <Li> in claims for the delivery of specified movable property ; and </Li> <Li> for liquid amounts of money . </Li> </Ol> Liquid document ( edit ) <P> The plaintiff 's ability to make use of the provisional - sentence procedure rests on the evidentiary value of the liquid document . On its face , this document must raise a presumption of indebtedness against the defendant . </P> <P> A liquid document has been defined as a written instrument in which the debtor or an authorised agent , by means of a signature appearing on the face of the document , acknowledges an unconditional liability for the payment of a fixed and certain amount of money . </P> <P> The document must speak for itself ; the acknowledgement of indebtedness must be so clear and certain on the face ( ex facie ) of the document that no extrinsic evidence ( evidence aliunde ) is required to prove the amount . </P> Procedure ( edit ) Commencement ( edit ) <P> The plaintiff must issue a summons in accordance with Form 3 of the First Schedule to the High Court Rules . The summons must comply with the usual requirements for a summons , in respect of the plaintiff 's and the defendant 's personal details , and must provide an address for service within eight kilometres of the court . </P> <P> If the plaintiff is legally represented , the summons must be signed by an attorney . Only copies that are true in all material respects are to be attached to the summons ; one need not attach the original of the liquid document on which the claim is founded . Provisional sentence may be refused , or the proceedings postponed , if an improper copy is annexed to the summons . The originals are handed to the court at the application hearing . </P> <P> The summons must appoint a day , not less than ten days after the service of the summons , on which the defendant is required to appear in court . When the matter is opposed , it must be set down for a High - Court hearing by the plaintiff before noon on the court day but one preceding the day on which it is to be heard . In the Magistrate 's Court , the matter must be set down no later than three days before the day on which it will be heard . </P> <P> The plaintiff may amend a provisional summons in the same way and in terms of the same criteria as any other summons . </P> <P> A provisional - sentence summons contains the following particulars : </P> <Ul> <Li> an averment calling on the defendant to pay the amount or to appear , personally or with representation , before the court to admit or deny liability ; </Li> <Li> allowance for the defendant to file an affidavit setting out a defence ; </Li> <Li> set - down of a day for the defendant 's appearance in court ; </Li> <Li> a clear and sufficient averment setting out the cause of action ; </Li> <Li> an averment calling on the defendant to admit or deny his or the agent 's signature ; and </Li> <Li> information as to the consequences of a failure to pay the amount claimed , and as to the right to demand security from the plaintiff if the defendant does not pay the claimed amount . </Li> </Ul> Defendant ( edit ) <P> The defendant may admit liability for the amount claimed , in which case the court may grant final judgment in favour of the plaintiff . There are two alternative choices available to the defendant should he decide to oppose the matter and deny liability : </P> <Ol> <Li> The defendant may deliver an opposing affidavit . In the High Court , the affidavit must be delivered not later than noon on the day but one preceding the court day on which the application will be heard ; in the Magistrate 's Court , not later than three days before the day upon on it will be heard . The affidavit must set out the grounds on which liability is disputed or contain an admission or denial with respect to the personal signature or the authority or signature of the agent on the face of the liquid document . </Li> <Li> The defendant may appear in court on the day named in the summons , personally or through a legal representative , and deny liability . </Li> </Ol> Plaintiff ( edit ) <P> Should the defendant choose to defend the matter by filing an opposing affidavit , the plaintiff must be afforded a reasonable opportunity of replying thereto . The application for judgment will be postponed , and the plaintiff will be entitled to file a replying affidavit which canvasses all the points raised in the defendant 's opposing affidavit . </P> <P> The court may at its discretion , but in exceptional circumstances only , allow for a third set of affidavits . </P> Onus of proof ( edit ) <P> The plaintiff and the defendant bear distinct and separate onuses of proof in respect of different issues at the provisional - sentence stage . </P> <P> Initially , the plaintiff need not prove anything ; he may prima facie discharge the primary onus by the mere averment in the summons that the plaintiff is the holder of a liquid document bearing the defendant 's signature or that of an authorised agent of the defendant . </P> <P> If the defendant disputes the validity of the liquid document , by denying the authenticity of the signature or the agent 's signature or authority , or by averring that a simple condition must be fulfilled before payment can take place , the onus lies with the plaintiff to prove , on a balance of probabilities , the validity of the document or the fulfilment of the simple condition . The reason why the onus lies with the plaintiff here is that the plaintiff 's right to have provisional sentence granted is founded entirely on the presumption of the authenticity and legal validity of the liquid document . </P> <P> The defendant bears the onus of showing that the probabilities of success in the principal case lie in his or her favour , and that the probability of success in the principal case is against the plaintiff . Even when the defendant raises a defence which is unconnected with the liquid document , the onus remains the same . The defendant 's onus must be discharged on the facts set out in his or her affidavit . Unless exceptional circumstances exist , the court will grant provisional sentence . </P> Hearing ( edit ) <P> At the hearing , the plaintiff and the defendant , or their legal representatives , adduce arguments before a motion court . These arguments are based on the allegations and averments raised in the summons , the defendant 's opposing affidavit and the plaintiff 's replying affidavit . </P> <P> The plaintiff delivers to the court the original liquid document on which the action is based and moves for judgment on it . The plaintiff 's onus of proving the authenticity of the defendant 's signature may be decided on the papers alone , or the court may allow the plaintiff to discharge the onus by calling for oral evidence . The court has the authority to hear oral evidence in respect of the authenticity of the defendant 's signature or the agent 's signature or authority . </P> <P> The court 's authority is limited to these specific instances ; it may not call for viva voce evidence of other issues . The court may exercise the power to call for oral evidence only in exceptional circumstances , having regard to the nature and purpose of the provisional - sentence proceeding . </P> Further procedure when provisional sentence is refused ( edit ) <P> Provisional sentence will be refused when the plaintiff fails to discharge his onus of proof on a balance of probabilities , or when the defendant succeeds in discharging his onus of convincing the court that the probabilities of success in the principal case are against the plaintiff . </P> <P> The matter is then converted into a trial action , in which the rules of pleading and conduct of a trial will apply . The matter proceeds to trial in the usual way , with the court ordering the provisional summons to stand as a normal summons and the defendant to file a plea within a stated time . </P> <P> It is preferable for the court to order the delivery of a plea by the defendant ; otherwise the proceeding may come to an end . During this conversion process , the court has discretion to award such an order as to costs as it may deem just . </P> Further procedure when provisional sentence is granted ( edit ) <P> Provisional sentence will be granted when the plaintiff succeeds in discharging his onus of proof on a balance of probabilities , or when the defendant fails to establish a defence on a balance of probabilities . </P> <P> The plaintiff is entitled to immediate payment of the judgment amount and taxed costs . If the defendant does not pay the capital amount , the plaintiff may issue a warrant of execution against the defendant 's property . </P> <P> The judgment is only provisional ; it does not prevent the defendant from electing to enter into the principal case and obtaining a reversal of the provisional - sentence judgment . </P> <P> A defendant who chooses to proceed to trial may call upon the plaintiff , once the judgment amount has been paid , to furnish security to the satisfaction of the registrar or the clerk . In practice , the parties usually agree that the capital amount due in terms of the judgment will be paid directly to the registrar or clerk by the defendant , to be held as security . </P> <P> The object of the security is to ensure that , should the defendant succeed in the principal case , the defendant will receive repayment of the amount which was paid out in terms of the provisional judgment . A plaintiff who fails to provide security is not entitled to provisional relief ; he must proceed to the principal case and request a grant of final judgment . </P> <P> The defendant is not entitled to take any further procedural steps until he has satisfied the provisional judgment or the plaintiff has failed to furnish security when called upon to do so . </P> <P> Any step taken in breach of these rules will be irregular and liable to be set aside . The defendant may select either of the following two procedural options : </P> <Ol> <Li> The defendant who intends to proceed to trial and enter the principal case must give notice to the plaintiff within two months from the date of the provisional judgment . He must file a plea within ten days of such notice . The provisional summons is subsequently converted into a High - Court combined summons or a Magistrate 's - Court ordinary summons , as the case may be . </Li> <Li> Alternatively , the defendant may choose not to proceed to trial , either by failing to deliver a notice of intention to enter the principal case , or by failing to file a plea within the required time periods . If the defendant does not request condonation for such a failure , or if the court refuses such condonation , the provisional sentence becomes the final judgment . Security lapses when a provisional judgment becomes final . The court is empowered to extend these time periods despite the fact that the judgment has become final . A stay of execution may be granted in exceptional circumstances ; a final judgment may even occasionally be rescinded . </Li> </Ol> Principal case ( edit ) <P> The onus of proof is an important principle . It largely determines whether or not the matter will proceed to the principal case . If the court is of the opinion that the probabilities of success are not in favour of either party , or are only in favour of the plaintiff , it is established practice to grant provisional sentence . </P> <P> The reason why a defendant enters into the principal case is normally that the defendant will enjoy the benefit of being able to lead oral evidence without the limitations imposed by a provisional - sentence proceeding , as well as the benefit of cross-examining the plaintiff 's witnesses , which benefit is not available in a provisional - sentence proceeding . </P> <P> In addition , the onus of proof at the trial is usually borne by the plaintiff , in terms of the rule that `` he who makes the averment or asserts the claim must prove it , '' whereas during the provisional - sentence procedure the onus is on the defendant to satisfy the court that he will succeed in the principal case . </P> <P> The defendant may therefore find that a trial gives him an advantage over the plaintiff . Nevertheless , in practice , few defendants continue to the principal case . The vast majority of provisional - sentence orders therefore become final judgments . </P> Fairness ( edit ) <P> See Western Bank v Pretorius and Barclays Western Bank v Pretorius . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Books ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Paterson , TJM . Eckard 's Principles of Civil Procedure in the Magistrates ' Court . 5 ed . Juta , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Peté , S , et al. Civil Procedure : A Practical Guide . 2 ed . Oxford University Press , 2011 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Legislation ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Interpretation Act 33 of 1957 . </Li> <Li> Magistrates ' Court Act 32 of 1944 . </Li> <Li> Sheriff 's Act 90 of 1986 . </Li> <Li> Supreme Court Act 59 of 1959 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Cases ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Adfin ( Pty ) Ltd v Durable Engineering Works ( Pty ) Ltd 1991 ( 2 ) SA 366 ( C ) . </Li> <Li> Administrator , Transvaal , and Others v Theletsane and Others 1991 ( 2 ) SA 192 ( A ) . </Li> <Li> Barclays Western Bank Ltd v Pretorius 1979 ( 3 ) SA 637 ( N ) . </Li> <Li> Coetzee v Government of the Republic of South Africa ; Matiso and Others v Commanding Officer , Port Elizabeth Prison , and Others 1995 ( 4 ) SA 631 ( CC ) . </Li> <Li> De Kock v Davidson and Others 1971 ( 1 ) SA 428 ( T ) . </Li> <Li> Food and Nutrition Products v Neumann 1986 ( 3 ) SA 464 ( W ) . </Li> <Li> Graaff - Reinet Municipality v Van Ryneveld 's Pass Irrigation Board 1950 ( 2 ) SA 420 ( A ) . </Li> <Li> Hlatshwayo and Others v Hein 1998 ( 1 ) BCLR 123 ( LCC ) . </Li> <Li> Jaftha v Schoeman and Others , Van Rooyen v Stoltz and Others 2005 ( 1 ) BCLR 78 ( CC ) . </Li> <Li> Kragga Kamma Estates CC and Another v Flanagan 1995 ( 2 ) SA 367 ( A ) . </Li> <Li> Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope v Windvogel 1996 ( 1 ) SA 1171 ( C ) . </Li> <Li> Luna Meubel Vervaardigers ( Edms ) Bpk v Makin and Another ( t / a Makin 's Furniture Manufacturers ) 1977 ( 4 ) SA 135 ( W ) . </Li> <Li> Mayne v Main 2001 ( 2 ) SA 1239 ( SCA ) . </Li> <Li> Memory Institute SA CC t / a SA Memory Institute v Hansen and Others 2004 ( 2 ) SA 630 ( SCA ) . </Li> <Li> Plascon - Evans Paints Ltd v Van Riebeeck Paints ( Pty ) Ltd 1984 ( 3 ) SA 623 ( A ) . </Li> <Li> Pressma Services Ltd v Schuttler 1990 ( 2 ) SA 411 ( C ) . </Li> <Li> Room Hire Co ( Pty ) Ltd v Jeppe Street Mansions ( Pty ) Ltd 1949 ( 3 ) SA 1155 ( T ) . </Li> <Li> Smith v Smith 1947 ( 1 ) SA 474 ( W ) . </Li> <Li> Soffiantini v Mould 1956 ( 4 ) SA 150 ( E ) . </Li> <Li> Standard Bank of South Africa Ltd v Saunderson and Others ( 2006 ) 2 All SA 382 ( SCA ) . </Li> <Li> Supreme Diamonds ( Pty ) Ltd v Du Bois Regent Neckwear Manufacturing Co ( Pty ) Ltd v Ehrke 1979 ( 3 ) SA 444 ( W ) . </Li> <Li> Truter and Another v Deysel 2006 ( 4 ) SA 168 ( SCA ) . </Li> <Li> Wallach v Lew Geffen Estates CC 1993 ( 3 ) SA 258 ( A ) . </Li> <Li> Western Bank Ltd v Pretorius 1976 ( 2 ) SA 481 ( T ) . </Li> <Li> Wightman t / a JW Construction v Headfour 2008 ( 3 ) SA 371 ( SCA ) . </Li> <Li> William Spilhaus & Co ( MB ) ( Pty ) Ltd v Marx 1963 ( 4 ) SA 994 ( C ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hurter , E ; Faris , JA ; Cassim , F ( 2013 ) . Civil Procedure . Pretoria , South Africa : University of South Africa . pp. 11 -- 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Act 32 of 1944 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ GN R740 in GG 33487 of 23 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hurter , E ; Faris , JA ; Cassim , F ( 2013 ) . Civil Procedure . Pretoria , South Africa : University of South Africa . pp. viii -- ix . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bill 6 of 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hurter , E ; Faris , JA ; Cassim , F ( 2013 ) . Civil Procedure . Pretoria , South Africa : University of South Africa . pp. 2 -- 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coetzee v Government of the Republic of South Africa ; Matiso and Others v Commanding Officer , Port Elizabeth Prison , and Others 1995 ( 4 ) SA 631 ( CC ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 38 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Act 90 of 1986 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pete et al 2006 , p. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 38 ( 1 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 38 ( 1 ) ( b ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s38 ( 1 ) ( c ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 38 ( 1 ) ( d ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 38 ( 1 ) ( e ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Pete and Hulme , pp. 14 -- 37 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 28 ( 1 ) ( b ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See above . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckard 's 2005 , p. 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 28 ( 1 ) ( c ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckard 's 2005 , p. 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 28 ( 1 ) ( d ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 28 ( 1 ) ( e ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : s 29 ( 1 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s29 ( 1 ) ( b ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 29 ( 1 ) ( c ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 29 ( 1 ) ( d ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s29 ( 1 ) ( e ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s29 ( 1 ) ( f ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 29 ( 1 ) ( g ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 29 ( 1 ) ( h ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Spilhaus & Co ( MB ) ( Pty ) Ltd v Marx 1963 ( 4 ) SA 994 ( C ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pete and Hulme , p. 74 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peté , Stephen ; Hulme , David ; du Plessis , Max ; Palmer , Robin ; Sibanda , Omphemetse ( 2011 ) . Civil Procedure : A Practical Guide . Cape Town , South Africa : Oxford University Press . p. 112 . ISBN 9780195993301 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hurter , E ; Faris , JA ; Cassim , F ( 2013 ) . Civil Procedure . Pretoria , South Africa : University of South Africa . pp. 12 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Peté , Stephen ; Hulme , David ; du Plessis , Max ; Palmer , Robin ; Sibanda , Omphemetse ( 2011 ) . Civil Procedure : A Practical Guide . Cape Town , South Africa : Oxford University Press . p. 113 . ISBN 9780195993301 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hurter , E ; Faris , JA ; Cassim , F ( 2013 ) . Civil Procedure . Pretoria , South Africa : University of South Africa . pp. 13 -- 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckard 's 2005 , p. 77 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Rule 5 ( 2 ) ( a ) of the Magistrates ' Courts Act . `` Liquidated '' means that it is a claim for a fixed , certain or ascertained amount or thing ( Supreme Diamonds ( Pty ) Ltd v Du Bois Regent Neckwear Manufacturing Co ( Pty ) Ltd v Ehrke 1979 ( 3 ) SA 444 ( W ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Rule 19 ( 3 ) of the Southern Divorce Court Rules . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckard 's 2005 , p. 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For example , `` The claim is for goods sold and delivered . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 6 ( 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 18 ( 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 6 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 18 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 6 ( 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 18 ( 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This term refers to the place at which the defendant is self - employed , not at which he is employed by another ( Smith v Smith 1947 ( 1 ) SA 474 ( W ) ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckard 's 2005 , p. 115 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC rule 12 ( 1 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : HC rule 31 ( 2 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC rule 12 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : HC rule 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC rule 12 ( 2 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC rule 12 ( 1 ) ( b ) ( i ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC Rule 12 ( 1 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HC Rule 31 ( 5 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC rule 12 ( 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC 12 ( 7 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HG rule 31 ( 5 ) ( b ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC rule 13 ( 3 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HC rule 19 ( 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC rule 13 ( 3 ) ( b ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckard 's 2005 , p. 131 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 15 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 15 ( 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 15 ( 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 17 ( 2 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 17 ( 2 ) ( b ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 17 ( 2 ) ( c ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 17 ( 2 ) ( d ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 17 ( 2 ) ( e ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC rule 19 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HC rule 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 17 ( 6 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC rule 19 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ HC rule 23 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MC Rule 20 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : MC Rule 21 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 23 MC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 25 MC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 16 MC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 23 ( 2 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 16 ( 5 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckard 's 2005 , p. 126 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For an instance in which application was made ( without success ) to set aside a summary judgment , see Duncan t / a San Sales v Herbor Investments ( Pty ) Ltd 1974 ( 2 ) SA 214 ( T ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In Tlholoe v Maury ( Edms ) Bpk h / a Franelle Gordyn Boutique 1988 ( 3 ) SA 922 ( O ) , the court decided that a summary judgment granted in the absence of the defendant and his legal representative constituted a default judgment which could be rescinded in terms of s 36 ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See also Sundra Hardeware v Mactro Plumbing 1989 ( 1 ) SA 474 ( T ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cabral v Bank van die Oranje - Vrystaat Bpk 1986 ( 4 ) SA 768 ( T ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 36 ( 1 ) ( a ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 36 ( 1 ) ( b ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 36 ( 1 ) ( d ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 36 ( 1 ) ( c ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 36 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meyer v Beyleveld NO & another 1958 ( 4 ) SA 539 ( T ) at 542D . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grant v Plumbers ( Pty ) Ltd 1949 ( 2 ) SA 470 ( O ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silber v Ozen Wholesalers ( Pty ) Ltd 1954 ( 2 ) SA 345 ( A ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ De Witts Auto Body Repairs ( Pty ) Ltd v Fedgen Insurance Co Ltd 1994 ( 4 ) SA 705 ( E ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckard 's 2005 , p. 127 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The court may , upon good cause shown or if it is satisfied that there is good reason to do so , rescind or vary the default judgment on such terms as it may deem fit '' ( rule 49 ( 1 ) ) . Emphasis added . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Philips t / a Southern Cross Optical v SA Vision Care ( Pty ) Ltd 2000 ( 2 ) SA 1007 ( C ) at 1013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eckard 's 2005 , p. 127 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eckard 's 2005 , p. 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jones and Buckle point out that , while the lack of wilful default is no longer an element in the enquiry in its own right , since the 1997 amendment of this rule , it remains one of the considerations to take into account when the court considers the existence of good cause . See Jones and Buckle , Vol II , The Rules , Rule 49 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eckard 's 2005 , p. 128 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mnandi Property Development CC v Beimore Development CC 1999 ( 4 ) SA 462 ( W ) at 466A . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright v Westelike Provinsie Kelders Bpk 2001 ( 4 ) SA 1165 ( C ) at 1181H - 1182A . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A somewhat different conclusion was reached in Phillips t / a Southern Cross Optical v SA Vision Care ( Pty ) Ltd 2000 ( 2 ) SA 1007 ( C ) at 1013A - H , where Van Reenen J indicated that the criterion was now `` less stringent , '' but these remarks were obiter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 49 ( 3 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Other grounds for rescission may also be brought in terms of rule 49 ( 3 ) , of course , such as the judgment 's being void ab origine , in which case the applicant must still comply with the provisions of rule 49 ( 3 ) by presenting proof of the existence of a valid and bona fide defence to the claim . See Leo Manufacturing CC v Robor Industrial ( Pty ) Ltd t / a Robor Stewarts & Lloyds 2007 ( 2 ) SA 1 ( SCA ) at 49 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 49 ( 4 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In this case the absence of wilful default is a specific requirement . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 49 ( 5 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In Venter v Standard Bank of South Africa ( 1999 ) 3 All SA 278 ( W ) , Joffe J was held that this provision was ultra vires the Act ( 283E ) . This decision was not followed by Josman and Van Reenen JJ in RFS Catering Supplies v Barnard Bigara Enterprises CC 2002 ( 1 ) SA 896 ( C ) . There are therefore competing decisions in different divisions of the High Court . `` With respect , '' writes Paterson , `` the Cape decision is to be preferred '' ( Eckard 's 2005 , p. 128 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 49 ( 6 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 42 ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 31 ( 2 ) ( b ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ s 36 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ rule 49 ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This makes the discretion of the Magistrate 's Court wider than that of the High Court . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This is the same test as in the High Court . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peté , Stephen ; Hulme , David ; du Plessis , Max ; Palmer , Robin ; Sibanda , Omphemetse ( 2011 ) . Civil Procedure : A Practical Guide . Cape Town , South Africa : Oxford University Press . pp. 114 -- 115 . ISBN 9780195993301 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This must at least be implied by the facts . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The law , however , is not to be set out . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ It is often useful to approach an affidavit in the same way as one would approach the oral evidence of a witness testifying to the facts . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 55 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rule 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Act 35 of 1976 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The notice must be in accordance with Annexure 1 , Form 34 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MCR 44 ( 2 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ MCR 44 ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ For this reason , it is important that an attorney keep meticulous records on the client 's file of all work done . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Room Hire Co ( Pty ) Ltd v Jeppe Street Mansions ( Pty ) Ltd 1949 ( 3 ) SA 1155 ( T ) . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Civil_procedure_in_South_Africa&oldid=809462634 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Civil procedure </Li> <Li> South African law </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Use South African English from February 2017 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in South African English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from May 2013 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 November 2017 , at 07 : 23 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Agglutination ( biology ) - wikipedia <H1> Agglutination ( biology ) </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( June 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Agglutination is the clumping of particles . The word agglutination comes from the Latin agglutinare ( glueing to ) . </P> <P> Agglutination is the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoagglutinin . This term is commonly used in blood grouping . </P> <P> This occurs in biology in three main examples : </P> <Ol> <Li> The clumping of cells such as bacteria or red blood cells in the presence of an antibody or complement . The antibody or other molecule binds multiple particles and joins them , creating a large complex . This increases the efficacy of microbial elimination by phagocytosis as large clumps of bacteria can be eliminated in one pass , versus the elimination of single microbial antigens . </Li> <Li> When people are given blood transfusions of the wrong blood group , the antibodies react with the incorrectly transfused blood group and as a result , the erythrocytes clump up and stick together causing them to agglutinate . The coalescing of small particles that are suspended in a solution ; these larger masses are then ( usually ) precipitated . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 In hematology <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Hemagglutination </Li> <Li> 1.2 Leukoagglutination </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 In microbiology </Li> <Li> 3 History of discoveries </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> In hematology ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hemagglutination ( edit ) </H3> The ' bedside card ' method of blood typing , in this case using a Serafol card . The result is blood group A positive . Main article : Hemagglutination <P> Hemagglutination is the process by which red blood cells agglutinate , meaning clump or clog . The agglutin involved in hemagglutination is called hemagglutinin . </P> <P> In cross-matching , donor red blood cells and recipient 's serum or plasma are incubated together . If agglutination occurs , this indicates that the donor and recipient blood types are incompatible . </P> <H3> Leukoagglutination ( edit ) </H3> <P> Leukoagglutination occurs when the particles involved are white blood cells . </P> <P> An example is the PH - L form of phytohaemagglutinin . </P> <H2> In microbiology ( edit ) </H2> <P> Agglutination is commonly used as a method of identifying specific bacterial antigens , and in turn , the identity of such bacteria . Because the clumping reaction occurs quickly and is easy to produce , agglutination is an important technique in diagnosis . </P> <H2> History of discoveries ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two bacteriologists , Herbert Edward Durham ( - 1945 ) and Max von Gruber ( 1853 -- 1927 ) , discovered specific agglutination in 1896 . The clumping became known as Gruber - Durham reaction . Gruber introduced the term agglutinin ( from the Latin ) for any substance that caused agglutination of cells . </P> <P> French physician Fernand Widal ( 1862 -- 1929 ) put Gruber and Durham 's discovery to practical use later in 1896 , using the reaction as the basis for a test for typhoid fever . Widal found that blood serum from a typhoid carrier caused a culture of typhoid bacteria to clump , whereas serum from a typhoid - free person did not . This Widal test was the first example of serum diagnosis . </P> <P> Austrian physician Karl Landsteiner found another important practical application of the agglutination reaction in 1900 . Landsteiner 's agglutination tests and his discovery of ABO blood groups was the start of the science of blood transfusion and serology which has made transfusion possible and safer . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Agglutination - PCR </Li> <Li> Blocking antibody </Li> <Li> Coagulation </Li> <Li> Immune system </Li> <Li> Macrophage </Li> <Li> Mannan oligosaccharides ( MOS ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Medical tests used in immunology and for inflammation ( CPT 86000 -- 86849 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immunology </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Immunoprecipitation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Chromatin immunoprecipitation </Li> <Li> Immunodiffusion <Ul> <Li> Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion </Li> <Li> Radial immunodiffusion </Li> <Li> Immunoelectrophoresis </Li> <Li> Counterimmunoelectrophoresis </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Immunoassay </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ELISA </Li> <Li> ELISPOT </Li> <Li> Enzyme Multiplied Immunoassay Technique </Li> <Li> RAST test </Li> <Li> Radioimmunoassay </Li> <Li> Radiobinding assay </Li> <Li> Immunofluorescence </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Agglutination </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hemagglutination / Hemagglutinin <Ul> <Li> Coombs test </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Latex fixation test </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diagnostic immunology </Li> <Li> Nephelometry </Li> <Li> Complement fixation test </Li> <Li> Immunocytochemistry </Li> <Li> Immunohistochemistry <Ul> <Li> Direct fluorescent antibody </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Epitope mapping </Li> <Li> Skin allergy test </Li> <Li> Patch test </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Inflammation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> C - reactive protein </Li> <Li> Procalcitonin </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Total complement activity </Li> <Li> MELISA </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Complete blood count <Ul> <Li> lymphocyte count </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agglutination_(biology)&oldid=844492698 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Immunologic tests </Li> <Li> Hematology </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from June 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> 12 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 08 : 26 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of presidents of the United States by age - wikipedia <H1> List of presidents of the United States by age </H1> <P> This is a list of presidents of the United States by age . The first table charts the age of each United States president at the time of presidential inauguration ( first inauguration if elected to multiple and consecutive terms ) , upon leaving office , and at the time of death . Each president 's lifespan ( age at death ) is measured in two ways , to allow for the differing number of leap days that each experienced . The first figure is the number of days between the president 's date of birth and date of death , allowing for leap days ; in parentheses , the same period is given in years and days , with the years being the number of whole years that the president lived , and the days being the number of days since the last birthday . Where the president is still living , their lifespan is calculated up to August 29 , 2018 . The second table includes those presidents who had the distinction among their peers of being the oldest living president , and charts both when they became and ceased to be oldest living . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Age of U.S. presidents </Li> <Li> 2 Table <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Notes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Oldest living U.S. presidents </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Sources </Li> </Ul> <H2> Age of U.S. presidents ( edit ) </H2> See also : Lifespan timeline of Presidents of the United States Age of presidents when assuming office approximately follows a bell curve ( mean age marked by red line , c. 55.5 years ) <P> The median age upon accession to the presidency is 55 years and 3 months . This is how old Lyndon B. Johnson was at the time of his inauguration . The youngest person to assume the office was Theodore Roosevelt , who became president at the age of 42 years , 322 days , following William McKinley 's assassination ; the oldest was Donald Trump , who was 70 years , 220 days old at his inauguration . The youngest person to be elected president was John F. Kennedy , at 43 years , 163 days of age on election day ; the oldest was Ronald Reagan , who was 73 years , 274 days old at the time of his election to a second term . </P> <P> Assassinated three years into his term , John F. Kennedy was the youngest at the time of leaving office ( 46 years , 177 days ) ; the youngest president to leave office at the conclusion of a normal transition was Theodore Roosevelt ( 50 years , 128 days ) . The oldest at the time of leaving office was Ronald Reagan ( 77 years , 349 days ) . </P> <P> Born on May 29 , 1917 , John F. Kennedy was younger than four of his successors , the greatest number to date : Lyndon Johnson ( 8 years , 9 months , and 2 days ) ; Ronald Reagan ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; Richard Nixon ( 4 years , 4 months , and 16 days ) ; and Gerald Ford ( 3 years , 10 months , and 15 days ) . </P> <P> Born on February 6 , 1911 , Ronald Reagan was older than four of his predecessors , the greatest number to date : Richard Nixon ( 1 year , 11 months , and 7 days ) ; Gerald Ford ( 2 years , 5 months , and 8 days ) ; John F. Kennedy ( 6 years , 3 months , and 23 days ) ; and Jimmy Carter ( 13 years , 7 months , and 25 days ) . </P> <P> Three presidents -- Donald Trump , George W. Bush , and Bill Clinton -- were born in 1946 ( all within the span of 9 weeks ) . This is the only calendar year in which three presidents have been born . Two presidents -- James K. Polk and Warren G. Harding -- were born on November 2 ( 70 years apart ) . This is the only day of the year having the birthday of multiple presidents . </P> <P> The oldest living U.S. president is George H.W. Bush , born June 12 , 1924 ( age 94 years , 78 days ) . On November 25 , 2017 , he also became the longest - lived president , surpassing the lifespan of Gerald Ford , who died at the age of 93 years , 165 days . The second oldest living president , Jimmy Carter , has the distinction of having the longest post-presidency in U.S. history , currently at 37 years , 221 days . He surpassed the previous record , held by Herbert Hoover ( 31 years , 230 days ) on September 7 , 2012 . The youngest living president is Barack Obama , born August 4 , 1961 ( age 57 years , 25 days ) . </P> <P> The shortest - lived president to have died by natural causes ( thereby excluding John F. Kennedy and James A. Garfield , who were both assassinated ) was James K. Polk , who died of cholera at the age of 53 years , 225 days ; only 103 days after leaving office . </P> <P> Six U.S. presidents have lived into their 90s , with two of them currently alive . They are ( in order of birth ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> John Adams ( aged 90 years , 247 days ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Herbert Hoover ( aged 90 years , 71 days ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Ronald Reagan ( aged 93 years , 120 days ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Gerald Ford ( aged 93 years , 165 days ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> George H.W. Bush ( age 94 years , 78 days ) </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Jimmy Carter ( age 93 years , 332 days ) </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Table ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Birth date </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Start of presidency </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> End of presidency </Th> <Th> Post-presidency </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Death </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> timespan </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 01 George Washington </Td> <Td> Feb 22 , 1732 </Td> <Td> Apr 30 , 1789 </Td> <Td> 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1797 </Td> <Td> 7004237520000000000 ♠ 65 years , 10 days </Td> <Td> 7003101500000000000 ♠ 2 years , 285 days </Td> <Td> Dec 14 , 1799 </Td> <Td> 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 02 John Adams </Td> <Td> Oct 30 , 1735 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1797 </Td> <Td> 7004224060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 125 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1801 </Td> <Td> 7004238660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 125 days </Td> <Td> 7003925300000000000 ♠ 25 years , 122 days </Td> <Td> Jul 4 , 1826 </Td> <Td> 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 03 Thomas Jefferson </Td> <Td> Apr 13 , 1743 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1801 </Td> <Td> 7004211440000000000 ♠ 57 years , 325 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1809 </Td> <Td> 7004240660000000000 ♠ 65 years , 325 days </Td> <Td> 7003633100000000000 ♠ 17 years , 122 days </Td> <Td> Jul 4 , 1826 </Td> <Td> 7004303970000000000 ♠ 83 years , 82 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 04 James Madison </Td> <Td> Mar 16 , 1751 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1809 </Td> <Td> 7004211720000000000 ♠ 57 years , 353 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1817 </Td> <Td> 7004240940000000000 ♠ 65 years , 353 days </Td> <Td> 7003705600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 116 days </Td> <Td> Jun 28 , 1836 </Td> <Td> 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 05 James Monroe </Td> <Td> Apr 28 , 1758 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1817 </Td> <Td> 7004214940000000000 ♠ 58 years , 310 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1825 </Td> <Td> 7004244160000000000 ♠ 66 years , 310 days </Td> <Td> 7003231300000000000 ♠ 6 years , 122 days </Td> <Td> Jul 4 , 1831 </Td> <Td> 7004267290000000000 ♠ 73 years , 67 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 06 John Q. Adams </Td> <Td> Jul 11 , 1767 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1825 </Td> <Td> 7004210550000000000 ♠ 57 years , 236 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1829 </Td> <Td> 7004225160000000000 ♠ 61 years , 236 days </Td> <Td> 7003693000000000000 ♠ 18 years , 356 days </Td> <Td> Feb 23 , 1848 </Td> <Td> 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 07 Andrew Jackson </Td> <Td> Mar 15 , 1767 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1829 </Td> <Td> 7004226340000000000 ♠ 61 years , 354 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1837 </Td> <Td> 7004255560000000000 ♠ 69 years , 354 days </Td> <Td> 7003301800000000000 ♠ 8 years , 96 days </Td> <Td> Jun 8 , 1845 </Td> <Td> 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 08 Martin Van Buren </Td> <Td> Dec 5 , 1782 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1837 </Td> <Td> 7004198120000000000 ♠ 54 years , 89 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1841 </Td> <Td> 7004212730000000000 ♠ 58 years , 89 days </Td> <Td> 7003781200000000000 ♠ 21 years , 142 days </Td> <Td> Jul 24 , 1862 </Td> <Td> 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 09 William H. Harrison </Td> <Td> Feb 9 , 1773 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1841 </Td> <Td> 7004248590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 23 days </Td> <Td> Apr 4 , 1841 </Td> <Td> 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days </Td> <Td> 00,000 0 days </Td> <Td> Apr 4 , 1841 </Td> <Td> 7004248900000000000 ♠ 68 years , 54 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 John Tyler </Td> <Td> Mar 29 , 1790 </Td> <Td> Apr 4 , 1841 </Td> <Td> 7004186330000000000 ♠ 51 years , 6 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1845 </Td> <Td> 7004200630000000000 ♠ 54 years , 340 days </Td> <Td> 7003616400000000000 ♠ 16 years , 320 days </Td> <Td> Jan 18 , 1862 </Td> <Td> 7004262270000000000 ♠ 71 years , 295 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 James K. Polk </Td> <Td> Nov 2 , 1795 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1845 </Td> <Td> 7004180190000000000 ♠ 49 years , 122 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1849 </Td> <Td> 7004194800000000000 ♠ 53 years , 122 days </Td> <Td> 7002103000000000000 ♠ 103 days </Td> <Td> Jun 15 , 1849 </Td> <Td> 7004195830000000000 ♠ 53 years , 225 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 Zachary Taylor </Td> <Td> Nov 24 , 1784 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1849 </Td> <Td> 7004234750000000000 ♠ 64 years , 100 days </Td> <Td> Jul 9 , 1850 </Td> <Td> 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days </Td> <Td> 00,000 0 days </Td> <Td> Jul 9 , 1850 </Td> <Td> 7004239670000000000 ♠ 65 years , 227 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 Millard Fillmore </Td> <Td> Jan 7 , 1800 </Td> <Td> Jul 9 , 1850 </Td> <Td> 7004184450000000000 ♠ 50 years , 183 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1853 </Td> <Td> 7004194140000000000 ♠ 53 years , 56 days </Td> <Td> 7003767400000000000 ♠ 21 years , 4 days </Td> <Td> Mar 8 , 1874 </Td> <Td> 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 Franklin Pierce </Td> <Td> Nov 23 , 1804 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1853 </Td> <Td> 7004176330000000000 ♠ 48 years , 101 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1857 </Td> <Td> 7004190940000000000 ♠ 52 years , 101 days </Td> <Td> 7003460100000000000 ♠ 12 years , 218 days </Td> <Td> Oct 8 , 1869 </Td> <Td> 7004236950000000000 ♠ 64 years , 319 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 James Buchanan </Td> <Td> Apr 23 , 1791 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1857 </Td> <Td> 7004240560000000000 ♠ 65 years , 315 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1861 </Td> <Td> 7004255170000000000 ♠ 69 years , 315 days </Td> <Td> 7003264600000000000 ♠ 7 years , 89 days </Td> <Td> Jun 1 , 1868 </Td> <Td> 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 Abraham Lincoln </Td> <Td> Feb 12 , 1809 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1861 </Td> <Td> 7004190130000000000 ♠ 52 years , 20 days </Td> <Td> Apr 15 , 1865 </Td> <Td> 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days </Td> <Td> 00,000 0 days </Td> <Td> Apr 15 , 1865 </Td> <Td> 7004205160000000000 ♠ 56 years , 62 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 Andrew Johnson </Td> <Td> Dec 29 , 1808 </Td> <Td> Apr 15 , 1865 </Td> <Td> 7004205610000000000 ♠ 56 years , 107 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1869 </Td> <Td> 7004219800000000000 ♠ 60 years , 65 days </Td> <Td> 7003234000000000000 ♠ 6 years , 149 days </Td> <Td> Jul 31 , 1875 </Td> <Td> 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 Ulysses S. Grant </Td> <Td> Apr 27 , 1822 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1869 </Td> <Td> 7004171130000000000 ♠ 46 years , 311 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1877 </Td> <Td> 7004200350000000000 ♠ 54 years , 311 days </Td> <Td> 7003306300000000000 ♠ 8 years , 141 days </Td> <Td> Jul 23 , 1885 </Td> <Td> 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 Rutherford B. Hayes </Td> <Td> Oct 4 , 1822 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1877 </Td> <Td> 7004198750000000000 ♠ 54 years , 151 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1881 </Td> <Td> 7004213360000000000 ♠ 58 years , 151 days </Td> <Td> 7003433700000000000 ♠ 11 years , 319 days </Td> <Td> Jan 17 , 1893 </Td> <Td> 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 James A. Garfield </Td> <Td> Nov 19 , 1831 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1881 </Td> <Td> 7004180030000000000 ♠ 49 years , 105 days </Td> <Td> Sep 19 , 1881 </Td> <Td> 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days </Td> <Td> 00,000 0 days </Td> <Td> Sep 19 , 1881 </Td> <Td> 7004182020000000000 ♠ 49 years , 304 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 Chester A. Arthur </Td> <Td> Oct 5 , 1829 </Td> <Td> Sep 19 , 1881 </Td> <Td> 7004189770000000000 ♠ 51 years , 349 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1885 </Td> <Td> 7004202390000000000 ♠ 55 years , 150 days </Td> <Td> 7002624000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 259 days </Td> <Td> Nov 18 , 1886 </Td> <Td> 7004208630000000000 ♠ 57 years , 44 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> Mar 18 , 1837 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1885 </Td> <Td> 7004175180000000000 ♠ 47 years , 351 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1889 </Td> <Td> 7004189790000000000 ♠ 51 years , 351 days </Td> <Td> 15 years , 112 days </Td> <Td> Jun 24 , 1908 </Td> <Td> 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> Aug 20 , 1833 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1889 </Td> <Td> 7004202850000000000 ♠ 55 years , 196 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1893 </Td> <Td> 7004217460000000000 ♠ 59 years , 196 days </Td> <Td> 7003293000000000000 ♠ 8 years , 9 days </Td> <Td> Mar 13 , 1901 </Td> <Td> 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> Mar 18 , 1837 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1893 </Td> <Td> 7004204400000000000 ♠ 55 years , 351 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1897 </Td> <Td> 7004219010000000000 ♠ 59 years , 351 days </Td> <Td> 15 years , 112 days </Td> <Td> Jun 24 , 1908 </Td> <Td> 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 William McKinley </Td> <Td> Jan 29 , 1843 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1897 </Td> <Td> 7004197580000000000 ♠ 54 years , 34 days </Td> <Td> Sep 14 , 1901 </Td> <Td> 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days </Td> <Td> 00,000 0 days </Td> <Td> Sep 14 , 1901 </Td> <Td> 7004214120000000000 ♠ 58 years , 228 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 Theodore Roosevelt </Td> <Td> Oct 27 , 1858 </Td> <Td> Sep 14 , 1901 </Td> <Td> 7004156620000000000 ♠ 42 years , 322 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1909 </Td> <Td> 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days </Td> <Td> 7003359500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 308 days </Td> <Td> Jan 6 , 1919 </Td> <Td> 7004219850000000000 ♠ 60 years , 71 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 William H. Taft </Td> <Td> Sep 15 , 1857 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1909 </Td> <Td> 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1913 </Td> <Td> 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days </Td> <Td> 7003621300000000000 ♠ 17 years , 4 days </Td> <Td> Mar 8 , 1930 </Td> <Td> 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> Dec 28 , 1856 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1913 </Td> <Td> 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1921 </Td> <Td> 7004234410000000000 ♠ 64 years , 66 days </Td> <Td> 7003106600000000000 ♠ 2 years , 336 days </Td> <Td> Feb 3 , 1924 </Td> <Td> 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 Warren G. Harding </Td> <Td> Nov 2 , 1865 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1921 </Td> <Td> 7004202100000000000 ♠ 55 years , 122 days </Td> <Td> Aug 2 , 1923 </Td> <Td> 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days </Td> <Td> 00,000 0 days </Td> <Td> Aug 2 , 1923 </Td> <Td> 7004210910000000000 ♠ 57 years , 273 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 Calvin Coolidge </Td> <Td> Jul 4 , 1872 </Td> <Td> Aug 2 , 1923 </Td> <Td> 7004186550000000000 ♠ 51 years , 29 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1929 </Td> <Td> 7004206960000000000 ♠ 56 years , 243 days </Td> <Td> 7003140300000000000 ♠ 3 years , 307 days </Td> <Td> Jan 5 , 1933 </Td> <Td> 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 Herbert Hoover </Td> <Td> Aug 10 , 1874 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1929 </Td> <Td> 7004199290000000000 ♠ 54 years , 206 days </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1933 </Td> <Td> 7004213900000000000 ♠ 58 years , 206 days </Td> <Td> 7004115530000000000 ♠ 31 years , 230 days </Td> <Td> Oct 20 , 1964 </Td> <Td> 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt </Td> <Td> Jan 30 , 1882 </Td> <Td> Mar 4 , 1933 </Td> <Td> 7004186600000000000 ♠ 51 years , 33 days </Td> <Td> Apr 12 , 1945 </Td> <Td> 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days </Td> <Td> 00,000 0 days </Td> <Td> Apr 12 , 1945 </Td> <Td> 7004230820000000000 ♠ 63 years , 72 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 Harry S. Truman </Td> <Td> May 8 , 1884 </Td> <Td> Apr 12 , 1945 </Td> <Td> 7004222530000000000 ♠ 60 years , 339 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1953 </Td> <Td> 7004250930000000000 ♠ 68 years , 257 days </Td> <Td> 7003728000000000000 ♠ 19 years , 341 days </Td> <Td> Dec 26 , 1972 </Td> <Td> 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower </Td> <Td> Oct 14 , 1890 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1953 </Td> <Td> 7004227430000000000 ♠ 62 years , 98 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1961 </Td> <Td> 7004256650000000000 ♠ 70 years , 98 days </Td> <Td> 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days </Td> <Td> Mar 28 , 1969 </Td> <Td> 7004286540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 165 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 John F. Kennedy </Td> <Td> May 29 , 1917 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1961 </Td> <Td> 7004159420000000000 ♠ 43 years , 236 days </Td> <Td> Nov 22 , 1963 </Td> <Td> 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days </Td> <Td> 00,000 0 days </Td> <Td> Nov 22 , 1963 </Td> <Td> 7004169780000000000 ♠ 46 years , 177 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 Lyndon B. Johnson </Td> <Td> Aug 27 , 1908 </Td> <Td> Nov 22 , 1963 </Td> <Td> 7004201750000000000 ♠ 55 years , 87 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1969 </Td> <Td> 7004220610000000000 ♠ 60 years , 146 days </Td> <Td> 7003146300000000000 ♠ 4 years , 2 days </Td> <Td> Jan 22 , 1973 </Td> <Td> 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 Richard Nixon </Td> <Td> Jan 9 , 1913 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1969 </Td> <Td> 7004204650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 11 days </Td> <Td> Aug 9 , 1974 </Td> <Td> 7004224920000000000 ♠ 61 years , 212 days </Td> <Td> 7003719600000000000 ♠ 19 years , 256 days </Td> <Td> Apr 22 , 1994 </Td> <Td> 7004296880000000000 ♠ 81 years , 103 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 Gerald Ford </Td> <Td> Jul 14 , 1913 </Td> <Td> Aug 9 , 1974 </Td> <Td> 7004223060000000000 ♠ 61 years , 26 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1977 </Td> <Td> 7004232010000000000 ♠ 63 years , 190 days </Td> <Td> 7004109320000000000 ♠ 29 years , 340 days </Td> <Td> Dec 26 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 Jimmy Carter </Td> <Td> Oct 1 , 1924 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1977 </Td> <Td> 7004191040000000000 ♠ 52 years , 111 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1981 </Td> <Td> 7004205650000000000 ♠ 56 years , 111 days </Td> <Td> 7004137350000000000 ♠ 37 years , 221 days </Td> <Td> 2018 - 08 - 29 </Td> <Td> 7004343000000000000 ♠ 93 years , 332 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 Ronald Reagan </Td> <Td> Feb 6 , 1911 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1981 </Td> <Td> 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1989 </Td> <Td> 7004284730000000000 ♠ 77 years , 349 days </Td> <Td> 7003561500000000000 ♠ 15 years , 137 days </Td> <Td> Jun 5 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 George H.W. Bush </Td> <Td> Jun 12 , 1924 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1989 </Td> <Td> 7004235980000000000 ♠ 64 years , 222 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1993 </Td> <Td> 7004250590000000000 ♠ 68 years , 222 days </Td> <Td> 7003935200000000000 ♠ 25 years , 221 days </Td> <Td> 2018 - 08 - 29 </Td> <Td> 7004344110000000000 ♠ 94 years , 78 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 42 Bill Clinton </Td> <Td> Aug 19 , 1946 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 1993 </Td> <Td> 7004169560000000000 ♠ 46 years , 154 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 7004198780000000000 ♠ 54 years , 154 days </Td> <Td> 7003643000000000000 ♠ 17 years , 221 days </Td> <Td> 2018 - 08 - 29 </Td> <Td> 7004263080000000000 ♠ 72 years , 10 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 43 George W. Bush </Td> <Td> Jul 6 , 1946 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 2001 </Td> <Td> 7004199220000000000 ♠ 54 years , 198 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 7004228440000000000 ♠ 62 years , 198 days </Td> <Td> 7003350800000000000 ♠ 9 years , 221 days </Td> <Td> 2018 - 08 - 29 </Td> <Td> 7004263520000000000 ♠ 72 years , 54 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 44 Barack Obama </Td> <Td> Aug 4 , 1961 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 2009 </Td> <Td> 7004173360000000000 ♠ 47 years , 169 days </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 169 days </Td> <Td> 7002586000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 221 days </Td> <Td> 2018 - 08 - 29 </Td> <Td> 7004208440000000000 ♠ 57 years , 25 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 45 Donald Trump </Td> <Td> Jun 14 , 1946 </Td> <Td> Jan 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 7004257880000000000 ♠ 70 years , 220 days </Td> <Td> 2018 - 08 - 29 </Td> <Td> 7004288540000000000 ♠ 78 years , 364 days </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 2018 - 08 - 29 </Td> <Td> 7004263740000000000 ♠ 72 years , 76 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Birth date </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Age </Th> <Th> Post-presidency </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Age </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Start of presidency </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> End of presidency </Th> <Th> timespan </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Death </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Notes ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Birthdate as changed to New Style . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Died in office . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cleveland was retired for 1,461 days between his two terms ( 1889 -- 1893 ) , and then another 4,129 days from the end of his 2nd term ( 1897 ) until his death ( 1908 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Resigned from office . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Oldest living U.S. presidents ( edit ) </H2> See also : Living Presidents of the United States <P> Of the 44 persons who have served as president , 24 have become the oldest such individual of their time . Herbert Hoover held this distinction for the longest period of any , from the death of Calvin Coolidge in January 1933 until his own death 31 years later . Lyndon B. Johnson held it for the shortest , from the death of Harry S. Truman in December 1972 until his own death only 27 days later . </P> <P> On three occasions the oldest living president lost this distinction not by his death , but by the inauguration of a president who was older . Theodore Roosevelt ( born 1858 ) lost this distinction when William Taft ( born 1857 ) was inaugurated , then four years later Taft lost it when Woodrow Wilson ( born 1856 ) was inaugurated . More recently , Richard Nixon ( born 1913 ) ceased being the oldest living president when Ronald Reagan ( born 1911 ) was inaugurated . Furthermore , although Theodore Roosevelt was the youngest ever to become both the oldest living president ( at age 49 ) and a former president ( at age 50 ) , he was the only living president or former president by the end of his term . Consequently , Taft was the oldest living president twice : first during his presidency ( having succeeded the younger Roosevelt ) , and a second time after Wilson ( his successor as president but an older man ) died . Gerald Ford was the oldest individual to acquire this distinction , at the age of 90 . </P> <P> On seven occasions , the oldest living president has acquired this distinction during his term in office . In the cases of John Adams , Ulysses S. Grant , Theodore Roosevelt , Herbert Hoover and Richard Nixon , this happened at the same time as their becoming the only living president ; in the cases of Andrew Jackson and Benjamin Harrison , the only other living president at the time was a younger predecessor ( John Quincy Adams and Grover Cleveland respectively ) . By contrast , the president who acquired this distinction furthest from his time in office was Gerald Ford , who had been retired for 7003999800000000000 ♠ 27 years , 137 days . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Age at start date </Th> <Th> Age at end date </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George Washington </Td> <Td> April 30 , 1789 -- December 14 , 1799 </Td> <Td> 7004208870000000000 ♠ 57 years , 67 days </Td> <Td> 7004247670000000000 ♠ 67 years , 295 days </Td> <Td> 7003388000000000000 ♠ 10 years , 228 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Adams </Td> <Td> December 14 , 1799 -- July 4 , 1826 </Td> <Td> 7004234210000000000 ♠ 64 years , 45 days </Td> <Td> 7004331190000000000 ♠ 90 years , 247 days </Td> <Td> 7003969800000000000 ♠ 26 years , 202 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Madison </Td> <Td> July 4 , 1826 -- June 28 , 1836 </Td> <Td> 7004275030000000000 ♠ 75 years , 110 days </Td> <Td> 7004311500000000000 ♠ 85 years , 104 days </Td> <Td> 7003364700000000000 ♠ 9 years , 360 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Jackson </Td> <Td> June 28 , 1836 -- June 8 , 1845 </Td> <Td> 7004253070000000000 ♠ 69 years , 105 days </Td> <Td> 7004285740000000000 ♠ 78 years , 85 days </Td> <Td> 7003326700000000000 ♠ 8 years , 345 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John Quincy Adams </Td> <Td> June 8 , 1845 -- February 23 , 1848 </Td> <Td> 7004284560000000000 ♠ 77 years , 332 days </Td> <Td> 7004294460000000000 ♠ 80 years , 227 days </Td> <Td> 7002990000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 260 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Martin Van Buren </Td> <Td> February 23 , 1848 -- July 24 , 1862 </Td> <Td> 7004238200000000000 ♠ 65 years , 80 days </Td> <Td> 7004290850000000000 ♠ 79 years , 231 days </Td> <Td> 7003526500000000000 ♠ 14 years , 151 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> James Buchanan </Td> <Td> July 24 , 1862 -- June 1 , 1868 </Td> <Td> 7004260240000000000 ♠ 71 years , 92 days </Td> <Td> 7004281630000000000 ♠ 77 years , 39 days </Td> <Td> 7003213900000000000 ♠ 5 years , 313 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Millard Fillmore </Td> <Td> June 1 , 1868 -- March 8 , 1874 </Td> <Td> 7004249820000000000 ♠ 68 years , 146 days </Td> <Td> 7004270880000000000 ♠ 74 years , 60 days </Td> <Td> 7003210600000000000 ♠ 5 years , 280 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew Johnson </Td> <Td> March 8 , 1874 -- July 31 , 1875 </Td> <Td> 7004238100000000000 ♠ 65 years , 69 days </Td> <Td> 7004243200000000000 ♠ 66 years , 214 days </Td> <Td> 7002510000000000000 ♠ 1 year , 145 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ulysses S. Grant </Td> <Td> July 31 , 1875 -- July 23 , 1885 </Td> <Td> 7004194530000000000 ♠ 53 years , 95 days </Td> <Td> 7004230980000000000 ♠ 63 years , 87 days </Td> <Td> 7003364500000000000 ♠ 9 years , 357 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rutherford B. Hayes </Td> <Td> July 23 , 1885 -- January 17 , 1893 </Td> <Td> 7004229380000000000 ♠ 62 years , 292 days </Td> <Td> 7004256730000000000 ♠ 70 years , 105 days </Td> <Td> 7003273500000000000 ♠ 7 years , 178 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin Harrison </Td> <Td> January 17 , 1893 -- March 13 , 1901 </Td> <Td> 7004217000000000000 ♠ 59 years , 150 days </Td> <Td> 7004246760000000000 ♠ 67 years , 205 days </Td> <Td> 7003297600000000000 ♠ 8 years , 55 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grover Cleveland </Td> <Td> March 13 , 1901 -- June 24 , 1908 </Td> <Td> 7004233700000000000 ♠ 63 years , 360 days </Td> <Td> 7004260300000000000 ♠ 71 years , 98 days </Td> <Td> 7003266000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 103 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theodore Roosevelt </Td> <Td> June 24 , 1908 -- March 4 , 1909 </Td> <Td> 7004181370000000000 ♠ 49 years , 241 days </Td> <Td> 7004183900000000000 ♠ 50 years , 128 days </Td> <Td> 7002253000000000000 ♠ 253 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Howard Taft </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1909 -- March 4 , 1913 </Td> <Td> 7004187970000000000 ♠ 51 years , 170 days </Td> <Td> 7004202580000000000 ♠ 55 years , 170 days </Td> <Td> 7003146100000000000 ♠ 4 years , 0 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Woodrow Wilson </Td> <Td> March 4 , 1913 -- February 3 , 1924 </Td> <Td> 7004205190000000000 ♠ 56 years , 66 days </Td> <Td> 7004245070000000000 ♠ 67 years , 37 days </Td> <Td> 7003398800000000000 ♠ 10 years , 336 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> William Howard Taft </Td> <Td> February 3 , 1924 -- March 8 , 1930 </Td> <Td> 7004242460000000000 ♠ 66 years , 141 days </Td> <Td> 7004264710000000000 ♠ 72 years , 174 days </Td> <Td> 7003222500000000000 ♠ 6 years , 33 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calvin Coolidge </Td> <Td> March 8 , 1930 -- January 5 , 1933 </Td> <Td> 7004210650000000000 ♠ 57 years , 247 days </Td> <Td> 7004220990000000000 ♠ 60 years , 185 days </Td> <Td> 7003103400000000000 ♠ 2 years , 303 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Herbert Hoover </Td> <Td> January 5 , 1933 -- October 20 , 1964 </Td> <Td> 7004213320000000000 ♠ 58 years , 148 days </Td> <Td> 7004329430000000000 ♠ 90 years , 71 days </Td> <Td> 7004116110000000000 ♠ 31 years , 289 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Harry S. Truman </Td> <Td> October 20 , 1964 -- December 26 , 1972 </Td> <Td> 7004293840000000000 ♠ 80 years , 165 days </Td> <Td> 7004323730000000000 ♠ 88 years , 232 days </Td> <Td> 7003298900000000000 ♠ 8 years , 67 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lyndon B. Johnson </Td> <Td> December 26 , 1972 -- January 22 , 1973 </Td> <Td> 7004234970000000000 ♠ 64 years , 121 days </Td> <Td> 7004235240000000000 ♠ 64 years , 148 days </Td> <Td> 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Nixon </Td> <Td> January 22 , 1973 -- January 20 , 1981 </Td> <Td> 7004219280000000000 ♠ 60 years , 13 days </Td> <Td> 7004248480000000000 ♠ 68 years , 11 days </Td> <Td> 7003292000000000000 ♠ 7 years , 364 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ronald Reagan </Td> <Td> January 20 , 1981 -- June 5 , 2004 </Td> <Td> 7004255510000000000 ♠ 69 years , 349 days </Td> <Td> 7004340880000000000 ♠ 93 years , 120 days </Td> <Td> 7003853700000000000 ♠ 23 years , 137 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Gerald Ford </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2004 -- December 26 , 2006 </Td> <Td> 7004331990000000000 ♠ 90 years , 327 days </Td> <Td> 7004341330000000000 ♠ 93 years , 165 days </Td> <Td> 7002934000000000000 ♠ 2 years , 204 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George H.W. Bush </Td> <Td> December 26 , 2006 -- present </Td> <Td> 7004301470000000000 ♠ 82 years , 197 days </Td> <Td> Current </Td> <Td> 7003426400000000000 ♠ 11 years , 246 days </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> President </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Age at start date </Th> <Th> Age at end date </Th> <Th> Length </Th> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Two former presidents share November 2 birthday '' . Indianapolis , Indiana : WTHR . November 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Frank Freidel and Hugh S. Sidey , `` The Presidents of the United States '' . The White House . </Li> <Li> Robert S. Summers , `` POTUS : Presidents of the United States '' . Internet Public Library . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Lists related to the Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of Presidents </Li> <Li> List of Vice Presidents </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Autobiographies </Li> <Li> Burial places </Li> <Li> Death </Li> <Li> Historical rankings </Li> <Li> Lifespan timeline </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> <Li> Portraits </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professional careers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Approval rating </Li> <Li> Assassination attempts and plots </Li> <Li> Campaign slogans </Li> <Li> Control of Congress </Li> <Li> Doctrines </Li> <Li> Inaugurations </Li> <Li> International trips </Li> <Li> Judicial appointments </Li> <Li> Libraries </Li> <Li> Military rank </Li> <Li> Military service </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Pardons </Li> <Li> Previous experience </Li> <Li> Vetoes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Personal life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Deaths in office </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Facial hair </Li> <Li> Firsts </Li> <Li> Freemasons </Li> <Li> Multilingualism </Li> <Li> Net worth </Li> <Li> Nicknames </Li> <Li> Pets </Li> <Li> Home state </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Residences </Li> <Li> Slave owners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vice Presidents </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age </Li> <Li> Burial places </Li> <Li> Coats of arms </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Number living </Li> <Li> Other offices held </Li> <Li> Place of primary affiliation </Li> <Li> Religious affiliation </Li> <Li> Tie - breaking votes </Li> <Li> Time in office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Succession </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acting President </Li> <Li> Designated survivor </Li> <Li> Line of succession </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Electoral College margin </Li> <Li> Popular vote margin </Li> <Li> Summary </Li> <Li> Winner lost popular vote </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Candidates </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Democrat </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> <Li> Third party </Li> <Li> Green </Li> <Li> Libertarian </Li> <Li> Progressive </Li> <Li> National Republican / Whig </Li> <Li> African American </Li> <Li> Female </Li> <Li> Received at least one electoral vote </Li> <Li> Number of votes received </Li> <Li> Height </Li> <Li> Unsuccessful major party candidates </Li> <Li> Lost their home state </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Families </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First Families </Li> <Li> First Ladies </Li> <Li> Second Ladies </Li> <Li> Children </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Namesakes , honors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Memorial sites </Li> <Li> U.S. postage stamp appearances </Li> <Li> Educational institution names </Li> <Li> Currency appearances </Li> <Li> U.S. county names </Li> <Li> U.S. Senate vice presidential bust collection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In fiction </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Presidents <Ul> <Li> actors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Vice Presidents <Ul> <Li> actors </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Candidates </Li> <Li> Line of succession </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> U.S. Government Portal </Li> <Li> Biography Portal </Li> <Li> Presidents of the United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_age&oldid=856410018 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lists of political office - holders by age </Li> <Li> Lists relating to the United States presidency </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 00 : 20 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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For Your Eyes Only ( film ) - wikipedia <H1> For Your Eyes Only ( film ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> For Your Eyes Only </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> British cinema poster for For Your Eyes Only , designed by Bill Gold </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Td> John Glen </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Produced by </Th> <Td> Albert R. Broccoli </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Screenplay by </Th> <Td> Michael G. Wilson Richard Maibaum </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Based on </Th> <Td> For Your Eyes Only by Ian Fleming </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Starring </Th> <Td> Roger Moore Carole Bouquet Topol Lynn Holly Johnson Julian Glover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Music by </Th> <Td> Bill Conti </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cinematography </Th> <Td> Alan Hume </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Edited by </Th> <Td> John Grover </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Production company </Th> <Td> Eon Productions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Distributed by </Th> <Td> United Artists </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Release date </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 24 June 1981 ( 1981 - 06 - 24 ) </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Running time </Th> <Td> 127 minutes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United Kingdom United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Language </Th> <Td> English </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Budget </Th> <Td> $28 million </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Box office </Th> <Td> $195.3 million </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> For Your Eyes Only is a 1981 British spy film , the twelfth in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions , and the fifth to star Roger Moore as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond . It marked the directorial debut of John Glen , who had worked as editor and second unit director on three other Bond films . </P> <P> The screenplay by Richard Maibaum and Michael G. Wilson takes its characters and combines elements from the plots from two short stories from Ian Fleming 's For Your Eyes Only collection : the title story and `` Risico '' . In the plot , Bond attempts to locate a missile command system while becoming tangled in a web of deception spun by rival Greek businessmen along with Melina Havelock , a woman seeking to avenge the murder of her parents . Some writing elements were inspired by the novels Live and Let Die , Goldfinger and On Her Majesty 's Secret Service . </P> <P> After the science fiction - focused Moonraker , the producers wanted a return to the style of the early Bond films and the works of 007 creator Fleming . For Your Eyes Only followed a grittier , more realistic approach and a narrative theme of revenge and its consequences . Filming locations included Greece , Italy and England , while underwater footage was shot in The Bahamas . </P> <P> For Your Eyes Only was released on 24 June 1981 to a mixed critical reception ; the film was a financial success , generating $195.3 million worldwide . This was the final Bond film to be distributed solely by United Artists ; the studio merged with Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer soon after this film 's release . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Plot </Li> <Li> 2 Cast </Li> <Li> 3 Production <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Writing </Li> <Li> 3.2 Casting </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filming </Li> <Li> 3.4 Music </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Release and reception <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Contemporary reviews </Li> <Li> 4.2 Reflective reviews </Li> <Li> 4.3 Accolades </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Comic book adaptation </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Sources </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Plot ( edit ) </H2> <P> The British information gathering vessel St Georges , which holds the Automatic Targeting Attack Communicator ( ATAC ) , the system used by the Ministry of Defence to communicate with and coordinate the Royal Navy 's fleet of Polaris submarines , is sunk after accidentally trawling an old naval mine in the Ionian Sea . MI6 agent James Bond is assigned by the Minister of Defence , Sir Frederick Gray and MI6 Chief of Staff , Bill Tanner , to retrieve the ATAC before the Soviets , as the transmitter could order attacks by the submarines ' Polaris ballistic missiles . </P> <P> The head of the KGB , General Gogol , has also learned of the fate of the St Georges and already notified his contact in Greece . A marine archaeologist , Sir Timothy Havelock , who had been asked by the British to secretly locate the St Georges , prepares to send his report in , but before the task is completed , Havelock is killed with his wife Iona by a Cuban hitman , Hector Gonzales . Bond goes to Spain to find out who hired Gonzales . </P> <P> While spying on Gonzales at his villa , Bond is captured by Gonzales ' henchmen , but manages to escape as Gonzales is killed by a crossbow bolt while diving into his swimming pool . On the grounds , he finds the assassin was Melina Havelock , the daughter of Sir Timothy , and the pair escape . With the help of Bond , Q uses computerized technology to identify the man Bond saw paying off Gonzales as Emile Leopold Locque a former enforcer in the Brussels underworld , and then goes to Locque 's possible base in Cortina , Italy . There , Bond meets his contact , Luigi Ferrara , and Aris Kristatos , a well - connected Greek businessman , shipping tycoon , and intelligence informant . Kristatos , who tells Bond that Locque is employed by Milos Columbo , known as `` the Dove '' in the Greek underworld , Kristatos ' former resistance partner during the Second World War . After Bond goes with Kristatos ' protégée , figure skater Bibi Dahl , to a biathlon course , a group of men , which includes East German biathlete Eric Kriegler , chases Bond , trying to kill him . Bond escapes and then goes with Ferrara to bid Bibi farewell in an ice rink , where he fends off another attempt on his life by hoods in ice hockey gear . Ferrara is killed in Bond 's car , with a dove pin in his hand . Bond then travels to Corfu in pursuit of Columbo . </P> <P> There , at the casino , Bond meets Kristatos and asks how to meet Columbo , not knowing that Columbo 's men are secretly recording their conversation . After Columbo and his mistress , Countess Lisl von Schlaf , argue , Bond offers to escort her home with Kristatos ' car and driver . The two then spend the night together . In the morning Lisl and Bond are ambushed by Locque and Lisl is killed . Bond is captured by Columbo 's men before Locque can kill him ; Columbo then tells Bond that Locque was actually hired by Kristatos , who is working for the KGB to retrieve the ATAC . Bond accompanies Columbo and his crew on a raid on one of Kristatos ' opium - processing warehouse in Albania , where Bond uncovers naval mines similar to the one that sank the St Georges , suggesting that it was not an accident . When the base is destroyed , Bond chases Locque and pushes his car off a cliff , killing Locque in the process . </P> <P> Afterwards , Bond meets Melina , and they recover the ATAC from the wreckage of the St Georges , but Kristatos is waiting for them when they surface and he takes the ATAC . After getting dragged over a coral reef in shark - infested waters and survive the ordeal , they discover Kristatos ' rendezvous point when Melina 's parrot repeats the phrase `` ATAC to St Cyril 's '' . With the help of Columbo and his men , Bond and Melina break into St Cyril 's , an abandoned mountaintop monastery . As Columbo is confronting Kristatos , Bond uses a spiked candelabra to force Kriegler headlong through a window and Kriegler takes a deadly plummet off the mountain . </P> <P> Bond retrieves the ATAC system and prevents Melina from killing Kristatos after he surrenders . Kristatos tries to kill Bond with a hidden flick knife , but is killed by a knife thrown by Columbo ; Gogol arrives by helicopter to collect the ATAC , but Bond throws it off the cliff . Bond and Melina later spend a romantic evening aboard her father 's yacht when he receives a call from the Prime Minister . </P> <H2> Cast ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Roger Moore as James Bond : MI6 agent 007 , who is sent to retrieve a stolen `` ATAC '' system that could be misused for controlling British military submarines . </Li> <Li> Carole Bouquet as Melina Havelock : The daughter of marine archaeologists who are murdered while tracking down the ATAC 's whereabouts . Bouquet had auditioned for the role of Holly Goodhead in Moonraker , but was unsuccessful . </Li> <Li> Chaim Topol ( credited as `` Topol '' ) as Milos Columbo : Kristatos ' former smuggling partner who assists Bond in his mission . Named after Gioacchino Colombo , the Ferrari engine designer , specifically Ferrari 125 , which Fleming admired . Topol suggested the pistachios as a trademark of the character , which are used in a scene to orient Columbo 's men on where to shoot . </Li> <Li> Julian Glover as Aristotle Kristatos : Initially shown as an ally , later as the main villain . A smuggler planning to expand his fortune by selling the ATAC to the KGB . Glover had been shortlisted as a possible Bond for Live and Let Die , eventually losing out to Moore . </Li> <Li> Lynn - Holly Johnson as Bibi Dahl : An ice - skating prodigy who is training with the financial support of Kristatos . Johnson was an ice skater before turning to acting , and achieved second place at the novice level of the 1974 United States Figure Skating Championships . </Li> <Li> Michael Gothard as Emile Leopold Locque : A Belgian hired killer and associate of Kristatos . </Li> <Li> Cassandra Harris as Countess Lisl von Schlaf : Columbo 's mistress . At the time of filming Harris was married to future Bond actor Pierce Brosnan , and the couple lunched with the film 's producer Albert R. Broccoli during filming . </Li> <Li> John Wyman as Erich Kriegler : An East German Olympic class biathete and Kristatos ' henchman / KGB contact . The academic Jeremy Black said that he resembles Hans of You Only Live Twice and Stamper of Tomorrow Never Dies . </Li> <Li> Desmond Llewelyn as Q , the head of MI6 's technical department . </Li> <Li> Jill Bennett as Jacoba Brink : Bibi 's skating coach . </Li> <Li> Jack Hedley as Sir Timothy Havelock : A marine archaeologist hired by the British Secret Service to secretly locate the wreck of St. Georges . </Li> <Li> Lois Maxwell as Miss Moneypenny , M 's secretary . </Li> <Li> Geoffrey Keen as Sir Frederick Gray : The British Minister of Defence , a minister in the British government . The role , along with Bill Tanner as Chief of Staff , was used to brief Bond in place of M , following the death of Bernard Lee . </Li> <Li> James Villiers as MI6 Chief of Staff Bill Tanner . The role of Tanner first appeared on film in The Man with the Golden Gun , although in an un-credited capacity . Villiers presumed he would play the role of M in subsequent films and was disappointed not to be asked ; the producers thought him too young for the role and wanted an actor in his 70s . </Li> <Li> John Moreno as Luigi Ferrara : 007 's MI6 contact in northern Italy . </Li> <Li> Walter Gotell as General Gogol : Head of the KGB . </Li> <Li> Toby Robins as Iona Havelock : Melina 's mother and wife of Sir Timothy . </Li> <Li> Jack Klaff as Apostis : One of Kristatos 's henchmen and chauffeur . </Li> <Li> Stefan Kalipha as Hector Gonzales : A Cuban hitman hired by Kristatos to kill the Havelocks . </Li> <Li> Charles Dance as Claus , an associate of Locque . The role was early in Dance 's career ; in 1989 he would play Ian Fleming in Anglia Television 's Goldeneye : The Secret Life of Ian Fleming , a dramatised portrayal of the life of Ian Fleming . </Li> <Li> Eva Reuber - Staier as Rublevich : General Gogol 's secretary . </Li> <Li> Janet Brown as the British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , who appears in the closing scene alongside John Wells as Denis . </Li> <Li> John Hollis as the `` bald villain in wheelchair '' , voiced by Robert Rietti . The character appears in the pre-credits sequence and is both unnamed and uncredited . The character contains a number of characteristics of Ernst Stavro Blofeld , but could not be identified as such because of the legal reasons surrounding the Thunderball controversy with Kevin McClory claiming sole rights to the Blofeld character , a claim disputed by Eon . </Li> <Li> Bob Simmons , who previously portrayed Bond in the gun barrel sequences in the first three films and SPECTRE agent Colonel Jacques Bouvar in Thunderball , cameos as another villain as Gonzales ' henchman who falls victim to Bond 's exploding Lotus . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> We had gone as far as we could into space . We needed a change of some sort , back to the grass roots of Bond . We wanted to make the new film more of a thriller than a romp , without losing sight of what made Bond famous -- its humour . </P> -- John Glen <P> For Your Eyes Only marked a change in the make up of the production crew : John Glen was promoted from his duties as a film editor to director , a position he would occupy for four subsequent films . The transition in directors resulted in a harder - edged directorial style , with less emphasis on gadgetry and large action sequences in huge arenas ( as was favored by Lewis Gilbert ) . Emphasis was placed on tension , plot and character in addition to a return to Bond 's more serious roots , whilst For Your Eyes Only `` showed a clear attempt to activate some lapsed and inactive parts of the Bond mythology . '' </P> <P> The film was also a deliberate effort to bring the series more back to reality , following the success of Moonraker in 1979 . As co-writer Michael G. Wilson pointed out , `` If we went through the path of Moonraker things would just get more outlandish , so we needed to get back to basics '' . To that end , the story that emerged was simpler , not one in which the world was at risk , but returning the series to that of a Cold War thriller ; Bond would also rely more on his wits than gadgets to survive . Glen decided to symbolically represent it with a scene where Bond 's Lotus blows itself up and forces 007 to rely on Melina 's more humble Citroën 2CV . Since Ken Adam was busy with Pennies from Heaven , Peter Lamont , who had worked in the art department since Goldfinger , was promoted to production designer . Following a suggestion of Glen , Lamont created realistic scenery , instead of the elaborate set pieces for which the series had been known . </P> <H3> Writing ( edit ) </H3> <P> Richard Maibaum was once again the scriptwriter for the story , assisted by Michael G. Wilson . According to Wilson , the ideas from stories could have come from anyone as the outlines were worked out in committee that could include Broccoli , Maibaum , Wilson and stunt coordinators . Much of the inspiration for the stories for the film came from two Ian Fleming short stories from the collection For Your Eyes Only : Risico and For Your Eyes Only . Another set - piece from the novel of Live and Let Die -- the keelhauling -- which was unused in the film of the same name , was also inserted into the plot . Other ideas from Fleming were also used in For Your Eyes Only , such as the Identigraph which comes from the novel Goldfinger , where it was originally called the `` Identicast '' . These elements from Fleming 's stories were mixed with a Cold War story centred on the MacGuffin of the ATAC . An initial treatment for `` For Your Eyes Only '' was submitted by Ronald Hardy , an English novelist and screenwriter in 1979 . Hardy 's treatment included the involvement of a character named Julia Havelock whose parents were assassinated by a man named Gonzales . </P> <P> For Your Eyes Only is noted for its pre-title sequence , described variously as either `` out - of place and disappointing '' or `` roaringly enjoyable '' . The scene was shot to introduce a potential new Bond to audiences , thus linking the new actor to elements from previous Bond films ( see casting , below ) . </P> <P> The sequence begins with Bond laying flowers at the grave of his wife Tracy Bond , before a Universal Exports helicopter picks him up for an emergency . Control of the helicopter is taken over by remote control by a bald man in a grey Nehru jacket with a white cat . This character is unnamed in either the film or the credits , although he looks and sounds like Ernst Stavro Blofeld as played by Donald Pleasence or Telly Savalas . Director John Glen referred to the identity of the villain obliquely : `` We just let people use their imaginations and draw their own conclusions ... It 's a legal thing '' . The character is deliberately not named due to copyright restrictions with Kevin McClory , who owned the film rights to Thunderball , which supposedly includes the character Ernst Stavro Blofeld , the organisation SPECTRE , and other material associated with the development of Thunderball . Eon disputed McClory 's ownership of the Blofeld character , but decided not to use him again : the scene was `` a deliberate statement by Broccoli of his lack of need to use the character . '' </P> <P> Maibum later said `` We tried to return to the earlier films with For Your Eyes Only but we did n't have Sean to make it real . And I was very disappointed with the way the love story was handled . The whole idea was that the great lover James Bond ca n't get to first base with this woman because she was so obsessed with avenging her parents ' death . Nothing was ever done with it . It was as if the director did n't feel there was a love story there at all . '' </P> <H3> Casting ( edit ) </H3> <P> Roger Moore had originally signed a three - film contract with Eon Productions , which covered his first three appearances up to The Spy Who Loved Me . Subsequent to this , the actor negotiated contracts on a film - by - film basis . Uncertainty surrounding his involvement in For Your Eyes Only , considering his age , led to other actors being considered to take over , including Lewis Collins , known in the UK for his portrayal of Bodie in The Professionals ; Ian Ogilvy , like Moore very known by his role in Return of the Saint ; Michael Billington , who previously appeared in The Spy Who Loved Me as Agent XXX 's ill - fated lover , ( Billington 's screen test for For Your Eyes Only was one of the five occasions he auditioned for the role of Bond ) and Michael Jayston , who had appeared as the eponymous spy in the British TV series of Quiller ( Jayston eventually played Bond in a BBC Radio production of You Only Live Twice in 1985 ) . Timothy Dalton was strongly considered but Dalton declined , as he disliked the direction the series was taking at the time . Eventually , this came to nothing as Moore agreed to play Bond once again . </P> <P> Bernard Lee died on 16 January 1981 , after filming began on For Your Eyes Only , but before he could film his scenes as M , the head of MI6 , as he had done in the previous eleven films of the series . Out of respect , no new actor was hired to assume the role and , instead , the script was re-written so that the character is said to be on leave , letting Chief of Staff Bill Tanner take over the role as acting head of MI6 and briefing Bond alongside the Minister of Defence . </P> <P> Chaim Topol was cast following a suggestion by Broccoli 's wife Dana , while Julian Glover joined the cast as the producers felt he was stylish -- Glover was even considered to play Bond at some point , but Michael G. Wilson stated that `` when we first thought of him he was too young , and by the time of For Your Eyes Only he was too old '' . Carole Bouquet was a suggestion of United Artists publicist Jerry Juroe , and after Glen and Broccoli saw her in That Obscure Object of Desire , they went to Rome to invite Bouquet for the role of Melina . </P> <H3> Filming ( edit ) </H3> A Citroën 2CV 007 , similar to the one used in the film . <P> Production of For Your Eyes Only began on 2 September 1980 in the North Sea , with three days shooting exterior scenes with the St Georges . The interiors were shot later in Pinewood Studios , as well as the ship 's explosion , which was done with a miniature in Pinewood 's tank on the 007 Stage . On 15 September principal photography started on Corfu at the Villa Sylva at Kanoni , above Corfu Town , which acted as the location of the Spanish villa . Many of the local houses were painted white for scenographic reasons . Glen opted to use the local slopes and olive trees for the chase scene between Melina 's Citroën 2CV and Gonzales ' men driving Peugeot 504s . The scene was shot across twelve days , with stunt driver Rémy Julienne -- who would remain in the series up until GoldenEye -- driving the Citroën . Four 2CVs were used , with modifications for the stunts -- all had more powerful flat - four engines , and one received a special revolving plate on its roof so it could get turned upside down . </P> <P> In October filming moved to other Greek locations , including Metéora and the Achilleion . In November , the main unit moved to England , which included interior work in Pinewood , while the second unit shot underwater scenes in The Bahamas . On 1 January 1981 , production moved to Cortina d'Ampezzo in Italy , where filming wrapped in February . Since it was not snowing in Cortina d'Ampezzo by the time of filming , the producers had to pay for trucks to bring snow from nearby mountains , which was then dumped in the city 's streets . </P> <P> Many of the underwater scenes , especially involving close - ups of Bond and Melina , were faked on a dry soundstage . A combination of lighting effects , slow - motion photography , wind , and bubbles added in post-production , gave the illusion of the actors being underwater . Actress Carole Bouquet reportedly had a pre-existing health condition that prevented her from performing underwater stunt work . Aquatic scenes were done by a team led by Al Giddings , who had previously worked on The Deep , and filmed in either Pinewood 's tank on the 007 Stage or an underwater set built in the Bahamas . Production designer Peter Lamont and his team developed two working props for the submarine Neptune , as well as a mock - up with a fake bottom . </P> <P> Roger Moore was reluctant to film the scene of Bond kicking a car , with Locque inside , over the edge of a cliff , saying that it `` was Bond - like , but not Roger Moore Bond - like . '' Michael G. Wilson later said that Moore had to be persuaded to be more ruthless than he felt comfortable . Wilson also added that he and Richard Maibaum , along with John Glen , toyed with other ideas surrounding that scene , but ultimately everyone , even Moore , agreed to do the scene as originally written . </P> The Monastery of the Holy Trinity in Meteora served as a location <P> For the Meteora shoots , a Greek bishop was paid to allow filming in the monasteries , but the uninformed Eastern Orthodox monks were mostly critical of production rolling in their installations . After a trial in the Greek Supreme Court , it was decided that the monks ' only property were the interiors -- the exteriors and surrounding landscapes were from the local government . In protest , the monks remained shut inside the monasteries during the shooting , and tried to sabotage production as much as possible , hanging their washing out of their windows and covering the principal monastery with plastic bunting and flags to spoil the shots , and placing oil drums to prevent the film crew from landing helicopters . The production team solved the problem with back lighting , matte paintings , and building both a similar scenographic monastery on a nearby unoccupied rock , and a monastery set in Pinewood . </P> <P> Roger Moore said he had a great fear of heights , and to do the climbing in Greece , he resorted to moderate drinking to calm his nerves . Later in that same sequence , Rick Sylvester , a stuntman who had previously performed the pre-credits ski jump in The Spy Who Loved Me , undertook the stunt of Bond falling off the side of the cliff . The stunt was dangerous , since the sudden rope jerk at the bottom could be fatal . Special effects supervisor Derek Meddings developed a system that would dampen the stop , but Sylvester recalled that his nerves nearly got the better of him : `` From where we were ( shooting ) , you could see the local cemetery ; and the box ( to stop my fall ) looked like a casket . You did n't need to be an English major to connect the dots . '' The stunt went off without a problem . </P> <P> Bond veteran cameraman and professional skier Willy Bogner , Jr. was promoted to director of a second unit involving ski footage . Bogner designed the ski chase on the bobsleigh track of Cortina d'Ampezzo hoping to surpass his work in both On Her Majesty 's Secret Service and The Spy Who Loved Me . To allow better filming , Bogner developed both a system where he was attached to a bobsleigh , allowing to film the vehicle or behind it , and a set of skis that allowed him to ski forwards and backwards to get the best shots . In February 1981 , on the final day of filming the bobsleigh chase , one of the stuntmen driving a sleigh , 23 - year - old Paolo Rigon , was killed when he became trapped under the bob . </P> <P> The pre-credits sequence used a church in Stoke Poges as a cemetery , while the helicopter scenes were filmed at the abandoned Beckton Gas Works in London . The gas works were also the location for some of Stanley Kubrick 's 1987 film , Full Metal Jacket . Director John Glen got the idea for the remote - controlled helicopter after seeing a child playing with an RC car . Since flying a helicopter through a warehouse was thought to be too dangerous , the scene was shot using forced perspective . A smaller mock - up was built by Derek Meddings ' team closer to the camera that the stunt pilot Marc Wolff flew behind and this made it seem as if the helicopter was entering the warehouse . The footage inside the building was shot on location , though with a life - sized helicopter model which stood over a rail . Stuntman Martin Grace stood as Bond when the agent is dangling outside the flying helicopter , while Roger Moore himself was used in the scenes inside the model . </P> <H3> Music ( edit ) </H3> Main article : For Your Eyes Only ( soundtrack ) <P> The score of For Your Eyes Only was written by Bill Conti , who retained a number of John Barry - influenced brass elements in the score , but also added elements of dance and funk music . Whilst one reviewer observed that `` Bill Conti 's score is a constant source of annoyance '' , another claimed that `` In the end , For Your Eyes Only stands as one of the best James Bond film scores of the 1980s . '' </P> <P> The title song , written by Conti and Michael Leeson , was sung by Sheena Easton , who holds the distinction of being the first title song artist to appear on screen in a Bond film , as designer Maurice Binder liked Easton 's appearance and decided to add her to the opening credits . The producers of the film wanted Blondie to perform the title song : the band wrote a song titled `` For Your Eyes Only '' , but decided to decline the offer when they discovered the producers wanted a recording of Conti 's song instead . Blondie 's song can be found on their 1982 album , The Hunter . </P> <H2> Release and reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> For Your Eyes Only was premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on 24 June 1981 , setting an all - time opening - day record for any film at any cinema in the UK with a gross of £ 14,998 ( £ 52,756 in 2016 pounds ) . The film went on general release in the UK the same day . For Your Eyes Only had its North American premiere in Canada and the US on Friday 26 June , at approximately 1,100 cinemas . </P> For Your Eyes Only watch , released as part of the merchandising for the film <P> The film grossed $54.8 million in the United States , ( equivalent to $101.5 million at 2011 ticket prices or $148 million in 2017 dollars , adjusted for general inflation ) and $195.3 million worldwide , becoming the second highest grossing Bond film after its predecessor , Moonraker . This was the last James Bond film to be solely released by United Artists , as by this time its owner Transamerica Corporation finalized the sale of the brand to MGM . Following the MGM and United Artists merger , later runs including future entries were released under `` MGM / UA Distribution Co '' . </P> <P> The promotional cinema poster for the film featured a woman holding a crossbow ; she was photographed from behind , and her outfit left the bottom half of her buttocks exposed . The effect was achieved by having the model wear a pair of bikini bottoms backwards , so that the part seen on her backside is the front of the suit . The poster caused some furor -- largely in the US -- with The Boston Globe and the Los Angeles Times considering the poster so unsuitable they edited out everything above the knee , whilst the Pittsburgh Press editors painted a pair of shorts over the legs . There was significant speculation as to the identity of the model before photographer Morgan Kane identified her as Joyce Bartle . </P> <P> A number of items of merchandising were issued to coincide with the film , including a 007 digital watch and a copy of Melina 's Citroën 2CV by Corgi Toys . Citroën itself produced a special `` 007 '' edition of the 2CV , which even had decorative bullet holes on the door . Marvel Comics also did a comic book adaptation ( see section below ) . </P> <H3> Contemporary reviews ( edit ) </H3> <P> Derek Malcolm in The Guardian disliked the film , saying it was `` too long ... and pretty boring between the stunts '' , although he admitted that the stunts were of a high quality . According to Malcolm , Bond `` inhabits a fantasy - land of more or less bloodless violence , groinless sex and naivety masked as superior sophistication '' , with Moore playing him as if in a `` nicely lubricated daze '' . Although Malcolm tipped the film for international box office success , he observed that he `` ca n't quite see why the series has lasted so long and so strong in people 's affections . '' Writing in The Observer , Philip French commented that `` not for the first time the pre-credits sequence is the best thing about the film . '' French was dismissive of Moore 's Bond , saying that Bond was `` impersonated by Moore '' and referred to Moore 's advancing years . </P> <P> Ian Christie , writing in the Daily Express , said that it was not `` much of a plot , but it has a touch of credibility which is a welcome change from some of its predecessors . '' Overall , Christie thought , For Your Eyes Only was `` one of the better Bonds , with a nice balance between humour and excitement and the usual bevy of beautiful girls . '' Christie 's colleague in the Sunday Express , Richard Barkley praised the film , saying that For Your Eyes Only `` is one of the most exciting yet '' . Barkley describes Moore 's Bond as having an `` accustomed debonair calm and quiet authority '' . All told , Barkley thought `` this Bond movie is smashing entertainment . '' </P> <P> David Robinson , writing in The Times bemoaned the fact that the `` dramatic bits between the set pieces do n't count for much . '' Like other critics at the time his praise was more directed towards the stunt crews ; they were `` better than ever in this one . '' The film critic for the magazine Time Out was brief and pithy : `` no plot and poor dialogue , and Moore really is old enough to be the uncle of those girls . '' </P> <P> For the US press , Gary Arnold in The Washington Post thought the film was `` undeniably easy on the eyes '' , and further added `` maybe too easy to prevent the mind from wandering and the lids from drooping . '' Arnold was also critical of the large set pieces , calling them `` more ponderous than sensational '' and that there was `` no equivalent of the classic action highlights that can be recalled readily from `` From Russia , With Love '' or `` You Only Live Twice '' or `` The Spy Who Loved Me '' or `` Moonraker . '' This is a Bond waiting for something inspired to push it over the top . '' The New York Times critic Vincent Canby said that `` For Your Eyes Only is not the best of the series by a long shot '' although he did say that the film is `` slick entertainment '' with a tone that is `` consistently comic even when the material is not . '' </P> <P> Jack Kroll in Newsweek dismissed the film , saying it was `` an anthology of action episodes held together by the thinnest of plot lines '' , although he did concede that these set pieces are `` terrific in their exhilaratingly absurd energy . '' For Time magazine , Richard Corliss concentrated on the stunts , saying the team `` have devised some splendid optional features for For Your Eyes Only '' whilst also commenting on Roger Moore , saying that his `` mannequin good looks and waxed - fruit insouciance '' show him to be `` the best - oiled cog in this perpetual motion machine . '' Jay Scott of The Globe and Mail included it on his list of the year 's worst films , calling it `` repellant '' and `` ambitiously bad '' . </P> <P> French filmmaker Robert Bresson admired the film . `` It filled me with wonder because of its cinematographic writing ... if I could have seen it twice in a row and again the next day , I would have done . '' Elsewhere Bresson said he also loved the film 's ski chase . </P> <H3> Reflective reviews ( edit ) </H3> <P> Opinion on For Your Eyes Only has not changed with the passing of time and the reviews are still mixed : as of October 2015 , the film holds a 74 % ' fresh ' rating from Rotten Tomatoes , being ranked twelfth among the 22 Bond films . Ian Nathan of Empire gives the film only two of a possible five stars , observing that the film `` still ranks as one of the most forgettable Bonds on record . '' In 2006 , IGN chose For Your Eyes Only as the sixth best Bond film , claiming it is `` a good old - fashioned espionage tale '' , a placement shared by Norman Wilner of MSN , who considered it `` the one Moore film that seems to reach back to Connery 's heyday '' , and Entertainment Weekly chose it as the tenth best in 2008 , saying it was a `` return to low - tech , low - key Bond ( with ) ... some of the best stunts since the early days '' . In October 2008 Time Out re-issued a review of For Your Eyes Only and observed that the film is `` admirable in intent '' but that it `` feels a little spare '' , largely because the plot has been `` divested of the bells and whistles that hallmark the franchise '' . </P> <P> James Berardinelli wrote that the film was `` a solid adventure , although it could have been better '' , while Danny Peary thought `` There are exciting moments , but most of it is standard Bond fare , '' going on to describe For Your Eyes Only as `` an attempt to mix spectacle with ( the ) tough , believable storylines of early Bond films ... ( it ) is enjoyable while you 're watching it . Afterward , it 's one of the most forgettable of the Bond series . '' Raymond Benson , the author of nine Bond novels , thought For Your Eyes Only was Roger Moore 's best Bond film . </P> <P> Although Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly ranks Carole Bouquet playing Melina as the `` worst babe '' of the seven Roger Moore James Bond films , his colleague , Joshua Rich disagreed , putting her tenth in the overall 10 Best Bond Girls listing from the 21 films released up to that point . Entertainment Weekly also ranked Lynn - Holly Johnson as Bibi Dahl as ninth on their list of the 10 worst Bond girls from the 21 films that had been released . After 20 films had been released , IGN ranked Bouquet as fifth in their ' top 10 Bond Babes ' list , and The Times thought she was sixth on their list of the Top 10 most fashionable Bond girls after 21 films had been released . </P> <H3> Accolades ( edit ) </H3> <P> The song `` For Your Eyes Only '' was nominated for a Best Original Song at the 39th Golden Globe Awards and Best Original Song at the 1981 Academy Awards , losing out at both ceremonies to `` Arthur 's Theme '' from the film Arthur . However , the 1981 Academy Awards ceremony did see the presenting of the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award to producer Albert R. Broccoli . The Writers Guild of America nominated the script by Michael G. Wilson and Richard Maibaum for Best Adapted Screenplay -- Comedy or Musical Picture . In 2004 the American Film Institute nominated the song `` For Your Eyes Only '' from the film for AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs . </P> <H2> Comic book adaptation ( edit ) </H2> Two - part For Your Eyes Only comic book adaptation by Marvel Comics Main article : James Bond comic books <P> As part of the merchandising of For Your Eyes Only , Marvel Comics published an adaptation of the movie as issue 19 of Marvel Comics Super Special ; this was also repackaged as a two - issue comic book adaptation of the film . The first issue was released in October 1981 and was soon followed by the second issue in November of the same year . The adaptation was written by Larry Hama , pencilled by Howard Chaykin , inked by Vincent Colletta , and edited by Dennis O'Neil . </P> <P> It was the second film in the series to have a comic book tie - in , following a Dr. No comic in 1962 . Marvel Comics would go on to publish an Octopussy comic book adaptation in 1983 . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Outline of James Bond </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Moses , Antoinette . Sight and Sound ; London Vol. 51 , Iss. 4 , ( Fall 1982 ) : 258 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 137 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chancellor 2005 , p. 197 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chaim Topol . For Your Eyes Only audio commentary . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brady , Shirley . `` Good Skate '' . People . Time Inc . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Black 2004 , p. 167 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 128 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 138 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Charles Dance '' . Daily Express . 2 April 2001 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 127 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 40 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smith 2002 , p. 178 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hibbin , Sally ( 1989 ) . The making of Licence to kill . Salem House . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88162 - 453 - 3 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Inside For Your Eyes Only . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 2 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 299 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benson 1988 , p. 226 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lindner 2003 , pp. 29 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Cork & Stutz 2007 , p. 292 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael G. Wilson . For Your Eyes Only audio commentary . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Benson 1988 , p. 227 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 135 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 175 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Benson 1988 , p. 231 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Duncan , Paul ( 2012 ) . The James Bond Archives . Taschen . p. 305 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith 2002 , p. 167 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boshoff , Alison ( 22 October 1997 ) . `` Double agent Bond held hostage in studio wars '' . The Daily Telegraph . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lee ( 1983 ) . `` Richard Maibaum 007 's Puppermaster '' . Starlog . p. 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , Andrew ( 8 November 2006 ) . `` The Bond bunch '' . The Independent . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : https://www.mi6-hq.com/sections/movies/fyeo_trivia </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Solomans , Jason ( 17 April 2005 ) . `` My kingdom for a Bond : More than 70 contenders and still no new 007 '' . The Observer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2014/apr/06/for-yours-eyes-only-itv-james-bond-film-recap </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.pelicanpromotions.com.au/dalton/bond.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.007museum.com/eyes_only.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 98 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : John Glen . For Your Eyes Only audio commentary . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Glen , John ( August 1981 ) . `` The director talks about For Your Eyes Only '' . American Cinematographer . Archived from the original on 16 March 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Derek Meddings . For Your Eyes Only audio commentary . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bond in Greece . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 2 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Naylor . For Your Eyes Only audio commentary . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lightman , Herb A. ( August 1981 ) . `` Behind the scenes of James Bond 007 : For Your Eyes Only '' . American Cinematographer . Archived from the original on 12 April 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samuelson , David ( August 1981 ) . `` For Your Eyes Only and Its Special Effects '' . American Cinematographer . Archived from the original on 16 March 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Car 's the Star -- Citroën 2CV '' . The Car 's the Star . 1996 . BBC 2 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Exotic Locations . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 2 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bond in Cortina . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 2 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neptune 's Journey . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 2 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Double - O Stuntmen . The Man with the Golden Gun Ultimate Edition , Disk 2 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Falsetto 2001 , p. xxii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Lamont . For Your Eyes Only audio commentary . For Your Eyes Only -- Ultimate Edition , Disk 1 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Guarisco , Donald ; Ed , Bruce . `` For Your Eyes Only ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Lee Davies , Adam . `` ' For Your Eyes Only ' revisited '' . Time Out . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Silhouettes -- the James Bond Titles . You Only Live Twice Ultimate Edition , Disk 2 : MGM Home Entertainment . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Brien , Glenn ( January 1986 ) . `` Debbie 's Back '' . Spin . SPIN Media LLC. 1 ( 9 ) : 49 . ISSN 0886 - 3032 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Premieres '' . The Illustrated London News . 27 June 1981 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` DATELINE : London , June 26 '' . PR Newswire. 26 June 1981 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UK Retail Price Index inflation figures are based on data from Clark , Gregory ( 2017 ) . `` The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain , 1209 to Present ( New Series ) '' . MeasuringWorth . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Box Office History for James Bond Movies '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 8 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Time Highest Grossing Movies in the United States Since 1977 , Inflation Adjusted '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services , LLC . Retrieved 28 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 143 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pfeiffer & Worrall 1998 , p. 131 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` People : Jul. 20 , 1981 '' . Time . 20 July 1981 . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barnes & Hearn 2001 , p. 140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 10 worst cars driven by James Bond : Citroën 2CV ( For Your Eyes Only ) '' . MSN . 10 November 2010 . Retrieved 1 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Malcolm , Derek ( 25 June 1981 ) . `` The Bond wagon rolls on '' . The Guardian . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : French , Philip ( 28 June 1981 ) . `` Bergman and Bond '' . The Observer . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Christie , Ian ( 24 June 1981 ) . `` Premium Bond comes up with a new winner '' . Daily Express . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barkley , Richard ( 28 June 1981 ) . `` What Bond tells a girl he finds in his bed '' . Sunday Express . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , David ( 26 June 1981 ) . `` Bergman 's inimitable view of human relationships '' . The Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) '' . From Time Out Film Guide . Time Out . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Arnold , Gary ( 26 June 1981 ) . `` ' Your Eyes Only ' : Smooth but Lacking '' . The Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Canby , Vincent ( 26 June 1981 ) . `` Bond in ' For Your Eyes Only ' '' . Movie Review . The New York Times . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kroll , Jack ( 29 June 1981 ) . `` Down to 001 '' . Newsweek . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( 29 June 1981 ) . `` Cinema : Perpetual Motion Machine '' . Time . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Scott , Jay ( 2 January 1982 ) . `` Something old , but not much new Abel Gance 's aged Napoleon one shimmering superstar in a year of gloomy omens '' . The Globe and Mail . p . E. 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott , Jay ( 10 June 1983 ) . `` Plenty Moore of the same 007 has lost a few steps but is still in the running '' . The Globe and Mail . p . E. 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bresson In Germany '' . 11 May 2010 . The interview may be seen on New Yorker Films ' DVD release of Bresson 's film L'Argent . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Bresson ( July 2005 ) . `` Chatterbox : Armond White & Robert Bresson '' . Film Comment. 41 ( 4 ) : 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ciment 2009 , p. 36 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` For Your Eyes Only '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In 2008 , the film was ranked ninth with 73 % ; ever since the list was posted , For Your Eyes Only 's score fell to 69 % , falling behind the ones that stood from 12th to 10th -- You Only Live Twice ( 70 % ) , Licence to Kill ( 71 % ) and The Living Daylights ( 73 % ) ( `` Movies Like For Your Eyes Only ''. ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathan , Ian . `` For Your Eyes Only '' . Empire . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` James Bond 's Top 20 '' . IGN. 17 November 2006 . Archived from the original on 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Norman Wilner . `` Rating the Spy Game '' . MSN . Archived from the original on 19 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sauter , Michael ( 1 July 2008 ) . `` Playing the Bond Market '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Berardinelli , James ( 1996 ) . `` For Your Eyes Only '' . ReelViews . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peary 1986 , p. 157 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cox , John . `` The Raymond Benson CBn Interview ( Part II ) '' . The Raymond Benson CBn Interview . CommanderBond.net . Retrieved 21 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nashawaty , Chris ( 12 December 2008 ) . `` Moore ... and Sometimes Less '' . Entertainment Weekly ( 1025 ) . Retrieved 16 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rich , Joshua ( 9 November 2006 ) . `` 10 . Melina Havelock ( Carole Bouquet ) '' . The 10 Best Bond Girls . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rich , Joshua . `` 9 . Bibi Dahl ( Lynn - Holly Johnson ) '' . The 10 Worst Bond Girls . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zdyrko , Dave . `` Top 10 Bond Babes '' . IGN . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Copping , Nicola ( 1 April 2008 ) . `` Top 10 most fashionable Bond girls '' . The Times . London . Retrieved 17 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Awards Search -- Best Original Song -- Motion Picture '' . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Retrieved 28 January 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 54th Academy Awards ( 1982 ) Nominees and Winners '' . Oscar Legacy . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Irving G. Thalberg Award '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Retrieved 18 August 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Riggs , Thomas , ed. ( 2006 ) . Contemporary Theatre , Film and Television , Volume 72 . Thomson Gale . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7876 - 9045 - 8 . Michael G. Wilson . Honors : Best comedy adapted from another medium ( with Richard Maibaum ) , Writers Guild of America , 1982 , for For Your Eyes Only </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs Nominees '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Frankenhoff & Bickford 2010 , p. 368 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chaykin 2011 , p. xvii . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barnes , Alan ; Hearn , Marcus ( 2001 ) . Kiss Kiss Bang ! Bang ! : the Unofficial James Bond Film Companion . Batsford Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7134 - 8182 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Benson , Raymond ( 1988 ) . The James Bond Bedside Companion . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 1 - 85283 - 234 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Black , Jeremy ( 2004 ) . Britain Since the Seventies : Politics and Society in the Consumer Age . Guilford : Biddles Ltd . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86189 - 201 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Black , Jeremy ( 2005 ) . The Politics of James Bond : from Fleming 's Novel to the Big Screen . University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 6240 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Broccoli , Albert R ( 1998 ) . When the Snow Melts . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 1162 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Chancellor , Henry ( 2005 ) . James Bond : The Man and His World . London : John Murray . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7195 - 6815 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Chaykin , Howard ( 2011 ) . Howard Chaykin : Conversations . UPM . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60473 - 975 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Ciment , Michel ( 2009 ) . Film World : The Director 's Interviews . translated by Julie Rose . Oxford : Berg Publishers . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84520 - 457 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Cork , John ; Stutz , Collin ( 2007 ) . James Bond Encyclopedia . London : Dorling Kindersley . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4053 - 3427 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Falsetto , Mario ( 2001 ) . Stanley Kubrick : A Narrative and Stylistic Analysis . Praeger . ISBN 978 - 0 - 275 - 97291 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Fu , Poshek ; Desser , David ( 2000 ) . The Cinema of Hong Kong . Cambridge University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 521 - 77235 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Lindner , Christoph ( 2003 ) . The James Bond Phenomenon : a Critical Reader . Manchester University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7190 - 6541 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Peary , Danny ( 1986 ) . Guide for the Film Fanatic . Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 61081 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Pfeiffer , Lee ; Worrall , Dave ( 1998 ) . The Essential Bond . London : Boxtree Ltd . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7522 - 2477 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Smith , Jim ( 2002 ) . Bond Films . London : Virgin Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7535 - 0709 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Thompson , Maggie ; Frankenhoff , Brent ; Bickford , Peter ( 2010 ) . Comic Book Price Guide 2010 . Krause Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4402 - 1399 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : For Your Eyes Only ( film ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> For Your Eyes Only at the Metro - Goldwyn - Mayer site </Li> <Li> For Your Eyes Only on IMDb </Li> <Li> For Your Eyes Only at the TCM Movie Database </Li> <Li> For Your Eyes Only at AllMovie </Li> <Li> For Your Eyes Only at Rotten Tomatoes </Li> <Li> For Your Eyes Only at Box Office Mojo </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> James Bond in film </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> List of films </Li> <Li> Filmography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Eon Productions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dr. No ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> From Russia with Love ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Goldfinger ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Thunderball ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> You Only Live Twice ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> On Her Majesty 's Secret Service ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Diamonds Are Forever ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Live and Let Die ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> The Man with the Golden Gun ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> The Spy Who Loved Me ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Moonraker ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Octopussy ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> GoldenEye ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Tomorrow Never Dies ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> The World Is Not Enough ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Die Another Day ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Casino Royale ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Quantum of Solace ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Skyfall ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Spectre ( 2015 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Non-Eon films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Casino Royale ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Never Say Never Again ( 1983 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1960s </Li> <Li> 1970s </Li> <Li> 1980s </Li> <Li> 1990s </Li> <Li> 2000s </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cast and characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Recurring characters </Li> <Li> Recurring actors </Li> <Li> Actors considered for the James Bond role </Li> <Li> Bond girls </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Motifs </Li> <Li> Music </Li> <Li> Gun barrel sequence </Li> <Li> Film locations </Li> <Li> White bikini of Ursula Andress </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Films directed by John Glen </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> For Your Eyes Only ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Octopussy ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> A View to a Kill ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> The Living Daylights ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Licence to Kill ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Checkered Flag ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Aces : Iron Eagle III ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Christopher Columbus : The Discovery ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> The Point Men ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> James Bond portal </Li> <Li> 1980s portal </Li> <Li> Film portal </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=For_Your_Eyes_Only_(film)&oldid=863101392 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1981 films </Li> <Li> English - language films </Li> <Li> 1980s action thriller films </Li> <Li> 1980s spy films </Li> <Li> British films </Li> <Li> British sequel films </Li> <Li> Cold War spy films </Li> <Li> Directorial debut films </Li> <Li> Films about revenge </Li> <Li> Films adapted into comics </Li> <Li> Films based on multiple works of a series </Li> <Li> Films based on short fiction </Li> <Li> Films directed by John Glen </Li> <Li> Films produced by Albert R. 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Tadashi Hamada - wikipedia <H1> Tadashi Hamada </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tadashi </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Big Hero 6 character </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First appearance </Th> <Td> Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Created by </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Don Hall </Li> <Li> Jordan Roberts </Li> <Li> Robert L. Baird </Li> <Li> Dan Gerson </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voiced by </Th> <Td> Daniel Henney ( Big Hero 6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Information </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> Hiro Hamada ( younger brother ) , Cass Hamada ( aunt ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Tadashi Hamada is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Animation Studios ' 54th animated feature , Big Hero 6 . The film is inspired by a Marvel comic book of the same name . He is voiced by Daniel Henney . In addition , Tadashi is ethnically Japanese . In the film , Tadashi , a student at the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology , is the creator of Baymax , as well as the older brother of Hiro Hamada . Baymax , as described in the film , is a personal health care companion . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Appearances <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Korean version </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Big Hero 6 : The Series </Li> <Li> 1.3 Printed media </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Reception </Li> <Li> 3 In other media </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Appearances ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Big Hero 6 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tadashi appears in Big Hero 6 as Hiro 's older brother . Due to their parents being deceased , Tadashi is Hiro 's primary voice of reason and father figure . In the film , Tadashi and Hiro live in San Fransokyo with their aunt Cass . Although his age is not explicitly described in the film , Tadashi acts very mature for his age . Additionally , Henney describes the character as `` pure '' , even comparing Tadashi to an angel . Tadashi is also a `` tech - wizard '' who conceives , builds and programs Baymax . </P> `` Tadashi is a good guy . He just is . He actually developed , built and programmed a state - of - the - art nursebot -- a Healthcare Companion named Baymax that will likely help millions worldwide . But it 's his role as big brother that makes Tadashi truly special . Every kid needs a guy like Tadashi looking out for him , and Hiro knows just how lucky he is to have him in his life . '' <P> -- Official Disney blog release ( 2014 ) . </P> Daniel Henney , voice of Tadashi <P> In the film , Tadashi suggests that Hiro attends the San Fransokyo Institute of Technology as Hiro , like Tadashi , is gifted in robotics and engineering , his intellect allowing him to graduate from high school at 13 . Initially , Hiro dismisses the request , as he chooses to pursue monetary gain from illegal bot fighting . However , Tadashi is able to redirect Hiro 's intelligence , giving him a tour of the institution that allows him to see how remarkable it really is , and introduces him to his friends - Honey Lemon , GoGo , Wasabi , and Fred . Tadashi also introduces Hiro to his project Baymax , a personal healthcare robot . Tadashi designs Baymax to have a huggable build . The film 's animation team researched at Carnegie Mellon University to help conceive Baymax 's design . Directors Don Hall and Chris Williams wanted Baymax to be `` appealing but also huggable . '' Ryan Potter ( Hiro 's voice actor ) states that Hiro sees Baymax as a representation of Tadashi . The tour inspires Hiro to want to attend the school himself , and he begins working on his own endeavor in order to gain admission . Hiro showcases his project , Microbots controlled by a neurological headband , at an exhibition held at the school . Shortly after being accepted by Robert Callaghan , the institute 's professor , the exhibition hall catches fire . With Professor Callaghan still inside , Tadashi runs into the burning building in an effort to save him . Moments later , the building explodes , killing Tadashi and as everyone else assumes , Callaghan . Hiro , Baymax , and Tadashi 's school friends mourn Tadashi throughout the rest of the film , while most of his legacy remains present in the form of Baymax . Following Tadashi 's death , Baymax ends up taking over the role of being Hiro 's emotional support . A series of further events leads to the formation of the superhero team Big Hero 6 , who investigate Tadashi 's death and the criminal plot that surrounds it , and honor Tadashi through continuing as a team to fulfill his dedication of helping people . Prior to the film 's climax , Baymax shows video footage of his testing by Tadashi to Hiro , revealing that it took Tadashi several dozen attempts to perfect Baymax 's original programming . Portions of these tests are seen in the second official US trailer of the film . </P> Korean version ( edit ) <P> In the Korean version of the film , Tadashi 's name , which is of Japanese origin is changed to `` Teddy '' . </P> <H3> Big Hero 6 : the Series ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tadashi briefly appears , as a recording , in the first episode `` Baymax Returns '' . It is revealed that he taught Hiro how to ride a bike . Henney reprised his role . He is also seen in `` Failure Mode '' where it is revealed that he nearly gave up on completing Baymax . </P> <H3> Printed Media ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tadashi appears in the prequel manga , Baymax , which was released prior to the film 's release , in August 2014 . Unlike other Disney properties that received a one - shot manga , Baymax is a full manga story which had the goal of previewing the film 's story . Tadashi also appears in other Disney books , such as The Art of Big Hero 6 , and Big Hero 6 : Hiro and Tadashi . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> A review by Manohla Dargis of The New York Times describes that Tadashi `` is n't much better , '' than the , `` disappointingly bland maternal creation , '' Aunt Cass . In her review , Dargis states that this is despite Tadashi being a , `` hunky brainiac who studies at an institute of higher nerdiness alongside a Scooby Doo - like posse . '' The Japan Times describes that Tadashi , `` fits the normal Hollywood bill of a polite young Japanese male . '' At one point in his review , Sam Adams of Indiewire s `` Criticwire '' blog , writes that Tadashi has a `` nurturing spirit . '' Adams also criticizes Tadashi 's death , calling it , `` underplayed and unseen . '' After mentioning another blogger 's interpretation of why Hiro did n't want to lose Baymax , Adams writes that , `` Even in retrospect , Tadashi 's death is n't rendered significant . '' </P> <H2> In other Media ( edit ) </H2> <P> The character is alluded in Avengers : Age of Ultron . While looking for a replacement AI , Tony Stark looks through several other AIs ; one is labeled Tadashi and another is Jocasta , but both were passed over for Friday . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Patten , Fred ( January 20 , 2015 ) . `` Book Review : The Art of Big Hero 6 '' . Animation World Network . Retrieved January 21 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Palmeri , Christopher ( October 31 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ' Turns Godzilla Into Lovable Disney Robot '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Big Hero 6 : Daniel Henney `` Tadashi Hamada '' & Ryan Potter `` Hiro Hamada '' Official Interview . ScreenSlam . YouTube . October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davis , Lauren ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` How Disney Will Make You Cry Again With Big Hero 6 '' . io9 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Shoji , Kaori ( December 17 , 2014 ) . `` Disney 's ' Big Hero 6 ′ reassembles Japan without the ' cultural cringe ' '' . The Japan Times . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Baymax and the Big Hero 6 are Ready For Action '' . Disney Insider . July 14 , 2014 . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Croot , James ( December 30 , 2014 ) . `` Review : Big Hero 6 '' . Stuff.co.nz . Retrieved January 9 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Cast Announcement : Six Reasons We Ca n't Wait to See Big Hero 6 '' . Oh My Disney . Disney . July 13 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicholson , Max ( July 14 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 : Voice Cast and Character Images Revealed '' . IGN . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blair , Elizabeth ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` The Challenge Of ' Big Hero 6 ' : How To Make A Huggable Robot '' . All Tech Considered . NPR . Retrieved January 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McAnulty , Sofia ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Big Hero 6 is A Huge Hit '' . The Californian Paper . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson , Tyler ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Hero 6 ′ Brings Revenge Tale Back To Disney '' . Boston College Heights . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dornbush , Jonathon ( September 25 , 2014 ) . `` Puffy robot Baymax takes center stage in new ' Big Hero 6 ' trailer '' . Inside Movies . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Disney 's Big Hero 6 - Official US Trailer 2 . Walt Disney Animation Studios . YouTube . September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heneveld , Stephen and Ben Juwono ( director ) ; Sharon Flynn and Paiman Kalayen ( writer ) ( November 20 , 2017 ) . `` Baymax Returns '' . Big Hero 6 : The Series . Season 1 . Episode 1 . Disney XD . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Good , Kathleen ( director ) ; Kenny Byerly ( writer ) ( June 23 , 2018 ) . `` Failure Mode '' . Big Hero 6 : The Series . Season 1 . Episode 7 . Disney XD . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schilling , Mark ( July 16 , 2014 ) . `` Disney Takes Unusual Promo Route With Japanese ' Big Hero 6 ′ Animation '' . Variety . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 Is 1st Disney Film to Be Previewed With Manga Series '' . Anime News Network . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Big Hero 6 : Hiro and Tadashi '' . Goodreads . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dargis , Manohla ( November 6 , 2014 ) . `` Happiness Is a Warm Robot '' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Adams , Sam ( November 10 , 2014 ) . `` ' Disney Deaths ' and ' Big Hero 6 ' : How Children 's Stories Process Loss '' . Criticwire . Indiewire . Retrieved January 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Avengers : Age of Ultron Has A Big Hero 6 Easter Egg ? '' . Movie Web . Watchr Media . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Big Hero 6 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hiro Takachiho </Li> <Li> Baymax </Li> <Li> Fredzilla </Li> <Li> GoGo Tomago </Li> <Li> Wasabi - No - Ginger </Li> <Li> Honey Lemon </Li> <Li> Tadashi Hamada </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Marvel characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Silver Samurai </Li> <Li> Sunfire </Li> <Li> Ebon Samurai </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> In other media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Animated film </Li> <Li> Disney Infinity : Marvel Super Heroes </Li> <Li> TV series </Li> <Li> Kingdom Hearts III </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Steven T. Seagle </Li> <Li> Duncan Rouleau </Li> <Li> Don Hall </Li> <Li> Chris Williams </Li> <Li> Roy Conli </Li> <Li> John Lasseter </Li> <Li> Mark McCorkle </Li> <Li> Bob Schooley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tadashi_Hamada&oldid=848901444 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Big Hero 6 characters </Li> <Li> Fictional characters introduced in 2014 </Li> <Li> Fictional college students </Li> <Li> Fictional mechanical engineers </Li> <Li> Fictional inventors </Li> <Li> Fictional Japanese people in anime and manga </Li> <Li> Fictional roboticists </Li> <Li> Male characters in anime and manga </Li> <Li> Superhero film characters </Li> <Li> Teenage characters in film </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using infobox character with unknown parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 5 July 2018 , at 03 : 46 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Long John Silver 's - wikipedia <H1> Long John Silver 's </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Long John Silver 's LLC <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Private </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Restaurants </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Fast - food restaurant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> August 18 , 1969 ; 48 years ago ( August 18 , 1969 ) Lexington , Kentucky , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Louisville , Kentucky , United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Seafood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of employees </Th> <Td> 8,400 ( worldwide ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parent </Th> <Td> Jerrico Inc . ( 1969 -- 2002 ) Yum ! Brands ( 2002 -- 2011 ) LJS Partners LLC ( 2011 - present ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> ljsilvers.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> A renovated early LJS location that retains Cape Cod style structure A typical meal from Long John Silver 's : A platter with battered and fried fish and chicken , french fries ( chips ) , battered fried shrimp , hushpuppies and coleslaw <P> Long John Silver 's LLC ( also formerly known as Long John Silver 's Seafood Shoppe ) is an American fast - food restaurant chain that specializes in seafood . The brand 's name is derived from the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson , in which the pirate `` Long John '' Silver is one of the main characters . Formerly a division of Yum ! Brands , Inc. , the company was divested to a group of franchisees in September 2011 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Controversy </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first restaurant was opened on August 18 , 1969 , in Lexington , Kentucky . The original location , on 301 Southland Drive just off Nicholasville Road , was previously a seafood carry out restaurant named the Cape Codder . The original Cape Codder concrete block building was redesigned by Architect Druce Henn , who created the New England style of LJS 's early chain restaurants . That original location is now a styling salon . </P> <P> Earlier restaurants were known for their Cape Cod style buildings , blue roofs with square cupolas , wood benches / tables , lobster pots , and ship 's wheels . Later , more nautically themed decorations were added such as seats made to look like nautical flags . </P> <P> Those early restaurants also featured separate entrance and exit doors , a corridor like waiting line area , deep fryer with food heaters that were transparent so customers could see the food waiting to be served , and wrought iron ' sword ' door handles . A major exterior theme of these buildings had dock - like walkways lined with pilings and thick ropes . Somewhat newer restaurants retained the basic structural design and theme but eliminated most of the interior features . </P> <P> Citing poor sales for both divisions , the company plans to focus on its international expansion plans for its other brands , with particular emphasis on its growth in China . With the announcement of the intent to sell by Yum ! Brands , a group consisting of Long John Silver 's franchisees and other private investors made a successful bid to buy the LJS Brand and in September 2011 , Yum ! announced the impending sale to LJS Partners LLC . </P> <P> In March 2015 , James O'Reilly , who had previously worked for KFC , was appointed as the CEO . In an interview , he said that he intended to strengthen the core business and solidify the brand . He expected the chain to maintain its 1,132 stores during the year with the possibility of future expansion . </P> <Ul> <Li> <P> A co branded KFC and Long John Silver 's restaurant in Lafayette , Tennessee </P> </Li> <Li> <P> A former co branded Long John Silver 's and Taco Bell in Kent , Ohio before becoming a Taco Bell store </P> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> In July 2013 , the Center for Science in the Public Interest , a nutrition and health policy watchdog group , named Long John Silver 's `` Big Catch '' meal the worst restaurant meal in America , noting that it contained 33 grams of trans fat , 19 grams of saturated fat , 1,320 calories , and almost 3,700 milligrams of sodium . In January 2014 , the company announced that it had eliminated trans fats from its menu . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Louisville portal </Li> <Li> Companies portal </Li> <Li> Food portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Fish and chips </Li> <Li> List of fish and chip restaurants </Li> <Li> List of seafood restaurants </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Sloan , Scott ( 2011 - 12 - 09 ) . `` A&W Returns to Lexington '' . Kentucky.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fayette County PVA '' . Qpublic7.qpublic.net . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fantasia Styling Salon '' . Fantasia Styling Salon . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yum ! Brands Places Long John Silver 's and A&W All - American Restaurants for Sale '' . Business Wire . January 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yum Sells 2 Fast - Food Chains '' . The New York Times . September 22 , 2011 . Retrieved 20 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bowling , Caitlin ( 16 March 2015 ) . `` Long John Silver 's still trying to regain ground following negative press in 2013 '' . Louisville Business First . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Heart Attack On A Hook ' : Meet America 's ' Worst Restaurant Meal ' '' . NPR.org. 2 July 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Aubrey , Allison ( January 22 , 2014 ) . `` Long John Silver 's Throws Trans Fats Overboard '' . NPR . 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Salt Esquire </Li> <Li> Ivar 's </Li> <Li> Long John Silver 's </Li> <Li> Skippers Seafood & Chowder House </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bresler 's </Li> <Li> Brigham 's </Li> <Li> Burger Chef </Li> <Li> Carrols </Li> <Li> D'Lites </Li> <Li> Druther 's </Li> <Li> Henry 's Hamburgers </Li> <Li> Hot ' n Now </Li> <Li> Hot Sam Pretzels </Li> <Li> Naugles </Li> <Li> Red Barn </Li> <Li> Sandy 's </Li> <Li> White Tower </Li> <Li> Zantigo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Long_John_Silver%27s&oldid=834013094 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Companies based in Louisville , Kentucky </Li> <Li> Fast - food chains of the United States </Li> <Li> Fast - food franchises </Li> <Li> Fast - food seafood restaurants </Li> <Li> Restaurant chains in the United States </Li> <Li> Restaurants established in 1969 </Li> <Li> American companies established in 1969 </Li> <Li> Seafood restaurants in the United States </Li> <Li> Treasure Island </Li> <Li> Fish and chip restaurants </Li> <Li> 1969 establishments in Kentucky </Li> <Li> 2011 mergers and acquisitions </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 5 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 April 2018 , at 13 : 43 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Thirteen colonies - wikipedia <H1> Thirteen colonies </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Thirteen Colonies </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Part of British America ( 1607 -- 1776 ) as Colonies of England ( 1607 -- 1707 ) Colonies of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1776 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1607 -- 1776 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Flag of Great Britain ( 1707 -- 1776 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> The thirteen colonies ( shown in red ) in 1775 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Capital </Td> <Td> Administered from London , England </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Languages </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> English </Li> <Li> German </Li> <Li> Dutch </Li> <Li> Indigenous languages </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Religion </Td> <Td> Protestantism Roman Catholicism Judaism Native American religion </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Government </Td> <Td> Colonial constitutional monarchy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Monarch </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1607 -- 1625 </Td> <Td> James I & VI ( first ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1760 -- 1776 </Td> <Td> George III ( last ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> History </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Roanoke Colony </Td> <Td> 1585 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Virginia Colony </Td> <Td> 1607 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New England </Td> <Td> 1620 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> King Charles II charter for Rhode Island and Providence Plantations </Td> <Td> 1663 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rupert 's Land </Td> <Td> 1670 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Treaty of Utrecht ( 1713 ) </Td> <Td> 1713 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13th colony formed </Td> <Td> 1732 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Independence declared </Td> <Td> 1776 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Treaty of Paris </Td> <Td> 1783 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Population </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1625 est . </Td> <Td> 1,980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1775 est . </Td> <Td> 2,400,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Currency </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pound sterling </Li> <Li> Colonial money </Li> <Li> Bills of credit </Li> <Li> Commodity money </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by </Td> <Td> Succeeded by </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pre-colonial North America </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> New Netherland </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Today part of </Td> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Part of a series on the </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Timeline ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> Prehistory </Li> <Li> Pre-colonial </Li> <Li> Colonial period </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1776 -- 1789 </Li> <Li> 1789 -- 1849 </Li> <Li> 1849 -- 1865 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1865 -- 1918 </Li> <Li> 1918 -- 1945 </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 1964 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 1964 -- 1980 </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 1991 </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 2008 </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> 2008 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By ethnicity ( show ) <Ul> <Li> African American </Li> <Li> Asian American </Li> <Li> Chinese American </Li> <Li> Filipino American </Li> <Li> Japanese American </Li> <Li> Jewish American </Li> <Li> Mexican American </Li> <Li> Native Americans </Li> <Li> Polish American </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> By topic ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Antisemitism </Li> <Li> Civil Rights <Ul> <Li> 1896 -- 1954 </Li> <Li> 1955 -- 1968 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Culture </Li> <Li> Demographics </Li> <Li> Diplomacy </Li> <Li> Economics </Li> <Li> Historiography </Li> <Li> Labor </Li> <Li> Medicine </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Socialism </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> <Li> By state </Li> <Li> Frontier ( Old West ) </Li> <Li> Technology and industry </Li> <Li> Territory </Li> <Li> LGBT </Li> <Li> Women </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America . The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political , constitutional , and legal systems and were dominated by Protestant English - speakers . They were part of Britain 's possessions in the New World , which also included colonies in Canada and the Caribbean , as well as East and West Florida . </P> <P> In the 18th century , the British government operated its colonies under a policy of mercantilism , in which the central government administered its possessions for the economic benefit of the mother country . However , the Thirteen Colonies had a high degree of self - governance and active local elections , and they resisted London 's demands for more control . </P> <P> The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) against France and its Indian allies led to greater tensions between the British and the Thirteen Colonies . In the 1750s , the colonies began collaborating with one another instead of dealing directly with Britain . These inter-colonial activities cultivated a sense of shared American identity and led to calls for protection of the colonists ' `` Rights as Englishmen '' , especially the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' . Grievances with the British government led to the American Revolution , in which the colonies collaborated in forming a Continental Congress which declared independence in 1776 and fought the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 -- 83 ) with the aid of France , the Dutch Republic , and Spain . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The Thirteen Colonies <Ul> <Li> 1.1 New England colonies </Li> <Li> 1.2 Middle colonies </Li> <Li> 1.3 Southern colonies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 17th century <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Southern colonies </Li> <Li> 2.2 New England </Li> <Li> 2.3 Middle Colonies </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 18th century <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Global trade and immigration </Li> <Li> 3.2 French and Indian War </Li> <Li> 3.3 Growing dissent </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 American Revolution </Li> <Li> 5 Population <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Slaves </Li> <Li> 5.2 Religion </Li> <Li> 5.3 Education </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Government <Ul> <Li> 6.1 British role </Li> <Li> 6.2 Self - government </Li> <Li> 6.3 Economic policy </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Other British colonies </Li> <Li> 8 Historiography </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 Notes </Li> <Li> 11 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Government </Li> <Li> 11.2 Primary sources </Li> <Li> 11.3 Online primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The Thirteen colonies </H2> <P> In 1606 , King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in North America . The first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia , established 1607 . The Plymouth Company did found the Popham Colony on the Kennebec River , but it was short - lived . The Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects , culminating with Plymouth Colony , which was settled by the English Puritans who are known today as the Pilgrims . The Dutch , Swedish , and French also established successful North American colonies at roughly the same time as the English , but they eventually came under the English crown . The 13 colonies were complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732 , although the term `` Thirteen Colonies '' became current only in the context of the American Revolution . </P> <H3> New England colonies </H3> Main article : New England colonies <Ul> <Li> Province of New Hampshire , established in the 1620s , chartered as crown colony in 1679 </Li> <Li> Province of Massachusetts Bay , established in the 1620s , a crown colony 1692 </Li> <Li> Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , established 1636 , chartered as crown colony in 1663 </Li> <Li> Connecticut Colony , established 1636 , chartered as crown colony in 1662 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Middle colonies </H3> Main article : Middle Colonies <Ul> <Li> Province of New York , proprietary colony 1664 -- 1685 , crown colony from 1686 </Li> <Li> Province of New Jersey , proprietary colony from 1664 , crown colony from 1702 </Li> <Li> Province of Pennsylvania , a proprietary colony established 1681 </Li> <Li> Delaware Colony ( before 1776 , the Lower Counties on Delaware ) , a proprietary colony established 1664 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Southern colonies </H3> Main article : Southern Colonies <Ul> <Li> Province of Maryland , a proprietary colony established 1632 </Li> <Li> Colony and Dominion of Virginia , a crown colony established 1607 </Li> <Li> Province of Carolina , a proprietary colony established 1663 <Ul> <Li> Divided into the Province of North Carolina and Province of South Carolina in 1712 , each became a crown colony in 1729 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Province of Georgia , a crown colony established 1732 </Li> </Ul> <H2> 17th century </H2> See also : Colonial history of the United States , British colonization of the Americas , and Timeline of Colonial America The 1606 grants by James I to the London and Plymouth companies . The overlapping area ( yellow ) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles ( 160 km ) of each other . The location of the Jamestown Settlement is shown by `` J '' . <H3> Southern colonies </H3> <P> The first successful English colony was Jamestown , established May 14 , 1607 near Chesapeake Bay . The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company , a joint stock company looking for gold . Its first years were extremely difficult , with very high death rates from disease and starvation , wars with local Indians , and little gold . The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop . </P> <P> In 1632 , King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert , 2nd Baron Baltimore . Calvert 's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies . The charter offered no guidelines on religion . </P> <P> The Province of Carolina was the second attempted English settlement south of Virginia , the first being the failed attempt at Roanoke . It was a private venture , financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663 , hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown . Carolina was not settled until 1670 , and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area . Eventually , however , the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton . The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston , originally Charles Town for Charles II of England . </P> <H3> New England </H3> <P> The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves from the corrupt Church of England . After initially moving to the Netherlands , they decided to re-establish themselves in America . The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to North America in 1620 on the Mayflower . Upon their arrival , they drew up the Mayflower Compact , by which they bound themselves together as a united community , thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony . William Bradford was their main leader . After its founding , other settlers traveled from England to join the colony . </P> <P> The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims , and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers . They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new , pure church in the New World . By 1640 , 20,000 had arrived ; many died soon after arrival , but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply . The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England , including the New Haven , Saybrook , and Connecticut colonies . During the 17th century , the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut . </P> <P> Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus . Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance , separation of Church and State , and a complete break with the Church of England . He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements , and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule `` in civil things '' and `` liberty of conscience '' in religious matters . In 1637 , a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island , also known as Rhode Island . </P> <P> Other colonists settled to the north , mingling with adventurers and profit - oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in New Hampshire and Maine . These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s , but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679 . Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820 . </P> <P> In 1685 , King James II of England closed the legislatures and consolidated the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England , putting the region under firm royal control of Governor Edmund Andros . In 1688 , the colonies of New York , West Jersey , and East Jersey were added to the dominion . Andros was overthrown and the dominion was closed in 1689 , after the Glorious Revolution deposed King James II ; the former colonies were re-established . According to Guy Miller : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The Rebellion of 1689 was the climax of the 60 year old struggle between the government in England and the Puritans of Massachusetts over the question of who was to rule the Bay colony . From its foundation in 1629 the colony had in fact been ruled by the ministers , who controlled church membership and , consequently , the franchise , and by the magistrates , who administered the state as the secular arm of the church . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Middle colonies </H3> <P> Beginning in 1609 , Dutch traders explored and established fur trading posts on the Hudson River , Delaware River , and Connecticut River , seeking to protect their interests in the fur trade . The Dutch West India Company established permanent settlements on the Hudson River , creating the Dutch colony of New Netherland . In 1626 , Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Lenape Indians and established the outpost of New Amsterdam . Relatively few Dutch settled in New Netherland , but the colony came to dominate the regional fur trade . It also served as the base for extensive trade with the English colonies , and many products from New England and Virginia were carried to Europe on Dutch ships . The Dutch also engaged in the burgeoning Atlantic slave trade , supplying enslaved Africans to the English colonies in North America and Barbados . The West India Company desired to grow New Netherland as it became commercially successful , yet the colony failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies did . Many of those who did immigrate to the colony were English , German , Walloon , or Sephardim . </P> Peter Minuit served as the governor of New Netherland and helped establish New Sweden <P> In 1638 , Sweden established the colony of New Sweden in the Delaware Valley . The operation was led by former members of the Dutch West India Company , including Peter Minuit . New Sweden established extensive trading contacts with English colonies to the south , and shipped much of the tobacco produced in Virginia . The colony was conquered by the Dutch in 1655 , while Sweden was engaged in the Second Northern War . </P> <P> Beginning in the 1650s , the English and Dutch engaged in a series of wars , and the English sought to conquer New Netherland . Richard Nicolls captured the lightly defended New Amsterdam in 1664 , and his subordinates quickly captured the remainder of New Netherland . The 1667 Treaty of Breda ended the Second Anglo - Dutch War and confirmed English control of the region . The Dutch briefly regained control of parts of New Netherland in the Third Anglo - Dutch War , but surrendered claim to the territory in the 1674 Treaty of Westminster , ending the Dutch colonial presence in North America . </P> <P> After the Second Anglo - Dutch War , the British renamed the colony `` York City '' or `` New York '' . Large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony , dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany , while people from New England started moving in as well as immigrants from Germany . New York City attracted a large polyglot population , including a large black slave population . In 1674 , the proprietary colonies of East Jersey and West Jersey were created from lands formerly part of New York . </P> <P> Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn . The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia , a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier , and numerous German colonies in between . Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location , excellent port , and a population of about 30,000 . </P> <H2> 18th century </H2> <P> In 1702 , East and West Jersey were combined to form the Province of New Jersey . </P> <P> The northern and southern sections of the Carolina colony operated more or less independently until 1691 , when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province . From that time until 1708 , the northern and southern settlements remained under one government . However , during this period , the two halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina , as the descendants of the colony 's proprietors fought over the direction of the colony . The colonists of Charles Town finally deposed their governor and elected their own government . This marked the start of separate governments in the Province of North Carolina and the Province of South Carolina . In 1729 , the king formally revoked Carolina 's colonial charter and established both North Carolina and South Carolina as crown colonies . </P> The Thirteen Colonies and neighboring polities in 1748 <P> In the 1730s , Parliamentarian James Oglethorpe proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized with the `` worthy poor '' of England to provide an alternative to the overcrowded debtors ' prisons . Oglethorpe and other English philanthropists secured a royal charter as the Trustees of the colony of Georgia on June 9 , 1732 . Oglethorpe and his compatriots hoped to establish a utopian colony that banned slavery and recruited only the most worthy settlers , but by 1750 the colony remained sparsely populated . The proprietors gave up their charter in 1752 , at which point Georgia became a crown colony . </P> <P> The colonial population of Thirteen Colonies grew immensely in the 18th century . According to historian Alan Taylor , the population of the Thirteen Colonies stood at 1.5 million in 1750 , which represented four - fifths of the population of British North America . More than 90 percent of the colonists lived as farmers , though some seaports also flourished . In 1760 , the cities of Philadelphia , New York , and Boston had a population in excess of 16,000 , which was small by European standards . By 1770 , the economic output of the Thirteen Colonies made up forty percent of the gross domestic product of the British Empire . </P> <P> As the 18th century progressed , colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast . Pennsylvania , Virginia , Connecticut , and Maryland all laid claim to the land in the Ohio River valley . The colonies engaged in a scramble to purchase land from Indian tribes , as the British insisted that claims to land should rest on legitimate purchases . Virginia was particularly intent on western expansion , and most of the elite Virginia families invested in the Ohio Company to promote the settlement of Ohio Country . </P> <H3> Global trade and immigration </H3> <P> The British colonies in North America became part of the global British trading network , as the value tripled for exports from British North America to Britain between 1700 and 1754 . The colonists were restricted in trading with other European powers , but they found profitable trade partners in the other British colonies , particularly in the Caribbean . The colonists traded foodstuffs , wood , tobacco , and various other resources for Asian tea , West Indian coffee , and West Indian sugar , among other items . American Indians far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins . British North America had an advantage in natural resources and established its own thriving shipbuilding industry , and many North American merchants engaged in the transatlantic trade . </P> <P> Improved economic conditions and easing of religious persecution in Europe made it more difficult to recruit labor to the colonies , and many colonies became increasingly reliant on slave labor , particularly in the South . The population of slaves in British North America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750 , and the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves . Slaves supported vast plantation economies in the South , while slaves in the North worked in a variety of occupations . There were some slave revolts , such as the Stono Rebellion and the New York Conspiracy of 1741 , but these uprisings were suppressed . </P> <P> A small proportion of the English population migrated to British North America after 1700 , but the colonies attracted new immigrants from other European countries . These immigrants traveled to all of the colonies , but the Middle Colonies attracted the most and continued to be more ethically diverse than the other colonies . Numerous settlers immigrated from Ireland , both Catholic and Protestant -- particularly `` New Light '' Ulster Presbyterians . Protestant Germans also migrated in large numbers , particularly to Pennsylvania . In the 1740s , the Thirteen Colonies underwent the First Great Awakening . </P> <H3> French and Indian war </H3> <P> In 1738 , an incident involving a Welsh mariner named Robert Jenkins sparked the War of Jenkins ' Ear between Britain and Spain . Hundreds of North Americans volunteered for Admiral Edward Vernon 's assault on Cartegena de Indias , a Spanish city in South America . The war against Spain merged into a broader conflict known as the War of the Austrian Succession , but most colonists called it King George 's War . In 1745 , British and colonial forces captured the town of Louisbourg , and the war came to an end with the 1748 Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle . However , many colonists were angered when Britain returned Louisbourg to France in return for Madras and other territories . In the aftermath of the war , both the British and French sought to expand into the Ohio River valley . </P> <P> The French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 63 ) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years ' War . Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies , but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe . One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France , especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley . </P> <P> The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France . For the first time , the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a `` world war '' . During the war , it became increasingly apparent to American colonists that they were under the authority of the British Empire , as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in their lives . </P> <P> The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways . It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony , fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still American . Throughout the course of the war , British officers trained Americans for battle , most notably George Washington , which benefited the American cause during the Revolution . Also , colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively in pursuit of the continent - wide military effort . The relations were not always positive between the British military establishment and the colonists , setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops . At the 1754 Albany Congress , Pennsylvania colonist Benjamin Franklin proposed the Albany Plan which would have created a unified government of the Thirteen Colonies for coordination of defense and other matters , but the plan was rejected by the leaders of most colonies . </P> Territorial changes following the French and Indian War ; land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red , land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink <P> In the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) , France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire , having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year . Before the war , Britain held the thirteen American colonies , most of present - day Nova Scotia , and most of the Hudson Bay watershed . Following the war , Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River , including Quebec , the Great Lakes , and the Ohio River valley . Britain also gained Spanish Florida , from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida . In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies , the war also largely removed the colonists ' need of colonial protection . </P> <P> The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe . The colonists ' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before . However , disunity was beginning to form . British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself . This was a successful wartime strategy but , after the war was over , each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other . The British elite , the most heavily taxed of any in Europe , pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers . The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own . This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution . </P> <H3> Growing dissent </H3> <P> The British were left with large debts following the French and Indian War , so British leaders decided to increase taxation and control of the Thirteen Colonies . They imposed several new taxes , beginning with the Sugar Act of 1764 . Later acts included the Currency Act of 1764 , the Stamp Act of 1765 , and the Townshend Acts of 1767 . </P> <P> The British also sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French by keeping them separated from the American frontiersmen . To this end , the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains , as this was designated an Indian Reserve . Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation , however , and continued to move west and establish farms . The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement , but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation . </P> Join , or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule . <P> Parliament had directly levied duties and excise taxes on the colonies , bypassing the colonial legislatures , and Americans began to insist on the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' with intense protests over the Stamp Act of 1765 . They argued that the colonies had no representation in the British Parliament , so it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen for taxes to be imposed upon them . Parliament rejected the colonial protests and asserted its authority by passing new taxes . </P> <P> Colonial discontentment grew with the passage of the 1773 Tea Act , which reduced taxes on tea sold by the East India Company in an effort to undercut competition , and Prime Minister North 's ministry hoped that this would establish a precedent of colonists accepting British taxation policies . Trouble escalated over the tea tax , as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea , and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the Boston Tea Party in 1773 when the Sons of Liberty dumped thousands of pounds of tea into the water . Tensions escalated in 1774 as Parliament passed the laws known as the Intolerable Acts , which greatly restricted self - government in the colony of Massachusetts . These laws also allowed British military commanders to claim colonial homes for the quartering of soldiers , regardless whether the American civilians were willing or not to have soldiers in their homes . The laws further revoked colonial rights to hold trials in cases involving soldiers or crown officials , forcing such trials to be held in England rather than in America . Parliament also sent Thomas Gage to serve as Governor of Massachusetts and as the commander of British forces in North America . </P> <P> By 1774 , colonists still hoped to remain part of the British Empire , but discontentment was widespread concerning British rule throughout the Thirteen Colonies . Colonists elected delegates to the First Continental Congress which convened in Philadelphia in September 1774 . In the aftermath of the Intolerable Acts , the delegates asserted that the colonies owed allegiance only to the king ; they would accept royal governors as agents of the king , but they were no longer willing to recognize Parliament 's right to pass legislation affecting the colonies . Most delegates opposed an attack on the British position in Boston , and the Continental Congress instead agreed to the imposition of a boycott known as the Continental Association . The boycott proved effective and the value of British imports dropped dramatically . The Thirteen Colonies became increasingly divided between Patriots opposed to British rule and Loyalists who supported it . </P> <H2> American Revolution </H2> Main article : American Revolution Map of the Thirteen Colonies in 1775 <P> In response , the colonies formed bodies of elected representatives known as Provincial Congresses , and Colonists began to boycott imported British merchandise . Later in 1774 , 12 colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia . During the Second Continental Congress , the remaining colony of Georgia sent delegates , as well . </P> <P> Massachusetts Governor Thomas Gage feared a confrontation with the colonists ; he requested reinforcements from Britain , but the British government was not willing to pay for the expense of stationing tens of thousands of soldiers in the Thirteen Colonies . Gage was instead ordered to seize Patriot arsenals . He dispatched a force to march on the arsenal at Concord , Massachusetts , but the Patriots learned about it and blocked their advance . The Patriots repulsed the British force at the April 1775 Battles of Lexington and Concord , then lay siege to Boston . </P> <P> By spring 1775 , all royal officials had been expelled from all 13 colonies , and the Continental Congress became a national government . It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander , made treaties , declared independence , and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states . The Second Continental Congress assembled in May 1775 and began to coordinate armed resistance against Britain . It established a government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money . General Washington took command of the Patriot soldiers in New England and forced the British to withdraw from Boston . In 1776 , the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Britain . With the help of France and Spain , they defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War . In the Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) , Britain officially recognized the independence of the United States of America . </P> <H2> Population </H2> <Table> Population of the American colonies <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Population </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1625 </Th> <Td> 1,980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1641 </Th> <Td> 50,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1688 </Th> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1702 </Th> <Td> 270,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1715 </Th> <Td> 435,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1749 </Th> <Td> 1,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1754 </Th> <Td> 1,500,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1765 </Th> <Td> 2,200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1775 </Th> <Td> 2,400,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The colonial population rose to a quarter of a million during the 17th century , and to nearly 2.5 million on the eve of the American revolution . Perkins ( 1988 ) notes the importance of good health for the growth of the colonies : `` Fewer deaths among the young meant that a higher proportion of the population reached reproductive age , and that fact alone helps to explain why the colonies grew so rapidly . '' There were many other reasons for the population growth besides good health , such as the Great Migration . </P> <P> By 1776 , about 85 % of the white population 's ancestry originated in the British Isles ( English , Irish , Scottish , Welsh ) , 9 % of German origin , 4 % Dutch and 2 % Huguenot French and other minorities . Over 90 % were farmers , with several small cities that were also seaports linking the colonial economy to the larger British Empire . These populations continued to grow at a rapid rate during the late 18th and early 19th centuries , primarily because of high birth rates and relatively low death rates . Immigration was a minor factor from 1774 to 1830 . </P> <H3> Slaves </H3> Main article : Slavery in the colonial United States <P> Slavery was legal and practiced in many of the Thirteen Colonies . In most places , it involved house servants or farm workers . It was of economic importance in the export - oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina . About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies over a period of 160 years , or 2 % of the estimated 12 million taken from Africa to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade . The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil , where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished . By the mid-18th century , life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies . </P> <Table> Slaves imported into Colonial America <Tr> <Th> 1620 -- 1700 </Th> <Th> 1701 -- 1760 </Th> <Th> 1761 -- 1770 </Th> <Th> 1771 -- 1780 </Th> <Th> total </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21,000 </Td> <Td> 189,000 </Td> <Td> 63,000 </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> <Td> 287,000 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The numbers grew rapidly through a very high birth rate and low mortality rate , reaching nearly four million by the 1860 census . From 1770 until 1860 , the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe , and was nearly twice as rapid as that in England . </P> <H3> Religion </H3> <P> Protestantism was the predominant religious affiliation in the Thirteen Colonies , although there were also Catholics , Jews , and deists , and a large fraction had no religious connection . The Anglican Church or Church of England was officially established in most of the South . The Puritan movement became the Congregational church , and it was the established religious affiliation in Massachusetts and Connecticut into the 18th century . In practice , this meant that tax revenues were allocated to church expenses . The Anglican parishes in the South were under the control of local vestries and had public functions , such as repair of the roads and relief of the poor . </P> <P> The colonies were religiously diverse , with Protestant denominations brought by British , German , Dutch , and other immigrants . The Reformed tradition was the foundation for Presbyterian , Congregationalist , and Continental Reformed denominations . The Dutch Reformed Church was strong among Dutch Americans in New York and New Jersey , while Lutheranism was prevalent among German immigrants . Germans also brought diverse forms of Anabaptism , especially the Mennonite variety . Baptist preacher Roger Williams founded Providence Plantations which became the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations . Jews were clustered in a few port cities . The Baltimore family founded Maryland and brought in fellow Catholics from England . Presbyterians were chiefly immigrants from Scotland and Ulster who favored the back country and frontier districts . </P> <P> Quakers were well established in Pennsylvania , where they controlled the governorship and the legislature for many years . Quakers were also numerous in Rhode Island . Baptists and Methodists were growing rapidly during the First Great Awakening of the 1740s . Many of the denominations sponsored missions to the local Indians . </P> <H3> Education </H3> <P> Higher education was available for young men in the North , and most students were aspiring Protestant ministers . The oldest colleges were Harvard College , College of New Jersey ( Princeton ) , Yale College , and College of Rhode Island ( Brown ) . Others were King 's College ( Columbia ) , the College of Philadelphia ( University of Pennsylvania ) , and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire . South of Philadelphia , there was only the College of William and Mary which trained the secular elite in Virginia , especially aspiring lawyers . </P> <P> Most New England towns sponsored public schools for boys , but public schooling was rare elsewhere . Girls were educated at home or by small local private schools , and they had no access to college . Aspiring physicians and lawyers typically learned as apprentices to an established practitioner , although some young men went to medical schools in Scotland . </P> <H2> Government </H2> Main article : Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies <P> The three forms of colonial government in 1776 were provincial ( royal colony ) , proprietary , and charter . These governments were all subordinate to the King of England with no representation in the Parliament of Great Britain . The administration of all British colonies was overseen by the Board of Trade in London beginning late in the 17th century . </P> <P> The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at pleasure of the king . A governor and his council were appointed by the crown . The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly . The governor 's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session , in addition to its role in advising the governor . Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters ( landowners ) of the province . The governor had the power of absolute veto and could prorogue ( i.e. , delay ) and dissolve the assembly . The assembly 's role was to make all local laws and ordinances , ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England . In practice , this did not always occur , since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown . Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade , which also held veto power of legislation . New Hampshire , New York , Virginia , North Carolina , South Carolina , and Georgia were crown colonies . Massachusetts became a crown colony at the end of the 17th century . </P> <P> Proprietary colonies were governed much as royal colonies , except that lord proprietors appointed the governor rather than the king . They were set up after the English Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty . Pennsylvania ( which included Delaware ) , New Jersey , and Maryland were proprietary colonies . </P> <P> Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent , giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government . The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative , executive , and judicial functions , with those powers being vested in officials . Massachusetts , Providence Plantation , Rhode Island , Warwick , and Connecticut were charter colonies . The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691 . Providence Plantations merged with the settlements at Rhode Island and Warwick to form the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , which also became a charter colony in 1636 . </P> <H3> British role </H3> <P> After 1680 , the royal government in London took an increasing interest in the affairs of the colonies , which were growing rapidly in population and wealth . In 1680 , only Virginia was a royal colony ; by 1720 , half were under the control of royal governors . These governors were appointees closely tied to the government in London . </P> <P> Historians before the 1880s emphasized American nationalism . However , scholarship after that time was heavily influenced by the `` Imperial school '' led by Herbert L. Osgood , George Louis Beer , Charles McLean Andrews , and Lawrence H. Gipson . This viewpoint dominated colonial historiography into the 1940s , and they emphasized and often praised the attention that London gave to all the colonies . In this view , there was never a threat ( before the 1770s ) that any colony would revolt or seek independence . </P> <H3> Self - government </H3> <P> British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system ; yet they quickly created a broad electorate without a land - owning aristocracy , along with a pattern of free elections which put a strong emphasis on voter participation . The colonies offered a much freer degree of suffrage than England or indeed any other country . Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature , and they could even vote for the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island . Voters were required to hold an `` interest '' in society ; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716 , `` it is necessary and reasonable , that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly '' . The main legal criterion for having an `` interest '' was ownership of real estate property , which was uncommon in Britain , where 19 out of 20 men were controlled politically by their landlords . ( Women , children , indentured servants , and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head . ) London insisted on this requirement for the colonies , telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders -- that is , those who did not own land . Nevertheless , land was so widely owned that 50 % to 80 % of the men were eligible to vote . </P> <P> The colonial political culture emphasized deference , so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen . But sometimes they competed with each other and had to appeal to the common man for votes . There were no political parties , and would - be legislators formed ad - hoc coalitions of their families , friends , and neighbors . Outside of Puritan New England , election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat to make merry , politick , shake hands with the grandees , meet old friends , and hear the speeches -- all the while toasting , eating , treating , tippling , and gambling . They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk , as supporters cheered or booed . Candidate George Washington spent £ 39 for treats for his supporters . The candidates knew that they had to `` swill the planters with bumbo '' ( rum ) . Elections were carnivals where all men were equal for one day and traditional restraints were relaxed . </P> <P> The actual rate of voting ranged from 20 % to 40 % of all adult white males . The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York , where long - standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate . New York and Rhode Island developed long - lasting two - faction systems that held together for years at the colony level , but they did not reach into local affairs . The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections , and they had little basis in policy or ideology . Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl , based on personality rather than long - lived factions or serious disputes on issues . </P> <P> The colonies were independent of one other long before 1774 ; indeed , all the colonies began as separate and unique settlements or plantations . Further , efforts had failed to form a colonial union through the Albany Congress of 1754 led by Benjamin Franklin . The thirteen all had well - established systems of self - government and elections based on the Rights of Englishmen which they were determined to protect from imperial interference . </P> <H3> Economic policy </H3> <P> The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile system , where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire , and trade with other empires was forbidden . The goal was to enrich Britain -- its merchants and its government . Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London , but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies . </P> <P> Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth , to the exclusion of other empires . The government protected its merchants -- and kept others out -- by trade barriers , regulations , and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm . The government had to fight smuggling -- which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French , Spanish or Dutch . The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses , so that gold and silver would pour into London . The government took its share through duties and taxes , with the remainder going to merchants in Britain . The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy , which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires , and sometimes seized them . Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam ( New York ) in 1664 . The colonies were captive markets for British industry , and the goal was to enrich the mother country . </P> <P> Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French , Spanish , or Dutch empires using the Navigation Acts , which Americans avoided as often as they could . The royal officials responded to smuggling with open - ended search warrants ( Writs of Assistance ) . In 1761 , Boston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists . He lost the case , but John Adams later wrote , `` Then and there the child Independence was born . '' </P> <P> However , the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade ; they only opposed legislation which affected them internally . </P> <H2> Other British colonies </H2> Main article : British America British colonies in North America , c. 1750 . <Ol> <Li> Newfoundland </Li> <Li> Nova Scotia </Li> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> British Honduras </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> British Leeward Islands and Barbados </Li> </Ol> <P> Besides these thirteen colonies , Britain had another dozen in the New World . Those in the British West Indies , Newfoundland , the Province of Quebec , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Bermuda , and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war ( although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over , and later sold it to the United States ) . There was a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause in several of the other colonies , but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation . The British crown had only recently acquired those lands , and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them , especially in the case of Quebec and Florida . </P> <P> At the time of the war Britain had seven other colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America : Newfoundland , Rupert 's Land ( the area around the Hudson Bay ) , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , East Florida , West Florida , and the Province of Quebec . There were other colonies in the Americas as well , largely in the British West Indies . These colonies remained loyal to the crown . </P> <P> Newfoundland stayed loyal to Britain without question . It was exempt from the Navigation Acts and shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies . It was tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy and had no assembly that could voice grievances . </P> <P> Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element that had recently arrived from New England , and shared the sentiments of the Americans about demanding the rights of the British men . The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of `` neutrality . '' In any case , the island - like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible . </P> <P> Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who came under British control in the previous decade . The Quebec Act of 1774 gave them formal cultural autonomy within the empire , and many priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England . The American grievances over taxation had little relevance , and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances . Even so , the Americans offered membership in the new nation and sent a military expedition that failed to capture Canada in 1775 . Most Canadians remained neutral but some joined the American cause . </P> <P> In the West Indies the elected assemblies of Jamaica , Grenada , and Barbados formally declared their sympathies for the American cause and called for mediation , but the others were quite loyal . Britain carefully avoided antagonizing the rich owners of sugar plantations ( many of whom lived in London ) ; in turn the planters ' greater dependence on slavery made them recognize the need for British military protection from possible slave revolts . The possibilities for overt action were sharply limited by the overwhelming power of Royal Navy in the islands . During the war there was some opportunistic trading with American ships . </P> <P> In Bermuda and the Bahamas local leaders were angry at the food shortages caused by British blockade of American ports . There was increasing sympathy for the American cause , including smuggling , and both colonies were considered `` passive allies '' of the United States throughout the war . When an American naval squadron arrived in the Bahamas to seize gunpowder , the colony gave no resistance at all . </P> <P> East Florida and West Florida were territories transferred from Spain to Britain after the French and Indian War by treaty . The few British colonists there needed protection from attacks by Indians and Spanish privateers . After 1775 , East Florida became a major base for the British war effort in the South , especially in the invasions of Georgia and South Carolina . However , Spain seized Pensacola in West Florida in 1781 , then recovered both territories in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783 . Spain ultimately transferred the Florida provinces to the United States in 1819 . </P> <H2> Historiography </H2> Further information : Historiography of the British Empire <P> The first British Empire centered on the Thirteen Colonies , which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain . The `` Imperial School '' in the 1900 -- 1930s took a favorable view of the benefits of empire , emphasizing its successful economic integration . The Imperial School included such historians as Herbert L. Osgood , George Louis Beer , Charles M. Andrews , and Lawrence Gipson . </P> <P> The shock of Britain 's defeat in 1783 caused a radical revision of British policies on colonialism , thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire , even though Britain still controlled Canada and some islands in the West Indies . Ashley Jackson writes : </P> <P> The first British Empire was largely destroyed by the loss of the American colonies , followed by a `` swing to the east '' and the foundation of a second British Empire based on commercial and territorial expansion in South Asia . </P> <P> Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away . Since the 1960s , the mainstream of historiography has emphasized the growth of American consciousness and nationalism and the colonial republican value - system , in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders . </P> <P> Historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches to analyze the American Revolution : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Atlantic history view places North American events in a broader context , including the French Revolution and Haitian Revolution . It tends to integrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire . </Li> <Li> The new social history approach looks at community social structure to find issues that became magnified into colonial cleavages . </Li> <Li> The ideological approach centers on republicanism in the Thirteen Colonies . The ideas of republicanism dictated that the United States would have no royalty or aristocracy or national church . They did permit continuation of the British common law , which American lawyers and jurists understood , approved of , and used in their everyday practice . Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adapted the British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choice for courts . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also </H2> <Ul> <Li> British Empire portal </Li> <Li> United States portal </Li> <Li> North America portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Atlantic history </Li> <Li> British America </Li> <Li> British colonization of the Americas </Li> <Li> Colonial American military history </Li> <Li> Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> Colonial history of the United States </Li> <Li> Colonial South and the Chesapeake </Li> <Li> Credit in the Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> History of the United States ( 1776 -- 89 ) </Li> <Li> Shipbuilding in the American colonies </Li> <Li> State cessions , post -- Revolutionary War resolution of conflicting colonial land claims between the 13 former colonies </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : U.S. Bureau of the Census , A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 ( 1909 ) p. 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard , Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) , </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 152 -- 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The number 13 is mentioned as early as 1720 by Abel Boyer , The Political State of Great Britain vol. 19 , p. 376 : `` so in this Country we have Thirteen Colonies at least severally govern 'd by their repective Commanders in Chief , according to their peculiar Laws and Constitutions . '' This includes Carolina as a single colony , and does not include Georgia , but instead counts Nova Scotia and Newfoundland as British colonies . Early use of the term `` thirteen colonies '' in this context dates to the American Revolution , for example John Roebuck , An Enquiry , Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America , Ought to be Imputed to Great Britain Or America , p. 21 : `` though the colonies be thus absolutely subject to the parliament of England , the individuals of which the colony consist , may enjoy security , and freedom ; there is not a single inhabitant , of the thirteen colonies , now in arms , but who may be conscious of the truth of this assertion '' . The critical review , or annals of literature vol. 48 ( 1779 ) , p. 136 : `` during the last war , no part of his majesty 's dominions contained a greater proportion of faithful subjects than the Thirteen Colonies . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Alan Taylor , American Colonies , , 2001 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann , Old Dominion , New Commonwealth : A History of Virginia , 1607 -- 2007 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sparks , Jared ( 1846 ) . The Library of American Biography : George Calvert , the first Lord Baltimore . Boston : Charles C. Little and James Brown . pp. 16 -- . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert M. Weir , Colonial South Carolina : A History ( 1983 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick , Mayflower : A Story of Courage , Community , and War Paperback ( 2007 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis J. Bremer , The Puritan Experiment : New England Society from Bradford to Edwards ( 1995 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benjamin Woods Labaree , Colonial Massachusetts : a history ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael G. Hall , Lawrence H. Leder , Michael Kammen , eds. ( 1 December 2012 ) . The Glorious Revolution in America : Documents on the Colonial Crisis of 1689 . UNC Press Books . pp. 3 -- 4 , 39 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 3866 - 2 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Guy Howard Miller , `` Rebellion in Zion : The Overthrow of the Dominion of New England . '' Historian 30 # 3 ( 1968 ) : 439 -- 59 . online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 138 -- 40 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 159 -- 60 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter pp. 212 -- 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter pp. 214 -- 15 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter pp. 215 -- 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , p. 150 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter p. 213 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , p. 262 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter pp. 247 -- 48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 248 -- 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , p. 249 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter p. 261 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael G. Kammen , Colonial New York : A History ( 1974 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John E. Pomfret , Colonial New Jersey : A History ( 1973 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph E. Illick , Colonial Pennsylvania : a history ( 1976 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell F. Weigley , ed. , Philadelphia : a 300 year history ( 1982 ) . excerpt </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 319 -- 22 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 323 -- 24 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colonial charters , grants and related documents </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 358 -- 59 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , p. 20 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , p. 23 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , p. 25 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 373 -- 74 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 376 -- 77 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 329 -- 30 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 332 -- 36 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 330 -- 31 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 346 -- 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 351 - 52 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 353 -- 54 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 18 -- 19 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , p. 360 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , p. 361 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , p. 362 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Middlekauff , pp. 46 -- 49 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , p. 345 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 379 -- 80 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 380 -- 81 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 383 -- 85 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fred Anderson , The War That Made America : A Short History of the French and Indian War ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richter , pp. 390 -- 91 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 51 - 53 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 94 -- 96 , 107 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway , The Scratch of a Pen : 1763 and the Transformation of North America ( 2006 ) , pp. 92 -- 98 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh , Donald T. Critchlow , Paula C. Baker ( 2004 ) . `` America 's promise : a concise history of the United States '' . Rowman & Littlefield . p. 92 . ISBN 0 - 7425 - 1189 - 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woody Holton , `` The Ohio Indians and the coming of the American revolution in Virginia '' , Journal of Southern History , ( 1994 ) 60 # 3 pp. 453 -- 78 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.R. Pole , Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic ( London ; Melbourne : Macmillan , 1966 ) , 31 , https://www.questia.com/read/89805613 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 112 -- 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 137 -- 21 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 123 -- 27 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 137 -- 38 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ T.H. Breen , American Insurgents , American Patriots : The Revolution of the People ( 2010 ) pp. 81 -- 82 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor ( 2016 ) , pp. 132 -- 33 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Middlekauff , The Glorious Cause : The American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 ( Oxford History of the United States ) ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Note : the population figures are estimates by historians ; they do not include the Indian tribes outside the jurisdiction of the colonies . They do include Indians living under colonial control , as well as slaves and indentured servants . U.S. Bureau of the Census , A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth , 1790 -- 1900 ( 1909 ) p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins ( 1988 ) . The Economy of Colonial America . Columbia UP . p. 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Smith , Daniel Scott ( 1972 ) . `` The Demographic History of Colonial New England '' . The Journal of Economic History . 32 ( 1 ) : 165 -- 83 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700075458 . JSTOR 2117183 . PMID 11632252 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Betty Wood , Slavery in Colonial America , 1619 -- 1776 ( 2013 ) excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman ( 2006 ) . Encyclopedia of African American History , 1619 - 1895 . Oxford UP . pp. 2 : 156 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Source : Miller and Smith , eds . Dictionary of American Slavery ( 1988 ) p . 678 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephen Foster , The Long Argument : English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture , 1570 -- 1700 ; ( 1996 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi , Under the cope of heaven : Religion , society , and politics in Colonial America ( 2003 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sister M. Rita , `` Catholicism in colonial Maryland , '' Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 51 # 1 ( 1940 ) pp. 65 -- 83 Online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bryan F. Le Beau , Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism ( 2015 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash , Quakers and Politics : Pennsylvania , 1681 -- 1726 ( 1993 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd , and Barry Hankins , Baptists in America : A History ( 2015 ) ch 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Laura M. Stevens , The poor Indians : British missionaries , Native Americans , and colonial sensibility ( 2010 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wayne J. Urban and Jennings L. Wagoner Jr. , American Education : A History ( 5th ed. 2013 ) pp 11 -- 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Andrew Doyle , English Colonies in America : Volume IV The Middle Colonies ( 1907 ) online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg , The American colonial charter ( 1904 ) online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Max Savelle , `` The Imperial School of American Colonial Historians '' . Indiana Magazine of History ( 1949 ) : 123 -- 34 in JSTOR also online </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robert J. Dinkin , Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Cooper and David James McCord , eds . The Statutes at Large of South Carolina : Acts , 1685 -- 1716 ( 1837 ) p. 688 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar , The Right to Vote ( 2000 ) pp. 5 -- 8 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Daniel Vickers , A Companion to Colonial America ( 2006 ) p. 300 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Greene and Pole , eds. ( 2004 ) , p. 665 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Max Savelle , Seeds of Liberty : The Genesis of the American Mind ( 2005 ) pp. 204 -- 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ George Otto Trevelyan , The American revolution : Volume 1 ( 1899 ) p. 128 online </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William R. Nester , The Great Frontier War : Britain , France , and the Imperial Struggle for North America , 1607 -- 1755 ( Praeger , 2000 ) p , 54 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephens , Unreasonable Searches and Seizures ( 2006 ) p. 306 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole , eds . ' `` A Companion to the American Revolution ( 2004 ) ch. 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson , The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) , highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World in the 1750s and 1760s </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson , The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meinig pp. 313 -- 14 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch. 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meinig pp 314 -- 15 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , An Empire Divided : The American Revolution and the British Caribbean ( 2000 ) ch 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meinig pp. 315 -- 16 ; Greene and Pole ( 2004 ) ch. 63 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Meinig p 316 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ P.J. Marshall , ed . The Oxford History of the British Empire : Volume II : The Eighteenth Century ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert L. Middlekauff , `` The American Continental Colonies in the Empire '' , in Robin Winks , ed. , The Historiography of the British Empire - Commonwealth : Trends , Interpretations and Resources ( 1966 ) pp. 23 -- 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William G. Shade , `` Lawrence Henry Gipson 's Empire : The Critics '' . Pennsylvania History ( 1969 ) : 49 -- 69 online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brendan Simms , Three victories and a defeat : the rise and fall of the first British Empire 2008 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ashley Jackson ( 2013 ) . The British Empire : A Very Short Introduction . Oxford UP . p. 72 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ian Tyrrell , `` Making Nations / Making States : American Historians in the Context of Empire '' , Journal of American History , ( 1999 ) 86 # 3 1015 -- 44 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Winks , Historiography 5 : 95 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano , `` Revisiting the American Revolution '' , History Compass ( 2010 ) 8 # 8 : 951 -- 63 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eliga H. Gould , Peter S. Onuf , eds . Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Compare : David Kennedy ; Lizabeth Cohen ( 2015 ) . American Pageant . Cengage Learning . p. 156 . ( ... ) the neoprogressives ( ... ) have argued that the varying material circumstances of American participants led them to hold distinctive versions of republicanism , giving the Revolution a less unified and more complex ideological underpinning than the idealistic historians had previously suggested . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ellen Holmes Pearson . `` Revising Custom , Embracing Choice : Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of the Common Law '' , in Gould and Onuf , eds . Empire and Nation : The American Revolution in the Atlantic World ( 2005 ) pp. 93 -- 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anton - Hermann Chroust , Rise of the Legal Profession in America ( 1965 ) vol. 2 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adams , James Truslow ( 1922 ) . The Founding of New England . Atlantic Monthly Press ; full text online . </Li> <Li> Adams , James Truslow . Revolutionary New England , 1691 -- 1776 ( 1923 ) </Li> <Li> Andrews , Charles M. The Colonial Period of American History ( 4 vol. 1934 -- 38 ) , the standard political overview to 1700 </Li> <Li> Carr , J. Revell ( 2008 ) . Seeds of Discontent : The Deep Roots of the American Revolution , 1650 -- 1750 . Walker Books . </Li> <Li> Chitwood , Oliver . A history of colonial America ( 1961 ) , older textbook </Li> <Li> Cooke , Jacob Ernest et al. , ed . Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. ( 3 vol. 1993 ) ; 2397 pp. ; comprehensive coverage ; compares British , French , Spanish & Dutch colonies </Li> <Li> Elliott , John ( 2006 ) . Empires of the Atlantic World : Britain and Spain in America 1492 -- 1830 . Yale University Press . </Li> <Li> Foster , Stephen , ed . British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries ( 2014 ) doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780199206124.001. 0001 </Li> <Li> Gipson , Lawrence . The British Empire Before the American Revolution ( 15 volumes , 1936 -- 1970 ) , Pulitzer Prize ; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World </Li> <Li> Greene , Evarts Boutelle et al. , American Population before the Federal Census of 1790 , 1993 , ISBN 0 - 8063 - 1377 - 3 </Li> <Li> Greene , Evarts Boutell ( 1905 ) . Provincial America , 1690 -- 1740 . Harper & brothers ; full text online . </Li> <Li> Hawke , David F. ; The Colonial Experience ; 1966 , ISBN 0 - 02 - 351830 - 8 . older textbook </Li> <Li> Hawke , David F. Everyday Life in Early America ( 1989 ) excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Middlekauff , Robert ( 2005 ) . The Glorious Cause : the American Revolution , 1763 -- 1789 . Oxford University Press . </Li> <Li> Middleton , Richard , and Anne Lombard . Colonial America : A History to 1763 ( 4th ed. 2011 ) , the newest textbook excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Richter , Daniel ( 2011 ) . Before the Revolution : America 's ancient pasts . Cambridge , Mass. : Belknap Press . </Li> <Li> Taylor , Alan . American colonies ( 2002 ) , 526 pages ; recent survey by leading scholar </Li> <Li> Taylor , Alan . American Revolutions : A Continental History , 1750 -- 1804 ( 2016 ) recent survey by leading scholar </Li> <Li> Vickers , Daniel , ed . A Companion to Colonial America . ( Blackwell , 2003 ) 576 pp. ; topical essays by experts excerpt </Li> </Ul> <H3> Government </H3> <Ul> <Li> Andrews , Charles M. Colonial Self - Government , 1652 -- 1689 ( 1904 ) full text online </Li> <Li> Dinkin , Robert J. Voting in Provincial America : A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies , 1689 -- 1776 ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Miller , John C. Origins of the American Revolution ( 1943 ) </Li> <Li> Osgood , Herbert L. The American colonies in the seventeenth century , ( 3 vol 1904 -- 07 ) vol. 1 online ; vol 2 online ; vol 3 online </Li> <Li> Osgood , Herbert L. The American colonies in the eighteenth century ( 4 vols , 1924 -- 25 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources </H3> <Ul> <Li> Kavenagh , W. Keith , ed . Foundations of Colonial America : a Documentary History ( 6 vol. 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Sarson , Steven , and Jack P. Greene , eds . The American Colonies and the British Empire , 1607 -- 1783 ( 8 vol , 2010 ) ; primary sources </Li> </Ul> <H3> Online primary sources </H3> <Ul> <Li> 840 + volumes of colonial records ; useful for advanced scholarship </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links </H2> <P> Media related to Thirteen Colonies at Wikimedia Commons </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Thirteen Colonies of Colonial America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> New England Colonies </Li> <Li> Middle Colonies </Li> <Li> Chesapeake Colonies </Li> <Li> Southern Colonies </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts Bay </Li> <Li> New Hampshire </Li> <Li> New Jersey </Li> <Li> New York </Li> <Li> North Carolina </Li> <Li> Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Rhode Island and Providence Plantations </Li> <Li> South Carolina </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Early English colonial entities <Ul> <Li> Carolina </Li> <Li> East Jersey </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> New England </Li> <Li> New Haven </Li> <Li> Plymouth </Li> <Li> Saybrook </Li> <Li> West Jersey </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Territorial expansion of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies ( 1776 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Paris ( 1783 ) </Li> <Li> Louisiana Purchase ( 1803 ) </Li> <Li> Red River Cession ( 1818 ) </Li> <Li> Adams -- Onís Treaty ( 1819 ) </Li> <Li> Texas Annexation ( 1845 ) </Li> <Li> Oregon Treaty ( 1846 ) </Li> <Li> Mexican Cession ( 1848 ) </Li> <Li> Gadsden Purchase ( 1853 ) </Li> <Li> Guano Islands Act ( 1856 ) </Li> <Li> Alaska Purchase ( 1867 ) </Li> <Li> Annexation of Hawaii ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Paris ( 1898 ) </Li> <Li> Tripartite Convention ( 1899 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Cession of Tutuila ( 1900 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of Cession of Manuʻa ( 1904 ) </Li> <Li> Treaty of the Danish West Indies ( 1917 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Concept : Manifest destiny </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> History of the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Timeline </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Prehistory </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian </Li> <Li> Colonial </Li> <Li> America 's Critical Period </Li> <Li> 1776 -- 89 </Li> <Li> 1789 -- 1849 </Li> <Li> 1849 -- 65 </Li> <Li> 1865 -- 1918 </Li> <Li> 1918 -- 45 </Li> <Li> 1945 -- 64 </Li> <Li> 1964 -- 80 </Li> <Li> 1980 -- 91 </Li> <Li> 1991 -- 2008 </Li> <Li> 2008 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Century </Li> <Li> Cities </Li> <Li> Constitution </Li> <Li> Demographic </Li> <Li> Diplomatic </Li> <Li> Economic </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Immigration </Li> <Li> Medical </Li> <Li> Merchant Marine </Li> <Li> Military </Li> <Li> Musical </Li> <Li> Religious </Li> <Li> Slavery </Li> <Li> Southern </Li> <Li> Technological and industrial </Li> <Li> Territorial acquisitions </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> Voting rights </Li> <Li> Women </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By event </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian era </Li> <Li> Colonial era <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> military history </Li> <Li> Continental Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Revolution <Ul> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American frontier </Li> <Li> America 's Critical Period </Li> <Li> Drafting and ratification of Constitution </Li> <Li> Federalist Era </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Territorial acquisitions </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> Mexican -- American War </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Era </Li> <Li> Indian Wars </Li> <Li> Gilded Age </Li> <Li> Progressive Era </Li> <Li> African - 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Indian mathematics - wikipedia <H1> Indian mathematics </H1> <P> </P> <P> Indian mathematics emerged in the Indian subcontinent from 1200 BC until the end of the 18th century . In the classical period of Indian mathematics ( 400 AD to 1200 AD ) , important contributions were made by scholars like Aryabhata , Brahmagupta , and Bhaskara II . The decimal number system in use today was first recorded in Indian mathematics . Indian mathematicians made early contributions to the study of the concept of zero as a number , negative numbers , arithmetic , and algebra . In addition , trigonometry was further advanced in India , and , in particular , the modern definitions of sine and cosine were developed there . These mathematical concepts were transmitted to the Middle East , China , and Europe and led to further developments that now form the foundations of many areas of mathematics . </P> <P> Ancient and medieval Indian mathematical works , all composed in Sanskrit , usually consisted of a section of sutras in which a set of rules or problems were stated with great economy in verse in order to aid memorization by a student . This was followed by a second section consisting of a prose commentary ( sometimes multiple commentaries by different scholars ) that explained the problem in more detail and provided justification for the solution . In the prose section , the form ( and therefore its memorization ) was not considered so important as the ideas involved . All mathematical works were orally transmitted until approximately 500 BCE ; thereafter , they were transmitted both orally and in manuscript form . The oldest extant mathematical document produced on the Indian subcontinent is the birch bark Bakhshali Manuscript , discovered in 1881 in the village of Bakhshali , near Peshawar ( modern day Pakistan ) and is likely from the 7th century CE . </P> <P> A later landmark in Indian mathematics was the development of the series expansions for trigonometric functions ( sine , cosine , and arc tangent ) by mathematicians of the Kerala school in the 15th century CE . Their remarkable work , completed two centuries before the invention of calculus in Europe , provided what is now considered the first example of a power series ( apart from geometric series ) . However , they did not formulate a systematic theory of differentiation and integration , nor is there any direct evidence of their results being transmitted outside Kerala . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Prehistory </Li> <Li> 2 Vedic period <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Samhitas and Brahmanas </Li> <Li> 2.2 Śulba Sūtras </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Pingala ( 300 BCE -- 200 BCE ) </Li> <Li> 4 Jain mathematics ( 400 BCE -- 200 CE ) </Li> <Li> 5 Oral Tradition <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Styles of memorisation </Li> <Li> 5.2 The Sutra genre </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 The written tradition : prose commentary </Li> <Li> 7 Numerals and the decimal number system </Li> <Li> 8 Bakhshali Manuscript </Li> <Li> 9 Classical period ( 400 -- 1600 ) <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Fifth and sixth centuries </Li> <Li> 9.2 Seventh and eighth centuries </Li> <Li> 9.3 Ninth to twelfth centuries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Kerala mathematics ( 1300 -- 1600 ) </Li> <Li> 11 Charges of Eurocentrism </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Notes </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 15.1 Source books in Sanskrit </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Prehistory ( edit ) </H2> <P> Excavations at Harappa , Mohenjo - daro and other sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation have uncovered evidence of the use of `` practical mathematics '' . The people of the Indus Valley Civilization manufactured bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4 : 2 : 1 , considered favourable for the stability of a brick structure . They used a standardised system of weights based on the ratios : 1 / 20 , 1 / 10 , 1 / 5 , 1 / 2 , 1 , 2 , 5 , 10 , 20 , 50 , 100 , 200 , and 500 , with the unit weight equaling approximately 28 grams ( and approximately equal to the English ounce or Greek uncia ) . They mass - produced weights in regular geometrical shapes , which included hexahedra , barrels , cones , and cylinders , thereby demonstrating knowledge of basic geometry . </P> <P> The inhabitants of Indus civilisation also tried to standardise measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy . They designed a ruler -- the Mohenjo - daro ruler -- whose unit of length ( approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres ) was divided into ten equal parts . Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo - daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length . </P> <P> Hollow cylindrical objects made of shell and found at Lothal ( 2200 BCE ) and Dholavira are demonstrated to have the ability to measure angles in a plane , as well as to determine the position of stars for navigation . </P> <H2> Vedic period ( edit ) </H2> See also : Vedanga and Vedas <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History of science and technology in India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inventions </Li> <Li> Science in India </Li> <Li> Science in Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Science in Pakistan </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By subject </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mathematics </Li> <Li> Astronomy </Li> <Li> Calendar </Li> <Li> Measurement systems <Ul> <Li> Units of measurement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cartography </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> Printing </Li> <Li> Metallurgy </Li> <Li> Coinage </Li> <Li> Indian Alchemy </Li> <Li> Traditional medicine </Li> <Li> Agriculture </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Architecture <Ul> <Li> Bridges </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Transport <Ul> <Li> Maritime history </Li> <Li> Navigation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Military </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Samhitas and brahmanas ( edit ) </H3> <P> The religious texts of the Vedic Period provide evidence for the use of large numbers . By the time of the Yajurvedasaṃhitā - ( 1200 -- 900 BCE ) , numbers as high as 10 were being included in the texts . For example , the mantra ( sacrificial formula ) at the end of the annahoma ( `` food - oblation rite '' ) performed during the aśvamedha , and uttered just before - , during - , and just after sunrise , invokes powers of ten from a hundred to a trillion : </P> <P> Hail to śata ( `` hundred , '' 10 ) , hail to sahasra ( `` thousand , '' 10 ) , hail to ayuta ( `` ten thousand , '' 10 ) , hail to niyuta ( `` hundred thousand , '' 10 ) , hail to prayuta ( `` million , '' 10 ) , hail to arbuda ( `` ten million , '' 10 ) , hail to nyarbuda ( `` hundred million , '' 10 ) , hail to samudra ( `` billion , '' 10 , literally `` ocean '' ) , hail to madhya ( `` ten billion , '' 10 , literally `` middle '' ) , hail to anta ( `` hundred billion , '' 10 , lit. , `` end '' ) , hail to parārdha ( `` one trillion , '' 10 lit. , `` beyond parts '' ) , hail to the dawn ( uṣas ) , hail to the twilight ( vyuṣṭi ) , hail to the one which is going to rise ( udeṣyat ) , hail to the one which is rising ( udyat ) , hail to the one which has just risen ( udita ) , hail to svarga ( the heaven ) , hail to martya ( the world ) , hail to all . </P> <P> The solution to partial fraction was known to the Rigvedic People as states in the purush Sukta ( RV 10.90. 4 ) : </P> <P> With three - fourths Puruṣa went up : one - fourth of him again was here . </P> <P> The Satapatha Brahmana ( ca . 7th century BCE ) contains rules for ritual geometric constructions that are similar to the Sulba Sutras . </P> <H3> Sulba Sutras ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Śulba Sūtras <P> The Śulba Sūtras ( literally , `` Aphorisms of the Chords '' in Vedic Sanskrit ) ( c. 700 -- 400 BCE ) list rules for the construction of sacrificial fire altars . Most mathematical problems considered in the Śulba Sūtras spring from `` a single theological requirement , '' that of constructing fire altars which have different shapes but occupy the same area . The altars were required to be constructed of five layers of burnt brick , with the further condition that each layer consist of 200 bricks and that no two adjacent layers have congruent arrangements of bricks . </P> <P> According to ( Hayashi 2005 , p. 363 ) , the Śulba Sūtras contain `` the earliest extant verbal expression of the Pythagorean Theorem in the world , although it had already been known to the Old Babylonians . '' </P> <P> The diagonal rope ( akṣṇayā - rajju ) of an oblong ( rectangle ) produces both which the flank ( pārśvamāni ) and the horizontal ( tiryaṇmānī ) < ropes > produce separately . '' </P> <P> Since the statement is a sūtra , it is necessarily compressed and what the ropes produce is not elaborated on , but the context clearly implies the square areas constructed on their lengths , and would have been explained so by the teacher to the student . </P> <P> They contain lists of Pythagorean triples , which are particular cases of Diophantine equations . They also contain statements ( that with hindsight we know to be approximate ) about squaring the circle and `` circling the square . '' </P> <P> Baudhayana ( c. 8th century BCE ) composed the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra , the best - known Sulba Sutra , which contains examples of simple Pythagorean triples , such as : ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) , ( 5 , 12 , 13 ) , ( 8 , 15 , 17 ) , ( 7 , 24 , 25 ) , and ( 12 , 35 , 37 ) , as well as a statement of the Pythagorean theorem for the sides of a square : `` The rope which is stretched across the diagonal of a square produces an area double the size of the original square . '' It also contains the general statement of the Pythagorean theorem ( for the sides of a rectangle ) : `` The rope stretched along the length of the diagonal of a rectangle makes an area which the vertical and horizontal sides make together . '' Baudhayana gives a formula for the square root of two : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> 2 ≈ 1 + 1 3 + 1 3 ⋅ 4 − 1 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 34 = 1.4142156 ... ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ approx 1 + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 4 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 \ cdot 4 \ cdot 34 ) ) = 1.4142156 \ ldots ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> The formula is accurate up to five decimal places , the true value being 1.41421356 ... This formula is similar in structure to the formula found on a Mesopotamian tablet from the Old Babylonian period ( 1900 -- 1600 BCE ) : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> 2 ≈ 1 + 24 60 + 51 60 2 + 10 60 3 = 1.41421297 ... ( \ displaystyle ( \ sqrt ( 2 ) ) \ approx 1 + ( \ frac ( 24 ) ( 60 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 51 ) ( 60 ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 10 ) ( 60 ^ ( 3 ) ) ) = 1.41421297 \ ldots ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <P> which expresses √ 2 in the sexagesimal system , and which is also accurate up to 5 decimal places ( after rounding ) . </P> <P> According to mathematician S.G. Dani , the Babylonian cuneiform tablet Plimpton 322 written ca . 1850 BCE `` contains fifteen Pythagorean triples with quite large entries , including ( 13500 , 12709 , 18541 ) which is a primitive triple , indicating , in particular , that there was sophisticated understanding on the topic '' in Mesopotamia in 1850 BCE . `` Since these tablets predate the Sulbasutras period by several centuries , taking into account the contextual appearance of some of the triples , it is reasonable to expect that similar understanding would have been there in India . '' Dani goes on to say : </P> <P> As the main objective of the Sulvasutras was to describe the constructions of altars and the geometric principles involved in them , the subject of Pythagorean triples , even if it had been well understood may still not have featured in the Sulvasutras . The occurrence of the triples in the Sulvasutras is comparable to mathematics that one may encounter in an introductory book on architecture or another similar applied area , and would not correspond directly to the overall knowledge on the topic at that time . Since , unfortunately , no other contemporaneous sources have been found it may never be possible to settle this issue satisfactorily . </P> <P> In all , three Sulba Sutras were composed . The remaining two , the Manava Sulba Sutra composed by Manava ( fl. 750 -- 650 BCE ) and the Apastamba Sulba Sutra , composed by Apastamba ( c. 600 BCE ) , contained results similar to the Baudhayana Sulba Sutra . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Vyakarana </Dt> </Dl> Main article : Vyakarana <P> An important landmark of the Vedic period was the work of Sanskrit grammarian , Pāṇini ( c. 520 -- 460 BCE ) . His grammar includes early use of Boolean logic , of the null operator , and of context free grammars , and includes a precursor of the Backus -- Naur form ( used in the description programming languages ) . </P> <H2> Pingala ( 300 BCE -- 200 BCE ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Among the scholars of the post-Vedic period who contributed to mathematics , the most notable is Pingala ( piṅgalá ) ( fl. 300 -- 200 BCE ) , a music theorist who authored the Chhandas Shastra ( chandaḥ - śāstra , also Chhandas Sutra chhandaḥ - sūtra ) , a Sanskrit treatise on prosody . There is evidence that in his work on the enumeration of syllabic combinations , Pingala stumbled upon both Pascal 's triangle and binomial coefficients , although he did not have knowledge of the binomial theorem itself . Pingala 's work also contains the basic ideas of Fibonacci numbers ( called maatraameru ) . Although the Chandah sutra has n't survived in its entirety , a 10th - century commentary on it by Halāyudha has . Halāyudha , who refers to the Pascal triangle as Meru - prastāra ( literally `` the staircase to Mount Meru '' ) , has this to say : </P> <P> Draw a square . Beginning at half the square , draw two other similar squares below it ; below these two , three other squares , and so on . The marking should be started by putting 1 in the first square . Put 1 in each of the two squares of the second line . In the third line put 1 in the two squares at the ends and , in the middle square , the sum of the digits in the two squares lying above it . In the fourth line put 1 in the two squares at the ends . In the middle ones put the sum of the digits in the two squares above each . Proceed in this way . Of these lines , the second gives the combinations with one syllable , the third the combinations with two syllables , ... </P> <P> The text also indicates that Pingala was aware of the combinatorial identity : </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> ( n 0 ) + ( n 1 ) + ( n 2 ) + ⋯ + ( n n − 1 ) + ( n n ) = 2 n ( \ displaystyle ( n \ choose 0 ) + ( n \ choose 1 ) + ( n \ choose 2 ) + \ cdots + ( n \ choose n - 1 ) + ( n \ choose n ) = 2 ^ ( n ) ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Kātyāyana </Dt> </Dl> <P> Kātyāyana ( c. 3rd century BCE ) is notable for being the last of the Vedic mathematicians . He wrote the Katyayana Sulba Sutra , which presented much geometry , including the general Pythagorean theorem and a computation of the square root of 2 correct to five decimal places . </P> <H2> Jain mathematics ( 400 BCE -- 200 CE ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although Jainism as a religion and philosophy predates its most famous exponent , the great Mahavira ( 6th century BCE ) , most Jain texts on mathematical topics were composed after the 6th century BCE . Jain mathematicians are important historically as crucial links between the mathematics of the Vedic period and that of the `` classical period . '' </P> <P> A significant historical contribution of Jain mathematicians lay in their freeing Indian mathematics from its religious and ritualistic constraints . In particular , their fascination with the enumeration of very large numbers and infinities led them to classify numbers into three classes : enumerable , innumerable and infinite . Not content with a simple notion of infinity , they went on to define five different types of infinity : the infinite in one direction , the infinite in two directions , the infinite in area , the infinite everywhere , and the infinite perpetually . In addition , Jain mathematicians devised notations for simple powers ( and exponents ) of numbers like squares and cubes , which enabled them to define simple algebraic equations ( beejganita samikaran ) . Jain mathematicians were apparently also the first to use the word shunya ( literally void in Sanskrit ) to refer to zero . More than a millennium later , their appellation became the English word `` zero '' after a tortuous journey of translations and transliterations from India to Europe . ( See Zero : Etymology . ) </P> <P> In addition to Surya Prajnapti , important Jain works on mathematics included the Sthananga Sutra ( c. 300 BCE -- 200 CE ) ; the Anuyogadwara Sutra ( c. 200 BCE -- 100 CE ) ; and the Satkhandagama ( c. 2nd century CE ) . Important Jain mathematicians included Bhadrabahu ( d . 298 BCE ) , the author of two astronomical works , the Bhadrabahavi - Samhita and a commentary on the Surya Prajinapti ; Yativrisham Acharya ( c. 176 BCE ) , who authored a mathematical text called Tiloyapannati ; and Umasvati ( c. 150 BCE ) , who , although better known for his influential writings on Jain philosophy and metaphysics , composed a mathematical work called Tattwarthadhigama - Sutra Bhashya . </P> <H2> Oral Tradition ( edit ) </H2> <P> Mathematicians of ancient and early medieval India were almost all Sanskrit pandits ( paṇḍita `` learned man '' ) , who were trained in Sanskrit language and literature , and possessed `` a common stock of knowledge in grammar ( vyākaraṇa ) , exegesis ( mīmāṃsā ) and logic ( nyāya ) . '' Memorisation of `` what is heard '' ( śruti in Sanskrit ) through recitation played a major role in the transmission of sacred texts in ancient India . Memorisation and recitation was also used to transmit philosophical and literary works , as well as treatises on ritual and grammar . Modern scholars of ancient India have noted the `` truly remarkable achievements of the Indian pandits who have preserved enormously bulky texts orally for millennia . '' </P> <H3> Styles of memorisation ( edit ) </H3> <P> Prodigious energy was expended by ancient Indian culture in ensuring that these texts were transmitted from generation to generation with inordinate fidelity . For example , memorisation of the sacred Vedas included up to eleven forms of recitation of the same text . The texts were subsequently `` proof - read '' by comparing the different recited versions . Forms of recitation included the jaṭā - pāṭha ( literally `` mesh recitation '' ) in which every two adjacent words in the text were first recited in their original order , then repeated in the reverse order , and finally repeated in the original order . The recitation thus proceeded as : </P> word1word2 , word2word1 , word1word2 ; word2word3 , word3word2 , word2word3 ; ... <P> In another form of recitation , dhvaja - pāṭha ( literally `` flag recitation '' ) a sequence of N words were recited ( and memorised ) by pairing the first two and last two words and then proceeding as : </P> word word , word word ; word word , word word ; ... ; word word , word word ; <P> The most complex form of recitation , ghana - pāṭha ( literally `` dense recitation '' ) , according to ( Filliozat 2004 , p. 139 ) , took the form : </P> word1word2 , word2word1 , word1word2word3 , word3word2word1 , word1word2word3 ; word2word3 , word3word2 , word2word3word4 , word4word3word2 , word2word3word4 ; ... <P> That these methods have been effective , is testified to by the preservation of the most ancient Indian religious text , the Ṛgveda ( ca . 1500 BCE ) , as a single text , without any variant readings . Similar methods were used for memorising mathematical texts , whose transmission remained exclusively oral until the end of the Vedic period ( ca . 500 BCE ) . </P> <H3> The Sutra genre ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mathematical activity in ancient India began as a part of a `` methodological reflexion '' on the sacred Vedas , which took the form of works called Vedāṇgas , or , `` Ancillaries of the Veda '' ( 7th -- 4th century BCE ) . The need to conserve the sound of sacred text by use of śikṣā ( phonetics ) and chhandas ( metrics ) ; to conserve its meaning by use of vyākaraṇa ( grammar ) and nirukta ( etymology ) ; and to correctly perform the rites at the correct time by the use of kalpa ( ritual ) and jyotiṣa ( astrology ) , gave rise to the six disciplines of the Vedāṇgas . Mathematics arose as a part of the last two disciplines , ritual and astronomy ( which also included astrology ) . Since the Vedāṇgas immediately preceded the use of writing in ancient India , they formed the last of the exclusively oral literature . They were expressed in a highly compressed mnemonic form , the sūtra ( literally , `` thread '' ) : </P> <P> The knowers of the sūtra know it as having few phonemes , being devoid of ambiguity , containing the essence , facing everything , being without pause and unobjectionable . </P> <P> Extreme brevity was achieved through multiple means , which included using ellipsis `` beyond the tolerance of natural language , '' using technical names instead of longer descriptive names , abridging lists by only mentioning the first and last entries , and using markers and variables . The sūtras create the impression that communication through the text was `` only a part of the whole instruction . The rest of the instruction must have been transmitted by the so - called Guru - shishya parampara , ' uninterrupted succession from teacher ( guru ) to the student ( śisya ) , ' and it was not open to the general public '' and perhaps even kept secret . The brevity achieved in a sūtra is demonstrated in the following example from the Baudhāyana Śulba Sūtra ( 700 BCE ) . </P> The design of the domestic fire altar in the Śulba Sūtra <P> The domestic fire - altar in the Vedic period was required by ritual to have a square base and be constituted of five layers of bricks with 21 bricks in each layer . One method of constructing the altar was to divide one side of the square into three equal parts using a cord or rope , to next divide the transverse ( or perpendicular ) side into seven equal parts , and thereby sub-divide the square into 21 congruent rectangles . The bricks were then designed to be of the shape of the constituent rectangle and the layer was created . To form the next layer , the same formula was used , but the bricks were arranged transversely . The process was then repeated three more times ( with alternating directions ) in order to complete the construction . In the Baudhāyana Śulba Sūtra , this procedure is described in the following words : </P> <P> II. 64 . After dividing the quadri - lateral in seven , one divides the transverse ( cord ) in three . II. 65 . In another layer one places the ( bricks ) North - pointing . </P> <P> According to ( Filliozat 2004 , p. 144 ) , the officiant constructing the altar has only a few tools and materials at his disposal : a cord ( Sanskrit , rajju , f . ) , two pegs ( Sanskrit , śanku , m . ) , and clay to make the bricks ( Sanskrit , iṣṭakā , f . ) . Concision is achieved in the sūtra , by not explicitly mentioning what the adjective `` transverse '' qualifies ; however , from the feminine form of the ( Sanskrit ) adjective used , it is easily inferred to qualify `` cord . '' Similarly , in the second stanza , `` bricks '' are not explicitly mentioned , but inferred again by the feminine plural form of `` North - pointing . '' Finally , the first stanza , never explicitly says that the first layer of bricks are oriented in the East - West direction , but that too is implied by the explicit mention of `` North - pointing '' in the second stanza ; for , if the orientation was meant to be the same in the two layers , it would either not be mentioned at all or be only mentioned in the first stanza . All these inferences are made by the officiant as he recalls the formula from his memory . </P> <H2> The written Tradition : prose commentary ( edit ) </H2> <P> With the increasing complexity of mathematics and other exact sciences , both writing and computation were required . Consequently , many mathematical works began to be written down in manuscripts that were then copied and re-copied from generation to generation . </P> <P> India today is estimated to have about thirty million manuscripts , the largest body of handwritten reading material anywhere in the world . The literate culture of Indian science goes back to at least the fifth century B.C. ... as is shown by the elements of Mesopotamian omen literature and astronomy that entered India at that time and ( were ) definitely not ... preserved orally . </P> <P> The earliest mathematical prose commentary was that on the work , Āryabhaṭīya ( written 499 CE ) , a work on astronomy and mathematics . The mathematical portion of the Āryabhaṭīya was composed of 33 sūtras ( in verse form ) consisting of mathematical statements or rules , but without any proofs . However , according to ( Hayashi 2003 , p. 123 ) , `` this does not necessarily mean that their authors did not prove them . It was probably a matter of style of exposition . '' From the time of Bhaskara I ( 600 CE onwards ) , prose commentaries increasingly began to include some derivations ( upapatti ) . Bhaskara I 's commentary on the Āryabhaṭīya , had the following structure : </P> <Ul> <Li> Rule ( ' sūtra ' ) in verse by Āryabhaṭa </Li> <Li> Commentary by Bhāskara I , consisting of : <Ul> <Li> Elucidation of rule ( derivations were still rare then , but became more common later ) </Li> <Li> Example ( uddeśaka ) usually in verse . </Li> <Li> Setting ( nyāsa / sthāpanā ) of the numerical data . </Li> <Li> Working ( karana ) of the solution . </Li> <Li> Verification ( pratyayakaraṇa , literally `` to make conviction '' ) of the answer . These became rare by the 13th century , derivations or proofs being favoured by then . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Typically , for any mathematical topic , students in ancient India first memorised the sūtras , which , as explained earlier , were `` deliberately inadequate '' in explanatory details ( in order to pithily convey the bare - bone mathematical rules ) . The students then worked through the topics of the prose commentary by writing ( and drawing diagrams ) on chalk - and dust - boards ( i.e. boards covered with dust ) . The latter activity , a staple of mathematical work , was to later prompt mathematician - astronomer , Brahmagupta ( fl . 7th century CE ) , to characterise astronomical computations as `` dust work '' ( Sanskrit : dhulikarman ) . </P> <H2> Numerals and the decimal number system ( edit ) </H2> <P> It is well known that the decimal place - value system in use today was first recorded in India , then transmitted to the Islamic world , and eventually to Europe . The Syrian bishop Severus Sebokht wrote in the mid-7th century CE about the `` nine signs '' of the Indians for expressing numbers . However , how , when , and where the first decimal place value system was invented is not so clear . </P> <P> The earliest extant script used in India was the Kharoṣṭhī script used in the Gandhara culture of the north - west . It is thought to be of Aramaic origin and it was in use from the 4th century BCE to the 4th century CE . Almost contemporaneously , another script , the Brāhmī script , appeared on much of the sub-continent , and would later become the foundation of many scripts of South Asia and South - east Asia . Both scripts had numeral symbols and numeral systems , which were initially not based on a place - value system . </P> <P> The earliest surviving evidence of decimal place value numerals in India and southeast Asia is from the middle of the first millennium CE . A copper plate from Gujarat , India mentions the date 595 CE , written in a decimal place value notation , although there is some doubt as to the authenticity of the plate . Decimal numerals recording the years 683 CE have also been found in stone inscriptions in Indonesia and Cambodia , where Indian cultural influence was substantial . </P> <P> There are older textual sources , although the extant manuscript copies of these texts are from much later dates . Probably the earliest such source is the work of the Buddhist philosopher Vasumitra dated likely to the 1st century CE . Discussing the counting pits of merchants , Vasumitra remarks , `` When ( the same ) clay counting - piece is in the place of units , it is denoted as one , when in hundreds , one hundred . '' Although such references seem to imply that his readers had knowledge of a decimal place value representation , the `` brevity of their allusions and the ambiguity of their dates , however , do not solidly establish the chronology of the development of this concept . '' </P> <P> A third decimal representation was employed in a verse composition technique , later labelled Bhuta - sankhya ( literally , `` object numbers '' ) used by early Sanskrit authors of technical books . Since many early technical works were composed in verse , numbers were often represented by objects in the natural or religious world that correspondence to them ; this allowed a many - to - one correspondence for each number and made verse composition easier . According to Plofker 2009 , the number 4 , for example , could be represented by the word `` Veda '' ( since there were four of these religious texts ) , the number 32 by the word `` teeth '' ( since a full set consists of 32 ) , and the number 1 by `` moon '' ( since there is only one moon ) . So , Veda / teeth / moon would correspond to the decimal numeral 1324 , as the convention for numbers was to enumerate their digits from right to left . The earliest reference employing object numbers is a ca . 269 CE Sanskrit text , Yavanajātaka ( literally `` Greek horoscopy '' ) of Sphujidhvaja , a versification of an earlier ( ca . 150 CE ) Indian prose adaptation of a lost work of Hellenistic astrology . Such use seems to make the case that by the mid-3rd century CE , the decimal place value system was familiar , at least to readers of astronomical and astrological texts in India . </P> <P> It has been hypothesized that the Indian decimal place value system was based on the symbols used on Chinese counting boards from as early as the middle of the first millennium BCE . According to Plofker 2009 , </P> <P> These counting boards , like the Indian counting pits , ... , had a decimal place value structure ... Indians may well have learned of these decimal place value `` rod numerals '' from Chinese Buddhist pilgrims or other travelers , or they may have developed the concept independently from their earlier non-place - value system ; no documentary evidence survives to confirm either conclusion . '' </P> <H2> Bakhshali manuscript ( edit ) </H2> <P> The oldest extant mathematical manuscript in India is the Bakhshali Manuscript , a birch bark manuscript written in `` Buddhist hybrid Sanskrit '' in the Śāradā script , which was used in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent between the 8th and 12th centuries CE . The manuscript was discovered in 1881 by a farmer while digging in a stone enclosure in the village of Bakhshali , near Peshawar ( then in British India and now in Pakistan ) . Of unknown authorship and now preserved in the Bodleian Library in Oxford University , the manuscript has been variously dated -- sometimes as early as the `` early centuries of the Christian era . '' The 7th century CE is now considered a plausible date . </P> <P> The surviving manuscript has seventy leaves , some of which are in fragments . Its mathematical content consists of rules and examples , written in verse , together with prose commentaries , which include solutions to the examples . The topics treated include arithmetic ( fractions , square roots , profit and loss , simple interest , the rule of three , and regula falsi ) and algebra ( simultaneous linear equations and quadratic equations ) , and arithmetic progressions . In addition , there is a handful of geometric problems ( including problems about volumes of irregular solids ) . The Bakhshali manuscript also `` employs a decimal place value system with a dot for zero . '' Many of its problems are of a category known as ' equalisation problems ' that lead to systems of linear equations . One example from Fragment III - 5 - 3v is the following : </P> <P> One merchant has seven asava horses , a second has nine haya horses , and a third has ten camels . They are equally well off in the value of their animals if each gives two animals , one to each of the others . Find the price of each animal and the total value for the animals possessed by each merchant . </P> <P> The prose commentary accompanying the example solves the problem by converting it to three ( under - determined ) equations in four unknowns and assuming that the prices are all integers . </P> <P> In 2017 , three samples from the manuscript were shown by radiocarbon dating to come from three different centuries : from 224 - 383 AD , 680 - 779 AD , and 885 - 993 AD . It is not known how fragments from different centuries came to be packaged together . </P> <H2> Classical period ( 400 -- 1600 ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> This period is often known as the golden age of Indian Mathematics . This period saw mathematicians such as Aryabhata , Varahamihira , Brahmagupta , Bhaskara I , Mahavira , Bhaskara II , Madhava of Sangamagrama and Nilakantha Somayaji give broader and clearer shape to many branches of mathematics . Their contributions would spread to Asia , the Middle East , and eventually to Europe . Unlike Vedic mathematics , their works included both astronomical and mathematical contributions . In fact , mathematics of that period was included in the ' astral science ' ( jyotiḥśāstra ) and consisted of three sub-disciplines : mathematical sciences ( gaṇita or tantra ) , horoscope astrology ( horā or jātaka ) and divination ( saṃhitā ) . This tripartite division is seen in Varāhamihira 's 6th century compilation -- Pancasiddhantika ( literally panca , `` five , '' siddhānta , `` conclusion of deliberation '' , dated 575 CE ) -- of five earlier works , Surya Siddhanta , Romaka Siddhanta , Paulisa Siddhanta , Vasishtha Siddhanta and Paitamaha Siddhanta , which were adaptations of still earlier works of Mesopotamian , Greek , Egyptian , Roman and Indian astronomy . As explained earlier , the main texts were composed in Sanskrit verse , and were followed by prose commentaries . </P> <H3> Fifth and sixth centuries ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Surya Siddhanta </Dt> </Dl> <P> Though its authorship is unknown , the Surya Siddhanta ( c. 400 ) contains the roots of modern trigonometry . Because it contains many words of foreign origin , some authors consider that it was written under the influence of Mesopotamia and Greece . </P> <P> This ancient text uses the following as trigonometric functions for the first time : </P> <Ul> <Li> Sine ( Jya ) . </Li> <Li> Cosine ( Kojya ) . </Li> <Li> Inverse sine ( Otkram jya ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> It also contains the earliest uses of : </P> <Ul> <Li> Tangent . </Li> <Li> Secant . </Li> </Ul> <P> Later Indian mathematicians such as Aryabhata made references to this text , while later Arabic and Latin translations were very influential in Europe and the Middle East . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Chhedi calendar </Dt> </Dl> <P> This Chhedi calendar ( 594 ) contains an early use of the modern place - value Hindu - Arabic numeral system now used universally ( see also Hindu - Arabic numerals ) . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Aryabhata I </Dt> </Dl> <P> Aryabhata ( 476 -- 550 ) wrote the Aryabhatiya . He described the important fundamental principles of mathematics in 332 shlokas . The treatise contained : </P> <Ul> <Li> Quadratic equations </Li> <Li> Trigonometry </Li> <Li> The value of π , correct to 4 decimal places . </Li> </Ul> <P> Aryabhata also wrote the Arya Siddhanta , which is now lost . Aryabhata 's contributions include : </P> <P> Trigonometry : </P> <P> ( See also : Aryabhata 's sine table ) </P> <Ul> <Li> Introduced the trigonometric functions . </Li> <Li> Defined the sine ( jya ) as the modern relationship between half an angle and half a chord . </Li> <Li> Defined the cosine ( kojya ) . </Li> <Li> Defined the versine ( utkrama - jya ) . </Li> <Li> Defined the inverse sine ( otkram jya ) . </Li> <Li> Gave methods of calculating their approximate numerical values . </Li> <Li> Contains the earliest tables of sine , cosine and versine values , in 3.75 ° intervals from 0 ° to 90 ° , to 4 decimal places of accuracy . </Li> <Li> Contains the trigonometric formula sin ( n + 1 ) x − sin nx = sin nx − sin ( n − 1 ) x − ( 1 / 225 ) sin nx . </Li> <Li> Spherical trigonometry . </Li> </Ul> <P> Arithmetic : </P> <Ul> <Li> Continued fractions . </Li> </Ul> <P> Algebra : </P> <Ul> <Li> Solutions of simultaneous quadratic equations . </Li> <Li> Whole number solutions of linear equations by a method equivalent to the modern method . </Li> <Li> General solution of the indeterminate linear equation . </Li> </Ul> <P> Mathematical astronomy : </P> <Ul> <Li> Accurate calculations for astronomical constants , such as the : <Ul> <Li> Solar eclipse . </Li> <Li> Lunar eclipse . </Li> <Li> The formula for the sum of the cubes , which was an important step in the development of integral calculus . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Varahamihira </Dt> </Dl> <P> Varahamihira ( 505 -- 587 ) produced the Pancha Siddhanta ( The Five Astronomical Canons ) . He made important contributions to trigonometry , including sine and cosine tables to 4 decimal places of accuracy and the following formulas relating sine and cosine functions : </P> <Ul> <Li> sin 2 ( x ) + cos 2 ( x ) = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ sin ^ ( 2 ) ( x ) + \ cos ^ ( 2 ) ( x ) = 1 ) </Li> <Li> sin ( x ) = cos ( π 2 − x ) ( \ displaystyle \ sin ( x ) = \ cos \ left ( ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 2 ) ) - x \ right ) ) </Li> <Li> 1 − cos ( 2 x ) 2 = sin 2 ( x ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 - \ cos ( 2x ) ) ( 2 ) ) = \ sin ^ ( 2 ) ( x ) ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Seventh and eighth centuries ( edit ) </H3> Brahmagupta 's theorem states that AF = FD . <P> In the 7th century , two separate fields , arithmetic ( which included measurement ) and algebra , began to emerge in Indian mathematics . The two fields would later be called pāṭī - gaṇita ( literally `` mathematics of algorithms '' ) and bīja - gaṇita ( lit . `` mathematics of seeds , '' with `` seeds '' -- like the seeds of plants -- representing unknowns with the potential to generate , in this case , the solutions of equations ) . Brahmagupta , in his astronomical work Brāhma Sphuṭa Siddhānta ( 628 CE ) , included two chapters ( 12 and 18 ) devoted to these fields . Chapter 12 , containing 66 Sanskrit verses , was divided into two sections : `` basic operations '' ( including cube roots , fractions , ratio and proportion , and barter ) and `` practical mathematics '' ( including mixture , mathematical series , plane figures , stacking bricks , sawing of timber , and piling of grain ) . In the latter section , he stated his famous theorem on the diagonals of a cyclic quadrilateral : </P> <P> Brahmagupta 's theorem : If a cyclic quadrilateral has diagonals that are perpendicular to each other , then the perpendicular line drawn from the point of intersection of the diagonals to any side of the quadrilateral always bisects the opposite side . </P> <P> Chapter 12 also included a formula for the area of a cyclic quadrilateral ( a generalisation of Heron 's formula ) , as well as a complete description of rational triangles ( i.e. triangles with rational sides and rational areas ) . </P> <P> Brahmagupta 's formula : The area , A , of a cyclic quadrilateral with sides of lengths a , b , c , d , respectively , is given by </P> <Dl> <Dd> A = ( s − a ) ( s − b ) ( s − c ) ( s − d ) ( \ displaystyle A = ( \ sqrt ( ( s-a ) ( s-b ) ( s-c ) ( s-d ) ) ) \ , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where s , the semiperimeter , given by s = a + b + c + d 2 . ( \ displaystyle s = ( \ frac ( a + b + c + d ) ( 2 ) ) . ) </P> <P> Brahmagupta 's Theorem on rational triangles : A triangle with rational sides a , b , c ( \ displaystyle a , b , c ) and rational area is of the form : </P> <Dl> <Dd> a = u 2 v + v , b = u 2 w + w , c = u 2 v + u 2 w − ( v + w ) ( \ displaystyle a = ( \ frac ( u ^ ( 2 ) ) ( v ) ) + v , \ \ b = ( \ frac ( u ^ ( 2 ) ) ( w ) ) + w , \ \ c = ( \ frac ( u ^ ( 2 ) ) ( v ) ) + ( \ frac ( u ^ ( 2 ) ) ( w ) ) - ( v + w ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> for some rational numbers u , v , ( \ displaystyle u , v , ) and w ( \ displaystyle w ) . </P> <P> Chapter 18 contained 103 Sanskrit verses which began with rules for arithmetical operations involving zero and negative numbers and is considered the first systematic treatment of the subject . The rules ( which included a + 0 = a ( \ displaystyle a + 0 = \ a ) and a × 0 = 0 ( \ displaystyle a \ times 0 = 0 ) ) were all correct , with one exception : 0 0 = 0 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 0 ) ( 0 ) ) = 0 ) . Later in the chapter , he gave the first explicit ( although still not completely general ) solution of the quadratic equation : </P> <Dl> <Dd> a x 2 + b x = c ( \ displaystyle \ ax ^ ( 2 ) + bx = c ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> To the absolute number multiplied by four times the ( coefficient of the ) square , add the square of the ( coefficient of the ) middle term ; the square root of the same , less the ( coefficient of the ) middle term , being divided by twice the ( coefficient of the ) square is the value . </P> <P> This is equivalent to : </P> <Dl> <Dd> x = 4 a c + b 2 − b 2 a ( \ displaystyle x = ( \ frac ( ( \ sqrt ( 4ac + b ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - b ) ( 2a ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Also in chapter 18 , Brahmagupta was able to make progress in finding ( integral ) solutions of Pell 's equation , </P> <Dl> <Dd> x 2 − N y 2 = 1 , ( \ displaystyle \ x ^ ( 2 ) - Ny ^ ( 2 ) = 1 , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where N ( \ displaystyle N ) is a nonsquare integer . He did this by discovering the following identity : </P> <P> Brahmagupta 's Identity : ( x 2 − N y 2 ) ( x ′ 2 − N y ′ 2 ) = ( x x ′ + N y y ′ ) 2 − N ( x y ′ + x ′ y ) 2 ( \ displaystyle \ ( x ^ ( 2 ) - Ny ^ ( 2 ) ) ( x ' ^ ( 2 ) - Ny ' ^ ( 2 ) ) = ( xx'+ Nyy ' ) ^ ( 2 ) - N ( xy'+ x'y ) ^ ( 2 ) ) which was a generalisation of an earlier identity of Diophantus : Brahmagupta used his identity to prove the following lemma : </P> <P> Lemma ( Brahmagupta ) : If x = x 1 , y = y 1 ( \ displaystyle x = x_ ( 1 ) , \ \ y = y_ ( 1 ) \ \ ) is a solution of x 2 − N y 2 = k 1 , ( \ displaystyle \ \ x ^ ( 2 ) - Ny ^ ( 2 ) = k_ ( 1 ) , ) and , x = x 2 , y = y 2 ( \ displaystyle x = x_ ( 2 ) , \ \ y = y_ ( 2 ) \ \ ) is a solution of x 2 − N y 2 = k 2 , ( \ displaystyle \ \ x ^ ( 2 ) - Ny ^ ( 2 ) = k_ ( 2 ) , ) , then : </P> <Dl> <Dd> x = x 1 x 2 + N y 1 y 2 , y = x 1 y 2 + x 2 y 1 ( \ displaystyle x = x_ ( 1 ) x_ ( 2 ) + Ny_ ( 1 ) y_ ( 2 ) , \ \ y = x_ ( 1 ) y_ ( 2 ) + x_ ( 2 ) y_ ( 1 ) \ \ ) is a solution of x 2 − N y 2 = k 1 k 2 ( \ displaystyle \ x ^ ( 2 ) - Ny ^ ( 2 ) = k_ ( 1 ) k_ ( 2 ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> He then used this lemma to both generate infinitely many ( integral ) solutions of Pell 's equation , given one solution , and state the following theorem : </P> <P> Theorem ( Brahmagupta ) : If the equation x 2 − N y 2 = k ( \ displaystyle \ x ^ ( 2 ) - Ny ^ ( 2 ) = k ) has an integer solution for any one of k = ± 4 , ± 2 , − 1 ( \ displaystyle \ k = \ pm 4 , \ pm 2 , - 1 ) then Pell 's equation : </P> <Dl> <Dd> x 2 − N y 2 = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ x ^ ( 2 ) - Ny ^ ( 2 ) = 1 ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> also has an integer solution . </P> <P> Brahmagupta did not actually prove the theorem , but rather worked out examples using his method . The first example he presented was : </P> <P> Example ( Brahmagupta ) : Find integers x , y ( \ displaystyle \ x , \ y \ ) such that : </P> <Dl> <Dd> x 2 − 92 y 2 = 1 ( \ displaystyle \ x ^ ( 2 ) - 92y ^ ( 2 ) = 1 ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> In his commentary , Brahmagupta added , `` a person solving this problem within a year is a mathematician . '' The solution he provided was : </P> <Dl> <Dd> x = 1151 , y = 120 ( \ displaystyle \ x = 1151 , \ y = 120 ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Bhaskara I </Dt> </Dl> <P> Bhaskara I ( c. 600 -- 680 ) expanded the work of Aryabhata in his books titled Mahabhaskariya , Aryabhatiya - bhashya and Laghu - bhaskariya . He produced : </P> <Ul> <Li> Solutions of indeterminate equations . </Li> <Li> A rational approximation of the sine function . </Li> <Li> A formula for calculating the sine of an acute angle without the use of a table , correct to two decimal places . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Ninth to twelfth centuries ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dt> Virasena </Dt> </Dl> <P> Virasena ( 8th century ) was a Jain mathematician in the court of Rashtrakuta King Amoghavarsha of Manyakheta , Karnataka . He wrote the Dhavala , a commentary on Jain mathematics , which : </P> <Ul> <Li> Deals with the concept of ardhaccheda , the number of times a number could be halved , and lists various rules involving this operation . This coincides with the binary logarithm when applied to powers of two , but differs on other numbers , more closely resembling the 2 - adic order . </Li> <Li> The same concept for base 3 ( trakacheda ) and base 4 ( caturthacheda ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> Virasena also gave : </P> <Ul> <Li> The derivation of the volume of a frustum by a sort of infinite procedure . </Li> </Ul> <P> It is thought that much of the mathematical material in the Dhavala can attributed to previous writers , especially Kundakunda , Shamakunda , Tumbulura , Samantabhadra and Bappadeva and date who wrote between 200 and 600 CE . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Mahavira </Dt> </Dl> <P> Mahavira Acharya ( c. 800 -- 870 ) from Karnataka , the last of the notable Jain mathematicians , lived in the 9th century and was patronised by the Rashtrakuta king Amoghavarsha . He wrote a book titled Ganit Saar Sangraha on numerical mathematics , and also wrote treatises about a wide range of mathematical topics . These include the mathematics of : </P> <Ul> <Li> Zero </Li> <Li> Squares </Li> <Li> Cubes </Li> <Li> square roots , cube roots , and the series extending beyond these </Li> <Li> Plane geometry </Li> <Li> Solid geometry </Li> <Li> Problems relating to the casting of shadows </Li> <Li> Formulae derived to calculate the area of an ellipse and quadrilateral inside a circle . </Li> </Ul> <P> Mahavira also : </P> <Ul> <Li> Asserted that the square root of a negative number did not exist </Li> <Li> Gave the sum of a series whose terms are squares of an arithmetical progression , and gave empirical rules for area and perimeter of an ellipse . </Li> <Li> Solved cubic equations . </Li> <Li> Solved quartic equations . </Li> <Li> Solved some quintic equations and higher - order polynomials . </Li> <Li> Gave the general solutions of the higher order polynomial equations : <Ul> <Li> a x n = q ( \ displaystyle \ ax ^ ( n ) = q ) </Li> <Li> a x n − 1 x − 1 = p ( \ displaystyle a ( \ frac ( x ^ ( n ) - 1 ) ( x-1 ) ) = p ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Solved indeterminate quadratic equations . </Li> <Li> Solved indeterminate cubic equations . </Li> <Li> Solved indeterminate higher order equations . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Shridhara </Dt> </Dl> <P> Shridhara ( c. 870 -- 930 ) , who lived in Bengal , wrote the books titled Nav Shatika , Tri Shatika and Pati Ganita . He gave : </P> <Ul> <Li> A good rule for finding the volume of a sphere . </Li> <Li> The formula for solving quadratic equations . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Pati Ganita is a work on arithmetic and measurement . It deals with various operations , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Elementary operations </Li> <Li> Extracting square and cube roots . </Li> <Li> Fractions . </Li> <Li> Eight rules given for operations involving zero . </Li> <Li> Methods of summation of different arithmetic and geometric series , which were to become standard references in later works . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Manjula </Dt> </Dl> <P> Aryabhata 's differential equations were elaborated in the 10th century by Manjula ( also Munjala ) , who realised that the expression </P> <Dl> <Dd> sin w ′ − sin w ( \ displaystyle \ \ sin w ' - \ sin w ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> could be approximately expressed as </P> <Dl> <Dd> ( w ′ − w ) cos w ( \ displaystyle \ ( w ' - w ) \ cos w ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> He understood the concept of differentiation after solving the differential equation that resulted from substituting this expression into Aryabhata 's differential equation . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Aryabhata II </Dt> </Dl> <P> Aryabhata II ( c. 920 -- 1000 ) wrote a commentary on Shridhara , and an astronomical treatise Maha - Siddhanta . The Maha - Siddhanta has 18 chapters , and discusses : </P> <Ul> <Li> Numerical mathematics ( Ank Ganit ) . </Li> <Li> Algebra . </Li> <Li> Solutions of indeterminate equations ( kuttaka ) . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Shripati </Dt> </Dl> <P> Shripati Mishra ( 1019 -- 1066 ) wrote the books Siddhanta Shekhara , a major work on astronomy in 19 chapters , and Ganit Tilaka , an incomplete arithmetical treatise in 125 verses based on a work by Shridhara . He worked mainly on : </P> <Ul> <Li> Permutations and combinations . </Li> <Li> General solution of the simultaneous indeterminate linear equation . </Li> </Ul> <P> He was also the author of Dhikotidakarana , a work of twenty verses on : </P> <Ul> <Li> Solar eclipse . </Li> <Li> Lunar eclipse . </Li> </Ul> <P> The Dhruvamanasa is a work of 105 verses on : </P> <Ul> <Li> Calculating planetary longitudes </Li> <Li> eclipses . </Li> <Li> planetary transits . </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravati </Dt> </Dl> <P> Nemichandra Siddhanta Chakravati ( c. 1100 ) authored a mathematical treatise titled Gome - mat Saar . </P> <Dl> <Dt> Bhaskara II </Dt> </Dl> <P> Bhāskara II ( 1114 -- 1185 ) was a mathematician - astronomer who wrote a number of important treatises , namely the Siddhanta Shiromani , Lilavati , Bijaganita , Gola Addhaya , Griha Ganitam and Karan Kautoohal . A number of his contributions were later transmitted to the Middle East and Europe . His contributions include : </P> <P> Arithmetic : </P> <Ul> <Li> Interest computation </Li> <Li> Arithmetical and geometrical progressions </Li> <Li> Plane geometry </Li> <Li> Solid geometry </Li> <Li> The shadow of the gnomon </Li> <Li> Solutions of combinations </Li> <Li> Gave a proof for division by zero being infinity . </Li> </Ul> <P> Algebra : </P> <Ul> <Li> The recognition of a positive number having two square roots . </Li> <Li> Surds . </Li> <Li> Operations with products of several unknowns . </Li> <Li> The solutions of : <Ul> <Li> Quadratic equations . </Li> <Li> Cubic equations . </Li> <Li> Quartic equations . </Li> <Li> Equations with more than one unknown . </Li> <Li> Quadratic equations with more than one unknown . </Li> <Li> The general form of Pell 's equation using the chakravala method . </Li> <Li> The general indeterminate quadratic equation using the chakravala method . </Li> <Li> Indeterminate cubic equations . </Li> <Li> Indeterminate quartic equations . </Li> <Li> Indeterminate higher - order polynomial equations . </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <P> Geometry : </P> <Ul> <Li> Gave a proof of the Pythagorean theorem . </Li> </Ul> <P> Calculus : </P> <Ul> <Li> Conceived of differential calculus . </Li> <Li> Discovered the derivative . </Li> <Li> Discovered the differential coefficient . </Li> <Li> Developed differentiation . </Li> <Li> Stated Rolle 's theorem , a special case of the mean value theorem ( one of the most important theorems of calculus and analysis ) . </Li> <Li> Derived the differential of the sine function . </Li> <Li> Computed π , correct to five decimal places . </Li> <Li> Calculated the length of the Earth 's revolution around the Sun to 9 decimal places . </Li> </Ul> <P> Trigonometry : </P> <Ul> <Li> Developments of spherical trigonometry </Li> <Li> The trigonometric formulas : <Ul> <Li> sin ( a + b ) = sin ( a ) cos ( b ) + sin ( b ) cos ( a ) ( \ displaystyle \ \ sin ( a + b ) = \ sin ( a ) \ cos ( b ) + \ sin ( b ) \ cos ( a ) ) </Li> <Li> sin ( a − b ) = sin ( a ) cos ( b ) − sin ( b ) cos ( a ) ( \ displaystyle \ \ sin ( a-b ) = \ sin ( a ) \ cos ( b ) - \ sin ( b ) \ cos ( a ) ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Kerala mathematics ( 1300 -- 1600 ) ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics <P> The Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics was founded by Madhava of Sangamagrama in Kerala , South India and included among its members : Parameshvara , Neelakanta Somayaji , Jyeshtadeva , Achyuta Pisharati , Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar . It flourished between the 14th and 16th centuries and the original discoveries of the school seems to have ended with Narayana Bhattathiri ( 1559 -- 1632 ) . In attempting to solve astronomical problems , the Kerala school astronomers independently created a number of important mathematics concepts . The most important results , series expansion for trigonometric functions , were given in Sanskrit verse in a book by Neelakanta called Tantrasangraha and a commentary on this work called Tantrasangraha - vakhya of unknown authorship . The theorems were stated without proof , but proofs for the series for sine , cosine , and inverse tangent were provided a century later in the work Yuktibhāṣā ( c. 1500 -- c. 1610 ) , written in Malayalam , by Jyesthadeva , and also in a commentary on Tantrasangraha . </P> <P> Their discovery of these three important series expansions of calculus -- several centuries before calculus was developed in Europe by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz -- was an achievement . However , the Kerala School did not invent calculus , because , while they were able to develop Taylor series expansions for the important trigonometric functions , differentiation , term by term integration , convergence tests , iterative methods for solutions of non-linear equations , and the theory that the area under a curve is its integral , they developed neither a theory of differentiation or integration , nor the fundamental theorem of calculus . The results obtained by the Kerala school include : </P> <Ul> <Li> The ( infinite ) geometric series : 1 1 − x = 1 + x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 + ⋯ for x < 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 - x ) ) = 1 + x + x ^ ( 2 ) + x ^ ( 3 ) + x ^ ( 4 ) + \ cdots ( \ text ( for ) ) x < 1 ) This formula was already known , for example , in the work of the 10th - century Arab mathematician Alhazen ( the Latinised form of the name Ibn Al - Haytham ( 965 -- 1039 ) ) . </Li> <Li> A semi-rigorous proof ( see `` induction '' remark below ) of the result : 1 p + 2 p + ⋯ + n p ≈ n p + 1 p + 1 ( \ displaystyle 1 ^ ( p ) + 2 ^ ( p ) + \ cdots + n ^ ( p ) \ approx ( \ frac ( n ^ ( p + 1 ) ) ( p + 1 ) ) ) for large n . This result was also known to Alhazen . </Li> <Li> Intuitive use of mathematical induction , however , the inductive hypothesis was not formulated or employed in proofs . </Li> <Li> Applications of ideas from ( what was to become ) differential and integral calculus to obtain ( Taylor -- Maclaurin ) infinite series for sin x , cos x , and arctan x . The Tantrasangraha - vakhya gives the series in verse , which when translated to mathematical notation , can be written as : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> r arctan ( y x ) = 1 1 ⋅ r y x − 1 3 ⋅ r y 3 x 3 + 1 5 ⋅ r y 5 x 5 − ⋯ , where y / x ≤ 1 . ( \ displaystyle r \ arctan \ left ( ( \ frac ( y ) ( x ) ) \ right ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( ry ) ( x ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( ry ^ ( 3 ) ) ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( ry ^ ( 5 ) ) ( x ^ ( 5 ) ) ) - \ cdots , ( \ text ( where ) ) y / x \ leq 1 . ) </Dd> <Dd> sin x = x − x x 2 ( 2 2 + 2 ) r 2 + x x 2 ( 2 2 + 2 ) r 2 ⋅ x 2 ( 4 2 + 4 ) r 2 − ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ sin x = x-x ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) + 2 ) r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + x ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) + 2 ) r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) \ cdot ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) + 4 ) r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - \ cdots ) </Dd> <Dd> r − cos x = r x 2 ( 2 2 − 2 ) r 2 − r x 2 ( 2 2 − 2 ) r 2 x 2 ( 4 2 − 4 ) r 2 + ⋯ , ( \ displaystyle r - \ cos x = r ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) - 2 ) r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) - r ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( 2 ^ ( 2 ) - 2 ) r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( 4 ^ ( 2 ) - 4 ) r ^ ( 2 ) ) ) + \ cdots , ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> where , for r = 1 , the series reduces to the standard power series for these trigonometric functions , for example : <Dl> <Dd> sin x = x − x 3 3 ! + x 5 5 ! − x 7 7 ! + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ sin x = x - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 3 ) ) ( 3 ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 5 ) ) ( 5 ! ) ) - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 7 ) ) ( 7 ! ) ) + \ cdots ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> <Dd> and <Dl> <Dd> cos x = 1 − x 2 2 ! + x 4 4 ! − x 6 6 ! + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle \ cos x = 1 - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ! ) ) + ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 4 ) ) ( 4 ! ) ) - ( \ frac ( x ^ ( 6 ) ) ( 6 ! ) ) + \ cdots ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Use of rectification ( computation of length ) of the arc of a circle to give a proof of these results . ( The later method of Leibniz , using quadrature , i.e. computation of area under the arc of the circle , was not used . ) </Li> <Li> Use of the series expansion of arctan x ( \ displaystyle \ arctan x ) to obtain the Leibniz formula for π : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> π 4 = 1 − 1 3 + 1 5 − 1 7 + ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ) ) + \ cdots ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> A rational approximation of error for the finite sum of their series of interest . For example , the error , f i ( n + 1 ) ( \ displaystyle f_ ( i ) ( n + 1 ) ) , ( for n odd , and i = 1 , 2 , 3 ) for the series : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> π 4 ≈ 1 − 1 3 + 1 5 − ⋯ + ( − 1 ) ( n − 1 ) / 2 1 n + ( − 1 ) ( n + 1 ) / 2 f i ( n + 1 ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) \ approx 1 - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ) ) - \ cdots + ( - 1 ) ^ ( ( n - 1 ) / 2 ) ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( n ) ) + ( - 1 ) ^ ( ( n + 1 ) / 2 ) f_ ( i ) ( n + 1 ) ) </Dd> <Dd> where f 1 ( n ) = 1 2 n , f 2 ( n ) = n / 2 n 2 + 1 , f 3 ( n ) = ( n / 2 ) 2 + 1 ( n 2 + 5 ) n / 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( where ) ) f_ ( 1 ) ( n ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2n ) ) , \ f_ ( 2 ) ( n ) = ( \ frac ( n / 2 ) ( n ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ) , \ f_ ( 3 ) ( n ) = ( \ frac ( ( n / 2 ) ^ ( 2 ) + 1 ) ( ( n ^ ( 2 ) + 5 ) n / 2 ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Manipulation of error term to derive a faster converging series for π ( \ displaystyle \ pi ) : </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> π 4 = 3 4 + 1 3 3 − 3 − 1 5 3 − 5 + 1 7 3 − 7 − ⋯ ( \ displaystyle ( \ frac ( \ pi ) ( 4 ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 3 ^ ( 3 ) - 3 ) ) - ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 5 ^ ( 3 ) - 5 ) ) + ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 7 ^ ( 3 ) - 7 ) ) - \ cdots ) </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Using the improved series to derive a rational expression , 104348 / 33215 for π correct up to nine decimal places , i.e. 3.141592653 . </Li> <Li> Use of an intuitive notion of limit to compute these results . </Li> <Li> A semi-rigorous ( see remark on limits above ) method of differentiation of some trigonometric functions . However , they did not formulate the notion of a function , or have knowledge of the exponential or logarithmic functions . </Li> </Ul> <P> The works of the Kerala school were first written up for the Western world by Englishman C.M. Whish in 1835 . According to Whish , the Kerala mathematicians had `` laid the foundation for a complete system of fluxions '' and these works abounded `` with fluxional forms and series to be found in no work of foreign countries . '' </P> <P> However , Whish 's results were almost completely neglected , until over a century later , when the discoveries of the Kerala school were investigated again by C. Rajagopal and his associates . Their work includes commentaries on the proofs of the arctan series in Yuktibhāṣā given in two papers , a commentary on the Yuktibhāṣā 's proof of the sine and cosine series and two papers that provide the Sanskrit verses of the Tantrasangrahavakhya for the series for arctan , sin , and cosine ( with English translation and commentary ) . </P> <P> The Kerala mathematicians included Narayana Pandit ( c. 1340 -- 1400 ) , who composed two works , an arithmetical treatise , Ganita Kaumudi , and an algebraic treatise , Bijganita Vatamsa . Narayana is also thought to be the author of an elaborate commentary of Bhaskara II 's Lilavati , titled Karmapradipika ( or Karma - Paddhati ) . Madhava of Sangamagrama ( c. 1340 -- 1425 ) was the founder of the Kerala School . Although it is possible that he wrote Karana Paddhati a work written sometime between 1375 and 1475 , all we really know of his work comes from works of later scholars . </P> <P> Parameshvara ( c. 1370 -- 1460 ) wrote commentaries on the works of Bhaskara I , Aryabhata and Bhaskara II . His Lilavati Bhasya , a commentary on Bhaskara II 's Lilavati , contains one of his important discoveries : a version of the mean value theorem . Nilakantha Somayaji ( 1444 -- 1544 ) composed the Tantra Samgraha ( which ' spawned ' a later anonymous commentary Tantrasangraha - vyakhya and a further commentary by the name Yuktidipaika , written in 1501 ) . He elaborated and extended the contributions of Madhava . </P> <P> Citrabhanu ( c. 1530 ) was a 16th - century mathematician from Kerala who gave integer solutions to 21 types of systems of two simultaneous algebraic equations in two unknowns . These types are all the possible pairs of equations of the following seven forms : </P> <Dl> <Dd> x + y = a , x − y = b , x y = c , x 2 + y 2 = d , x 2 − y 2 = e , x 3 + y 3 = f , x 3 − y 3 = g ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) &x + y = a , \ x-y = b , \ xy = c , x ^ ( 2 ) + y ^ ( 2 ) = d , \ \ ( 8pt ) &x ^ ( 2 ) - y ^ ( 2 ) = e , \ x ^ ( 3 ) + y ^ ( 3 ) = f , \ x ^ ( 3 ) - y ^ ( 3 ) = g \ end ( aligned ) ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> For each case , Citrabhanu gave an explanation and justification of his rule as well as an example . Some of his explanations are algebraic , while others are geometric . Jyesthadeva ( c. 1500 -- 1575 ) was another member of the Kerala School . His key work was the Yukti - bhāṣā ( written in Malayalam , a regional language of Kerala ) . Jyesthadeva presented proofs of most mathematical theorems and infinite series earlier discovered by Madhava and other Kerala School mathematicians . </P> <H2> Charges of Eurocentrism ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section may lend undue weight to certain ideas , incidents , or controversies . Please help to create a more balanced presentation . Discuss and resolve this issue before removing this message . ( September 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> It has been suggested that Indian contributions to mathematics have not been given due acknowledgement in modern history and that many discoveries and inventions by Indian mathematicians are presently culturally attributed to their Western counterparts , as a result of Eurocentrism . According to G.G. Joseph 's take on `` Ethnomathematics '' : </P> <P> ( Their work ) takes on board some of the objections raised about the classical Eurocentric trajectory . The awareness ( of Indian and Arabic mathematics ) is all too likely to be tempered with dismissive rejections of their importance compared to Greek mathematics . The contributions from other civilisations -- most notably China and India , are perceived either as borrowers from Greek sources or having made only minor contributions to mainstream mathematical development . An openness to more recent research findings , especially in the case of Indian and Chinese mathematics , is sadly missing '' </P> <P> The historian of mathematics , Florian Cajori , suggested that he and others `` suspect that Diophantus got his first glimpse of algebraic knowledge from India . '' However , he also wrote that `` it is certain that portions of Hindu mathematics are of Greek origin '' . </P> <P> More recently , as discussed in the above section , the infinite series of calculus for trigonometric functions ( rediscovered by Gregory , Taylor , and Maclaurin in the late 17th century ) were described ( with proofs and formulas for truncation error ) in India , by mathematicians of the Kerala school , remarkably some two centuries earlier . Some scholars have recently suggested that knowledge of these results might have been transmitted to Europe through the trade route from Kerala by traders and Jesuit missionaries . Kerala was in continuous contact with China and Arabia , and , from around 1500 , with Europe . The existence of communication routes and a suitable chronology certainly make such a transmission a possibility . However , there is no direct evidence by way of relevant manuscripts that such a transmission actually took place . According to David Bressoud , `` there is no evidence that the Indian work of series was known beyond India , or even outside of Kerala , until the nineteenth century . '' </P> <P> Both Arab and Indian scholars made discoveries before the 17th century that are now considered a part of calculus . However , they were not able , as Newton and Leibniz were , to `` combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral , show the connection between the two , and turn calculus into the great problem - solving tool we have today . '' The intellectual careers of both Newton and Leibniz are well - documented and there is no indication of their work not being their own ; however , it is not known with certainty whether the immediate predecessors of Newton and Leibniz , `` including , in particular , Fermat and Roberval , learned of some of the ideas of the Islamic and Indian mathematicians through sources we are not now aware . '' This is an active area of current research , especially in the manuscript collections of Spain and Maghreb . This research is being pursued , among other places , at the Centre National de Recherche Scientifique in Paris . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Shulba Sutras </Li> <Li> Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics </Li> <Li> Surya Siddhanta </Li> <Li> Brahmagupta </Li> <Li> Srinivasa Ramanujan </Li> <Li> Bakhshali manuscript </Li> <Li> List of Indian mathematicians </Li> <Li> Indian science and technology </Li> <Li> Indian logic </Li> <Li> Indian astronomy </Li> <Li> History of mathematics </Li> <Li> List of numbers in Hindu scriptures </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Encyclopaedia Britannica ( Kim Plofker ) 2007 , p. 1 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Hayashi 2005 , pp. 360 -- 361 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ifrah 2000 , p. 346 : `` The measure of the genius of Indian civilisation , to which we owe our modern ( number ) system , is all the greater in that it was the only one in all history to have achieved this triumph . Some cultures succeeded , earlier than the Indian , in discovering one or at best two of the characteristics of this intellectual feat . But none of them managed to bring together into a complete and coherent system the necessary and sufficient conditions for a number - system with the same potential as our own . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plofker 2009 , pp. 44 -- 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bourbaki 1998 , p. 46 : `` ... our decimal system , which ( by the agency of the Arabs ) is derived from Hindu mathematics , where its use is attested already from the first centuries of our era . It must be noted moreover that the conception of zero as a number and not as a simple symbol of separation ) and its introduction into calculations , also count amongst the original contribution of the Hindus . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bourbaki 1998 , p. 49 : Modern arithmetic was known during medieval times as `` Modus Indorum '' or method of the Indians . Leonardo of Pisa wrote that compared to method of the Indians all other methods is a mistake . This method of the Indians is none other than our very simple arithmetic of addition , subtraction , multiplication and division . Rules for these four simple procedures was first written down by Brahmagupta during 7th century AD . `` On this point , the Hindus are already conscious of the interpretation that negative numbers must have in certain cases ( a debt in a commercial problem , for instance ) . In the following centuries , as there is a diffusion into the West ( by intermediary of the Arabs ) of the methods and results of Greek and Hindu mathematics , one becomes more used to the handling of these numbers , and one begins to have other `` representation '' for them which are geometric or dynamic . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` algebra '' 2007 . Britannica Concise Encyclopedia . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . 16 May 2007 . Quote : `` A full - fledged decimal , positional system certainly existed in India by the 9th century ( AD ) , yet many of its central ideas had been transmitted well before that time to China and the Islamic world . Indian arithmetic , moreover , developed consistent and correct rules for operating with positive and negative numbers and for treating zero like any other number , even in problematic contexts such as division . Several hundred years passed before European mathematicians fully integrated such ideas into the developing discipline of algebra . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Pingree 2003 , p. 45 ) Quote : `` Geometry , and its branch trigonometry , was the mathematics Indian astronomers used most frequently . Greek mathematicians used the full chord and never imagined the half chord that we use today . Half chord was first used by Aryabhata which made trigonometry much more simple . In fact , the Indian astronomers in the third or fourth century , using a pre-Ptolemaic Greek table of chords , produced tables of sines and versines , from which it was trivial to derive cosines . This new system of trigonometry , produced in India , was transmitted to the Arabs in the late eighth century and by them , in an expanded form , to the Latin West and the Byzantine East in the twelfth century . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Bourbaki 1998 , p. 126 ) : `` As for trigonometry , it is disdained by geometers and abandoned to surveyors and astronomers ; it is these latter ( Aristarchus , Hipparchus , Ptolemy ) who establish the fundamental relations between the sides and angles of a right angled triangle ( plane or spherical ) and draw up the first tables ( they consist of tables giving the chord of the arc cut out by an angle θ < π ( \ displaystyle \ theta < \ pi ) on a circle of radius r , in other words the number 2 r sin ( θ / 2 ) ( \ displaystyle 2r \ sin \ left ( \ theta / 2 \ right ) ) ; the introduction of the sine , more easily handled , is due to Hindu mathematicians of the Middle Ages ) . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Filliozat 2004 , pp. 140 -- 143 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hayashi 1995 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Encyclopaedia Britannica ( Kim Plofker ) 2007 , p. 6 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stillwell 2004 , p. 173 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bressoud 2002 , p. 12 Quote : `` There is no evidence that the Indian work on series was known beyond India , or even outside Kerala , until the nineteenth century . Gold and Pingree assert ( 4 ) that by the time these series were rediscovered in Europe , they had , for all practical purposes , been lost to India . The expansions of the sine , cosine , and arc tangent had been passed down through several generations of disciples , but they remained sterile observations for which no one could find much use . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plofker 2001 , p. 293 Quote : `` It is not unusual to encounter in discussions of Indian mathematics such assertions as that `` the concept of differentiation was understood ( in India ) from the time of Manjula ( ... in the 10th century ) '' ( Joseph 1991 , 300 ) , or that `` we may consider Madhava to have been the founder of mathematical analysis '' ( Joseph 1991 , 293 ) , or that Bhaskara II may claim to be `` the precursor of Newton and Leibniz in the discovery of the principle of the differential calculus '' ( Bag 1979 , 294 ) ... The points of resemblance , particularly between early European calculus and the Keralese work on power series , have even inspired suggestions of a possible transmission of mathematical ideas from the Malabar coast in or after the 15th century to the Latin scholarly world ( e.g. , in ( Bag 1979 , 285 ) ) ... It should be borne in mind , however , that such an emphasis on the similarity of Sanskrit ( or Malayalam ) and Latin mathematics risks diminishing our ability fully to see and comprehend the former . To speak of the Indian `` discovery of the principle of the differential calculus '' somewhat obscures the fact that Indian techniques for expressing changes in the Sine by means of the Cosine or vice versa , as in the examples we have seen , remained within that specific trigonometric context . The differential `` principle '' was not generalised to arbitrary functions -- in fact , the explicit notion of an arbitrary function , not to mention that of its derivative or an algorithm for taking the derivative , is irrelevant here '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pingree 1992 , p. 562 Quote : `` One example I can give you relates to the Indian Mādhava 's demonstration , in about 1400 A.D. , of the infinite power series of trigonometrical functions using geometrical and algebraic arguments . When this was first described in English by Charles Matthew Whish , in the 1830s , it was heralded as the Indians ' discovery of the calculus . This claim and Mādhava 's achievements were ignored by Western historians , presumably at first because they could not admit that an Indian discovered the calculus , but later because no one read anymore the Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society , in which Whish 's article was published . The matter resurfaced in the 1950s , and now we have the Sanskrit texts properly edited , and we understand the clever way that Mādhava derived the series without the calculus ; but many historians still find it impossible to conceive of the problem and its solution in terms of anything other than the calculus and proclaim that the calculus is what Mādhava found . In this case the elegance and brilliance of Mādhava 's mathematics are being distorted as they are buried under the current mathematical solution to a problem to which he discovered an alternate and powerful solution . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katz 1995 , pp. 173 -- 174 Quote : `` How close did Islamic and Indian scholars come to inventing the calculus ? Islamic scholars nearly developed a general formula for finding integrals of polynomials by A.D. 1000 -- and evidently could find such a formula for any polynomial in which they were interested . But , it appears , they were not interested in any polynomial of degree higher than four , at least in any of the material that has come down to us . Indian scholars , on the other hand , were by 1600 able to use ibn al - Haytham 's sum formula for arbitrary integral powers in calculating power series for the functions in which they were interested . By the same time , they also knew how to calculate the differentials of these functions . So some of the basic ideas of calculus were known in Egypt and India many centuries before Newton . It does not appear , however , that either Islamic or Indian mathematicians saw the necessity of connecting some of the disparate ideas that we include under the name calculus . They were apparently only interested in specific cases in which these ideas were needed ... There is no danger , therefore , that we will have to rewrite the history texts to remove the statement that Newton and Leibniz invented calculus . Thy were certainly the ones who were able to combine many differing ideas under the two unifying themes of the derivative and the integral , show the connection between them , and turn the calculus into the great problem - solving tool we have today . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sergent , Bernard ( 1997 ) , Genèse de l'Inde ( in French ) , Paris : Payot , p. 113 , ISBN 2 - 228 - 89116 - 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coppa , A. ; et al. ( 6 April 2006 ) , `` Early Neolithic tradition of dentistry : Flint tips were surprisingly effective for drilling tooth enamel in a prehistoric population '' ( PDF ) , Nature , 440 ( 7085 ) : 755 -- 6 , Bibcode : 2006Natur. 440 ... 755C , doi : 10.1038 / 440755a , PMID 16598247 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bisht , R.S. ( 1982 ) , `` Excavations at Banawali : 1974 -- 77 '' , in Possehl , Gregory L. ( ed . ) , Harappan Civilisation : A Contemporary Perspective , New Delhi : Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. , pp. 113 -- 124 CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S.R. Rao ( 1992 ) . Marine Archaeology , Vol. 3 , . pp. 61 - 62 . Link http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/handle/2264/3082/J_Mar_Archaeol_3_61.pdf?sequence=2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A. Seidenberg , 1978 . The origin of mathematics . Archive for History of Exact Sciences , vol 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Staal 1999 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Hayashi 2003 , p. 118 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Hayashi 2005 , p. 363 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pythagorean triples are triples of integers ( a , b , c ) with the property : a + b = c . Thus , 3 + 4 = 5 , 8 + 15 = 17 , 12 + 35 = 37 , etc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Cooke 2005 , p. 198 ) : `` The arithmetic content of the Śulva Sūtras consists of rules for finding Pythagorean triples such as ( 3 , 4 , 5 ) , ( 5 , 12 , 13 ) , ( 8 , 15 , 17 ) , and ( 12 , 35 , 37 ) . It is not certain what practical use these arithmetic rules had . The best conjecture is that they were part of religious ritual . A Hindu home was required to have three fires burning at three different altars . The three altars were to be of different shapes , but all three were to have the same area . These conditions led to certain `` Diophantine '' problems , a particular case of which is the generation of Pythagorean triples , so as to make one square integer equal to the sum of two others . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Cooke 2005 , pp. 199 -- 200 ) : `` The requirement of three altars of equal areas but different shapes would explain the interest in transformation of areas . Among other transformation of area problems the Hindus considered in particular the problem of squaring the circle . The Bodhayana Sutra states the converse problem of constructing a circle equal to a given square . The following approximate construction is given as the solution ... this result is only approximate . The authors , however , made no distinction between the two results . In terms that we can appreciate , this construction gives a value for π of 18 ( 3 − 2 √ 2 ) , which is about 3.088 . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Joseph 2000 , p. 229 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Cooke 2005 , p. 200 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The value of this approximation , 577 / 408 , is the seventh in a sequence of increasingly accurate approximations 3 / 2 , 7 / 5 , 17 / 12 , ... to √ 2 , the numerators and denominators of which were known as `` side and diameter numbers '' to the ancient Greeks , and in modern mathematics are called the Pell numbers . If x / y is one term in this sequence of approximations , the next is ( x + 2y ) / ( x + y ) . These approximations may also be derived by truncating the continued fraction representation of √ 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neugebauer , O. and A. Sachs . 1945 . Mathematical Cuneiform Texts , New Haven , CT , Yale University Press . p. 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mathematics Department , University of British Columbia , The Babylonian tabled Plimpton 322 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Three positive integers ( a , b , c ) ( \ displaystyle ( a , b , c ) ) form a primitive Pythagorean triple if c = a + b and if the highest common factor of a , b , c is 1 . In the particular Plimpton322 example , this means that 13500 + 12709 = 18541 and that the three numbers do not have any common factors . However some scholars have disputed the Pythagorean interpretation of this tablet ; see Plimpton 322 for details . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Dani 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ingerman , Peter Zilahy ( 1 March 1967 ) . `` '' Pānini - Backus Form '' suggested `` . Communications of the ACM. 10 ( 3 ) : 137 . doi : 10.1145 / 363162.363165 . ISSN 0001 - 0782 . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Panini - Backus '' . www.infinityfoundation.com . Retrieved 16 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Fowler 1996 , p. 11 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Singh 1936 , pp. 623 -- 624 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Filliozat 2004 , p. 137 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Pingree 1988 , p. 637 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Staal 1986 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Filliozat 2004 , p. 139 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Filliozat 2004 , pp. 140 -- 141 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Yano 2006 , p. 146 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Filliozat 2004 , pp. 143 -- 144 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Pingree 1988 , p. 638 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Hayashi 2003 , pp. 122 -- 123 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Hayashi 2003 , p. 119 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Plofker 2007 , p. 395 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Plofker 2007 , p. 395 , Plofker 2009 , pp. 47 -- 48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Hayashi 2005 , p. 366 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Plofker 2009 , p. 45 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Plofker 2009 , p. 46 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Plofker 2009 , p. 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Pingree 1978 , p. 494 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Plofker 2009 , p. 48 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Hayashi 2005 , p. 371 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Datta 1931 , p. 566 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Hayashi 2005 , p. 371 ) Quote : `` The dates so far proposed for the Bakhshali work vary from the third to the twelfth centuries CE , but a recently made comparative study has shown many similarities , particularly in the style of exposition and terminology , between Bakhshalī work and Bhāskara I 's commentary on the Āryabhatīya . This seems to indicate that both works belong to nearly the same period , although this does not deny the possibility that some of the rules and examples in the Bakhshālī work date from anterior periods . '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Anton , Howard and Chris Rorres. 2005 . Elementary Linear Algebra with Applications . 9th edition . New York : John Wiley and Sons . 864 pages . ISBN 0 - 471 - 66959 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Devlin , Hannah ( 2017 - 09 - 13 ) . `` Much ado about nothing : ancient Indian text contains earliest zero symbol '' . The Guardian . ISSN 0261 - 3077 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mason , Robyn ( 2017 - 09 - 14 ) . `` Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit dates the world 's oldest recorded origin of the zero symbol '' . School of Archaeology , University of Oxford . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carbon dating finds Bakhshali manuscript contains oldest recorded origins of the symbol ' zero ' '' . Bodleian Library . 2017 - 09 - 14 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Neugebauer & Pingree ( eds . ) 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooke , Roger ( 1997 ) , `` The Mathematics of the Hindus '' , The History of Mathematics : A Brief Course , Wiley - Interscience , p. 197 , ISBN 0 - 471 - 18082 - 3 , The word Siddhanta means that which is proved or established . The Sulva Sutras are of Hindu origin , but the Siddhantas contain so many words of foreign origin that they undoubtedly have roots in Mesopotamia and Greece . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Katz , Victor J. ( 1995 ) , `` Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India '' , Mathematics Magazine , 68 ( 3 ) : 163 -- 174 , doi : 10.2307 / 2691411 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Hayashi 2005 , p. 369 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Hayashi 2003 , pp. 121 -- 122 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Stillwell 2004 , p. 77 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Stillwell 2004 , p. 87 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Stillwell 2004 , pp. 72 -- 73 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Stillwell 2004 , pp. 74 -- 76 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gupta , R.C. ( 2000 ) , `` History of Mathematics in India '' , in Hoiberg , Dale ; Ramchandani , Indu , Students ' Britannica India : Select essays , Popular Prakashan , p. 329 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Singh , A.N. , Mathematics of Dhavala , Lucknow University </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Joseph ( 2000 ) , p. 298 -- 300 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Roy 1990 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Bressoud 2002 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : ( Katz 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Singh , A.N. Singh ( 1936 ) , `` On the Use of Series in Hindu Mathematics '' , Osiris , 1 : 606 -- 628 , doi : 10.1086 / 368443 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edwards , C.H. , Jr. 1979 . The Historical Development of the Calculus . New York : Springer - Verlag . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( Whish 1835 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rajagopal , C. ; Rangachari , M.S. ( 1949 ) , `` A Neglected Chapter of Hindu Mathematics '' , Scripta Mathematica , 15 : 201 -- 209 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rajagopal , C. ; Rangachari , M.S. ( 1951 ) , `` On the Hindu proof of Gregory 's series '' , Ibid. , 17 : 65 -- 74 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rajagopal , C. ; Venkataraman , A. ( 1949 ) , `` The sine and cosine power series in Hindu mathematics '' , Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal ( Science ) , 15 : 1 -- 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rajagopal , C. ; Rangachari , M.S. ( 1977 ) , `` On an untapped source of medieval Keralese mathematics '' , Archive for History of Exact Sciences , 18 : 89 -- 102 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00348142 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rajagopal , C. ; Rangachari , M.S. ( 1986 ) , `` On Medieval Kerala Mathematics '' , Archive for History of Exact Sciences , 35 ( 2 ) : 91 -- 99 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00357622 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joseph , G.G. 1997 . `` Foundations of Eurocentrism in Mathematics . '' In Ethnomathematics : Challenging Eurocentrism in Mathematics Education ( Eds. Powell , A.B. et al . ) . SUNY Press . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 3352 - 8 . p. 67 - 68 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cajori , Florian ( 1893 ) , `` The Hindoos '' , A History of Mathematics P 86 , Macmillan & Co. , In algebra , there was probably a mutual giving and receiving ( between Greece and India ) . 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Bagchi and Company ( orig . Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal ) , 133 pages . </Li> <Li> van der Waerden , B.L. ( 1983 ) , Geometry and Algebra in Ancient Civilisations , Berlin and New York : Springer , 223 pages , ISBN 0 - 387 - 12159 - 5 </Li> <Li> van der Waerden , B.L. ( 1988 ) , `` On the Romaka - Siddhānta '' , Archive for History of Exact Sciences , 38 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 11 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00329976 </Li> <Li> van der Waerden , B.L. ( 1988 ) , `` Reconstruction of a Greek table of chords '' , Archive for History of Exact Sciences , 38 ( 1 ) : 23 -- 38 , doi : 10.1007 / BF00329978 </Li> <Li> Van Nooten , B. ( 1993 ) , `` Binary numbers in Indian antiquity '' , Journal of Indian Philosophy , Springer Netherlands , 21 ( 1 ) : 31 -- 50 , doi : 10.1007 / BF01092744 </Li> <Li> Whish , Charles ( 1835 ) , `` Carana Padhati '' , Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland , 3 ( 3 ) : 509 -- 523 , doi : 10.1017 / S0950473700001221 , JSTOR 25581775 </Li> <Li> Yano , Michio ( 2006 ) , `` Oral and Written Transmission of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit '' , Journal of Indian Philosophy , Springer Netherlands , 34 ( 1 -- 2 ) : 143 -- 160 , doi : 10.1007 / s10781 - 005 - 8175 - 6 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Source books in Sanskrit ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Keller , Agathe ( 2006 ) , Expounding the Mathematical Seed . Vol. 1 : The Translation : A Translation of Bhaskara I on the Mathematical Chapter of the Aryabhatiya , Basel , Boston , and Berlin : Birkhäuser Verlag , 172 pages , ISBN 3 - 7643 - 7291 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Keller , Agathe ( 2006 ) , Expounding the Mathematical Seed . Vol. 2 : The Supplements : A Translation of Bhaskara I on the Mathematical Chapter of the Aryabhatiya , Basel , Boston , and Berlin : Birkhäuser Verlag , 206 pages , ISBN 3 - 7643 - 7292 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Neugebauer , Otto ; Pingree ( eds . ) , David ( 1970 ) , The Pañcasiddhāntikā of Varāhamihira , New edition with translation and commentary , ( 2 Vols . ) , Copenhagen CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . </Li> <Li> Pingree , David ( ed ) ( 1978 ) , The Yavanajātaka of Sphujidhvaja , edited , translated and commented by D. Pingree , Cambridge , MA : Harvard Oriental Series 48 ( 2 vols . ) CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . </Li> <Li> Sarma , K.V. ( ed ) ( 1976 ) , Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa with the commentary of Sūryadeva Yajvan , critically edited with Introduction and Appendices , New Delhi : Indian National Science Academy CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . </Li> <Li> Sen , S.N. ; Bag ( eds . ) , A.K. ( 1983 ) , The Śulbasūtras of Baudhāyana , Āpastamba , Kātyāyana and Mānava , with Text , English Translation and Commentary , New Delhi : Indian National Science Academy CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . </Li> <Li> Shukla , K.S. ( ed ) ( 1976 ) , Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa with the commentary of Bhāskara I and Someśvara , critically edited with Introduction , English Translation , Notes , Comments and Indexes , New Delhi : Indian National Science Academy CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . </Li> <Li> Shukla , K.S. ( ed ) ( 1988 ) , Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa , critically edited with Introduction , English Translation , Notes , Comments and Indexes , in collaboration with K.V. Sarma , New Delhi : Indian National Science Academy CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Science and Mathematics in India </Li> <Li> An overview of Indian mathematics , MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive , St Andrews University , 2000 . </Li> <Li> Indian Mathematicians </Li> <Li> Index of Ancient Indian mathematics , MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive , St Andrews University , 2004 . </Li> <Li> Indian Mathematics : Redressing the balance , Student Projects in the History of Mathematics . Ian Pearce . MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive , St Andrews University , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Indian Mathematics on In Our Time at the BBC </Li> <Li> InSIGHT 2009 , a workshop on traditional Indian sciences for school children conducted by the Computer Science department of Anna University , Chennai , India . </Li> <Li> Mathematics in ancient India by R. 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List of Solar eclipses visible from the United states - wikipedia <H1> List of Solar eclipses visible from the United states </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon , during the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . <Table> <Tr> <Th> Lists of solar eclipses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Geometry of a total solar eclipse ( not to scale ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Centuries BC ( show ) <Ul> <Li> 20th </Li> <Li> 19th </Li> <Li> 18th </Li> <Li> 17th </Li> <Li> 16th </Li> <Li> 15th </Li> <Li> 14th </Li> <Li> 13th </Li> <Li> 12th </Li> <Li> 11th </Li> <Li> 10th </Li> <Li> 9th </Li> <Li> 8th </Li> <Li> 7th </Li> <Li> 6th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 1st </Li> </Ul> AD <Ul> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> <Li> 6th </Li> <Li> 7th </Li> <Li> 8th </Li> <Li> 9th </Li> <Li> 10th </Li> <Li> 11th </Li> <Li> 12th </Li> <Li> 13th </Li> <Li> 14th </Li> <Li> 15th </Li> <Li> 16th </Li> <Li> 17th </Li> <Li> 18th </Li> <Li> 19th </Li> <Li> 20th </Li> <Li> 21st </Li> <Li> 22nd </Li> <Li> 23rd </Li> <Li> 24th </Li> <Li> 25th </Li> <Li> 26th </Li> <Li> 27th </Li> <Li> 28th </Li> <Li> 29th </Li> <Li> 30th </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Eclipses seen from <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> See also Lists of lunar eclipses </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This is an incomplete list of solar eclipses visible from the United States between 1901 and 2050 . All eclipses whose path of totality or annularity passes through the land territory of the current fifty U.S. states are included . For lists of eclipses worldwide , see the list of 20th - century solar eclipses and 21st - century solar eclipses . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 1900 -- 1950 </Li> <Li> 2 1951 -- 2000 </Li> <Li> 3 2001 -- 2050 </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> 1900 -- 1950 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> June 28 , 1908 Annular </Td> <Td> June 8 , 1918 Total </Td> <Td> November 22 , 1919 Annular </Td> <Td> September 10 , 1923 Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> January 24 , 1925 Total </Td> <Td> June 29 , 1927 Total </Td> <Td> April 28 , 1930 Hybrid </Td> <Td> August 31 , 1932 Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April 19 , 1939 Annular </Td> <Td> April 7 , 1940 Annular </Td> <Td> February 4 , 1943 Total </Td> <Td> July 9 , 1945 Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 9 , 1948 Annular </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> 1951 -- 2000 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> September 1 , 1951 Annular </Td> <Td> June 30 , 1954 Total </Td> <Td> October 2 , 1959 Total </Td> <Td> July 20 , 1963 Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 7 , 1970 Total </Td> <Td> July 10 , 1972 Total </Td> <Td> February 26 , 1979 Total </Td> <Td> May 30 , 1984 Annular </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> July 22 , 1990 Total </Td> <Td> July 11 , 1991 Total </Td> <Td> January 4 , 1992 Annular </Td> <Td> May 10 , 1994 Annular </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> 2001 -- 2050 ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> May 20 , 2012 Annular </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2017 Total </Td> <Td> October 14 , 2023 Annular </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2024 Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> March 30 , 2033 Total </Td> <Td> June 21 , 2039 Annular </Td> <Td> August 23 , 2044 Total </Td> <Td> August 12 , 2045 Total </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> February 5 , 2046 Annular </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2048 Annular </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Solar eclipses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lists of eclipses </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By century </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antiquity </Li> <Li> 20th BC </Li> <Li> 19th BC </Li> <Li> 18th BC </Li> <Li> 17th BC </Li> <Li> 16th BC </Li> <Li> 15th BC </Li> <Li> 14th BC </Li> <Li> 13th BC </Li> <Li> 12th BC </Li> <Li> 11th BC </Li> <Li> 10th BC </Li> <Li> 9th BC </Li> <Li> 8th BC </Li> <Li> 7th BC </Li> <Li> 6th BC </Li> <Li> 5th BC </Li> <Li> 4th BC </Li> <Li> 3rd BC </Li> <Li> 2nd BC </Li> <Li> 1st BC </Li> <Li> 1st </Li> <Li> 2nd </Li> <Li> 3rd </Li> <Li> 4th </Li> <Li> 5th </Li> <Li> 6th </Li> <Li> 7th </Li> <Li> 8th </Li> <Li> 9th </Li> <Li> 10th </Li> <Li> 11th </Li> <Li> 12th </Li> <Li> 13th </Li> <Li> 14th </Li> <Li> 15th </Li> <Li> 16th </Li> <Li> 17th </Li> <Li> 18th </Li> <Li> 19th </Li> <Li> 20th </Li> <Li> 21st </Li> <Li> 22nd </Li> <Li> 23rd </Li> <Li> 24th </Li> <Li> 25th </Li> <Li> 26th </Li> <Li> 27th </Li> <Li> 28th </Li> <Li> 29th </Li> <Li> 30th </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Saros series </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 110 </Li> <Li> 111 </Li> <Li> 112 </Li> <Li> 113 </Li> <Li> 114 </Li> <Li> 115 </Li> <Li> 116 </Li> <Li> 117 </Li> <Li> 118 </Li> <Li> 119 </Li> <Li> 120 </Li> <Li> 121 </Li> <Li> 122 </Li> <Li> 123 </Li> <Li> 124 </Li> <Li> 125 </Li> <Li> 126 </Li> <Li> 127 </Li> <Li> 128 </Li> <Li> 129 </Li> <Li> 130 </Li> <Li> 131 </Li> <Li> 132 </Li> <Li> 133 </Li> <Li> 134 </Li> <Li> 135 </Li> <Li> 136 </Li> <Li> 137 </Li> <Li> 138 </Li> <Li> 139 </Li> <Li> 140 </Li> <Li> 141 </Li> <Li> 142 </Li> <Li> 143 </Li> <Li> 144 </Li> <Li> 145 </Li> <Li> 146 </Li> <Li> 147 </Li> <Li> 148 </Li> <Li> 149 </Li> <Li> 150 </Li> <Li> 151 </Li> <Li> 152 </Li> <Li> 153 </Li> <Li> 154 </Li> <Li> 155 </Li> <Li> 156 </Li> <Li> 157 </Li> <Li> 158 </Li> <Li> 159 </Li> <Li> 160 </Li> <Li> 161 </Li> <Li> 162 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Visibility </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Historical </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) </Li> <Li> Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) </Li> <Li> Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1560 Aug 21 </Li> <Li> 1598 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1652 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 1654 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 1673 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 1699 Sep 23 </Li> <Li> 1715 May 3 </Li> <Li> 1724 May 22 </Li> <Li> 1766 Feb 9 </Li> <Li> 1778 Jun 24 </Li> <Li> 1780 Oct 27 </Li> <Li> 1806 Jun 16 </Li> <Li> 1816 Nov 19 </Li> <Li> 1824 Jun 26 </Li> <Li> 1842 Jul 8 </Li> <Li> 1851 Jul 28 </Li> <Li> 1853 Nov 30 </Li> <Li> 1857 Mar 25 </Li> <Li> 1858 Sep 7 </Li> <Li> 1860 Jul 18 </Li> <Li> 1865 Apr 25 </Li> <Li> 1867 Aug 29 </Li> <Li> 1868 Aug 18 </Li> <Li> 1869 Aug 7 </Li> <Li> 1870 Dec 22 </Li> <Li> 1871 Dec 12 </Li> <Li> 1874 Apr 16 </Li> <Li> 1875 Apr 6 </Li> <Li> 1878 Jul 29 </Li> <Li> 1882 May 17 </Li> <Li> 1883 May 6 </Li> <Li> 1885 Sep 8 </Li> <Li> 1886 Aug 29 </Li> <Li> 1887 Aug 19 </Li> <Li> 1889 Jan 1 </Li> <Li> 1889 Dec 22 </Li> <Li> 1893 Apr 16 </Li> <Li> 1896 Aug 9 </Li> <Li> 1898 Jan 22 </Li> <Li> 1900 May 28 </Li> <Li> 1901 May 18 </Li> <Li> 1903 Sep 21 </Li> <Li> 1904 Sep 9 </Li> <Li> 1905 Aug 30 </Li> <Li> 1907 Jan 14 </Li> <Li> 1908 Jan 3 </Li> <Li> 1908 Dec 23 </Li> <Li> 1909 Jun 17 </Li> <Li> 1910 May 9 </Li> <Li> 1911 Apr 28 </Li> <Li> 1912 Apr 17 </Li> <Li> 1912 Oct 10 </Li> <Li> 1914 Aug 21 </Li> <Li> 1916 Feb 3 </Li> <Li> 1918 Jun 8 </Li> <Li> 1919 May 29 </Li> <Li> 1921 Oct 1 </Li> <Li> 1922 Sep 21 </Li> <Li> 1923 Sep 10 </Li> <Li> 1925 Jan 24 </Li> <Li> 1926 Jan 14 </Li> <Li> 1927 Jun 29 </Li> <Li> 1928 May 19 </Li> <Li> 1929 May 9 </Li> <Li> 1930 Apr 28 </Li> <Li> 1930 Oct 21 </Li> <Li> 1932 Aug 31 </Li> <Li> 1934 Feb 14 </Li> <Li> 1936 Jun 19 </Li> <Li> 1937 Jun 8 </Li> <Li> 1938 May 29 </Li> <Li> 1939 Oct 12 </Li> <Li> 1940 Oct 1 </Li> <Li> 1941 Sep 21 </Li> <Li> 1943 Feb 4 </Li> <Li> 1944 Jan 25 </Li> <Li> 1944 Jul 20 </Li> <Li> 1945 Jul 9 </Li> <Li> 1947 May 20 </Li> <Li> 1948 Nov 1 </Li> <Li> 1950 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 1952 Feb 25 </Li> <Li> 1954 Jun 30 </Li> <Li> 1955 Jun 20 </Li> <Li> 1956 Jun 8 </Li> <Li> 1957 Oct 23 </Li> <Li> 1958 Oct 12 </Li> <Li> 1959 Oct 2 </Li> <Li> 1961 Feb 15 </Li> <Li> 1962 Feb 5 </Li> <Li> 1963 Jul 20 </Li> <Li> 1965 May 30 </Li> <Li> 1966 Nov 12 </Li> <Li> 1967 Nov 2 </Li> <Li> 1968 Sep 22 </Li> <Li> 1970 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1972 Jul 10 </Li> <Li> 1973 Jun 30 </Li> <Li> 1974 Jun 20 </Li> <Li> 1976 Oct 23 </Li> <Li> 1977 Oct 12 </Li> <Li> 1979 Feb 26 </Li> <Li> 1980 Feb 16 </Li> <Li> 1981 Jul 31 </Li> <Li> 1983 Jun 11 </Li> <Li> 1984 Nov 22 </Li> <Li> 1985 Nov 12 </Li> <Li> 1986 Oct 3 </Li> <Li> 1987 Mar 29 </Li> <Li> 1988 Mar 18 </Li> <Li> 1990 Jul 22 </Li> <Li> 1991 Jul 11 </Li> <Li> 1992 Jun 30 </Li> <Li> 1994 Nov 3 </Li> <Li> 1995 Oct 24 </Li> <Li> 1997 Mar 9 </Li> <Li> 1998 Feb 26 </Li> <Li> 1999 Aug 11 </Li> <Li> 2001 Jun 21 </Li> <Li> 2002 Dec 4 </Li> <Li> 2003 Nov 23 </Li> <Li> 2005 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 2006 Mar 29 </Li> <Li> 2008 Aug 1 </Li> <Li> 2009 Jul 22 </Li> <Li> 2010 Jul 11 </Li> <Li> 2012 Nov 13 </Li> <Li> 2013 Nov 3 </Li> <Li> 2015 Mar 20 </Li> <Li> 2016 Mar 9 </Li> <Li> 2017 Aug 21 </Li> <Li> → 2019 Jul 2 </Li> <Li> 2020 Dec 14 </Li> <Li> 2021 Dec 4 </Li> <Li> 2023 Apr 20 </Li> <Li> 2024 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 2026 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 2027 Aug 2 </Li> <Li> 2028 Jul 22 </Li> <Li> 2030 Nov 25 </Li> <Li> 2031 Nov 14 </Li> <Li> 2033 Mar 30 </Li> <Li> 2034 Mar 20 </Li> <Li> 2035 Sep 2 </Li> <Li> 2037 Jul 13 </Li> <Li> 2038 Dec 26 </Li> <Li> 2039 Dec 15 </Li> <Li> 2041 Apr 30 </Li> <Li> 2042 Apr 20 </Li> <Li> 2043 Apr 9 </Li> <Li> 2044 Aug 23 </Li> <Li> 2045 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 2046 Aug 2 </Li> <Li> 2048 Dec 5 </Li> <Li> 2049 Nov 25 </Li> <Li> 2050 May 20 </Li> <Li> 2052 Mar 30 </Li> <Li> 2053 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 2055 Jul 24 </Li> <Li> 2057 Jan 5 </Li> <Li> 2057 Dec 26 </Li> <Li> 2059 May 11 </Li> <Li> 2060 Apr 30 </Li> <Li> 2061 Apr 20 </Li> <Li> 2063 Aug 24 </Li> <Li> 2064 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 2066 Dec 17 </Li> <Li> 2067 Dec 6 </Li> <Li> 2068 May 31 </Li> <Li> 2070 Apr 11 </Li> <Li> 2071 Sep 23 </Li> <Li> 2072 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 2073 Aug 3 </Li> <Li> 2075 Jan 16 </Li> <Li> 2076 Jan 6 </Li> <Li> 2077 May 22 </Li> <Li> 2078 May 11 </Li> <Li> 2079 May 1 </Li> <Li> 2081 Sep 3 </Li> <Li> 2082 Aug 24 </Li> <Li> 2084 Dec 27 </Li> <Li> 2086 Jun 11 </Li> <Li> 2088 Apr 21 </Li> <Li> 2089 Oct 4 </Li> <Li> 2090 Sep 23 </Li> <Li> 2091 Aug 15 </Li> <Li> 2093 Jan 27 </Li> <Li> 2094 Jan 16 </Li> <Li> 2095 Jun 2 </Li> <Li> 2096 May 22 </Li> <Li> 2097 May 11 </Li> <Li> 2099 Sep 14 </Li> <Li> 2100 Sep 4 </Li> <Li> 2114 Jun 3 </Li> <Li> 2132 Jun 13 </Li> <Li> 2150 Jun 25 </Li> <Li> 2168 Jul 5 </Li> <Li> 2186 Jul 16 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1820 Sep 7 </Li> <Li> 1854 May 26 </Li> <Li> 1879 Jan 22 </Li> <Li> 1889 Jun 28 </Li> <Li> 1901 Nov 11 </Li> <Li> 1903 Mar 29 </Li> <Li> 1904 Mar 17 </Li> <Li> 1905 Mar 6 </Li> <Li> 1907 Jul 10 </Li> <Li> 1908 Jun 28 </Li> <Li> 1911 Oct 22 </Li> <Li> 1914 Feb 25 </Li> <Li> 1915 Feb 14 </Li> <Li> 1915 Aug 10 </Li> <Li> 1916 Jul 30 </Li> <Li> 1917 Dec 14 </Li> <Li> 1918 Dec 3 </Li> <Li> 1919 Nov 22 </Li> <Li> 1921 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 1922 Mar 28 </Li> <Li> 1923 Mar 17 </Li> <Li> 1925 Jul 20 </Li> <Li> 1926 Jul 9 </Li> <Li> 1927 Jan 3 </Li> <Li> 1929 Nov 1 </Li> <Li> 1932 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1933 Feb 24 </Li> <Li> 1933 Aug 21 </Li> <Li> 1934 Aug 10 </Li> <Li> 1935 Dec 25 </Li> <Li> 1936 Dec 13 </Li> <Li> 1937 Dec 2 </Li> <Li> 1939 Apr 19 </Li> <Li> 1940 Apr 7 </Li> <Li> 1941 Mar 27 </Li> <Li> 1943 Aug 1 </Li> <Li> 1945 Jan 14 </Li> <Li> 1947 Nov 12 </Li> <Li> 1948 May 9 </Li> <Li> 1950 Mar 18 </Li> <Li> 1951 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1951 Sep 1 </Li> <Li> 1952 Aug 20 </Li> <Li> 1954 Jan 5 </Li> <Li> 1954 Dec 25 </Li> <Li> 1955 Dec 14 </Li> <Li> 1957 Apr 30 </Li> <Li> 1958 Apr 19 </Li> <Li> 1959 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 1961 Aug 11 </Li> <Li> 1962 Jul 31 </Li> <Li> 1963 Jan 25 </Li> <Li> 1965 Nov 23 </Li> <Li> 1966 May 20 </Li> <Li> 1969 Mar 18 </Li> <Li> 1969 Sep 11 </Li> <Li> 1970 Aug 31 </Li> <Li> 1972 Jan 16 </Li> <Li> 1973 Jan 4 </Li> <Li> 1973 Dec 24 </Li> <Li> 1976 Apr 29 </Li> <Li> 1977 Apr 18 </Li> <Li> 1979 Aug 22 </Li> <Li> 1980 Aug 10 </Li> <Li> 1981 Feb 4 </Li> <Li> 1983 Dec 4 </Li> <Li> 1984 May 30 </Li> <Li> 1987 Sep 23 </Li> <Li> 1988 Sep 11 </Li> <Li> 1990 Jan 26 </Li> <Li> 1991 Jan 15 </Li> <Li> 1992 Jan 4 </Li> <Li> 1994 May 10 </Li> <Li> 1995 Apr 29 </Li> <Li> 1998 Aug 22 </Li> <Li> 1999 Feb 16 </Li> <Li> 2001 Dec 14 </Li> <Li> 2002 Jun 10 </Li> <Li> 2003 May 31 </Li> <Li> 2005 Oct 3 </Li> <Li> 2006 Sep 22 </Li> <Li> 2008 Feb 7 </Li> <Li> 2009 Jan 26 </Li> <Li> 2010 Jan 15 </Li> <Li> 2012 May 20 </Li> <Li> 2013 May 10 </Li> <Li> 2014 Apr 29 </Li> <Li> 2016 Sep 1 </Li> <Li> 2017 Feb 26 </Li> <Li> → 2019 Dec 26 </Li> <Li> 2020 Jun 21 </Li> <Li> 2021 Jun 10 </Li> <Li> 2023 Oct 14 </Li> <Li> 2024 Oct 2 </Li> <Li> 2026 Feb 17 </Li> <Li> 2027 Feb 6 </Li> <Li> 2028 Jan 26 </Li> <Li> 2030 Jun 1 </Li> <Li> 2031 May 21 </Li> <Li> 2032 May 9 </Li> <Li> 2034 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 2035 Mar 9 </Li> <Li> 2038 Jan 5 </Li> <Li> 2038 Jul 2 </Li> <Li> 2039 Jun 21 </Li> <Li> 2041 Oct 25 </Li> <Li> 2042 Oct 14 </Li> <Li> 2043 Oct 3 </Li> <Li> 2044 Feb 28 </Li> <Li> 2045 Feb 16 </Li> <Li> 2046 Feb 5 </Li> <Li> 2048 Jun 11 </Li> <Li> 2049 May 31 </Li> <Li> 2052 Sep 22 </Li> <Li> 2053 Mar 20 </Li> <Li> 2056 Jan 16 </Li> <Li> 2056 Jul 12 </Li> <Li> 2057 Jul 1 </Li> <Li> 2059 Nov 5 </Li> <Li> 2060 Oct 24 </Li> <Li> 2061 Oct 13 </Li> <Li> 2063 Feb 28 </Li> <Li> 2064 Feb 17 </Li> <Li> 2066 Jun 22 </Li> <Li> 2067 Jun 11 </Li> <Li> 2070 Oct 4 </Li> <Li> 2071 Mar 31 </Li> <Li> 2074 Jan 27 </Li> <Li> 2074 Jul 24 </Li> <Li> 2075 Jul 13 </Li> <Li> 2077 Nov 15 </Li> <Li> 2078 Nov 4 </Li> <Li> 2079 Oct 24 </Li> <Li> 2081 Mar 10 </Li> <Li> 2082 Feb 27 </Li> <Li> 2084 Jul 3 </Li> <Li> 2085 Jun 22 </Li> <Li> 2085 Dec 16 </Li> <Li> 2088 Oct 14 </Li> <Li> 2089 Apr 10 </Li> <Li> 2092 Feb 7 </Li> <Li> 2092 Aug 3 </Li> <Li> 2093 Jul 23 </Li> <Li> 2095 Nov 27 </Li> <Li> 2096 Nov 15 </Li> <Li> 2097 Nov 4 </Li> <Li> 2099 Mar 21 </Li> <Li> 2100 Mar 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1902 Apr 8 </Li> <Li> 1902 May 7 </Li> <Li> 1902 Oct 31 </Li> <Li> 1906 Feb 23 </Li> <Li> 1906 Jul 21 </Li> <Li> 1906 Aug 20 </Li> <Li> 1909 Dec 12 </Li> <Li> 1910 Nov 2 </Li> <Li> 1913 Apr 6 </Li> <Li> 1913 Aug 31 </Li> <Li> 1913 Sep 30 </Li> <Li> 1916 Dec 24 </Li> <Li> 1917 Jan 23 </Li> <Li> 1917 Jun 19 </Li> <Li> 1917 Jul 19 </Li> <Li> 1920 May 18 </Li> <Li> 1920 Nov 10 </Li> <Li> 1924 Mar 5 </Li> <Li> 1924 Jul 31 </Li> <Li> 1924 Aug 30 </Li> <Li> 1927 Dec 24 </Li> <Li> 1928 Jun 17 </Li> <Li> 1928 Nov 12 </Li> <Li> 1931 Apr 18 </Li> <Li> 1931 Sep 12 </Li> <Li> 1931 Oct 11 </Li> <Li> 1935 Jan 5 </Li> <Li> 1935 Feb 3 </Li> <Li> 1935 Jun 30 </Li> <Li> 1935 Jul 30 </Li> <Li> 1938 Nov 21 </Li> <Li> 1942 Mar 16 </Li> <Li> 1942 Aug 12 </Li> <Li> 1942 Sep 10 </Li> <Li> 1946 Jan 3 </Li> <Li> 1946 May 30 </Li> <Li> 1946 Jun 29 </Li> <Li> 1946 Nov 23 </Li> <Li> 1949 Apr 28 </Li> <Li> 1949 Oct 21 </Li> <Li> 1953 Feb 14 </Li> <Li> 1953 Jul 11 </Li> <Li> 1953 Aug 9 </Li> <Li> 1956 Dec 2 </Li> <Li> 1960 Mar 27 </Li> <Li> 1960 Sep 20 </Li> <Li> 1964 Jan 14 </Li> <Li> 1964 Jun 10 </Li> <Li> 1964 Jul 9 </Li> <Li> 1964 Dec 4 </Li> <Li> 1967 May 9 </Li> <Li> 1968 Mar 28 </Li> <Li> 1971 Feb 25 </Li> <Li> 1971 Jul 22 </Li> <Li> 1971 Aug 20 </Li> <Li> 1974 Dec 13 </Li> <Li> 1975 May 11 </Li> <Li> 1975 Nov 3 </Li> <Li> 1978 Apr 7 </Li> <Li> 1978 Oct 2 </Li> <Li> 1982 Jan 25 </Li> <Li> 1982 Jun 21 </Li> <Li> 1982 Jul 20 </Li> <Li> 1982 Dec 15 </Li> <Li> 1985 May 19 </Li> <Li> 1986 Apr 9 </Li> <Li> 1989 Mar 7 </Li> <Li> 1989 Aug 31 </Li> <Li> 1992 Dec 24 </Li> <Li> 1993 May 21 </Li> <Li> 1993 Nov 13 </Li> <Li> 1996 Apr 17 </Li> <Li> 1996 Oct 12 </Li> <Li> 1997 Sep 2 </Li> <Li> 2000 Feb 5 </Li> <Li> 2000 Jul 1 </Li> <Li> 2000 Jul 31 </Li> <Li> 2000 Dec 25 </Li> <Li> 2004 Apr 19 </Li> <Li> 2004 Oct 14 </Li> <Li> 2007 Mar 19 </Li> <Li> 2011 Jan 4 </Li> <Li> 2011 Jun 1 </Li> <Li> 2011 Jul 1 </Li> <Li> 2011 Nov 25 </Li> <Li> 2014 Oct 23 </Li> <Li> 2015 Sep 13 </Li> <Li> → 2018 Feb 15 </Li> <Li> 2018 Jul 13 </Li> <Li> 2018 Aug 11 </Li> <Li> 2019 Jan 6 </Li> <Li> 2022 Apr 30 </Li> <Li> 2022 Oct 25 </Li> <Li> 2025 Mar 29 </Li> <Li> 2025 Sep 21 </Li> <Li> 2029 Jan 14 </Li> <Li> 2029 Jun 12 </Li> <Li> 2029 Jul 11 </Li> <Li> 2032 Nov 3 </Li> <Li> 2033 Sep 23 </Li> <Li> 2036 Feb 27 </Li> <Li> 2036 Jul 23 </Li> <Li> 2036 Aug 21 </Li> <Li> 2037 Jan 16 </Li> <Li> 2040 May 11 </Li> <Li> 2040 Nov 4 </Li> <Li> 2047 Jan 26 </Li> <Li> 2047 Jun 23 </Li> <Li> 2047 Jul 22 </Li> <Li> 2047 Dec 16 </Li> <Li> 2050 Nov 14 </Li> <Li> 2051 Apr 11 </Li> <Li> 2051 Oct 4 </Li> <Li> 2054 Mar 9 </Li> <Li> 2054 Aug 3 </Li> <Li> 2054 Sep 2 </Li> <Li> 2055 Jan 27 </Li> <Li> 2058 May 22 </Li> <Li> 2058 Jun 21 </Li> <Li> 2058 Nov 16 </Li> <Li> 2062 Mar 11 </Li> <Li> 2062 Sep 3 </Li> <Li> 2065 Feb 5 </Li> <Li> 2065 Jul 3 </Li> <Li> 2065 Aug 2 </Li> <Li> 2065 Dec 27 </Li> <Li> 2068 Nov 24 </Li> <Li> 2069 Apr 21 </Li> <Li> 2069 May 20 </Li> <Li> 2069 Oct 15 </Li> <Li> 2072 Mar 19 </Li> <Li> 2073 Feb 7 </Li> <Li> 2076 Jun 1 </Li> <Li> 2076 Jul 1 </Li> <Li> 2076 Nov 26 </Li> <Li> 2083 Feb 16 </Li> <Li> 2083 Jul 15 </Li> <Li> 2083 Aug 13 </Li> <Li> 2084 Jan 7 </Li> <Li> 2086 Dec 6 </Li> <Li> 2087 May 2 </Li> <Li> 2087 Jun 1 </Li> <Li> 2087 Oct 26 </Li> <Li> 2090 Mar 31 </Li> <Li> 2091 Feb 18 </Li> <Li> 2094 Jun 13 </Li> <Li> 2094 Jul 12 </Li> <Li> 2094 Dec 7 </Li> <Li> 2098 Apr 1 </Li> <Li> 2098 Sep 25 </Li> <Li> 2098 Oct 24 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other bodies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mars </Li> <Li> Moon </Li> <Li> Jupiter </Li> <Li> Neptune </Li> <Li> Pluto </Li> <Li> Saturn </Li> <Li> Uranus </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eclipse chasing <Ul> <Li> Solar viewer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Solar eclipses in fiction </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> WikiProject </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2012 May 20 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2017 Aug 21 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2023 Oct 14 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2024 Apr 08 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2033 Mar 30 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2039 Jun 21 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2044 Aug 23 '' . NASA . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2045 Aug 12 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2046 Feb 05 '' . NASA . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2048 Jun 11 '' . NASA . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_the_United_States&oldid=797598983 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Solar eclipses by country </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> فارسی </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 03 : 56 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | when was the last total solar eclipse seen from texas | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_the_United_States&oldid=797598983 | 4,500,497,826,888,549,400 |
Book of Genesis - wikipedia <H1> Book of Genesis </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` The Book of Genesis '' redirects here . For the comics , see The Book of Genesis ( comics ) . 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It can be divided into two parts , the Primeval history ( chapters 1 -- 11 ) and the Ancestral history ( chapters 12 -- 50 ) . The primeval history sets out the author ( s ) concepts of the nature of the deity and of humankind 's relationship with its maker : God creates a world which is good and fit for mankind , but when man corrupts it with sin God decides to destroy his creation , saving only the righteous Noah to reestablish the relationship between man and God . The Ancestral History ( chapters 12 -- 50 ) tells of the prehistory of Israel , God 's chosen people . At God 's command Noah 's descendant Abraham journeys from his home into the land of Canaan , given to him by God , where he dwells as a sojourner , as does his son Isaac and his grandson Jacob . Jacob 's name is changed to Israel , and through the agency of his son Joseph , the children of Israel descend into Egypt , 70 people in all with their households , and God promises them a future of greatness . Genesis ends with Israel in Egypt , ready for the coming of Moses and the Exodus . The narrative is punctuated by a series of covenants with God , successively narrowing in scope from all mankind ( the covenant with Noah ) to a special relationship with one people alone ( Abraham and his descendants through Isaac and Jacob ) . </P> <P> In Judaism , the theological importance of Genesis centers on the covenants linking God to his chosen people and the people to the Promised Land . Christianity has interpreted Genesis as the prefiguration of certain cardinal Christian beliefs , primarily the need for salvation ( the hope or assurance of all Christians ) and the redemptive act of Christ on the Cross as the fulfillment of covenant promises as the Son of God . </P> <P> Tradition credits Moses as the author of Genesis , as well as Exodus , Book of Leviticus , Numbers and most of Book of Deuteronomy , but modern scholars increasingly see them as a product of the 6th and 5th centuries BC . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Structure </Li> <Li> 2 Summary </Li> <Li> 3 Composition <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Title and textual witnesses </Li> <Li> 3.2 Origins </Li> <Li> 3.3 Genre </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Themes <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Promises to the ancestors </Li> <Li> 4.2 God 's chosen people </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Judaism 's weekly Torah portions </Li> <Li> 6 First phrase </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Bibliography <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Commentaries on Genesis </Li> <Li> 10.2 General </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Structure ( edit ) </H2> <P> Genesis appears to be structured around the recurring phrase elleh toledot , meaning `` these are the generations , '' with the first use of the phrase referring to the `` generations of heaven and earth '' and the remainder marking individuals -- Noah , the `` sons of Noah '' , Shem , etc. , down to Jacob . It is not clear , however , what this meant to the original authors , and most modern commentators divide it into two parts based on subject matter , a `` primeval history '' ( chapters 1 -- 11 ) and a `` patriarchal history '' ( chapters 12 -- 50 ) . While the first is far shorter than the second , it sets out the basic themes and provides an interpretive key for understanding the entire book . The `` primeval history '' has a symmetrical structure hinging on chapters 6 -- 9 , the flood story , with the events before the flood mirrored by the events after ; the `` ancestral history '' is structured around the three patriarchs Abraham , Jacob and Joseph . ( The stories of Isaac do not make up a coherent cycle of stories and function as a bridge between the cycles of Abraham and Jacob ) . </P> <H2> Summary ( edit ) </H2> See also : Primeval history and Patriarchal age The Angel Hinders the Offering of Isaac ( Rembrandt , 1635 ) <P> God creates the world in six days and consecrates the seventh as a day of rest . God creates the first humans Adam and Eve and all the animals in the Garden of Eden but instructs them not to eat the fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil . A talking serpent portrayed as a deceptive creature or trickster , entices Eve into eating it anyway , and she entices Adam , whereupon God throws them out and curses them -- Adam to getting what he needs only by sweat and work , and Eve to giving birth in pain . This is interpreted by Christians as the fall of humanity . Eve bears two sons , Cain and Abel . Cain kills Abel after God accepts Abel 's offering but not Cain 's . God then curses Cain . Eve bears another son , Seth , to take Abel 's place . </P> <P> After many generations of Adam have passed from the lines of Cain and Seth , the world becomes corrupted by human sin and Nephilim , and God determines to wipe out humanity . First , he instructs the righteous Noah and his family to build an ark and put examples of all the animals on it , seven pairs of every clean animal and one pair of every unclean . Then God sends a great flood to wipe out the rest of the world . When the waters recede , God promises that he will not destroy the world a second time with water with the rainbow as a symbol of his promise . God sees mankind cooperating to build a great tower city , the Tower of Babel , and divides humanity with many languages and sets them apart with confusion . </P> <P> God instructs Abram to travel from his home in Mesopotamia to the land of Canaan . There , God makes a covenant with Abram , promising that his descendants shall be as numerous as the stars , but that people will suffer oppression in a foreign land for four hundred years , after which they will inherit the land `` from the river of Egypt to the great river , the river Euphrates '' . Abram 's name is changed to Abraham and that of his wife Sarai to Sarah , and circumcision of all males is instituted as the sign of the covenant . Because Sarah is old , she tells Abraham to take her Egyptian handmaiden , Hagar , as a second wife . Through Hagar , Abraham fathers Ishmael . </P> <P> God resolves to destroy the cities of Sodom and Gomorrah for the sins of their people . Abraham protests and gets God to agree not to destroy the cities if 10 righteous men can be found . Angels save Abraham 's nephew Lot and his family , but his wife looks back on the destruction against their command and is turned into a pillar of salt . Lot 's daughters , concerned that they are fugitives who will never find husbands , get him drunk to become pregnant by him , and give birth to the ancestors of the Moabites and Ammonites . </P> <P> Abraham and Sarah go to the Philistine town of Gerar , pretending to be brother and sister ( they are half - siblings ) . The King of Gerar takes Sarah for his wife , but God warns him to return her , and he obeys . God sends Sarah a son to be named Isaac , through whom the covenant will be established . At Sarah 's insistence , Ishmael and his mother Hagar are driven out into the wilderness , but God saves them and promises to make Ishmael a great nation . </P> <P> God tests Abraham by demanding that he sacrifice Isaac . As Abraham is about to lay the knife upon his son , God restrains him , promising him numberless descendants . On the death of Sarah , Abraham purchases Machpelah ( believed to be modern Hebron ) for a family tomb and sends his servant to Mesopotamia to find among his relations a wife for Isaac , and Rebekah is chosen . Other children are born to Abraham by another wife , Keturah , among whose descendants are the Midianites , and he dies in a prosperous old age and is buried in his tomb at Hebron . </P> <P> Isaac 's wife Rebecca gives birth to the twins Esau , father of the Edomites , and Jacob . Through deception , Jacob becomes the heir instead of Esau and gains his father 's blessing . He flees to his uncle where he prospers and earns his two wives , Rachel and Leah . Jacob 's name is changed to Israel , and by his wives and their handmaidens he has twelve sons , the ancestors of the twelve tribes of the Children of Israel , and a daughter , Dinah . </P> <P> Joseph , Jacob 's favorite son , is sold into slavery in Egypt by his jealous brothers . But Joseph prospers , after hardship , with God 's guidance of interpreting Pharaoh 's dream of upcoming famine . He is then reunited with his father and brothers , who fail to recognize him , and plead for food . After much manipulation , he reveals himself and lets them and their households into Egypt , where Pharaoh assigns to them the land of Goshen . Jacob calls his sons to his bedside and reveals their future before he dies . Joseph lives to an old age and exhorts his brethren , if God should lead them out of the country , to take his bones with them . </P> <H2> Composition ( edit ) </H2> Abram 's Journey from Ur to Canaan ( József Molnár , 1850 ) <H3> Title and textual witnesses ( edit ) </H3> <P> Genesis takes its Hebrew title from the first word of the first sentence , Bereshit , meaning `` In ( the ) beginning '' ( the word `` the '' is absent but can be understood ) ; in the Greek Septuagint it was called Genesis , from the phrase `` the generations of heaven and earth '' . There are four major textual witnesses to the book : the Masoretic Text , the Samaritan Pentateuch , the Septuagint , and fragments of Genesis found at Qumran . The Qumran group provides the oldest manuscripts but covers only a small proportion of the book ; in general , the Masoretic Text is well preserved and reliable , but there are many individual instances where the other versions preserve a superior reading . </P> <H3> Origins ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Documentary hypothesis <P> For much of the 20th century most scholars agreed that the five books of the Pentateuch -- Genesis , Exodus , Leviticus , Numbers and Deuteronomy -- came from four sources , the Yahwist , the Elohist , the Deuteronomist and the Priestly source , each telling the same basic story , and joined together by various editors . Since the 1970s there has been a revolution in scholarship : the Elohist source is now widely regarded as no more than a variation on the Yahwist , while the Priestly source is increasingly seen not as a document but as a body of revisions and expansions to the Yahwist ( or `` non-Priestly '' ) material . ( The Deuteronomistic source does not appear in Genesis ) . </P> <P> Examples of repeated and duplicate stories are used to identify the separate sources . In Genesis these include three different accounts of a Patriarch claiming that his wife was his sister , the two creation stories , and the two versions of Abraham sending Hagar and Ishmael into the desert . </P> <P> This leaves the question of when these works were created . Scholars in the first half of the 20th century came to the conclusion that the Yahwist was produced in the monarchic period , specifically at the court of Solomon , 10th century BC , and the Priestly work in the middle of the 5th century BC ( the author was even identified as Ezra ) , but more recent thinking is that the Yahwist was written either just before or during the Babylonian exile of the 6th century BC , and the Priestly final edition was made late in the Exilic period or soon after . </P> <P> As for why the book was created , a theory which has gained considerable interest , although still controversial is `` Persian imperial authorisation '' . This proposes that the Persians of the Achaemenid Empire , after their conquest of Babylon in 539 BC , agreed to grant Jerusalem a large measure of local autonomy within the empire , but required the local authorities to produce a single law code accepted by the entire community . The two powerful groups making up the community -- the priestly families who controlled the Temple and who traced their origin to Moses and the wilderness wanderings , and the major landowning families who made up the `` elders '' and who traced their own origins to Abraham , who had `` given '' them the land -- were in conflict over many issues , and each had its own `` history of origins '' , but the Persian promise of greatly increased local autonomy for all provided a powerful incentive to cooperate in producing a single text . </P> <H3> Genre ( edit ) </H3> <P> Genesis is perhaps best seen as an example of a creation myth , a type of literature telling of the first appearance of humans , the stories of ancestors and heroes , and the origins of culture , cities and so forth . The most notable examples are found in the work of Greek historians of the 6th century BC : their intention was to connect notable families of their own day to a distant and heroic past , and in doing so they did not distinguish between myth , legend , and facts . Professor Jean - Louis Ska of the Pontifical Biblical Institute calls the basic rule of the antiquarian historian the `` law of conservation '' : everything old is valuable , nothing is eliminated . Ska also points out the purpose behind such antiquarian histories : antiquity is needed to prove the worth of Israel 's traditions to the nations ( the neighbours of the Jews in early Persian Palestine ) , and to reconcile and unite the various factions within Israel itself . </P> <H2> Themes ( edit ) </H2> Joseph recognized by his brothers ( Léon Pierre Urban Bourgeois , 1863 ) <H3> Promises to the ancestors ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1978 David Clines published his influential The Theme of the Pentateuch -- influential because he was one of the first to take up the question of the theme of the entire five books . Clines ' conclusion was that the overall theme is `` the partial fulfillment -- which implies also the partial nonfulfillment -- of the promise to or blessing of the Patriarchs '' . ( By calling the fulfillment `` partial '' Clines was drawing attention to the fact that at the end of Deuteronomy the people are still outside Canaan ) . </P> <P> The patriarchs , or ancestors , are Abraham , Isaac and Jacob , with their wives ( Joseph is normally excluded ) . Since the name YHWH had not been revealed to them , they worshipped El in his various manifestations . ( It is , however , worth noting that in the Jahwist source the patriarchs refer to deity by the name YHWH , for example in Genesis 15 . ) Through the patriarchs God announces the election of Israel , meaning that he has chosen Israel to be his special people and committed himself to their future . God tells the patriarchs that he will be faithful to their descendants ( i.e. to Israel ) , and Israel is expected to have faith in God and his promise . ( `` Faith '' in the context of Genesis and the Hebrew Bible means agreement to the promissory relationship , not a body of belief ) . </P> <P> The promise itself has three parts : offspring , blessings , and land . The fulfilment of the promise to each patriarch depends on having a male heir , and the story is constantly complicated by the fact that each prospective mother -- Sarah , Rebekah and Rachel -- is barren . The ancestors , however , retain their faith in God and God in each case gives a son -- in Jacob 's case , twelve sons , the foundation of the chosen Israelites . All three promises are more richly fulfilled in each succeeding generation , until through Joseph `` all the world '' is saved from famine , and by bringing the children of Israel down to Egypt he becomes the means through which the promise can be fulfilled . </P> <H3> God 's chosen people ( edit ) </H3> <P> Scholars generally agree that the theme of divine promise unites the patriarchal cycles , but many would dispute the efficacy of trying to examine Genesis ' theology by pursuing a single overarching theme , instead citing as more productive the analysis of the Abraham cycle , the Jacob cycle , and the Joseph cycle , and the Yahwist and Priestly sources . The problem lies in finding a way to unite the patriarchal theme of divine promise to the stories of Genesis 1 -- 11 ( the primeval history ) with their theme of God 's forgiveness in the face of man 's evil nature . One solution is to see the patriarchal stories as resulting from God 's decision not to remain alienated from mankind : God creates the world and mankind , mankind rebels , and God `` elects '' ( chooses ) Abraham . </P> <P> To this basic plot ( which comes from the Yahwist ) the Priestly source has added a series of covenants dividing history into stages , each with its own distinctive `` sign '' . The first covenant is between God and all living creatures , and is marked by the sign of the rainbow ; the second is with the descendants of Abraham ( Ishmaelites and others as well as Israelites ) , and its sign is circumcision ; and the last , which does n't appear until the book of Exodus , is with Israel alone , and its sign is Sabbath . Each covenant is mediated by a great leader ( Noah , Abraham , Moses ) , and at each stage God progressively reveals himself by his name ( Elohim with Noah , El Shaddai with Abraham , Yahweh with Moses ) . </P> <H2> Judaism 's weekly Torah portions ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Weekly Torah portion First Day of Creation ( from the 1493 Nuremberg Chronicle ) <Dl> <Dd> <Ul> <Li> Bereshit , on Genesis 1 -- 6 : Creation , Eden , Adam and Eve , Cain and Abel , Lamech , wickedness </Li> <Li> Noach , on Genesis 6 -- 11 : Noah 's Ark , the Flood , Noah 's drunkenness , the Tower of Babel </Li> <Li> Lech - Lecha , on Genesis 12 -- 17 : Abraham , Sarah , Lot , covenant , Hagar and Ishmael , circumcision </Li> <Li> Vayeira , on Genesis 18 -- 22 : Abraham 's visitors , Sodomites , Lot 's visitors and flight , Hagar expelled , binding of Isaac </Li> <Li> Chayei Sarah , on Genesis 23 -- 25 : Sarah buried , Rebekah for Isaac </Li> <Li> Toledot , on Genesis 25 -- 28 : Esau and Jacob , Esau 's birthright , Isaac 's blessing </Li> <Li> Vayetze , on Genesis 28 -- 32 : Jacob flees , Rachel , Leah , Laban , Jacob 's children and departure </Li> <Li> Vayishlach , on Genesis 32 -- 36 : Jacob 's reunion with Esau , the rape of Dinah </Li> <Li> Vayeshev , on Genesis 37 -- 40 : Joseph 's dreams , coat , and slavery , Judah with Tamar , Joseph and Potiphar </Li> <Li> Miketz , on Genesis 41 -- 44 : Pharaoh 's dream , Joseph 's in government , Joseph 's brothers visit Egypt </Li> <Li> Vayigash , on Genesis 44 -- 47 : Joseph reveals himself , Jacob moves to Egypt </Li> <Li> Vaychi , on Genesis 47 -- 50 : Jacob 's blessings , death of Jacob and of Joseph </Li> </Ul> </Dd> </Dl> <H2> First phrase ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Genesis 1 : 1 `` In principio creavit deus ... '' First page of Genesis in a Latin bible dated 1481 ( Bodleian Library ) <P> Perhaps the most well - known passage of the Hebrew Bible , the first phrase of Genesis has long been translated as `` In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth ... '' but the idea that God created the world out of nothing is not directly stated anywhere in the entire Hebrew Bible . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bible portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Dating the Bible </Li> <Li> Enûma Eliš </Li> <Li> Genesis creation narrative </Li> <Li> Historicity of the Bible </Li> <Li> Mosaic authorship </Li> <Li> Paradise Lost </Li> <Li> Protevangelium </Li> <Li> Wife -- sister narratives in the Book of Genesis </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ The Weekly Torah portions , Parashot , divide the book into 12 readings . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 1990 ) , p. 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergant 2013 , p. xii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bandstra 2008 , p. 35 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bandstra 2008 , p. 78 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bandstra ( 2004 ) , pp. 28 -- 29 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Seters ( 1998 ) , p. 5 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Davies ( 1998 ) , p. 37 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 1990 ) , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whybray ( 1997 ) , p. 41 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKeown ( 2008 ) , p. 2 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Walsh ( 2001 ) , p. 112 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergant 2013 , p. 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bergant 2013 , p. 103 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carr 2000 , p. 491 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hendel , R.S. ( 1992 ) . Genesis , Book of . In D.N. Freedman ( Ed . ) , The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary ( Vol. 2 , p. 933 ) . New York : Doubleday </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gooder ( 2000 ) , pp. 12 -- 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Seters ( 2004 ) , pp. 30 -- 86 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence Boadt ; Richard J. Clifford ; Daniel J. Harrington ( 2012 ) . Reading the Old Testament : An Introduction . Paulist Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ska ( 2006 ) , pp. 169 , 217 -- 18 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Van Seters ( 2004 ) pp. 113 -- 14 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whybray ( 2001 ) , p. 39 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Ska ( 2006 ) , p. 169 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clines ( 1997 ) , p. 30 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hamilton ( 1990 ) , p. 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John J Collins ( 2007 ) , A Short Introduction to the Hebrew Bible , Fortress Press , p. 47 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brueggemann ( 2002 ) , p. 61 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brueggemann ( 2002 ) , p. 78 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKeown ( 2008 ) , p. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wenham ( 2003 ) , p. 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton ( 1990 ) , pp. 38 -- 39 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hendel , R.S. ( 1992 ) . Genesis , Book of . In D.N. Freedman ( Ed . ) , The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary ( Vol. 2 , p. 935 ) . New York : Doubleday </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kugler , Hartin ( 2009 ) , p. 9 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nebe , Gottfried ( 2002 ) , Creation in Paul 's Theology . In Hoffman , Yair ; Reventlow , Henning Graf . `` Creation in Jewish and Christian tradition '' , A&C Black , p. 119 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Bibliography ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Commentaries on Genesis ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bandstra , Barry L. ( 2008 ) . Reading the Old Testament . Cengage Learning . ISBN 0495391050 . </Li> <Li> Bergant , Dianne ( 2013 ) . Genesis : In the Beginning . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814682753 . </Li> <Li> Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 2011 ) . Creation , Un-creation , Re-creation : A Discursive Commentary on Genesis 1 -- 11 . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780567372871 . </Li> <Li> Brueggemann , Walter ( 1986 ) . Genesis . Interpretation : A Bible Commentary for Teaching and Preaching . Atlanta : John Knox Press . ISBN 0 - 8042 - 3101 - X . </Li> <Li> Carr , David M. ( 2000 ) . `` Genesis , Book of '' . In Freedman , David Noel ; Myers , Allen C. Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Amsterdam University Press . ISBN 9780567372871 . </Li> <Li> Cotter , David W ( 2003 ) . Genesis . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814650400 . </Li> <Li> De La Torre , Miguel ( 2011 ) . Genesis . Belief : A Theological Commentary on the Bible . Westminster John Knox Press . </Li> <Li> Fretheim , Terence E. `` The Book of Genesis . '' In The New Interpreter 's Bible . Edited by Leander E. Keck , vol. 1 , pp. 319 -- 674 . Nashville : Abingdon Press , 1994 . ISBN 0 - 687 - 27814 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Hamilton , Victor P ( 1990 ) . The Book of Genesis : chapters 1 -- 17 . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802825216 . </Li> <Li> Hamilton , Victor P ( 1995 ) . The Book of Genesis : chapters 18 -- 50 . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802823090 . </Li> <Li> Hirsch , Samson Raphael . The Pentateuch : Genesis . Translated by Isaac Levy . Judaica Press , 2nd edition 1999 . ISBN 0 - 910818 - 12 - 6 . Originally published as Der Pentateuch uebersetzt und erklaert Frankfurt , 1867 -- 1878 . </Li> <Li> Kass , Leon R . The Beginning of Wisdom : Reading Genesis . New York : Free Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 - 7432 - 4299 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Kessler , Martin ; Deurloo , Karel Adriaan ( 2004 ) . A Commentary on Genesis : The Book of Beginnings . Paulist Press . ISBN 9780809142057 . </Li> <Li> McKeown , James ( 2008 ) . Genesis . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802827050 . </Li> <Li> Plaut , Gunther . The Torah : A Modern Commentary ( 1981 ) , ISBN 0 - 8074 - 0055 - 6 </Li> <Li> Rogerson , John William ( 1991 ) . Genesis 1 -- 11 . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567083388 . </Li> <Li> Sacks , Robert D ( 1990 ) . A Commentary on the Book of Genesis . Edwin Mellen . </Li> <Li> Sarna , Nahum M. The JPS Torah Commentary : Genesis : The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation . Philadelphia : Jewish Publication Society , 1989 . ISBN 0 - 8276 - 0326 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Speiser , E.A. Genesis : Introduction , Translation , and Notes . New York : Anchor Bible , 1964 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 00854 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Towner , Wayne Sibley ( 2001 ) . Genesis . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664252564 . </Li> <Li> Turner , Laurence ( 2009 ) . Genesis , Second Edition . Sheffield Phoenix Press . ISBN 9781906055653 . </Li> <Li> Von Rad , Gerhard ( 1972 ) . Genesis : A Commentary . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664227456 . </Li> <Li> Wenham , Gordon ( 2003 ) . `` Genesis '' . In James D.G. Dunn , John William Rogerson . Eerdmans Bible Commentary . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802837110 . </Li> <Li> Whybray , R.N ( 2001 ) . `` Genesis '' . In John Barton . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> General ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bandstra , Barry L ( 2004 ) . Reading the Old Testament : An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible . Wadsworth . ISBN 9780495391050 . </Li> <Li> Blenkinsopp , Joseph ( 2004 ) . Treasures old and new : Essays in the Theology of the Pentateuch . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802826794 . </Li> <Li> Brueggemann , Walter ( 2002 ) . Reverberations of faith : A Theological Handbook of Old Testament themes . Westminster John Knox . ISBN 9780664222314 . </Li> <Li> Campbell , Antony F ; O'Brien , Mark A ( 1993 ) . Sources of the Pentateuch : Texts , Introductions , Annotations . Fortress Press . ISBN 9781451413670 . </Li> <Li> Carr , David M ( 1996 ) . Reading the Fractures of Genesis . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664220716 . </Li> <Li> Clines , David A ( 1997 ) . The Theme of the Pentateuch . Sheffield Academic Press . ISBN 9780567431967 . </Li> <Li> Davies , G.I ( 1998 ) . `` Introduction to the Pentateuch '' . In John Barton . Oxford Bible Commentary . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780198755005 . </Li> <Li> Gooder , Paula ( 2000 ) . The Pentateuch : A Story of Beginnings . T&T Clark . ISBN 9780567084187 . </Li> <Li> Hendel , Ronald ( 2012 ) . The Book of `` Genesis '' : A Biography ( Lives of Great Religious Books ) . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691140124 . </Li> <Li> Kugler , Robert ; Hartin , Patrick ( 2009 ) . The Old Testament between Theology and History : A Critical Survey . Eerdmans . ISBN 9780802846365 . </Li> <Li> Levin , Christoph L ( 2005 ) . The Old Testament : A Brief Introduction . Princeton University Press . ISBN 9780691113944 . </Li> <Li> Longman , Tremper ( 2005 ) . How to read Genesis . InterVarsity Press . ISBN 9780830875603 . </Li> <Li> McEntire , Mark ( 2008 ) . Struggling with God : An Introduction to the Pentateuch . Mercer University Press . ISBN 9780881461015 . </Li> <Li> Newman , Murray L. ( 1999 ) . Genesis ( PDF ) . Forward Movement Publications , Cincinnati , OH . </Li> <Li> Ska , Jean - Louis ( 2006 ) . Introduction to Reading the Pentateuch . Eisenbrauns . ISBN 9781575061221 . </Li> <Li> Van Seters , John ( 1992 ) . Prologue to History : The Yahwist as Historian in Genesis . Westminster John Knox Press . </Li> <Li> Van Seters , John ( 1998 ) . `` The Pentateuch '' . In Steven L. McKenzie , Matt Patrick Graham . The Hebrew Bible Today : An Introduction to Critical Issues . Westminster John Knox Press . ISBN 9780664256524 . </Li> <Li> Van Seters , John ( 2004 ) . The Pentateuch : A Social - science Commentary . Continuum International Publishing Group . ISBN 9780567080882 . </Li> <Li> Walsh , Jerome T ( 2001 ) . Style and Structure in Biblical Hebrew Narrative . Liturgical Press . ISBN 9780814658970 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Book of Genesis . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikiquote has quotations related to : Genesis </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Genesis </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Book of Genesis Hebrew Transliteration </Li> <Li> Bereshit ( book of Genesis ) -- Mikraot Gedolot Haketer -- online edition , Menachem Cohen , Bar Ilan University ( Hebrew ) </Li> <Li> Book of Genesis illustrated </Li> <Li> Genesis Reading Room ( Tyndale Seminary ) : online commentaries and monographs on Genesis . </Li> <Li> Bereshit with commentary in Hebrew </Li> <Li> בראשית Bereishit -- Genesis ( Hebrew -- English at Mechon-Mamre.org ) </Li> <Li> Genesis at Mechon - Mamre ( Jewish Publication Society translation ) </Li> <Li> 01 Genesis public domain audiobook at LibriVox Various versions </Li> 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( 1934 ) </Li> <Li> The Broken Jug ( 1937 ) </Li> <Li> The Original Sin ( 1948 ) </Li> <Li> The Private Lives of Adam and Eve ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> El pecado de Adán y Eva ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Annunciation ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Adipapam ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Adam ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Man 's Best Friend ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Babs ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Eve ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Year One ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Tragedy of Man ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Adam and Dog ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Tropico ( 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) </Li> <Li> The Broken Jug ( 1808 ) </Li> <Li> The Tragedy of Man ( 1861 ) </Li> <Li> The Creation of the World and Other Business ( 1972 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Apple Tree ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Dude ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Up from Paradise ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Children of Eden ( 1991 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compositions </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Creation ( 1798 ) <Ul> <Li> structure </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> La mort d'Adam ( 1809 ) </Li> <Li> Ève ( 1875 ) </Li> <Li> Genesis Suite ( 1945 ) </Li> <Li> Lilith ( 2001 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Apocalypse of Adam </Li> <Li> Book of Moses </Li> <Li> Book of Abraham </Li> <Li> Books of Adam </Li> <Li> Book of the Penitence of Adam </Li> <Li> Cave of Treasures </Li> <Li> `` El y Ella '' </Li> <Li> Genesis A and Genesis B </Li> <Li> Harrowing of Hell </Li> <Li> Life of Adam and Eve </Li> <Li> Testament of Adam </Li> <Li> Testimony of Truth ( 3rd century ) </Li> <Li> Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan ( 6th century ) </Li> <Li> `` Old Saxon Genesis '' ( 9th century ) </Li> <Li> `` Adam lay ybounden '' ( 15th century ) </Li> <Li> Paradise Lost ( 1667 ) </Li> <Li> Le Dernier Homme ( 1805 ) </Li> <Li> Extracts from Adam 's Diary ( 1904 ) </Li> <Li> Eve 's Diary ( 1905 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Genesis ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Art </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bernward Doors ( 1015 ) </Li> <Li> Tapestry of Creation ( 11th century ) </Li> <Li> Expulsion from the Garden of Eden ( 1425 ) </Li> <Li> Vienna Diptych ( 15th century ) </Li> <Li> The Last Judgment ( 1482 ) </Li> <Li> The Garden of Earthly Delights ( 1504 ) </Li> <Li> Adam and Eve ( 1507 ) </Li> <Li> Paradise and Hell ( 1510 ) </Li> <Li> The Creation of Adam ( 1512 ) </Li> <Li> The Haywain Triptych ( 1516 ) </Li> <Li> Eve , the Serpent and Death ( 1510s or 1520s ) </Li> <Li> Adam and Eve ( 1528 ) </Li> <Li> The Fall of Man ( 1550 ) </Li> <Li> Maps of ancient Israel </Li> <Li> The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man ( 1617 ) </Li> <Li> The Fall of Man ( 1628 ) </Li> <Li> The Four Seasons ( 1660s ) </Li> <Li> The Koren Picture - 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ondi - Ahman </Li> <Li> Tomb of Eve </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mitochondrial Eve </Li> <Li> Y - chromosomal Adam </Li> <Li> The Real Eve </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Story within a story </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Doraemon : Nobita 's Diary of the Creation of the World </Li> <Li> Island of Love </Li> <Li> The Visitors </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Demon : The Fallen ( 2002 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related theology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fall of man </Li> <Li> Original sin </Li> <Li> Garden of Eden </Li> <Li> Tree of the knowledge of good and evil </Li> <Li> Serpents in the Bible </Li> <Li> Forbidden fruit <Ul> <Li> Apple </Li> <Li> Fig leaf </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Figs in the Bible </Li> <Li> Adam 's ale </Li> <Li> Adamic language </Li> <Li> Rosh Hashanah </Li> <Li> Camael </Li> <Li> Shamsiel </Li> <Li> Tree of life </Li> <Li> Allegorical interpretations of Genesis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pre-Adamite </Li> <Li> Generations of Adam </Li> <Li> Cave of the Patriarchs </Li> <Li> `` In - A-Gadda - Da - Leela '' </Li> <Li> `` Simpsons Bible Stories '' </Li> <Li> Second Time Lucky </Li> <Li> Adam and Eve cylinder seal </Li> <Li> Timeline of Genesis patriarchs </Li> <Li> Genealogies of Genesis </Li> <Li> Carnal knowledge </Li> <Li> Legend of the Rood <Ul> <Li> Ystorya Adaf </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Snakes for the Divine </Li> <Li> Ransom theory of atonement </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Cain and Abel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Book of Genesis </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Biblical characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adam </Li> <Li> Eve </Li> <Li> Cain and Abel </Li> <Li> Lucifer </Li> <Li> Enoch </Li> <Li> Awan </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portrayals in media </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Film </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> East of Eden ( film , 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Caín ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> La Biblia en pasta ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> The Last Eve ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Year One ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Abel Cain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Le Jeu d'Adam ( 12th century ) </Li> <Li> Cain ( 1821 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Musicals </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Children of Eden ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Here 's Where I Belong ( 1968 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Book of the Penitence of Adam </Li> <Li> East of Eden ( novel , 1952 ) </Li> <Li> Abel Sánchez : The History of a Passion ( 1917 ) </Li> <Li> The Book of Lies ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Should the Bible Be Banned '' ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> `` Cain 's Blood '' ( 1995 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> La mort d'Abel ( composition , 1810 ) </Li> <Li> The First Mourning ( painting , 1888 ) </Li> <Li> Cain and Abel ( TV series , 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Cain and Abel ( DC Comics ) </Li> <Li> Kane ( Command & Conquer video game character ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related theology </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adam and Eve </Li> <Li> Curse and mark of Cain </Li> <Li> Serpent seed <Ul> <Li> Christian Identity </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Cain and Abel in Islam </Li> <Li> Balbira and Kalmana </Li> <Li> Cainites </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Generations of Adam </Li> <Li> Timeline of Genesis patriarchs </Li> <Li> Land of Nod </Li> <Li> Dracula : The Dark Prince </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> VIAF : 174582712 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n80017837 </Li> <Li> SUDOC : 028199316 </Li> <Li> BNF : cb12008298g ( data ) </Li> <Li> NDL : 01081288 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Book_of_Genesis&oldid=831162820 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 6th - 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Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus - wikipedia <H1> Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus </H1> Prevalence ( per 1,000 inhabitants ) of diabetes worldwide in 2000 - world average was 2.8 % . <Table> <Tr> <Td> no data ≤ 7.5 7.5 -- 15 15 -- 22.5 22.5 -- 30 30 -- 37.5 37.5 -- 45 </Td> <Td> 45 -- 52.5 52.5 -- 60 60 -- 67.5 67.5 -- 75 75 -- 82.5 ≥ 82.5 </Td> </Tr> </Table> Disability - adjusted life year for diabetes mellitus per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004 <Table> <Tr> <Td> No data < 100 100 -- 200 200 -- 300 300 -- 400 400 -- 500 500 -- 600 </Td> <Td> 600 -- 700 700 -- 800 800 -- 900 900 -- 1,000 1,000 -- 1,500 > 1,500 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Globally , an estimated 422 million adults are living with diabetes mellitus , according to the latest 2016 data from the World Health Organization ( WHO ) . Diabetes prevalence is increasing rapidly ; previous 2013 estimates from the International Diabetes Federation put the number at 381 million people having diabetes . The number is projected to almost double by 2030 . Type 2 diabetes makes up about 85 - 90 % of all cases . Increases in the overall diabetes prevalence rates largely reflect an increase in risk factors for type 2 , notably greater longevity and being overweight or obese . </P> <P> Diabetes mellitus occurs throughout the world , but is more common ( especially type 2 ) in the more developed countries . The greatest increase in prevalence is , however , occurring in low - and middle - income countries including in Asia and Africa , where most patients will probably be found by 2030 . The increase in incidence in developing countries follows the trend of urbanization and lifestyle changes , including increasingly sedentary lifestyles , less physically demanding work and the global nutrition transition , marked by increased intake of foods that are high energy - dense but nutrient - poor ( often high in sugar and saturated fats , sometimes referred to as the Western pattern diet ) . The risk of getting type 2 diabetes has been widely found to be associated with lower socio - economic position across countries . </P> <P> The WHO estimates that diabetes resulted in 1.5 million deaths in 2012 , making it the 8th leading cause of death . However another 2.2 million deaths worldwide were attributable to high blood glucose and the increased risks of associated complications ( e.g. heart disease , stroke , kidney failure ) , which often result in premature death and are often listed as the underlying cause on death certificates rather than diabetes . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Asia <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Bangladesh </Li> <Li> 1.2 China </Li> <Li> 1.3 India </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Europe <Ul> <Li> 2.1 United Kingdom </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 North America <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Canada </Li> <Li> 3.2 United States </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Oceania and the Pacific <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Australia </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Africa <Ul> <Li> 5.1 See also </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Asia ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Bangladesh ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2013 , Bangladesh , a developing country in South East Asia , was home to more than 5 million ( prevalence adjusted to the national population -- 5.5 % ) diabetic patient , which will rise to more than 10 million ( prevalence adjusted to the national population -- 8.2 % ) by 2035 . </P> <H3> China ( edit ) </H3> <P> Almost one Chinese adult in ten has diabetes . A 2010 study estimated that more than 92 million Chinese adults have the disease , with another 150 million showing early symptoms . The incidence of the disease is increasing rapidly : a reported 30 % increase in 7 years . Indigenous nomadic peoples like Tibetans and Mongols are at much higher susceptibility than Han Chinese . </P> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> <P> Until recently , India had more diabetics than any other country in the world , according to the International Diabetes Foundation , although the country has now been surpassed in the top spot by China . Diabetes currently affects more than 62 million Indians , which is more than 7.1 % of the adult population . The average age on onset is 42.5 years . Nearly 1 million Indians die due to diabetes every year . </P> <P> According to the Indian Heart Association , India is projected to be home to 109 million individuals with diabetes by 2035 . A study by the American Diabetes Association reports that India will see the greatest increase in people diagnosed with diabetes by 2030 . The high incidence is attributed to a combination of genetic susceptibility plus adoption of a high - calorie , low - activity lifestyle by India 's growing middle class . </P> <H2> Europe ( edit ) </H2> <H3> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H3> <P> About 3.8 million people in the United Kingdom have diabetes mellitus , but the charity Diabetes U.K. have made predictions that could become high as 6.2 million by 2035 / 2036 . The NHS spent a daily average of £ 2.2 m ( € 2.6 m ; $3.7 m ) in 2013 on prescriptions for managing diabetes in primary care , and about 10 % of the primary care prescribing budget is spent on treating diabetes . Diabetes U.K. have also predicted that the National Health Service could be spending as much as 16.9 billion pounds on diabetes mellitus by 2035 , a figure that means the NHS could be spending as much as 17 % of its budget on diabetes treatment by 2035 . </P> <H2> North America ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> Almost 2.4 million Canadians ( 6.8 % ) have been diagnosed with type 1 or type 2 diabetes , based on 2009 chronic disease surveillance data . Prevalence is higher among males ( 7.2 % ) than females ( 6.4 % ) . However these numbers are likely an underestimate , as data obtained from blood samples indicate about 20 % of diabetes cases remain undiagnosed . </P> <P> Accounting for the younger age structure in Aboriginal populations , the prevalence of diabetes is 2 - 3 times higher among First Nations and Métis , compared to the non-Aboriginal population . </P> <P> The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes among Canadians increased by 70 % over the decade from 1999 to 2009 . The greatest relative increase in prevalence was seen younger adults ( 35 to 44 years ) , attributable in part to increasing rates of overweight and obesity . The Public Health Agency of Canada estimates that if current trends in diabetes continue , the number of Canadians living with diabetes will reach 3.7 million by 2019 . </P> <H3> United States ( edit ) </H3> Diabetes rates at county levels 2004 - 2009 . Diabetes rates in the United States , 1994 - 2010 <P> Diabetes rates in the United States , like across North America and around the world , have been increasing substantially . According to the 2014 Statistics Report done by the CDC it was found that , `` Diabetes Mellitus affects an estimated 29.1 million people in the United States and is the 7th leading cause of death . It also increases the chances of mortality , as well as the risk for heart attack , kidney failure , and blindness '' While the number of people with diabetes in the US continues to grow , the number of new cases has been declining since 2009 , after decades of increases in new cases . In 2014 , more than 29 million people had diabetes in the United States , of whom 7 million people remain undiagnosed . As of 2012 another 57 million people were estimated to have prediabetes . There were approximately 12.1 million diabetes - related emergency department ( ED ) visits in 2010 for adults aged 18 years or older ( 515 per 10,000 U.S. population ) , accounting for 9.4 percent of all ED visits . </P> <P> The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) has called the change an epidemic . Geographically , there is a U.S. diabetes belt with high diabetes prevalence estimates , which includes Mississippi and parts of Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Georgia , Kentucky , Louisiana , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , South Carolina , Tennessee , Texas , Virginia , and West Virginia . The National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse estimates diabetes costs $132 billion in the United States alone every year . About 5 % -- 10 % of diabetes cases in North America are type 1 , with the rest being type 2 . The fraction of type 1 in other parts of the world differs . Most of this difference is not currently understood . The American Diabetes Association ( ADA ) cites the 2003 assessment of the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion ( Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ) that one in three Americans born after 2000 will develop diabetes in their lifetimes . Diabetes is also more prominent in minority groups . For example according to the American Diabetes Association the rates of diagnosed diabetes are 12.8 % of Hispanics , 13.2 % of Non-Hispanic blacks , 15.9 % of American Indians / Alaskan Natives . While Non-Hispanic whites are 7.6 % and only 9 % of Asian Americans have diagnosed diabetes. 4.9 % of American adults had diabetes in 1990 . By 1998 , that number rose by a third to 6.5 % . The prevalence of diabetes increased for both sexes and every racial group . American women have suffered from diabetes at a higher rate than men , with 7.4 % of women being diabetic in 1998 , as opposed to only 5.5 % of men . The increase in diabetes coincides with an increase in average weight across both genders . In the same time frame , average weight in both men and women increased by nearly 4 kilograms . This relates to the fact that the most common form of diabetes , type 2 , is strongly associated with unhealthy weight . Older Americans have suffered from diabetes at a much higher rate than younger people , with over 12 % of those in their 60s and 70s being diabetic in 1998 . In the same year , less than 2 % of those under 30 suffered from diabetes . Weight is also a strong factor in one 's likelihood of becoming diabetic , with 13.5 % of obese Americans in 1998 being diabetic . In the same year , only 3.5 % of people at a healthy weight had the disease . </P> <P> As of 2006 , about 18.3 % ( 8.6 million ) of Americans age 60 and older had diabetes , according to the ADA . Diabetes mellitus prevalence increases with age , and the numbers of older persons with diabetes are expected to grow as the elderly population increases in number . The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES III ) from 1988 -- 1994 demonstrated , in the population over 65 years old , 18 % to 20 % had diabetes , with 40 % having either diabetes or its precursor form of impaired glucose tolerance . Older individuals are also more likely to be seen in the emergency department ( ED ) for diabetes . A study by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality ( AHRQ ) found that in 2010 , diabetes - related ED visit rates were highest for patients aged 65 and older ( 1,307 per 10,000 population ) , compared with 45 - to 64 - year - olds ( 584 per 10,000 population ) and 18 - to 44 - year - olds ( 183 per 10,000 population ) . </P> <P> A second study by AHRQ found that diabetes with complications was one of the twenty most expensive conditions seen in U.S. inpatient hospitalizations in 2011 , with an aggregate cost of nearly $5.4 billion for 561,000 stays . It was among the top five most expensive conditions for uninsured patients , at an aggregate cost of $440 million for 62,000 hospitalizations . </P> <H2> Oceania and the pacific ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <P> An estimated 700,000 Australians have diabetes . Indigenous populations in developed countries generally have higher prevalence and incidence of diabetes than their corresponding nonindigenous populations . In Australia , the age - standardised prevalence of self - reported diabetes in indigenous Australians is almost four times that of nonindigenous Australians . Reasons include higher rates of obesity , physical inactivity , and living in poor housing and environments among Indigenous peoples . Preventative community health programs are showing some success in tackling this problem . </P> <H2> Africa ( edit ) </H2> <P> International Diabetes Federation ( IDF ) estimates that 14.2 million are living with diabetes in Africa . The region of Africa has the highest percentage of undiagnosed diabetes cases reaching 66.7 % , highest proportion of diabetes mellitus related mortality and the lowest health expenditure spent on diabetes . </P> <H3> See also ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Epidemiology of obesity </Li> <Li> Epidemiology of childhood obesity </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : World Health Organization , Global Report on Diabetes . Geneva , 2016 . Accessed 30 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Simple treatment to curb diabetes '' . January 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on 2014 - 02 - 02 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wild S , Roglic G , Green A , Sicree R , King H ( 2004 ) . `` Global prevalence of diabetes : Estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030 '' . Diabetes Care . 27 ( 5 ) : 1047 -- 53 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 27.5. 1047 . PMID 15111519 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Williams textbook of endocrinology ( 12th ed . ) . Philadelphia : Elsevier / Saunders . pp. 1371 -- 1435 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4377 - 0324 - 5 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet , Chronic conditions : Diabetes . Accessed 31 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Agardh E et al. , `` Type 2 diabetes incidence and socio - economic position : a systematic review and meta - analysis . '' International Journal of Epidemiology 2011 , 40 ( 3 ) : 804 - 818 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Public Health Agency of Canada , Diabetes in Canada : Facts and figures from a public health perspective . Ottawa , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Karmoker J , Priya R , Sarkar S , Islam S ( 2017 ) . `` Comparative in vitro equivalence evaluation of some local Gliclazide brands of Bangladesh '' ( PDF ) . The Pharma Innovation Journal . 6 : 152 -- 157 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` China faces ' diabetes epidemic ' , research suggests '' . BBC . March 25 , 2010 . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Grens , Kerry ( April 4 , 2012 ) . `` Diabetes continuing to spike in China '' . Reuters . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Gale , Jason ( November 7 , 2010 ) . `` India 's Diabetes Epidemic Cuts Down Millions Who Escape Poverty '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diabetes can be controlled in 80 percent of Cases in India '' . IANS . news.biharprabha.com . Retrieved 6 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Indian Heart Association Why South Asians Facts Web . 30 April 2015. < http://indianheartassociation.org/why-indians-why-south-asians/overview/ > </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wild , Sarah , Gojka Roglic , Anders Green , Richard Sicree , and Hilary King . `` Global Prevalence of Diabetes . '' Diabetes Care . American Diabetes Association , 26 Jan. 2004 . Web . 22 Apr. 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kleinfield , N.R. ( September 13 , 2006 ) . `` Modern Ways Open India 's Doors to Diabetes '' . New York Times . Retrieved 8 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diabetes prescribing in England consumes nearly 10 % of primary care budget '' . BMJ. 349 : g5143. 2014 . doi : 10.1136 / bmj. g5143 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NHS spending on diabetes ' to reach £ 16.9 billion by 2035 ' '' . 2012 - 04 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://managingdiabetes.co.uk/articles/diabetesnhsspending.php </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.nhs.uk/news/2012/04april/Pages/nhs-diabetes-costs-cases-rising.aspx </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rosella LC et al. , `` Prevalence of Prediabetes and Undiagnosed Diabetes in Canada ( 2007 - 2011 ) According to Fasting Plasma Glucose and HbA1c Screening Criteria . '' Diabetes Care 2015 ; 38 ( 7 ) : 1299 - 305 . doi : 10.2337 / dc14 - 2474 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2014 Statistics Report Data & Statistics Diabetes CDC '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shute , Nancy . `` Fewer People Are Getting Diabetes , But The Epidemic Is n't Over '' . NPR.org . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CDC Features - Diabetes Latest '' . www.cdc.gov . Retrieved 2015 - 12 - 02 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Number of Americans with Diabetes Rises to Nearly 26 Million '' ( Press release ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2011 - 01 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` National diabetes fact sheet : national estimates and general information on diabetes and prediabetes in the United States , 2011 '' ( PDF ) . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . 2011 . Retrieved 2012 - 05 - 31 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Washington R.E. , Andrews R.M. , Mutter R.L. Emergency Department Visits for Adults with Diabetes , 2010 . HCUP Statistical Brief # 167 . November 2013 . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Rockville , MD. ( 1 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Diabetes Rates Rise Another 6 Percent in 1999 -- January 26 , 2001 '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barker LE , Kirtland KA , Gregg EW , Geiss LS , Thompson TJ . Geographic distribution of diagnosed diabetes in the U.S. : a diabetes belt . Am J Prev Med 2011 ; 40 : 434 -- 9 . quoted in Brian W. Ward ; Lindsey I. Black. State and Regional Prevalence of Diagnosed Multiple Chronic Conditions Among Adults Aged ≥ 18 Years -- United States , 2014 . MMWR / July 29 , 2016 / 65 ( 29 ) ; 735 -- 738 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Narayan KM , Boyle JP , Thompson TJ , Sorensen SW , Williamson DF ( October 2003 ) . `` Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States '' . JAMA. 290 ( 14 ) : 1884 -- 90 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 290.14. 1884 . PMID 14532317 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Total Prevalence of Diabetes & Pre-diabetes '' . American Diabetes Association . 2005 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 02 - 08 . Retrieved 2006 - 03 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Statistics About Diabetes '' . American Diabetes Association . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mokdad , A. ; Ford , E. ; Bowman , B. ; Nelson , D. ; Engelgau , M. ; Vinicor , F. ; Marks , J. ( 2000 ) . `` Diabetes trends in the U.S. : 1990 - 1998 '' . Diabetes Care . 23 ( 9 ) : 1278 -- 1283 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 23.9. 1278 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seniors and Diabetes '' . Elderly And Diabetes - Diabetes and Seniors . LifeMed Media . 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harris MI , Flegal KM , Cowie CC , Eberhardt MS , Goldstein DE , Little RR , Wiedmeyer HM , Byrd - Holt DD ( April 1998 ) . `` Prevalence of diabetes , impaired fasting glucose , and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults . The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey , 1988 -- 1994 '' . Diabetes Care . 21 ( 4 ) : 518 -- 24 . doi : 10.2337 / diacare. 21.4. 518 . PMID 9571335 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Torio CM , Andrews RM . National Inpatient Hospital Costs : The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer , 2011 . HCUP Statistical Brief # 160 . Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality , Rockville , MD . August 2013 . ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Australian Institute for Health and Welfare . `` Diabetes , an overview '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 23 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Federation , International Diabetes ( 2015 ) . IDF diabetes atlas ( Seventh ed . ) . Brussels : International Diabetes Federation . ISBN 9782930229812 . OCLC 961366911 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Global epidemiology of : </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Health topic </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asthma </Li> <Li> Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder </Li> <Li> Autism </Li> <Li> Bed bugs </Li> <Li> Binge drinking </Li> <Li> Cancer <Ul> <Li> breast </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Depression </Li> <Li> Diabetes mellitus </Li> <Li> Domestic violence </Li> <Li> Hepatitis C </Li> <Li> Herpes </Li> <Li> HIV / AIDS </Li> <Li> Leprosy </Li> <Li> Malnutrition </Li> <Li> Mental disorders <Ul> <Li> child </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Motor vehicle collisions </Li> <Li> Obesity <Ul> <Li> childhood </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Periodontal diseases </Li> <Li> Pneumonia </Li> <Li> Risky sexual behavior </Li> <Li> Schizophrenia </Li> <Li> Snakebites </Li> <Li> Suicide </Li> <Li> Syphilis </Li> <Li> Teenage pregnancy </Li> <Li> Tuberculosis </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epidemiology_of_diabetes_mellitus&oldid=843953721 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Diabetes </Li> <Li> Epidemiology </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 1 June 2018 , at 15 : 52 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Grey 's Anatomy characters - wikipedia <H1> List of Grey 's Anatomy characters </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article consists almost entirely of a plot summary . It should be expanded to provide more balanced coverage that includes real - world context . Please edit the article to focus on discussing the work rather than merely reiterating the plot . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article or section may fail to make a clear distinction between fact and fiction . Please help improve this article so that it meets Wikipedia 's fiction guidelines and quality standards . ( July 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Grey 's Anatomy is an American television medical drama series created by Shonda Rhimes , broadcast by ABC . The show features an ensemble cast of regular characters , with nine main characters in its first season . Since the first season , many characters have left the show or have been written out , and new main characters have been written in and out of the series . Following is a list of characters who have appeared over the various seasons since the drama 's premiere . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Main characters </Li> <Li> 2 Chiefs of Surgery </Li> <Li> 3 Department Chiefs </Li> <Li> 4 Attending Physicians </Li> <Li> 5 Surgical Fellows </Li> <Li> 6 Resident Physicians <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Intern physicians </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Supporting characters <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Hospital surgeons <Ul> <Li> 7.1. 1 Attending physicians </Li> <Li> 7.1. 2 Resident physicians </Li> <Li> 7.1. 3 Surgical interns </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7.2 Hospital Nurses </Li> <Li> 7.3 Other hospital physicians </Li> <Li> 7.4 Non-staff physicians </Li> <Li> 7.5 Family members </Li> <Li> 7.6 Guest stars </Li> <Li> 7.7 Other characters </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Main characters ( edit ) </H2> Further information : List of Grey 's Anatomy cast members <H2> Chiefs of surgery ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / actress </Th> <Th> Starring seasons </Th> <Th> Recurring seasons </Th> <Th> Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) </Th> <Th> Job Title </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Miranda Bailey </Td> <Td> Chandra Wilson </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Chief of Surgery , Attending General Surgeon , Member of the Board </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> An attending general surgeon at Seattle Grace hospital , Miranda Bailey initially gives a cold , domineering impression , earning her the nickname `` The Nazi '' . However , her attitude has since softened , and she has developed a maternal demeanor towards the residents in the hospital . She has gone through a divorce , which led her to turn down a fellowship in pediatric surgery . After having a short - lived relationship with a nurse , Eli , she dates anesthesiologist Ben Warren , whom she eventually marries . In Season 10 , Bailey discovers that she has OCD and is forced to work with an occupational therapist to help her get control of her disorder . Eventually , Bailey decides to start taking a medication that will help control it . In Season 12 , Dr. Bailey is named Chief of Surgery , making her the first female Chief in the history of the hospital . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Owen Hunt </Td> <Td> Kevin McKidd </Td> <Td> 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Chief of Trauma Surgery , Attending Trauma Surgeon , Former Chief of Surgery </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Entering the series as a tough veteran , Owen Hunt immediately begins a relationship with Cristina Yang . He has post-traumatic stress disorder and has struggled with the horrors he experienced whilst serving with the army in Iraq . He invites a former colleague , Teddy Altman , to work alongside him , a decision that causes some friction between him and Cristina . In the Season 7 premiere , he marries Cristina . After Webber resigns , he is given the position of Chief of Surgery . He and Cristina experience marital problems after his affair with a woman at a bar is revealed ; they also continue to disagree over the fact that Cristina does not want kids . They try to resolve their issues , but they eventually divorce . Still , after they divorce , they continue to see each other until the end of Season 9 when she decides to let him go . In Season 10 , he starts a relationship with Emma Marling , an attending at Seattle Presbyterian , but they break up due to their different values in life . He starts to sleep with Cristina again until she moves to Zurich , ending their relationship for good . At the end of Season 11 , Owen begins a relationship with Amelia Shepherd , and they marry in the Season 12 premiere . However , even at the start of their marriage , they begin to have problems , partially due to the fact that they got married so impulsively . They start living apart , and by Season 14 , they decide to get a divorce when Amelia discovers she has a brain tumor that had been impeding on her judgement for the last 10 years , including her decision to marry Owen . Since then , Owen has had flings with Carina DeLuca and Teddy , both of which have failed . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Derek Shepherd </Td> <Td> Patrick Dempsey </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Attending Neurosurgeon , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Shareholder , Former Chief of Surgery </Td> <Td> M.D , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> As Chief of Neurosurgery , Derek Shepherd earns the nickname `` McDreamy '' by the female staff of Seattle Grace . As the lead male character , he is known for his complicated love life . He initially moves to Seattle from New York City to get away from his adulterous ex-wife , Addison Montgomery , whom he discovered was having an affair with his best friend , Mark Sloan . He subsequently begins a long romance with Meredith Grey , which results in their marriage in Season 5 . He has a somewhat antagonistic relationship with Richard Webber , whom he believes is n't governing the hospital appropriately . He takes over as the Chief of Surgery after going to the hospital board about Chief Webber 's drinking problem . He resigns after nearly dying from being shot because he thinks being Chief is n't his place . He and Meredith adopt an orphan named Zola from Africa at the beginning of Season 8 despite initially having problems with the adoption process , including his and Meredith 's brief separation . After surviving the plane crash in the Season 8 finale , he begins recovering from his injured hand before he gets a nerve donated from his sister to fix it . Although he and Meredith struggle with fertility problems , Meredith gives birth to their son Bailey in the Season 9 finale . In Season 10 , Derek starts to work with the president , using his technology that he and Callie created . He wants to move to DC with his family , but Meredith does n't want to leave Seattle . This creates tension in their marriage , and Derek 's decision to leave for DC without Meredith only worsens . He and Meredith eventually make up and are happy until Derek dies of a head injury after his car was T - Boned by a semi-truck at the end of Season 11 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Richard Webber </Td> <Td> James Pickens , Jr . </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Senior Attending General Surgeon , Member of the Board , Director of the Residency Program , Grey Sloan Shareholder , Former Chief of Surgery </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> An authority figure and former Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace , Richard Webber has had a difficult past , characterized by affairs and alcoholism . His relationship with Meredith Grey is at times volatile because he had an affair with her mother , Ellis Grey . Richard has struggled with managing the finances of Seattle Grace Hospital and had eventually merged the hospital with Mercy West Hospital . The merger has caused him a lot of stress , strained his relationship with Derek Shepherd and ultimately contributes to the collapse of his sobriety . He steps down as Chief of Surgery in Season 8 , although because he has been chief for so long , the residents still call him `` Chief . '' Outside of the hospital , Richard deals with marital problems with his wife , Adele , who later gets Alzheimer 's and eventually dies from it . Some time after he death , Richard starts a relationship with Catherine Avery , whom he marries at the end of Season 11 . Though they have their own issues , they eventually reconcile and are stronger than ever . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Department chiefs ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / actress </Th> <Th> Starring seasons </Th> <Th> Recurring seasons </Th> <Th> Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) </Th> <Th> Job Title </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Theodora `` Teddy '' Altman </Td> <Td> Kim Raver </Td> <Td> 6 , 7 , 8 , 15 </Td> <Td> 6 , 14 </Td> <Td> Chief of Cardiothoracic surgery , Attending Cardiothoracic Surgeon </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Teddy Altman takes over the job of Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital in Season 6 . She previously served in Iraq with Owen Hunt . Although a skilled surgeon , her teaching methods might appear somewhat unorthodox . Her arrival at Seattle Grace , followed by her confession of love to Owen , causes some friction between Owen and his girlfriend , Cristina Yang . In Season 8 , Teddy marries a patient at the hospital named Henry so he can get insurance , but she eventually falls in love with him . Their romance tragically ends when Henry dies from his chronic condition . Over time , a friendship develops between Teddy and Cristina , but Teddy 's friendship with Owen ends when she feels he puts the hospital before her . When Owen finds out Teddy was offered a job at the U.S. Army Medical Command ( MEDCOM ) but turned it down because she wanted to be there for Owen , Owen fires her so she will go to MEDCOM . Teddy returns in Season 14 to be there for Owen after his sister , Megan , is found . Towards the end of Season 14 , it is revealed that Teddy is pregnant after sleeping with Owen . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jackson Avery </Td> <Td> Jesse Williams </Td> <Td> 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Chief of Plastic Surgery , Attending Plastic Surgeon , Attending E.N.T. Surgeon , Chairman of the Board , Trustee to the Harper Avery Foundation </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> First introduced as a surgical resident from Mercy West Hospital after the merger , Jackson Avery is a grandson of the famous surgeon Dr. Harper Avery . A member of the `` plastics posse '' , training under Mark Sloan ( and succeeding him as Chief of Plastics following his death ) , he is also called `` pretty boy , '' especially by Cristina Yang . He develops a crush on Cristina and , while inebriated at a party , he kisses her , but Cristina breaks the kiss . In the Season 6 finale , he is told by Derek Shepherd that there is a lockdown in the hospital . He is later left by Owen Hunt and Teddy Altman in the OR with two nurses and an anesthesiologist . He is the one who decides that Cristina should operate on Derek in order to save him after Shepherd is shot . When Mr. Clark ( the shooter ) takes the OR hostage , Jackson disconnects Dr. Shepherd from the monitors in order to make everyone believe that he is dead until Mr. Clark leaves the room . Jackson has traumatic nightmares . He also has a complicated relationship with Lexie Grey , which becomes a recurring plot point . Though he was offered a position as surgical fellow at Tulane Medical Center , Jackson decides to stay in Seattle . At the end of Season 8 , he starts sleeping with his best friend April Kepner , but their relationship is complicated . The two went their separate ways after breaking up , which culminated in them seeing other people . Jackson started a relationship with the new intern , Stephanie Edwards , after hooking up in a car during Bailey 's wedding . April goes on to date a paramedic named Matthew Taylor . At April 's Wedding to Matthew , Jackson realizes he still loves April and stands up professing his love ; they soon after elope . It is then revealed that he and April are expecting a baby , but they learn early on that their unborn son has a fatal condition . Still , April gives birth to their stillborn son , whom they name Samuel . Jackson and April experience marital problems , leading to their separation . However , after sleeping together one night , April gets pregnant and eventually births their healthy daughter , Harriet . Now divorced from April , Jackson is in a relationship with Maggie Pierce . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Preston Burke </Td> <Td> Isaiah Washington </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Chief of Cardiothoracic surgery , Attending Cardiothoracic Surgeon </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Preston Burke is the former Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . He begins a romantic relationship with Cristina Yang , which comes under strain when Burke is shot and his right hand 's nerve supply is disrupted . With his career threatened , he has Cristina perform some of his surgeries , a situation which is resolved when Dr. Shepherd repairs his right hand 's nerve supply . Burke and Cristina continue their relationship , which ultimately ends on their wedding day , when he leaves her at the altar . Burke graduated at the top of his class from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . In Season 4 , he is mentioned as a candidate to receive the Harper Avery Award . Burke returns in Season 10 , offering Cristina his hospital in Zurich , which she takes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Meredith Grey </Td> <Td> Ellen Pompeo </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Chief of General Surgery , Attending General Surgeon , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Shareholder </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Meredith Grey is the central protagonist of the show and narrator of the majority of episodes . She begins the series as an intern and has since progressed along her medical career path . She went to the Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth College after sleeping around Europe with her former best friend , Sadie . Her character is defined by her romantic relationships , as well as the lingering effects her mother 's affair with Richard Webber has had on her life . She is best friends with Cristina Yang . Following a long romance , she marries neurosurgeon , Derek Shepherd . The day of the shooting in Season 6 , she discovers that she is pregnant , but that same day , she miscarriages due to stress . She later learns that she has a `` hostile uterus '' and starts taking fertility shots . When they are unsuccessful , Meredith and Derek adopt Zola , a surgical African orphan . In Season 9 , following the plane crash that killed her younger sister , Lexie Grey , Meredith becomes an attending general surgeon and has earned the nickname of `` Medusa '' by her interns and residents . Her son , Bailey , is born in the Season 9 finale ; she gives birth to him by C - section and has a major abdominal surgery afterwards following a fall . In the Season 10 finale , she says goodbye to Cristina as Cristina leaves to go to Zurich to take Burke 's hospital ; before they say goodbye , Cristina reminds Meredith that she should not let Derek 's career hinder her own . In Season 11 , Meredith not only struggles with keeping her marriage afloat after Derek decides to work for the president in DC , but also with learning that she has another half - sister , Maggie Pierce . After Derek is killed at the end of Season 11 , Meredith escapes to California for a year , where she gives birth to their daughter , whom she names Ellis after her late mother . In Season 12 , Meredith returns to Seattle and is named Chief of General Surgery by the newly appointed Chief of Surgery , Miranda Bailey . Meredith tries moving on by dating William Thorpe , a surgeon from another hospital , but has trouble forgetting about Derek . She is finally able to take the next step with Nathan Riggs , and the two begin a relationship after months of Nathan pursuing Meredith , but the romance comes to an end after Nathan 's missing fiancée , Megan , is found . Meredith wins a Harper Avery Award in Season 14 after performing a ground - breaking abdominal wall transplant on Megan . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Erica Hahn </Td> <Td> Brooke Smith </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 </Td> <Td> 2 , 3 </Td> <Td> Chief of Cardiothoracic surgery , Attending Cardiothoracic Surgeon </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Following Preston Burke 's departure , Erica Hahn takes his position as Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at Seattle Grace . Her brusque , somewhat harsh personality is tempered by Callie Torres , with whom she begins a relationship . Her time at Seattle Grace ends abruptly , however , when she becomes discontent with Izzie Stevens , and the lack of disciplinary action following the Denny Duquette incident . Dr. Hahn attended the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , where she was in the same class as Dr. Burke . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Addison Montgomery </Td> <Td> Kate Walsh </Td> <Td> 2 , 3 </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 </Td> <Td> Chief of Neonatal Surgery , Obstetrics , and Gynaecology , Attending Neonatal Surgeon , Attending Obstetrician - Gynaecologist , Attending Fetal Surgeon , Attending Medical Geneticist </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS , FACOG </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Former Chief of OB / GYN and Neonatal Surgery and the ex-wife of Derek Shepherd , Addison Montgomery transfers to Seattle Grace seeking reconciliation with Derek . After achieving a degree of understanding with Derek , and realizing that he is in love with Meredith Grey , Addison leaves Seattle Grace . The character went on to be the protagonist of Grey 's Anatomy spinoff , Private Practice for six seasons and sporadically made guest appearances on Grey 's until her last one in Season 8 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Margaret `` Maggie '' Pierce </Td> <Td> Kelly McCreary </Td> <Td> 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery , Attending Cardiothoracic Surgeon </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Maggie Pierce enters at the end of the Season 10 as the new Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery . She shares with Richard Webber , her birth father , that her biological mother is Ellis Grey . At the beginning of Season 11 , Maggie informs Meredith that they are sisters ; although Meredith is hostile towards Maggie about the situation , she eventually welcomes her into the family . After Derek dies , Maggie moves in with Meredith , along with Meredith 's sister - in - law , Amelia Shepherd . Maggie begins a relationship with Andrew DeLuca , an intern at Grey Sloan , but that ends in the middle of Season 12 ; she then moves her interest to Nathan Riggs , but he is unavailable due to his budding romance with Meredith . In Season 14 , Maggie begins to date Jackson Avery . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Arizona Robbins </Td> <Td> Jessica Capshaw </Td> <Td> 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Chief of Pediatric Surgery , Chief of Fetal Surgery , Attending Pediatric Surgeon , Attending Fetal Surgeon , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Shareholder </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Arizona Robbins , pediatric surgery attending , has a cheery disposition but gets upset when challenging authority . Upon her introduction in Season 5 , Arizona immediately embarks upon a relationship with Callie Torres . She comes from a military family and graduated from the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . Arizona harbors great emotional intelligence . Her insight and advice have been used to defuse several situations , such as Callie 's dispute with her father . In Season 7 , Arizona wins a prestigious award , and she and Callie plan to move to Malawi , and work there . However , she breaks up with Callie and leaves her at the airport . They reconcile soon after and ultimately get married right after their daughter , Sofia , is born . In the Season 9 premiere , she has lost one of her legs due to injuries sustained during a plane crash at the end of Season 8 , which results in a strained relationship with her wife , culminating in her ultimately cheating on Callie . They are briefly separated but ultimately decide to work things out . However , after going through a thirty - day hiatus during couples therapy , Callie decides to end things between the two of them . At the end of Season 12 , Arizona gets full custody of Sofia following a messy custody battle , but she decides to allow Sofia to go back and forth between parents when Callie moves to New York . In Season 13 , Arizona begins a relationship with Eliza Minnick , an intrusive doctor whom everyone dislikes , and is forced to hide their relationship for some time . However , by the beginning of Season 14 , Eliza has left Seattle , and Arizona starts seeing visiting doctor , Carina DeLuca . When Sofia starts having disciplinary problems in school , Arizona decides it 's best that she moves herself and Sofia to New York City to be with Callie ; as a result , Arizona and Carina break up . During the Season 14 finale , Arizona and Sofia leave for New York , with the possibility of Arizona reconciling her relationship with Callie . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amelia Shepherd </Td> <Td> Caterina Scorsone </Td> <Td> 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Chief of Neurosurgery , Attending Neurosurgeon </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Amelia Shepherd is one of Derek Shepherd 's many sisters . Like her brother , she is also a neurosurgeon . Amelia and Derek immediately do n't have the best relationship due to Amelia 's past history with substance abuse and the inevitable competition within their same career field , but they eventually learn to work together , even when Amelia takes Derek 's long - held position as Chief of Neurosurgery . After Derek 's death in Season 11 , Amelia moves in with her sister - in - law , Meredith Grey , although they initially have some unresolved issues about Derek to work out . Amelia marries Owen Hunt in the Season 12 finale , but their marriage is rocky and ultimately culminates in a divorce at the beginning of Season 14 . Amelia discovers that she has a tumor that has been affecting her judgement for the last 10 years ; she gets it removed by her former Johns Hopkins University professor Tom Koracick , whom she starts sleeping with . Towards the end of the season , Amelia takes in a homeless teenage girl who had just given up her baby , whom Owen is fostering . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mark Sloan </Td> <Td> Eric Dane </Td> <Td> 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 * </Td> <Td> 2 , 3 </Td> <Td> Chief of Plastic Surgery , Attending Plastic Surgeon , Attending E.N.T Surgeon </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Mark Sloan , Chief of Plastic Surgery , attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . He has a playboy personality that jeopardizes his friendship with Derek Shepherd when he has an affair with Derek 's wife , Addison Montgomery . He has known both Derek and Addison from the time when all three lived in New York City . Derek and Mark manage to resolve their issues and reaffirm their friendship . He has been given the nickname `` McSteamy '' by Meredith and her friends . Sloan has a relationship with Lexie Grey , which ends due to the strain of Mark 's 18 - year - old daughter from a one - night stand appearing at the hospital and subsequently moving in with them . Mark 's daughter comes to him , pregnant , and though he wants her to keep the baby , she does n't . Afterward she leaves Seattle , Mark and Lexie resume their relationship , but it ends when Mark gets Callie Torres pregnant , and Lexie starts dating Jackson Avery . When Lexie is dying after the plane crash , Mark admits that he loves her and always will ; he holds her hand until she dies . In the Season 9 premiere , Mark dies from injuries sustained in a plane crash . The hospital is renamed in his memory and Lexie 's memory . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Calliope `` Callie '' Torres </Td> <Td> Sara Ramirez </Td> <Td> 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Chief of Orthopedic Surgery , Attending Orthopedic Surgeon , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Shareholder </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Callie Torres , an orthopedic surgeon , is introduced as an orthopedic surgical resident . She was once married to George O'Malley but divorced him after he has an affair Izzie Stevens . Later , she has a fling with Erica Hahn , but that is cut short by Hahn 's departure from Seattle Grace . Callie then enters into a happy relationship with Arizona Robbins , but they break up because Arizona does not want to have kids . At the end of Season 6 , after performing surgery on a small girl while a shooter is loose in the hospital , Callie tells Arizona in a roundabout way that she loves her . The two get back together and decide that they are going to have children . In Season 7 , Callie is going to move to Africa with Arizona , but Arizona breaks up with her and leaves her at the airport in Seattle . Callie sleeps with Mark again and becomes pregnant . Arizona later returns for Callie , and they get back together . Later , Callie is severely injured in a car crash with Arizona . Addison delivers her baby , Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres , at 23 weeks , and the baby survives ; soon after , she and Arizona marry . In the Season 9 premiere , the relationship between Callie and Arizona is strained with Mark dying and Arizona having one leg amputated , as decided by Callie to save Arizona 's life . Still resenting Callie 's medical decision , Arizona cheats on her , leading Callie to kick her out of the apartment . After the Travis Reed lawsuit and a conversation with her father , Callie asked Arizona to move back in and they began working on repairing their marriage . Callie cuts their couples therapy short when she realizes that she needs to love herself , not Arizona . In the Season 12 finale , she resigns from Grey - Sloan and moves to New York City with her girlfriend , Penny , following a messy custody battle over Sofia . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alex Karev </Td> <Td> Justin Chambers </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Chief of Pediatric Surgery , Attending Pediatric Surgeon , Grey Sloan Shareholder </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> A hard - headed and often discourteous resident , Alex Karev has had a series of unfortunate relationships throughout his life , beginning with his mother . At an early age , he had to become her defender from an abusive father , then later her caretaker . While working as a doctor , he becomes involved with a patient , Ava . However , her mental instability strains their relationship and Alex , once again , adopts the role of caretaker before Ava 's admission to a psychiatric hospital . He subsequently embarks on a relationship with Izzie Stevens , and they get married , but Izzie asks for a divorce following her dismissal from Seattle Grace . In the Season 8 finale , he is meant to fly with other surgeons to perform a procedure at Boise Memorial . However , after he states his intention to do his pediatric surgical fellowship at the Johns Hopkins Hospital to Dr. Robbins , she replaces him out of anger . In the Season 9 premiere , he is supposed to be leaving Seattle Grace , having deferred his fellowship in the aftermath of the plane crash . After he realizes the drastic changes that will happen in both his and Dr. Robbins ' absence , and due to the hiring of a new Chief of Pediatric Surgery , he changes his mind and stays on at Seattle Grace . In Season 9 finale , he starts a relationship with surgical intern Jo . In Season 10 , he completes his fellowship and goes to work for Dr. Lebackes at a private practice , which saw him make a substantial salary . However , after being fired when Lebackes found out he was up for a position on the Grey Sloan board , he returned to Grey Sloan and took his current position . Cristina leaves him her shares in the hospital in the Season 10 finale . He and Jo start to have problems in their relationship , which only worsen when she turns down his marriage proposal . In the Season 12 finale , he finds a drunk Jo with Andrew DeLuca , and he assumes that DeLuca is taking advantage of Jo , leading to Alex beating DeLuca up . This results in Alex getting charged with a felony , but DeLuca eventually drops the charges . Jo has trouble trusting Alex and is afraid of his inability to mask his rage , but they finally get back together in the Season 14 premiere when he proves that he would never be violent with her ; soon after , they become engaged . In the Season 14 finale , Alex and Jo get married . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Although he only appeared in the first two episodes of the ninth season , Eric Dane was still billed as a member of the main cast in those two episodes . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Attending Physicians ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / actress </Th> <Th> Starring seasons </Th> <Th> Recurring seasons </Th> <Th> Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) </Th> <Th> Job Title </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> April Kepner </Td> <Td> Sarah Drew </Td> <Td> 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Attending Trauma Surgeon </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> First introduced as a surgical resident from Mercy West Hospital during the merger , April Kepner is fired by Richard Webber in Season 6 due to a mistake she made that cost a patient her life . She is later rehired by Derek Shepherd during his run as Chief because he believes her dismissal was unfair , and she eventually develops a crush on him , despite his marriage to Meredith Grey . In the Season 6 finale , she tells him that her best friend , Reed Adamson , has been shot and killed . She later runs into Mr. Clark ( the shooter ) when Derek is shot . Clark lets her go when she emotionally tells him everything about her life . Although April becomes Chief Resident in the Season 7 finale , she fails to pass her Medical Boards and is later fired from Seattle Grace ; however , she asked to come back by Owen Hunt because of her strong work ethic , and she later passes her boards . At her wedding to EMT Matthew Taylor , her best friend and former fling , Jackson Avery , realizes he still loves April and stands up , professing his love . Jackson and April run off and elope ; soon after , it is discovered that April is pregnant . However , Jackson and April learn that their unborn baby has a fatal condition , and April is forced to give birth to their stillborn son , Samuel , which causes tension between her and Jackson . Although they get divorced in Season 11 , April gives birth to their daughter , Harriet , in the Season 12 finale after they have a one - night stand . In Season 14 , April has a crisis of faith following the death of a patient but eventually rediscovers her connection with God . Weeks later , she gets into a car accident , and while she is recovering , it is revealed that she has been seeing Matthew Taylor for the last few months . In the Season 14 finale , April has quit her job at the hospital to do charity work and spontaneously weds Matthew , marking her character 's last appearance on the show . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nathan Riggs </Td> <Td> Martin Henderson </Td> <Td> 12 , 13 , 14 * </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Attending Cardio - thoracic Surgeon </Td> <Td> M.D. , FACS </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> Nathan is introduced in Season 12 as Owen Hunt 's old friend from the army . Though they used to be best friends , Owen is not happy with Nathan 's appearance , and it is later revealed that the cause of their feud is that Owen blames Nathan for his sister , Megan 's , disappearance almost 10 years ago . Nathan and Megan were engaged , but Nathan had cheated on her in the days leading up to her kidnapping . Still , Nathan works hard at Grey Sloan Memorial as an attending cardiothoracic surgeon , where he works under Maggie Pierce . Eventually , Owen and Nathan make up , just as Nathan spontaneously sleeps with Meredith Grey in the back of her car . After they sleep together , Nathan realizes his feelings for Meredith , as they both bond over the loss of a loved one , and continuously pursues her . Though Meredith resists his advances for some time after finding out that Maggie likes him , she eventually gives in and sleeps with him during a hectic plane ride , thus beginning their relationship . They date for some time until Megan is found . Nathan and Megan try to resume their relationship , but it struggles to take off when Megan believes that Nathan is still in love with Meredith . Still , with Meredith 's pushing , Nathan brings home Megan 's son , Farouk , from Iraq , showing that he truly loves Megan . Nathan departs from Grey Sloan Memorial after he , Megan , and Farouk move to Los Angeles to restart their lives . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="6"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Benjamin `` Ben '' Warren </Td> <Td> Jason George </Td> <Td> 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 </Td> <Td> Attending Anesthesiologist , General Surgical Resident </Td> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Ben Warren is introduced as an anesthesiologist from Mercy West Hospital in Season 6 . He also becomes boyfriend of Miranda Bailey until she breaks up with him after the shooting , finding herself unable to be in a relationship after such a traumatic experience . Ben tries to stay away from Miranda , but they eventually start working together again , though she has begun a relationship with a nurse named Eli . However , she eventually ends things with Eli and reunites with Ben . He proposes to Miranda during Season 8 , and she accepts . After they get married , Ben gets the chance to become a surgical intern in California . He accepts , much to Bailey 's distress . He eventually returns as a surgical resident at Grey Sloan . When talking to Shepherd about his fears for Bailey developing OCD , he realizes he inadvertently reported her , thus straining their marriage . Still , they get through it until Ben decides to change careers for the third time when he wants to become a fireman . This angers Bailey , as she believes he is throwing away the chance to be a great surgeon , but they eventually reconcile . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Although he only appeared in the first five episodes of the fourteenth season , Martin Henderson was still billed as a member of the main cast in those five episodes . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Surgical fellows ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / actress </Th> <Th> Starring seasons </Th> <Th> Recurring seasons </Th> <Th> Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) </Th> <Th> Job Title </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cristina Yang </Td> <Td> Sandra Oh </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Cardiothoracic Surgical Fellow , Director of the Board , Grey Sloan Share Holder </Td> <Td> M.D. , Ph. D . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Cristina Yang attained a Ph. D. in biochemistry from the University of California , Berkeley and an M.D. from Stanford University School of Medicine . A skilled resident , Cristina has an indomitable passion for cardiothoracic surgery and is almost ruthless in pursuit of her specialty . She is best friends with Meredith Grey and is in a relationship with Preston Burke , until he leaves Cristina on their wedding day . Time later , she enters a relationship with Owen Hunt , whom she marries in Season 7 . At the beginning of Season 9 , following the plane crash , she leaves Seattle and works as a cardiothoracic surgical fellow at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester , Minnesota . Like Meredith , she is unable to board a plane due to the plane crash trauma , so they barely see each other . However , Cristina returns to Seattle after Craig Thomas , her cardiothoracic attending and best friend at the Mayo Clinic , dies while performing a surgery . In Season 10 , Meredith and Cristina have a falling out due to their different values in life and career paths . Cristina believes that she is more advanced in career because Meredith chose to have a marriage and kids , and Cristina 's argument is only strengthened when she is nominated for a Harper Avery award . However , she loses due to the hospital 's connection with the Avery family . Yang meets Burke again , and he offers her his job in Zurich . When Cristina leaves , she has an emotional goodbye with Meredith , and she leaves with Shane to go to Zurich . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Resident Physicians ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / actress </Th> <Th> Starring seasons </Th> <Th> Recurring seasons </Th> <Th> Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) </Th> <Th> Job Title </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Stephanie Edwards </Td> <Td> Jerrika Hinton </Td> <Td> 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> General Surgical Resident </Td> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> An intern on Season 9 , Stephanie Edwards is similar to Cristina Yang , as she has high hopes for her surgical career . Despite this , she starts dating Jackson Avery after he breaks up with April Kepner , although they break up when Jackson stops April 's wedding by professing his love for her . Stephanie then dates a patient , Kyle , but they break up in the days leading up to his death , leaving an emotional impact on her . She leaves at the end of Season 13 following a fire at the hospital to live life outside of a hospital , which she has n't known since she spend her childhood in hospitals sick . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alexandra `` Lexie '' Grey </Td> <Td> Chyler Leigh </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> General Surgical Resident </Td> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Resident and half - sister of Meredith Grey , Lexie Grey attended Harvard Medical School . She has had relationships with Mark Sloan , Alex Karev , and Jackson Avery . Known for her photographic memory , she has earned the nickname `` Lexipedia . '' Initially she has a distant , contentious relationship with Meredith , but they eventually grow closer . She is often called `` Little Grey '' by other doctors on staff . In Season 8 , she professes her love for Mark , but he does not tell her he loves her back until the plane crash . She dies from her injuries while holding onto Mark . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Leah Murphy </Td> <Td> Tessa Ferrer </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 , 13 </Td> <Td> General Surgical Resident </Td> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> An intern on Season 9 , Leah Murphy briefly sleeps with Alex Karev , who is having sex with intern after intern at the time . She often asks her fellow interns questions related to Alex and seems to be hung up on him . She has an affair with Arizona Robbins while Arizona and Callie Torres were separated . However , when Arizona ends their tryst to repair her marriage , Leah becomes hung up on her and hopes for their marriage to end , going as to report her and Arizona 's relationship to the hospital . In Season 10 , Leah is told by chief Webber that surgery is not for her , and that she should leave the program . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> George O'Malley </Td> <Td> T.R. Knight </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> General Surgical Resident </Td> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> George O'Malley has a less aggressive personality compared to his fellow residents . He has an infatuation with Meredith Grey , which ends when they sleep together and , halfway through , Meredith begins to cry and ultimately rejects him . He has a strong friendship with Izzie Stevens and , later , Lexie Grey . He was once married to Callie Torres , but their marriage came to an end when George slept with Izzie . George and Izzie attempt to have a relationship but decide to remain friends when they realize that their relationship lacks chemistry . Inspired by Owen Hunt 's experiences , George decides to leave Seattle Grace and enlist in the Army . Tragically , on his way to tell his mother about joining the Army , George dies when he prevents a girl from being hit by a bus , sacrificing himself instead . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shane Ross </Td> <Td> Gaius Charles </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> General Surgical Resident </Td> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> An intern on Season 9 , Shane Ross aims to be `` the new Shepherd '' and even assists on Derek 's hand surgery . However , he is frustrated when Derek chooses Heather Brooks as his intern because of her quick reflexes . In Season 10 , after he sticks up for Cristina Yang when she and Meredith fight over the 3D printer , he and Yang start a sexual relationship , which only lasts briefly . Later in the season , Ross almost kills a patient , as sleep deprivation causes him to have a mental break down . In the Season 10 finale , Ross leaves Seattle for Zurich with Cristina , as he wants to learn from her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Isobel `` Izzie '' Stevens </Td> <Td> Katherine Heigl </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> General Surgical Resident </Td> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> After growing up in a trailer park and putting her newborn daughter up for adoption at age 16 , Izzie Stevens managed to advance through medical school by modeling to pay her bills . She puts her career as doctor on the line in a risky bid to get her fiancé , Denny Duquette , a new heart by cutting his LVAD wires . Denny subsequently dies , but Izzie manages to keep her job following invasive therapy sessions put up by the hospital . She then begins a relationship with Alex Karev , and they eventually get married . Their relationship becomes strained when she is diagnosed with metastatic melanoma . She recovers following treatment with Interleukin 2 but after , returning to work , she accidentally induces hyperkalemia in a patient listed for a renal transplant . Subsequently , she loses her job and leaves Seattle . She and Alex divorce , and she is never seen again . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Josephine `` Jo '' Wilson </Td> <Td> Camilla Luddington </Td> <Td> 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> General Surgical Resident </Td> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> An intern on Season 9 , Jo Wilson is at first made fun of by Alex Karev , who believes she 's a rich girl and nicknames her `` princess . '' On the contrary , she had a cruel childhood and has had to work very hard in order to get through life and become a doctor . Alex gradually warms up to her , and they become close friends . She starts a relationship with an obstetrician , causing Alex to become jealous . She is set to move in with her boyfriend , but they get in a physical fight in which he becomes severely injured . After she leaves her boyfriend , Alex confesses his love to Jo . They start dating but have relationship issues in Season 11 when she turns down Alex 's marriage proposal . Things only worsen when Alex beats up Andrew DeLuca after finding him and Jo in a compromising situation , landing Alex in jail for a brief period . Jo has trust issues with Alex , as she believes he could physically hurt her , but she forgives him once she discovers that Alex had tracked down her ex-husband , Paul , but did n't beat him up . In Season 14 , Paul comes to Grey Sloan to sign divorce papers from Jo , whom he calls `` Brooke '' , since she changed her name and ran away when they separated . Paul is still the same manipulative and abusive husband that he was years ago , and that scares Jo into signing the papers . Paul threatens Jo 's life , but he is soon after killed during a hit - and - run , freeing Jo of her past . In the Season 14 finale , Alex and Jo get married . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Intern Physicians ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / actress </Th> <Th> Starring seasons </Th> <Th> Recurring seasons </Th> <Th> Occupation at Grey Sloan ( or its predecessors ) </Th> <Th> Job Title </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Andrew DeLuca </Td> <Td> Giacomo Gianniotti </Td> <Td> 12 , 13 , 14 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> General Surgical Intern </Td> <Td> M.D. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> Andrew DeLuca was an EMT before he decided to switch to being a surgical intern in Season 12 . Soon after his internship begins , he starts a relationship with Maggie Pierce , but that ultimately ends when he does n't have feelings for her anymore . In Season 14 , his ex-girlfriend , Sam Bello , joins Grey Sloan , and they resume their relationship briefly before she leaves the hospital to avoid deportation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="7"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Supporting characters ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Hospital surgeons ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following listings reflect each character 's status at the time of his or her first appearance on staff at Seattle Grace / Seattle Grace Mercy West / Grey Sloan Memorial . </P> Attending Physicians ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / Actress </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Virginia Dixon </Td> <Td> Mary McDonnell </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> An exceptional cardiothoracic surgeon who has Asperger syndrome , Dr. Dixon serves as the interim Head of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Season 5 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Rebecca Swender </Td> <Td> Kimberly Elise </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A surgical oncology attending assigned to oversee Izzie Stevens ' cancer treatment , Dr. Swender is said to be the best surgical oncologist in the state of Washington . She is a proponent for IL - 2 - use as treatment for cancer , citing its success when a patient , initially given only three months to live , uses the therapy and survives an additional two years . The patient , however , succumbs to complications from the inherent nature of the IL - 2 , which affects Swender 's otherwise authoritarian and impartial persona , and casts doubt on this treatment - protocol . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Margaret Campbell </Td> <Td> Faye Dunaway </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A general surgery attending , Dr. Campbell is Seattle Grace 's first female surgeon . With 40 years of surgical experience , she is considered a pioneer and one of the hospital 's most respected surgeons . Richard Webber may have been taught by her , which is implied when she recalls an incident involving a clamp dropped into an open body cavity . She has worked with Ellis Grey . Cristina Yang has been vocal about her objections and criticisms of Dr. Campbell 's continued long - standing service . Due to a complication caused by a lacerated bowel during a routine cholecystectomy , Dr. Campbell retires after performing her last surgery to repair the `` careless mistake . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Robert Stark </Td> <Td> Peter MacNicol </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> An incompetent pediatric surgery attending , Dr. Stark is brought in as the interim Chief of Pediatric Surgery when Arizona Robbins gives her notice to oversee a pediatric surgery program in Malawi , Africa . Under contract for a year , Dr. Stark continues to serve as the department chief when Robbins returns . Described as a lazy doctor and a complacent and self - satisfied attending , he represents the antithesis of attending surgeons commonly employed at Seattle Grace / Mercy West Hospital . Dr. Stark has an antagonistic disposition with most of the hospital staff , especially Alex Karev. April Kepner is the only exception to his behavior . He later attempts to date her , with little success . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Lucy Fields </Td> <Td> Rachael Taylor </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> An OB / GYN attending and maternal - fetal medicine fellow at Seattle Grace Mercy West , Dr. Fields is self - proclaimed `` damn good at her job . '' She attended Harvard Medical School and completed her OB / GYN residency at Duke University Medical Center . Dr. Fields is Callie Torres ' obstetrician and shows that she is equal parts tough , ironic , and empathetic , especially when dealing with Torres and her support team : Mark Sloan and Arizona Robbins . She seems to have a slight crush on Alex Karev , and they begin to form a relationship . Dr. Addison Montgomery returns and is told that she is not able to deal with traumatic pregnancy cases ( such as a pregnant Callie involved in a car accident ) . Alex Karev breaks off his relationship with Dr. Fields in the Season 7 finale , and she goes off to treat children in Africa . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Nicole Herman </Td> <Td> Geena Davis </Td> <Td> 11 , 14 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Nicole Herman is introduced as the Head of Fetal Surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . Arizona works with her as a fellow to switch from Pediatric Surgery to Fetal Surgery . It is then revealed that Herman has an inoperable brain tumor and only has 6 months left to live ; as a result , she decide she wants to use this period of time to teach Arizona about Fetal Surgery since it is a new field . When Amelia informs Herman that she believes she could remove the tumor , Herman initially rejects the idea until deciding it 's what 's best . Amelia operates and , despite some complications , successfully removes Herman 's tumor . However , Herman does n't wake up for several days after the surgery , leading Amelia to look for a cause . An MRI shows signs of a stroke , and when Herman finally wakes up , though she is fully aware of her surroundings and shows no loss of mental faculties , she becomes completely blind . After being discharged from the hospital , Herman goes to the Blind Institute , where she learns to live her daily life as a blind person . In Season 14 , Herman returns to the hospital in fear that her tumor has returned , but it turns out just to be a cyst . Herman then offers Arizona an extraordinary opportunity to start the Robbins - Herman Center for Women 's Health , which they will institute in New York City . </Td> </Tr> </Table> Resident Physicians ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / Actress </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Sydney Heron </Td> <Td> Kali Rocha </Td> <Td> 2 , 3 , 4 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A fifth - year general surgery resident at Seattle Grace , Dr. Heron is known for her extremely perky personality . She initially appears as Miranda 's substitute when Miranda is on maternity leave . She clashes with Cristina , who finds Sydney 's positive attitude unbearable . She later serves as Izzie 's peer counselor and reveals that her perky persona actually originates from a nervous breakdown she had after losing a patient of her own . Sydney is in the running to become chief resident , but loses to Callie , who is later replaced by Miranda . Sydney goes on one date with Dr. Shepherd , but dumps him when she decides he is n't ready for the kind of relationship she needs . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Reed Adamson </Td> <Td> Nora Zehetner </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Surgical resident , formerly at Mercy West Hospital , Dr. Adamson is close friends with Dr. Charles Percy and Dr. April Kepner . She seems to be attracted to Alex Karev , and has a one - night stand with Mark Sloan . She is shot in the head by Gary Clark in the Season Six finale . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Charles Percy </Td> <Td> Robert Baker </Td> <Td> 6 , 8 , 12 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Surgical resident , formerly at Mercy West Hospital , Dr. Percy is often referred to as `` the big guy . '' He is in love with Dr. Reed Adamson . Percy is shot by Gary Clark in the Season Six finale and , despite Miranda Bailey 's efforts , he dies . He reprises his role in Season 8 in `` If / Then '' and later in Season 12 in `` Unbreak My Heart '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Surgical interns ( edit ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / Actress </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Steve Mostow </Td> <Td> Mark Saul </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dr. Mostow is a surgical intern of Dr. Cristina Yang , who calls him `` 2 '' . In `` There 's no ' I ' in Team , '' Dr. Yang considered `` giving '' him to George O'Malley when he finally passes his medical exams . Steve allows the other interns to practice an epidural anesthesia on him and introduce a catheter into his male organs . As a result , he can not move for a while and is not present at Sadie 's operation . Dr. Yang finds him immobilized and finds out about the operation , after which Steve is put on probation , along with the other interns . Steve later sleeps with fellow intern Pierce 's girlfriend Megan , and she gets pregnant . Steve and Megan get married , and he is concluded to be the father . During the merger , Megan is fired , but Steve keeps his job , although Megan is later hired back by Derek Shepherd . According to his blog , he has aspirations to go into neurosurgery as a specialty . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Graciela Guzman </Td> <Td> Gloria Garayua </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 , 6 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dr. Guzman is a surgical intern of Dr. Izzie Stevens , who considers giving her to George O'Malley because she `` charts like crap , '' but keeps her because she can put in a line . Graciela is a nervous student , who eats a lot of chocolate when she 's nervous . In the episode `` In The Midnight Hour , '' she is the only one who quits the interns ' operation on Sadie because she feels it 's wrong . Nevertheless , she is put on probation with the other interns . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Intern Pierce </Td> <Td> Joseph Williamson </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 , 6 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Pierce is a surgical intern of Dr. Alex Karev , who considers giving him to George O'Malley just because Dr. Karev hates how his name sounds . Pierce has confronted Dr. Karev on at least one occasion , such as when he meets his punishment along with the other interns in the episode `` In The Midnight Hour '' and comments that Dr. Stevens killed a man and was forgiven . Dr. Karev responds by physically attacking him . Later in the season , Pierce and Steve fight over Megan , Pierce 's girlfriend , who slept with Steve during a breakup . She is now pregnant without knowing who the father of her baby is . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Ryan Spalding </Td> <Td> Brandon Scott </Td> <Td> 5 , 6 </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A surgical intern of Dr. Cristina Yang , who considers giving him to George O'Malley , Dr. Spalding first appears in the episode `` Life During Wartime '' and is subsequently named `` 4.2 '' . In the episode `` In The Midnight Hour , '' Ryan is one of the surgical interns operating on Dr. Sadie Harris . He is left on his own in an OR , while the others go to get help . He is put on probation with the other interns after Sadie nearly dies in the operation . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Megan Mostow </Td> <Td> Molly Kidder </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 , 6 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Dr. Megan Mostow ( nee Nowland ) is a resident and former intern of Dr. Meredith Grey , who considers giving her to George O'Malley . She has a relationship with Intern Pierce , which ends when she has an affair with Steve that results in a pregnancy . During the hospital merger , the Chief fires her by e-mail , and she later decides to sue the hospital , believing her dismissal is related to her pregnancy . She is later rehired by Derek Shepherd , who believes she was fired unjustly and deserves a `` fighting chance . '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Intern Laura </Td> <Td> Candice Afia </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 , 6 </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A former surgical intern under Dr. Alex Karev , Laura is rebuked by Izzie Stevens when she makes fun of a patient with a facial deformity . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Sadie Harris </Td> <Td> Melissa George </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> An intern and former best friend of Meredith , Sadie has self - harm tendencies and later quits Seattle Grace after her medical knowledge and expertise are called into question . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Norman Shales </Td> <Td> Edward Herrmann </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> An elderly surgical intern assigned to second - year Dr. Alex Karev , Dr. Shales is a former pharmacist who , because of his age , is often mistaken by patients for the senior physician . He has since transferred into psychiatry . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Heather Brooks </Td> <Td> Tina Majorino </Td> <Td> 9 , 10 </Td> <Td> 22 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> An intern on Season 9 , Dr. Brooks briefly sleeps with Dr. Alex Karev , who is having sex with intern after intern at the time . Her quick reflexes contribute to her being picked by Dr. Derek Shepherd to receive lessons in the neurosurgical field . Heather dies from complications in Season 10 premiere after being electrocuted while trying to find Dr. Richard Webber . She finds him in a pool of water and she steps onto the water before realizing that it was `` live '' , she falls and hits her head . After she 's found , Dr. Derek Shepherd and Dr. Shane Ross operate and manage to evacuate her subdural hematoma , but her brain swells and she dies due to raised intracranial pressure . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Levi Schmitt </Td> <Td> Jake Borelli </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A new intern introduced in Season 14 , Dr. Schmitt is widely known as the guy who 's glasses fell on a patient during surgery . He has a one - night stand with Dr. Jo Wilson , but his relationship with her ends when she gets back together with Dr. Alex Karev . Dr. Schmitt begins his intern year worried about his tainted reputation , but his mentor , Dr. Meredith Grey , assures him that people do n't think of him like that . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Sam Bello </Td> <Td> Jeanine Mason </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A Season 14 new intern who , upon attending the new intern mixer the night before her first day , discovers that her ex-boyfriend , Dr. Andrew DeLuca , also works at Grey - Sloan Memorial . Despite their best efforts to avoid falling back into their toxic , on - again , off - again relationship , Sam and Andrew ultimately being sleeping together again . In the Season 14 episode `` Beautiful Dreamer , '' Sam is put at risk of getting deported back to El Salvador by ICE because she had run a red light . To save Sam 's medical career and avoid deportation , Dr. Meredith Grey sends Sam to continue her residency at Dr. Cristina Yang 's hospital in Zurich . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Casey Parker </Td> <Td> Alex Blue Davis </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Another new intern in Season 14 who also has great skill in computer hacking . His abilities come in handy when an anonymous hacker breaks into the Grey Sloan computer system and shuts down all electricity and data , causing chaos among doctors and patients ; Parker is able to shut this down by hacking the person back . It is then that he reveals to Dr. Miranda Bailey that he first used his computer skills to change his gender on his license , as the DMV would n't change it when Parker completed his transition . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Vikram Roy </Td> <Td> Rushi Kota </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A Season 14 intern who is cocky and very confident in his surgical skills . Despite this , he is no better than any of his peers and shows not to hold his head well under intense pressure . During Dr. April Kepner 's faith crisis , she begins sleeping with Roy , but that eventually ends when she rediscovers herself . In the Season 14 episode `` Judgement Day , '' Roy is fired by Dr. Richard Webber after he tries to operate under the influence of cannabis . Roy tries to sue for wrongful termination , and Dr. Miranda Bailey eventually re-employs him under the agreement that he will be monitored closely by her for the next year . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Taryn Helm </Td> <Td> Jaicy Elliot </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A new intern introduced in Season 14 . She becomes good friends with another intern , Dr. Levi Schmitt , and is often involved in his embarrassing actions . Helm becomes infatuated with Dr. Meredith Grey and , during Jo and Alex 's wedding , she gets drunk and almost tells Dr. Grey that she 's in love with her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Dahlia Qadri </Td> <Td> Sophia Taylor Ali </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A Season 14 new intern who is proud of her religion and shows it in her headpiece . She is attracted to Dr. Jackson Avery , and when she has the chance to work on his service , stumbles on her words in front of him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Hospital nurses ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / Actress </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nurse Olivia Harper </Td> <Td> Sarah Utterback </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 14 </Td> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A nurse at the hospital , Olivia has relationships with George and Alex. Alex gives her syphilis , which she then unknowingly gives to George after breaking up with Alex ( part of a hospital - wide syphilis epidemic among the doctors and nurses ) . Alex begins a relationship with Izzie , who finds him cheating on her with Olivia . The female interns sometimes insultingly refer to her as `` Syph Nurse . '' She is a member of the club `` Nurses United Against Mark Sloan , '' which implies she has had sexual relations with him . During the merger , she is fired and Derek offers to give her a recommendation . Olivia returns in the Season 14 episode , `` Bad Reputation , '' after her son is admitted to the hospital ; she runs into Alex but still is n't very fond of him . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nurse Tyler Christian </Td> <Td> Moe Irvin </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 10 </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Nurse Tyler is one of the members of the nursing staff at Seattle Grace . He attends the nurse strike in Season 2 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Patricia </Td> <Td> Robin Pearson Rose </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> Patricia is Richard Weber 's assistant / secretary and previously worked as a nurse . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nurse Rose </Td> <Td> Lauren Stamile </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A nurse at the hospital , she works often with Dr. Derek Shepherd . Rose has been the attending nurse on 36 of Dr. Shepherd 's surgeries ( as she announced in `` Forever Young , '' Season 4 , Episode 8 ) . Derek and Rose share a kiss and are dating , much to Meredith 's distress as she tries to get over him . Despite their seemingly happy relationship , Rose is soon bothered by comments made by hospital personnel about Meredith and Derek 's breakup being only temporary ( which end up being true when Derek and Meredith get back together for good ) . Addison Montgomery sarcastically calls Rose `` McRebound , '' unaware that Rose is in the room . Her prediction proves correct when , in the season finale `` Freedom , '' Derek and Meredith make up and kiss . Derek abruptly leaves this kiss to break up with Rose , signaling the end of their relationship . Afterward , Rose is hostile towards Derek whenever she sees him but , when she accidentally cuts his hand during a surgery , she apologizes and transfers to peds . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Other hospital Physicians ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / Actress </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Katharine Wyatt </Td> <Td> Amy Madigan </Td> <Td> 4 , 5 , 6 </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A psychiatrist at the hospital , Katharine is Dr. Meredith Grey 's and Dr. Erica Hahn 's therapist . As of the episode `` Sweet Surrender , '' Dr. Owen Hunt has begun sessions with her . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Raj Sen </Td> <Td> Anjul Nigam </Td> <Td> 1 , 2 , 4 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A psychiatric resident at Seattle Grace , Dr. Sen sometimes provides consults for the surgeons . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Non-staff Physicians ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Actor / Actress </Th> <Th> Season ( s ) </Th> <Th> Episode count </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Finn Dandridge </Td> <Td> Chris O'Donnell </Td> <Td> 2 , 3 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> The former veterinarian of Meredith and Derek 's dog , Doc , Finn is also the newest love interest of Meredith for some time . Meredith breaks up with him because she is still in love with Derek . Finn 's wife , Liz , died in a car accident . The interns give him the nickname `` McVet , '' along the same form as Derek Shepherd 's nickname , McDreamy . He dates Meredith throughout the end of the second season , and the beginning of the third season . He competes with Derek Shepherd for Meredith 's heart and ultimately loses to Derek because Meredith is still in love with Derek . Meredith realizes that he may be the `` best guy , '' but he is n't `` her guy . '' After she tells him this , he replies , `` He 'll break your heart again , Meredith , and when he does , I wo n't be here '' and walks out for the last time . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. Colin Marlowe </Td> <Td> Roger Rees </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A professor at Stanford University and a brilliant cardiothoracic surgeon noted for pioneering a procedure called the Marlowe transplant , Colin Marlowe had a three - year relationship with Cristina Yang before she graduated and began her residency at Seattle Grace . He appears months later as a candidate for Chief of Surgery , and ultimately withdraws when his true purpose for joining the staff at Seattle Grace , to rekindle his relationship with Cristina , fails . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Dr. William `` Will '' Thorpe </Td> <Td> Scott Elrod </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> A surgical oncologist at Bauer Army Medical Center , William Thorpe works on Brian Carson with Dr. Meredith Grey , Dr. Callie Torres , Dr. Jackson Avery , and Dr. Jo Wilson . After the surgery is complete , Thorpe flirts with Meredith , and the two exchange numbers . Afraid to move on from Derek , Meredith dodges Thorpe 's calls until he shows up to pursue her outside of Grey - Sloan Memorial . Meredith agrees to get drinks with him but freaks out again and cancels . Thorpe shows up in the lobby after Meredith 's 17 - hour surgery and takes her home , where they talk and eat in his car . After three dates , the two sleep together , but the next morning , Meredith feels like she cheated on Derek and kicks Thorpe out . Worried about Meredith , Thorpe visits her that night , where she admits that he is the first guy she has dated since Derek died and that she 's just not ready to move on . Thorpe says he will wait for Meredith because she is worth waiting for . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="5"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Family members ( edit ) </H3> <P> Meredith Grey 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Ellis Grey ( Kate Burton , Sarah Paulson -- 1982 flashback , Sally Pressman - 1983 flashbacks ) : Meredith 's mother and Maggie 's biological mother , a highly respected surgeon who trained at Seattle Grace with Dr. Webber . During their residency , she and Webber had an affair . She left her husband Thatcher for Dr. Webber , but he could not bring himself to leave his wife . After her residency , she left Seattle to take a position at Mass General . She also worked at the Mayo Clinic . She has won the Harper Avery Award twice , and she invented the laparoscopic Grey method . She developed early - onset Alzheimer 's shortly before Meredith started medical school and , at the start of the show , she has been placed in Roseridge Home for Extended Care , a nursing home . She dies of cardiac arrest in the middle of Season 3 . In the episode `` Drowning on Dry Land , '' she appears to her daughter Meredith , encouraging her to go back and live her life . She also appears in an alternate - reality episode from Season 8 , called `` If / then . '' In series 11 `` She 's Leaving Home '' , Meredith gives birth to a baby daughter , whom she names after her mother . In Season 14 episode `` Who Lives , Who Dies , Who Tells Your Story '' , she appears in an OR Gallery as an image applauding Meredith as she wins her first Harper Avery Award . </Li> <Li> Thatcher Grey ( Jeff Perry ) : Father of Meredith Grey and Lexie Grey . He was married to Ellis Grey , Meredith 's mother , for about seven years . They divorced after she had an affair with Richard Webber . Thatcher blames Ellis somewhat for his estrangement from Meredith , saying Ellis is `` cold '' and wo n't let him get to know his daughter . After the disintegration of his first family , Thatcher remained in Seattle and married his second wife , Susan . They had two daughters , Lexie and Molly . After Meredith moves to Seattle for her residency , Susan encourages Thatcher and Meredith to develop a relationship . However , Susan 's sudden death devastates Thatcher , and he blames her death on Meredith . He becomes an alcoholic , and Lexie has to give up a residency at Massachusetts General Hospital to move to Seattle to care for her father . He eventually enters rehab and apologizes to his daughters . However , his alcoholism has destroyed his liver , and Meredith has to give him a portion of hers to save his life . </Li> <Li> Susan Grey ( Mare Winningham ) Meredith 's stepmother who dies of the hiccups </Li> <Li> Molly Grey - Thompson ( Mandy Siegfried ) : Daughter of Thatcher and Susan Grey , Meredith 's half - sister . She proposes to her husband , Eric , before he is shipped out by the military to be stationed in Iraq . Originally a patient at Mercy West , Molly transfers to Seattle Grace when she is 32 weeks pregnant and Addison operates to repair a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Molly 's baby . She later gives birth to a daughter , whom she names Laura . </Li> <Li> Lexie Grey Meredith Grey 's half sister . Daughter of Thatcher and Susan Grey . She and Meredith have a rocky relationship at the start but become close and the show progressed . She and Mark Sloan are in a long term relationship before they are killed in a plane crash . </Li> <Li> Laura Thompson : Daughter of Molly Grey and Eric Thompson and Lexie 's niece and Meredith 's half - niece . She is born premature and kept at Seattle Grace Hospital several weeks after her birth , prompting her grandfather Thatcher Grey to hang around . </Li> <Li> Margaret `` Maggie '' Pierce : Daughter of Ellis Grey and Richard Webber . Meredith 's half - sister . Born in Boston , after Ellis and Meredith moved there , leaving Thatcher in Seattle , she was given up for adoption . She becomes a skilled heart surgeon and eventually moves to Seattle , becoming Chief of Cardio at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital after Cristina Yang leaves . </Li> <Li> Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) : Meredith 's husband since Season 5 , legally since Season 7 . Originally married to Addison Montgomery , they divorced in the third season . Derek is the father of Zola Grey Shepherd , Derek Bailey Shepherd and Ellis Shepherd . In season 11 episode 21 `` How To Save A Life '' , he dies of a head injury after his car was T - Boned by a semi . </Li> <Li> Zola Grey Shepherd : Daughter of Meredith and Derek , who is brought over with the children from Africa under the direction of Karev in Season 7 . She has a spinal disease , but is treated by Derek with a shunt . They later adopt her . </Li> <Li> Derek Bailey Shepherd : Son of Meredith and Derek , delivered via C - section because he is not in the correct position . While stitching Meredith up , the obstetrician who operates on Meredith is called away to another patient and an intern completes the stitching . When she begins bleeding from everywhere , Meredith diagnoses herself as in DIC . Miranda performs a spleen removal , which saves Meredith 's life . Derek and Meredith name their baby after Miranda Bailey . </Li> <Li> Ellis Shepherd : Second daughter of Meredith and Derek . She was born during the time jump that took place after Derek 's funeral in `` She 's Leaving Home '' . </Li> </Ul> <P> Lexie Grey 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) : The daughter of Thatcher Grey and Ellis Grey . Meredith is Lexie 's older half - sister whom Lexie meets at the beginning of the fourth season . Although Meredith is n't initially fond of Lexie and does not wish to know her , Meredith eventually warms up to Lexie , and the two become extremely close until Lexie 's death . </Li> <Li> Susan Grey ( Mare Winningham ) : The second wife of Thatcher Grey , and mother of Lexie Grey and Molly Grey - Thompson . Susan was always aware of Thatcher 's first wife and daughter , but she does n't meet Meredith until Molly is a patient at Seattle Grace . She reaches out to Meredith and encourages her to develop a relationship with Thatcher . At first , Meredith resists Susan 's attempts to mother her , but eventually comes to think of Susan as a surrogate mother . Susan dies suddenly , following a rare complication from a routine procedure to treat her acid reflux and hiccups . Thatcher is devastated by her death and became an alcoholic . </Li> <Li> Thatcher Grey ( Jeff Perry ) : Father of Meredith Grey and Lexie Grey . He was married to Ellis Grey , Meredith 's mother , for about seven years . They divorced after she had an affair with Richard Webber . Thatcher blames Ellis somewhat for his estrangement from Meredith , saying Ellis is `` cold '' and wo n't let him get to know his daughter . After the disintegration of his first family , Thatcher remained in Seattle and married his second wife , Susan . They had two daughters , Lexie and Molly . After Meredith moves to Seattle for her residency , Susan encourages Thatcher and Meredith to develop a relationship . However , Susan 's sudden death devastates Thatcher , and he blames her death on Meredith . He becomes an alcoholic , and Lexie has to give up a residency at Massachusetts General Hospital to move to Seattle to care for her father . He eventually enters rehab and apologizes to his daughters . However , his alcoholism has destroyed his liver , and Meredith has to give him a portion of hers to save his life . </Li> <Li> Molly Grey - Thompson ( Mandy Siegfried ) : Daughter of Thatcher and Susan Grey , Lexie 's younger sister and Meredith 's half - sister . She proposes to her husband , Eric , before he is shipped out by the military to be stationed in Iraq . Originally a patient at Mercy West , Molly transfers to Seattle Grace when she is 32 weeks pregnant and Addison operates to repair a congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Molly 's baby . She later gives birth to a daughter , whom she names Laura . </Li> <Li> Laura Thompson : Daughter of Molly Grey and Eric Thompson and Lexie 's niece and Meredith 's half - niece . She is born premature and kept at Seattle Grace Hospital several weeks after her birth , prompting her grandfather Thatcher Grey to hang around . Niece of Alexandra ( Lexie ) Grey . </Li> <Li> Zola Grey Shepherd : Daughter of Meredith and Derek and half - niece 's of Lexie , who is brought over with the children from Africa under the direction of Karev in Season 7 . She has a spinal disease , but is treated by Derek with a shunt . They later adopt her . She is the half - niece of Alexandra ( Lexie ) Grey . </Li> <Li> Derek Bailey Shepherd : Son of Meredith and Derek , delivered via C - section because he is not in the correct position . While stitching Meredith up , the obstetrician who operates on Meredith is called away to another patient and an intern completes the stitching . When she begins bleeding from everywhere , Meredith diagnoses herself as in DIC . Miranda performs a spleen removal , which saves Meredith 's life . Derek and Meredith name their baby after Miranda Bailey . He is the half - nephew of Alexandra ( Lexie ) Grey , although never met by Lexie as she dies before Bailey is born . </Li> <Li> Ellis Shepherd : Second daughter of Meredith and Derek and Lexie 's half - niece . She was born during the time jump that took place after Derek 's funeral in `` She 's Leaving Home '' . She is the half - niece of Alexandra ( Lexie ) Grey although Lexie never meets Ellis as she dies before the baby is born . </Li> </Ul> <P> Derek Shepherd 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) : Derek 's second wife until season 11 episode 21 `` How To Save A Life '' , when he dies of a head injury after his car is T - Boned by a semi . She is the mother of Zola , Bailey and Ellis . </Li> <Li> Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) : Derek 's first wife who cheated on him with Mark . She comes to Seattle at Richard 's request and the two attempt to reconcile . She ultimately moves to Los Angeles . </Li> <Li> Amelia Shepherd ( Caterina Scorsone ) : Derek 's sister and the youngest Shepherd child . She and Derek witnessed their father being murdered . She became addicted to prescription medication before crashing Derek 's car while under the influence . Amelia worked with Addison in Los Angeles , and is her son 's godmother . She has slept with Mark ( as have Nancy and Addison before her ) . She is currently Chief of Neuro at Grey Sloan . </Li> <Li> Zola Grey Shepherd ( Jela K. Moore , Heaven White ) : Daughter of Meredith and Derek , who is brought over with the children from Africa under the direction of Karev in Season 7 . She has a spinal disease , but is treated by Derek with a shunt . They later adopt her . </Li> <Li> Derek Bailey Shepherd : Son of Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd , delivered via C - section because he is not in the correct position . While stitching Meredith up , the obstetrician who operates on Meredith is called away to another patient and an intern completes the stitching . When she begins bleeding from everywhere , Meredith diagnoses herself as in DIC . Miranda performs a spleen removal , which saves Meredith 's life . Derek and Meredith name their baby after Miranda Bailey . </Li> <Li> Ellis Shepherd : Second daughter of Meredith and Derek , born 9 months after Derek 's death . </Li> <Li> Carolyn Maloney - Shepherd ( Tyne Daly ) : Derek 's mother , who cared for Derek and his sisters after her husband was murdered . </Li> <Li> Kathleen Shepherd : One of Derek 's sisters ; she has only been mentioned in passing and has not appeared on the show . Derek mentions she is a therapist . </Li> <Li> Liz Shepherd ( Neve Campbell ) : One of Derek 's sisters . After the nerves in Derek 's hand are damaged in a plane crash , she donates a nerve in her leg in order to repair his hand . Like her siblings she is a doctor though her specialty is unknown and though it is unlikely that she is a psychiatrist or a neurosurgeon . </Li> <Li> Nancy Shepherd ( Embeth Davidtz ) : One of Derek 's sisters . She slept with Mark ( as revealed in the episode `` Let The Angels Commit '' ) . She tells her brother , `` Come on Derek . Everyone sleeps with Mark . '' She dislikes Meredith , and admires Addison possibly due to them both being OB / GYN doctors . </Li> <Li> Alexandra `` Lexie '' Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) : Becomes Derek 's sister - in - law when he and Meredith Grey marry . Lexie later dies in the plane crash in the season 8 finale titled ' Flight ' . </Li> <Li> Margaret `` Maggie '' Pierce Becomes Derek 's half - sister - in - law when he and Meredith Grey marry . </Li> </Ul> <P> Cristina Yang 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Helen Yang Rubenstein ( Tsai Chin ) : Cristina 's mother . Helen and Cristina 's father divorced ( Cristina watched her father die as they were both in a car accident ) , and she remarried Dr. Saul Rubenstein , an oral surgeon , when Cristina was three . She thinks Cristina should focus more on getting married and less on her career . </Li> </Ul> <P> Izzie Stevens 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Hannah Klein ( Liv Hutchings ) : Izzie 's biological daughter , born when Izzie was 16 years old . In the third season , Hannah is admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital with leukemia , and Izzie donates bone marrow to her . However , Hannah refuses to see her . </Li> <Li> Robbie Stevens ( Sharon Lawrence ) : Izzie 's mother , who now works as a waitress . </Li> <Li> Denny Duquette Jr . Jeffrey Dean Morgan : Izzie 's fiancé for a short period of time before he died of a stroke after receiving a heart transplant . In his will he leaves Izzie $8,700,000 , with which she opens the `` Denny Duquette Memorial Clinic '' that provides free health check ups to patients . </Li> </Ul> <P> Richard Webber 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Camille Travis ( Tessa Thompson / Camille Winbush ) : Adele 's niece , daughter of Adele 's sister Arlene . She was diagnosed with ovarian cancer when she was 14 , and the cancer returns when she is a senior in high school . Dr. Bailey orders the interns to plan a prom in the hospital for her . </Li> <Li> Arlene Travis ( Shelley Robertson ) : Adele 's sister and Camille 's mother . </Li> <Li> Adele Webber ( Loretta Devine ) : Dr. Webber 's wife . Frequently frustrated by his devotion to the hospital , she eventually leaves him . She becomes pregnant with his child , but has a miscarriage . They have since reconciled . She has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer 's disease . She dies of a heart attack in the Season 9 winter premiere . </Li> <Li> Catherine Avery ( Debbie Allen ) : Richard'second wife whom he marries in season 11 . </Li> <Li> Margaret `` Maggie '' Pierce biological daughter with Ellis Grey . </Li> </Ul> <P> George O'Malley's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Harold O'Malley ( George Dzundza ) : Father of George O'Malley , he was a truck driver with a passion for vintage cars . He was married for 40 years to his wife , Louise , and they had three sons : Jerry , Ronny , and George . He is very proud of all of his sons , but he often has trouble relating to George . He is admitted to Seattle Grace with esophageal cancer that has spread to his stomach , as well as a leaking aortic valve . He undergoes surgery to successfully replace the valve , and later has a second surgery to determine the extent of the cancer . Prior to the second surgery , he asks Dr. Webber and Dr. Bailey to remove the tumor regardless of the risk , in order to give him a chance to fight the cancer . The surgery proves too much for his body and , after several days , he goes into multi-system organ failure , which prompts the family to remove him from life support . </Li> <Li> Jerry O'Malley ( Greg Pitts ) : George 's brother , who works at a dry cleaners . </Li> <Li> Louise O'Malley ( Debra Monk ) : George 's mother , who works as a teacher . George seems to find her a little overbearing , and is often embarrassed by her good - natured gestures , such as setting out breakfast for the interns during rounds , and offering to iron his scrubs . She is a devout Catholic , and she is very upset when George and Callie get divorced . </Li> <Li> Ronny O'Malley ( Tim Griffin ) : George 's brother , who works at the post office . </Li> <Li> Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) : George 's ex-wife . They get married in Las Vegas in Season 3 , and later divorce in Season 4 because George is in love with Izzie . </Li> </Ul> <P> Alex Karev 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Jimmy Evans ( James Remar ) : Alex 's father , a heroin addict , who was often absent during his childhood . He used to beat Alex and Aaron , while Amber was too young during that time to recall Jimmy 's behavior to her brothers . It 's still unexplained how he disappeared from Alex 's life , but assuming that Alex 's mother died due to an illness and Alex , Aaron and Amber going through foster homes , he just left . Because of how Jimmy beat up Alex 's mother , Alex became a wrestler to defend his mother . In season ten , he returns unknowingly into Alex 's life , due to being brought to Grey Sloan Hospital for treatment . By then , it has been revealed that he was living as a struggling musician . After arriving in an ambulance , he asks Alex for something , which causes Alex to realize the patient might be his father . Though Alex does not want to know the result of a DNA - match suggested by Jo Wilson , she reveals the results anyway , which confirms that Jimmy is Alex 's father . Alex begins secretly visiting the bar where his father starts playing after recovering and during one visit , Jimmy and Alex talk of childhood and regrets . Because Jimmy had taught Alex how to play guitar as a child , Alex assumes the discussion is about him and is goaded into playing a tune that brings memories back to Jimmy . When Alex learns that Jimmy is talking about Nicky , his son by another woman , Alex angrily beats his father up . Jimmy fails to understand Alex 's anger when the latter tells Jimmy never to return to Nicky and his mother until after Alex leaves and Jimmy realizes that Alex is his son . During Jimmy 's attempts to go clean , he winds up in the hospital from through withdrawal . Jo has to take care over him , which causes strain in her and Alex 's relationship . </Li> <Li> Aaron Karev ( Jake McLaughlin ) : Alex 's younger brother , who works as a mover . He is very nice and polite , which is why Cristina names him `` Angel Spawn , '' while she calls Alex `` Evil Spawn '' . He comes to Seattle Grace with a hernia , which Dr. Bailey successfully repairs . He 's very chatty and tells the doctors about his and Alex 's troubled childhood . He is later diagnosed with schizophrenia after he has a psychotic break and tries to kill his younger sister , Amber . As a result , he has been committed to a psychiatric ward . </Li> <Li> Amber Karev : Alex 's younger sister , a high school student . Aaron is trying to convince her to go to college , but she does n't see the point . </Li> <Li> Nicky Evans : Alex 's younger paternal half - brother . It 's assumed he still lives with his mother in South Florida . </Li> <Li> Helen Karev ( Lindsay Wagner ) : Alex 's mother . Helen was diagnosed with a mental disorder but has recovered enough to resume her job at her local library . Alex and Jo visit her in Iowa in the season 14 episode 22 `` Fight For Your Mind '' . </Li> </Ul> <P> Miranda Bailey 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Tucker Jones ( Cress Williams ) : Miranda 's ex-husband , who divorces her because she spends more time working than at home with him and Tuck . Tucker is operated on by Derek when he is involved in a car accident on his way to the hospital for their son 's birth . </Li> <Li> William George `` Tuck '' Bailey Jones : Miranda 's son with her ex-husband Tucker . </Li> <Li> Ben Warren ( Jason George ) : Miranda 's current husband , whom she marries in Season 9 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Mark Sloan 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Grandson : Mark 's grandson through Sloan , who gave him up for adoption . </Li> <Li> Sloan Riley ( Leven Rambin ) : Mark 's biological daughter . As an 18 - year - old , she gives birth to Mark 's grandson and puts him up for adoption . </Li> <Li> Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres : Mark 's daughter with Callie Torres and Arizona Robbins . Conceived after Mark and Callie begin several trysts after Callie is left in the airport by Arizona Robbins , she is born prematurely on March 31 , 2011 , in the `` Song Beneath the Song '' episode . </Li> </Ul> <P> Teddy Altman 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Henry Burton ( Scott Foley ) : Husband of Dr. Teddy Altman . She meets and marries him in Season 7 so that he can use her health insurance to cover the ongoing costs of his treatment for Von Hippel - Lindau disease . They eventually fall in love . He dies in Season 8 while undergoing surgery . </Li> </Ul> <P> Callie Torres 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Uncle Berto : Callie 's uncle , whom she assumes might be gay , saying , `` he has n't been single for 60 years for no reason . '' </Li> <Li> George O'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) : Callie 's ex-husband . They got married in Las Vegas in Season 3 , and later divorced in Season 4 because George is in love with Izzie . George dies in Season 5 . </Li> <Li> Arizona Robbins ( Jessica Capshaw ) : Callie 's ex-wife . A pediatric surgery attending , Arizona comes from a military family . </Li> <Li> Aria Torres : Callie 's sister , only mentioned on the show . </Li> <Li> Carlos Torres ( Hector Elizondo ) : Father to Dr. Callie Torres . He originally is against his daughter 's homosexuality and relationship with Dr. Arizona Robbins . </Li> <Li> Lucia Torres ( Gina Gallego ) : Mother to Dr. Callie Torres . She has problems with accepting her daughter 's sexuality and refuses to attend her wedding to Arizona Robbins . </Li> <Li> Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres : Callie 's daughter , born prematurely on March 31 , 2011 , in the `` Song Beneath the Song '' episode . She is conceived after Mark and Callie begin several trysts when Callie is left in the airport by Arizona Robbins . </Li> </Ul> <P> Arizona Robbins 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Barbara Robbins ( Judith Ivey ) : Arizona 's mother . </Li> <Li> Colonel Daniel Robbins , United States Marine Corps ( Denis Arndt ) : Arizona 's father . </Li> <Li> Timothy Robbins : Arizona 's brother , who died in the Iraq war . </Li> <Li> Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) : Arizona 's ex-wife and attending orthopedic surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . </Li> <Li> Sofia Robbin Sloan Torres : Arizona 's daughter , born prematurely on March 31 , 2011 , in the `` Song Beneath the Song '' episode . She is conceived after Mark and Callie begin several trysts when Callie is left in the airport by Arizona . Arizona now has sole custody of Sofia due to a family court ruling in season 12 . </Li> </Ul> <P> Jackson Avery 's family </P> <Ul> <Li> Dr. April Kepner : Avery 's ex-wife and Trauma surgeon at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital . April and Jackson elope , after Jackson confesses his feelings for April at the altar during her wedding to Paramedic Matthew Taylor . They have had an on and off again relationship and built in sexual tension , since Jackson took April 's virginity before their Board Exam. April failed and blamed Jackson for Jesus punishing her for having sex before marriage . </Li> <Li> Samuel Norbert Avery : Avery and Kepner 's late son born at 24 weeks , due to type II osteogenesis imperfecta . He was baptized before dying soon after in parent 's arms . </Li> <Li> Harriet Kepner - Avery : Avery and Kepner 's daughter . Was conceived during a moment of passion between April and Jackson in the midst of their fighting . Things are n't patched up after their one night tryst and they decided to divorce . Before signing the divorce papers , April discovered she was pregnant . Overjoyed that she could still conceive , she decided to keep the pregnancy secret out of fear that something is wrong like her last pregnancy . After a while , Arizona Robbins discovers that April is pregnant and urges her to tell Jackson and when April does n't do it , Arizona does it herself . Jackson is at first angry but comes to understand it and they agree to raise her as co-parents . Harriet was born during a caesarean section with April under no anesthesia because April was in Meredith 's kitchen and there was no way to go to the hospital . Soon Catherine comes to accept April as a mother and since Jackson and April decided to give Harriet both of their last surnames , Catherine is finally happy to see the Avery name kept alive . She was named after the famous Harriet Tubman . </Li> <Li> Dr. Catherine Avery ( née Fox ) ( Debbie Allen ) : Avery 's mother and a brilliant urological surgeon . She appears at Seattle Grace Mercy West to perform the `` first '' penis transplant in the U.S. She proctors the boards in San Francisco , where she also has a one - night tryst with Dr. Webber . She and Dr. Webber eventually begin a relationship and are now married . </Li> <Li> Dr. Harper Avery : Grandfather of Jackson Avery and a world - renowned surgeon . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Guest stars ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Marla Sokoloff as Glenda Castillo ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Neve Campbell as Lizzie Shepherd ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Summer Glau as Emily Kovach ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> James Avery as Sam ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Nia Vardalos as Karen ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Demi Lovato as Hayley May ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Paola Andino as Lily Price ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Mandy Moore as Mary Portman ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Vanessa Martinez as Gretchen Price ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Ryan Devlin as Bill Portman ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jennifer Westfeldt as Jen Harmon ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Faye Dunaway as Dr. Margaret Campbell ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Bernadette Peters as Sarabeth Breyers ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Seth Green as Nick Hanscom ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Maggie Siff as Ruthie Sales ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Bellamy Young as Kathy ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> John Cho as Dr. Marshall Stone ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Laurie Metcalf as Beatrice Carter ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Christina Ricci as Hannah Davies ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other characters ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Joe the Bartender ( Steven W. Bailey ) : The owner of the Emerald City Bar , located across from the hospital , where the doctors often go for a drink . Joe collapses due to an aneurysm in the episode `` Raindrops Keep Falling on my Head , '' and Derek and Burke perform a stand - still surgery to repair it . Joe and his boyfriend Walter attend the Thanksgiving dinner Izzie hosts at Meredith 's house , and they go on a camping trip with Dr. Shepherd , Preston , Richard , Alex and George . During the trip , Joe reveals during a discussion with the Chief that , although he and Walter have been `` on - and - off '' for about 10 years , they are now committed and considering the possibility of children . They are one of two couples being considered as adoptive parents for a young mother 's twins . </Li> <Li> Walter ( Jack Yang ) : Joe 's boyfriend . </Li> <Li> Bonnie Crasnoff ( Monica Keena ) : A patient admitted to Seattle Grace Hospital after being involved a train crash , she and another passenger , Tom , are connected by a large metal pole passing through their bodies . Since moving the pole would kill them , the doctors decide to move one of the patients off the pole , then operate around the pole to repair the damage in the other patient . Since her injuries are more severe , they decide to move her , and she dies almost immediately . Bonnie reappears in Season 3 as part of Meredith 's dream after drowning . </Li> <Li> Dennison `` Denny '' Duquette , Jr . ( Jeffrey Dean Morgan ) : A patient waiting for a heart transplant , he develops a close relationship with Izzie , and eventually proposes to her . Izzie risks her career to save him by cutting his LVAD wire , ensuring that he will become so ill that he will get a new heart . He dies from a blood clot shortly after the transplant , but reappears in Season Three as part of Meredith 's dream after she nearly drowns , and again in Season Five . Izzie begins to see Denny everywhere , which is eventually revealed to be a symptom of her brain tumor . He first appears in the Season Two episode `` Begin the Begin , '' and makes his last appearance in the Season Five episode `` Here 's to Future Days '' . </Li> <Li> Dylan Young ( Kyle Chandler ) : The commanding officer of the Seattle Police Department bomb squad , he responds to the bomb scare and helps to keep Meredith calm as she holds the bomb located inside a patient 's body . She removes the bomb safely from the patient , but it explodes while Dylan carries it out of the OR . He reappears in Season 3 as part of Meredith 's dream after her near - drowning . </Li> <Li> Amanda ( Shannon Lucio ) : A young woman saved from being hit by a bus by George , who was himself subsequently dragged several yards by the bus and dies . Amanda is extremely concerned about him , and she stays with him in the ICU , referring to him as `` her prince . '' She attends George 's funeral and cries harder than his own mother . Amanda keeps a daily vigil outside the hospital until Izzie confronts her , pointing out that she is still alive thanks to George , and that she should honor him by living her life . </Li> <Li> Rebecca Pope or `` Ava '' ( Elizabeth Reaser ) : A patient with amnesia after being badly injured in the ferry crash , she is discovered by Dr. Alex Karev , and they develop a very close relationship . While at Seattle Grace , she delivers a baby girl and undergoes extensive facial reconstruction surgery , performed by Dr. Mark Sloan . She eventually regains her memory and returns home with her husband , Jeff . However , before leaving , she pleads with Alex to `` give ( her ) a reason to stay . '' She returns six weeks later , claiming to be pregnant with Alex 's child . Although initially upset , Alex eventually becomes excited about having a baby with her . However , she is found to have a false pregnancy . When she attempts suicide , Izzie intervenes and has her admitted to the psychiatric ward . Elizabeth Reaser was nominated for the Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards , for her role on the show . </Li> <Li> Gary Clark ( Michael O'Neill ) : Husband of a patient at Seattle Grace , his wife is treated by Dr. Lexie Grey and Dr. Webber . After surgery , his wife goes into a coma and , since she has earlier signed a DNR , she is removed from life support . Clark files a lawsuit against Dr. Shepherd for wrongful death , but loses . In the Season 6 finale , he returns to the hospital intending to kill Dr. Shepherd , Dr. Lexie Grey , and Dr. Webber . He shoots several people , including Derek Shepherd , Owen Hunt , Reed Adamson , Charles Percy , and Alex Karev . After a tense standoff with Dr. Webber , he uses his last bullet to commit suicide instead of killing Dr. Webber . </Li> <Li> Mary Portman ( Mandy Moore ) : Miranda Bailey 's patient during the Seattle Grace shooting , she is the wife of Bill Portman . She helps Miranda attempt to save the life of Charles Percy and , despite their efforts , he dies . She returns to the hospital six months later to have the colostomy reversal she was supposed to have had the day of the shooting . Although the surgery is successful , Mary never wakes up . She is removed from life support one month later and dies . </Li> <Li> Bill Portman ( Ryan Devlin ) : Husband of Mary Portman . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Exclusive : ' Grey 's Anatomy ' promotes Sarah Drew '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . June 9 , 2010 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 16 . 2009 - 03 - 19 . ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Here 's to the Future '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 23 . 2009 - 05 - 14 . ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` An Honest Mistake '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 5 . Episode 16 . 2009 - 02 - 19 . ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Clack , Zoanne . `` Grey Matter : From the Writer 's of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Archived from the original on November 22 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Harper , Bill . `` Grey Matter : From the Writer 's of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Wilding ( writer ) , Kevin McKidd ( director ) ( February 3 , 2011 ) . `` Do n't Deceive Me ( Please Do n't Go ) '' . Grey 's Anatomy . Season 7 . Episode 13 . ABC . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilding , Bill . `` Grey Matter : From the Writer 's of Grey 's Anatomy '' . Archived from the original on February 18 , 2011 . Retrieved February 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Intern Formerly Known as Steve '' . ABC.com. 2008 . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2009 . Retrieved April 26 , 2009 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official blog of Joe the bartender </Li> <Li> Official blog of nurse Debbie </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Grey 's Anatomy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Season 1 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> <Li> 14 </Li> <Li> 15 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters ( cast members ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Meredith Grey </Li> <Li> Cristina Yang </Li> <Li> Izzie Stevens </Li> <Li> Alex Karev </Li> <Li> George O'Malley </Li> <Li> Miranda Bailey </Li> <Li> Richard Webber </Li> <Li> Preston Burke </Li> <Li> Derek Shepherd </Li> <Li> Addison Montgomery </Li> <Li> Callie Torres </Li> <Li> Mark Sloan </Li> <Li> Lexie Grey </Li> <Li> Erica Hahn </Li> <Li> Owen Hunt </Li> <Li> Sadie Harris </Li> <Li> Arizona Robbins </Li> <Li> Teddy Altman </Li> <Li> Jackson Avery </Li> <Li> April Kepner </Li> <Li> Amelia Shepherd </Li> <Li> Stephanie Edwards </Li> <Li> Maggie Pierce </Li> <Li> Nathan Riggs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Spin - offs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Private Practice </Li> <Li> Station 19 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and nominations </Li> <Li> Soundtrack </Li> <Li> Video game </Li> <Li> A Corazón Abierto ( Mexican telenovela ) </Li> <Li> A Corazón Abierto ( Colombian telenovela ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Portal </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Grey%27s_Anatomy_characters&oldid=854389138 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Grey 's Anatomy characters </Li> <Li> Lists of American television series characters </Li> <Li> Lists of drama television characters </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles to be expanded from July 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from November 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction </Li> <Li> Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from July 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles with multiple maintenance issues </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 11 August 2018 , at 00 : 14 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ( song ) - wikipedia <H1> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ( song ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Yo Home to Bel - Air '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Artwork for Dutch releases </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> September 21 , 1992 ( 1992 - 09 - 21 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> 7 `` , 12 '' , CD single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> East Coast hip hop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Jive / Zomba ( 1992 ) Enjoy the Ride ( 2016 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Smith , Jones </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Townes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` The Things That U Do '' ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> `` Yo Home to Bel - Air '' ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Wanna Rock '' ( 1992 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` The Things That U Do '' ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> `` Yo Home to Bel - Air '' ( 1992 ) </Td> <Td> `` I Wanna Rock '' ( 1992 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Yo Home to Bel - Air '' , informally known as `` The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air theme '' , is a song performed by DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince . It is the theme song to the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air . </P> <P> Music for the song was written by Quincy Jones ( who also served as the TV show 's executive producer ) . Lyrics were composed by Will Smith , performing under his stage name `` The Fresh Prince '' , and the song was produced by Jeffrey Townes under his stage name `` DJ Jazzy Jeff '' . </P> <P> The song was released in the Netherlands as a single by Jive Records in 1992 , with `` Parents Just Do n't Understand '' as its B - side and re-released in 2016 by the record label Enjoy the Ride . The song also appeared on DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince 's Greatest Hits album , along with a number of compilation albums . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Single track listing <Ul> <Li> 1.1 7 '' vinyl </Li> <Li> 1.2 12 '' vinyl </Li> <Li> 1.3 CD single </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Reception </Li> <Li> 3 Cover versions and spoofs </Li> <Li> 4 Controversy </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Single track listing ( edit ) </H2> <H3> 7 '' vinyl ( edit ) </H3> <Dl> <Dd> A-side -- Yo Home To Bel - Air ( 7 '' Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 23 </Dd> <Dd> B - side -- Parents Just Do n't Understand -- 5 : 12 </Dd> </Dl> <H3> 12 '' vinyl ( edit ) </H3> <P> A-side </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Yo Home To Bel Air '' ( Extended Version ) -- 5 : 18 </Li> <Li> `` Yo Home To Bel Air '' ( 7 '' Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 23 </Li> </Ol> <P> B - side </P> <Ol> <Li> `` Yo Home To Bel Air '' ( Summertime Mix ) -- 5 : 25 </Li> <Li> `` The Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air '' -- 2 : 57 </Li> </Ol> <H3> CD single ( edit ) </H3> <Ol> <Li> `` Yo Home To Bel Air '' ( 7 '' Radio Mix ) -- 3 : 23 </Li> <Li> `` Parents Just Do n't Understand '' -- 5 : 18 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> The single was released exclusively in the Netherlands in 1992 , and it spent 10 weeks in the top 40 singles chart , peaking at number 3 . An article on the MTV.co.uk website stated about the song , `` Say what you want , but considering the sitcom wrapped up over 20 years ago and people are still able to start spitting out those lyrics on cue , its lasting appeal is undeniably impressive . '' Tom Eames of Digital Spy ranked the song 3rd in a list of 25 sitcom theme songs . and Rolling Stone readers ranked the song 6th out of a list of 10 television theme songs . </P> <H2> Cover versions and spoofs ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> The song was covered by Ving Rhames for an Arby 's commercial in 2016 . </Li> <Li> Ed Sheeran performed an acoustic cover of the song on Capital FM in January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Sylvia Jeffreys performed an on - air recitation of Yo Home To Bel - Air during an episode of the Nine Network 's show Today . </Li> <Li> Jimmy Fallon performed a shot - for - shot spoof remake of the Fresh Prince of Bel Air introduction during an episode of The Tonight Show in 2015 , with DJ Jazzy Jeff as the cab driver . </Li> <Li> One Direction performed the song during a concert in Philadelphia . </Li> <Li> Alessia Cara performed a short version of the song on The Tonight Show while impersonating Nicki Minaj . </Li> <Li> The Lonely Island performed the song as part of a medley of Will Smith 's songs at the 2016 MTV Music Awards . </Li> <Li> Alex Trebek performed a short version of the song , as part of a question on the Jeopardy ! TV show . </Li> <Li> A caller to C - SPAN , during a segment on nuclear talks with Iran , stated `` At some point during the conversation , a couple of guys who were up to no good essentially started causing trouble in my neighborhood . I got in one little fight and my mom got scared and said ' you 're moving with your auntie and uncle in Bel - Air . ' '' </Li> <Li> Welsh comedy rap group Goldie Lookin Chain recorded a parody of the song in 2011 titled `` The Fresh Prince of Cwmbran '' featuring lyrics praising the South Wales town of the same name . </Li> <Li> In 2017 , Hasbro Studios created a new promo for the seventh season of My Little Pony : Friendship is Magic where Pinkie Pie ( Andrea Libman ) parodies the theme song as `` The Fresh Princess of Friendship . '' </Li> <Li> A 2018 Saturday Night Live sketch saw an extended parody version of the song , where the West Philly gang tracked Will ( played by Chris Redd ) to Bel Air . Following this , an FBI agent ( played by Jessica Chastain ) helps him fake his death , only to sell him out to the Yakuza . The West Philly gang then turns up and a shootout occurs , where Will is saved by Uncle Phil ( played by Kenan Thompson ) , who dies in the crossfire . The sketch ends with Will living in the woods under an assumed name in New Hampshire . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 2013 , the song put schools in Ambridge , Pennsylvania on lockdown after a student had his voicemail set to play the song . An optometrist assistant calling to leave a reminder for an appointment misheard a lyric as `` shooting some people outside of school , '' instead of `` shooting some b - ball . '' </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dj Jazzy Jeff & Fresh Prince -- Yo Home To Bel Air -- The Original Theme From The Tv - Series `` the Fresh Prince Of Bel Air '' `` . Top40.nl ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bodenner , Chris . `` Track of the Day : ' The Fresh Prince of Bel Air ' '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trex , Ethan ( March 12 , 2010 ) . `` 5 Things You Did n't Know About Quincy Jones '' . Mental_floss . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Hung , Steffen . `` DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince -- Yo Home To Bel - Air -- hitparade.ch '' . hitparade.ch . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Yo Home to Bel Air / Parents Just Do n't Understand -- DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince Releases AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AllMusic Record Reviews , Streaming Songs , Genres & Bands '' . AllMusic . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` What You Missed In Music : Sky Axes Controversial Michael Jackson Comedy , Ed Sheeran Covers Fresh Prince MTV UK '' . MTV.co.uk . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eames , Tom ( October 5 , 2016 ) . `` Ranking the top 25 TV sitcom themes EVER '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Readers Poll : The Best TV Theme Songs '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Arby 's Channels ' Fresh Prince ' to Sell Philly - Style Sandwich '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran Covers The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air Theme Song '' . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sylvia Jeffreys shows off her rap skills with Fresh Prince tribute '' . 9news . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dawn , Randee . `` Jimmy Fallon brings ' Tonight ' to LA with spot - on ' Fresh Prince ' spoof '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Metro.co.uk , Ann Lee for ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` One Direction just did the Fresh Prince Of Bel - Air rap and it was n't terrible '' . Metro . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` See Alessia Cara Impersonate Nicki Minaj , Lorde on ' Fallon ' '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch Andy Samberg Cover the `` Fresh Prince '' Theme Song `` . Cosmopolitan. April 11 , 2016 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SEE IT : Alex Trebek raps ' Fresh Prince ' theme on ' Jeopardy ! ' '' . NY Daily News . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murray , Matt . `` Caller pranks C - Span by reciting lines from ' Fresh Prince ' '' . TODAY.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sanders , Alison ( 29 July 2011 ) . `` GLC join our Buy Local campaign with rap in praise of Cwmbran '' . South Wales Argus . Retrieved 4 April 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Heldman , Breanne L. ( April 12 , 2017 ) . `` My Little Pony just got the Fresh Prince treatment '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kreps , Daniel . `` ' SNL ' : Watch Twisted ' Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ' Parody '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thompson , Luke ( 21 January 2018 ) . `` THE FRESH PRINCE OF BEL - AIR Escalates Quickly in SNL Parody Nerdist '' . Nerdist . Retrieved 29 April 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ EndPlay ( March 1 , 2013 ) . `` Mistaken lyrics to ' Fresh Prince of Bel - Air ' theme song places ... '' </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Full version on YouTube </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Episodes </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Characters </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Will Smith </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theme song </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Yo Home to Bel - Air '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> DJ Jazzy Jeff </Li> <Li> The Fresh Prince </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Rock the House ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> He 's the DJ , I 'm the Rapper ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> And in This Corner ... ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Homebase ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Code Red ( 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Greatest Hits ( 1998 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Girls Ai n't Nothing but Trouble '' </Li> <Li> `` The Magnificent Jazzy Jeff '' </Li> <Li> `` A Touch of Jazz '' </Li> <Li> `` Brand New Funk '' </Li> <Li> `` A Nightmare on My Street '' </Li> <Li> `` Parents Just Do n't Understand '' </Li> <Li> `` I Think I Can Beat Mike Tyson '' </Li> <Li> `` Jazzy 's Groove '' </Li> <Li> `` Yo Home to Bel Air '' </Li> <Li> `` Summertime '' </Li> <Li> `` Ring My Bell '' </Li> <Li> `` The Things That U Do '' </Li> <Li> `` You Saw My Blinker '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wanna Rock '' </Li> <Li> `` Boom ! Shake the Room '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Looking for the One ( To Be with Me ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Wait to Be with You '' </Li> <Li> `` Twinkle Twinkle ( I 'm Not a Star ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Lovely Daze '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Ready Rock C </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fresh_Prince_of_Bel-Air_(song)&oldid=853318205 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> The Fresh Prince of Bel - Air </Li> <Li> Television theme songs </Li> <Li> 1992 singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Will Smith </Li> <Li> Songs written by Quincy Jones </Li> <Li> 1990 songs </Li> <Li> DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 22 : 09 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Microsoft Publisher - wikipedia <H1> Microsoft Publisher </H1> Jump to : navigation , search ``. pub '' redirects here . For the top - level domain introduced in 2014 , see list of Internet top - level domains § Brand top - level domains . <Table> Microsoft Publisher <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Microsoft Publisher 2013 running on Windows 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Developer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Microsoft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Initial release </Th> <Td> 1991 ; 27 years ago ( 1991 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stable release </Th> <Td> 2016 ( 16.0. x ) / September 22 , 2015 ; 2 years ago ( 2015 - 09 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operating system </Th> <Td> Microsoft Windows </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Desktop publishing software </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> License </Th> <Td> Trialware </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> products.office.com/publisher </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Microsoft Publisher is an entry - level desktop publishing application from Microsoft , differing from Microsoft Word in that the emphasis is placed on page layout and design rather than text composition and proofing . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Overview </Li> <Li> 2 Compatibility </Li> <Li> 3 Release history </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Overview ( edit ) </H2> <P> Publisher is included in higher - end editions of Microsoft Office , reflecting Microsoft 's emphasis on the application as an easy - to - use and less expensive alternative to the `` heavyweights '' with a focus on the small - business market , where firms do not have dedicated design professionals available to make marketing materials and other documents . However , it has a relatively small share of the desktop publishing market , which is dominated by Adobe InDesign and QuarkXPress . </P> <P> In Microsoft Office 2007 , while most of Microsoft Office apps adopted ribbons in their user interface , Publisher retained its toolbars and did not adopt ribbons until the next version , Microsoft Office 2010 . </P> <H2> Compatibility ( edit ) </H2> <P> LibreOffice has supported Publisher 's proprietary file format (. pub ) since February 2013 . Corel Draw X4 features read - only support . Adobe PageMaker also saves files with a . pub extension , but the two files are incompatible and unrelated . Publisher supports numerous other file formats , including the Enhanced Metafile ( EMF ) format , which is supported on Windows platforms . The Microsoft Publisher trial version can be used to view . pub files beyond the trial period . </P> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name </Th> <Th> Version number </Th> <Th> Release date </Th> <Th> Editions of Microsoft Office included in </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Publisher </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Publisher </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Publisher for Windows 95 </Td> <Td> 3.0 </Td> <Td> Sep 15 , 1995 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Publisher 97 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> <Td> Dec 8 , 1996 </Td> <Td> Small Business Edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Publisher 98 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> Jun 21 , 1998 </Td> <Td> Small Business Edition 2.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Publisher 2000 </Td> <Td> 9.0 </Td> <Td> Sep 7 , 1999 </Td> <Td> Small Business Edition , Professional , Premium , Developer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Publisher 2002 </Td> <Td> 10.0 </Td> <Td> May 31 , 2001 </Td> <Td> Professional OEM , Professional Special Edition </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Office Publisher 2003 </Td> <Td> 11.0 </Td> <Td> Nov 24 , 2003 </Td> <Td> Small Business , Professional , Professional Plus , Enterprise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Office Publisher 2007 </Td> <Td> 12.0 </Td> <Td> Jan 27 , 2007 </Td> <Td> Small Business , Professional , Ultimate , Professional Plus , Enterprise </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Publisher 2010 </Td> <Td> 14.0 </Td> <Td> Jun 15 , 2010 </Td> <Td> Standard , Professional , Professional Plus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Publisher 2013 </Td> <Td> 15.0 </Td> <Td> Jan 29 , 2013 </Td> <Td> Professional , Professional Plus , Standard ( volume licensing ) , all Office 365 editions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft Publisher 2016 </Td> <Td> 16.0 </Td> <Td> Sep 22 , 2015 </Td> <Td> Professional , Professional Plus , Standard ( volume licensing ) , all Office 365 editions </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Starting with Publisher 97 , the version number jumps to 8.0 to tally Microsoft Office versions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Version 13 was skipped due to the superstition attached to the number 13 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Desktop Publishing Software 2007 Style '' . Computor edge . 2007 - 07 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 02 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Office Publisher 07 '' . PC World Australia . IDG . Archived from the original on 2012 - 07 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 13 ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` User interface differences in Office 2010 vs earlier versions '' . TechNet . Microsoft . Archived from the original on April 12 , 2016 . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2017 - 05 - 18 . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Where is the Publisher viewer ? '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on March 16 , 2010 . Retrieved November 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Publisher Life - cycle '' . Microsoft . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paul Thurrott ( 2009 - 05 - 14 ) . `` Office 2010 FAQ '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 04 - 19 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Microsoft Publisher blog on MSDN Blogs </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Desktop publishing software </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Free software </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Scribus </Li> <Li> LyX </Li> <Li> LibreOffice Draw </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Software freeware </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> PagePlus SE </Li> <Li> PDF - XChange </Li> <Li> Fatpaint ( Cloud - based ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Proprietary software </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acrobat </Li> <Li> FrameMaker </Li> <Li> InDesign </Li> <Li> PageMaker </Li> <Li> Calamus </Li> <Li> Corel Ventura </Li> <Li> Microsoft Publisher </Li> <Li> PagePlus </Li> <Li> Pages </Li> <Li> PageStream </Li> <Li> QuarkXPress </Li> <Li> Timeworks Publisher </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> See also </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Web design </Li> <Li> Mobile publishing </Li> <Li> Electronic publishing </Li> <Li> Printing </Li> <Li> List of PDF software </Li> <Li> Comparison of e-book readers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Comparison </Li> <Li> List </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Microsoft Office </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Office suites </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Windows </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 3.0 </Li> <Li> 95 </Li> <Li> 97 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> XP </Li> <Li> 2003 </Li> <Li> 2007 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2019 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mac </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 4.2 </Li> <Li> 98 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> X </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2011 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Others </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Office 365 </Li> <Li> Office Mobile </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Applications ( List ) </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Desktop </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Access </Li> <Li> Excel </Li> <Li> OneNote </Li> <Li> Outlook </Li> <Li> PowerPoint </Li> <Li> Project </Li> <Li> Publisher </Li> <Li> Skype for Business </Li> <Li> Teams </Li> <Li> Visio </Li> <Li> Word </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Server </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Skype for Business Server </Li> <Li> SharePoint <Ul> <Li> Excel Services </Li> <Li> Project Server </Li> <Li> Search Server </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mobile </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Outlook Groups </Li> <Li> Outlook Mobile </Li> <Li> Lens </Li> <Li> Remote </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Web </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bookings </Li> <Li> Calendar </Li> <Li> Delve </Li> <Li> Forms </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Office Online </Li> <Li> OneDrive </Li> <Li> Outlook.com </Li> <Li> Outlook on the web </Li> <Li> Planner </Li> <Li> Sway </Li> <Li> Tasks </Li> <Li> Teams </Li> <Li> Video </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Office tools </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Shared tools </Li> <Li> Ribbon Hero </Li> <Li> Ribbon Hero 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Discontinued </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discontinued shared tools </Li> <Li> Accounting </Li> <Li> Docs.com </Li> <Li> Entourage </Li> <Li> FrontPage </Li> <Li> InfoPath </Li> <Li> InterConnect </Li> <Li> Liquid Motion </Li> <Li> Lync </Li> <Li> Live Meeting </Li> <Li> Mail </Li> <Li> Classroom </Li> <Li> Office Assistant </Li> <Li> Office Live </Li> <Li> OneDrive Groups </Li> <Li> PerformancePoint Server </Li> <Li> Picture Manager </Li> <Li> PhotoDraw </Li> <Li> Photo Editor </Li> <Li> Project Portfolio Server </Li> <Li> Schedule+ </Li> <Li> SharePoint Designer </Li> <Li> SharePoint Workspace </Li> <Li> Snapshot Viewer for Access </Li> <Li> Vizact </Li> <Li> Word Viewer </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Technologies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Information Bridge Framework </Li> <Li> Object Linking and Embedding </Li> <Li> Office Open XML </Li> <Li> Office XML formats </Li> <Li> Smart tags </Li> <Li> Visual Basic for Applications </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other topics </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Microsoft Product Activation </Li> <Li> Office Genuine Advantage </Li> <Li> Office filename extensions </Li> <Li> Microsoft Office password protection </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> <Li> Commons </Li> <Li> Book </Li> <Li> Wikiversity </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsoft_Publisher&oldid=842408815 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Desktop publishing software </Li> <Li> Microsoft Office </Li> <Li> 1991 software </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using Infobox software with unknown parameters </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tetun </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 24 more </Ul> Edit 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Purandar Singha - wikipedia <H1> Purandar Singha </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Ahom dynasty </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sukaphaa </Td> <Td> 1228 -- 1268 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Suteuphaa </Td> <Td> 1268 -- 1281 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Subinphaa </Td> <Td> 1281 -- 1293 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Sukhaangphaa </Td> <Td> 1293 -- 1332 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Sukhrangpha </Td> <Td> 1332 -- 1364 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Interregnum </Td> <Td> 1364 -- 1369 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Sutuphaa </Td> <Td> 1369 -- 1376 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Interregnum </Td> <Td> 1376 -- 1380 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Tyao Khamti </Td> <Td> 1380 -- 1389 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Interregnum </Td> <Td> 1389 -- 1397 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Sudangphaa </Td> <Td> 1397 -- 1407 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Sujangphaa </Td> <Td> 1407 -- 1422 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Suphakphaa </Td> <Td> 1422 -- 1439 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Susenphaa </Td> <Td> 1439 -- 1488 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Suhenphaa </Td> <Td> 1488 -- 1493 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Supimphaa </Td> <Td> 1493 -- 1497 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Suhungmung </Td> <Td> 1497 -- 1539 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Suklenmung </Td> <Td> 1539 -- 1552 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Sukhaamphaa </Td> <Td> 1552 -- 1603 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Susenghphaa </Td> <Td> 1603 -- 1641 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Suramphaa </Td> <Td> 1641 -- 1644 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> Sutingphaa </Td> <Td> 1644 -- 1648 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Sutamla </Td> <Td> 1648 -- 1663 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> Supangmung </Td> <Td> 1663 -- 1670 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> Sunyatphaa </Td> <Td> 1670 -- 1672 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> Suklamphaa </Td> <Td> 1672 -- 1674 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Suhung </Td> <Td> 1674 -- 1675 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Gobar Roja </Td> <Td> 1675 -- 1675 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Sujinphaa </Td> <Td> 1675 -- 1677 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Sudoiphaa </Td> <Td> 1677 -- 1679 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 28 </Td> <Td> Sulikphaa </Td> <Td> 1679 -- 1681 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Gadadhar Singha </Td> <Td> 1681 -- 1696 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Sukhrungphaa </Td> <Td> 1696 -- 1714 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 31 </Td> <Td> Sutanphaa </Td> <Td> 1714 -- 1744 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 32 </Td> <Td> Sunenphaa </Td> <Td> 1744 -- 1751 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 33 </Td> <Td> Suremphaa </Td> <Td> 1751 -- 1769 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 34 </Td> <Td> Sunyeophaa </Td> <Td> 1769 -- 1780 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Suhitpangphaa </Td> <Td> 1780 -- 1795 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 36 </Td> <Td> Suklingphaa </Td> <Td> 1795 -- 1811 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 37 </Td> <Td> Sudingphaa </Td> <Td> 1811 -- 1818 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Purandar Singha </Td> <Td> 1818 -- 1819 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 39 </Td> <Td> Sudingphaa </Td> <Td> 1819 -- 1821 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Jogeswar Singha </Td> <Td> 1821 -- 1822 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 41 </Td> <Td> Purandar Singha </Td> <Td> 1833 -- 1838 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Purandar Singha ( 1818 -- 19 , 1833 -- 1838 ) was the last king of Ahom kingdom in Assam . He was installed as king twice . First time , he was installed by Ruchinath Burhagohain in 1818 CE , after the latter deposed Chandrakanta Singha from the throne . His first reign ended in 1819 CE , during the second Burmese invasion of Assam , when his forces were defeated and the Burmese reinstalled Chandrakanta Singha on the throne . He along with Ruchinath Burhagohain continued their efforts to expel Burmese invaders , by seeking help from British and through armed struggle . After First Anglo - Burmese War , the British East India Company occupied Assam from Bumese invaders . Finding it difficult to administer an unfamiliar region and sensing discontent among the local inhabitants to foreign rule , the British authorities decided to restore Upper Assam to one prince of Ahom Dynasty . Purander Singha was found suitable for this post and therefore , in April 1833 CE , except Sadiya and Matak region , the entire Upper Assam was formally made over to him , on the condition of yearly tribute of 50,000 rupees . Later , in 1838 CE , finding him incompetent and defaulter in payments of revenue , the British formally annexed his kingdom , putting an end to 600 years reign of Ahom Dynasty . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Ancestry and family history </Li> <Li> 2 Birth and early life </Li> <Li> 3 Events leading to his accession <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Internal turmoil and first Burmese invasion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Invitation from Ruchinath Burhagohain to Brajanath Gohain and Chandrakanta deposed </Li> <Li> 5 Accession </Li> <Li> 6 First reign ( 1818 -- 1819 CE ) <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Brajanath exerts real authority </Li> <Li> 6.2 Second Burmese invasion and reinstallation of Chandrakanta Singha </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Appeal to British </Li> <Li> 8 Triangular contest between Chandrakanta , Purandar and the Burmese </Li> <Li> 9 Attempt to oust the Burmese invaders </Li> <Li> 10 Arrival of Mingi Maha Bandula and defeat of Chandrakanta Singha </Li> <Li> 11 Anglo - Burmese War and British occupation of Assam </Li> <Li> 12 Restoration of Ahom rule in Upper Assam under Purandar Singha </Li> <Li> 13 Second reign ( 1833 -- 1838 CE ) <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Appointment of officials </Li> <Li> 13.2 Defaults in the payments of revenue and maladministration </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 Purandar Singha Deposed and End of Ahom Authority in Assam </Li> <Li> 15 Later life </Li> <Li> 16 Death </Li> <Li> 17 Family and descendants </Li> <Li> 18 Character and legacy </Li> <Li> 19 Notes </Li> <Li> 20 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Ancestry and family history ( edit ) </H2> <P> Purandar Singha was the son of Brajanath Gohain , son of Bijoy Barmura Gohain , grandson of Ratneswar Saru - gohain , and great grandson of Swargadeo Rajeswar Singha . Ratneswar Saru - gohain had joined the ranks of rebels against his uncle Swargadeo Lakshmi Singha during the first phase of Moamoria rebellion . But after the Moamoria rebels achieved success , they treacherously murdered him , by administering poison on his food . Later Lakshmi Singha regained his throne , by defeating the Moamoria rebels . Bijoy Barmura Gohain , son of Ratneswar Saru - gohain also got involved in conspiracy against the regime of Swargadeo Lakshmi Singha . He was caught and was punished by inflicting mutilation on his ears . He again conspired against the king , only to be caught and suffered mutilation . His young son Brajanath Gohain also suffered mutilation on his ears by royal orders . During the reign of next monarch Gaurinath Singha , Bijoy Barmura plotted against the king , in association with Hangsa Narayan , the tributary ruler of Darrang . The plot was discovered and Hangsa Narayan was seized and put to death . Bijoy Barmura with his family escaped to Kachari kingdom . In 1803 CE , during the reign of Kamaleswar Singha , Bijoy Barmura joined some fugitive Moamoria rebels in Kachari kingdom and planned an uprising against Ahom kingdom . They were aided by Kachari king Krishna Chandra , and a large numbers of Kacharis joined their rank . The Kachari - Moamoria coalition rose against Ahom authority in present day , Nagaon and Morigaon districts , which resulted in a full scale war with Ahoms . The Kachari - Moamoria coalition was defeated and many rebel leaders were either killed or captured . Kamaleswar Singha demanded Kachari king Krishna Chandra to hand over Bijoy Bormura Gohain to Ahom authorities , but Bijoy Bormura Gohain escaped with his son Brajanath Gohain to British ruled Bengal . Bijoy Barmura stayed his rest of his life in Silmari in Bengal . In 1809 CE , Brajanath Gohain went to Calcutta , interviewed with the Governor - General and tried to procure military aid to fulfill his ambition to become king , in exchange of acknowledging British supremacy , but in vain . </P> <H2> Birth and early life ( edit ) </H2> <P> Purandar Singha was born in 1807 CE , at Silmari , located in British ruled Bengal . His grandfather Bijoy Barmura Gohain and his father Brajanath Gohain was living in Silmari as exiled princes , after their attempts to become king of Ahom kingdom failed . The family faced economic hardships during their exile , and life in Silmari was very hard for them . Purandar Singha also spent his early life amidst economic hardships . </P> <H2> Events leading to his accession ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Internal turmoil and first Burmese invasion ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1815 CE , Purnananda Burhagohain , the Prime Minister of Ahom kingdom , sent a deputation to arrest Badan Chandra Borphukan , the Ahom viceroy at Guwahati , who was charged for atrocities committed on the people of Lower Assam , but , being warned in time by his daughter , Pijou Gabharu , who had married one of the Premier 's sons , he escaped to Bengal . He proceeded to Calcutta , and alleging that Purnananda Burhagohain was subverting the Ahom Government and ruining the country , endeavored to persuade the Governor - General Lord Hastings to dispatch an expedition against Purnananda Burhagohain . Lord Hasting , however , refused to interfere in any way . Meanwhile Badan Chandra had stuck up a friendship with the Calcutta Agent of the Burmese government and he went with this man to the Court of Amarapura , where he was accorded an interview with the Burmese king , Bodawpaya . He repeated his misrepresentations regarding the conduct of Purnananda Burhagohain , alleging that he had usurped the King 's authority , and that owing to his misgovernment , the lives of all , both high and low , were in danger . At last he obtained a promise of help . Towards the end of the year 1816 an army of about eight thousand men under the command of General Maha Minhla Minkhaung was dispatch from Burma with Badan Chandra Borphukan . It was joined en route by the chiefs of Mungkong , Hukong and Manipur , and , by the time Namrup was reached , its number had swollen to about sixteen thousand . Purnananda Burhagohain sent an army to oppose the invaders . A battle was fought at Ghiladhari in which the Assamese army was routed . At this juncture Purnananda Burhagohain died or some say , committed suicide by swallowing diamonds , leaving the entire Ahom government leaderless . His eldest son , Ruchinath was appointed as Burhagohain . The Ahom war council decided to continue the war ; and a fresh army was hastily equipped and sent to resist the Burmese . Like the former one , it was utterly defeated , near Kathalbari east of Dihing . The Burmese continued their advance pillaging and burning the villages along their line of march . Ruchinath Burhagohain endeavored in vain to induce the reigning Ahom monarch Chandrakanta Singha to retreat to Guwahati , and then , perceiving that the latter intended to sacrifice him , in order to conciliate Badan Chandra and his Burmese allies , fled westwards to Guwahati . The Burmese occupied the capital Jorhat and Badan Chandra triumphantly entered the capital , interviewed Chandrakanta Singha and offered to run the affairs of the state as his capacity as Mantri - Phukan or Prime Minister . The young king , Chandrakanta had no alternative but to acquiesce in Badan Chandra 's proposal . Badan Chandra now became all powerful and he used his Burmese allies to plunder and slay all the relations and adherents of Purnananda Burhagohain . Meanwhile friendly overtures were made to Chandrakanta from the Burmese camp . An Ahom princess Hemo Aideo ( also known as Bhamo Aideo ) was offered to Burmese Monarch Bodawpaya for the royal harem along with fifty elephants . Hemo Aideo was accompanied by large retinue consisting of ladies and attendants . The Burmese were paid a large indemnity for the trouble and expense of the expedition , and in April 1817 , the Burmese returned to their own country </P> <H2> Invitation from Ruchinath Burhagohain to Brajanath Gohain and Chandrakanta deposed ( edit ) </H2> <P> Few months later , political scenario in Ahom kingdom changed drastically . Badan Chandra Borphukan was assassinated by his political rivals , aided by Queen - mother Numali Rajmao . The Queen - mother Numali Rajmao and other nobles called Ruchinath Burhagohain to return to the capital Jorhat . But Chandrakanta 's peace with the Burmese , his support for Badan Chandra and his refusal to go down to Guwahati at the approach of the Burmese army , had raised the suspicion of Ruchinath Burhagohain as being mainly responsible for the attempts made against his father Purnananda Burhagohain followed by the visit of the Burmese troops . Ruchinath took up the case of Brajanath Gohain , great - grandson of Ahom king Swargadeo Rajeswar Singha , who was leading an exiled life at Silmari in Bengal and invited him to become a candidate for the throne . Brajanath Gohain agreed and he came to Guwahati where he was joined by Ruchinath Burhagohain and his supporters . After gathering a force of Hindustani mercenaries and local levies , Ruchinath and his party proceeded up to Jorhat . Chandrakanta fled to Rangpur , leaving Luku Dekaphukan in charge of the capital . Luku Dekaphukan offered some resistance to Ruchinath Burhagohain 's forces but the resistance was easily repulsed and Luku Dekaphukan was killed . The victors succeeded in bringing over the royal troops to their interest . They then triumphantly entered Jorhat on February 17 , 1818 . </P> <H2> Accession ( edit ) </H2> <P> Brajanath at once caused coins to be struck in his own name , but it was now remembered that he was ineligible for the throne , as he had suffered mutilation of one of his ears . ( The Ahom considered their king from divine origin and the person of the monarch , was sacred , and any noticeable sear or blemish , even a scratch received in play , a pit of small pox , or a wound received in action , operated as a bar to succession ) . Therefore , Brajanath 's son Purandar , then only ten years old , was brought from Silmari , who arrived in time and was acclaimed as sovereign of the Ahom kingdom of Assam , in February 1818 CE . A few days later Biswanath Marangikhowa Gohain , brother of Ruchinath Burhagohain effected the slicing off of Chandrakanta 's right ear in order to disqualify him from again sitting on the throne . </P> <H2> First reign ( 1818 -- 1819 CE ) ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Brajanath exerts real authority ( edit ) </H3> <P> Since Purandar Singha was very young , the real authority lies with Brajanath Gohain and Ruchinath Burhagohain . They immediately made clean sweep of all the nobles and officers , including the Borgohain , Borpatrogohain and Borbarua , who were suspected of still bearing loyalty for Chandrakanta Singha . Being the father of the monarch , Brajanath Gohain exercised the virtual powers of a sovereign . He appointed himself as Charing Raja and Juvaraj or heir apparent . He also issued coins and grants lands to Brahmins in his own name , though it was the privilege of the king who could issue coins in his own name and also perform land grants to Brahmins . </P> <H3> Second Burmese invasion and reinstallation of Chandrakanta Singha ( edit ) </H3> <P> Meanwhile , the friends of Badan Chandra Borphukan went to the court of Burmese monarch Bodawpaya and appealed for help . Bodawpaya , owing to his marriage to Hemo Aideo , had an alliance with Chandrakanta Singha , immediately dispatched a fresh army of 30,000 men under a general named Alungmingi , also known as Kiamingi Borgohain . The Assamese army resisted the Burmese in Phulpanichiga near the Janji River on February 17 , 1819 . Some sources stated that the battle took place in Machkhowa in Sibsagar district . Initially , the Assamese resisted Burmese with some spirit , but at a critical point in the engagement , their commander lost his nerve . They were defeated and beat a hasty retreat to Jorhat . Purandar Singha , his father Brajanath Gohain and Ruchinath Burhagohain fled to Guwahati taking with them all the valuables from the royal treasury , worth 3.5 million rupees . The triumphant Burmese now search for Chandrakanta Singha , led him from his retreat and properly installed him on the throne . </P> <P> Purandar Singha and Ruchinath Burhagohain regrouped their troops in Guwahati . The Burmese commander Momai Barua marched towards Guwahati at the head of a large Burmese force . An Assamese force , under the leadership of Bhisma Gogoi Borphukan was dispatched by Purandar Singha to resist the invaders . Both sides fought a battle in Khagarijan ( present day Nagaon ) on 11 June 1819 , in which the Assamese army was defeated . The Burmese occupied Guwahati and Purandar Singha and Ruchinath Burhagohain escaped to Bengal . </P> <H2> Appeal to British ( edit ) </H2> <P> Purander Singha and Ruchinath Burhagohain appealed to British Governor - General Lord Hastings , to help recover their kingdom . The Governor - General replied that the British Government was not accustomed to interfere in the internal affairs of foreign states . Meanwhile Chandrakanta Singha and his Burmese allies also requested the British authorities for the extradition of the fugitives , but to these requests also a deaf ear was turned . </P> <H2> Triangular contest between Chandrakanta , Purandar and the Burmese ( edit ) </H2> <P> Purandar Singha and Ruchinth Burhagohain started recruiting soldiers and mercenaries from Goalpara , Bengal and Bhutan , and rallied his troops in Duars , an area located in the borders of Bhutan and Assam . With the aid of a British , Mr. Robert Bruce ( he is credited for the discovery of tea in Assam ) , Purandar Singha 's army was supplied with guns and firearms . Meanwhile , Chandrakanta Singha tried to free himself from Burmese influence , which resulted in Third Burmese Invasion on Assam , in March , 1821 CE . Being defeated near Jorhat , Chandrakanta Singha retreated to Guwahati , and started gathering troops to fight against Burmese . The Burmese general installed Jogeswar Singha as the king of Ahom kingdom , after getting approval from Burmese monarch Bagyidaw . Meanwhile Purandar Singha learnt about the breakup of friendship between Chandrakanta Singha and the Burmese and he decided to take advantage of the situation . Considering Chandrakanta Singha 's position as weak , he sent his men under the leadership of Mr. Robert Bruce , to attack Chandrakanta Singha 's forces , located in Guwahati , in May , 1821 CE . Purandar Singha 's forces were defeated by Chandrakanta Singha and their commander Mr. Robert Bruce was taken prisoner . Robert Bruce was later released on his agreeing to enter under the service of Chandrakanta Singha and to supply his soldiers ' firearms and ammunitions . Purandar Singha retreated towards the border of Bhutan to rally his forces after his defeat in the hands of Chandrakanta Singha. Meanwhile , the Burmese marched against Chandrakanta Singha 's position in Guwahati . Alarmed by the huge size of the Burmese army , Chandrakanta Singha retreated to British ruled Bengal . </P> <H2> Attempt to oust the Burmese invaders ( edit ) </H2> <P> Towards the end of the 1821 A.D , Chandrakanta collected a force of about two thousand men , consisting of Sikhs and Hindustanis from British ruled Bengal . He rallied his men in the Goalpara district , and Mr. Robert Bruce obtained for him three hundred muskets and nine maunds of ammunition from Calcutta . The Burmese troops and their followers were so numerous that it was found impossible to provide them with supplies in any one place . They were , therefore , distributed about the country in a number of small detachments . Chandrakanta Singha , seeing his opportunity , returned to the attack and , after inflicting several defeats on the Burmese and recaptured Guwahati in January 1822 CE . Meanwhile , Purandar Singha and Ruchinath Burhagohain rallied their troops in Bhutan and also recruited new soldiers from Bhutan and Bijni . Encouraged by the defeats of Burmese at the hands of Chandrakanta Singha , Purandar Singha and Ruchinath Burhagohain also started to harassed Burmese troops especially , on the north bank of Brahmaputra . The Burmese commander Mingimaha Tilowa Baju sent a long letter to the British Governor - General at Calcutta , protesting against the facilities which had been accorded to the Ahom princes and demanded their extradition , but the British authority gave no reply . </P> <H2> Arrival of Mingi Maha Bandula and defeat of Chandrakanta Singha ( edit ) </H2> <P> Meanwhile news of Burmese reverses in Assam reached Burma . The Burmese monarch Bagyidaw sent his finest general Mingi Maha Bandula to reclaim Assam with reinforcements of 20,000 soldiers . Undaunted by enemy strength , Chandrakanta Singha marched upwards into Upper Assam with approximately 2000 men consisting of Sikhs and Hindustani mercenaries and some local Assamese people recruited around Guwahati . After pushing the enemy forces back , he pitched his camp in Mahgarh ( presently known as Kokilamukh ; located in Jorhat district near the capital Jorhat ) . On 19 April 1822 A.D. the 20,000 Burmese led by Mingi Maha Bandula and the 2000 mixed Assamese - Hindustani forces led by Chandrakanta Singha fought the decisive battle at Mahgarh . Chandrakanta Singha is said to have displayed unusual vigour and courage by himself present in the thick of battle ; personally leading his soldiers ; and engaged in hand - to - hand combat with enemy soldiers . For some time his troops held their own , but in the end their ammunition gave out and they were defeated with a loss of 1500 men . The Burmese won the battle due to their numerical superiority but sustained losses more than that of Chandrakanta 's forces . Chandrakanta Singha and his remaining forces managed to escape back to Guwahati as the Burmese , like Chandrakanta Singha 's forces run out of ammunitions and a lot of them were injured or dead after the battle . Mingi Maha Bandula sent Burmese Commander Mingi Maha Tilowa Baju in pursuit of Chandrakanta Singha . Unable to resist the Burmese with his small force , Chandrakanta Singha fall back to Hadirachowki ( Assam chowki ) , where he made preparation to resist the Burmese with his mixed levies consisting of Sikh , Hindustanis and Assamese soldiers . On 21 June 1822 , Chandrakanta Singha made his final stand against Mingi Maha Tilowa Baju and his Burmese forces in the battle of Hadirachowki . In the battle Chandrakanta Singha was finally defeated and his army totally eliminated . Chandrakanta Singha narrowly escaped to British ruled Goalpara district . </P> <P> Meanwhile after receiving the news of Chandrakanta 's defeat and threatened by growing Burmese power , Purandar Singha and Ruchinath Burhagohain also withdraw their forces from Assam . The victorious Burmese assumed themselves as the undisputed Masters of Brahmaputra valley . </P> <H2> Anglo - Burmese War and British occupation of Assam ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1824 CE , the First Anglo - Burmese War broke out . The Burmese was utterly defeated and were expelled from Assam , Cachar and Manipur . Finally the Burmese monarch sued for peace and the treaty of Yandabo was signed by both parties on 26 February 1826 . According to the terms and conditions of the treaty , the Burmese monarch renounced all claims over Assam and British became the masters of the Brahmaputra valley . </P> <H2> Restoration of Ahom rule in Upper Assam under Purandar Singha ( edit ) </H2> <P> After British occupation of Assam , many members of Ahom Dynasty , including former Ahom king Chandrakanta Singha appealed to the British Government to restore Ahom rule . Initially , the British choose to ignore these appeals , but as days passed , the British authorities sense the growing discontent to foreign rule among the people . Meanwhile certain members of former Ahom royal family and nobles conspired to overthrow the British rule from Assam . Though , the conspiracy was detected in time and the conspirators were duly punished , the British authorities were concern over the growing dissatisfaction among the people towards British rule . Therefore in an attempt to pacify the people , in 1832 A.D. , the British Government considers restoring Upper Assam to the former Ahom royal family as a tributary prince . The two most suitable candidates for the throne were Chandrakanta Singha and Purandar Singha . After some interviews with the candidates and discussions among the British Officers , Purandar Singha was selected for the throne . In his report to British Government , Mr. T.C. Robertson , then Commissioner and Political Agent of Assam , wrote as follows regarding Purandar Singha 's qualifications : - </P> <P> `` I have had several interviews with Purandar Singh at Gauhati , and see no reason , from his outward appearance and manners , to doubt of his fitness for the dignity , for which all unite in preferring him to his only rival Chandrakant . Purandar Singh is a young man , apparently about 25 years of age . His countenance is pleasing , and his manners extremely good . His natural abilities seem respectable and his disposition mild and pacific ... Major White and Lieutenants Mathie and Rutherford are all decidedly of opinion that Purandar Singh is the best person fitted to be at the head of the State which it has been decided to create . '' Political Proceedings of the Government of Bengal , dated 4 February 1833 , No. 8 , p - 123 - 4 </P> <P> Some historians are of the opinion that the selection of Purandar Singha over Chandrakanta Singha as a tributary ruler of Upper Assam was part of British political game . Since Chandrakanta Singha inherited the kingdom from his elder brother , the Ahom king Swargadeo Kamaleswar Singha , therefore the legal basis of Chandrakanta Singha was more firm than Purandar Singha . Purandar Singha lived most of his life in exile with his father ; therefore if the British install Purandar Singha to the throne , he would be more grateful and will submit to British rule more readily than his rival candidate Chandrakanta Singha . </P> <H2> Second reign ( 1833 -- 1838 CE ) ( edit ) </H2> <P> In April 1833 , Purandar Singha was appointed as a protected prince in charge of Upper Assam , excluding Sadiya and Matak regions , on a stipulated tribute of 50,000 rupees . Jorhat was made the capital of the state . The entire civil administration was left in his hands and a detachment of Assam Light Infantry of British army , was left at Jorhat for the protection of Purandar Singha and the preservation of peace . </P> <H3> Appointment of officials ( edit ) </H3> <P> At the onset of his second reign , Purandar Singha appointed officials according to age old Ahom system of governance , but since his kingdom 's territory was very much less than the territories of Ahom kingdom , before 1826 CE , he left many official post vacant . Also owing to the depleted conditions of the kingdom 's economy , the state treasury could not have bore the burden of giving salaries to these officials . He appointed Mahidhar , the son of Ruchinath Burhagohain , on the post of Burhagohain . He created three Mels or estates , which are called `` Maju Mel '' , `` Mahi Mel '' and `` Saru Mel '' . He allotted Maju Mel or estate to his nephew , Narnarayan Gohain , Mahi Mel or estate to his cousin Ishwar Gohain , and Suru Mel or estate to his uncle , Brajanath Gohain 's younger brother , Indunath Gohain . Among his all officials , Maniram Dewan was the most powerful , with some real authority . Even though , Purandar Singha had appointed Burhagohain as his Prime Minister , it was actually Maniram Dewan , who look after all the administration of the state and monitor the collection of revenue . </P> <H3> Defaults in the payments of revenue and maladministration ( edit ) </H3> <P> After his accession as the tributary ruler of Upper Assam under British Government , Purandar Singha began well with his accounts of payments of revenue . But within three year , he began to make default in his payments . He begged for a considerable reduction in the amount of revenue , as he explained that the country was badly ravaged by the Burmese invaders , affecting all spheres of life of the people , which includes social and economical . Imposing taxation was also difficult because unlike other parts of India , common people in Assam did not use or very rarely use money for any business transaction or in daily business . Captain Jenkins , the new Commissioner and Political Agent , held an enquiry into Purandar Singh 's administration and found it a hot bed of corruption and misfeasance . His subjects were oppressed and misgoverned and his rule is very distasteful to the bulk of the population . Purandar Singha was himself found guilty of gathering personal fortune rather than concentrating on good governance for his people . In 1838 , one British officer , McKoch gives descriptions about the conditions of Purandar Singha and his court officials : - </P> <P> `` The present representative of this once powerful dynasty ( Svargadeo or Lord of Heaven , as he pleased to call himself ) now resides in Jorhat in noisy pomp and tawdry splendor ; his resources limited to that of a zamindar ; his numerous nobility reduced to beggary or to exist upon bribery and corruption ; and his kingly court ( for he still maintains his regnal dignity ) more resembling the parade of a company of strolling players than anything imposing or sovereign . '' </P> <H2> Purandar Singha deposed and end of Ahom authority in Assam ( edit ) </H2> <P> Purandar Singha having thus proved a failure , his kingdom was placed under direct British control , in September 1838 CE . With the deposal of Purandar Singha and the annexation of Upper Assam to the territories of the British East India Company , all vestiges of Ahom authority in Assam came to an end after a reign of approximately 600 years . His kingdom was divided into two districts , Sibsagar district and Lakhimpur district . </P> <H2> Later life ( edit ) </H2> <P> After the annexation of his kingdom by British , Purandar Singha continued to live in Jorhat . In October 1838 CE , a pension of 1000 rupees per month was granted to him but he declined to accept it as he hoped for the eventual restitution of his state as a result of his petition to the Governor - General . The petition of Purandar Singha was turn down by Governor - General , after consulting with the British officials serving in Assam . During that time , the British Government officials and many other adventurers dug the Royal Tombs or Maidams of Ahom kings in Charaideo , in search of treasures , as it was widely known that the material properties of the dead king , like swords , furniture , utensils , gold and silver jewellary , and other valuables were also entombed along with the dead king in the Maidam . Purandar Singha , at first protested the desecration of his ancestors ' tombs , but finding it hopeless to appeal , in a bid to preserve the treasure ; he himself dug many Royal Tombs and recovered a large booty of treasures . Fearing outburst and reactions from other princes of Ahom Dynasty , he spread the news that he had dug the ancestral tombs to recover their bones and other remains , to take them to Ganges , for spiritual and religious purpose . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> <P> Purandar Singha lived the rest of his life in Jorhat along with his family . He died on October 1 , 1846 CE , few days before Durga Puja celebrations . The former Ahom nobles attended his funeral and paid their respect to the departed king . His remains were entombed in a Maidam , constructed in Jorhat . Presently , that place is known as Raja Maidam , located in Jorhat Town . </P> Maidam ( burial mound ) of the last Ahom King Purandar Singha at Rajamaidam , Jorhat District . <H2> Family and descendants ( edit ) </H2> <P> Purandar Singha had numerous wives ; prominent among them were Maharani Chandrakala , Chandrakanti Kunwari and Ambavati Kunwari . Maharani Chandrakala was the Parvatia Queen of Purandar Singha and she was a Manipuri princess . Purandar Singha was succeeded by his son Jubraj Kameswar Singha . In 1847 CE , Kameswar Singha was permitted by the British Government to use the title of Raja . Kameswar Singha died on June 10 , 1852 CE , and his remains were entombed near his father 's tomb , in Raja Maidam , in Jorhat . Kameswar Singha leave behind three widows , Rani Lakhipriya , Padmahari Kunwari and Madhavi Maju Kunwari , as well as a concubine named Rupavati Khatania . Kandarpeswar Singha , Kameswar 's son through Lakhipriya , was born in 1840 . In 1848 CE , the title of Charing Raja was conferred on Kandarpeswar . During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 , Kandarpeswar Singha was suspected of disloyal manoeuvres . He was placed under arrest as well as his agent Maniram Dewan Barbhandar Barua who was then in Calcutta petitioning the Governor - General for the restoration of the Ahom kingdom to Kandarpeswar Singha . As a result of the trial , Kandarpeswar Singha was sent to Alipur and then to Burdwan to be detained there as a state prisoner . Maniram Dewan was executed on February 26 , 1858 CE . Kandarpeswar was afterwards released and granted a pension of 500 rupees per month and he died in Guwahati . His two sons , Kumudeswar and Nareswar , through his wife Rani Kamalapriya had died during their father 's lifetime , and his daughter Troilokyeswari Aideo survived her father . </P> <H2> Character and legacy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Contemporary chroniclers are of the opinion that since Purandar Singha had passed his childhood through economic hardships during his father 's exile in Bengal , he was very much attracted to money and wealth . This explains the accusations which he had faced during both of his reigns . During his first reign , Purandar Singha and his father Brajanath Gohain , after being defeated by Burmese , fled to Guwahati taking all the valuables from the Royal treasury worth 3.5 million rupees , due to which the next ruler Chandrakanta Singha faced economic hardships in gathering mercenaries and maintaining the army to fight Burmese . During his second reign , as tributary prince under British , it was found that Purandar Singha was busy gathering personal wealth , instead of taking care of administration , which resulted in the growth of corruption among his officials . Some historians also stated his character as stubborn and firm from the fact that he refused to accept any pensions or grants from British Government . His son , Kameswar Singha also refused to accept pension from the British Government . Some sources said that it was actually Maniram Dewan who advised both father and son , not to accept any pension , as it might weaken their petition to restore their kingdom . After the fall of Ahom kingdom by Burmese invasion and subsequently by British occupation , Purandar Singha got an golden opportunity to restore Ahom rule in Upper Assam , but he ruined the chance by failing to pay the annual tribute of 50,000 rupees , resulted in the annexation of his kingdom by British , putting an end of 600 years of rule by Ahom dynasty . </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Swargadeo Rajeswar Singha first edition 1975 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 152 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Swargadeo Rajeswar Singha first edition 1975 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 131 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) 1968 page 198 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 297 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 107 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 225 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) 1968 page 198 - 199 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 297 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 225 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 225 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 301 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 2008 page 108 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 225 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 225 - 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 199 - 200 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 302 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 200 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 304 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 109 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) 1968 page 200 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 310 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) 1968 page 200 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 310 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahos 1981 page 310 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 201 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 112 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) 1968 page 201 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 1926 page 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 234 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 201 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 310 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 201 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 312 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 203 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 313 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 227 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chaliha Sadananda Guwahati : Buranjir Khala - Bamat or A collection of select articles on the antiquity and history of Guwahati and the surrounding tracts 1991 page 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) 1968 page 203 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 227 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) 1968 page 205 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 313 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 113 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 227 - 228 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 229 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 319 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 116 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 229 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 229 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 319 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 116 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 320 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 116 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 229 - 230 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 320 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 116 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 206 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 206 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 320 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chaliha Sadananda Guwahati : Buranjir Khala - Bamat or A collection of select articles on the antiquity and history of Guwahati and the surrounding tracts 1991 page 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 230 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 321 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 116 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chaliha Sadananda Guwahati : Buranjir Khala - Bamat or A collection of select articles on the antiquity and history of Guwahati and the surrounding tracts 1991 page 50 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 321 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 210 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 329 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 288 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 338 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 296 - 97 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 211 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1981 page 338 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 297 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 341 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 353 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 211 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 308 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 308 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 211 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gait E.A. A History of Assam 2nd edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta page 308 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 339 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 212 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 405 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 212 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 408 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 408 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati page 212 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 341 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 339 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chaliha Sadananda Guwahati : Buranjir Khala - Bamat or A collection of select articles on the antiquity and history of Guwahati and the surrounding tracts 1991 page 44 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms 1st edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 340 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam 4th edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati page 131 </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Swargadeo Rajeswar Singha first edition 1975 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati </Li> <Li> Bhuyan Dr. S.K. Tunkhungia Buranji or A History of Assam ( 1681 - 1826 ) second edition 1968 Department of HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN STUDIES IN ASSAM Guwahati </Li> <Li> Barbaruah Hiteswar Ahomar - Din or A History of Assam under the Ahoms first edition 1981 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati </Li> <Li> Barua Gunaviram Assam Buranji or A History of Assam fourth edition 2008 Publication Board of Assam Guwahati </Li> <Li> Gait E.A. A History of Assam second edition 1926 Thacker , Spink & Co Calcutta </Li> <Li> Chaliha Sadananda Guwahati : Buranjir Khala - Bamat or A collection of select articles on the antiquity and history of Guwahati and the surrounding tracts first edition 1991 M / s Student Stores Guwahati </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Purandar_Singha&oldid=782899274 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Ahom kings </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> ไทย </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 May 2017 , at 22 : 28 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | who was the ahom king in assam during the mutiny of 1857 | [
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Taxation in the United States - wikipedia <H1> Taxation in the United States </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Taxation in the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal taxation ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Alternative minimum tax </Li> <Li> Capital gains tax </Li> <Li> Corporate tax </Li> <Li> Estate tax </Li> <Li> Excise tax </Li> <Li> Gift tax </Li> <Li> Income tax </Li> <Li> Payroll tax </Li> <Li> Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) </Li> <Li> Internal Revenue Code ( IRC ) </Li> <Li> IRS tax forms </Li> <Li> Revenue by state </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Constitutional authority </Li> <Li> Taxpayer standing </Li> <Li> Court </Li> <Li> Protest </Li> <Li> Evasion </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State and local taxation ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State income tax </Li> <Li> Property tax </Li> <Li> Sales tax </Li> <Li> Use tax </Li> <Li> Land value tax </Li> <Li> State tax levels </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal tax reform ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Automated payment transaction tax </Li> <Li> 9 -- 9 -- 9 </Li> <Li> Competitive Tax Plan </Li> <Li> Efficient Taxation of Income </Li> <Li> FairTax </Li> <Li> Flat tax </Li> <Li> Hall -- Rabushka flat tax </Li> <Li> Kemp Commission </Li> <Li> Taxpayer Choice Act </Li> <Li> USA Tax </Li> <Li> Value added tax </Li> <Li> Border - adjustment tax </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States portal </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United States Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Senate </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice John Roberts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Breyer </Li> <Li> Alito </Li> <Li> Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Kagan </Li> <Li> Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Appeals </Li> <Li> District Courts ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other tribunals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Presidential elections </Li> <Li> Midterm elections </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Off - year elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Third parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State Government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislatures ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State courts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Local government </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The United States of America has separate federal , state , and local government ( s ) with taxes imposed at each of these levels . Taxes are levied on income , payroll , property , sales , capital gains , dividends , imports , estates and gifts , as well as various fees . In 2010 , taxes collected by federal , state , and municipal governments amounted to 24.8 % of GDP . In the OECD , only Chile and Mexico are taxed less as a share of their GDP . </P> <P> However , taxes fall much more heavily on labor income than on capital income . Divergent taxes and subsidies for different forms of income and spending can also constitute a form of indirect taxation of some activities over others . For example , individual spending on higher education can be said to be `` taxed '' at a high rate , compared to other forms of personal expenditure which are formally recognized as investments . </P> <P> Taxes are imposed on net income of individuals and corporations by the federal , most state , and some local governments . Citizens and residents are taxed on worldwide income and allowed a credit for foreign taxes . Income subject to tax is determined under tax accounting rules , not financial accounting principles , and includes almost all income from whatever source . Most business expenses reduce taxable income , though limits apply to a few expenses . Individuals are permitted to reduce taxable income by personal allowances and certain non-business expenses , including home mortgage interest , state and local taxes , charitable contributions , and medical and certain other expenses incurred above certain percentages of income . State rules for determining taxable income often differ from federal rules . Federal marginal tax rates vary from 10 % to 39.6 % of taxable income . State and local tax rates vary widely by jurisdiction , from 0 % to 13.30 % of income , and many are graduated . State taxes are generally treated as a deductible expense for federal tax computation . In 2013 , the top marginal income tax rate for a high - income California resident would be 52.9 % . </P> <P> The United States is one of two countries in the world that taxes its non-resident citizens on worldwide income , in the same manner and rates as residents ; the other is Eritrea . The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of imposition of such a tax in the case of Cook v. Tait . </P> <P> Payroll taxes are imposed by the federal and all state governments . These include Social Security and Medicare taxes imposed on both employers and employees , at a combined rate of 15.3 % ( 13.3 % for 2011 and 2012 ) . Social Security tax applies only to the first $106,800 of wages in 2009 through 2011 . However , benefits are only accrued on the first $106,800 of wages . Employers must withhold income taxes on wages . An unemployment tax and certain other levies apply to employers . Payroll taxes have dramatically increased as a share of federal revenue since the 1950s , while corporate income taxes have fallen as a share of revenue . ( Corporate profits have not fallen as a share of GDP ) . </P> <P> Property taxes are imposed by most local governments and many special purpose authorities based on the fair market value of property . School and other authorities are often separately governed , and impose separate taxes . Property tax is generally imposed only on realty , though some jurisdictions tax some forms of business property . Property tax rules and rates vary widely with annual median rates ranging from 0.2 % to 1.9 % of a property 's value depending on the state . </P> <P> Sales taxes are imposed by most states and some localities on the price at retail sale of many goods and some services . Sales tax rates vary widely among jurisdictions , from 0 % to 16 % , and may vary within a jurisdiction based on the particular goods or services taxed . Sales tax is collected by the seller at the time of sale , or remitted as use tax by buyers of taxable items who did not pay sales tax . </P> <P> The United States imposes tariffs or customs duties on the import of many types of goods from many jurisdictions . These tariffs or duties must be paid before the goods can be legally imported . Rates of duty vary from 0 % to more than 20 % , based on the particular goods and country of origin . </P> <P> Estate and gift taxes are imposed by the federal and some state governments on the transfer of property inheritance , by will , or by lifetime donation . Similar to federal income taxes , federal estate and gift taxes are imposed on worldwide property of citizens and residents and allow a credit for foreign taxes . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Levels and types of taxation </Li> <Li> 2 Types of taxpayers </Li> <Li> 3 Income tax <Ul> <Li> 3.1 History of the income tax </Li> <Li> 3.2 Basic concepts </Li> <Li> 3.3 Filing status </Li> <Li> 3.4 Graduated tax rates </Li> <Li> 3.5 Income </Li> <Li> 3.6 Deductions and exemptions </Li> <Li> 3.7 Business entities </Li> <Li> 3.8 Credits </Li> <Li> 3.9 Payment or withholding of taxes </Li> <Li> 3.10 State variations </Li> <Li> 3.11 Non-residents </Li> <Li> 3.12 Alternative tax bases ( AMT , states ) </Li> <Li> 3.13 Differences between book and taxable income for businesses </Li> <Li> 3.14 Reporting under self - assessment system </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Capital gains tax </Li> <Li> 5 Payroll taxes <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Income tax withholding </Li> <Li> 5.2 Social Security and Medicare taxes </Li> <Li> 5.3 Unemployment taxes </Li> <Li> 5.4 Reporting and payment </Li> <Li> 5.5 Penalties </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Sales and excise taxes <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Sales and use tax </Li> <Li> 6.2 Excise taxes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Property taxes <Ul> <Li> 7.1 Types of property taxed </Li> <Li> 7.2 Assessment and collection </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 8 Customs duties <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Import of goods </Li> <Li> 8.2 Origin </Li> <Li> 8.3 Classification </Li> <Li> 8.4 Duty rate </Li> <Li> 8.5 Procedures </Li> <Li> 8.6 Penalties </Li> <Li> 8.7 Foreign - Trade Zones </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Estate and gift taxes </Li> <Li> 10 Licenses and occupational taxes <Ul> <Li> 10.1 User fees </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Tax administration <Ul> <Li> 11.1 Federal <Ul> <Li> 11.1. 1 Internal Revenue Service <Ul> <Li> 11.1. 1.1 Examination </Li> <Li> 11.1. 1.2 Published and private rulings </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11.1. 2 Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau </Li> <Li> 11.1. 3 Customs and Border Protection </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11.2 State administrations </Li> <Li> 11.3 Local administrations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Legal basis </Li> <Li> 13 Policy issues <Ul> <Li> 13.1 Tax evasion </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 14 History </Li> <Li> 15 See also </Li> <Li> 16 References </Li> <Li> 17 Further reading </Li> <Li> 18 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Levels and types of Taxation ( edit ) </H2> U.S. federal tax receipts for 2014 <P> The U.S. has an assortment of federal , state , local , and special - purpose governmental jurisdictions . Each imposes taxes to fully or partly fund its operations . These taxes may be imposed on the same income , property or activity , often without offset of one tax against another . The types of tax imposed at each level of government vary , in part due to constitutional restrictions . Income taxes are imposed at the federal and most state levels . Taxes on property are typically imposed only at the local level , although there may be multiple local jurisdictions that tax the same property . Other excise taxes are imposed by the federal and some state governments . Sales taxes are imposed by most states and many local governments . Customs duties or tariffs are only imposed by the federal government . A wide variety of user fees or license fees are also imposed . </P> <P> A federal wealth tax would be required by the U.S. Constitution to be distributed to the States according to their populations , as this type of tax is considered a direct tax . State and local government property taxes are wealth taxes on real estate . </P> <H2> Types of taxpayers ( edit ) </H2> <P> Taxes may be imposed on individuals ( natural persons ) , business entities , estates , trusts , or other forms of organization . Taxes may be based on property , income , transactions , transfers , importations of goods , business activities , or a variety of factors , and are generally imposed on the type of taxpayer for whom such tax base is relevant . Thus , property taxes tend to be imposed on property owners . In addition , certain taxes , particularly income taxes , may be imposed on the members of organizations for the organization 's activities . Therefore , partners are taxed on the income of their partnership . </P> <P> With fewer exceptions , one level of government does not impose tax on another level of government or its instrumentalities . </P> <H2> Income tax ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Income tax in the United States U.S. federal effective tax rates by income percentile and component as projected for 2014 by the Tax Policy Center <P> Taxes based on income are imposed at the federal , most state , and some local levels within the United States . The tax systems within each jurisdiction may define taxable income separately . Many states refer to some extent to federal concepts for determining taxable income . </P> <H3> History of the income tax ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first Income tax in the United States was implemented with the Revenue Act of 1861 by Abraham Lincoln during the Civil War . In 1895 the Supreme Court ruled that the U.S. federal income tax on interest income , dividend income and rental income was unconstitutional in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. , because it was a direct tax . The Pollock decision was overruled by the ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1913 , and by subsequent U.S. Supreme Court decisions including Graves v. New York ex rel . O'Keefe , South Carolina v. Baker , and Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co . </P> <H3> Basic concepts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The U.S. income tax system imposes a tax based on income on individuals , corporations , estates , and trusts . The tax is taxable income , as defined , times a specified tax rate . This tax may be reduced by credits , some of which may be refunded if they exceed the tax calculated . Taxable income may differ from income for other purposes ( such as for financial reporting ) . The definition of taxable income for federal purposes is used by many , but far from all states . Income and deductions are recognized under tax rules , and there are variations within the rules among the states . Book and tax income may differ . Income is divided into `` capital gains '' , which are taxed at a lower rate and only when the taxpayer chooses to `` realize '' them , and `` ordinary income '' , which is taxed at higher rates and on an annual basis . Because of this distinction , capital is taxed much more lightly than labor . </P> <P> Under the U.S. system , individuals , corporations , estates , and trusts are subject to income tax . Partnerships are not taxed ; rather , their partners are subject to income tax on their shares of income and deductions , and take their shares of credits . Some types of business entities may elect to be treated as corporations or as partnerships . </P> Federal receipts by source as share of total receipts ( 1950 -- 2010 ) . Individual income taxes Payroll taxes / FICA Corporate income taxes Excise taxes Estate and gift taxes Other receipts <P> Taxpayers are required to file tax returns and self assess tax . Tax may be withheld from payments of income ( e.g. , withholding of tax from wages ) . To the extent taxes are not covered by withholdings , taxpayers must make estimated tax payments , generally quarterly . Tax returns are subject to review and adjustment by taxing authorities , though far fewer than all returns are reviewed . </P> <P> Taxable income is gross income less exemptions , deductions , and personal exemptions . Gross income includes `` all income from whatever source '' . Certain income , however , is subject to tax exemption at the federal or state levels . This income is reduced by tax deductions including most business and some nonbusiness expenses . Individuals are also allowed a deduction for personal exemptions , a fixed dollar allowance . The allowance of some nonbusiness deductions is phased out at higher income levels . </P> <P> The U.S. federal and most state income tax systems tax the worldwide income of citizens and residents . A federal foreign tax credit is granted for foreign income taxes . Individuals residing abroad may also claim the foreign earned income exclusion . Individuals may be a citizen or resident of the United States but not a resident of a state . Many states grant a similar credit for taxes paid to other states . These credits are generally limited to the amount of tax on income from foreign ( or other state ) sources . </P> <H3> Filing status ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Filing Status ( federal income tax ) Historical federal marginal tax rates for income for the lowest and highest income earners in the U.S. <P> Federal and state income tax is calculated , and returns filed , for each taxpayer . Two married individuals may calculate tax and file returns jointly or separately . In addition , unmarried individuals supporting children or certain other relatives may file a return as a head of household . Parent - subsidiary groups of companies may elect to file a consolidated return . </P> <H3> Graduated tax rates ( edit ) </H3> Progressive effective tax burden <P> Income tax rates differ at the federal and state levels for corporations and individuals . Federal and many state income tax rates are higher ( graduated ) at higher levels of income . The income level at which various tax rates apply for individuals varies by filing status . The income level at which each rate starts generally is higher ( i.e. , tax is lower ) for married couples filing a joint return or single individuals filing as head of household . </P> <P> Individuals are subject to federal graduated tax rates from 10 % to 39.6 % . Corporations are subject to federal graduated rates of tax from 15 % to 35 % ; a rate of 34 % applies to income from $335,000 to $15,000,000 . State income tax rates vary from 1 % to 16 % , including local income tax where applicable . State and local taxes are generally deductible in computing federal taxable income . Federal and many state individual income tax rate schedules differ based on the individual 's filing status . </P> <H3> Income ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Gross income and Tax exemption § Exempt income Share of income tax paid by level of income . The top 2.7 % of taxpayers ( those with income over $250,000 ) paid 51.6 % of the federal income taxes in 2014 . <P> Taxable income is gross income less adjustments and allowable tax deductions . Gross income for federal and most states is receipts and gains from all sources less cost of goods sold . Gross income includes `` all income from whatever source '' , and is not limited to cash received . Income from illegal activities is taxable and must be reported to the IRS . </P> <P> The amount of income recognized is generally the value received or which the taxpayer has a right to receive . Certain types of income are specifically excluded from gross income . The time at which gross income becomes taxable is determined under federal tax rules . This may differ in some cases from accounting rules . </P> <P> Certain types of income are excluded from gross income ( and therefore subject to tax exemption ) . The exclusions differ at federal and state levels . For federal income tax , interest income on state and local bonds is exempt , while few states exempt any interest income except from municipalities within that state . In addition , certain types of receipts , such as gifts and inheritances , and certain types of benefits , such as employer - provided health insurance , are excluded from income . </P> <P> Foreign non-resident persons are taxed only on income from U.S. sources or from a U.S. business . Tax on foreign non-resident persons on non-business income is at 30 % of the gross income , but reduced under many tax treaties . </P> <P> </P> <P> </P> <P> * These brackets are the taxable income plus the standard deduction for a joint return . That deduction is the first bracket . For example , a couple earning $88,600 by September owes $10,453 ; $1,865 for 10 % of the income from $12,700 to $31,500 , plus $8,588 for 15 % of the income from $31,500 to $88,600 . Now , for every $100 they earn , $25 is taxed until they reach the next bracket . </P> <P> After making $400 more ; going down to the 89,000 row the tax is $100 more . The next column is the tax divided by 89,000 . The new law is the next column . This tax equals 10 % of their income from $24,000 to $43,050 plus 12 % from $43,050 to $89,000 . The singles ' sets of markers can be set up quickly . The brackets with its tax are cut in half . </P> <P> Itemizers can figure the tax without moving the scale by taking the difference off the top . The couple above , having receipts for $22,700 in deductions , means that the last $10,000 of their income is tax free . After seven years the papers can be destroyed ; if unchallenged . </P> <Dl> <Dd> Source and Method </Dd> <Dd> This is a spreadsheet . To replicate ; write the standard deduction in cell B2 and name it ak_1 . Write and name the taxable income brackets plus 12,700 each in this column . In cells D2 to D8 , write and name the marginal interest ( ar_1 to 7 ) . Starting at cell B14 , write the income column . Copy this formula : </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> = IF ( B14 > ak_7 , ( B14 - ak_7 ) * ar_7 , 0 ) + IF ( B14 > ak_6 , ( IF ( B14 > ak_7 , ak_7 , B14 ) - ak_6 ) * ar_6 , 0 ) + IF ( B14 > ak_5 , ( IF ( B14 > ak_6 , ak_6 , B14 ) - ak_5 ) * ar_5 , 0 ) + IF ( B14 > ak_4 , ( IF ( B14 > ak_5 , ak_5 , B14 ) - ak_4 ) * ar_4 , 0 ) + IF ( B14 > ak_3 , ( IF ( B14 > ak_4 , ak_4 , B14 ) - ak_3 ) * ar_3 , 0 ) + IF ( B14 > ak_2 , ( IF ( B14 > ak_3 , ak_3 , B14 ) - ak_2 ) * ar_2 , 0 ) + IF ( B14 > ak_1 , ( IF ( B14 > ak_2 , ak_2 , B14 ) - ak_1 ) * ar_1 , 0 ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> At cell C14 , paste the formula . Ctrl - C that cell , and down arrow . Ctrl - V and down arrow fourteen times . Repeat this Ctrl - V function at cell C2 . </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Deductions and exemptions ( edit ) </H3> The share of total income and federal , state and local taxes paid by income group . Total taxes include income taxes , payroll taxes , state and local sales taxes , federal and state excise taxes , and local property taxes . Main article : Tax deduction <P> The U.S. system allows reduction of taxable income for both business and some nonbusiness expenditures , called deductions . Businesses selling goods reduce gross income directly by the cost of goods sold . In addition , businesses may deduct most types of expenses incurred in the business . Some of these deductions are subject to limitations . For example , only 50 % of the amount incurred for any meals or entertainment may be deducted . The amount and timing of deductions for business expenses is determined under the taxpayer 's tax accounting method , which may differ from methods used in accounting records . </P> <P> Some types of business expenses are deductible over a period of years rather than when incurred . These include the cost of long lived assets such as buildings and equipment . The cost of such assets is recovered through deductions for depreciation or amortization . </P> <P> In addition to business expenses , individuals may reduce income by an allowance for personal exemptions and either a fixed standard deduction or itemized deductions . One personal exemption is allowed per taxpayer , and additional such deductions are allowed for each child or certain other individuals supported by the taxpayer . The standard deduction amount varies by taxpayer filing status . Itemized deductions by individuals include home mortgage interest , property taxes , certain other taxes , contributions to recognized charities , medical expenses in excess of 7.5 % of adjusted gross income , and certain other amounts . </P> <P> Personal exemptions , the standard deduction , and itemized deductions are limited ( phased out ) above certain income levels . </P> <H3> Business entities ( edit ) </H3> The U.S. federal effective corporate income tax rate is lower than the highest nominal rate , which can be significant in part because of tax shelters such as tax havens . Main articles : Corporate tax in the United States , S corporations , and Partnership taxation in the United States <P> Corporations must pay tax on their taxable income independently of their shareholders . Shareholders are also subject to tax on dividends received from corporations . By contrast , partnerships are not subject to income tax , but their partners calculate their taxes by including their shares of partnership items . Corporations owned entirely by U.S. citizens or residents ( S corporations ) may elect to be treated similarly to partnerships . A limited liability company and certain other business entities may elect to be treated as corporations or as partnerships . States generally follow such characterization . Many states also allow corporations to elect S corporation status . Charitable organizations are subject to tax on business income . </P> <P> Certain transactions of business entities are not subject to tax . These include many types of formation or reorganization . </P> <H3> Credits ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Tax credit <P> A wide variety of tax credits may reduce income tax at the federal and state levels . Some credits are available only to individuals , such as the child tax credit for each dependent child , American Opportunity Tax Credit for education expenses , or the Earned Income Tax Credit for low income wage earners . Some credits , such as the Work Opportunity Tax Credit , are available to businesses , including various special industry incentives . A few credits , such as the foreign tax credit , are available to all types of taxpayers . </P> <H3> Payment or withholding of taxes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Withholding tax <P> The United States federal and state income tax systems are self - assessment systems . Taxpayers must declare and pay tax without assessment by the taxing authority . Quarterly payments of tax estimated to be due are required to the extent taxes are not paid through withholdings . Employers must withhold income tax , as well as Social Security and Medicare taxes , from wages . Amounts to be withheld are computed by employers based on representations of tax status by employees on Form W - 4 , with limited government review . </P> <H3> State variations ( edit ) </H3> Main article : State income tax Composition of state and local government tax revenue for sample state of Ohio , 2007 . Total State Government Tax Revenue By Type in 2015 <P> Forty - three states and many localities in the U.S. impose an income tax on individuals . Forty - seventh states and many localities impose a tax on the income of corporations . Tax rates vary by state and locality , and may be fixed or graduated . Most rates are the same for all types of income . State and local income taxes are imposed in addition to federal income tax . State income tax is allowed as a deduction in computing federal income tax , subject to limitations for individuals . </P> <P> State and local taxable income is determined under state law , and often is based on federal taxable income . Most states conform to many federal concepts and definitions , including defining income and business deductions and timing thereof . State rules vary widely regarding to individual itemized deductions . Most states do not allow a deduction for state income taxes for individuals or corporations , and impose tax on certain types of income exempt at the federal level . </P> <P> Some states have alternative measures of taxable income , or alternative taxes , especially for corporations . </P> <P> States imposing an income tax generally tax all income of corporations organized in the state and individuals residing in the state . Taxpayers from another state are subject to tax only on income earned in the state or apportioned to the state . Businesses are subject to income tax in a state only if they have sufficient nexus in ( connection to ) the state . </P> <H3> Nonresidents ( edit ) </H3> <P> Foreign individuals and corporations not resident in the United States are subject to federal income tax only on income from a U.S. business and certain types of income from U.S. sources . States tax individuals resident outside the state and corporations organized outside the state only on wages or business income within the state . Payers of some types of income to non-residents must withhold federal or state income tax on the payment . Federal withholding of 30 % on such income may be reduced under a tax treaty . Such treaties do not apply to state taxes . </P> <H3> Alternative tax bases ( AMT , States ) ( edit ) </H3> <P> An alternative minimum tax ( AMT ) is imposed at the federal level on a somewhat modified version of taxable income . The tax applies to individuals and corporations . The tax base is adjusted gross income reduced by a fixed deduction that varies by taxpayer filing status . Itemized deductions of individuals are limited to home mortgage interest , charitable contributions , and a portion of medical expenses . AMT is imposed at a rate of 26 % or 28 % for individuals and 20 % for corporations , less the amount of regular tax . A credit against future regular income tax is allowed for such excess , with certain restrictions . </P> <P> Many states impose minimum income taxes on corporations or a tax computed on an alternative tax base . These include taxes based on capital of corporations and alternative measures of income for individuals . Details vary widely by state . </P> <H3> Differences between book and taxable income for businesses ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United States , taxable income is computed under rules that differ materially from U.S. generally accepted accounting principles . Since only publicly traded companies are required to prepare financial statements , many non-public companies opt to keep their financial records under tax rules . Corporations that present financial statements using other than tax rules must include a detailed reconciliation of their financial statement income to their taxable income as part of their tax returns . Key areas of difference include depreciation and amortization , timing of recognition of income or deductions , assumptions for cost of goods sold , and certain items ( such as meals and entertainment ) the tax deduction for which is limited . </P> <H3> Reporting under self - assessment system ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Tax return ( United States ) <P> Income taxes in the United States are self - assessed by taxpayers by filing required tax returns . Taxpayers , as well as certain non-tax - paying entities , like partnerships , must file annual tax returns at the federal and applicable state levels . These returns disclose a complete computation of taxable income under tax principles . Taxpayers compute all income , deductions , and credits themselves , and determine the amount of tax due after applying required prepayments and taxes withheld . Federal and state tax authorities provide preprinted forms that must be used to file tax returns . IRS Form 1040 series is required for individuals , Form 1120 series for corporations , Form 1065 for partnerships , and Form 990 series for tax exempt organizations . </P> <P> The state forms vary widely , and rarely correspond to federal forms . Tax returns vary from the two - page ( Form 1040EZ ) used by nearly 70 % of individual filers to thousands of pages of forms and attachments for large entities . Groups of corporations may elect to file consolidated returns at the federal level and with a few states . Electronic filing of federal and many state returns is widely encouraged and in some cases required , and many vendors offer computer software for use by taxpayers and paid return preparers to prepare and electronically file returns . </P> <H2> Capital gains tax ( edit ) </H2> U.S. capital gains taxes history Main article : Capital gains tax in the United States <P> Individuals and corporations pay U.S. federal income tax on the net total of all their capital gains . The tax rate depends on both the investor 's tax bracket and the amount of time the investment was held . Short - term capital gains are taxed at the investor 's ordinary income tax rate and are defined as investments held for a year or less before being sold . Long - term capital gains , on dispositions of assets held for more than one year , are taxed at a lower rate . </P> <H2> Payroll taxes ( edit ) </H2> Payroll taxes were among the most regressive in 2010 . <P> In the United States , payroll taxes are assessed by the federal government , many states , the District of Columbia , and numerous cities . These taxes are imposed on employers and employees and on various compensation bases . They are collected and paid to the taxing jurisdiction by the employers . Most jurisdictions imposing payroll taxes require reporting quarterly and annually in most cases , and electronic reporting is generally required for all but small employers . Because payroll taxes are imposed only on wages and not on income from investments , taxes on labor income are much heavier than taxes on income from capital . </P> <H3> Income tax withholding ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Tax withholding in the United States <P> Federal , state , and local withholding taxes are required in those jurisdictions imposing an income tax . Employers having contact with the jurisdiction must withhold the tax from wages paid to their employees in those jurisdictions . Computation of the amount of tax to withhold is performed by the employer based on representations by the employee regarding his / her tax status on IRS Form W - 4 . Amounts of income tax so withheld must be paid to the taxing jurisdiction , and are available as refundable tax credits to the employees . Income taxes withheld from payroll are not final taxes , merely prepayments . Employees must still file income tax returns and self assess tax , claiming amounts withheld as payments . </P> <H3> Social Security and Medicare taxes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax <P> Federal social insurance taxes are imposed equally on employers and employees , consisting of a tax of 6.2 % of wages up to an annual wage maximum ( $118,500 in 2015 ) for Social Security plus a tax of 1.45 % of total wages for Medicare . For 2011 , the employee 's contribution was reduced to 4.2 % , while the employer 's portion remained at 6.2 % . To the extent an employee 's portion of the 6.2 % tax exceeds the maximum by reason of multiple employers ( each of whom will collect up to the annual wage maximum ) , the employee is entitled to a refundable tax credit upon filing an income tax return for the year . </P> <H3> Unemployment taxes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Federal Unemployment Tax Act <P> Employers are subject to unemployment taxes by the federal and all state governments . The tax is a percentage of taxable wages with a cap . The tax rate and cap vary by jurisdiction and by employer 's industry and experience rating . For 2009 , the typical maximum tax per employee was under $1,000 . Some states also impose unemployment , disability insurance , or similar taxes on employees . </P> <H3> Reporting and payment ( edit ) </H3> <P> Employers must report payroll taxes to the appropriate taxing jurisdiction in the manner each jurisdiction provides . Quarterly reporting of aggregate income tax withholding and Social Security taxes is required in most jurisdictions . Employers must file reports of aggregate unemployment tax quarterly and annually with each applicable state , and annually at the federal level . </P> <P> Each employer is required to provide each employee an annual report on IRS Form W - 2 of wages paid and federal , state and local taxes withheld , with a copy sent to the IRS and the taxation authority of the state . These are due by January 31 and February 28 ( March 31 if filed electronically ) , respectively , following the calendar year in which wages are paid . The Form W - 2 constitutes proof of payment of tax for the employee . </P> <P> Employers are required to pay payroll taxes to the taxing jurisdiction under varying rules , in many cases within 1 banking day . Payment of federal and many state payroll taxes is required to be made by electronic funds transfer if certain dollar thresholds are met , or by deposit with a bank for the benefit of the taxing jurisdiction . </P> <H3> Penalties ( edit ) </H3> <P> Failure to timely and properly pay federal payroll taxes results in an automatic penalty of 2 % to 10 % . Similar state and local penalties apply . Failure to properly file monthly or quarterly returns may result in additional penalties . Failure to file Forms W - 2 results in an automatic penalty of up to $50 per form not timely filed . State and local penalties vary by jurisdiction . </P> <P> A particularly severe penalty applies where federal income tax withholding and Social Security taxes are not paid to the IRS . The penalty of up to 100 % of the amount not paid can be assessed against the employer entity as well as any person ( such as a corporate officer ) having control or custody of the funds from which payment should have been made . </P> <H2> Sales and excise taxes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Sales and use tax ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Sales taxes in the United States The average effective sales tax for different income groups of the combined 50 States ( 2007 ) . <P> There is no federal sales or use tax in the United States . All but five states impose sales and use taxes on retail sale , lease and rental of many goods , as well as some services . Many cities , counties , transit authorities and special purpose districts impose an additional local sales or use tax . Sales and use tax is calculated as the purchase price times the appropriate tax rate . Tax rates vary widely by jurisdiction from less than 1 % to over 10 % . Sales tax is collected by the seller at the time of sale . Use tax is self assessed by a buyer who has not paid sales tax on a taxable purchase . </P> <P> Unlike value added tax , sales tax is imposed only once , at the retail level , on any particular goods . Nearly all jurisdictions provide numerous categories of goods and services that are exempt from sales tax , or taxed at a reduced rate . Purchase of goods for further manufacture or for resale is uniformly exempt from sales tax . Most jurisdictions exempt food sold in grocery stores , prescription medications , and many agricultural supplies . Generally cash discounts , including coupons , are not included in the price used in computing tax . </P> <P> Sales taxes , including those imposed by local governments , are generally administered at the state level . States imposing sales tax require retail sellers to register with the state , collect tax from customers , file returns , and remit the tax to the state . Procedural rules vary widely . Sellers generally must collect tax from in - state purchasers unless the purchaser provides an exemption certificate . Most states allow or require electronic remittance of tax to the state . States are prohibited from requiring out of state sellers to collect tax unless the seller has some minimal connection with the state . </P> <H3> Excise taxes ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Excise tax in the United States <P> Excise taxes may be imposed on the sales price of goods or on a per unit or other basis . Excise tax may be required to be paid by the manufacturer at wholesale sale , or may be collected from the customer at retail sale . Excise taxes are imposed at the federal and state levels on a variety of goods , including alcohol , tobacco , tires , gasoline , diesel fuel , coal , firearms , telephone service , air transportation , unregistered bonds , and many other goods and services . Some jurisdictions require that tax stamps be affixed to goods to demonstrate payment of the tax . </P> <H2> Property taxes ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Property tax in the United States <P> Most jurisdictions below the state level in the United States impose a tax on interests in real property ( land , buildings , and permanent improvements ) . Some jurisdictions also tax some types of business personal property . Rules vary widely by jurisdiction . Many overlapping jurisdictions ( counties , cities , school districts ) may have authority to tax the same property . Few states impose a tax on the value of property . </P> <P> Property tax is based on fair market value of the subject property . The amount of tax is determined annually based on the market value of each property on a particular date , and most jurisdictions require redeterminations of value periodically . The tax is computed as the determined market value times an assessment ratio times the tax rate . Assessment ratios and tax rates vary widely among jurisdictions , and may vary by type of property within a jurisdiction . Where a property has recently been sold between unrelated sellers , such sale establishes fair market value . In other ( i.e. , most ) cases , the value must be estimated . Common estimation techniques include comparable sales , depreciated cost , and an income approach . Property owners may also declare a value , which is subject to change by the tax assessor . </P> <H3> Types of property taxed ( edit ) </H3> <P> Property taxes are most commonly applied to real estate and business property . Real property generally includes all interests considered under that state 's law to be ownership interests in land , buildings , and improvements . Ownership interests include ownership of title as well as certain other rights to property . Automobile and boat registration fees are a subset of this tax . Usually , other nonbusiness goods are not subject to property tax . </P> <H3> Assessment and collection ( edit ) </H3> <P> The assessment process varies by state , and sometimes within a state . Each taxing jurisdiction determines values of property within the jurisdiction and then determines the amount of tax to assess based on the value of the property . Tax assessors for taxing jurisdictions are generally responsible for determining property values . The determination of values and calculation of tax is generally performed by an official referred to as a tax assessor . Property owners have rights in each jurisdiction to declare or contest the value so determined . Property values generally must be coordinated among jurisdictions , and such coordination is often performed by a board of equalization . </P> <P> Once value is determined , the assessor typically notifies the last known property owner of the value determination . After values are settled , property tax bills or notices are sent to property owners . Payment times and terms vary widely . If a property owner fails to pay the tax , the taxing jurisdiction has various remedies for collection , in many cases including seizure and sale of the property . Property taxes constitute a lien on the property to which transfers are also subject . Mortgage companies often collect taxes from property owners and remit them on behalf of the owner . </P> <H2> Customs duties ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States imposes tariffs or customs duties on imports of goods . The duty is levied at the time of import and is paid by the importer of record . Customs duties vary by country of origin and product . Goods from many countries are exempt from duty under various trade agreements . Certain types of goods are exempt from duty regardless of source . Customs rules differ from other import restrictions . Failure to properly comply with customs rules can result in seizure of goods and criminal penalties against involved parties . United States Customs and Border Protection ( `` CBP '' ) enforces customs rules . </P> <H3> Import of goods ( edit ) </H3> Total tax revenue as share of GDP for OECD countries in 2009 . The tax burden in the U.S. ( black ) is relatively small in comparison to other industrialised countries . <P> Goods may be imported to the United States subject to import restrictions . Importers of goods may be subject to tax ( `` customs duty '' or `` tariff '' ) on the imported value of the goods . `` Imported goods are not legally entered until after the shipment has arrived within the port of entry , delivery of the merchandise has been authorized by CBP , and estimated duties have been paid . '' Importation and declaration and payment of customs duties is done by the importer of record , which may be the owner of the goods , the purchaser , or a licensed customs broker . Goods may be stored in a bonded warehouse or a Foreign - Trade Zone in the United States for up to five years without payment of duties . Goods must be declared for entry into the U.S. within 15 days of arrival or prior to leaving a bonded warehouse or foreign trade zone . Many importers participate in a voluntary self - assessment program with CBP . Special rules apply to goods imported by mail . All goods imported into the United States are subject to inspection by CBP . Some goods may be temporarily imported to the United States under a system similar to the ATA Carnet system . Examples include laptop computers used by persons traveling in the U.S. and samples used by salesmen . </P> <H3> Origin ( edit ) </H3> <P> Rates of tax on transaction values vary by country of origin . Goods must be individually labeled to indicate country of origin , with exceptions for specific types of goods . Goods are considered to originate in the country with the highest rate of duties for the particular goods unless the goods meet certain minimum content requirements . Extensive modifications to normal duties and classifications apply to goods originating in Canada or Mexico under the North American Free Trade Agreement . </P> <H3> Classification ( edit ) </H3> <P> All goods that are not exempt are subject to duty computed according to the Harmonized Tariff Schedule published by CBP and the U.S. International Trade Commission . This lengthy schedule provides rates of duty for each class of goods . Most goods are classified based on the nature of the goods , though some classifications are based on use . </P> <H3> Duty rate ( edit ) </H3> <P> Customs duty rates may be expressed as a percentage of value or dollars and cents per unit . Rates based on value vary from zero to 20 % in the 2011 schedule . Rates may be based on relevant units for the particular type of goods ( per ton , per kilogram , per square meter , etc . ) . Some duties are based in part on value and in part on quantity . </P> <P> Where goods subject to different rates of duty are commingled , the entire shipment may be taxed at the highest applicable duty rate . </P> <H3> Procedures ( edit ) </H3> <P> Imported goods are generally accompanied by a bill of lading or air waybill describing the goods . For purposes of customs duty assessment , they must also be accompanied by an invoice documenting the transaction value . The goods on the bill of lading and invoice are classified and duty is computed by the importer or CBP . The amount of this duty is payable immediately , and must be paid before the goods can be imported . Most assessments of goods are now done by the importer and documentation filed with CBP electronically . </P> <P> After duties have been paid , CBP approves the goods for import . They can then be removed from the port of entry , bonded warehouse , or Free - Trade Zone . </P> <P> After duty has been paid on particular goods , the importer can seek a refund of duties if the goods are exported without substantial modification . The process of claiming a refund is known as duty drawback . </P> <H3> Penalties ( edit ) </H3> <P> Certain civil penalties apply for failures to follow CBP rules and pay duty . Goods of persons subject to such penalties may be seized and sold by CBP . In addition , criminal penalties may apply for certain offenses . Criminal penalties may be as high as twice the value of the goods plus twenty years in jail . </P> <H3> Foreign - Trade Zones ( edit ) </H3> <P> Foreign - Trade Zones are secure areas physically in the United States but legally outside the customs territory of the United States . Such zones are generally near ports of entry . They may be within the warehouse of an importer . Such zones are limited in scope and operation based on approval of the Foreign - Trade Zones Board . Goods in a Foreign - Trade Zone are not considered imported to the United States until they leave the Zone . Foreign goods may be used to manufacture other goods within the zone for export without payment of customs duties . </P> <H2> Estate and gift taxes ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Estate tax in the United States , Gift tax in the United States , and Generation - skipping transfer tax <P> Estate and gift taxes in the United States are imposed by the federal and some state governments . The estate tax is an excise tax levied on the right to pass property at death . It is imposed on the estate , not the beneficiary . Some states impose an inheritance tax on recipients of bequests . Gift taxes are levied on the giver ( donor ) of property where the property is transferred for less than adequate consideration . An additional generation - skipping transfer ( GST ) tax is imposed by the federal and some state governments on transfers to grandchildren ( or their descendants ) . </P> Estate tax returns as a percentage of adult deaths , 1982 -- 2008 . <P> The federal gift tax is applicable to the donor , not the recipient , and is computed based on cumulative taxable gifts , and is reduced by prior gift taxes paid . The federal estate tax is computed on the sum of taxable estate and taxable gifts , and is reduced by prior gift taxes paid . These taxes are computed as the taxable amount times a graduated tax rate ( up to 35 % in 2011 ) . The estate and gift taxes are also reduced by a `` unified credit '' equivalent to an exclusion ( $5 million in 2011 ) . Rates and exclusions have varied , and the benefits of lower rates and the credit have been phased out during some years . </P> <P> Taxable gifts are certain gifts of U.S. property by nonresident aliens , most gifts of any property by citizens or residents , in excess of an annual exclusion ( $13,000 for gifts made in 2011 ) per donor per donee . Taxable estates are certain U.S. property of non-resident alien decedents , and most property of citizens or residents . For aliens , residence for estate tax purposes is primarily based on domicile , but U.S. citizens are taxed regardless of their country of residence . U.S. real estate and most tangible property in the U.S. are subject to estate and gift tax whether the decedent or donor is resident or nonresident , citizen or alien . </P> <P> The taxable amount of a gift is the fair market value of the property in excess of consideration received at the date of gift . The taxable amount of an estate is the gross fair market value of all rights considered property at the date of death ( or an alternative valuation date ) ( `` gross estate '' ) , less liabilities of the decedent , costs of administration ( including funeral expenses ) and certain other deductions . State estate taxes are deductible , with limitations , in computing the federal taxable estate . Bequests to charities reduce the taxable estate . </P> <P> Gift tax applies to all irrevocable transfers of interests in tangible or intangible property . Estate tax applies to all property owned in whole or in part by a citizen or resident at the time of his or her death , to the extent of the interest in the property . Generally , all types of property are subject to estate tax . Whether a decedent has sufficient interest in property for the property to be subject to gift or estate tax is determined under applicable state property laws . Certain interests in property that lapse at death ( such as life insurance ) are included in the taxable estate . </P> <P> Taxable values of estates and gifts are the fair market value . For some assets , such as widely traded stocks and bonds , the value may be determined by market listings . The value of other property may be determined by appraisals , which are subject to potential contest by the taxing authority . Special use valuation applies to farms and closely held businesses , subject to limited dollar amount and other conditions . Monetary assets , such as cash , mortgages , and notes , are valued at the face amount , unless another value is clearly established . </P> <P> Life insurance proceeds are included in the gross estate . The value of a right of a beneficiary of an estate to receive an annuity is included in the gross estate . Certain transfers during lifetime may be included in the gross estate . Certain powers of a decedent to control the disposition of property by another are included in the gross estate . </P> <P> The taxable estate of a married decedent is reduced by a deduction for all property passing to the decedent 's spouse . Certain terminable interests are included . Other conditions may apply . </P> <P> Donors of gifts in excess of the annual exclusion must file gift tax returns on IRS Form 709 and pay the tax . Executors of estates with a gross value in excess of the unified credit must file an estate tax return on IRS Form 706 and pay the tax from the estate . Returns are required if the gifts or gross estate exceed the exclusions . Each state has its own forms and filing requirements . Tax authorities may examine and adjust gift and estate tax returns . </P> <H2> Licenses and occupational taxes ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many jurisdictions within the United States impose taxes or fees on the privilege of carrying on a particular business or maintaining a particular professional certification . These licensing or occupational taxes may be a fixed dollar amount per year for the licensee , an amount based on the number of practitioners in the firm , a percentage of revenue , or any of several other bases . Persons providing professional or personal services are often subject to such fees . Common examples include accountants , attorneys , barbers , casinos , dentists , doctors , auto mechanics , plumbers , and stock brokers . In addition to the tax , other requirements may be imposed for licensure . </P> <P> All 50 states impose vehicle license fee . Generally , the fees are based on type and size of vehicle and are imposed annually or biannually . All states and the District of Columbia also impose a fee for a driver 's license , which generally must be renewed with payment of fee every few years . </P> <H3> User fees ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fees are often imposed by governments for use of certain facilities or services . Such fees are generally imposed at the time of use . Multi-use permits may be available . For example , fees are imposed for use of national or state parks , for requesting and obtaining certain rulings from the U.S. Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) , for the use of certain highways ( called `` tolls '' or toll roads ) , for parking on public streets , and for the use of public transit . </P> <H2> Tax administration ( edit ) </H2> The total tax revenue as a percentage of GDP for the U.S. over the past several decades compared to other highly developed states <P> Taxes in the United States are administered by hundreds of tax authorities . At the federal level there are three tax administrations . Most domestic federal taxes are administered by the Internal Revenue Service , which is part of the Department of the Treasury . Alcohol , tobacco , and firearms taxes are administered by the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau ( TTB ) . Taxes on imports ( customs duties ) are administered by U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) . TTB is also part of the Department of the Treasury and CBP belongs to the Department of Homeland Security . </P> <P> Organization of state and local tax administrations varies widely . Every state maintains a tax administration . A few states administer some local taxes in whole or part . Most localities also maintain a tax administration or share one with neighboring localities . </P> <H3> Federal ( edit ) </H3> Internal Revenue Service ( edit ) Main article : Internal Revenue Service <P> The Internal Revenue Service administers all U.S. federal tax laws on domestic activities , except those taxes administered by TTB . IRS functions include : </P> <Ul> <Li> Processing federal tax returns ( except TTB returns ) , including those for Social Security and other federal payroll taxes </Li> <Li> Providing assistance to taxpayers in completing tax returns </Li> <Li> Collecting all taxes due related to such returns </Li> <Li> Enforcement of tax laws through examination of returns and assessment of penalties </Li> <Li> Providing an appeals mechanism for federal tax disputes </Li> <Li> Referring matters to the Justice Department for prosecution </Li> <Li> Publishing information about U.S. federal taxes , including forms , publications , and other materials </Li> <Li> Providing written guidance in the form of rulings binding on the IRS for the public and for particular taxpayers </Li> </Ul> <P> The IRS maintains several Service Centers at which tax returns are processed . Taxpayers generally file most types of tax returns by mail with these Service Centers , or file electronically . The IRS also maintains a National Office in Washington , DC , and numerous local offices providing taxpayer services and administering tax examinations . </P> Examination ( edit ) <P> Tax returns filed with the IRS are subject to examination and adjustment , commonly called an IRS audit . Only a small percentage of returns ( about 1 % of individual returns in IRS FY 2008 ) are examined each year . The selection of returns uses a variety of methods based on IRS experiences . On examination , the IRS may request additional information from the taxpayer by mail , in person at IRS local offices , or at the business location of the taxpayer . The taxpayer is entitled to representation by an attorney , Certified Public Accountant ( CPA ) , or enrolled agent , at the expense of the taxpayer , who may make representations to the IRS on behalf of the taxpayer . </P> <P> Taxpayers have certain rights in an audit . Upon conclusion of the audit , the IRS may accept the tax return as filed or propose adjustments to the return . The IRS may also assess penalties and interest . Generally , adjustments must be proposed within three years of the due date of the tax return . Certain circumstances extend this time limit , including substantial understatement of income and fraud . The taxpayer and the IRS may agree to allow the IRS additional time to conclude an audit . If the IRS proposes adjustments , the taxpayer may agree to the adjustment , appeal within the IRS , or seek judicial determination of the tax . </P> Published and private rulings ( edit ) <P> In addition to enforcing tax laws , the IRS provides formal and informal guidance to taxpayers . While often referred to as IRS Regulations , the regulations under the Internal Revenue Code are issued by the Department of Treasury . IRS guidance consists of : </P> <Ul> <Li> Revenue Rulings , Revenue Procedures , and various IRS pronouncements applicable to all taxpayers and published in the Internal Revenue Bulletin , which are binding on the IRS , </Li> <Li> Private letter rulings on specific issues , applicable only to the taxpayer who applied for the ruling , </Li> <Li> IRS Publications providing informal instruction to the public on tax matters , </Li> <Li> IRS forms and instructions , </Li> <Li> A comprehensive web site , and </Li> <Li> Informal ( nonbinding ) advice by telephone . </Li> </Ul> Alcohol and tobacco tax and Trade Bureau ( edit ) Main article : Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau <P> The Alcohol and Tobacco Tax Trade Bureau ( TTB ) , a division of the Department of the Treasury , enforces federal excise tax laws related to alcohol , tobacco , and firearms . TTB has six divisions , each with discrete functions : </P> <Ul> <Li> Revenue Center : processes tax returns and issues permits , and related activities </Li> <Li> Risk Management : internally develops guidelines and monitors programs </Li> <Li> Tax Audit : verifies filing and payment of taxes </Li> <Li> Trade Investigations : investigating arm for non-tobacco items </Li> <Li> Tobacco Enforcement Division : enforcement actions for tobacco </Li> <Li> Advertising , Labeling , and Formulation Division : implements various labeling and ingredient monitoring </Li> </Ul> <P> Criminal enforcement related to TTB is done by the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms , and Explosives , a division of the Justice Department . </P> Customs and Border Protection ( edit ) Main article : U.S. Customs and Border Protection <P> U.S. Customs and Border Protection ( CBP ) , an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security , collects customs duties and regulates international trade . It has a workforce of over 58,000 employees covering over 300 official ports of entry to the United States . CBP has authority to seize and dispose of cargo in the case of certain violations of customs rules . </P> <H3> State administrations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Every state in the United States has its own tax administration , subject to the rules of that state 's law and regulations . These are referred to in most states as the Department of Revenue or Department of Taxation . The powers of the state taxing authorities vary widely . Most enforce all state level taxes but not most local taxes . However , many states have unified state - level sales tax administration , including for local sales taxes . </P> <P> State tax returns are filed separately with those tax administrations , not with the federal tax administrations . Each state has its own procedural rules , which vary widely . </P> <H3> Local administrations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Most localities within the United States administer most of their own taxes . In many cases , there are multiple local taxing jurisdictions with respect to a particular taxpayer or property . For property taxes , the taxing jurisdiction is typically represented by a tax assessor / collector whose offices are located at the taxing jurisdiction 's facilities . </P> <H2> Legal basis ( edit ) </H2> <P> The United States Constitution provides that Congress `` shall have the power to lay and collect Taxes , Duties , Imposts , and Excises ... but all Duties , Imposts , and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States . '' Prior to amendment , it provided that `` No Capitation , or other direct , Tax shall be Laid unless in proportion to the Census ... '' The 16th Amendment provided that `` Congress shall have the power to lay and collect taxes on incomes , from whatever source derived , without apportionment among the several States , and without regard to any census or enumeration . '' The 10th Amendment provided that `` powers not delegated to the United States by this Constitution , nor prohibited to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people . '' </P> <P> Congress has enacted numerous laws dealing with taxes since adoption of the Constitution . Those laws are now codified as Title 19 , Customs Duties , Title 26 , Internal Revenue Code , and various other provisions . These laws specifically authorize the United States Secretary of the Treasury to delegate various powers related to levy , assessment and collection of taxes . </P> <P> State constitutions uniformly grant the state government the right to levy and collect taxes . Limitations under state constitutions vary widely . </P> <P> Various individuals and groups have questioned the legitimacy of United States federal income tax . These arguments are varied , but have been uniformly rejected by the Internal Revenue Service and by the courts and ruled to be frivolous . </P> <H2> Policy issues ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Progressivity in United States income tax <P> Commentators Benjamin Page , Larry Bartels and Jason Seawright contend that Federal tax policy in relation to regulation and reform in the United States tends to favor wealthy Americans . They assert that political influence is a legal right the wealthy can exercise by contributing funds to lobby for their policy preference . </P> The distribution of U.S. federal taxes for 2000 as a percentage of income among the family income quintiles <P> Each major type of tax in the United States has been used by some jurisdiction at some time as a tool of social policy . Both liberals and conservatives have called for more progressive taxes in the U.S. Page , Bartels and Seawright assert that although members of the government favor a move toward progressive taxes , due to budget deficits upper class citizens are not yet willing to make a push for the change . Tax cuts were provided during the Bush administration , and were extended in 2010 , making federal income taxes less progressive . </P> <H3> Tax evasion ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Tax evasion in the United States <P> The Internal Revenue Service estimated that in 2001 , the tax gap was $345 billion . The tax gap is the difference between the amount of tax legally owed and the amount actually collected by the government . The tax gap in 2006 was estimated to be $450 billion . The tax gap two years later in 2008 was estimated to be in the range of $450 -- $500 billion and unreported income was estimated to be approximately $2 trillion . Therefore , 18 -- 19 percent of total reportable income was not properly reported to the IRS . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Total government spending on all levels ( United States ) Main article : History of taxation in the United States <P> Before 1776 , the American Colonies were subject to taxation by the United Kingdom , and also imposed local taxes . Property taxes were imposed in the Colonies as early as 1634 . In 1673 , the English Parliament imposed a tax on exports from the American Colonies , and with it created the first tax administration in what would become the United States . Other tariffs and taxes were imposed by Parliament . Most of the colonies and many localities adopted property taxes . </P> <P> Under Article VIII of the Articles of Confederation , the United States government did not have the power to tax . All such power lay with the states . The United States Constitution , adopted in 1787 , authorized the federal government to lay and collect taxes , but required that some types of tax revenues be given to the states in proportion to population . Tariffs were the principal federal tax through the 1800s . </P> <P> By 1796 , state and local governments in fourteen of the 15 states taxed land . Delaware taxed the income from property . The War of 1812 required a federal sales tax on specific luxury items due to its costs . However , internal taxes were dropped in 1817 in favor of import tariffs that went to the federal government . By the American Civil War , the principle of taxation of property at a uniform rate had developed , and many of the states relied on property taxes as a major source of revenue . However , the increasing importance of intangible property , such as corporate stock , caused the states to shift to other forms of taxation in the 1900s . </P> <P> Income taxes in the form of `` faculty '' taxes were imposed by the colonies . These combined income and property tax characteristics , and the income element persisted after 1776 in a few states . Several states adopted income taxes in 1837 . Wisconsin adopted a corporate and individual income tax in 1911 , and was the first to administer the tax with a state tax administration . </P> <P> The first federal income tax was adopted as part of the Revenue Act of 1861 . The tax lapsed after the American Civil War . Subsequently enacted income taxes were held to be unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan & Trust Co. because they did not apportion taxes on property by state population . In 1913 , the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified , permitting the federal government to levy an income tax on both property and labor . </P> U.S. federal government tax receipts as a percentage of GDP from 1945 to 2015 ( note that 2010 to 2015 data are estimated ) <P> The federal income tax enacted in 1913 included corporate and individual income taxes . It defined income using language from prior laws , incorporated in the Sixteenth Amendment , as `` all income from whatever source derived '' . The tax allowed deductions for business expenses , but few non-business deductions . In 1918 the income tax law was expanded to include a foreign tax credit and more comprehensive definitions of income and deduction items . Various aspects of the present system of definitions were expanded through 1926 , when U.S. law was organized as the United States Code . Income , estate , gift , and excise tax provisions , plus provisions relating to tax returns and enforcement , were codified as Title 26 , also known as the Internal Revenue Code . This was reorganized and somewhat expanded in 1954 , and remains in the same general form . </P> <P> Federal taxes were expanded greatly during World War I. In 1921 , Treasury Secretary Andrew Mellon engineered a series of significant income tax cuts under three presidents . Mellon argued that tax cuts would spur growth . Taxes were raised again in the latter part of the Great Depression , and during World War II . Income tax rates were reduced significantly during the Johnson , Nixon , and Reagan presidencies . Significant tax cuts for corporations and all individuals were enacted during the second Bush presidency . </P> <P> In 1986 , Congress adopted , with little modification , a major expansion of the income tax portion of the IRS Code proposed in 1985 by the U.S. Treasury Department under President Reagan . The thousand - page Tax Reform Act of 1986 significantly lowered tax rates , adopted sweeping expansions of international rules , eliminated the lower individual tax rate for capital gains , added significant inventory accounting rules , and made substantial other expansions of the law . </P> <P> Federal income tax rates have been modified frequently . Tax rates were changed in 34 of the 97 years between 1913 and 2010 . The rate structure has been graduated since the 1913 act . </P> Total tax revenue ( not adjusted for inflation ) for the U.S. federal government from 1980 to 2009 compared to the amount of revenue coming from individual income taxes <P> The first individual income tax return Form 1040 under the 1913 law was four pages long . In 1915 , some Congressmen complained about the complexity of the form . In 1921 , Congress considered but did not enact replacement of the income tax with a national sales tax . </P> <P> By the 1920s , many states had adopted income taxes on individuals and corporations . Many of the state taxes were simply based on the federal definitions . The states generally taxed residents on all of their income , including income earned in other states , as well as income of nonresidents earned in the state . This led to a long line of Supreme Court cases limiting the ability of states to tax income of nonresidents . </P> <P> The states had also come to rely heavily on retail sales taxes . However , as of the beginning of World War II , only two cities ( New York and New Orleans ) had local sales taxes . </P> <P> The Federal Estate Tax was introduced in 1916 , and Gift Tax in 1924 . Unlike many inheritance taxes , the Gift and Estate taxes were imposed on the transferor rather than the recipient . Many states adopted either inheritance taxes or estate and gift taxes , often computed as the amount allowed as a deduction for federal purposes . These taxes remained under 1 % of government revenues through the 1990s . </P> <P> All governments within the United States provide tax exemption for some income , property , or persons . These exemptions have their roots both in tax theory , federal and state legislative history , and the United States Constitution . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Internal Revenue Service </Li> <Li> List of countries by tax rates </Li> <Li> List of countries by tax revenue as percentage of GDP </Li> <Li> Tariffs in United States history </Li> <Li> Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Eduardo ( August 14 , 2012 ) . `` America 's Aversion to Taxes '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . In 1965 , taxes collected by federal , state and municipal governments amounted to 24.7 percent of the nation 's output . In 2010 , they amounted to 24.8 percent . Excluding Chile and Mexico , the United States raises less tax revenue , as a share of the economy , than every other industrial country . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Simkovic , Michael . `` The Knowledge Tax '' . University of Chicago Law Review . 82 : 1981 . SSRN 2551567 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Simkovic , Michael ( 2016 ) . `` Taxes , Subsidies , and Knowledge : A Reply to Professor Oei '' . University of Chicago Law Review Dialogue . SSRN 2761682 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` TEMPORARY TAXES TO FUND EDUCATION . GUARANTEED LOCAL PUBLIC SAFETY FUNDING . INITIATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT '' ( PDF ) . Vig.cdn.sos.ca.gov/. 2013 - 04 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NAGOURNEY , ADAM ( 2013 - 04 - 05 ) . `` Two - Tax Rise Tests Wealthy in California '' . NYtimes.com . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 265 U.S. 47 ( 1924 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Property Taxes By State '' . Tax-Rates.org. 2009 . Retrieved 2015 - 02 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Effective tax rates : income , payroll , corporate and estate taxes combined '' . Peter G. Peterson Foundation . July 1 , 2013 . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` T13 - 0174 - Average Effective Federal Tax Rates by Filing Status ; by Expanded Cash Income Percentile , 2014 '' . Tax Policy Center . Jul 25 , 2013 . Retrieved 3 November 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See generally Boris I. Bittker , `` Constitutional Limits on the Taxing Power of the Federal Government , '' Tax Lawyer , Vol. 41 , No. 1 , p. 3 , American Bar Ass'n ( Fall 1987 ) ; William D. Andrews , Basic Federal Income Taxation , p. 2 , Little , Brown and Company ( 3d ed. 1985 ) ; Calvin H. Johnson , `` The Constitutional Meaning of ' Apportionment of Direct Taxes ' '' , 80 Tax Notes 591 ( Aug. 3 , 1998 ) ; and Sheldon D. Pollack , `` Origins of the Modern Income Tax , 1894 -- 1913 , '' 66 Tax Lawyer 295 , 323 -- 24 , Winter 2013 ( Amer . Bar Ass'n ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 306 U.S. 466 ( 1939 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 485 U.S. 505 ( 1988 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Brushaber v. Union Pacific R. Co. , 240 U.S. 1 ( 1916 ) '' . Justia Law . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 1 and 26 U.S.C. § 11 ; IRS Publication 17 and Publication 542 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ JCX - 49 - 11 , Joint Committee on Taxation , September 22 , 2011 , pp. 4 , 50 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , IRS Publication 17 , p. 45 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Federal Individual Income Tax Rates History , 1913 -- 2011 '' . Tax Foundation . 9 September 2011 . Archived from the original on 16 January 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 1 ; IRS ( Publication 17 ) , page 266 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : 26 U.S.C. § 11 ; IRS Publication 542 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` High - income Americans pay most income taxes , but enough to be ' fair ' ? '' . Pew Center . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 61 ; IRS Publication 17 , Part II . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 161 -- 249 ; IRS Publication 17 , Publication 501 and Publication 535 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James v. United States , 366 U.S. 213 ( 1961 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 446 -- 475 ; IRS ( Publication ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 101 -- 140 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRS 1040 ' 17 '' p. 104 '' https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/i1040gi.pdf </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tax Cut and Jobs Act '' https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/4330092-Tax-Cuts-and-Jobs-Act-2017.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coombes , Andrea ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) . `` Taxes -- Who Really Is Paying Up '' . Online.wsj.com . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 161 -- 199 ; IRS Publication 535 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 211 -- 224 ; IRS Publication 17 , Chapters 21 -- 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 274 ; IRS Publication 463 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IRS Regulations at 26 CFR 1 . 446 - 1 ; IRS Publication 538 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 151 ; IRS Publication 501 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 63 ; IRS Publication 501 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 68 ; IRS Publication 17 , Chapter 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Repatriating Offshore Funds '' U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs , Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations , October 11 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Picking Up the Tab '' U.S. Public Interest Research Group , April 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 61 ( a ) ( 7 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 701 ; IRS Publication 541 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 CFR 301.7701 - 2 ; IRS Form 8832 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 512 ; IRS Publication 598 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 332 -- 368 ; IRS Publication 542 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 21 -- 54AA . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The American Opportunity Tax Credit '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of the Treasury . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 09 - 25 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 6654 -- 6655 ; IRS Publication 505 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 3102 ; 26 U.S.C. § 3402 ; IRS Publication 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Contrast to , e.g. , the United Kingdom system in which all withholding amounts are determined by Inland Revenue . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carl Davis , Kelly Davis , Matthew Gardner , Robert S. McIntyre , Jeff McLynch , Alla Sapozhnikova , `` Who Pays ? A Distributional Analysis of the Tax Systems in All 50 States '' Archived 2012 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Institute on Taxation & Economic Policy , Third Edition , November 2009 , p. 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hellerstein , Jerome H. , and Hellerstein , Walter , State and Local Taxation , Cases and Materials , Eighth Edition , 2001 ( hereafter `` Hellerstein '' ) , p. 929 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 871 -- 898 ; IRS Publication 515 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § § 55 -- 59 ; IRS Form 6251 instructions . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6201 ( a ) ( 1 ) ; IRS ( Publication ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See subsection ( h ) of 26 U.S.C. § 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A tutorial is available online from the Internal Revenue Service ( IRS ) explaining various aspects of employer compliance , see Video Tutorial . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The determination of whether a person performing services is an employee subject to payroll tax or an independent contractor who self assesses tax is based on 20 factors . See IRS Publication 15 and the tutorial referenced above . For federal requirements , see 26 U.S.C. § § 3401 -- 3405 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRS Form W - 4 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 3111 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 3101 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ssa.gov '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Note that an equivalent Self Employment Tax is imposed on self - employed persons , including independent contractors , under 26 U.S.C. § 1401 . Wages and self employment income subject to these taxes are defined at 26 U.S.C. § 3121 and 26 U.S.C. § 1402 respectively . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRS.gov '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 31 ( b ) ; 26 U.S.C. § 6413 ( c ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 3301 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ As defined in 26 U.S.C. § 3306 ( b ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ State tax rates and caps vary . For example , Texas imposes up to 8.6 % tax on the first $9,000 of wages ( $774 ) , while New Jersey imposes 3.2 % tax on the first $28,900 for wages ( $924 ) . Federal tax of 6.2 % less a credit for state taxes limited to 5.4 % applies to the first $7,000 of wages ( net $56 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , New Jersey . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , IRS Form 941 . Electronic filing may be required . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , IRS Form 940 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRS Form W - 2 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See IRS Form W - 2 Instructions . Note that some states and cities obtain their W - 2 information from the IRS and from taxpayers directly . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See 26 U.S.C. § 6302 and IRS Publication 15 for federal requirements . EFT is required for federal payments if aggregate federal tax payments , including corporate income tax and payroll taxes , exceeded $200,000 in the preceding year . See , e.g. , NJ Income Tax -- Reporting and Remitting , New Jersey requirements for weekly EFT payment where prior year payroll taxes exceeded $10,000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6656 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6721 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 26 U.S.C. § 6672 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Carl Davis , Kelly Davis , Matthew Gardner , Robert S. McIntyre , Jeff McLynch , Alla Sapozhnikova , `` Who Pays ? A Distributional Analysis of the Tax Systems in All 50 States '' Archived 2012 - 05 - 15 at the Wayback Machine. , Institute on Taxation & Economic Policy , Third Edition , November 2009 , p. 118 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Quill Corp. v. North Dakota and National Bellas Hess v. Illinois both prohibit states from imposing a sales and use tax collection obligation on out of state sellers with no nexus in the state . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hellerstein , p. 96 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Compare The Illinois Property Tax System ( hereafter `` IL System '' ) , Louisiana Property Tax Basics ( hereafter `` La . Basics '' ) , New York pamphlet How Property Tax Works ( hereafter `` NY Taxworks '' ) , and Texas Property Tax Basics ( hereafter `` Texas Basics '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fisher , Glen , History of Property Taxes in the United States Archived 2010 - 06 - 12 at the Wayback Machine. , 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Such date varies by jurisdiction , and may be referred to as the assessment date , valuation date , lien date , or other term . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See La . Basics , Example 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , IL System , p. 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Generally , tax assessors send the bills . In Louisiana , however , the parish sheriff is responsible for billing and collection of property tax . See La . Basics , p. 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell , Andrea ( September -- October 2012 ) . `` America the Undertaxed , U.S. Fiscal Policy in Perspective '' . Foreign Affairs . Retrieved 1 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Customs and Border Protection booklet Importing into the United States ( `` CBP Booklet '' ) , p. 11 Archived 2011 - 10 - 14 at the Wayback Machine ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The January 2011 edition in . pdf exceeds 3,000 pages , including country - specific rules and annotations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A higher rate of duty ( up to 81 % ) applies to goods from Cuba or North Korea . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBP Booklet , p. 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Foreign - Trade Zones Board '' . United States Commercial Service . Retrieved 18 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CBP Booklet , p. 151 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See IRS Publication 950 , Introduction to Estate and Gift Taxes . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IRS , SOI Tax Stats -- Historical Table 17 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nonresident aliens are subject to estate and gift tax only on property interests considered to have U.S. situs . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CBP website says Department of Homeland Security at bottom right of page '' . Cbp.gov. 2005 - 09 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Internal Revenue Bulletin : 2012 - 23 '' . Internal Revenue Service . 4 June 2012 . Retrieved 7 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Constitution Article I Section 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frivolous Tax , Internal Revenue Service </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States v. Thomas , 788 F. 2d 1250 , ( 7th Cir. 1986 ) , cert . denied , 107 S. Ct. 187 ( 1986 ) ; United States v. Benson , 941 F. 2d 598 , 91 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 50,437 ( 7th Cir. 1991 ) ; Knoblauch v. Commissioner , 749 F. 2d 200 , 85 - 1 U.S. Tax . Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9109 ( 5th Cir. 1984 ) , cert . denied , 474 U.S. 830 ( 1985 ) ; Ficalora v. Commissioner , 751 F. 2d 85 , 85 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9103 ( 2d Cir. 1984 ) ; Sisk v. Commissioner ; 791 F. 2d 58 , 86 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9433 ( 6th Cir. 1986 ) ; United States v. Sitka , 845 F. 2d 43 , 88 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9308 ( 2d Cir . ) , cert . denied , 488 U.S. 827 ( 1988 ) ; United States v. Stahl , 792 F. 2d 1438 , 86 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9518 ( 9th Cir. 1986 ) , cert . denied , 107 S. Ct. 888 ( 1987 ) ; United States v. House , 617 F. Supp. 237 , 87 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9562 ( W.D. Mich . 1985 ) ; Ivey v. United States , 76 - 2 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9682 ( E.D. Wisc. 1976 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown v. Commissioner ; 53 T.C.M. ( CCH ) 94 , T.C. Memo 1987 - 78 , CCH Dec . 43,696 ( M ) ( 1987 ) ; Lysiak v. Commissioner ; 816 F. 2d 311 , 87 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9296 ( 7th Cir. 1987 ) ; and Miller v. United States , 868 F. 2d 236 , 89 - 1 U.S. Tax Cas . ( CCH ) ¶ 9184 ( 7th Cir. 1989 ) . For background on how arguments that the tax laws are unconstitutional may help the prosecution prove willfulness in tax evasion cases , see the United States Supreme Court decision in Cheek v. United States , 498 U.S. 192 ( 1991 ) ( defendant arguing about constitutionality may be evidence that the defendant was aware of the tax law , and is not a defense to a charge of willfulness ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Page , Benjamin I. ; Bartels , Larry M. ; Seawright , Jason . `` Democracy and the Policy Preferences of Wealthy Americans '' . Perspectives on Politics . 11 ( 01 ) : 51 -- 73 . doi : 10.1017 / s153759271200360x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Yglesias , Matthew ( March 6 , 2013 ) . `` America Does Tax Wealth , Just Not Very Intelligently '' . Slate . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bair , Sheila ( February 26 , 2013 ) . `` Grand Old Parity '' . New York Times . Retrieved 18 March 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRS Updates Tax Gap Estimates '' . Irs.gov . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tax Gap for Tax Year 2006 Overview Jan. 6 , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Internal Revenue Service . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Richard Cebula and Edgar Feige `` America 's Underground Economy : Measuring the Size , Growth and Determinants of Income Tax Evasion in the U.S '' https://ideas.repec.org/p/pra/mprapa/29672.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jens P. Jensen , Property Taxation in the United States , 1931 , referring to a 1634 Massachusetts property tax statute . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tax History Museum 1660 -- 1712 , Tax Analysts . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bookly Academy '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hellerstein , p. 928 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hellerstein , p. 431 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Revenue Act of 1861 , sec. 49 , ch. 45 , 12 Stat. 292 , 309 ( Aug. 5 , 1861 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pollock v. Farmers ' Loan and Trust Company '' . Law.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2013 - 10 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tax History Museum , 1901 -- 1932 '' . Taxhistory.org. 1906 - 04 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See changes in 1916 , 1917 , 1918 , 1921 , 1922 , 1924 , 1926 , 1928 , 1932 , 1934 , 1935 , 1936 , 1940 , 1941 , 1942 , 1943 , 1944 , 1945 , 1948 , 1950 , 1951 , 1953 , 1954 , 1964 , 1968 , 1969 , 1975 , 1978 , 1981 , 1986 , 1993 , 1997 , 2001 , and 2003 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tax History Museum covering 1914 -- 1915 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hellerstein , pp. 429 , 431 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hellerstein , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Federal Budget 2012 historical tables 2.4 and 2.5 . Census Bureau state tax summary table , year 2000 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , Martin , James W. et al , Tax Exemptions , Tax Policy League , New York , cited in Hellerstein , pp. 1013 -- 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The 1861 federal income tax exempted religious , charitable , educational , and scientific organizations . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government is immune from state taxation in McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. 316 ( 1819 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <P> Government sources : </P> <Ul> <Li> IRS Publication 17 , Your Federal Income Tax </Li> <Li> U.S. Customs and Border Protection booklet Importing into the United States </Li> <Li> IRS website </Li> <Li> Links to state websites </Li> <Li> Customs and Border Patrol website </Li> <Li> Alcohol and Tobacco Tax website </Li> </Ul> <P> Law & regulations : </P> <Ul> <Li> Federal tax law , 26 USC </Li> <Li> Code of Federal Regulations , 26 CFR </Li> </Ul> <P> Standard texts ( most updated annually ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Fox , Stephen C. , Income Tax in the USA , 2013 edition ISBN 978 - 0 - 9851 - 8233 - 5 </Li> <Li> Hoffman , William H. Jr. ; et al. , South - Western Federal Taxation , 2013 edition ISBN 978 - 0 - 324 - 66050 - 0 </Li> <Li> Pratt , James W. ; Kulsrud , William N. ; et al , Federal Taxation `` , 2013 edition ISBN 978 - 1 - 1334 - 9623 - 6 ( cited above as Pratt ) . </Li> <Li> Whittenberg , Gerald ; Altus - Buller , Martha ; and Gill , Stephen , Income Tax Fundamentals 2013 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 1119 - 7251 - 6 </Li> <Li> Hellerstein , Jerome R. , and Hellerstein , Walter , State and Local Taxation : Cases and Materials , 2005 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 314 - 15376 - 0 </Li> </Ul> <P> Reference works : </P> <Ul> <Li> Minarik , Joseph J. ( 2008 ) . `` Taxation '' . In David R. Henderson ( ed . ) . Concise Encyclopedia of Economics ( 2nd ed . ) . Library of Economics and Liberty . ISBN 978 - 0865976658 . OCLC 237794267 . CS1 maint : Extra text : editors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> CCH U.S. Master Tax Guide , 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 8080 - 2169 - 8 </Li> <Li> RIA Federal Tax Handbook 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 7811 - 0417 - 3 </Li> </Ul> <P> Popular publications ( annual ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> J.K. Lasser 's Your Income Tax for 2010 ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 44711 - 6 </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : US Income Tax </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Tariffs applied by the United States as provided by ITC 's Market Access Map , an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Taxation in North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sovereign states </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Dominican Republic </Li> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Grenada </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> <Li> Haiti </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Saint Kitts and Nevis </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> United States </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dependencies and other territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anguilla </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bonaire </Li> <Li> British Virgin Islands </Li> <Li> Cayman Islands </Li> <Li> Curaçao </Li> <Li> Greenland </Li> <Li> Guadeloupe </Li> <Li> Martinique </Li> <Li> Montserrat </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Saint Barthélemy </Li> <Li> Saint Martin </Li> <Li> Saint Pierre and Miquelon </Li> <Li> Saba </Li> <Li> Sint Eustatius </Li> <Li> Sint Maarten </Li> <Li> Turks and Caicos Islands </Li> <Li> United States Virgin Islands </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States articles </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> By event </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline of U.S. history </Li> <Li> Pre-Columbian era </Li> <Li> Colonial era <Ul> <Li> Thirteen Colonies </Li> <Li> military history </Li> <Li> Continental Congress </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American Revolution <Ul> <Li> War </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> American frontier </Li> <Li> Confederation Period </Li> <Li> Drafting and ratification of Constitution </Li> <Li> Federalist Era </Li> <Li> War of 1812 </Li> <Li> Territorial acquisitions </Li> <Li> Territorial evolution </Li> <Li> Mexican -- American War </Li> <Li> Civil War </Li> <Li> Reconstruction Era </Li> <Li> Indian Wars </Li> <Li> Gilded Age </Li> <Li> Progressive Era </Li> <Li> African - 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Roman mythology - wikipedia <H1> Roman mythology </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 25 March 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search Romulus and Remus , the Lupercal , Father Tiber , and the Palatine on a relief from a pedestal dating to the reign of Trajan ( AD 98 -- 117 ) <P> Roman mythology is the body of traditional stories pertaining to ancient Rome 's legendary origins and religious system , as represented in the literature and visual arts of the Romans . `` Roman mythology '' may also refer to the modern study of these representations , and to the subject matter as represented in the literature and art of other cultures in any period . </P> <P> The Romans usually treated their traditional narratives as historical , even when these have miraculous or supernatural elements . The stories are often concerned with politics and morality , and how an individual 's personal integrity relates to his or her responsibility to the community or Roman state . Heroism is an important theme . When the stories illuminate Roman religious practices , they are more concerned with ritual , augury , and institutions than with theology or cosmogony . </P> <P> The study of Roman religion and myth is complicated by the early influence of Greek religion on the Italian peninsula during Rome 's protohistory , and by the later artistic imitation of Greek literary models by Roman authors . In matters of theology , the Romans were curiously eager to identify their own gods with those of the Greeks ( interpretatio graeca ) , and to reinterpret stories about Greek deities under the names of their Roman counterparts . Rome 's early myths and legends also have a dynamic relationship with Etruscan religion , less documented than that of the Greeks . </P> <P> While Roman mythology may lack a body of divine narratives as extensive as that found in Greek literature , Romulus and Remus suckling the she - wolf is as famous as any image from Greek mythology except for the Trojan Horse . Because Latin literature was more widely known in Europe throughout the Middle Ages and into the Renaissance , the interpretations of Greek myths by the Romans often had the greater influence on narrative and pictorial representations of `` classical mythology '' than Greek sources . In particular , the versions of Greek myths in Ovid 's Metamorphoses , written during the reign of Augustus , came to be regarded as canonical . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 The nature of Roman myth <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Founding myths </Li> <Li> 1.2 Other myths </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Religion and myth <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Foreign gods </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 Sources </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> The nature of Roman myth ( edit ) </H2> In this wall painting from Pompeii , Venus looks on while the physician Iapyx tends to the wound of her son , Aeneas ; the tearful boy is her grandson Ascanius , also known as Iulus , legendary ancestor of Julius Caesar and the Julio - Claudian dynasty <P> Because ritual played the central role in Roman religion that myth did for the Greeks , it is sometimes doubted that the Romans had much of a native mythology . This perception is a product of Romanticism and the classical scholarship of the 19th century , which valued Greek civilization as more `` authentically creative . '' From the Renaissance to the 18th century , however , Roman myths were an inspiration particularly for European painting . The Roman tradition is rich in historical myths , or legends , concerning the foundation and rise of the city . These narratives focus on human actors , with only occasional intervention from deities but a pervasive sense of divinely ordered destiny . In Rome 's earliest period , history and myth have a mutual and complementary relationship . As T.P. Wiseman notes : </P> <P> The Roman stories still matter , as they mattered to Dante in 1300 and Shakespeare in 1600 and the founding fathers of the United States in 1776 . What does it take to be a free citizen ? Can a superpower still be a republic ? How does well - meaning authority turn into murderous tyranny ? </P> <P> Major sources for Roman myth include the Aeneid of Vergil and the first few books of Livy 's history as well as Dionysius ' s Roman Antiquities . Other important sources are the Fasti of Ovid , a six - book poem structured by the Roman religious calendar , and the fourth book of elegies by Propertius . Scenes from Roman myth also appear in Roman wall painting , coins , and sculpture , particularly reliefs . </P> <H3> Founding myths ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Founding of Rome <P> The Aeneid and Livy 's early history are the best extant sources for Rome 's founding myths . Material from Greek heroic legend was grafted onto this native stock at an early date . The Trojan prince Aeneas was cast as husband of Lavinia , daughter of King Latinus , patronymical ancestor of the Latini , and therefore through a convoluted revisionist genealogy as forebear of Romulus and Remus . By extension , the Trojans were adopted as the mythical ancestors of the Roman people . </P> <H3> Other myths ( edit ) </H3> Mucius Scaevola in the Presence of Lars Porsenna ( early 1640s ) by Matthias Stom Polyphemus hears of the arrival of Galatea ; ancient Roman fresco painted in the `` Fourth Style '' of Pompeii ( 45 - 79 AD ) <P> The characteristic myths of Rome are often political or moral , that is , they deal with the development of Roman government in accordance with divine law , as expressed by Roman religion , and with demonstrations of the individual 's adherence to moral expectations ( mos maiorum ) or failures to do so . </P> <Ul> <Li> Rape of the Sabine women , explaining the importance of the Sabines in the formation of Roman culture , and the growth of Rome through conflict and alliance . </Li> <Li> Numa Pompilius , the Sabine second king of Rome who consorted with the nymph Egeria and established many of Rome 's legal and religious institutions . </Li> <Li> Servius Tullius , the sixth king of Rome , whose mysterious origins were freely mythologized and who was said to have been the lover of the goddess Fortuna . </Li> <Li> The Tarpeian Rock , and why it was used for the execution of traitors . </Li> <Li> Lucretia , whose self - sacrifice prompted the overthrow of the early Roman monarchy and led to the establishment of the Republic . </Li> <Li> Cloelia , A Roman woman taken hostage by Lars Porsena . She escaped the Clusian camp with a group of Roman virgins . </Li> <Li> Horatius at the bridge , on the importance of individual valor . </Li> <Li> Mucius Scaevola , who thrust his right hand into the fire to prove his loyalty to Rome . </Li> <Li> Caeculus and the founding of Praeneste . </Li> <Li> Manlius and the geese , about divine intervention at the Gallic siege of Rome . </Li> <Li> Stories pertaining to the Nonae Caprotinae and Poplifugia festivals . </Li> <Li> Coriolanus , a story of politics and morality . </Li> <Li> The Etruscan city of Corythus as the `` cradle '' of Trojan and Italian civilization . </Li> <Li> The arrival of the Great Mother ( Cybele ) in Rome . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Religion and myth ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Religion in ancient Rome <P> Divine narrative played a more important role in the system of Greek religious belief than among the Romans , for whom ritual and cult were primary . Although Roman religion was not based on scriptures and exegesis , priestly literature was one of the earliest written forms of Latin prose . The books ( libri ) and commentaries ( commentarii ) of the College of Pontiffs and of the augurs contained religious procedures , prayers , and rulings and opinions on points of religious law . Although at least some of this archived material was available for consultation by the Roman senate , it was often occultum genus litterarum , an arcane form of literature to which by definition only priests had access . Prophecies pertaining to world history and Rome 's destiny turn up fortuitously at critical junctures in history , discovered suddenly in the nebulous Sibylline books , which according to legend were purchased by Tarquin the Proud in the late 6th century BC from the Cumaean Sibyl . Some aspects of archaic Roman religion were preserved by the lost theological works of the 1st - century BC scholar Varro , known through other classical and Christian authors . </P> Capitoline Triad <P> At the head of the earliest pantheon were the so - called Archaic Triad of Jupiter , Mars , and Quirinus , whose flamens were of the highest order , and Janus and Vesta . According to tradition , the founder of Roman religion was Numa Pompilius , the Sabine second king of Rome , who was believed to have had as his consort and adviser a Roman goddess or nymph of fountains and prophecy , Egeria . The Etruscan - influenced Capitoline Triad of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva later became central to official religion , replacing the Archaic Triad -- an unusual example within Indo - European religion of a supreme triad formed of two female deities and only one male . The cult of Diana was established on the Aventine Hill , but the most famous Roman manifestation of this goddess may be Diana Nemorensis , owing to the attention paid to her cult by J.G. Frazer in the mythographical classic The Golden Bough . </P> Punishment of Ixion : in the center is Mercury holding the caduceus and on the right Juno sits on her throne . Behind her Iris stands and gestures . On the left is Vulcan ( blond figure ) standing behind the wheel , manning it , with Ixion already tied to it . Nephele sits at Mercury 's feet ; a Roman fresco from the eastern wall of the triclinium in the House of the Vettii , Pompeii , Fourth Style ( 60 - 79 AD ) . <P> The gods represented distinctly the practical needs of daily life , and they were scrupulously accorded the rites and offerings considered proper . Early Roman divinities included a host of `` specialist gods '' whose names were invoked in the carrying out of various specific activities . Fragments of old ritual accompanying such acts as plowing or sowing reveal that at every stage of the operation a separate deity was invoked , the name of each deity being regularly derived from the verb for the operation . Tutelary deities were particularly important in ancient Rome . </P> <P> Thus , Janus and Vesta guarded the door and hearth , the Lares protected the field and house , Pales the pasture , Saturn the sowing , Ceres the growth of the grain , Pomona the fruit , and Consus and Ops the harvest . Even the majestic Jupiter , the ruler of the gods , was honored for the aid his rains might give to the farms and vineyards . In his more encompassing character he was considered , through his weapon of lightning , the director of human activity and , by his widespread domain , the protector of the Romans in their military activities beyond the borders of their own community . Prominent in early times were the gods Mars and Quirinus , who were often identified with each other . Mars was a god of war ; he was honored in March and October . Quirinus is thought by modern scholars to have been the patron of the armed community in time of peace . </P> <P> The 19th - century scholar Georg Wissowa thought that the Romans distinguished two classes of gods , the di indigetes and the di novensides or novensiles : the indigetes were the original gods of the Roman state , their names and nature indicated by the titles of the earliest priests and by the fixed festivals of the calendar , with 30 such gods honored by special festivals ; the novensides were later divinities whose cults were introduced to the city in the historical period , usually at a known date and in response to a specific crisis or felt need . Arnaldo Momigliano and others , however , have argued that this distinction can not be maintained . During the war with Hannibal , any distinction between `` indigenous '' and `` immigrant '' gods begins to fade , and the Romans embraced diverse gods from various cultures as a sign of strength and universal divine favor . </P> <H3> Foreign gods ( edit ) </H3> Mithras in a Roman wall painting <P> The absorption of neighboring local gods took place as the Roman state conquered the surrounding territory . The Romans commonly granted the local gods of the conquered territory the same honors as the earlier gods of the Roman state religion . In addition to Castor and Pollux , the conquered settlements in Italy seem to have contributed to the Roman pantheon Diana , Minerva , Hercules , Venus , and deities of lesser rank , some of whom were Italic divinities , others originally derived from the Greek culture of Magna Graecia . In 203 BC , the cult object embodying Cybele was brought from Pessinus in Phrygia and welcomed with due ceremony to Rome , centuries before the territory was annexed formally . Both Lucretius and Catullus , poets contemporary in the mid-1st century BC , offer disapproving glimpses of her wildly ecstatic cult . </P> <P> In some instances , deities of an enemy power were formally invited through the ritual of evocatio to take up their abode in new sanctuaries at Rome . </P> <P> Communities of foreigners ( peregrini ) and former slaves ( libertini ) continued their own religious practices within the city . In this way Mithras came to Rome and his popularity within the Roman army spread his cult as far afield as Roman Britain . The important Roman deities were eventually identified with the more anthropomorphic Greek gods and goddesses , and assumed many of their attributes and myths . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mythology portal </Li> <Li> Classical Civilisation portal </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roman mythology . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Ancient Rome </Li> <Li> List of Metamorphoses characters </Li> <Li> Roman polytheistic reconstructionism </Li> <Li> The Golden Bough ( mythology ) </Li> <Li> List of Roman gods </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ John North , Roman Religion ( Cambridge University Press , 2000 ) pp. 4ff . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ North , Roman Religion , pp. 4 -- 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ North , Roman Religion , p. 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ T.P. Wiseman , Remus : A Roman Myth ( Cambridge University Press , 1995 ) , p. xiii . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ T.P. Wiseman , The Myths of Rome ( University of Exeter Press , 2004 ) , preface ( n.p. ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wiseman , The Myths of Rome , preface . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alexandre Grandazzi , The Foundation of Rome : Myth and History ( Cornell University Press , 1997 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See also Lusus Troiae . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.N. Bremmer and N.M. Horsfall , Roman Myth and Mythography ( University of London Institute of Classical Studies , 1987 ) , pp. 49 -- 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bremmer and Horsfall , pp. 63 -- 75 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bremmer and Horsfall , pp. 76 -- 88 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bremmer and Horsfall , pp. 89 -- 104 ; Larissa Bonfante , Etruscan Life and Afterlife : A Handbook of Etruscan Studies ( Wayne State University Press , 1986 ) , p. 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bremmer and Horsfall , pp. 105 -- 111 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moses Hadas , A History of Latin Literature ( Columbia University Press , 1952 ) , p. 15 online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ C.O. Brink , Horace on Poetry . Epistles Book II : The Letters to Augustus and Florus ( Cambridge University Press , 1982 ) , p. 64 online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cicero , De domo sua 138 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jerzy Linderski , `` The libri reconditi , '' Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 89 ( 1985 ) 207 -- 234 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Georg Wissowa , De dis Romanorum indigetibus et novensidibus disputatio ( 1892 ) , full text ( in Latin ) online . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Arnaldo Momigliano , `` From Bachofen to Cumont , '' in A.D. Momigliano : Studies on Modern Scholarship ( University of California Press , 1994 ) , p. 319 ; Franz Altheim , A History of Roman Religion , as translated by Harold Mattingly ( London , 1938 ) , pp. 110 -- 112 ; Mary Beard , J.A. North and S.R.F. Price . Religions of Rome : A History ( Cambridge University Press , 1998 ) , vol. 1 , p. 158 , note 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William Warde Fowler , The Religious Experience of the Roman People ( London , 1922 ) pp. 157 and 319 ; J.S. Wacher , The Roman World ( Routledge , 1987 , 2002 ) , p. 751 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alan Cameron Greek Mythography in the Roman World ( 2005 ) OUP , Oxford ( reviewed by TP Wiseman in Times Literary Supplement 13 May 2005 page 29 ) </Li> <Li> Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae ( LIMC ) ( 1981 -- 1999 , Artemis - Verlag , 9 volumes ) , Supplementum ( 2009 , Artemis_Verlag ) . </Li> <Li> LIMC - France ( LIMC ) : databases dedicated to Graeco - Roman mythology and its iconography . </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Religion in ancient Rome </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Practices and beliefs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> libation </Li> <Li> sacrifice </Li> <Li> vota </Li> <Li> temples </Li> <Li> festivals </Li> <Li> ludi </Li> <Li> funerals </Li> <Li> Imperial cult </Li> <Li> Greco - Roman mysteries </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Priesthoods </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Pontifices </Li> <Li> Augures </Li> <Li> 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Karnataka - Wikipedia <H1> Karnataka </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 30 May 2018 . Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Karnataka ( disambiguation ) . State in India <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Karnataka </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Mysore Palace , the former seat of the Wodeyar dynasty , is one of Karnataka 's main tourist attractions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Coat of arms </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Map of Karnataka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates ( Bangalore ) : 12 ° 58 ′ N 77 ° 30 ′ E / 12.97 ° N 77.50 ° E / 12.97 ; 77.50 Coordinates : 12 ° 58 ′ N 77 ° 30 ′ E / 12.97 ° N 77.50 ° E / 12.97 ; 77.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> India </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Formation </Th> <Td> 1 November 1956 ( as Mysore State ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Capital and largest city </Th> <Td> Bangalore ( Bengaluru ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Districts </Th> <Td> List ( show ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Bagalkot </Li> <Li> Ballari </Li> <Li> Bangalore Rural </Li> <Li> Bangalore Urban </Li> <Li> Belagavi </Li> <Li> Bidar </Li> <Li> Vijayapura </Li> <Li> Chamarajanagar </Li> <Li> Chikkaballapur </Li> <Li> Chikkamagaluru </Li> <Li> Chitradurga </Li> <Li> Dakshina Kannada </Li> <Li> Davanagere </Li> <Li> Dharwad </Li> <Li> Gadag </Li> <Li> Hassan </Li> <Li> Haveri </Li> <Li> Kalaburagi </Li> <Li> Kodagu </Li> <Li> Kolar </Li> <Li> Koppal </Li> <Li> Mandya </Li> <Li> Mysuru </Li> <Li> Raichur </Li> <Li> Ramanagara </Li> <Li> Shivamogga </Li> <Li> Tumakuru </Li> <Li> Udupi </Li> <Li> Uttara Kannada </Li> <Li> Yadgir </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Government </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Body </Th> <Td> Government of Karnataka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Governor </Th> <Td> Vajubhai Vala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Chief Minister </Th> <Td> H.D. Kumaraswamy ( JD ( S ) ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deputy Chief Minister </Th> <Td> G. Parameshwara ( INC ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legislature </Th> <Td> Bicameral </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> High Court </Th> <Td> Karnataka High Court </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Area </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 191,791 km ( 74,051 sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Area rank </Th> <Td> 7th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Highest elevation </Th> <Td> 1,925 m ( 6,316 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lowest elevation </Th> <Td> 0 m ( 0 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2011 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> 61,130,704 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Td> 8th </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Density </Th> <Td> 320 / km ( 830 / sq mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Demonym ( s ) </Th> <Td> Kannadiga </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> GDP ( 2018 - 19 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total </Th> <Td> ₹ 14.08 lakh crore ( US $220 billion ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Per capita </Th> <Td> ₹ 146,416 ( US $2,200 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Time zone </Th> <Td> IST ( UTC + 05 : 30 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ISO 3166 code </Th> <Td> IN - KA </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Official languages </Th> <Td> Kannada </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literacy </Th> <Td> 75.60 % ( 2011 census ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> HDI </Th> <Td> 0.6176 ( medium ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> HDI rank </Th> <Td> 8th ( 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.karnataka.gov.in </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Symbols of Karnataka </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Emblem </Th> <Td> Gandaberunda </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Song </Th> <Td> Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Animal </Th> <Td> Indian elephant </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bird </Th> <Td> Indian Roller </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flower </Th> <Td> Lotus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tree </Th> <Td> Sandalwood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Karnataka is a state in the south western region of India . It was formed on 1 November 1956 , with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act . Originally known as the State of Mysore , it was renamed Karnataka in 1973 . The state corresponds to the Carnatic region . The capital and largest city is Bangalore ( Bengaluru ) . </P> <P> Karnataka is bordered by the Arabian Sea to the west , Goa to the northwest , Maharashtra to the north , Telangana to the northeast , Andhra Pradesh to the east , Tamil Nadu to the southeast , and Kerala to the south . The state covers an area of 191,976 square kilometres ( 74,122 sq mi ) , or 5.83 percent of the total geographical area of India . It is the seventh largest Indian state by area . With 61,130,704 inhabitants at the 2011 census , Karnataka is the eighth largest state by population , comprising 30 districts . Kannada , one of the classical languages of India , is the most widely spoken and official language of the state alongside Konkani , Tulu , Tamil , Telugu , Kodava , Beary . Karnataka also has the only 3 naturally Sanskrit - speaking districts in India . </P> <P> The two main river systems of the state are the Krishna and its tributaries , the Bhima , Ghataprabha , Vedavathi , Malaprabha , and Tungabhadra , in the north , and the Kaveri and its tributaries , the Hemavati , Shimsha , Arkavati , Lakshmana Thirtha and Kabini , in the south . Most of these rivers flow out of Karnataka eastward , reaching the sea at the Bay of Bengal . </P> <P> Though several etymologies have been suggested for the name Karnataka , the generally accepted one is that Karnataka is derived from the Kannada words karu and nādu , meaning `` elevated land '' . Karu nadu may also be read as karu , meaning `` black '' , and nadu , meaning `` region '' , as a reference to the black cotton soil found in the Bayalu Seeme region of the state . The British used the word Carnatic , sometimes Karnatak , to describe both sides of peninsular India , south of the Krishna . </P> <P> With an antiquity that dates to the paleolithic , Karnataka has been home to some of the most powerful empires of ancient and medieval India . The philosophers and musical bards patronised by these empires launched socio - religious and literary movements which have endured to the present day . Karnataka has contributed significantly to both forms of Indian classical music , the Carnatic and Hindustani traditions . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Geography </Li> <Li> 3 Sub-divisions </Li> <Li> 4 Demographics </Li> <Li> 5 Government and administration </Li> <Li> 6 Economy </Li> <Li> 7 Transport </Li> <Li> 8 Culture </Li> <Li> 9 Religion <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Festivals </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Language </Li> <Li> 11 Education <Ul> <Li> 11.1 High literacy districts </Li> <Li> 11.2 High literacy taluks </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 12 Media </Li> <Li> 13 Sports </Li> <Li> 14 Flora and fauna </Li> <Li> 15 Tourism </Li> <Li> 16 See also </Li> <Li> 17 Notes </Li> <Li> 18 References </Li> <Li> 19 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : History of Karnataka , Political history of medieval Karnataka , and Etymology of Karnataka Mallikarjuna temple and Kashi Vishwanatha temple at Pattadakal , built successively by the kings of the Chalukya Empire and Rashtrakuta Empire is a UNESCO World Heritage Site . <P> Karnataka 's pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand - axe culture evidenced by discoveries of , among other things , hand axes and cleavers in the region . Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also been found in the state . Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka , prompting scholars to hypothesise about contacts between ancient Karnataka and the Indus Valley Civilisation ca . 3300 BCE . </P> <P> Prior to the third century BCE , most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka . Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed , allowing them to control large areas of Karnataka . The decline of Satavahana power led to the rise of the earliest native kingdoms , the Kadambas and the Western Gangas , marking the region 's emergence as an independent political entity . The Kadamba Dynasty , founded by Mayurasharma , had its capital at Banavasi ; the Western Ganga Dynasty was formed with Talakad as its capital . </P> Sala fighting the Lion , the emblem of Hoysala Empire Statue of Ugranarasimha at Hampi , located within the ruins of Vijayanagara , the former capital of the Vijayanagara Empire <P> These were also the first kingdoms to use Kannada in administration , as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription and a fifth - century copper coin discovered at Banavasi . These dynasties were followed by imperial Kannada empires such as the Badami Chalukyas , the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta and the Western Chalukya Empire , which ruled over large parts of the Deccan and had their capitals in what is now Karnataka . The Western Chalukyas patronised a unique style of architecture and Kannada literature which became a precursor to the Hoysala art of the 12th century . Parts of modern - day Southern Karnataka ( Gangavadi ) were occupied by the Chola Empire at the turn of the 11th century . The Cholas and the Hoysalas fought over the region in the early 12th century before it eventually came under Hoysala rule . </P> <P> At the turn of the first millennium , the Hoysalas gained power in the region . Literature flourished during this time , which led to the emergence of distinctive Kannada literary metres , and the construction of temples and sculptures adhering to the Vesara style of architecture . The expansion of the Hoysala Empire brought minor parts of modern Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu under its rule . In the early 14th century , Harihara and Bukka Raya established the Vijayanagara empire with its capital , Hosapattana ( later named Vijayanagara ) , on the banks of the Tungabhadra River in the modern Bellary district . The empire rose as a bulwark against Muslim advances into South India , which it completely controlled for over two centuries . </P> <P> In 1565 , Karnataka and the rest of South India experienced a major geopolitical shift when the Vijayanagara empire fell to a confederation of Islamic sultanates in the Battle of Talikota . The Bijapur Sultanate , which had risen after the demise of the Bahmani Sultanate of Bidar , soon took control of the Deccan ; it was defeated by the Moghuls in the late 17th century . The Bahmani and Bijapur rulers encouraged Urdu and Persian literature and Indo - Saracenic architecture , the Gol Gumbaz being one of the high points of this style . During the sixteenth century , Konkani Hindus migrated to Karnataka , mostly from Salcette , Goa , while during the seventeenth and eighteenth century , Goan Catholics migrated to North Canara and South Canara , especially from Bardes , Goa , as a result of food shortages , epidemics and heavy taxation imposed by the Portuguese . </P> 1792 Portrait of Tipu Sultan , in the care of the British Library <P> In the period that followed , parts of northern Karnataka were ruled by the Nizam of Hyderabad , the Maratha Empire , the British , and other powers . In the south , the Mysore Kingdom , a former vassal of the Vijayanagara Empire , was briefly independent . With the death of Krishnaraja Wodeyar II , Haidar Ali , the commander - in - chief of the Mysore army , gained control of the region . After his death , the kingdom was inherited by his son Tipu Sultan . To contain European expansion in South India , Haidar Ali and later Tipu Sultan fought four significant Anglo - Mysore Wars , the last of which resulted in Tippu Sultan 's death and the incorporation of Mysore into the British Raj in 1799 . The Kingdom of Mysore was restored to the Wodeyars and Mysore remained a princely state under the British Raj . </P> Chief Minister Dr. Devaraj Urs announcing the new name of the Mysore state as ' Karnataka ' <P> As the `` doctrine of lapse '' gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states across the country , Kittur Chennamma , Sangolli Rayanna and others spearheaded rebellions in Karnataka in 1830 , nearly three decades before the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . However , Kitturu was taken over by the British East India Company even before the doctrine was officially articulated by Lord Dalhousie in 1848 . Other uprisings followed , such as the ones at Supa , Bagalkot , Shorapur , Nargund and Dandeli . These rebellions -- which coincided with the Indian Rebellion of 1857 -- were led by Mundargi Bhimarao , Bhaskar Rao Bhave , the Halagali Bedas , Raja Venkatappa Nayaka and others . By the late 19th century , the independence movement had gained momentum ; Karnad Sadashiva Rao , Aluru Venkata Raya , S. Nijalingappa , Kengal Hanumanthaiah , Nittoor Srinivasa Rau and others carried on the struggle into the early 20th century . </P> <P> After India 's independence , the Maharaja , Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar , allowed his kingdom 's accession to India . In 1950 , Mysore became an Indian state of the same name ; the former Maharaja served as its Rajpramukh ( head of state ) until 1975 . Following the long - standing demand of the Ekikarana Movement , Kodagu - and Kannada - speaking regions from the adjoining states of Madras , Hyderabad and Bombay were incorporated into the Mysore state , under the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 . The thus expanded state was renamed Karnataka , seventeen years later , in 1973 . In the early 1900s through the post-independence era , industrial visionaries such as Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvarayya , born in Muddenahalli , Chikballapur district , played an important role in the development of Karnataka 's strong manufacturing and industrial base . </P> <H2> Geography ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Geography of Karnataka , Rainfall in Karnataka , and Beaches in Karnataka Jog Falls , formed by Sharavathi River , are the second highest plunge waterfalls in India . <P> The state has three principal geographical zones : </P> <Ol> <Li> The coastal region of Karavali </Li> <Li> The hilly Malenadu region comprising the Western Ghats </Li> <Li> The Bayaluseeme region comprising the plains of the Deccan plateau </Li> </Ol> <P> The bulk of the state is in the Bayaluseeme region , the northern part of which is the second - largest arid region in India . The highest point in Karnataka is the Mullayanagiri hills in Chickmagalur district which has an altitude of 1,929 metres ( 6,329 ft ) . Some of the important rivers in Karnataka are Kaveri , Tungabhadra , Krishna , Malaprabha and the Sharavathi . A large number of dams and reservoirs are constructed across these rivers which richly add to the irrigation and hydel power generation capacities of the state . </P> <P> Karnataka consists of four main types of geological formations -- the Archean complex made up of Dharwad schists and granitic gneisses , the Proterozoic non-fossiliferous sedimentary formations of the Kaladgi and Bhima series , the Deccan trappean and intertrappean deposits and the tertiary and recent laterites and alluvial deposits . Significantly , about 60 % of the state is composed of the Archean complex which consist of gneisses , granites and charnockite rocks . Laterite cappings that are found in many districts over the Deccan Traps were formed after the cessation of volcanic activity in the early tertiary period . Eleven groups of soil orders are found in Karnataka , viz . Entisols , Inceptisols , Mollisols , Spodosols , Alfisols , Ultisols , Oxisols , Aridisols , Vertisols , Andisols and Histosols . Depending on the agricultural capability of the soil , the soil types are divided into six types , viz . red , lateritic , black , alluvio - colluvial , forest and coastal soils . </P> <P> Karnataka experiences four seasons . The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March and May , the monsoon season between June and September and the post-monsoon season from October till December . Meteorologically , Karnataka is divided into three zones -- coastal , north interior and south interior . Of these , the coastal zone receives the heaviest rainfall with an average rainfall of about 3,638.5 mm ( 143 in ) per annum , far in excess of the state average of 1,139 mm ( 45 in ) . Agumbe in the Shivamogga district receives the second highest annual rainfall in India . The highest recorded temperature was 45.6 ° C ( 114 ° F ) at Raichur and the lowest recorded temperature was 2.8 ° C ( 37 ° F ) at Bidar . </P> <P> About 38,724 km ( 14,951 sq mi ) of Karnataka ( i.e. 20 % of the state 's geographic area ) is covered by forests . The forests are classified as reserved , protected , unclosed , village and private forests . The percentage of forested area is slightly less than the all - India average of about 23 % , and significantly less than the 33 % prescribed in the National Forest Policy . </P> <H2> Sub-divisions ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Districts of Karnataka <P> There are 30 districts in Karnataka : </P> <Ul> <Li> Bagalkote </Li> <Li> Bangalore Rural </Li> <Li> Bangalore Urban </Li> <Li> Belagavi </Li> <Li> Ballari </Li> <Li> Bidar </Li> <Li> Chamarajanagar </Li> <Li> Chikkaballapur </Li> <Li> Chikkamagaluru </Li> <Li> Chitradurga </Li> <Li> Dakshina Kannada </Li> <Li> Davanagere </Li> <Li> Dharwad </Li> <Li> Gadag </Li> <Li> Gulbarga </Li> <Li> Hassan </Li> <Li> Haveri </Li> <Li> Kodagu </Li> <Li> Kolar </Li> <Li> Koppal </Li> <Li> Mandya </Li> <Li> Mysuru </Li> <Li> Raichur </Li> <Li> Ramanagara </Li> <Li> Shivamogga </Li> <Li> Tumakuru </Li> <Li> Udupi </Li> <Li> Uttara Kannada </Li> <Li> Vijayapur </Li> <Li> Yadgir </Li> </Ul> <P> Each district is governed by a district commissioner or district magistrate . The districts are further divided into sub-divisions , which are governed by sub-divisional magistrates ; sub-divisions comprise blocks containing panchayats ( village councils ) and town municipalities . </P> <P> At the 2011 census , Karnataka 's ten largest cities , sorted in order of decreasing population , were Bangalore , Hubballi - Dharwad , Mysuru , Mangaluru , Gulbarga , Belagavi , Davangere , Ballary , Vijayapur and Shivamogga . </P> Regions of Karnataka <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> City </Th> <Th> District </Th> <Th> Population ( 2011 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bangalore ( Bengaluru ) </Td> <Td> Bangalore Urban </Td> <Td> 8,728,906 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Hubballi - Dharwad ( Hubli ) </Td> <Td> Dharwad district </Td> <Td> 943,857 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mysore ( Mysuru ) </Td> <Td> Mysore district </Td> <Td> 887,446 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mangalore ( Mangaluru ) </Td> <Td> Dakshina Kannada </Td> <Td> 532,031 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Gulbarga ( Kalaburagi ) </Td> <Td> Gulbarga district </Td> <Td> 499,487 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Belgaum ( Belagavi ) </Td> <Td> Belgaum district </Td> <Td> 490,045 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Davanagere ( Davangere ) </Td> <Td> Davanagere district </Td> <Td> 435,128 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Bellary ( Ballari ) </Td> <Td> Bellary district </Td> <Td> 409,444 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Vijayapur ( Bijapur ) </Td> <Td> Vijayapur district </Td> <Td> 327,427 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Shimoga ( Shivamogga ) </Td> <Td> Shimoga district </Td> <Td> 322,428 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Demographics ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Demographics of Karnataka <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="4"> ( show ) Population Growth </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Census </Th> <Th> Pop . </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> % ± </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> 19,402,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> -- </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1961 </Td> <Td> 23,587,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1971 </Td> <Td> 29,299,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 24.2 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1981 </Td> <Td> 37,136,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 26.7 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1991 </Td> <Td> 44,977,000 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21.1 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 52,850,562 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17.5 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 2011 </Td> <Td> 61,095,297 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 15.6 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="4"> Source : Census of India </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> According to the 2011 census of India , the total population of Karnataka was 61,095,297 of which 30,966,657 ( 50.7 % ) were male and 30,128,640 ( 49.3 % ) were female , or 1000 males for every 973 females . This represents a 15.60 % increase over the population in 2001 . The population density was 319 per km and 38.67 % of the people lived in urban areas . The literacy rate was 75.36 % with 82.47 % of males and 68.08 % of females being literate. 84.00 % of the population were Hindu , 12.92 % were Muslim , 1.87 % were Christian , 0.72 % were Jains , 0.16 % were Buddhist , 0.05 % were Sikh and 0.02 % were belonging to other religions and 0.27 % of the population did not state their religion . </P> <P> Kannada is the official language of Karnataka and spoken as a native language by about 66.26 % of the people as of 2001 . Other linguistic minorities in the state were Urdu ( 10.54 % ) , Telugu ( 7.03 % ) , Tamil ( 3.57 % ) , Marathi ( 3.6 % ) , Tulu ( 3.0 % ) , Hindi ( 2.56 % ) , Konkani ( 1.46 % ) , Malayalam ( 1.33 % ) and Kodava Takk ( 0.3 % ) . In 2007 the state had a birth rate of 2.2 % , a death rate of 0.7 % , an infant mortality rate of 5.5 % and a maternal mortality rate of 0.2 % . The total fertility rate was 2.2 . </P> <P> In the field of speciality health care , Karnataka 's private sector competes with the best in the world . Karnataka has also established a modicum of public health services having a better record of health care and child care than most other states of India . In spite of these advances , some parts of the state still leave much to be desired when it comes to primary health care . </P> <H2> Government and administration ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Government of Karnataka , Karnataka Legislature , Unification of Karnataka , and Taluks of Karnataka Vidhana Soudha in Bangalore ( seat of the Legislative Assembly ) <P> Karnataka has a parliamentary system of government with two democratically elected houses , the Legislative Assembly and the Legislative Council . The Legislative Assembly consists of 224 members who are elected for five - year terms . The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 75 members with one - third ( 25 members ) retiring every two years . </P> <P> The government of Karnataka is headed by the Chief Minister who is chosen by the ruling party members of the Legislative Assembly . The Chief Minister , along with the council of ministers , drives the legislative agenda and exercises most of the executive powers . However , the constitutional and formal head of the state is the Governor who is appointed for a five - year term by the President of India on the advice of the Union government . The people of Karnataka also elect 28 members to the Lok Sabha , the lower house of the Indian Parliament . The members of the state Legislative Assembly elect 12 members to the Rajya Sabha , the upper house of the Indian Parliament . </P> <P> For administrative purposes , Karnataka has been divided into four revenue divisions , 49 sub-divisions , 30 districts , 175 taluks and 745 hoblies / revenue circles . The administration in each district is headed by a Deputy Commissioner who belongs to the Indian Administrative Service and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to Karnataka state services . The Deputy Commissioner of Police , an officer belonging to the Indian Police Service and assisted by the officers of the Karnataka Police Service , is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district . The Deputy Conservator of Forests , an officer belonging to the Indian Forest Service , is entrusted with the responsibility of managing forests , environment and wildlife of the district , he will be assisted by the officers belonging to Karnataka Forest Service and officers belonging to Karnataka Forest Subordinate Service . Sectoral development in the districts is looked after by the district head of each development department such as Public Works Department , Health , Education , Agriculture , Animal Husbandry , etc . The judiciary in the state consists of the Karnataka High Court ( Attara Kacheri ) in Bangalore , district and session courts in each district and lower courts and judges at the taluk level . </P> <P> Politics in Karnataka has been dominated by three political parties , the Indian National Congress , the Janata Dal ( Secular ) and the Bharatiya Janata Party . Politicians from Karnataka have played prominent roles in federal government of India with some of them having held the high positions of Prime Minister and Vice-President . Border disputes involving Karnataka 's claim on the Kasaragod and Solapur districts and Maharashtra 's claim on Belgaum are ongoing since the states reorganisation . The official emblem of Karnataka has a Ganda Berunda in the centre . Surmounting this are four lions facing the four directions , taken from the Lion Capital of Ashoka at Sarnath . The emblem also carries two Sharabhas with the head of an elephant and the body of a lion . </P> <H2> Economy ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Economy of Karnataka , Software industry in Karnataka , Banking in Karnataka , Economy of Bangalore , and Economy of Mangalore GSDP Growth of the Karnatakan Economy over the previous years <P> Karnataka had an estimated GSDP ( Gross State Domestic Product ) of about US $115.86 billion in the 2014 -- 15 fiscal year . The state registered a GSDP growth rate of 7 % for the year 2014 -- 2015 . Karnataka 's contribution to India 's GDP in the year 2014 -- 15 was 7.54 % . With GDP growth of 17.59 % and per capita GDP growth of 16.04 % , Karnataka is on the 6th position among all states and union territories . In an employment survey conducted for the year 2013 -- 2014 , the unemployment rate in Karnataka was 1.8 % compared to the national rate of 4.9 % . In 2011 -- 2012 , Karnataka had an estimated poverty ratio of 20.91 % compared to the national ratio of 21.92 % . </P> <P> Nearly 56 % of the workforce in Karnataka is engaged in agriculture and related activities . A total of 12.31 million hectares of land , or 64.6 % of the state 's total area , is cultivated . Much of the agricultural output is dependent on the southwest monsoon as only 26.5 % of the sown area is irrigated . </P> <P> Karnataka is the manufacturing hub for some of the largest public sector industries in India , including Hindustan Aeronautics Limited , National Aerospace Laboratories , Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited , Bharat Earth Movers Limited and HMT ( formerly Hindustan Machine Tools ) , which are based in Bangalore . Many of India 's premier science and technology research centres , such as Indian Space Research Organisation , Central Power Research Institute , Bharat Electronics Limited and the Central Food Technological Research Institute , are also headquartered in Karnataka . Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Limited is an oil refinery , located in Mangalore . </P> <P> The state has also begun to invest heavily in solar power centred on the Pavagada Solar Park . As of December 2017 , the state has installed an estimated 2.2 gigwatts of block solar panelling and in January 2018 announced a tender to generate a further 1.2 gigawatts in the coming years : Karnataka Renewable Energy Development suggests that this will be based on 24 separate systems ( or ' blocks ' ) generating 50 megawatts each . </P> Contribution to economy by sector <P> Since the 1980s , Karnataka has emerged as the pan-Indian leader in the field of IT ( information technology ) . In 2007 , there were nearly 2,000 firms operating in Karnataka . Many of them , including two of India 's biggest software firms , Infosys and Wipro , are also headquartered in the state . Exports from these firms exceeded ₹ 50,000 crores ( $12.5 billion ) in 2006 -- 07 , accounting for nearly 38 % of all IT exports from India . The Nandi Hills area in the outskirts of Devanahalli is the site of the upcoming $22 billion , 50 square kilometre BIAL IT Investment Region , one of the largest infrastructure projects in the history of Karnataka . All this has earned the state capital , Bangalore , the sobriquet Silicon Valley of India . </P> <P> Karnataka also leads the nation in biotechnology . It is home to India 's largest biocluster , with 158 of the country 's 320 biotechnology firms being based here . The state accounts for 75 % of India 's floriculture , an upcoming industry which supplies flowers and ornamental plants worldwide . </P> <P> Seven of India 's banks , Canara Bank , Syndicate Bank , Corporation Bank , Vijaya Bank , Karnataka Bank , ING Vysya Bank and the State Bank of Mysore originated in this state . The coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada have a branch for every 500 persons -- the best distribution of banks in India . In March 2002 , Karnataka had 4767 branches of different banks with each branch serving 11,000 persons , which is lower than the national average of 16,000 . </P> <P> A majority of the silk industry in India is headquartered in Karnataka , much of it in Doddaballapura , and the state government intends to invest ₹ 70 crore in a `` Silk City '' at Muddenahalli , near Bangalore International Airport . </P> <H2> Transport ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Transport in Karnataka , List of National Highways in Karnataka , and List of state highways in Karnataka <P> Air transport in Karnataka , as in the rest of the country , is still a fledgling but fast expanding sector . Karnataka has airports at Bangalore , Mangalore , Belgaum , Hubli , Hampi , Bellary and Mysore with international operations from Bangalore and Mangalore airports . </P> <P> Karnataka has a railway network with a total length of approximately 3,089 kilometres ( 1,919 mi ) . Until the creation of the South Western Zone headquartered at Hubli in 2003 , the railway network in the state was in the Southern and Western railway zones . Several parts of the state now come under the South Western Zone , with the remainder under the Southern Railways . Coastal Karnataka is covered under the Konkan railway network which was considered India 's biggest railway project of the century . Bangalore is well - connected with inter-state destinations , while other towns in the state are not . </P> Norwegian Star , a Cruise ship docked at the New Mangalore Port <P> Karnataka has 11 ports , including the New Mangalore Port , a major port and ten minor ports , of which three were operational in 2012 . The New Mangalore port was incorporated as the ninth major port in India on 4 May 1974 . This port handled 32.04 million tonnes of traffic in the fiscal year 2006 -- 07 with 17.92 million tonnes of imports and 14.12 million tonnes of exports . The port also handled 1015 vessels including 18 cruise vessels during the year 2006 -- 07 . Foreigners can enter Mangalore through the New Mangalore Port with the help of Electronic visa ( e-visa ) . Cruise ships from Europe , North America and UAE arrive at New Mangalore Port to visit the tourist places across Coastal Karnataka . </P> <P> The total lengths of National Highways and state highways in Karnataka are 3,973 and 9,829 kilometres ( 2,469 and 6,107 mi ) , respectively . The KSRTC , the state public transport corporation , transports an average of 2.2 million passengers daily and employs about 25,000 people . In the late nineties , KSRTC was split into four corporations , viz. , The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation , The North - East Karnataka Road Transport Corporation and The North - West Karnataka Road Transport Corporation with their headquarters in Bangalore , Gulbarga and Hubli respectively , and with the remnant of the KSRTC maintaining operations in the rest of the state from its headquarters in Bangalore . </P> <H2> Culture ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Art and culture of Karnataka , Carnatic music , Cuisine of Karnataka , Kannada people , and Tuluvas A State flag for Karnataka was unilaterally adopted by the Government of Karnataka in 2018 The Kannada flag is widely used in Karnataka , though it is not officially recognised <P> The diverse linguistic and religious ethnicities that are native to Karnataka , combined with their long histories , have contributed immensely to the varied cultural heritage of the state . Apart from Kannadigas , Karnataka is home to Tuluvas , Kodavas and Konkanis . Minor populations of Tibetan Buddhists and tribes like the Soligas , Yeravas , Todas and Siddhis also live in Karnataka . The traditional folk arts cover the entire gamut of music , dance , drama , storytelling by itinerant troupes , etc . Yakshagana of Malnad and coastal Karnataka , a classical dance drama , is one of the major theatrical forms of Karnataka . Contemporary theatre culture in Karnataka remains vibrant with organisations like Ninasam , Ranga Shankara , Rangayana and Prabhat Kalavidaru continuing to build on the foundations laid by Gubbi Veeranna , T.P. Kailasam , B.V. Karanth , KV Subbanna , Prasanna and others . Veeragase , Kamsale , Kolata and Dollu Kunitha are popular dance forms . The Mysore style of Bharatanatya , nurtured and popularised by the likes of the legendary Jatti Tayamma , continues to hold sway in Karnataka , and Bangalore also enjoys an eminent place as one of the foremost centres of Bharatanatya . </P> A yakshagana artist <P> Karnataka also has a special place in the world of Indian classical music , with both Karnataka ( Carnatic ) and Hindustani styles finding place in the state , and Karnataka has produced a number of stalwarts in both styles . The Haridasa movement of the sixteenth century contributed significantly to the development of Karnataka ( Carnatic ) music as a performing art form . Purandara Dasa , one of the most revered Haridasas , is known as the Karnataka Sangeeta Pitamaha ( ' Father of Karnataka a.k.a. Carnatic music ' ) . Celebrated Hindustani musicians like Gangubai Hangal , Mallikarjun Mansur , Bhimsen Joshi , Basavaraja Rajaguru , Sawai Gandharva and several others hail from Karnataka , and some of them have been recipients of the Kalidas Samman , Padma Bhushan and Padma Vibhushan awards . Noted Carnatic musicians include Violin T. Chowdiah , Veena Sheshanna , Mysore Vasudevachar , Doreswamy Iyengar and Thitte Krishna Iyengar . </P> <P> Gamaka is another classical music genre based on Carnatic music that is practised in Karnataka . Kannada Bhavageete is a genre of popular music that draws inspiration from the expressionist poetry of modern poets . The Mysore school of painting has produced painters like Sundarayya , Tanjavur Kondayya , B. Venkatappa and Keshavayya . Chitrakala Parishat is an organisation in Karnataka dedicated to promoting painting , mainly in the Mysore painting style . </P> <P> Saree is the traditional dress of women in Karnataka . Women in Kodagu have a distinct style of wearing the saree , different from the rest of Karnataka . Dhoti , known as Panche in Karnataka , is the traditional attire of men . Shirt , Trousers and Salwar kameez are widely worn in Urban areas . Mysore Peta is the traditional headgear of southern Karnataka , while the pagadi or pataga ( similar to the Rajasthani turban ) is preferred in the northern areas of the state . </P> <P> Rice and Ragi form the staple food in South Karnataka , whereas Jolada rotti , Sorghum is staple to North Karnataka . Bisi bele bath , Jolada rotti , Ragi mudde , Uppittu , Benne Dose , Masala Dose and Maddur Vade are some of the popular food items in Karnataka . Among sweets , Mysore Pak , Karadantu of Gokak and Amingad , Belgaavi Kunda and Dharwad pedha are popular . Apart from this , coastal Karnataka and Kodagu have distinctive cuisines of their own . Udupi cuisine of coastal Karnataka is popular all over India . </P> <H2> Religion ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Religion in Karnataka <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in Karnataka ( 2011 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Hinduism </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 84.00 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Islam </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 12.92 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Christianity </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 1.87 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Jainism </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.72 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Buddhism </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.16 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Sikhism </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.05 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Other </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.02 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Not religious </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 0.27 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> Vishnu , Badami cave temple no. 3 Mandyada Shri Shiradi Sai Baba Mandir in Mandya Gomateswara ( 982 -- 983 ) at Shravanabelagola is an important centre of Jain pilgrimage . <P> Adi Shankaracharya ( 788 -- 820 ) chose Sringeri in Karnataka to establish the first of his four mathas ( monastery ) . Madhvacharya ( 1238 -- 1317 ) was the chief proponent of Tattvavada ( Philosophy of Reality ) , popularly known as Dvaita or Dualistic school of Hindu philosophy -- one of the three most influential Vedanta philosophies . Madhvacharya was one of the important philosophers during the Bhakti movement . He was a pioneer in many ways , going against standard conventions and norms . According to tradition , Madhvacharya is believed to be the third incarnation of Vayu ( Mukhyaprana ) , after Hanuman and Bhima . The Haridasa devotional movement is considered as one of the turning points in the cultural history of India . Over a span of nearly six centuries , several saints and mystics helped shape the culture , philosophy and art of South India and Karnataka in particular by exerting considerable spiritual influence over the masses and kingdoms that ruled South India . </P> <P> This movement was ushered in by the Haridasas ( literally `` servants of Lord Hari '' ) and took shape in the 13th century -- 14th century CE , period , prior to and during the early rule of the Vijayanagara empire . The main objective of this movement was to propagate the Dvaita philosophy of Madhvacharya ( Madhva Siddhanta ) to the masses through a literary medium known as Dasa Sahitya literature of the servants of the Lord . Purandaradasa is widely recognised as the `` Pithamaha '' of Carnatic Music for his immense contribution . Ramanujacharya , the leading expounder of Vishishtadvaita , spent many years in Melkote . He came to Karnataka in 1098 AD and lived here until 1122 AD . He first lived in Tondanur and then moved to Melkote where the Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple and a well - organised matha were built . He was patronised by the Hoysala king , Vishnuvardhana . </P> <P> In the twelfth century , Lingayatism emerged in northern Karnataka as a protest against the rigidity of the prevailing social and caste system . Leading figures of this movement were Basava , Akka Mahadevi and Allama Prabhu , who established the Anubhava Mantapa which was the centre of all religious and philosophical thoughts and discussions pertaining to Ligayats . These three social reformers did so by the literary means of `` Vachana Sahitya '' which is very famous for its simple , straight forward and easily understandable Kannada language . Lingayatism preached women equality by letting women wear Ishtalinga i.e. Symbol of god around their neck . Basava shunned the sharp hierarchical divisions that existed and sought to remove all distinctions between the hierarchically superior master class and the subordinate , servile class . He also supported inter-caste marriages and Kaayaka Tatva of Basavanna . This was the basis of the Lingayat faith which today counts millions among its followers . </P> <P> The Jain philosophy and literature have contributed immensely to the religious and cultural landscape of Karnataka . Islam , which had an early presence on the west coast of India as early as the tenth century , gained a foothold in Karnataka with the rise of the Bahamani and Bijapur sultanates that ruled parts of Karnataka . Christianity reached Karnataka in the sixteenth century with the arrival of the Portuguese and St. Francis Xavier in 1545 . </P> <P> Buddhism was popular in Karnataka during the first millennium in places such as Gulbarga and Banavasi . A chance discovery of edicts and several Mauryan relics at Sannati in Gulbarga district in 1986 has proven that the Krishna River basin was once home to both Mahayana and Hinayana Buddhism . There are Tibetan refugee camps in Karnataka . </P> <H3> Festivals ( edit ) </H3> <P> Mysore Dasara is celebrated as the Nada habba ( state festival ) and this is marked by major festivities at Mysore . Ugadi ( Kannada New Year ) , Makara Sankranti ( the harvest festival ) , Ganesh Chaturthi , Ram Navami , Nagapanchami , Basava Jayanthi , Deepavali , and Ramzan are the other major festivals of Karnataka . </P> <H2> Language ( edit ) </H2> Main articles : Kannada language , Kannada literature , Tulu language , Konkani language , Urdu language , Kodava language , and Beary bashe Halmidi inscription ( 450 CE ) is the earliest attested inscription in the Kannada language . <P> The Kannada language serves as the official language of the state of Karnataka , as the native language of approximately 65 % of its population and as one of the classical languages of India . Kannada played a crucial role in the creation of Karnataka : linguistic demographics played a major role in defining the new state in 1956 . Tulu , Konkani and Kodava are other minor native languages that share a long history in the state . Urdu is spoken widely by the Muslim population . Less widely spoken languages include Beary bashe and certain languages such as Sankethi . Some of the regional languages in Karnataka are Tulu , Kodava , Konkani and Beary . </P> <P> Kannada features a rich and ancient body of literature including religious and secular genre , covering topics as diverse as Jainism ( such as Puranas ) , Veerashaivism ( such as Vachanas ) , Vaishnavism ( such as Haridasa Sahitya ) and modern literature . Evidence from edicts during the time of Ashoka ( reigned 274 -- 232 BCE ) suggest that Buddhist literature influenced the Kannada script and its literature . The Halmidi inscription , the earliest attested full - length inscription in the Kannada language and script , dates from 450 CE , while the earliest available literary work , the Kavirajamarga , has been dated to 850 CE . References made in the Kavirajamarga , however , prove that Kannada literature flourished in the native composition meters such as Chattana , Beddande and Melvadu during earlier centuries . The classic refers to several earlier greats ( purvacharyar ) of Kannada poetry and prose . </P> <P> Kuvempu , the renowned Kannada poet and writer who wrote Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate , the state anthem of Karnataka was the first recipient of the `` Karnataka Ratna '' award , the highest civilian award bestowed by the Government of Karnataka . Contemporary Kannada literature has received considerable acknowledgement in the arena of Indian literature , with eight Kannada writers winning India 's highest literary honour , the Jnanpith award . </P> <P> Tulu is spoken mainly in the coastal districts of Udupi and Dakshina Kannada . Tulu Mahabharato , written by Arunabja in the Tigalari script , is the oldest surviving Tulu text . Tigalari script was used by Brahmins to write Sanskrit language . The use of the Kannada script for writing Tulu and non-availability of print in Tigalari script contributed to the marginalisation of Tigalari script . Konkani is mostly spoken in the Uttara Kannada and Dakshina Kannada districts and in parts of Udupi , Konkani use the Kannada script for writing . The Kodavas who mainly reside in the Kodagu district , speak Kodava Takk . Two regional variations of the language exist , the northern Mendale Takka and the southern Kiggaati Takka . Kodava Takk use the Kannada script for writing . English is the medium of education in many schools and widely used for business communication in most private companies . </P> <P> All of the state 's languages are patronised and promoted by governmental and quasi-governmental bodies . The Kannada Sahitya Parishat and the Kannada Sahitya Akademi are responsible for the promotion of Kannada while the Karnataka Konkani Sahitya Akademi , the Tulu Sahitya Akademi and the Kodava Sahitya Akademi promote their respective languages . </P> <H2> Education ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Education in Karnataka See also : List of institutions of higher education in Karnataka Indian Institute of Science is one of the premier institutes of India . <P> As per the 2011 census , Karnataka had a literacy rate of 75.60 % , with 82.85 % of males and 68.13 % of females in the state being literate . In 2001 , the literacy rate of the state were 67.04 % , with 76.29 % of males and 57.45 % of females being literate . The state is home to some of the premier educational and research institutions of India such as the Indian Institute of Science , the Indian Institute of Management , the Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences , the National Institute of Technology Karnataka and the National Law School of India University . </P> <P> In March 2006 , Karnataka had 54,529 primary schools with 252,875 teachers and 8.495 million students , and 9498 secondary schools with 92,287 teachers and 1.384 million students . There are three kinds of schools in the state , viz. , government - run , private aided ( financial aid is provided by the government ) and private unaided ( no financial aid is provided ) . The primary languages of instruction in most schools are Kannada and English . </P> <P> The syllabus taught in the schools is either of the CBSE , the ICSE or the state syllabus ( SSLC ) defined by the Department of Public Instruction of the Government of Karnataka . However , some schools follow the NIOS syllabus . The state has two sainik schools -- in Kodagu Sainik School in Kodagu and in Bijapur Sainik School in Bijapur . </P> <P> To maximise attendance in schools , the Karnataka Government has launched a midday meal scheme in government and aided schools in which free lunch is provided to the students . </P> <P> Statewide board examinations are conducted at the end of secondary education . Students who qualify are allowed to pursue a two - year pre-university course , after which they become eligible to pursue under - graduate degrees . </P> Literacy rates of Karnataka districts <P> There are 481 degree colleges affiliated with one of the universities in the state , viz . Bangalore University , Gulbarga University , Karnatak University , Kuvempu University , Mangalore University and Mysore University . In 1998 , the engineering colleges in the state were brought under the newly formed Visvesvaraya Technological University headquartered at Belgaum , whereas the medical colleges are run under the jurisdiction of the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences . Some of these baccalaureate colleges are accredited with the status of a deemed university . There are 186 engineering , 39 medical and 41 dental colleges in the state . Udupi , Sringeri , Gokarna and Melkote are well - known places of Sanskrit and Vedic learning . In 2015 the Central Government decided to establish the first Indian Institute of Technology in Karnataka at Dharwad . Tulu and Konkani languages are taught as an optional subject in the twin districts of South Canara and Udupi . </P> <H3> High literacy districts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> District </Th> <Th> Literacy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dakshina Kannada ( South Canara ) </Td> <Td> 88.57 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Bangalore Urban </Td> <Td> 87.67 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Udupi </Td> <Td> 86.24 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Uttara Kannada ( North Canara ) </Td> <Td> 84.06 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Kodagu </Td> <Td> 82.61 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> High literacy taluks ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Rank </Th> <Th> Taluk </Th> <Th> Literacy </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Mangaluru ( Dakshina Kannada ) </Td> <Td> 92 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Karwar ( Uttara Kannada ) </Td> <Td> 90 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Udupi ( Udupi ) </Td> <Td> 89 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Madikeri ( Kodagu ) </Td> <Td> 88 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Sirsi ( Uttara Kannada ) </Td> <Td> 88 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Media ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Media in Karnataka <P> The era of Kannada newspapers started in the year 1843 when Hermann Mögling , a missionary from Basel Mission , published the first Kannada newspaper called Mangalooru Samachara in Mangalore . The first Kannada periodical , Mysuru Vrittanta Bodhini was started by Bhashyam Bhashyacharya in Mysore . Shortly after Indian independence in 1948 , K.N. Guruswamy founded The Printers ( Mysore ) Private Limited and began publishing two newspapers , Deccan Herald and Prajavani . Presently the Times of India and Vijaya Karnataka are the largest - selling English and Kannada newspapers respectively . A vast number of weekly , biweekly and monthly magazines are under publication in both Kannada and English . Udayavani , Kannadaprabha , Samyukta Karnataka , VarthaBharathi , Sanjevani , Eesanje , Hosa digantha , Karavali Ale are also some popular dailies published from Karnataka . </P> <P> Doordarshan is the broadcaster of the Government of India and its channel DD Chandana is dedicated to Kannada . Prominent Kannada channels include Janasri News , Colors Kannada , Zee Kannada , Udaya TV , TV 9 , Asianet Suvarna and Kasturi TV . </P> <P> Karnataka occupies a special place in the history of Indian radio . In 1935 , Aakashvani , the first private radio station in India , was started by Prof. M.V. Gopalaswamy in Mysore . The popular radio station was taken over by the local municipality and later by All India Radio ( AIR ) and moved to Bangalore in 1955 . Later in 1957 , AIR adopted the original name of the radio station , Aakashavani as its own . Some of the popular programs aired by AIR Bangalore included Nisarga Sampada and Sasya Sanjeevini which were programs that taught science through songs , plays and stories . These two programs became so popular that they were translated and broadcast in 18 different languages and the entire series was recorded on cassettes by the Government of Karnataka and distributed to thousands of schools across the state . Karnataka has witnessed a growth in FM radio channels , mainly in the cities of Bangalore , Mangalore and Mysore , which has become hugely popular . </P> <H2> Sports ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Sports in Karnataka Anil Kumble , former captain of the Indian Test team and spin legend , is the highest wicket - taker for India in international cricket . <P> Karnataka 's smallest district , Kodagu , is a major contributor to Indian field hockey , producing numerous players who have represented India at the international level . The annual Kodava Hockey Festival is the largest hockey tournament in the world . Bangalore has hosted a WTA tennis event and , in 1997 , it hosted the fourth National Games of India . The Sports Authority of India , the premier sports institute in the country , and the Nike Tennis Academy are also situated in Bangalore . Karnataka has been referred to as the cradle of Indian swimming because of its high standards in comparison to other states . </P> <P> One of the most popular sports in Karnataka is cricket . The state cricket team has won the Ranji Trophy seven times , second only to Mumbai in terms of success . Chinnaswamy Stadium in Bangalore regularly hosts international matches and is also the home of the National Cricket Academy , which was opened in 2000 to nurture potential international players . Many cricketers have represented India and in one international match held in the 1990s ; players from Karnataka composed the majority of the national team . The Royal Challengers Bangalore , an Indian Premier League franchise , the Bengaluru Football Club , an Indian Super League franchise , the Bengaluru Yodhas , a Pro Wrestling League franchise , the Bengaluru Blasters , a Premier Badminton League franchise and the Bengaluru Bulls , a Pro Kabaddi League franchise are based in Bangalore . The Karnataka Premier League is an inter-regional Twenty20 cricket tournament played in the state . </P> <P> Notable sportsmen from Karnataka include B.S. Chandrasekhar , Anil Kumble , Javagal Srinath , Rahul Dravid , Venkatesh Prasad , Robin Uthappa , Vinay Kumar , Gundappa Vishwanath , Syed Kirmani , Stuart Binny , Ashwini Ponnappa , Mahesh Bhupathi , Rohan Bopanna , Prakash Padukone who won the All England Badminton Championships in 1980 and Pankaj Advani who has won three world titles in cue sports by the age of 20 including the amateur World Snooker Championship in 2003 and the World Billiards Championship in 2005 . </P> <P> Bijapur district has produced some of the best known road cyclists in the national circuit . Premalata Sureban was part of the Indian contingent at the Perlis Open ' 99 in Malaysia . In recognition of the talent of cyclists in the district , the state government laid down a cycling track at the B.R. Ambedkar Stadium at a cost of ₹ 40 lakh . </P> <P> Sports like kho kho , kabaddi , chinni daandu and goli ( marbles ) are played mostly in Karnataka 's rural areas . </P> <H2> Flora and fauna ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Wildlife of Karnataka The state bird , Indian roller Bengal tigers at Bannerghatta National Park near Bangalore <P> Karnataka has a rich diversity of flora and fauna . It has a recorded forest area of 38,720 km ( 14,950 sq mi ) which constitutes 20.19 % of the total geographical area of the state . These forests support 25 % of the elephant and 10 % of the tiger population of India . Many regions of Karnataka are as yet unexplored , so new species of flora and fauna are found periodically . The Western Ghats , a biodiversity hotspot , includes the western region of Karnataka . Two sub-clusters in the Western Ghats , viz . Talacauvery and Kudremukh , both in Karnataka , are on the tentative list of World Heritage Sites of UNESCO . The Bandipur and Nagarahole National Parks , which fall outside these subclusters , were included in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve in 1986 , a UNESCO designation . The Indian roller and the Indian elephant are recognised as the state bird and animal while sandalwood and the lotus are recognised as the state tree and flower respectively . Karnataka has five national parks : Anshi , Bandipur , Bannerghatta , Kudremukh and Nagarhole . It also has 27 wildlife sanctuaries of which seven are bird sanctuaries . </P> <P> Wild animals that are found in Karnataka include the elephant , the tiger , the leopard , the gaur , the sambar deer , the chital or spotted deer , the muntjac , the bonnet macaque , the slender loris , the common palm civet , the small Indian civet , the sloth bear , the dhole , the striped hyena and the golden jackal . Some of the birds found here are the great hornbill , the Malabar pied hornbill , the Ceylon frogmouth , herons , ducks , kites , eagles , falcons , quails , partridges , lapwings , sandpipers , pigeons , doves , parakeets , cuckoos , owls , nightjars , swifts , kingfishers , bee - eaters and munias . Some species of trees found in Karnataka are Callophyllum tomentosa , Callophyllum wightianum , Garcina cambogia , Garcina morealla , Alstonia scholaris , Flacourtia montana , Artocarpus hirsutus , Artocarpus lacoocha , Cinnamomum zeylanicum , Grewia tilaefolia , Santalum album , Shorea talura , Emblica officinalis , Vitex altissima and Wrightia tinctoria . Wildlife in Karnataka is threatened by poaching , habitat destruction , human - wildlife conflict and pollution . </P> <H2> Tourism ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Tourism in Karnataka See also : Architecture of Karnataka Keshava Temple , Somanathapura Gol Gumbaz at Bijapur , has the second largest pre-modern dome in the world after the Byzantine Hagia Sophia . <P> By virtue of its varied geography and long history , Karnataka hosts numerous spots of interest for tourists . There is an array of ancient sculptured temples , modern cities , scenic hill ranges , forests and beaches . Karnataka has been ranked as the fourth most popular destination for tourism among the states of India . Karnataka has the second highest number of nationally protected monuments in India , second only to Uttar Pradesh , in addition to 752 monuments protected by the State Directorate of Archaeology and Museums . Another 25,000 monuments are yet to receive protection . </P> <P> The districts of the Western Ghats and the southern districts of the state have popular eco-tourism locations including Kudremukh , Madikeri and Agumbe . Karnataka has 25 wildlife sanctuaries and five national parks . Popular among them are Bandipur National Park , Bannerghatta National Park and Nagarhole National Park . The ruins of the Vijayanagara Empire at Hampi and the monuments of Pattadakal are on the list of UNESCO 's World Heritage Sites . The cave temples at Badami and the rock - cut temples at Aihole representing the Badami Chalukyan style of architecture are also popular tourist destinations . The Hoysala temples at Belur and Halebidu , which were built with Chloritic schist ( soapstone ) are proposed UNESCO World Heritage sites . The Gol Gumbaz and Ibrahim Rauza are famous examples of the Deccan Sultanate style of architecture . The monolith of Gomateshwara Bahubali at Shravanabelagola is the tallest sculpted monolith in the world , attracting tens of thousands of pilgrims during the Mahamastakabhisheka festival . </P> Mysore Palace at night , Mysore Mysore painting depicting Goddess Saraswati <P> The waterfalls of Karnataka and Kudremukh are considered by some to be among the `` 1001 Natural Wonders of the World '' . Jog Falls is India 's tallest single - tiered waterfall with Gokak Falls , Unchalli Falls , Magod Falls , Abbey Falls and Shivanasamudra Falls among other popular waterfalls . </P> <P> Several popular beaches dot the coastline , including Murudeshwara , Gokarna , Malpe and Karwar . In addition , Karnataka is home to several places of religious importance . Several Hindu temples including the famous Udupi Sri Krishna Matha , the Marikamba Temple at Sirsi , the Sri Manjunatha Temple at Dharmasthala , Kukke Subramanya Temple and Sharadamba Temple at Shringeri attract pilgrims from all over India . Most of the holy sites of Lingayatism , like Kudalasangama and Basavana Bagewadi , are found in northern parts of the state . Shravanabelagola , Mudabidri and Karkala are famous for Jain history and monuments . Jainism had a stronghold in Karnataka in the early medieval period with Shravanabelagola as its most important centre . The Shettihalli Rosary Church near Shettihalli , an example of French colonial Gothic architecture , is a rare example of a Christian ruin , is a popular tourist site . </P> <P> Recently Karnataka has emerged as a center of health care tourism . Karnataka has the highest number of approved health systems and alternative therapies in India . Along with some ISO certified government - owned hospitals , private institutions which provide international - quality services have caused the health care industry to grow by 30 % during 2004 -- 05 . Hospitals in Karnataka treat around 8,000 health tourists every year . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Geography portal </Li> <Li> Asia portal </Li> <Li> South Asia portal </Li> <Li> India portal </Li> <Li> Karnataka portal </Li> <Li> Bangalore portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Outline of Karnataka </Li> <Li> Media in Karnataka </Li> <Li> List of Governors of Karnataka </Li> <Li> List of districts of Karnataka </Li> <Li> List of people from Karnataka </Li> <Li> List of butterflies of Karnataka </Li> <Li> List of airports in Karnataka </Li> <Li> Outline of India </Li> <Li> Index of India - related articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Protected Areas of India : State-wise break up of Wildlife Sanctuaries '' ( PDF ) . Wildlife Institute of India . Government of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 October 2016 . Retrieved 24 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Figures at a glance '' ( PDF ) . 2011 Provisional census data . Ministry of Home Affairs , Government of India . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 24 October 2011 . Retrieved 17 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karnataka Budget 2018 - 19 '' ( PDF ) . Karnataka Finance Dept . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on 16 March 2018 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 50th Report of the Commission for Linguistic Minorities in India ( PDF ) . nclm.nic.in . p. 123 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Population and Literacy Rate of cities in Karnataka '' . Archived from the original on 25 June 2012 . Retrieved 19 June 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Inequality - Adjusted Human Development Index for India 's States '' . Archived from the original on 10 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shankar , Shiva ( 7 February 2018 ) . `` State flag may be a tricolour with Karnataka emblem on white '' . The Times of India . The Times Group . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Poem declared ' State song ' '' . The Hindu . The Hindu Group . 11 January 2004 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Huq , Iteshamul , ed. ( 2015 ) . `` Introduction '' . A Handbook of Karnataka ( PDF ) ( Fifth ed . ) . Karnataka Gazetteer Department . p. 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Lord Macaulay 's life of Clive and James Talboys Wheeler : Early History of British India , London ( 1878 ) p. 98 . The principal meaning is the western half of this area , but the rulers there controlled the Coromandel Coast as well . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paddayya , K. ; et al. ( 10 September 2002 ) . `` Recent findings on the Acheulian of the Hunsgi and Baichbal valleys , Karnataka , with special reference to the Isampur excavation and its dating '' . Current Science . 83 ( 5 ) : 641 -- 648 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ S. Ranganathan . `` THE Golden Heritage of Karnataka '' . Department of Metallurgy . Indian Institute of Science , Bangalore . Archived from the original on 21 January 2007 . Retrieved 7 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Trade '' . The British Museum . Archived from the original on 26 May 2007 . Retrieved 6 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From the Talagunda inscription ( Dr. B.L. Rice in Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 30 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Moares ( 1931 ) , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adiga and Sheik Ali in Adiga ( 2006 ) , p. 89 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramesh ( 1984 ) , pp. 1 -- 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ From the Halmidi inscription ( Ramesh 1984 , pp. 10 -- 11 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Chalukyas hailed from present - day Karnataka ( Keay ( 2000 ) , p. 168 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Chalukyas were native Kannadigas ( N. Laxminarayana Rao and Dr. S.C. Nandinath in Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 57 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Altekar ( 1934 ) , pp. 21 -- 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Masica ( 1991 ) , pp. 45 -- 46 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Balagamve in Mysore territory was an early power centre ( Cousens ( 1926 ) , pp. 10 , 105 . ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tailapa II , the founder king was the governor of Tardavadi in modern Bijapur district , under the Rashtrakutas ( Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 101 . ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 115 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foekema ( 2003 ) , p. 9 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sastri ( 1955 ) , p. 164 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , pp. 132 -- 134 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sastri ( 1955 ) , pp. 358 -- 359 , 361 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Foekema ( 1996 ) , p. 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , pp. 122 -- 124 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , pp. 157 -- 160 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kulke and Rothermund ( 2004 ) , p. 188 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , pp. 190 -- 191 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 201 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 202 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kamath ( 2001 ) , p. 207 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jain , Dhanesh ; Cardona , George ( 2003 ) . 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Retrieved 8 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Radio Stations in Karnataka , India '' . Online webpage of asiawaves.net . Alan G. Davies . Archived from the original on 3 June 2007 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Radio has become popular again '' . Online Edition of The Hindu , dated 2006 - 01 - 12 . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 12 January 2006 . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 18 July 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A field day in coorg '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India . 13 June 2004 . Archived from the original on 22 June 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2007 . Since Coorg ( Kodagu ) was the cradle of Indian hockey , with over 50 players from the region going on to represent the nation so far , seven of whom were Olympians ... </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Krishnakumar ( 13 June 2004 ) . `` A field day in coorg '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . Archived from the original on 22 June 2007 . Retrieved 10 June 2007 ... the festival assumed such monstrous proportions ( one year , 350 families took part in the festival ) that it found place in the Limca Book of Records . It was recognised as the largest hockey tournament in the world . This has been referred to the Guinness Book of World Records too . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rao , Roopa ( 12 June 1997 ) . `` Curtains down on Fourth National Games '' . Indian Express . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karnataka seal seventh Ranji Trophy title '' . Cricinfo. 2 February 2014 . Archived from the original on 6 February 2014 . Retrieved 3 February 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sujith Somasunder , Rahul Dravid , Javagal Srinath , Sunil Joshi , Anil Kumble and Venkatesh Prasad , all from Karnataka played in this match : `` ODI no . 1127 , Titan Cup -- 1st Match India v South Africa 1996 / 97 season '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 14 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vijay Bharadwaj , Rahul Dravid , Javagal Srinath , Sunil Joshi , Anil Kumble and Venkatesh Prasad , all from Karnataka played in this match : `` Test no . 1462 New Zealand in India Test Series -- 1st Test India v New Zealand 1999 / 00 season '' . Cricinfo . Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Faculty '' . Online Webpage of the Tata Prakash Padukone Badminton Academy . © 2007 TATA Padukone Badminton Academy . Archived from the original on 21 May 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pankaj Advani is a phenomenon : Savur '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 12 July 2005 . Archived from the original on 1 October 2007 . Retrieved 5 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Front Page News : Friday , 16 July 2010 '' . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 26 May 2009 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2011 . Retrieved 16 July 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Western Ghats ( sub cluster nomination ) '' . Online webpage of UNESCO World Heritage Centre . 1992 -- 2007 UNESCO World Heritage Centre . Archived from the original on 4 November 2010 . Retrieved 8 May 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Seville 5 , Internal Meeting of Expects , Proceedings , Pamplona , Spain , 23 -- 27 October 2000 '' ( PDF ) . UNESCO . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 9 June 2007 . Retrieved 1 November 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : A Walk on the Wild Side , An Information Guide to National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries of Karnataka , Compiled and Edited by Dr. Nima Manjrekar , Karnataka Forest Department , Wildlife Wing , October 2000 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 23 February 2017 . Retrieved 17 February 2017 . Wildlife Sanctuaries in India </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karnataka to turn on tourism charms '' . Online Edition of The Hindu Business Line , dated 2002 - 02 - 15 . The Hindu Business Line . Archived from the original on 29 September 2007 . Retrieved 29 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Alphabetical list of Monuments '' . Protected Monuments . Archaeological Survey of India . Archived from the original on 8 August 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Plan to conserve heritage monuments , museums '' . The Hindu . Chennai , India : Online Edition of The Hindu , dated 6 January 2007 . 6 January 2007 . Archived from the original on 24 July 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R. Krishna Kumar ( 17 August 2007 ) . `` Mysore Palace beats Taj Mahal in popularity '' . Online Edition of The Hindu , dated 2007 - 08 - 17 . Chennai , India . Archived from the original on 17 October 2007 . Retrieved 31 October 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Belur for World Heritage Status '' . Online Edition of The Hindu , dated 2004 - 07 - 25 . Chennai , India : The Hindu . 25 July 2004 . Archived from the original on 12 March 2007 . Retrieved 17 November 2006 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keay ( 2000 ) , p. 324 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael Bright , 1001 Natural Wonders of the World by Barrons Educational Series Inc. , published by Quinted Inc. , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Karnataka bets big on healthcare tourism '' . Online webpage of the Hindu Business Line , dated 2004 - 11 - 23 . 2004 , The Hindu . Archived from the original on 29 September 2008 . Retrieved 21 June 2007 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> John Keay , India : A History , 2000 , Grove publications , New York , ISBN 0 - 8021 - 3797 - 0 </Li> <Li> Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath , Concise history of Karnataka , 2001 , MCC , Bangalore ( Reprinted 2002 ) OCLC 7796041 </Li> <Li> Nilakanta Sastri , K.A. ( 1955 ) . A History of South India , From Prehistoric times to fall of Vijayanagar , OUP , New Delhi ( Reprinted 2002 ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 560686 - 8 . </Li> <Li> R. Narasimhacharya , History of Kannada Literature , 1988 , Asian Educational Services , New Delhi , Madras , 1988 , ISBN 81 - 206 - 0303 - 6 . </Li> <Li> K.V. Ramesh , Chalukyas of Vātāpi , 1984 , Agam Kala Prakashan , Delhi . OCLC 13869730 . OL 3007052M . LCCN 84 - 900575 ... OCLC 13869730 . </Li> <Li> Malini Adiga ( 2006 ) , The Making of Southern Karnataka : Society , Polity and Culture in the early medieval period , AD 400 -- 1030 , Orient Longman , Chennai , ISBN 81 - 250 - 2912 - 5 </Li> <Li> Altekar , Anant Sadashiv ( 1934 ) ( 1934 ) . The Rashtrakutas And Their Times ; being a political , administrative , religious , social , economic and literary history of the Deccan during C. 750 A.D. to C. 1000 A.D . Poona : Oriental Book Agency . OCLC 3793499 . </Li> <Li> Masica , Colin P. ( 1991 ) ( 1991 ) . The Indo - Aryan Languages . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 29944 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Cousens , Henry ( 1996 ) ( 1926 ) . The Chalukyan Architecture of Kanarese District . New Delhi : Archaeological Survey of India . OCLC 37526233 . </Li> <Li> Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund , A History of India , fourth edition , Routledge , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 415 - 32919 - 1 </Li> <Li> Foekema , Gerard ( 2003 ) ( 2003 ) . Architecture decorated with architecture : Later medieval temples of Karnataka , 1000 -- 1300 AD . New Delhi : Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd . ISBN 81 - 215 - 1089 - 9 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Karnataka . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karnataka . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kannada edition of Wikipedia , the free encyclopedia </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dt> Government </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Official Site of Karnataka </Li> </Ul> <Dl> <Dt> General information </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Karnataka Encyclopædia Britannica entry </Li> <Li> Karnataka at Curlie ( based on DMOZ ) </Li> <Li> Geographic data related to Karnataka at OpenStreetMap </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Hindu Temples in Karnataka </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Amrutesvara Temple , Amruthapura </Li> <Li> Ananthasayana temple </Li> <Li> Anekere </Li> <Li> Annapoorneshwari Temple </Li> <Li> Annigeri </Li> <Li> Antara Gange </Li> <Li> Avani , Kolar </Li> <Li> Badami Cave Temples </Li> <Li> Balligavi </Li> <Li> Banashankari Amma Temple </Li> <Li> Banashankari Temple , Amargol </Li> <Li> Banavasi </Li> <Li> Bankapura </Li> <Li> Begur , Bangalore </Li> <Li> Brahmeshvara Temple , Kikkeri </Li> <Li> Bucesvara Temple , Koravangala </Li> <Li> Bhoganidishvara , Chikkaballapur district </Li> <Li> Bhutanatha group </Li> <Li> Chamundeshwari Temple </Li> <Li> Chamundeswari Temple </Li> <Li> Chandramouleshwara Temple </Li> <Li> Chaudayyadanapura </Li> <Li> Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple </Li> <Li> Chennakesava Temple </Li> <Li> Chennakeshava Temple , Aralaguppe </Li> <Li> Chennakesava Temple , Somanathapura </Li> <Li> Chitrapur Math </Li> <Li> Chowdeshwari Temple </Li> <Li> Devarayana Durga </Li> <Li> Dharmaraya Swamy Temple </Li> <Li> Dharmasthala Temple </Li> <Li> Dodda Ganeshana Gudi </Li> <Li> Doddabasappa Temple Dambal </Li> <Li> Durga temple , Aihole </Li> <Li> Gadag - Betigeri </Li> <Li> Kalakaleshwara Temple Gajendragad </Li> <Li> Galaganatha </Li> <Li> Gaurishvara Temple , Yelandur </Li> <Li> Gavi Gangadhareshwara Temple </Li> <Li> Godachi </Li> <Li> Gokarnanatheshwara Temple </Li> <Li> Halasi </Li> <Li> Halasuru Someshwara Temple </Li> <Li> Hangal </Li> <Li> Harihareshwara Temple </Li> <Li> Panchalingewara Temple Hooli </Li> <Li> Hoysaleswara Temple </Li> <Li> Hulimavu cave Temple </Li> <Li> Ganesha Temple , Idagunji </Li> <Li> Ikkeri </Li> <Li> Ishvara Temple , Arasikere </Li> <Li> Itagi Bhimambika </Li> <Li> Kadri Manjunath Temple </Li> <Li> Kaitabheshvara Temple , Kubatur </Li> <Li> Kalasa </Li> <Li> Kalghatgi </Li> <Li> Kalikamba Temple </Li> <Li> Kalleshvara Temple , Ambali </Li> <Li> Kalleshvara Temple , Aralaguppe </Li> <Li> Kalleshvara Temple , Bagali ) </Li> <Li> Kalleshwara Temple , Hire Hadagali </Li> <Li> Kamala Narayana Temple Belagavi </Li> <Li> Kanakagiri </Li> <Li> Karighatta temple </Li> <Li> Karikanamma </Li> <Li> Kasivisvesvara Temple , Lakkundi </Li> <Li> Kedareswara temple , Halebidu </Li> <Li> Kedareshvara Temple , Balligavi </Li> <Li> Keladi </Li> <Li> Keshava Temple </Li> <Li> Kodlamane Shree Vishnumurthy Temple </Li> <Li> Kodandarama Temple </Li> <Li> Koodli </Li> <Li> Kote Venkataramana Temple </Li> <Li> Kotilingeshwara </Li> <Li> Krauncha Giri </Li> <Li> Kudalasangama </Li> <Li> Kudroli Bhagavathi </Li> <Li> Kukke Subramanya Temple </Li> <Li> Kuknur </Li> <Li> Kumara Swamy Devasthana , Bangalore </Li> <Li> Kundgol </Li> <Li> Kurudumale </Li> <Li> Kuruvathi Basaveshwara temple </Li> <Li> Lad Khan Temple </Li> <Li> Lakkundi </Li> <Li> Lakshmeshwar </Li> <Li> Lakshmi Devi Temple , Doddagaddavalli </Li> <Li> Lakshmi Narasimha Temple , Bhadravathi </Li> <Li> Lakshminarasimha Temple , Haranhalli </Li> <Li> Lakshminarasimha Temple , Javagal </Li> <Li> Lakshmi Narasimha Temple , Nuggehalli </Li> <Li> Lakshminarayana Temple , Hosaholalu </Li> <Li> Mahabaleshwar Temple , Gokarna </Li> <Li> Maha Ganapathi Mahammaya Temple </Li> <Li> Mahadeva Temple , Itagi </Li> <Li> Mahakuta group of temples </Li> <Li> Mallikarjuna Temple , Basaralu </Li> <Li> Mallikarjuna Temple , Kuruvatti </Li> <Li> Mandarthi </Li> <Li> Mangaladevi Temple </Li> <Li> Maranakatte </Li> <Li> Mariyamma Temple </Li> <Li> Melukote </Li> <Li> Mookambika Temple Kollooru </Li> <Li> Mudukuthore </Li> <Li> Mundkur Sri Durgaparameshwari Temple </Li> <Li> Murudeshwara </Li> <Li> Mylara Lingeshwara Temple at Mylara </Li> <Li> Nandi Temple </Li> <Li> Nagamangala </Li> <Li> Nageshvara - Chennakeshava Temple complex , Mosale </Li> <Li> Navalinga Temple </Li> <Li> Narasimha Jhira Cave Temple , Bidar </Li> <Li> Nellitheertha Cave Temple </Li> <Li> Padutirupathi </Li> <Li> Panchalingeshwara temple , Govindanahalli </Li> <Li> Pattadakal </Li> <Li> Polali Rajarajeshwari Temple </Li> <Li> Ragigudda Anjaneya Temple </Li> <Li> Rameshvara Temple , Narasamangala </Li> <Li> Ranganathaswamy Temple , Bangalore </Li> <Li> Sadasiva Temple </Li> <Li> Saundatti </Li> <Li> Sharana Basaveshwara Temple </Li> <Li> Shree Vishnumurthy Temple </Li> <Li> Shri Vinayaka Shankaranarayana Durgamba Temple </Li> <Li> Shringeri </Li> <Li> Shringeri Sharadamba Temple </Li> <Li> Siddhesvara Temple Haveri </Li> <Li> Srikanteshwara Temple , Nanjangud </Li> <Li> Sirsangi Kalika Temple </Li> <Li> Kolar Someshwara Temple </Li> <Li> Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple , Shivanasamudra </Li> <Li> Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple , Srirangapatna </Li> <Li> Sudi </Li> <Li> Talagunda </Li> <Li> Talakad </Li> <Li> Tamboor </Li> <Li> Temples in Tulunadu </Li> <Li> Temples of North Karnataka </Li> <Li> Thirunarayanapuram </Li> <Li> Timmalapura </Li> <Li> Trikuteshwara Temple Gadag </Li> <Li> Tripurantaka Temple </Li> <Li> Turuvekere </Li> <Li> Udupi Sri Krishna Matha </Li> <Li> Veera Narayana Temple , Belavadi </Li> <Li> Vijayanarayana Temple , Gundlupet </Li> <Li> Virupaksha Temple </Li> <Li> Western Chalukya temples </Li> <Li> Yediyur Siddhalingeshwara Swamy Temple </Li> <Li> Yelluru Shri Vishweshwara Temple </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Indian state of Karnataka </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Overviews </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Architecture </Li> <Li> Cinema </Li> <Li> Climate </Li> <Li> Cuisine </Li> <Li> Demography </Li> <Li> Economy </Li> <Li> Education </Li> <Li> Folk Arts </Li> <Li> Geography </Li> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Media </Li> <Li> People </Li> <Li> Sports </Li> <Li> Transportation </Li> <Li> Wildlife </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aihole </Li> <Li> Alupa dynasty </Li> <Li> Amoghavarsha </Li> <Li> Badami </Li> <Li> Banavasi </Li> <Li> Balligavi </Li> <Li> Belur </Li> <Li> Chalukya dynasty </Li> <Li> Chitradurga Nayakas </Li> <Li> Deva Raya II </Li> <Li> Durvinita </Li> <Li> Halebidu </Li> <Li> Haleri Kingdom </Li> <Li> Halmidi </Li> <Li> Hampi </Li> <Li> Hoysala Empire </Li> <Li> Kadamba dynasty </Li> <Li> Kalyani Chalukyas </Li> <Li> Keladi Nayakas </Li> <Li> Shivappa Nayaka </Li> <Li> Kittur Chennamma </Li> <Li> Kingdom of Mysore </Li> <Li> Mayurasharma </Li> <Li> Pattadakal </Li> <Li> Pulakeshin II </Li> <Li> Rashtrakuta dynasty </Li> <Li> Sringeri </Li> <Li> Srirangapatna </Li> <Li> Tipu Sultan </Li> <Li> Unification of Karnataka </Li> <Li> Vijayanagara Empire </Li> <Li> Vijayanagara </Li> <Li> Vishnuvardhana </Li> <Li> Veera Ballala II </Li> <Li> Vikramaditya II </Li> <Li> Vikramaditya VI </Li> <Li> Western Ganga dynasty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geography </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cities and towns </Li> <Li> Districts </Li> <Li> Rivers </Li> <Li> Dams and Reservoirs </Li> <Li> Taluks </Li> <Li> Villages </Li> <Li> Highest point </Li> <Li> Bayalu Seeme </Li> <Li> Malenadu </Li> <Li> Karavali </Li> <Li> Western Ghats </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bharata Natyam </Li> <Li> Bhuta Kola </Li> <Li> Bidriware </Li> <Li> Channapatna toys </Li> <Li> Chitrakala Parishat </Li> <Li> Gaarudi Gombe </Li> <Li> Ilkal saree </Li> <Li> Kamsale </Li> <Li> Kannada </Li> <Li> Karnatik music </Li> <Li> Kasuti </Li> <Li> Khedda </Li> <Li> Mysore Dasara </Li> <Li> Togalu Gombeyaata </Li> <Li> Udupi cuisine </Li> <Li> Veeragase </Li> <Li> Yakshagana </Li> <Li> Mysore musicians </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Literature </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kannada <Ul> <Li> Milestones </Li> <Li> Epics </Li> <Li> Medieval </Li> <Li> Rashtrakuta </Li> <Li> Western Ganga </Li> <Li> Western Chalukya </Li> <Li> Hoysala </Li> <Li> Vijayanagara </Li> <Li> Vachana </Li> <Li> Haridasa </Li> <Li> Mysore </Li> <Li> Play </Li> <Li> Modern </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Kannada Sahitya Parishat </Li> <Li> Kannada Sahitya Sammelana </Li> <Li> Karnataka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Noted poets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Asaga </Li> <Li> Gunavarma I </Li> <Li> Adikavi Pampa </Li> <Li> Sri Ponna </Li> <Li> Ranna </Li> <Li> Devar Dasimayya </Li> <Li> Basava </Li> <Li> Akka Mahadevi </Li> <Li> Allama Prabhu </Li> <Li> Siddharama </Li> <Li> Harihara </Li> <Li> Raghavanka </Li> <Li> Rudrabhatta </Li> <Li> Janna </Li> <Li> Kumara Vyasa </Li> <Li> Chamarasa </Li> <Li> Nijaguna Shivayogi </Li> <Li> Ratnakaravarni </Li> <Li> Purandara Dasa </Li> <Li> Kanaka Dasa </Li> <Li> Vijaya Dasa </Li> <Li> Gopala Dasa </Li> <Li> Jagannatha Dasa </Li> <Li> Lakshmisa </Li> <Li> Sarvajna </Li> <Li> Shishunala Sharif </Li> <Li> Krishnaraja Wadiyar III </Li> <Li> D.R. Bendre </Li> <Li> Gopalakrishna Adiga </Li> <Li> K.S. Narasimhaswamy </Li> <Li> M. Govinda Pai </Li> <Li> Kuvempu </Li> <Li> D.V. Gundappa </Li> <Li> G.S. Shivarudrappa </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People and Society </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karnataka ethnic groups </Li> <Li> List of people from Karnataka </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tourism </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beaches </Li> <Li> Dams </Li> <Li> Forts </Li> <Li> National Parks </Li> <Li> Hindu Temples </Li> <Li> Jain Temples </Li> <Li> Waterfalls </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Karnataka Ratna </Li> <Li> Pampa Award </Li> <Li> Nrupatunga Award </Li> <Li> Basava Puraskara </Li> <Li> Rajyotsava Prashasti </Li> <Li> Jakanachari Award </Li> <Li> Varnashilpi Venkatappa Award </Li> <Li> Kempegowda Award </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Media </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cinema </Li> <Li> Newspapers </Li> <Li> Magazines </Li> <Li> Television </Li> <Li> Radio </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> States and union territories of India </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arunachal Pradesh </Li> <Li> Andhra Pradesh </Li> <Li> Assam </Li> <Li> Bihar </Li> <Li> Chhattisgarh </Li> <Li> Goa </Li> <Li> Gujarat </Li> <Li> Haryana </Li> <Li> Himachal Pradesh </Li> <Li> Jammu and Kashmir </Li> <Li> Jharkhand </Li> <Li> Karnataka </Li> <Li> Kerala </Li> <Li> Madhya Pradesh </Li> <Li> Maharashtra </Li> <Li> Manipur </Li> <Li> Meghalaya </Li> <Li> Mizoram </Li> <Li> Nagaland </Li> <Li> Odisha </Li> <Li> Punjab </Li> <Li> Rajasthan </Li> <Li> Sikkim </Li> <Li> Tamil Nadu </Li> <Li> Telangana </Li> <Li> Tripura </Li> <Li> Uttar Pradesh </Li> <Li> Uttarakhand </Li> <Li> West Bengal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Union Territories </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andaman and Nicobar Islands </Li> <Li> Chandigarh </Li> <Li> Dadra and Nagar Haveli </Li> <Li> National Capital Territory of Delhi </Li> <Li> Daman and Diu </Li> <Li> Lakshadweep </Li> <Li> Puducherry </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Capitals in India </Li> <Li> Proposed states and territories </Li> <Li> Historical Regions </Li> <Li> British Provinces </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Archaeological sites and Monuments in Karnataka </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Excavation </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sannati </Li> <Li> Kanaganahalli </Li> <Li> Brahmagiri </Li> <Li> Maski </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ancient </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Kupgal </Li> <Li> Lakkundi </Li> <Li> Badami </Li> <Li> Aihole </Li> <Li> Pattadakal </Li> <Li> Mahakuta </Li> <Li> Banavasi </Li> <Li> Balligavi </Li> <Li> Talagunda </Li> <Li> Halebid </Li> <Li> Belur </Li> <Li> Hampi </Li> <Li> Anegundi </Li> <Li> Shravanabelagola </Li> <Li> Melkote </Li> <Li> Talakadu </Li> <Li> Kambadahalli </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Forts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Gajendragad </Li> <Li> Saundatti </Li> <Li> Bellary </Li> <Li> Parasgad Fort </Li> <Li> Kittur </Li> <Li> Chitradurga </Li> <Li> Belgaum </Li> <Li> Bidar </Li> <Li> Gulbarga </Li> <Li> Basavakalyan </Li> <Li> Koppal </Li> <Li> Madhugiri </Li> <Li> Devanahalli </Li> <Li> Nagara </Li> <Li> Kavaledurga </Li> <Li> Kumta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monuments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mysore </Li> <Li> Kambadahalli </Li> <Li> Srirangapatna </Li> <Li> Lakkundi </Li> <Li> Annigeri </Li> <Li> Kanakagiri </Li> <Li> Dambal </Li> <Li> Kubetur </Li> <Li> Hosaholalu </Li> <Li> Lakshmeshwar </Li> <Li> Sudi </Li> <Li> Kudalasangama </Li> <Li> Badami </Li> <Li> Aihole </Li> <Li> Pattadakal </Li> <Li> Hangal </Li> <Li> Halasi </Li> <Li> Banavasi </Li> <Li> Halebid </Li> <Li> Belur </Li> <Li> Somanathapura </Li> <Li> Itagi </Li> <Li> Hooli </Li> <Li> Hampi </Li> <Li> Kanakagiri </Li> <Li> Anegundi </Li> <Li> Galaganatha </Li> <Li> Chaudayyadanapura </Li> <Li> Bidar </Li> <Li> Gulbarga </Li> <Li> Bijapur </Li> <Li> Haveri </Li> <Li> Kuruvatti </Li> <Li> Bagali </Li> <Li> Kolar </Li> <Li> Avani </Li> <Li> Nandi </Li> <Li> Begur </Li> <Li> Keladi </Li> <Li> Magadi </Li> <Li> Ikkeri </Li> <Li> Sringeri </Li> <Li> Gokarna </Li> <Li> Amruthapura </Li> <Li> Doddagaddavalli </Li> <Li> Arasikere </Li> <Li> Javagal </Li> <Li> Belavadi </Li> <Li> Harihar </Li> <Li> Korvangla </Li> <Li> Arasikere </Li> <Li> Haranhalli </Li> <Li> Nuggehalli </Li> <Li> Aralaguppe </Li> <Li> Yelandur </Li> <Li> Narasamangala </Li> <Li> Gundlupet </Li> <Li> Nandi village </Li> <Li> Turuvekere </Li> <Li> Kikkeri </Li> <Li> Mosale </Li> <Li> Nanjangud </Li> <Li> Udupi </Li> <Li> Murdeshwara </Li> <Li> Karkala </Li> <Li> Moodabidri </Li> <Li> Gokarna </Li> <Li> Venur </Li> <Li> Krauncha Giri </Li> <Li> Ambali </Li> <Li> Haveri </Li> <Li> Bankapura </Li> <Li> Hire Hadagali </Li> <Li> Timmalapura </Li> <Li> Hubli </Li> <Li> Kundgol </Li> <Li> Govindanahalli </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNF : cb11945507p ( data ) </Li> <Li> GND : 4110022 - 0 </Li> <Li> LCCN : n79125091 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 312994555 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karnataka&oldid=843600532 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Karnataka </Li> <Li> South India </Li> <Li> States and territories established in 1956 </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Wikipedia pending changes protected pages </Li> <Li> Wikipedia indefinitely move - protected pages </Li> <Li> Use Indian English from July 2016 </Li> <Li> All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from April 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with short description </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles containing Latin - language text </Li> <Li> Articles with Open Library links </Li> <Li> Articles with Curlie links </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> <Li> Featured articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikinews </Li> <Li> Wikiquote </Li> <Li> Wikivoyage </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Acèh </Li> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> አማርኛ </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> অসমীয়া </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Bân - 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] | which are the neighbouring states of karnataka mention | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Karnataka&oldid=843600532 | 5,732,323,960,101,692,000 |
List of the Fairly OddParents characters - wikipedia <H1> List of the Fairly OddParents characters </H1> `` Timmy Turner '' redirects here . For the Desiigner song , see Tiimmy Turner . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> hide This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( July 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> This is a list of characters in the Nickelodeon animated television series The Fairly OddParents . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Main <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Timmy Turner </Li> <Li> 1.2 Cosmo </Li> <Li> 1.3 Wanda </Li> <Li> 1.4 Poof </Li> <Li> 1.5 Sparky </Li> <Li> 1.6 Chloe Carmichael </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Supporting <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Mr. and Mrs. Turner </Li> <Li> 2.2 Chester McBadbat </Li> <Li> 2.3 A.J. </Li> <Li> 2.4 Jorgen Von Strangle </Li> <Li> 2.5 Tootie </Li> <Li> 2.6 Other Fairies </Li> <Li> 2.7 Other Kids </Li> <Li> 2.8 Superheroes </Li> <Li> 2.9 Other Dimmsdaleians </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Antagonists <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Denzel Crocker </Li> <Li> 3.2 Vicky </Li> <Li> 3.3 Francis </Li> <Li> 3.4 Anti-Fairies <Ul> <Li> 3.4. 1 Foop </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.5 Pixies , Inc . </Li> <Li> 3.6 Doctor Bender </Li> <Li> 3.7 Dark Laser </Li> <Li> 3.8 Norm the Genie </Li> <Li> 3.9 Princess Mandie </Li> <Li> 3.10 Remy Buxaplenty </Li> <Li> 3.11 Crimson Chin Villains </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> </Ul> <H2> Main ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Timmy Turner ( edit ) </H3> <P> Timmy Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Tara Strong </Li> <Li> Alec Baldwin - Adult Timmy in Channel Chasers episode </Li> <Li> Mary Kay Bergman - Oh Yeah ! Cartoons shorts </Li> </Ul> <P> Portrayed by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Drake Bell - Live - action movies </Li> </Ul> <P> Timothy `` Timmy '' Tiberius Turner was given fairy godparents to grant his every wish . His wishes often have unpredictable and problematic side effects , and are often reverted upon Timmy 's request by the end of the episode . His interests include comic books ( particularly those centered around his favorite superhero , the Crimson Chin ) , video games , cartoons , and sports . Timmy 's middle name is Tiberius , as revealed in `` Manic Mom Day '' . During a time travel trip , Timmy accidentally arrives the day his parents moved into their house ; unseen , he learns that they were expecting a girl , hence his pink hat . Series creator Butch Hartman stated on his Twitter that Timmy 's hat would be originally blue , but because he ran out of blue ink , it became a pink one . </P> <H3> Cosmo ( edit ) </H3> <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Daran Norris </Li> </Ul> <P> Portrayed by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Jason Alexander ( in A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! ) </Li> </Ul> <P> Cosmo and Wanda Cosma are fairy godparents assigned to grant Timmy and Chloe 's wishes . They were previously the godparents of Denzel Crocker , Billy Gates , Tina Turner , and other historical and modern day figures ; such as Benjamin Franklin . To avoid being seen by humans other than Timmy , they often disguise themselves as goldfish , green and pink inanimate objects , or other animals . </P> <P> Cosmo Julius Cosma is Wanda 's husband , Poof 's father , and Timmy and Chloe 's godfather . He is known for his stupidity and has been responsible for inadvertently causing disasters ( examples from various episodes include the violent eruption of Mount Vesuvius on the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii , the repeated sinking of Atlantis and the destruction of Pluto ) since he was born . As explained in `` Fairly Oddbaby '' Cosmo 's ability for destruction is such that when he was born , all fairies were henceforth no longer allowed to have children out of the fear that another potential fairy baby would be as bad as or worse than Cosmo . Although he is very laid back and dim , Cosmo is prone to fits of jealousy and becomes defensive when he sees others flirting with his wife Wanda . He was the youngest fairy until Poof was born and , though he was considered an only child in earlier episodes , has a brother named Schnozmo that debuts later . His mother , Mama Cosma , despises Wanda but actually appreciates their marriage at times . Cosmo has green hair and typically wears a white shirt , black pants , and a black necktie . Running gags in the show have Cosmo being tortured by objects and having crushes on other women ( This is more often seen in more recent seasons . ) . In a later episode , his family name is revealed to be Fairywinkle - Cosma . </P> <H3> Wanda ( edit ) </H3> <P> Voiced by : </P> <Ul> <Li> Susanne Blakeslee </Li> </Ul> <P> Portrayed by Cheryl Hines in A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! </P> <P> Wanda Venus Cosma ( née Fairywinkle ) is Cosmo 's wife , Poof 's mother , and Timmy and Chloe 's godmother . She is depicted as being smart and caring . Unlike Cosmo , she tries to prevent Timmy from wishing for things which can be disastrous , though her attempts often fail . However , she is responsible for the extinction of dinosaurs , 65 million years ago . She has a sister , who is a popular actress , named Blonda whom she fights with a lot , as Wanda believes her sister 's life as a Soap Star is easier than hers as a housewife . Wanda also has a father named Big Daddy , who also despised Cosmo similar to how Mama Cosma dislikes Wanda but to a much lesser extent . She has pink hair styled with a swirl in front and is usually shown wearing a yellow T - shirt and black pants . A running gag in the show is her constant nagging and tormenting of her own husband 's stupidity . In a later episode , her family name is revealed to be Fairy - Winkle Cosma . Originally , she was going to be called Venus , but `` Venus '' ended up being her middle name . Wanda has an obsession with chocolate , and it is one of the only things that can distract her from her top priorities . </P> <H3> Poof ( edit ) </H3> <P> Poof Cosma ( voiced by Tara Strong , Jeff Bennett in Certifiable Super Sitter ) is Cosmo and Wanda 's only child and son , Timmy and Chloe 's younger fairy godbrother and was introduced into the series in the 2008 special Fairly OddBaby . He was the first fairy baby born in over one thousand years , with his own father being the second to last . His gradually underdeveloped , untapped magical abilities are channeled and controlled through his magic rattle . His first word is `` poof '' and his second `` Timmy '' , as pointed out in the episode `` Mission Responsible '' . </P> <P> In `` Fairy Old Parent '' , Poof is assigned to his very first person as a fairy godparent as his own , for miserable old people ; such as Mrs. Crocker . He grants her wishes but became overworked and exhausted , returning to Cosmo and Wanda via Timmy 's plan . At the end of `` School of Crock '' , he is heard speaking fluent English , which further develops and strengthens his innate fairy magic to slightly higher power - levels . Since his first appearance , he inherent magical abilities are tied to his feelings and emotions . When happy , good things happen , but when he cries , bad things happen . He is shaped like an orb and wears a light purple jumpsuit . He also uses a toy rattle ( which babies do ) the way other fairies use magic wands . </P> <P> In the Season 10 episode `` Certifiable Super Sitter '' , Poof returned from Spellementary Boarding School for spring break . His voice has recently gotten deeper and more comical as part of his formal training to be a great fairy . Chloe goes completely crazy over him , as she loves babies . </P> <H3> Sparky ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sparky ( voiced by Matthew Taylor ) is Timmy 's talking fairy dog , who was a character in season 9 , as he was removed later in season 10 due to negative reception . Sparky has orange fur , a wand for a tail , a blue nose , and fairy wings . He wears a fairy crown and a blue collar . Sparky 's magic tail does n't work when he is wet . He has magic fleas that will turn people into dogs if bitten . He is highly allergic to pasta , and is capable of performing human acts , such as driving . Unlike Timmy 's fairy godparents , it is okay for other people to know about Sparky , but they can not know that he can talk . </P> <H3> Chloe Carmichael ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chloe Carmichael ( voiced by Kari Wahlgren ) is Timmy 's new neighbor who debuts in the season 10 premiere episode , `` The Big Fairy Share Scare . '' Due to there not being enough fairies available for kids , she and Timmy are forced to share Cosmo and Wanda . Although in the beginning they do not get along ( being polar opposites ) , they end up becoming best friends . Chloe is seen by Timmy as an annoying , goody goody , and boastful , little girl and she has the tendency to cause chaos with her wishes . </P> <H2> Supporting ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Mr. and Mrs. Turner ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dad ( voiced by Daran Norris ) and Mom ( Susanne Blakeslee ) are Timmy 's parents . They have the same voice actors as Timmy 's fairy godparents . Their faces were unseen in early episodes , but became fully seen by the end of the first season . Their first names are never revealed . Mom is a real estate agent and home dealer ; and Dad works as an employee of a pencil factory called Pencil Nexus and troop leader for Timmy 's Squirrelly Scouts Troop , though both have had several other jobs , usually only for the duration of a single episode . Mom is shown to be a horrible gardener and cook , as anything she tries to grow dies and her meals usually come alive and try to attack her family . Dad is often shown hating the Dinklebergs , the next door neighbors , which can be compared to Homer Simpson 's hatred for Ned Flanders in The Simpsons . The Dinklebergs actually play along with the belief that Mr. Turner thinks they are evil as a way of keeping him happy , even going as far to rent out an evil lair and giving Timmy a bike and cash in exchange for keeping the secret . Both are completely oblivious to the magic in their home , and despite their obvious love for Timmy , tend to be somewhat neglectful . They leave Timmy with Vicky , his babysitter , and are oblivious to obvious signs she is evil ; even going as far as believing that the song `` Icky Vicky '' was about pumpkins . They often forget his birthday and punish him for situations that are beyond his control . </P> <P> Timmy 's mom was played by Teryl Rothery in the live - action movies , while Norris reprised his role as Timmy 's dad . </P> <H3> Chester McBadbat ( edit ) </H3> <P> Chester McBadbat ( voiced by Frankie Muniz in 2001 -- 2003 ; Jason Marsden in 2003 -- 2017 ) is one of Timmy 's best friends . He lives in a trailer with his father in an impoverished community with few amenities . Although his mother was mentioned in the episode `` Teeth for Two '' , she has not been shown in the show . He is generous and cares more for others than himself , as every time he has obtained magic , he has used his wishes to try to improve the lives of others , even though it usually leads to disaster . He becomes the only classmate of Timmy to know about his godparents ' existence in Fairy Idol , but it is not mentioned again in later episodes ( it is presumed he loses his knowledge of this after wishing everything back to normal ) . He often wears worn - in , oversized clothes . He has freckles , green eyes , dental braces , and blonde shaggy hair and eyebrows . Jason Marsden also voiced Imaginary Gary Ricky and Winston Dunsworth throughout the series Marsden was the first and so far the only Voice Actor to play a live action character named Jeff from Channel Chasers . </P> <P> He was played by Chris Anderson in A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! . </P> <H3> A.J. ( edit ) </H3> <P> A.J. ( voiced by Ibrahim Haneef Muhammad ( 2001 -- 2003 ) , Gary LeRoi Gray ( 2003 -- 2017 ) ) is the resident genius in Timmy 's class , and one of his best friends . He comes from an upper - middle - class family , and is a straight `` A '' student in school , a quality both his parents have achieved as well . He has constructed an older brother who defends him from bullies , fulfilling his need for a real one . He plays with video games and reads comic books like his other friends , in spite of his superior intellect . He has a secret laboratory that he conceals with a `` cloak '' button on his bedroom wall which , when pressed , it converts his lab into a typical bedroom . </P> <P> He was played by Jesse Reid in A Fairly Odd Movie : Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! . </P> <H3> Jorgen Von Strangle ( edit ) </H3> <P> Jorgen Von Strangle ( voiced by Daran Norris , played by Mark Gibbon in the live - action movies ) is the toughest fairy in the universe who speaks with an Austrian accent and is a high - ranking official in Fairy World . He uses an oversized wand , is the tallest fairy , and is one of the very few fairies who does not levitate in the series . Unlike other fairies who `` poof '' from place to place , Jorgen appears and disappears in the form of an atomic explosion and has a jet pack instead of wings , stating in the episode `` The Temp '' that normal fairy wands and wings are too wimpy and girly for him . In `` The Zappies '' , he mentioned he has had only one godchild , Winston ; the reason for this , as revealed in `` Temporary Fairy '' , is that his extreme wish - granting and daredevil stunts unnecessarily endanger the lives of godchildren . He is a big supporter of `` Da Rules '' . He is sadistic and enjoys the idea of others cowering in fear of him , which affects his ability to have friends beside Cosma and Wanda . Although Jorgen is known as the toughest fairy in Fairy World , he is seen multiple times crying in front of Cosma and Wanda . Jorgen has a smaller wand hidden in his boot , as seen in Wishology . Over the course of the series , his relationship with Timmy , Cosma and Wanda has changed . In the start of the series he was characterized as rougher and meaner but as the series goes on he has become much softer and nicer to them . It is revealed in `` Cosma Rules '' that Cosma is his distant ( and possibly long - lost ) cousin . Based on his voice and mannerisms , he appears to be a parody of Arnold Schwarzenegger . </P> <H3> Tootie ( edit ) </H3> <P> Tootie ( voiced by Grey DeLisle in the TV series , Amber Hood in episode `` The Fairy Flu '' , and portrayed in the live - action movies by Daniella Monet ) is Vicky 's younger sister . She is a bespectacled girl who has an obsessive crush on Timmy , often going to the extreme of spying on and stalking him . While Timmy rejects her regularly , he does have a soft spot for her and does nice things for her in several episodes , including sending Cosmo and Wanda out on loan for her birthday after Vicky ruins it . When Vicky is n't torturing the children she babysits , she regularly tortures Tootie at home in substitution . There is some debate amongst fans of the show between whom Timmy will end up with due to the end of `` Channel Chasers '' , where his children ( especially daughter Tammy ) have physical similarities of both Trixie and Tootie . </P> <H3> Other fairies ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Binky Abdul ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) is a meek yet optimistic fairy who is always getting hurt or beaten up by Jorgen . </Li> <Li> Juandissimo Magnifico ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui ) is Remy Buxaplenty 's sexy ( self - proclaimed ) , beefcake fairy godparent who speaks with a Spanish accent . He is often a villain in the episodes in which he appears alongside his godchild , but is actually a kind fairy whom Timmy considers a friend . He is Wanda 's ex-boyfriend and is still infatuated over her , much to Cosmo 's chagrin . A running gag has him magically tearing off his white T - shirt to show off his muscles and then making it reappear shortly thereafter . </Li> <Li> Cupid ( voiced by Tom Kenny ) is a fairy who promotes love across the universe , yet his arrogance contrasts his love - themed abilities . </Li> <Li> Tooth Fairy ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is one of the few adult - sized fairies , which is dedicated to changing the teeth that children leave under the pillows for coins , and the wife of Jorgen Von Strangle . </Li> <Li> Mama Cosma ( voiced by Jane Carr ) , Cosmo and Schnozmo 's mother , loathes Wanda and repeatedly attempts to get rid of her because of the over-protective bond she has with her son . </Li> <Li> Blonda Fairywinkle ( voiced by Julia Louis - Dreyfus in her first appearance and Tara Strong in all subsequent appearances is the twin sister of Wanda . She is far more self - centered and vain compared to Wanda . She is the star of the soap opera `` All My Biceps '' which is Jorgen 's favorite show . </Li> <Li> Dr. Rip Studwell ( voiced by Jim Ward in the first appearance , Butch Hartman in later appearances ) is a fairy doctor who insists on being referred to by his full name . </Li> <Li> Big Daddy Fairywinkle ( voiced by Tony Sirico ) is the father of Wanda and Blonda . He is the boss of a mafia that has even scared Jorgen before and also has a business that is responsible for cleaning up all of the garbage in Fairy World . </Li> <Li> Santa Claus ( voiced by Tom Arnold in his normal form and Kevin Michael Richardson in his other form ) is the figure of holiday folklore . Outside of Christmas time he is a thin businessman that wears a suit and has neatly trimmed hair . Near Christmas he is lent magic by all the fairies of the world which transforms him into the most commonly recognized form . </Li> <Li> Baby New Year is the figure of holiday folklore . He is a giant baby that only speak with a giant `` goo '' and always carries a rattle . </Li> <Li> The Easter Bunny ( voiced by Robert Costanzo ) is the figure of holiday folklore . He talks with a Brooklyn mob accent . </Li> <Li> The April Fool ( voiced by Daran Norris ) is the `` embodiment of comedy '' who is Fairy World 's chief comedian and tells jokes very frequently at Uncle Knuckle 's Chuckle Bunker . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other kids ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Elmer ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) is a nerdy kid with a large boilon his face , whom he named Bob , and one of Timmy 's friends . </Li> <Li> Sanjay ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) is a boy of Indian - American descent who is one of Timmy 's friends . He speaks with a high pitched voice , which is accompanied by a strong accent . He often has to put up with his stepfather 's military ways of life as if he were in boot camp he also has a dream about Timmy and his white horse saving him . </Li> <Li> Trixie Tang ( voiced by Dionne Quan ) is the object of Timmy 's affection , no matter how many times she turns him down . She is one of the wealthiest children in the city . </Li> <Li> Veronica ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is Trixie Tang 's obsessive best friend who wants to be Trixie . </Li> <Li> Tad and Chad ( voiced by Tara Strong and Grey DeLisle ) are two of Timmy 's wealthy , popular classmates . They often make fun of Timmy and other unpopular kids , and also frequently turn Trixie away from Timmy by embarrassing him or impressing her with their money . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Superheroes ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Crimson Chin ( voiced by Jay Leno ) is a comic book superhero whose comics Timmy and many other children in the series enjoy reading . Though he has many standard superhero abilities such as flight , superior strength , and heat vision , his main weapon is his enormous chin , a reference to that of his voice actor . Sometimes , Timmy joins him in his comic book adventures as `` Cleft the Boy Chin Wonder , '' and at other times , the Chin comes to the real world via fairy magic . He lives in `` Chincinnati '' , and his alter ego is Charles Hampton `` Chuck '' Indigo , news writer for the Daily Blabbity . His origin story is like that of Spider - Man in that he gained his powers when a radioactive actor bit him on the chin . </Li> <Li> Catman ( voiced by Adam West in Season 4 - 6 , Jeff Bennett in Season 9 - 10 ) is Adam West 's alter ego , and a good friend of Timmy 's . He is considered insane by most people since he thinks he is part cat because of a TV show he was part 30 years ago . </Li> <Li> Crash Nebula ( voiced by James Arnold Taylor in the Crash Nebula special ) is a fictional space hero whose television show is watched by Timmy and his friends . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Other dimmsdaleians ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> The Mayor of Dimmsdale ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui , portrayed by Serge Houde in the first live action film ) is the city 's unnamed mayor for life who was first introduced in `` Dream Goat ! '' , where he is very protective ( and somewhat jealous ) of the city 's famous mascot , Chompy the Goat , who in later episodes seems to become a very good friend of the Mayor , and is sometimes a literal `` scapegoat '' for when the Mayor needs to blame something on someone . </Li> <Li> Principal Geraldine Waxelplax ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is the principal of Dimmsdale Elementary . She is often desperate with Crocker 's obsession with fairies . </Li> <Li> The Dinklebergs are the Turners ' next - door neighbors . Sheldon Dinkleberg ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui ) is Mr. Turner 's arch - enemy . Although he is a good and friendly neighbor , Timmy 's dad sees him as a perverse person , but he puts up with Mr. Turner 's hatred of him , and even humors the ridiculous theories about himself Mr. Turner comes up with . </Li> <Li> Bucky McBadbat ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is Chester 's father and former baseball player who was kicked out of the MLB for being , as Timmy Turner once said , `` the worst baseball player ever '' . He wore a paper bag on his head because of the shame of being a failure as a baseball player . </Li> <Li> Mrs. Dolores Crocker ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui ) is Mr. Crocker 's mother , who lives with her son . Mr. Crocker does not support her . </Li> <Li> Mr. Bickles ( voiced by Jim Ward ) is Timmy 's drama teacher . A running gag is that he always has a `` new dream '' . That consistently fail , usually as the result of something Timmy has done . </Li> <Li> Mr. Birkenbake ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is another teacher at Timmy 's school and the chief editor of the school newspaper . He is a hippy that lives in a trailer and collects items made of `` smoof '' which he calls `` the greatest natural occurring substance in the world '' . His name is a reference to Birkenstock sandals which are commonly associated with hippies . </Li> <Li> Chet Ubetcha ( voiced by Jim Ward ) is a vertically challenged newscaster , known for his trademark line `` I 'm Chet Ubetcha '' . </Li> <Li> Chip Skylark III ( voiced by Chris Kirkpatrick ) is a widely popular and attractive teen singing sensation , and friend of Timmy Turner 's after Timmy wishes that the worst possible non-lethal thing would happen to Chip , which turned out to being stuck with Vicky . </Li> <Li> Doug Dimmadome ( voiced by Jim Ward ) is the owner of the Dimmsdale Dimmadome and several other buildings and companies in Dimmsdale , and the richest and most powerful man in the city . </Li> <Li> Mr. Ed Leadly ( voiced by Rob Paulsen , portrayed by Tony Alcantar in A Fairly Odd Summer ) is the president and CEO of Pencil Nexus , and boss of Timmy 's Dad . His design resembles a small # 2 pencil . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Antagonists ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Denzel Crocker ( edit ) </H3> <P> Denzel Quincy Crocker , a.k.a. Mr. Crocker ( voiced by Carlos Alazraqui , portrayed by David Lewis in the live - action movies ) , is the secondary antagonist in the first two seasons and now the main antagonist in the following seasons . Is a gray - skinned , hunchbacked man and Timmy 's fairy - obsessed teacher . He correctly suspects that Timmy has fairy godparents of his own , and he is often able to tell what Timmy has wished for by the smallest , most irrelevant clues . His unshakable belief in fairy godparents leads to other adults perceiving him as mentally ill . </P> <P> Crocker has been shown to go to great extents to prove his theory that Timmy has fairy god parents , sinking vast quantities of money into expensive equipment and conducting elaborate experiments . He is also willing to do highly dangerous and immoral things to confirm the belief . He once put Cosmo ( posing as Timmy 's father ) in a situation that would kill a human being , stating that `` if he lives , he 's a fairy . '' Crocker then adds , `` if he dies , I have a tenure . '' </P> <P> Surprisingly , Crocker is the previous godchild of Cosmo and Wanda . Though he lost them and the memories of their time with him , his belief in fairies remains . Timmy tries to alter this event via time travel in the episode `` The Secret Origin of Denzel Crocker ! '' , but he paradoxically fails and becomes the reason Crocker lost Cosmo and Wanda and made him remember his belief in fairies . </P> <P> Although being a middle - aged man , he still lives with his mother , Dolores Crocker . His father has never been seen or mentioned in the series . </P> <P> In an ironic twist of fate , Crocker served for many decades as the main power source for all of the fairy magic ; his belief is so strong that it was used to power the Big Wand , the source of all the magic in Fairy World . In one episode , this leads to the Big Wand losing all its power after he is hypnotized by his psychiatrist into believing fairies do not exist . To remedy this , Timmy , Cosmo , Wanda , Poof , and Jorgen make it so that everyone as equally crazy about fairies as Crocker is used as a source of power for the Big Wand . </P> <P> Due to his insanity , a running gag on the show features the `` Super F '' , his made - up grade . Another gag has him spasm uncontrollably when he shouts , `` Fairy godparents ! '' . </P> <H3> Vicky ( edit ) </H3> <P> Vicky ( voiced by Grey DeLisle , portrayed by Devon Weigel in the live - action movies ) , before Denzel Crocker , is the main antagonist in the first two seasons and now the recurring antagonist in the following seasons . Is Timmy 's mean , selfish , malicious , and tyrannical 16 - year - old babysitter . She has but a few friends and enjoys torturing children , watching television and making the world miserable , especially for Timmy . She lives with her mother , her father , and her younger sister Tootie . She has encountered Cosmo & Wanda on numerous occasions , but does not believe in them . Also , she has encountered Mark Chang in his natural form but dismisses it as a Halloween costume . It is a plot point in the episode `` Frenemy Mine '' involved her belonging to a dark society known as B.R.A.T. ( Babysitters Raging Against Twerps ) . She has been shown to be accepting of her own cruelty , and that the only reason she is mean is because she was mistreated as a child by her own babysitter . </P> <H3> Francis ( edit ) </H3> <P> Francis ( voiced by Faith Abrahams ) is the school bully and another of Timmy 's enemies . He has grey skin and a low pitched voice , and his clothes and underwear are ragged . In the season 5 episode `` It 's a Wishful Life '' it is revealed that if Timmy did not exist , Francis would funnel all of the aggression he expends bullying into football . As the show progressed , he has made fewer appearances . In the episode `` Manic Mom Day '' , he is voiced by Butch Hartman . It 's possible that Francis might be dropped from the series , given he serves as a poor catalyst for Timmy 's backfiring wishes . </P> <H3> Anti-Fairies ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Anti-Fairies , as their name suggests , are the evil opposite of fairies . The anti-fairies are responsible for all the bad luck on earth and , according to Cosmo , Friday the 13th is their `` Christmas '' . Each fairy has an anti-fairy counterpart , who is their exact opposite in both personality and morality . </P> <P> Anti-Cosmo ( Daran Norris ) is portrayed as a cynical , evil , smart anti-fairy with a British accent , and is hinted to be the leader of the Anti-Fairies , while Anti-Wanda ( Susanne Blakeslee ) , is portrayed as a dumb , hillbilly fairy who eats with her feet . </P> <P> The Anti-Fairies reside in Anti-Fairy World , an enclosed environment within Fairy World , first shown as a chamber with a gate guarded by Jorgen . After Timmy accidentally set them free on Earth , Anti-Fairy World was turned into a prison - styled containment facility , where residents live in cells and wear suits preventing them from using magic . The high levels of security were still deemed penetrable , due in part to a specific group effort to get Anti-Cosmo out of Anti-Fairy World to be used as a donor for an operation . The Anti-Fairies serve as the main villains of The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour 2 : When Nerds Collide , Fairly OddBaby , and Fairylympics . They are fairly important villains early in the series , but have made few appearances after Poof is introduced . </P> <P> Anti Sparky is the evil version of Sparky who appeared in the episode `` Man 's Worst Friend '' . Unlike Sparky who is stupid yet very loyal and friendly , Anti Sparky is smart and takes advice from nobody . </P> Foop ( edit ) <P> Foop ( `` Poof '' spelled backwards ) ( voiced by Eric Bauza , portrayed by Scott Baio in A Fairly Odd Summer ) is the Anti-double of Poof and the son of Anti-Cosmo and Anti-Wanda . He is supposedly the first Anti-Fairy baby born in 9,000 years . Because the character of Poof is so nice and attracts so much positive attention , Foop is portrayed as evil and extremely jealous of his counterpart . Foop wants nothing but to destroy Poof , and he cares not for anyone who gets in his way , including his fellow Anti-Fairies . Unlike Poof , who causes bad things to happen when he cries , Foop 's cause good things to happen . Foop is the only known Anti-fairy for not having its name starting with `` anti '' . </P> <P> Foop resembles Poof , but he is shaped like a cube rather than a ball . He also was born with a black mustache and goatee on his face , the kind typically seen on stereotypical villains . Foop has bat wings and a black crown like all Anti-Fairies , and his wand is a baby bottle with bat wings on the side , as opposed to Poof 's rattle . He also speaks with a stereotypical British gentleman accent . Foop has a second personality thanks to being in Abracatraz too long . It supports Poof , causing him to argue with himself . Since he is the anti-fairy counterpart of Poof , Foop 's name is actually Poof 's name backwards ( Anti-Cosmo noting after he named him that the name sounded far more evil in his head than it turned out in reality ) . Foop may be based on Family Guy character Stewie Griffin , as the two characters both have the same personalities and speak in British accents . </P> <H3> Pixies , Inc. ( edit ) </H3> <P> Pixies , Inc. is an organization of magical pixies ( all voiced by Ben Stein ) who are similar to fairies but portrayed as monotonous , nearly identical businessmen who do not like anything amusing or fun . The pixies utilize mobile phones instead of wands , dress in predominantly greyscale outfits , and require that wishes be submitted as multiple written copies and be subject to approval . When they warp from place to place , they use `` ping '' clouds instead of the fairies ' traditional `` poof '' clouds . The Head Pixie ( H.P. ) and Sanderson , the former of whom is a caricature of the pixies ' voice actor , are the two leaders of Pixies , Inc . On numerous occasions , they have attempted to take over Fairy World and replace all fairies with pixies using elaborate business schemes . The Pixies serve as the main villains of School 's Out ! The Musical , Fairly OddBaby , and Fairylympics . They appear to be parodies of the Agents from The Matrix , as they all dress in suits and speak in a monotonous tone very similar to that of the Agents from the film . </P> <H3> Doctor Bender ( edit ) </H3> <P> Doctor Bender ( voiced by Gilbert Gottfried in `` The Same Game '' , `` Scary GodParents '' , and `` Shiny Teeth '' ; Butch Hartman onwards ) is an evil dentist . He has an obsession with perfect teeth and is intolerant toward anyone who does not have quality teeth . He hates Timmy for his overbite . His son , Wendell ( also voiced by Gilbert Gottfried and later Butch Hartman ) , is almost identical to his father in appearance and is also tooth - hygienic , but hates it when his father scares off other kids . Doctor Bender enjoys performing pointless procedures on children 's teeth and encourages children to eat refined sugar to boost his business . </P> <H3> Dark Laser ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dark Laser ( voiced by Kevin Michael Richardson ) is a science fiction character who is first seen as an image of a catalog toy before Timmy brings him to life in `` Hard Copy '' . In `` Escape from Unwish Island , '' Dark Laser is among the Unwished characters that work for Imaginary Gary . He became a recurrent villain in season six , appearing in `` Mission : Responsible '' , `` The End of Universe - ity '' , `` Dread ' n ' Breakfast '' , `` Please Do n't Feed The Turners '' and `` Momnipresent '' . He parodies Darth Vader of the Star Wars film series . He is often seen carrying his mechanical toy dog Flipsy , whose backflipping function always makes him giggle . </P> <H3> Norm the genie ( edit ) </H3> <P> Norm ( voiced by Norm Macdonald in the series and by Robert Cait in Fairy Idol ) is a genie tired of being bound to his lava lamp , into which he must return after being released and granting three wishes to his releaser . While there are no rules as to what wishes he can grant , he is deceptive and can find clever ways to subvert his master 's expectations . After Timmy outsmarts him in his first appearance , he colludes with Crocker in his second appearance to get revenge on Timmy and the nation of Canada ( they 've had it too good for too long ) . In the special episode Fairy Idol , he formulates a scheme to become a fairy godparent so he can escape his lamp and sabotages a `` Fairy Idol '' contest to reach this goal . </P> <H3> Princess Mandie ( edit ) </H3> <P> Princess Mandie a.k.a. Man - DIE ( voiced by Tara Strong ) is Mark Chang 's terrifying though beautiful former fianceé , a barbaric extraterrestrial princess who can be described as psychotically violent . Antagonized by Mark 's intimidation about her and his refusal to marry her , Mandie constantly plots revengeful , bloodthirsty murder against him . It was later revealed Mandie never loved Mark and only wanted to marry him as a way of seizing power . Mandie was eventually defeated by Vicky when Timmy and Mark tricked Vicky into attacking her . </P> <H3> Remy Buxaplenty ( edit ) </H3> <P> Remy Buxaplenty ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) is an archetypical wealthy kid , and one of Timmy 's rivals . Despite being very rich , Remy is usually unhappy due to his neglectful , wealth - distracted parents , which is the reason why he has a fairy godparent , Wanda 's ex-boyfriend Juandissimo . Both Remy and Timmy are aware of each other 's fairy godparents , and Remy continuously tries to remove Timmy 's fairies , primarily out of jealousy of not having both fairy and human parents who love him . Other than Timmy , and later , Chloe , he is the only known child in the series with a fairy godparent , though many episodes have featured a cameo of at least one unknown child with their fairy godparent . His last name is a pun of `` Bucks a Plenty . '' </P> <H3> Crimson Chin villains ( edit ) </H3> <P> The enemies of Crimson Chin that threaten Chincinnati . </P> <Ul> <Li> The Bronze Kneecap ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) is the archenemy of the Crimson Chin and the founder of the Body of Evil . It was mentioned in the episode `` The Masked Magician '' he used to be Ron Hambone , a former famous jai alai player known for his numerous third - place wins . At one point , he was about to claim a first - place win for the first time , only to trip over the Crimson Chin 's eponymous chin . This led him to melt his trophies into a villain suit , and was known from then on as The Bronze Kneecap . His particular ability involves shooting various weapons out of one of his bronze kneecaps . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Nega Chin ( voiced by Jay Leno ) is the evil twin of the Crimson Chin , who possesses the same powers . He wears a dark gray costume instead of red , has pointed teeth and red eyes . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> H Olga ( voiced by Susanne Blakeslee ) is a water - based villain in the Crimson Chin comic . In `` The Crime Wave '' , it is revealed she becomes more powerful when she absorbs more water . She speaks with a Russian accent . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Gilded Arches ( voiced by Rob Paulsen ) is a former child movie star who crushed movie theaters with his gigantic and golden feet . Only his feet and legs grew during puberty , while the rest of him stayed small . He is very fond of disco and has a golden tooth . He appears in both the Crimson Chin webcomics and the video game Breakin ' da Rules , where he took the Chin 's speed . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Titanium Toenail is a villain in the Crimson Chin comic . He has the ability to shoot sharp projectiles shaped like toenail clippings , which can cut through metal . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Iron Lung is a metal - based villain in the Crimson Chin comic . He is a robotic enemy that uses the power of wind , which he uses to blow heavy gusts at his enemies , and suction , like a vacuum cleaner . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Golden Gut is a villain in the Crimson Chin Comic . His stomach is made of weighted metal , which extends from his body and rams into his adversaries . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> The Copper Cranium is a villain in the Crimson Chin Comic . He made his first , and so far only , appearance in the Crimson Chin webtoons , where he tried to use his giant spring - loaded extra skull to break into the First National Bank . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Brass Knuckles ( voiced by Dee Bradley Baker ) a.k.a. Coslo Puncholowski , is a hand - to - hand combat villain who has attempted to defeat the Crimson Chin in battle . As his name indicates , he has thick brass knuckles which enable him to punch through walls . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Spatula Woman ( voiced by Grey DeLisle ) is a woman who uses a giant red spatula to squish her enemies . She made her first appearance in the segment `` Chin Up ! '' , where she first encounters Cleft . She returned in the video game Breakin ' Da Rules as the villain who stole the Crimson Chin 's charisma . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Short Fuse is a tiny villain in the Crimson Chin comic . He is one of the main villains to appear in `` Big Superhero Wish '' , where it is revealed that he blows up when people call him `` small '' , `` short '' and `` tiny '' </Li> <Li> The Darkness is an ancient being that has existed for tens of thousands of years . He was the main antagonist in the first half of the Wishology trilogy . It was first encounters by the Ancient Fairy Warriors . Only when the fairies combined their powers to neutralize the Darkness by using its natural enemy , light , did they manage to stop the Darkness completely. Thousands of years later , the Darkness returned , seeking out the Chosen One prophesied to stop it . The ancient fairies in the stars were unable to halt it , and the Big Dipper disappeared when all the fairies in that sector were consumed by the Darkness . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Early Look At ' Fairly Oddparents ' Movie '' . Screen Rant. 2010 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 01 . </Li> </Ol> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> hide <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> The Fairly OddParents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Characters </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shorts and films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Fairly OddParents shorts from Oh Yeah ! Cartoons ( 1998 -- 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Abra - Catastrophe ! ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Channel Chasers ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Wishology ! ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live - action films </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grow Up , Timmy Turner ! ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> A Fairly Odd Christmas ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> A Fairly Odd Summer ( 2014 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Specials </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Jimmy Timmy Power Hour ( 2004 -- 2006 ) </Li> <Li> School 's Out ! : The Musical ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Fairly OddBaby ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Video games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Breakin ' da Rules </Li> <Li> Shadow Showdown </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> In crossover games </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nicktoons Basketball </Li> <Li> Nicktoons : Freeze Frame Frenzy </Li> <Li> Nicktoons Movin ' </Li> <Li> Nicktoons Unite ! </Li> <Li> Nicktoons Winners Cup Racing </Li> <Li> Nicktoons : Battle for Volcano Island </Li> <Li> Nicktoons : Attack of the Toybots </Li> <Li> Nicktoons Nitro </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amusement rides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fairly Odd Coaster </Li> <Li> Jimmy Neutron 's Nicktoon Blast </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Home media </Li> <Li> Danny Phantom </Li> <Li> T.U.F.F. 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Median ( geometry ) - wikipedia <H1> Median ( geometry ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Not to be confused with Geometric median . The triangle medians and the centroid . <P> In geometry , a median of a triangle is a line segment joining a vertex to the midpoint of the opposing side . Every triangle has exactly three medians , one from each vertex , and they all intersect each other at the triangle 's centroid . In the case of isosceles and equilateral triangles , a median bisects any angle at a vertex whose two adjacent sides are equal in length . </P> <P> The concept of a median extends to tetrahedra . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Relation to center of mass </Li> <Li> 2 Equal - area division <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Proof of equal - area property </Li> <Li> 2.2 Three congruent triangles </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Formulas involving the medians ' lengths </Li> <Li> 4 Other properties </Li> <Li> 5 Tetrahedron </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Relation to center of mass ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each median of a triangle passes through the triangle 's centroid , which is the center of mass of an infinitely thin object of uniform density coinciding with the triangle . Thus the object would balance on the intersection point of the medians . The centroid is twice as close along any median to the side that the median intersects as it is to the vertex it emanates from . </P> <H2> Equal - area division ( edit ) </H2> <P> Each median divides the area of the triangle in half ; hence the name , and hence a triangular object of uniform density would balance on any median . ( Any other lines which divide the area of the triangle into two equal parts do not pass through the centroid . ) The three medians divide the triangle into six smaller triangles of equal area . </P> <H3> Proof of equal - area property ( edit ) </H3> <P> Consider a triangle ABC . Let D be the midpoint of A B _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( AB ) ) ) , E be the midpoint of B C _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( BC ) ) ) , F be the midpoint of A C _̄ ( \ displaystyle ( \ overline ( AC ) ) ) , and O be the centroid ( most commonly denoted G ) . </P> <P> By definition , A D = D B , A F = F C , B E = E C ( \ displaystyle AD = DB , AF = FC , BE = EC ) . Thus ( A D O ) = ( B D O ) , ( A F O ) = ( C F O ) , ( B E O ) = ( C E O ) , ( \ displaystyle ( ADO ) = ( BDO ) , ( AFO ) = ( CFO ) , ( BEO ) = ( CEO ) , ) and ( A B E ) = ( A C E ) ( \ displaystyle ( ABE ) = ( ACE ) ) , where ( A B C ) ( \ displaystyle ( ABC ) ) represents the area of triangle △ A B C ( \ displaystyle \ triangle ABC ) ; these hold because in each case the two triangles have bases of equal length and share a common altitude from the ( extended ) base , and a triangle 's area equals one - half its base times its height . </P> <P> We have : </P> <Dl> <Dd> ( A B O ) = ( A B E ) − ( B E O ) ( \ displaystyle ( ABO ) = ( ABE ) - ( BEO ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> ( A C O ) = ( A C E ) − ( C E O ) ( \ displaystyle ( ACO ) = ( ACE ) - ( CEO ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> Thus , ( A B O ) = ( A C O ) ( \ displaystyle ( ABO ) = ( ACO ) ) and ( A D O ) = ( D B O ) , ( A D O ) = 1 2 ( A B O ) ( \ displaystyle ( ADO ) = ( DBO ) , ( ADO ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( ABO ) ) </P> <P> Since ( A F O ) = ( F C O ) , ( A F O ) = 1 2 ( A C O ) = 1 2 ( A B O ) = ( A D O ) ( \ displaystyle ( AFO ) = ( FCO ) , ( AFO ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( ACO ) = ( \ frac ( 1 ) ( 2 ) ) ( ABO ) = ( ADO ) ) , therefore , ( A F O ) = ( F C O ) = ( D B O ) = ( A D O ) ( \ displaystyle ( AFO ) = ( FCO ) = ( DBO ) = ( ADO ) ) . Using the same method , one can show that ( A F O ) = ( F C O ) = ( D B O ) = ( A D O ) = ( B E O ) = ( C E O ) ( \ displaystyle ( AFO ) = ( FCO ) = ( DBO ) = ( ADO ) = ( BEO ) = ( CEO ) ) . </P> <H3> Three congruent triangles ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2014 Lee Sallows discovered the following theorem : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The medians of any triangle dissect it into six equal area smaller triangles as in the figure above where three adjacent pairs of triangles meet at the midpoints D , E and F. If the two triangles in each such pair are rotated about their common midpoint until they meet so as to share a common side , then the three new triangles formed by the union of each pair are congruent . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Fórmulas involving the medians ' lengths ( edit ) </H2> <P> The lengths of the medians can be obtained from Apollonius ' theorem as : </P> <Dl> <Dd> m a = 2 b 2 + 2 c 2 − a 2 4 , ( \ displaystyle m_ ( a ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2b ^ ( 2 ) + 2c ^ ( 2 ) - a ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> m b = 2 a 2 + 2 c 2 − b 2 4 , ( \ displaystyle m_ ( b ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2a ^ ( 2 ) + 2c ^ ( 2 ) - b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> m c = 2 a 2 + 2 b 2 − c 2 4 , ( \ displaystyle m_ ( c ) = ( \ sqrt ( \ frac ( 2a ^ ( 2 ) + 2b ^ ( 2 ) - c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 4 ) ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where a , b and c are the sides of the triangle with respective medians m , m , and m from their midpoints . </P> <P> Thus we have the relationships : </P> <Dl> <Dd> a = 2 3 − m a 2 + 2 m b 2 + 2 m c 2 = 2 ( b 2 + c 2 ) − 4 m a 2 = b 2 2 − c 2 + 2 m b 2 = c 2 2 − b 2 + 2 m c 2 , ( \ displaystyle a = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( - m_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2 ( b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) - 4m_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - c ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - b ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> b = 2 3 − m b 2 + 2 m a 2 + 2 m c 2 = 2 ( a 2 + c 2 ) − 4 m b 2 = a 2 2 − c 2 + 2 m a 2 = c 2 2 − a 2 + 2 m c 2 , ( \ displaystyle b = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( - m_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2 ( a ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) - 4m_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - c ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( c ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - a ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) , ) </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> c = 2 3 − m c 2 + 2 m b 2 + 2 m a 2 = 2 ( b 2 + a 2 ) − 4 m c 2 = b 2 2 − a 2 + 2 m b 2 = a 2 2 − b 2 + 2 m a 2 . ( \ displaystyle c = ( \ frac ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( - m_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( 2 ( b ^ ( 2 ) + a ^ ( 2 ) ) - 4m_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( b ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - a ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ sqrt ( ( \ frac ( a ^ ( 2 ) ) ( 2 ) ) - b ^ ( 2 ) + 2m_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Other properties ( edit ) </H2> <P> The centroid divides each median into parts in the ratio 2 : 1 , with the centroid being twice as close to the midpoint of a side as it is to the opposite vertex . </P> <P> For any triangle with sides a , b , c ( \ displaystyle a , b , c ) and medians m a , m b , m c , ( \ displaystyle m_ ( a ) , m_ ( b ) , m_ ( c ) , ) </P> <Dl> <Dd> 3 4 ( a + b + c ) < m a + m b + m c < 3 2 ( a + b + c ) ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) ( a + b + c ) < m_ ( a ) + m_ ( b ) + m_ ( c ) < ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ) ( a + b + c ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> and </P> <Dl> <Dd> 3 4 ( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ) = m a 2 + m b 2 + m c 2 . ( \ displaystyle ( \ tfrac ( 3 ) ( 4 ) ) ( a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) + c ^ ( 2 ) ) = m_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) + m_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) + m_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> The medians from sides of lengths a and b are perpendicular if and only if a 2 + b 2 = 5 c 2 . ( \ displaystyle a ^ ( 2 ) + b ^ ( 2 ) = 5c ^ ( 2 ) . ) </P> <P> The medians of a right triangle with hypotenuse c satisfy m a 2 + m b 2 = 5 m c 2 . ( \ displaystyle m_ ( a ) ^ ( 2 ) + m_ ( b ) ^ ( 2 ) = 5m_ ( c ) ^ ( 2 ) . ) </P> <P> Any triangle 's area T can be expressed in terms of its medians m a , m b ( \ displaystyle m_ ( a ) , m_ ( b ) ) , and m c ( \ displaystyle m_ ( c ) ) as follows . Denoting their semi-sum ( m + m + m ) / 2 as σ , we have </P> <Dl> <Dd> T = 4 3 σ ( σ − m a ) ( σ − m b ) ( σ − m c ) . ( \ displaystyle T = ( \ frac ( 4 ) ( 3 ) ) ( \ sqrt ( \ sigma ( \ sigma - m_ ( a ) ) ( \ sigma - m_ ( b ) ) ( \ sigma - m_ ( c ) ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Tetrahedron ( edit ) </H2> medians of a tetrahedron A S S S B C D = B S S S A C D = C S S S A B D = D S S S B B C = 3 1 ( \ displaystyle ( \ begin ( aligned ) & ( \ frac ( AS ) ( SS_ ( BCD ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( BS ) ( SS_ ( ACD ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( CS ) ( SS_ ( ABD ) ) ) \ \ = & ( \ frac ( DS ) ( SS_ ( BBC ) ) ) = ( \ frac ( 3 ) ( 1 ) ) \ end ( aligned ) ) ) <P> A tetrahedron is a three - dimensional object having four triangular faces . A line segment joining a vertex of a tetrahedron with the centroid of the opposite face is called a median of the tetrahedron . There are four medians , and they are all concurrent at the centroid of the tetrahedron . As in the two - dimensional case , the centroid of the tetrahedron is the center of mass . However contrary to the two - dimensional case the centroid divides the medians not in a 2 : 1 ratio but in a 3 : 1 ratio . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Angle bisector </Li> <Li> Altitude ( triangle ) </Li> <Li> Automedian triangle </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Weisstein , Eric W. ( 2010 ) . CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics , Second Edition . CRC Press . pp. 375 -- 377 . ISBN 9781420035223 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bottomley , Henry . `` Medians and Area Bisectors of a Triangle '' . Retrieved 27 September 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dunn , J.A. , and Pretty , J.E. , `` Halving a triangle , '' Mathematical Gazette 56 , May 1972 , 105 - 108 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sallows , Lee , `` A Triangle Theorem '' Mathematics Magazine , Vol. 87 , No. 5 ( December 2014 ) , p. 381 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Déplanche , Y. ( 1996 ) . Diccio fórmulas . Medianas de un triángulo . Edunsa . p. 22 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 7747 - 119 - 6 . Retrieved 2011 - 04 - 24 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Posamentier , Alfred S. , and Salkind , Charles T. , Challenging Problems in Geometry , Dover , 1996 : pp. 86 -- 87 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boskoff , Homentcovschi , and Suceava ( 2009 ) , Mathematical Gazette , Note 93.15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Benyi , Arpad , `` A Heron - type formula for the triangle '' , Mathematical Gazette 87 , July 2003 , 324 -- 326 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Leung , Kam - tim ; and Suen , Suk - nam ; `` Vectors , matrices and geometry '' , Hong Kong University Press , 1994 , pp. 53 -- 54 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Median ( geometry ) . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Medians at cut - the - knot </Li> <Li> Area of Median Triangle at cut - the - knot </Li> <Li> Medians of a triangle With interactive animation </Li> <Li> Constructing a median of a triangle with compass and straightedge animated demonstration </Li> <Li> Weisstein , Eric W. `` Triangle Median '' . MathWorld . </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Median_(geometry)&oldid=798949826 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Elementary geometry </Li> <Li> Triangle geometry </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles containing proofs </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Bân - lâm - gú </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ភាសា ខ្មែរ </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 19 : 19 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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History of the United States Army - wikipedia <H1> History of the United States Army </H1> See also : Military history of the United States and United States Department of War <P> The history of the United States Army began in 1775 . From its formation , the United States Army has been the primary land based part of the United States Armed Forces . The Army 's main responsibility has been in fighting land battles and military occupation . The Corps of Engineers also has a major role in controlling rivers inside the United States . The Continental Army was founded in response to a need for professional soldiers in the American Revolutionary War to fight the invading British Army . Until the 1940s , the Army was relatively small in peacetime . In 1947 , the Air Force became completely independent of the Army Air Forces . The Army was under the control of the War Department until 1947 , and since then the Defense Department . The U.S. Army fought the Indian Wars of the 1790s , the War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 15 ) , American Civil War ( 1861 -- 65 ) , Spanish -- American War ( 1898 ) , World War I ( 1917 -- 18 ) , World War II ( 1941 -- 45 ) , Korean War ( 1950 -- 53 ) and Vietnam War ( 1965 -- 71 ) . Following the Cold War 's end in 1991 , Army has focused primarily on Western Asia , and also took part in the 1991 Gulf War and war in Iraq , and the war in Afghanistan . </P> <P> When the American Revolutionary War began in April 1775 , the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army . Previously , each colony had relied upon the militia , made up of part - time civilian - soldiers . The initial orders from Congress authorized ten companies of riflemen . The first full regiment of Regular Army infantry , the 3rd Infantry Regiment , was not formed until June 1784 . After the war , the Continental Army was quickly disbanded because of the American distrust of standing armies , and irregular state militias became the new nation 's sole ground army , with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point 's arsenal . </P> <P> During the War of 1812 , an invasion of Canada failed , and U.S. troops were unable to stop the British from burning the new capital of Washington , D.C. . However , the Regular Army , under Generals Winfield Scott and Jacob Brown , proved they were professional and capable of defeating a major invasion by the regular British Army in the Niagara campaign of 1814 . Between 1815 and 1860 , the main role of the U.S. Army was fighting Native Americans in the West in the American Indian Wars , and manning coast artillery stations at major ports . The U.S. used regular units and many volunteer units in the Mexican -- American War of 1846 -- 48 . At the outset of the American Civil War , the regular U.S. Army was small and generally assigned to defend the nation 's frontiers from attacks by Indians . Following the Civil War , the U.S. Army fought more wars with Indians , who resisted U.S. expansion into the center of the continent . </P> <P> A combined conscript and volunteer force , the National Army , was formed by the United States War Department in 1917 to fight in World War I. During World War II , the Army of the United States was formed as a successor to the National Army . The end of World War II set the stage for the ideological confrontation known as the Cold War . With the outbreak of the Korean War , concerns over the defense of Western Europe led to the establishment of NATO . During the Cold War , American troops and their allies fought communist forces in Korea and Vietnam ( see containment ) . The 1980s was mostly a decade of reorganization . The Army converted to an all - volunteer force with greater emphasis on training and technology . By 1989 , the Cold War was nearing its conclusion . The Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength . After Desert Storm , the Army did not see major combat operations for the remainder of the 1990s . After the September 11 attacks , and as part of the War on Terror , U.S. and other NATO forces invaded Afghanistan in 2001 , replacing the Taliban government . The Army took part in the U.S. and allied 2003 invasion of Iraq . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Continental Army <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Organization </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Early national period ( 1783 -- 1812 ) </Li> <Li> 3 19th century <Ul> <Li> 3.1 War of 1812 </Li> <Li> 3.2 Westward Expansion </Li> <Li> 3.3 Seminole Wars </Li> <Li> 3.4 War with Mexico </Li> <Li> 3.5 Civil War <Ul> <Li> 3.5. 1 Logistics </Li> <Li> 3.5. 2 Black soldiers </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3.6 Indian wars of the late 19th century </Li> <Li> 3.7 Spanish -- American and Philippine -- American Wars </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Twentieth century <Ul> <Li> 4.1 World War I </Li> <Li> 4.2 Interwar period </Li> <Li> 4.3 World War II </Li> <Li> 4.4 Cold War <Ul> <Li> 4.4. 1 Vietnam </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4.5 Post Vietnam War </Li> <Li> 4.6 1990s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 21st century </Li> <Li> 6 Personnel </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Continental Army ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Continental Army Storming of Redoubt # 10 during the Siege of Yorktown . <P> The Continental Army consisted of troops from all 13 colonies . When the American Revolutionary War began at the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775 , the colonial revolutionaries did not have an army . Previously , each colony had relied upon the militia , made up of part - time civilian - soldiers , for local defense , or the raising of temporary `` provincial regiments '' during specific crises such as the French and Indian War . As tensions with Great Britain increased in the years leading up to the war , colonists began to reform their militia in preparation for the potential conflict . Training of militiamen increased after the passage of the Intolerable Acts in 1774 . Colonists such as Richard Henry Lee proposed creating a national militia force , but the First Continental Congress rejected the idea . </P> <P> On April 23 , 1775 , the Massachusetts Provincial Congress authorized the raising of a colonial army consisting of 26 company regiments , followed shortly by similar but smaller forces raised by New Hampshire , Rhode Island , and Connecticut . On June 14 , 1775 , the Second Continental Congress decided to proceed with the establishment of a Continental Army for purposes of common defense , adopting the forces already in place outside Boston ( 22,000 troops ) and New York ( 5,000 ) . It also raised the first ten companies of Continental troops on a one - year enlistment , riflemen from Pennsylvania , Maryland , Delaware and Virginia to be used as light infantry , who later became the 1st Continental Regiment in 1776 . On June 15 , the Congress elected George Washington as Commander - in - Chief by unanimous vote . </P> <P> Washington succeeded in forcing the British out of Boston in 1776 , but was defeated and almost captured later that year when he lost New York City . After crossing the Delaware River in the dead of winter , he defeated the British in two battles , retook New Jersey and restored momentum to the Patriot cause . Because of his strategy , Revolutionary forces captured two major British armies at Saratoga in 1777 and Yorktown in 1781 . Historians laud Washington for his selection and supervision of his generals , encouragement of morale and ability to hold together the army , coordination with the state governors and state militia units , relations with Congress and attention to supplies , logistics , and training . In battle , however , Washington was repeatedly outmaneuvered by British generals with larger armies . After victory had been achieved in 1783 , Washington resigned rather than seize power , proving his opposition to military dictatorship and his commitment to American republicanism . </P> <H3> Organization ( edit ) </H3> <P> The initial orders from Congress authorized ten companies of riflemen . However , the first full regiment of Regular Army infantry , the 3rd Infantry Regiment was not formed until June 1784 . </P> <P> After the authorization of the creation of a Continental Army , Congress , on 16 June 1775 , created multiple departments to help support the operations of the Army . These four departments would later be renamed as Corps : the Adjutant General 's Corps , the Army Corps of Engineers , the Finance Corps and the Quartermasters Corps . Congress later authorized both the creation of Field Artillery and Cavalry units in November 1775 and December 1776 respectively . </P> <P> Broadly speaking , Continental forces consisted of several successive armies , or establishments : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Continental Army of 1775 , comprising the initial New England Army , organized by Washington into three divisions , six brigades , and 38 regiments . Major General Philip Schuyler 's ten regiments in New York were sent to invade Canada . </Li> <Li> The Continental Army of 1776 , reorganized after the initial enlistment period of the soldiers in the 1775 army had expired . Washington had submitted recommendations to the Continental Congress almost immediately after he had accepted the position of Commander - in - Chief , but these took time to consider and implement . Despite attempts to broaden the recruiting base beyond New England , the 1776 army remained skewed toward the Northeast both in terms of its composition and geographical focus . This army consisted of 36 regiments , most standardized to a single battalion of 768 men strong formed into eight companies , with a rank and file strength of 640 . </Li> <Li> The Continental Army of 1777 -- 80 was a result of several critical reforms and political decisions that came about when it was apparent that the British were sending massive forces to put an end to the American Revolution . The Continental Congress passed the `` Eighty - eight Battalion Resolve '' , ordering each state to contribute one - battalion regiments in proportion to their population , and Washington was subsequently given authority to raise an additional 16 battalions . Also , enlistment terms were extended to three years or `` the length of the war '' to avoid the year - end crises that depleted forces ( including the notable near collapse of the army at the end of 1776 which could have ended the war in a Continental , or American , loss by forfeit ) . </Li> <Li> The Continental Army of 1781 -- 82 saw the greatest crisis on the American side in the war . Congress was bankrupt , making it very difficult to replenish the soldiers whose three - year terms had expired . Popular support for the war was at its all - time low , and Washington had to put down mutinies both in the Pennsylvania Line and New Jersey Line . Congress voted to cut funding for the Army , but Washington managed nevertheless to secure important strategic victories . </Li> <Li> The Continental Army of 1783 -- 84 was succeeded by the United States Army , which persists to this day . As peace was closed with the British , most of the regiments were disbanded in an orderly fashion , though several had already been diminished . </Li> </Ul> <P> In addition to the Continental Army regulars , local militia units , raised and funded by individual colonies / states , participated in battles throughout the war . Sometimes , the militia units operated independently of the Continental Army , but often local militias were called out to support and augment the Continental Army regulars during campaigns . ( The militia troops developed a reputation for being prone to premature retreats , a fact that was integrated into the strategy at the Battle of Cowpens . ) </P> <H2> Early National period ( 1783 -- 1812 ) ( edit ) </H2> See also : Northwest Indian War , Quasi-War , First Barbary War , Second Barbary War , Tecumseh 's War , and Creek War <P> After the war the Continental Army was quickly disbanded as part of the American distrust of standing armies , and irregular state militias became the new nation 's sole ground army , with the exception of a regiment to guard the Western Frontier and one battery of artillery guarding West Point 's arsenal . However , because of continuing conflict with Indians , it was soon realized that it was necessary to field a trained standing army . The first of these , the Legion of the United States , was established in 1791 . </P> <H2> 19th century ( edit ) </H2> <H3> War of 1812 ( edit ) </H3> <P> The War of 1812 , the second and last American war against the British , was less successful than the Revolution had been . An invasion of Canada failed , and U.S. troops were unable to stop the British from burning the new capital of Washington , D.C. . However , the Regular Army , under Generals Winfield Scott and Jacob Brown , proved they were professional and capable of defeating a major invasion by the regular British army in the Niagara campaign of 1814 . The nation celebrated the Army 's great victory under Andrew Jackson , at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 , thus ending the war on a high note . </P> <P> The multiple failures and fiascos of the War of 1812 convinced Washington that thorough reform of the War Department was necessary . Secretary of War John C. Calhoun reorganized the department into a system of bureaus , whose chiefs held office for life , and a commanding general in the field , although the Congress did not authorize this position . Through the 1840s and 1850s , Winfield Scott was the senior general , only retiring at the start of the American Civil War in 1861 . The bureau chiefs acted as advisers to the Secretary of War while commanding their own troops and field installations . The bureaus frequently conflicted among themselves , but in disputes with the commanding general , the Secretary of War generally supported the bureaus . Congress regulated the affairs of the bureaus in detail , and their chiefs looked to that body for support . </P> <P> Calhoun set up the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1824 , the main agency within the War Department for dealing with Native Americans until 1849 , when the Congress transferred it to the newly founded Department of the Interior . </P> <H3> Westward expansion ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Army on the Frontier See also : Winnebago War , Black Hawk War , Creek War of 1836 , and Cherokee removal <P> Between 1815 and 1860 , the main role of the Army was control of Indians in the West , and manning coast artillery stations at major ports . Most of the forces were stationed on the frontier , or and coastal defense units near seaports . </P> <P> Transportation was a key issue and the Army ( especially the Army Corps of Engineers ) was given full responsibility for facilitating navigation on the rivers . The steamboat , first used on the Ohio River in 1811 , made possible inexpensive travel using the river systems , especially the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and their tributaries . Army expeditions up the Missouri River in 1818 -- 25 allowed engineers to improve the technology . For example , the Army 's steamboat `` Western Engineer '' of 1819 combined a very shallow draft with one of the earliest stern wheels . In 1819 -- 25 Colonel Henry Atkinson developed keelboats with hand - powered paddle wheels . </P> <H3> Seminole Wars ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Seminole Wars <P> Internally the main military action involved the years of warfare with the Seminole Indians in Florida . They refused to move west and effectively used the terrain as a defense . The First Seminole War was from 1814 to 1819 , the Second Seminole War from 1835 to 1842 , and the Third Seminole War from 1855 to 1858 . </P> <H3> War with Mexico ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Mexican -- American War <P> The U.S. used regular units and many volunteer units to fight Mexico , 1846 -- 48 . The American strategy was threefold : to take control of the Southwest ( New Mexico and California ) ; to invade Mexico from the North under general Zachary Taylor . Finally to land troops and capture Mexico City with an army under General Winfield Scott . All the operations were successful ; the Americans won all the major battles . </P> <P> The army expanded from 6,000 regulars to more than 115,000 . Of these , approximately 1.5 % were killed in the fighting and nearly 10 % died of disease ; another 12 % were wounded or discharged because of disease . </P> <H3> Civil War ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Union Army The Battle of Gettysburg , the turning point of the American Civil War <P> At the outset of the American Civil War the regular U.S. army was small and generally assigned to defend the nation 's frontiers from Indian attacks . As one after another Southern state seceded many experienced officers and men resigned or left to join the Confederate States Army , further limiting the regular army 's abilities . </P> <P> The attack on Fort Sumter by South Carolina militia marked the beginning of hostilities . Both sides recruited large numbers of men into a new Volunteer Army , recruited and formed by the states . Regiments were recruited locally , with company officers elected by the men . Although many officers in the regular army accepted commissions in the new volunteer units outsiders were not usually welcome as officers , unless they were surgeons whose value was obvious . Colonels -- often local politicians who helped raise the troops -- were appointed by the governors , and generals were appointed by President Abraham Lincoln . </P> <P> The Volunteer Army was so much larger than the Regular Army that entirely new units above the regimental level had to be formed . The grand plan involved geographical theaters , with armies ( named after rivers such as the Army of the Potomac in the Eastern Theater ) comprising brigades , divisions and corps headquarters . </P> <P> The rapidly growing armies were relatively poorly trained when the first major battle of the war occurred at Bull Run in the middle of 1861 . The embarrassing Union defeat and subsequent inability of the Confederacy to capitalize on their victory resulted in both sides spending more time organizing and training their green armies . Much of the subsequent actions taken in 1861 were skirmishes between pro-Union and pro-Confederacy irregular forces in border states like Missouri and Kentucky . </P> <P> In 1862 the war became much more bloody , though neither side was able to gain a lasting strategic advantage over the other . However , the decisive battles of Gettysburg in the east and Vicksburg in the west allowed the momentum of the war to shift in favor of the Union in 1863 . Increasingly , Confederate forces were outmatched by the more numerous and better equipped Union forces , whose greater population and economic resources became critical factors as the war became one of attrition . An increasingly effective naval blockade further damaged the Southern war economy . </P> <P> By 1864 , long - term Union advantages in geography , manpower , industry , finance , political organization and transportation were overwhelming the Confederacy . Grant fought a remarkable series of bloody battles with Lee in Virginia in the summer of 1864 . Lee 's defensive tactics resulted in higher casualties for Grant 's army , but Lee lost strategically overall as he could not replace his casualties and was forced to retreat into trenches around his capital , Richmond , Virginia . Meanwhile , in the West , William Tecumseh Sherman captured Atlanta in 1864 . His March to the Sea destroyed a hundred - mile - wide swath of Georgia , with little Confederate resistance . In 1865 , the Confederacy collapsed after Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse . </P> <P> In all , 2.2 million men served in the Union army ; 360,000 of whom died from all causes -- two - thirds from disease . The Volunteer Army was demobilized in summer 1865 . </P> Logistics ( edit ) <P> While the Confederacy suffered from a worsening lack of adequate supplies , the Union forces typically had enough food , supplies , ammunition and weapons . The Union supply system , even as it penetrated deeper into the South , maintained its efficiency . The key leader was Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs . Union quartermasters were responsible for most of the $3 billion spent for the war . They operated out of sixteen major depots , which formed the basis of the system of procurement and supply throughout the war . As the war expanded , operation of these depots became much more complex , with an overlapping and interweaving relationship between the Army and government operated factories , private factories , and numerous middlemen . The purchase of goods and services through contracts supervised by the quartermasters accounted for most of federal military expenditures , apart from the wages of the soldiers . The quartermasters supervised their own soldiers , and cooperated closely with state officials , manufacturers and wholesalers trying to sell directly to the army ; and representatives of civilian workers looking for higher pay at government factories . The complex system was closely monitored by congressmen anxious to ensure that their districts won their share of contracts . </P> Black soldiers ( edit ) Main article : United States Colored Troops <P> Lincoln 's Emancipation Proclamation of January 1 , 1863 , enabled both free blacks and escaped slaves , to join the Union Army . About 190,000 volunteered , further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates , who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery . Black Union soldiers were mostly used in garrison duty , but they fought in several battles , such as the Battle of the Crater ( 1864 ) , and the Battle of Nashville ( 1865 ) . </P> <P> There was bad blood between Confederates and black soldiers , with no quarter given on either side . At Ft . Pillow on April 12 , 1864 Confederate units under Maj. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest went wild and massacred black soldiers attempting to surrender , which further inflamed passions . </P> <H3> Indian Wars of the late 19th century ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : American Indian Wars and Army on the Frontier <P> Following the Civil War , the U.S. Army fought a Series Of Wars with Native Americans , who resisted U.S. expansion into the center of the continent . By the 1890s the U.S. saw itself as a potential international player . The Army played a central role in winning the Spanish -- American War of 1898 and the less well known Philippine -- American War of 1899 -- 1901 . </P> A painting of Fort Snelling . <P> As settlement sped up across the West after the transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869 , clashes with Native Americans of the Plains and southwest reached a final phase . The military 's mission was to clear the land of free - roaming Indians and put them onto reservations . The stiff resistance of battle - hardened , well - armed mounted Indian warriors resulted in the Indian Wars . </P> <P> In the Apache and Navajo Wars , Colonel Christopher `` Kit '' Carson forced the Mescalero Apache onto a reservation in 1862 . Skirmishes between Americans and Apaches continued until after the turn of the century . In 1863 -- 1864 , Carson used a scorched earth policy in the Navajo campaign , burning Navajo fields and homes , and capturing or killing their livestock . He was aided by other Indian tribes with long - standing enmity toward the Navajos , chiefly the Utes . Later in 1864 , he fought a combined force of more than one thousand Kiowa , Comanche , and Plains Apache at the First Battle of Adobe Walls . Carson retreated but he managed to destroy an Indian village and winter supplies . In the Red River War which followed the U.S. army systematically destroyed Comanche property , horses , and livelihood in the Texas panhandle , resulting in the surrender of the last Comanche war chief , Quanah Parker , in June 1875 . </P> <P> In June 1877 , in the Nez Perce War the Nez Perce under Chief Joseph , unwilling to give up their traditional lands and move to a reservation , undertook a 1,200 mile fighting retreat from Oregon to near the Canada -- US border in Montana . Numbering only 200 warriors , the Nez Perce battled some 2,000 American regulars and volunteers in a total of eighteen engagements , including four major battles and at least four fiercely contested skirmishes . '' The Nez Perce were finally surrounded at the Battle of Bear Paw and surrendered . </P> <P> The Great Sioux War of 1876 -- 77 was conducted by the Lakota under Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse . The conflict began after repeated violations of the Treaty of Fort Laramie ( 1868 ) once gold was discovered in the hills . By far the most famous battle was the one - sided Indian victory at the Battle of the Little Bighorn , in which combined Sioux and Cheyenne forces defeated the 7th Cavalry , led by General George Armstrong Custer . The West was largely pacified by 1890 , apart from small Indian raids along the Mexican border . </P> <P> Combat in the Indian wars resulted in the deaths of about 4,340 people , including soldiers , civilians and Native Americans . In all the Indian wars combined from 1790 to 1910 , regular cavalry units fought in about 1000 engagements and suffered more than 2000 total killed and wounded . Disease and accidents caused far more Army casualties than combat ; annually , eight soldiers per 1000 died from disease , and five per 1000 died from battle wounds or accidents . </P> <H3> Spanish -- American and Philippine -- American Wars ( edit ) </H3> Main articles : Spanish -- American War and Philippine -- American War <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2014 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Twentieth century ( edit ) </H2> See also : United States Army Air Corps <P> In 1910 , the U.S. Signal Corps acquired and flew the Army 's first aircraft , the Wright Type A biplane . </P> <P> The Maneuver Division was formed in San Antonio , Texas , in March 1911 , to undertake offensive operations against Mexico during the Mexican Revolution . This was the United States ' first attempt at modernizing the division concept . Major General Leonard Wood , then Army Chief of Staff , mobilized the division primarily to demonstrate to Congress that the United States was not adequately prepared for modern warfare . The division was disbanded on 7 August 1911 . </P> <P> Because of the mobilization difficulties experienced with the Maneuver Division , on 15 February 1913 a standing organization of a `` regular army organized in divisions and cavalry brigades ready for immediate use as an expeditionary force or for other purposes ... '' and `` an army of national citizen soldiers organized in peace in complete divisions and prepared to reenforce the Regular Army in time of war '' was organized by Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson and known as the `` Stimson Plan . '' The continental United States was divided into four geographic departments ( Eastern , Central , Western , and Southern ) and a regular army division assigned to each , and 12 geographic districts , each with a national guard infantry division assigned . 32 of the 48 state governors committed their national guards to support of the plan . There were also three artillery commands : the Northern Atlantic Coast Artillery District , the Southern Atlantic Coast Artillery District , and the Pacific Coast Artillery District . </P> <P> In 1914 and 1916 , U.S. troops were sent into Mexico during the Mexican Revolution . The Pancho Villa Expedition under Brigadier General John J. Pershing attempted to capture Pancho Villa , a Mexican who had mounted attacks on U.S. border towns . The skirmishes on the border later became known as the Border War ( 1910 -- 19 ) . </P> <H3> World War I ( edit ) </H3> Main article : American Expeditionary Forces <P> A combined conscript and volunteer force , the National Army , was formed by the United States War Department in 1917 to fight in World War I . The National Army was formed from the old core of the regular United States Army , augmented by units of the United States National Guard and a large draft of able - bodied men . </P> <P> The Selective Service Act established the broad outlines of the Army 's structure . There were to be three increments : </P> <Ol> <Li> The Regular Army , to be raised immediately to the full wartime strength of 286,000 authorized in the National Defense Act of 1916 ; </Li> <Li> The National Guard , also to be expanded immediately to the authorized strength of approximately 450,000 ; and </Li> <Li> A National Army ( the National Defense Act had called it a Volunteer Army ) , to be created in two increments of 500,000 men each at such time as the President should determine . </Li> </Ol> <P> Much of the identity of these three segments eventually would be lost as recruits and draftees alike were absorbed in all units , so that in mid-1918 the War Department would change the designation of all land forces to one `` United States Army . '' The original segment to which regiments , brigades , and divisions belonged nevertheless remained apparent from numerical designations . For the Regular Army , for example , divisions were numbered up to 25 , while numbers 26 through 49 were reserved for the National Guard and 50 through higher numbers for divisions of the National Army . </P> <P> At its greatest size the National Army had more than six million men out of which 2 million fought on western front . Promotions within the National Army were quick , with most United States Army officers receiving double and triple promotions within a space of only two years . Dwight D. Eisenhower entered the National Army as a captain and was a lieutenant colonel one year later . Douglas MacArthur also advanced quickly in the National Army , rising from major to brigadier general in two years . </P> <P> The Army entered World War I with very large divisions , often numbering more than 30,000 men ( the 4th Division contained 32,000 , for example ) and consisting of two infantry brigades of two regiments each , with a total of sixteen infantry battalions per division . Each division also had three artillery regiments and an engineer regiment . </P> <P> The United States joined World War I in April 1917 on the side of the Triple Entente ( British Empire , France , and Russia ) . Because of the necessary period of training before the units were moved overseas , the first elements of the American Expeditionary Forces arrived in June 1917 . Their first actions of the Western Front came in October 1917 . U.S. troops contributed to the offensive that finally broke through the German lines . With the armistice on 11 November 1918 , the Army once again decreased its forces . </P> <H3> Interwar period ( edit ) </H3> <P> The National Army was disbanded in 1920 and all personnel not subject to demobilization who had held ranks in the National Army were reverted to Regular Army status . George S. Patton , who had been a colonel in the National Army , returned to the Regular Army as a captain . Some , such as Douglas MacArthur , maintained their wartime rank in the Regular Army . For those keeping their wartime ranks the reality was , however , that they would usually remain at that specific rank for years . This often resulted in talented officers leaving service in the interwar years . </P> <P> After establishing post-World War I divisions , the Army experienced a prolonged period of stagnation and deterioration . The National Defense Act of 1920 authorized a Regular Army of 296,000 men , but Congress gradually backed away from that number . As with the Regular Army , the National Guard never recruited its authorized 486,000 men , and the Organized Reserves became merely a pool of reserve officers . The root of the Army 's problem was money . Congress yearly appropriated only about half the funds that the General Staff requested . Impoverished in manpower and funds , infantry and cavalry divisions dwindled to skeletal organizations . </P> <P> Between 1923 and 1939 divisions gradually declined as fighting organizations . After Regular Army divisions moved to permanent posts , the War Department modified command relationships between divisional units and the corps areas , making division and brigade commanders responsible only for unit training . They were limited to two visits per year to their assigned elements -- and that only if corps area commanders made funds available . Later , as a further economy move , the War Department reduced the number of command visits to one per year , a restriction that effectively destroyed the possibility of training units as combined arms teams . </P> <H3> World War II ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Military history of the United States during World War II <P> During World War II , the Army of the United States was formed as a successor to the National Army . The Army of the United States operated on the same principles as its predecessor , combining Regular Army , National Guard , and conscript forces into one fighting unit . The Army of the United States also incorporated Reserve forces . </P> Soldiers from the 89th Infantry Division cross the River Rhine in assault boats , March 1945 <P> The Army fought World War II with more flexible divisions , consisting of three infantry regiments of three infantry battalions each . From the point of view of soldiers , most of their time was spent in training in the United States , with large numbers going overseas in 1944 . </P> <P> The United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 . On the European front , U.S. Army troops formed a significant portion of the forces that captured North Africa and Sicily and later fought in Italy . On D - Day , 6 June 1944 , and in the subsequent liberation of Europe and defeat of Nazi Germany , millions of U.S. Army troops played a central role . In the Pacific , Army soldiers participated alongside the U.S. Marine Corps in the `` island hopping '' campaign that wrested the Pacific Islands from Japanese control . Following the Axis surrenders in May ( Germany ) and August ( Japan ) of 1945 , Army troops were deployed to Japan and Germany to occupy the two defeated nations . </P> <P> The U.S. Army Air Force , which was an outgrowth of the earlier Army Air Corps , had been virtually independent during the war . In 1947 , it separated from the Army to become the United States Air Force . </P> <P> Shortly after the war , in 1948 , the Women 's Armed Services Integration Act gave women permanent status in the Regular and Reserve forces of the Army . </P> <H3> Cold War ( edit ) </H3> <P> The end of World War II set the stage for the East - West confrontation known as the Cold War . With the outbreak of the Korean War , concerns over the defense of Western Europe rose . Two corps , V and VII , were reactivated under Seventh United States Army in 1950 and American strength in Europe rose from one division to four . Hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops remained stationed in West Germany , with others in Belgium , the Netherlands and the United Kingdom , until the 1990s in anticipation of a possible Soviet attack . </P> Soldiers of the 2nd Infantry Division man a machine gun during the Korean War <P> During the Cold War , American troops and their allies fought Communist forces in Korea and Vietnam ( see Domino Theory ) . The Korean War began in 1950 , when the Soviets walked out of a U.N. Security Council meeting , removing their possible veto . Under a United Nations umbrella , hundreds of thousands of U.S. troops fought to prevent the takeover of South Korea by North Korea , and later , to invade the northern nation . After repeated advances and retreats by both sides , and the PRC People 's Volunteer Army entry into the war , the Korean Armistice Agreement ended the war and returned the peninsula to the status quo in 1953 . </P> An infantry patrol moves up to assault the last Viet Cong position at Dak To , South Vietnam after an attempted overrun of the artillery position by the Viet Cong during Operation Hawthorne <P> During the 1950s , the Pentomic reorganization shifted the basic tactical unit from the regiment to the five - company battle group . Armored divisions did not change during the Pentomic era . Instead of brigades , an armored division had three Combat Commands designated : CCA , CCB , and CCC . </P> <P> On 16 December 1960 , the Army Chief of Staff directed a reappraisal of division organization . Resulting studies were carried out between January and April 1961 , and fully implemented by 1965 . The resulting Reorganization of Army Divisions ( ROAD ) program shifted all types of divisions ( Mechanized , Airborne , Armor , Infantry and Cavalry ) to an identical structure of three brigades of three ( sometimes four ) battalions . The ROAD division consisted of a mix of nine to twelve armor and infantry battalions assigned to the division to meet the expected needs of the division based on its Mission , the likely Enemy , the Terrain / weather , and other forces available or Troops ( METT ) . Each brigade would be assigned or attached the mix of battalions and companies based on the division commanders estimate based on METT . The ROAD concept was based on the armored divisions of WWII and Korea . </P> <P> As operations continued , the division commander could and did move battalions and companies as needed by the flow of the battle . The 1st Air Cavalry in Vietnam had nine battalions spread as needed between the three brigade headquarters , but often moved the equivalent of one battalion each day by airlift from one side of the battefield to the other . An infantry battalion in 1st Infantry Division in Vietnam could expect having the number of companies under his command change at least once a day , with companies from different divisions not uncommon . In the `` Heavy '' divisions in Europe , a tank or infantry company could find itself moved to other battalions more than once a week , and to another brigade as needed . </P> Vietnam ( edit ) <P> The Vietnam War is often regarded as a low point in the Army 's record due to the extensive use of drafted enlisted personnel versus mobilization of Army Reserve and Army National Guard personnel , the unpopularity of the war with the American public , and frustrating restrictions placed on the Army by U.S. political leaders ( i.e. , no invasion of communist - held North Vietnam ) . While American forces had been stationed in the Republic of Vietnam since 1959 , in intelligence and advisory / training roles , they did not deploy in large numbers until 1965 , after the Gulf of Tonkin Incident . American forces effectively established and maintained control of the `` traditional '' battlefield , however they struggled to counter the guerrilla hit and run tactics of the communist Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army . On a tactical level , American soldiers ( and the U.S. military as a whole ) did not lose a sizable battle . For instance in the Tet Offensive in 1968 , the U.S. Army turned a large scale attack by communist forces into a massive defeat of the Viet Cong on the battlefield ( though at the time the offensive sapped the political will of the American public ) which permanently weakened the guerrilla force . Thereafter , most large scale engagements were fought with the regular North Vietnamese Army . In 1973 domestic political opposition to the war finally forced a U.S. withdrawal . In 1975 , Vietnam was unified under a communist government . </P> <P> During the 1960s the Department of Defense continued to scrutinize the reserve forces and to question the number of divisions and brigades as well as the redundancy of maintaining two reserve components , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve . In 1967 Secretary of Defense McNamara decided that 15 combat divisions in the Army National Guard were unnecessary and cut the number to 8 divisions ( 1 mechanized infantry , 2 armored , and 5 infantry ) , but increased the number of brigades from 7 to 18 ( 1 airborne , 1 armored , 2 mechanized infantry , and 14 infantry ) . The loss of the divisions did not set well with the states . Their objections included the inadequate maneuver element mix for those that remained and the end to the practice of rotating divisional commands among the states that supported them . Under the proposal , the remaining division commanders were to reside in the state of the division base . No reduction , however , in total Army National Guard strength was to take place , which convinced the governors to accept the plan . The states reorganized their forces accordingly between 1 December 1967 and 1 May 1968 . </P> <H3> Post Vietnam War ( edit ) </H3> Two M - 60A3 tanks in Germany during Exercise Reforger 85 <P> A `` Total Force Policy '' was adopted by Chief of Staff of the Army General Creighton Abrams in the aftermath of the Vietnam War and involved treating the three components of the Army -- the Regular Army , the Army National Guard and the Army Reserve as a single force . </P> <P> Training and Doctrine Command was established as a major U.S. Army command on 1 July 1973 . The new command , along with the U.S. Army Forces Command ( FORSCOM ) , was created from the Continental Army Command ( CONARC ) located at Fort Monroe , VA . That action was the major innovation in the Army 's post-Vietnam reorganization , in the face of realization that CONARC 's obligations and span of control were too broad for efficient focus . The new organization functionally realigned the major Army commands in the continental United States . CONARC , and Headquarters , U.S. Army Combat Developments Command ( CDC ) , situated at Fort Belvoir , VA , were discontinued , with TRADOC and FORSCOM at Fort Belvoir assuming the realigned missions . TRADOC assumed the combat developments mission from CDC , took over the individual training mission formerly the responsibility of CONARC , and assumed command from CONARC of the major Army installations in the United States housing Army training center and Army branch schools . FORSCOM assumed CONARC 's operational responsibility for the command and readiness of all divisions and corps in the continental U.S. and for the installations where they were based . </P> <P> The 1980s was mostly a decade of reorganization . The Army converted to an all - volunteer force with greater emphasis on training and technology . The Goldwater -- Nichols Act of 1986 created Unified Combatant Commands bringing the Army together with the other three military branches under unified , geographically organized command structures . The Army also played a role in the invasions of Grenada in 1983 ( Operation Urgent Fury ) and Panama in 1989 ( Operation Just Cause ) . </P> <P> By 1989 Germany was nearing reunification and the Cold War was coming to a close . The Army leadership reacted by starting to plan for a reduction in strength . By November 1989 Pentagon briefers were laying out plans for ' Operation Quicksilver , ' a plan to reduce Army endstrength by 23 % , from 750,000 to 580,000 . A number of incentives such as early retirement were used . In 1990 Iraq invaded its smaller neighbor , Kuwait , and U.S. land forces , led by the 82nd Airborne Division , quickly deployed to assure the protection of Saudi Arabia . In January 1991 Operation Desert Storm commenced , a U.S. - led coalition which deployed over 500,000 troops , the bulk of them from U.S. Army formations , to drive out Iraqi forces . The campaign ended in a victory for the Army , as Western coalition forces routed the Iraqi Army , organized along Soviet lines , in just one hundred hours . </P> <H3> 1990s ( edit ) </H3> 10th Mountain Division soldiers during a nighttime sweep of a Somali village in 1993 <P> After Desert Storm , the Army did not see major combat operations for the remainder of the 1990s . Army units did participate in a number of peacekeeping activities , such as the UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia in 1993 , where the abortive Operation Gothic Serpent led to the deaths of eighteen American soldiers and the withdrawal of international forces . The Army also contributed troops to NATO peacekeeping forces in the former Yugoslavia from December 1995 , initially with IFOR . U.S. Army forces only left Bosnia & Herzegovina in 2004 with the disestablishment of Task Force Eagle on November 24 , 2004 . U.S. Army troops remain in Kosovo with KFOR . </P> <P> During the first half of the decade the Army deactivated 8 of its 18 active divisions : </P> <Ul> <Li> 2nd Armored Division in 1995 </Li> <Li> 3rd Armored Division in 1992 </Li> <Li> 5th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) in 1992 </Li> <Li> 6th Infantry Division ( Light ) in 1994 </Li> <Li> 7th Infantry Division ( Light ) in 1994 </Li> <Li> 8th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) in 1992 </Li> <Li> 9th Infantry Division ( Motorized ) in 1991 </Li> <Li> 24th Infantry Division ( Mechanized ) in 1996 </Li> </Ul> <P> as well as two of its ten National Guard divisions : </P> <Ul> <Li> 50th Armored Division in 1993 </Li> <Li> 26th Infantry Division ( Light ) in 1993 </Li> </Ul> <P> Plans to convert two Army National Guard divisions to cadre formations were rejected by Congress in 1992 . </P> <P> During the mid-late 1990s , the Army trialled Force XXI . One of its initiatives was Task Force 21 ( also called Task Force XXI ) , a battlefield digitized brigade formed for the Advanced Warfighting Exercises in 1997 to test Force XXI concepts , technology , and tactics . The brigade was formed from the 4th Infantry Division ( which replaced the deactivated 2d Armored Division in 1992 ) and the 1st Cavalry Division as early as 1992 , with some field testing beginning at Fort Hood in late 1992 , early 1993 . The 4th Infantry Division units assigned were 3 - 66 Armor and 1 - 22 Infantry , both of the 3d Brigade , while 1st Cavalry Division drew soldiers across a variety of support and combat fields . </P> <P> Technologies tested included Software - defined radios , Applique computers , Ground Surveillance Radar , Satellite radio email systems , and Advanced UAV technology . TF - XXI participated in various Advanced Warfighting Exercises , including WARRIOR FOCUS ( 1995 # 4 ) . </P> <H2> 21st century ( edit ) </H2> Soldiers from the 3rd Stryker Brigade Combat Team , 2nd Infantry Division patrolling Dora in Iraq during 2007 <P> On September 11 , 2001 , 53 Army civilians ( 47 employees and six contractors ) and 22 soldiers were among the 125 victims killed in the Pentagon in a terrorist attack when American Airlines Flight 77 commandeered by five Al - Qaeda hijackers slammed into the western side of the building , as part of the September 11 attacks . Lieutenant General Timothy Maude was the highest - ranking military official killed at the Pentagon , and the most senior U.S. Army officer killed by foreign action since the death of Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Buckner , Jr. on June 18 , 1945 , in the Battle of Okinawa during World War II . </P> <P> In response to the September 11 attacks , and as part of the Global War on Terror , U.S. and NATO combined arms ( i.e. Army , Navy , Air Force , Marine , Special Operations ) forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001 , replacing the Taliban government . </P> <P> The Army took part in the combined U.S. and allied 2003 invasion of Iraq . Within months the mission changed from conflict between regular militaries to counterinsurgency , with large numbers of suicide attacks resulting in the deaths of more than 4,000 U.S. service members ( as of March 2008 ) and injuries to thousands more . </P> <P> Most of the units that carried out the ground campaign phase of the invasion of Iraq , and who bore the larger part of the conflict with the Iraqi military in 2003 were those of the Army . Since then , they have performed numerous operations against insurgents . </P> <P> The Army has had to make several adjustments to address demands on its personnel and equipment . The US Army has utilized its stop - loss policy and has required more of its combat personnel to serve more tours of duty than before , due to the need for experienced personnel . As opposed to Vietnam , there was no involuntary draft of enlisted males into the Army . Instead , the service employed its Total Force model and mobilized / recalled to active duty numerous Army National Guard and Army Reserve combat arms , combat support and combat service support units and personnel , often deploying many of them repeatedly to the Southwest Asia combat zone in a manner similar to their Regular Army counterparts . </P> <P> There are deep concerns about effects on the psychological health of US soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan . Suicides among US soldiers have been rising , and have reached their highest rate in 26 years . This increase has coincided with US deployments in Afghanistan and Iraq . </P> <P> During the insurgency , it was found that most Army and Marine Corps vehicles such as HMMWVs were insufficiently armored , leading to efforts to add greater armor to protect against improvised explosive devices . Some soldiers added armor by using modifications known as hillbilly armor . In the short term , HMMWVs in service in Iraq are being replaced by Category 1 MRAP vehicles , primarily the Force Protection Cougar H and the International MaxxPro . The US Marine Corps plans to replace all HMMWVs patrolling `` outside the wire '' with MRAP vehicles . </P> <P> The lack of stability in Iraq has led to longer deployments for Regular Army as well as Army Reserve and Army National Guard troops . U.S. troops withdrew in December 2011 , but fighting continues . 3,293 US Army personnel were killed in the conflict . </P> <P> The Army 's chief modernization plan was the Future Combat Systems program . Many systems were canceled and the remaining were swept into the BCT modernization program . </P> <H2> Personnel ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1775 -- 1783 : 17,000 ( Continental Army without militias ) </Li> <Li> 1784 : 700 ( First American Regiment ) </Li> <Li> 1793 : 5,100 ( Legion of the United States ) </Li> <Li> 1812 : 7,000 </Li> <Li> 1815 : 35,800 </Li> <Li> 1846 : 8,600 </Li> <Li> 1848 : 32,000 </Li> <Li> 1861 : 16,400 ( Regular Army , before the American Civil War ) </Li> <Li> 1865 : 1,000,516 ( Union Army ) </Li> <Li> 1898 : 25,000 </Li> <Li> 1917 : 286,000 </Li> <Li> 1939 : 189,800 </Li> <Li> 1945 : 8,267,958 </Li> <Li> 2017 : 460,000 </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Military history of the United States <Ul> <Li> History of the United States Navy </Li> <Li> History of the United States Marine Corps </Li> <Li> History of the United States Air Force </Li> <Li> History of the United States Coast Guard </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Organizations which deal with US Army History <Ul> <Li> United States Army Center of Military History <Ul> <Li> Military history detachments </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Army Historical Foundation </Li> <Li> U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Other topics <Ul> <Li> U.S. Army Birthdays </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Army Birthdays '' . United States Army Center of Military History . 31 July 2009 . Retrieved 1 June 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wright , Continental Army , p. 10 -- 11 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Don Higginbotham , George Washington and the American Military Tradition ( University of Georgia Press , 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles M. Wiltse , John C. Calhoun , Nationalist , 1782 -- 1828 ( 1944 ) pp. 142 -- 54 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ William S. Belko , `` ' John C. Calhoun and the Creation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs : An Essay on Political Rivalry , Ideology , and Policymaking in the Early Republic , '' South Carolina Historical Magazine 2004 105 ( 3 ) : 170 -- 197 . ISSN 0038 - 3082 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis P. Prucha , The Great Father : The United States Government and the American Indians ( Abridged Edition 1986 ) excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Samuel J. Watson , Jackson 's Sword : The Army Officer Corps on the American Frontier , 1810 -- 1821 ( University Press of Kansas ; 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Adam I. Kane , The Western River Steamboat ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roger L. Nichols , `` Army Contributions to River Transportation , 1818 -- 1825 , '' Military Affairs ( 1969 ) 33 # 1 pp. 242 -- 249 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John Missall and Mary Lou Missall , The Seminole Wars : America 's Longest Indian Conflict ( University Press of Florida , 2004 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ K. Jack Bauer , Zachary Taylor : Soldier , Planter , Statesman of the Old Southwest ( 1985 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Timothy D. Johnson , Winfield Scott : The Quest for Military Glory ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James M. McCaffrey , Army of Manifest Destiny : The American Soldier in the Mexican War , 1846 -- 1848 ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richard Price Winders , Mr. Polk 's Army : The American Military Experience in the Mexican War ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark H. Dunkelman , `` ' A just right to select our own officers ' : Reactions in a Union regiment to officers commissioned , '' Civil War History ( March 1998 ) 44 # 1 pp. 24 -- 34 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Allan Satin , `` The Development of the Army Corps System in the Union Army , '' Ohio Civil War Genealogy Journal , ( June 2010 ) 14 # 2 pp. 84 -- 89 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Russell Weigley , Quartermaster General of the Union Army : A Biography of M.C. Meigs ( 1959 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David W. Miller , Second Only to Grant : Quartermaster General Montgomery C. Meigs ( Shippensburg : White Mane , 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark R. Wilson , The Business of Civil War : Military Mobilization and the State , 1861 -- 1865 ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ John David Smith , ed. ( 2004 ) . Black Soldiers in Blue : African American Troops in the Civil War Era . U of North Carolina Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5579 - 9 . CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See excerpts from Official Reports ; Andrew Ward , River Run Red : The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War ( 2005 ) excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Alvin M. Jacoby , Jr. , The Nez Perce and the Opening of the Northwest . ( Yale U Press , 1965 ) , p. 632 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert M. Utley , Frontier Regulars ; the United States Army and the Indian , 1866 -- 1891 ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spencer C. Tucker ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 140 . ISBN 9781851096039 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jason Hook ; Martin Pegler ( 2001 ) . To Live and Die in the West : The American Indian Wars , 1860 -- 90 . Taylor & Francis . p. 36 . ISBN 9781579583705 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cragg , p. 272 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ A peacetime order of battle of the United States Army for August of 1914 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Center for Army Military History , `` The U.S. Army in World War I '' , pg 21 ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ CMH Pub 30 -- 21 ; AMERICAN MILITARY HISTORY ; VOLUME 1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.history.army.mil/books/Lineage/M-F/chapter3.htm#b4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Steven Thomas Barry , Battalion Commanders at War : U.S. Army Tactical Leadership in the Mediterranean Theater , 1942 -- 1943 ( University Press of Kansas ; 2013 ) examines the tactical adaptability and crucial leadership of battalion - level commanders in North Africa and Sicily . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Women In Military Service For America Memorial '' . Womensmemorial.org. 1950 - 07 - 27 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 06 - 22 . Retrieved 2015 - 08 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson , John B. ( 1997 ) . Maneuver and Firepower : The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades . Washington , DC : Center of Military History . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Woodruff , Mark . Unheralded Victory : The Defeat of the Viet Cong and the North Vietnamese Army 1961 -- 1973 ( Arlington , VA : Vandamere Press , 1999 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wilson ( 1997 ) . Chapter XII , for references see Note 48 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Army National Guard Constitution </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shear , Jeff , `` America in the Hands of a Professional Military Archived 2011 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . '' , Miller - McCune , 15 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ An Army at War : Change in the Midst of Conflict , p. 515 , via Google Books </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www3.ausa.org/webpub/DeptAUSANews.nsf/byid/CCRN-6CGMTQ The 38th Infantry Division was the last formation to lead the Task Force . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark D. Sherry , The Army command post and defense reshaping 1987 -- 1997 , Center for Military History , 2008 , 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Casualties in Iraq </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ US army suicides set for new high , BBC , 1 February 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) More MRAPs : Navistar 's MaxxPro Maintains the Pole Position </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hampson , Rick , `` West Point 's Quiet Place Of Honor , Lost Dreams '' , USA Today , 28 December 2011 , p. 1 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> `` Case Reference Guide for Review of Military Records '' , Military Personnel Records Center , published 2001 </Li> <Li> `` Army Force Components Training Guide '' , Military Personnel Records Center , published 2003 </Li> <Li> Wilson , John B. ( 1997 ) . Maneuver and Firepower : The Evolution of Divisions and Separate Brigades . Washington , DC : Center of Military History . </Li> <Li> United States Army Service Records ( 1910 -- 2005 ) , National Personnel Records Center , Overland , Missouri </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> Further information : Military history of the United States § Further reading <Ul> <Li> Abrahamson , James L. America Arms for a New Century : The Making of a Great Military Power ( 1981 ) , examines reformers and modernizers </Li> <Li> Anderson , Fred , ed . The Oxford Companion to American Military History ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Bailey , Beth . America 's Army : Making the All - Volunteer Force Hardcover ( 2009 ) excerpt </Li> <Li> Black , Jeremy . America as a Military Power : From the American Revolution to the Civil War ( 2002 ) online edition </Li> <Li> Bluhm , Jr , Raymond K. ( Editor - in - Chief ) ; et al. ( 2004 ) . U.S. Army : A Complete History ( Beaux Arts ed . ) . Arlington , VA : The Army Historical Foundation . p. 744 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88363 - 640 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Carter , Donald A. Forging the Shield : The U.S. Army in Europe , 1951 - 1962 ( Washington : Center of Military History , 2015 ) . xxiv , 513 pp . </Li> <Li> Center for Military History . U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812 : Online free <Ul> <Li> Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1813 . ( 2013 ) ISBN 9780160920844 </Li> <Li> Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1814 . ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160923845 </Li> <Li> Blackmon , Richard D . The Creek War 1813 -- 1814 ; 43pp ISBN 9780160925429 </Li> <Li> Neimeyer , Charles P . The Chesapeake Campaign , 1813 -- 1814 ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160925351 </Li> <Li> Rauch , Steven J. The Campaign of 1812 ( 2013 ) ; 58pp ISBN 9780160920929 </Li> <Li> Stoltz III , Joseph F. The Gulf Theater , 1813 -- 1815 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Chambers , ed . John Whiteclay . The Oxford Guide to American Military History ( 1999 ) online at many libraries </Li> <Li> Clark , J.P. Preparing for War : The Emergence of the Modern U.S. Army , 1815 -- 1917 ( Harvard UP , 2017 ) 336 pp . </Li> <Li> Coffman , Edward M. The Regulars : The American Army , 1898 -- 1941 ( 2007 ) excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Coffman , Edward M. The War to End All Wars : The American Military Experience in World War I ( 1998 ) , a standard history </Li> <Li> Coumbe , Arthur T. A History of the U.S. Army Officer Corps , 1900 - 1990 ( 2014 ) . Carlisle , PA : Strategic Studies Institute , U.S. Army War College Press . </Li> <Li> Doughty , Robert . American Military History and the Evolution of Western Warfare , ( 1996 ) , stress on combat operations </Li> <Li> Faulkner , Richard S. Pershing 's Crusaders : The American Soldier in World War I ( U Press of Kansas , 2017 ) . xiv , 758 pp </Li> <Li> Herrera , Ricardo A. For Liberty and the Republic : The American Citizen as Soldier , 1775 - 1861 ( New York University Press , 2015 ) online review </Li> <Li> Higginbotham , Don . The War of American Independence : Military Attitudes , Policies , and Practice , 1763 -- 1789 ( 1971 , 1983 ) . an analytical history of the war online via ACLS Humanities E-Book . </Li> <Li> Hope , Ian C. A Scientific Way of War : Antebellum Military Science , West Point , and the Origins of American Military Thought ( U of Nebraska Press , 2015 ) . xii , 334 pp . </Li> <Li> Huston , James A . The Sinews of War : Army Logistics , 1775 -- 1953 ( 1966 ) , U.S. Army ; pp. 755 online </Li> <Li> Kretchik , Walter E. U.S. Army Doctrine : From the American Revolution to the War on Terror ( University Press of Kansas ; 2011 ) 392 pages ; studies military doctrine in four distinct eras : 1779 -- 1904 , 1905 -- 1944 , 1944 -- 1962 , and 1962 to the present . </Li> <Li> Maass , John R. Defending A New Nation 1783 -- 1811 ( Center for Military History , 2013 ) 59pp online </Li> <Li> Matloff , Maurice , ed . American Military History ( 1996 ) full text online ; standard textbook used in ROTC </Li> <Li> Moten , Matthew ( 2014 ) . Presidents and Their Generals : An American History of Command in War . Harvard UP . </Li> <Li> Millett , Allan R. , and Peter Maslowski . For the common defense : a military history of the United States of America ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Newell , Clayton R . The Regular Army before the Civil War , 1845 - 1860 . Washington , DC : Center of Military History , United States Army , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Olinger , Mark A. , `` Organizing for War in Canada , 1812 -- 1814 : The U.S. Army Experience , '' Ontario History 104 ( Spring 2012 ) , 21 -- 44 . </Li> <Li> Oyos , Matthew . `` Courage , Careers , and Comrades : Theodore Roosevelt and the United States Army Officer Corps , '' Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era ( 2011 ) 10 # 1 pp. 23 -- 58 . On TR 's controversial reforms that included physical testing and rapid promotion of younger talent </Li> <Li> Schifferle , Peter J. America 's School for War : Fort Leavenworth , Officer Educations , and Victory in World War II . Lawrence : University Press of Kansas , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Shannon , Fred . The Organization and Administration of the Union Army 1861 -- 1865 ( 2 vol 1928 ) vol 1 excerpt and text search ; vol 2 excerpt and text search </Li> <Li> Sweeney , Jerry K. , and Kevin B. Byrne , eds . A Handbook of American Military History : From the Revolutionary War to the Present , ( 1997 ) ISBN 0 - 8133 - 2871 - 3 </Li> <Li> Weigley , Russell Frank . The American Way of War : A History of United States Military Strategy and Policy , ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Utley , Robert M. Frontier Regulars ; the United States Army and the Indian , 1866 -- 1891 ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Richard W. Stewart , ed. ( 2004 ) . American Military History Vol. 1 : The United States Army and the Forging of a Nation , 1775 - 1917 . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . ISBN 0 - 16 - 072362 - 0 . CMH Pub 30 -- 21 . ; Richard W. Stewart , ed. ( 2004 ) . American Military History Vol. 2 : The United States Army in a Global Era , 1917 -- 2003 . Washington , D.C. : United States Army Center of Military History . CMH Pub 30 -- 22 . </Li> <Li> Wintermute , Bobby A. , `` ' The Negro Should Not Be Used as a Combat Soldier ' : Reconfiguring Racial Identity in the United States Army , 1890 -- 1918 , '' Patterns of Prejudice , 46 ( July 2012 ) , 277 -- 98 . </Li> <Li> Woodward , David R . The American Army and the First World War ( Cambridge University Press , 2014 ) . 484 pp. online review </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> History and Heritage of the U.S. Army -- from the official U.S. Army website </Li> <Li> Army Historical Foundation </Li> <Li> United States Army Center of Military History </Li> <Li> Centuries of Service : The U.S. Army 1775 -- 2005 -- A booklet published by the United States Army Center of Military History </Li> <Li> Online Bookshelf of Books and Research Resources at the United States Army Center of Military History </Li> <Li> The short film Big Picture : Soldiers ' Heritage is available for free download at the Internet Archive </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> United States Army </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leadership </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Secretary of the Army </Li> <Li> Under Secretary of the Army </Li> <Li> Chief of Staff </Li> <Li> Vice Chief of Staff </Li> <Li> 4 - star generals </Li> <Li> Army Staff Senior Warrant Officer </Li> <Li> Sergeant Major of the Army </Li> <Li> House Armed Services Committee ( House Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) </Li> <Li> Senate Committee on Armed Services ( Senate Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Components and commands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Regular Army </Li> <Li> Army Reserve </Li> <Li> Army National Guard </Li> <Li> Active Units </Li> <Li> Reorganization plan of United States Army </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Army commands </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Forces </Li> <Li> Futures </Li> <Li> Materiel </Li> <Li> Training and Doctrine </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Service components </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Africa </Li> <Li> Central </Li> <Li> Europe </Li> <Li> Pacific </Li> <Li> North </Li> <Li> South </Li> <Li> Special Operations </Li> <Li> Surface Deployment and Distribution </Li> <Li> Space and Missile Defense </Li> <Li> Cyber Command </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Direct reporting units </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Second Army </Li> <Li> Medical </Li> <Li> Intelligence and Security </Li> <Li> Criminal Investigation </Li> <Li> Corps of Engineers </Li> <Li> Military District of Washington </Li> <Li> Test and Evaluation </Li> <Li> Military Academy </Li> <Li> Reserve </Li> <Li> Acquisition Support Center </Li> <Li> Installation Management </Li> <Li> War College </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Field armies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First </Li> <Li> Second </Li> <Li> Third </Li> <Li> Fifth </Li> <Li> Sixth </Li> <Li> Seventh </Li> <Li> Eighth </Li> <Li> Ninth </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Branches </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acquisition Corps </Li> <Li> Adjutant General 's Corps </Li> <Li> Air Defense Artillery Branch </Li> <Li> Armor Branch </Li> <Li> Aviation Branch </Li> <Li> Army Band </Li> <Li> Chaplain Corps </Li> <Li> Chemical Corps </Li> <Li> Civil Affairs Corps </Li> <Li> Corps of Engineers </Li> <Li> Dental Corps </Li> <Li> Field Artillery Branch </Li> <Li> Finance Corps </Li> <Li> Infantry Branch </Li> <Li> Inspector General 's Corps </Li> <Li> Judge Advocate General 's Corps </Li> <Li> Logistics Branch </Li> <Li> Medical Corps </Li> <Li> Medical Service Corps </Li> <Li> Medical Specialist Corps </Li> <Li> Military Intelligence Corps </Li> <Li> Military Police Corps </Li> <Li> Nurse Corps </Li> <Li> Ordnance Corps </Li> <Li> Psychological Operations </Li> <Li> Quartermaster Corps </Li> <Li> Signal Corps </Li> <Li> Special Forces </Li> <Li> Transportation Corps </Li> <Li> Veterinary Corps </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Installations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United States and Overseas </Li> <Li> Germany </Li> <Li> Kosovo </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> South Korea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Training </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Basic Training </Li> <Li> BOLC </Li> <Li> ROTC ( ECP ) </Li> <Li> OCS </Li> <Li> WOBC </Li> <Li> WOCS </Li> <Li> Military Academy ( West Point ) </Li> <Li> MOS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Uniforms and insignia </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Awards and decorations </Li> <Li> Badges </Li> <Li> Branch </Li> <Li> Officer </Li> <Li> Warrant </Li> <Li> Enlisted <Ul> <Li> World War I </Li> <Li> World War II </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Uniforms </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Equipment </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Individual weapons </Li> <Li> Crew - 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Battle of Glorieta Pass - wikipedia <H1> Battle of Glorieta Pass </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Battle of Glorieta Pass </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the American Civil War </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Depiction of the Battle of Glorieta Pass by Roy Anderson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> March 26 -- 28 , 1862 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> New Mexico Territory ; modern - day Santa Fe County and San Miguel County , New Mexico </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Result </Th> <Td> Union victory </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> Confederate States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> John P. Slough John M. Chivington </Td> <Td> Charles L. Pyron William R. Scurry Henry Hopkins Sibley </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Strength </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1,300 </Td> <Td> 1,100 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apache Canyon 5 killed 14 wounded 3 missing Glorieta Pass 46 killed 64 wounded 15 captured Total : 51 killed 78 wounded 15 captured 3 missing 147 total </Td> <Td> Apache Canyon 4 killed 20 wounded 75 captured Glorieta Pass 46 killed 60 wounded 17 captured Total : 50 killed 80 wounded 92 captured 222 total </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Sibley 's New Mexico Campaign </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Valverde </Li> <Li> Glorieta Pass </Li> <Li> Albuquerque </Li> <Li> Peralta </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Engagements in Union New Mexico </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Glorieta Pass </Li> <Li> Albuquerque </Li> <Li> Peralta </Li> <Li> Big Bug </Li> <Li> Pecos River </Li> <Li> Canyon de Chelly </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Battle of Glorieta Pass , fought from March 26 -- 28 , 1862 , in the northern New Mexico Territory , was the decisive battle of the New Mexico Campaign during the American Civil War . Dubbed the `` Gettysburg of the West '' ( a term that `` serves the novelist better than the historian '' ) by some authors , it was intended as the decisive blow by Confederate forces to break the Union possession of the West along the base of the Rocky Mountains . It was fought at Glorieta Pass in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains in what is now New Mexico , and was an important event in the history of the New Mexico Territory in the American Civil War . </P> <P> There was a skirmish on March 26 between advance elements from each army , with the main battle occurring on March 28 . Although the Confederates were able to push the Union force back through the pass , they had to retreat when their supply train was destroyed and most of their horses and mules killed or driven off . Eventually the Confederates had to withdraw entirely from the territory back into Confederate Arizona and then Texas . Glorieta Pass thus represented the climax of the campaign . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 New Mexico Campaign </Li> <Li> 2 Opposing forces <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Union </Li> <Li> 2.2 Confederate </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Battle <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Apache Canyon </Li> <Li> 3.2 Glorieta Pass <Ul> <Li> 3.2. 1 Johnson 's Ranch </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Controversy </Li> <Li> 5 Effects </Li> <Li> 6 Battlefield preservation </Li> <Li> 7 Depictions in popular culture </Li> <Li> 8 Notes </Li> <Li> 9 References </Li> <Li> 10 Further reading </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> New Mexico Campaign ( edit ) </H2> Main article : New Mexico Campaign <P> The lower portion of the New Mexico Territory had been largely neglected by both the federal government and the territorial government in Santa Fe . As a result , Confederate sympathy was strong , in hopes of receiving better treatment by the new government . Following secession moves by residents , Confederate forces seized Mesilla and captured the federal troops there , who made a halfhearted attempt to retreat to Santa Fe . In early 1862 the Confederacy established the Confederate Arizona Territory , which included the southern halves of both modern Arizona and New Mexico . The territorial capital was at Mesilla , some 45 miles from El Paso and near today 's major city of Las Cruces . The strategic goals were to gain access to the gold and silver mines of California and the Colorado Territory and the seaports in Southern California , and thus evade the Union naval blockade . </P> <P> The commanders of the New Mexico Campaign were Confederate Brig. Gen. Henry Hopkins Sibley and Union Col. Edward Canby . Sibley attempted to capture Fort Craig , completely outmaneuvering Canby at the Battle of Valverde in February and driving him back into his fort , but failed to force Canby 's surrender . Sibley then bypassed the fort and advanced north through the Rio Grande Valley , occupying Santa Fe on March 10 . Canby remained at Fort Craig , hoping to cut Sibley 's logistical support from Texas and awaiting reinforcements before he dared to take the offensive . Sibley made his headquarters at the abandoned Union storehouse at Albuquerque . </P> <P> In March Sibley sent a Confederate force of 200 - 300 Texans under the command of Maj . Charles L. Pyron on an advance expedition over the Glorieta Pass , a strategic location on the Santa Fe Trail at the southern tip of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains southeast of Santa Fe . Control of the pass would allow the Confederates to advance onto the High Plains and make an assault on Fort Union , a Union stronghold on the route northward over Raton Pass . Sibley sent six companies under the command of Col. Tom Green to block the eastern end of Glorieta Pass , turning any Union defensive position in the Sangre de Cristos . </P> <H2> Opposing forces ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Union ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Union order of battle <H3> Confederate ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Confederate order of battle <H2> Battle ( edit ) </H2> Battle of Glorieta Pass : actions on March 28 Confederate Union <P> The Confederates were led by Charles L. Pyron and William Read Scurry . During the battle on March 26 , Pyron had his battalion of the 2nd Texas Mounted Rifles , four companies of the 5th Texas Mounted Rifles under Maj . John Shropshire and two cannons . Scurry 's force included nine companies of the 4th Texas Mounted Rifles under Maj . Henry Raguet , five companies of the 7th Texas Mounted Rifles under Maj . Powhatan Jordan and three additional cannons . </P> <P> The Union forces were led by Col. John P. Slough of the 1st Colorado Infantry , with units under the command of Maj . John M. Chivington . In the action on March 26 , Chivington had three infantry companies and one mounted company of the 1st Colorado and a detachment of the 1st and 3rd U.S. Cavalry regiments . During the main battle on the 28th , Slough commanded , in person , nine companies of the 1st Colorado , a detachment from the 1st , 2nd and 3rd U.S. Cavalry regiments and two artillery batteries . Chivington commanded five companies of the 5th U.S. Infantry , one company from the 1st Colorado , James Hobart Ford 's independent company from the 2nd Colorado and some New Mexico militiamen . </P> <P> Prior to the battle Union forces performed a forced march from Denver , over Raton Pass , to Fort Union and then to Glorieta Pass , covering the distance of 400 miles in 14 days . Combat commenced shortly after their arrival at the battlefield , leaving them little time to recuperate . </P> <H3> Apache Canyon ( edit ) </H3> Action at Apache Canyon . <P> Pyron 's force of 300 camped at Apache Canyon , at one end of Glorieta Pass , leaving a picket post of 50 men at the summit of the pass . Chivington led 418 soldiers to the pass and , on the morning of March 26 , moved out to attack . After noon Chivington 's men captured the picket post and found the main force behind them . Chivington advanced on them , but their artillery fire threw him back . He regrouped , split his force to the two sides of the pass , caught the Confederates in a crossfire , and soon forced them to retire . Pyron retired about a mile and a half ( about 2 = 1 / 2 kilometers ) to a narrow section of the pass and formed a defensive line before Chivington 's men appeared . The Union forces flanked Pyron 's men again and punished them with enfilade fire . Pyron ordered another retreat , but the withdrawal of the artillery caused the Confederates to become disorganized and start fighting in separate clusters of men . Chivington ordered a mounted Colorado company to make a frontal charge against the artillery ; this succeeded in capturing several Confederates and scattering the rest . Not knowing if Confederate reinforcements were nearby , Chivington then retired and went into camp at Kozlowski 's Ranch to await Slough with the main body . His small victory was a morale boost for Slough 's army . </P> <P> No fighting occurred the next day , as reinforcements arrived for both sides . Scurry 's troops arrived at 3 : 00 am on March 27 , swelling the Confederate force to about 1,100 men and five cannons ; as senior officer present , he took command of the entire Confederate force . Thinking that Slough would attack again and expecting Green to arrive in the Union rear at any time , Scurry chose to remain in place for the day , digging rifle pits . Slough arrived early in the morning of March 28 with about 900 more men , bringing the Union strength to 1,300 . </P> <H3> Glorieta Pass ( edit ) </H3> Glorieta Pass battlefield . This photograph was taken in 1990 from Sharpshooter 's Ridge , just north of Pigeon 's Ranch . It was the location of the Union right flank during the last day 's battle . <P> Both Scurry and Slough decided to attack on March 28 and set out early to do so . Expecting the Confederates to remain in Apache Canyon , Slough sent Chivington with two infantry battalions , under Lewis and Wynkoop , out in a circling movement with orders to go hide out at Glorieta Pass and hit the Texans in the flank once Slough 's main force had engaged their front . Chivington did as ordered and his men waited above the pass for Slough and the enemy to arrive . However , instead of remaining at Apache Canyon as Slough had expected , Scurry advanced down the canyon more rapidly than Slough had anticipated . Scurry believed the Union force was retreating to Fort Union . He intended to attack them until Green could arrive . One cannon and a small guard was left at Johnson 's Ranch , while the rest of the Confederate force -- more than 1000 men -- marched eastwards along the Santa Fe Trail . </P> <P> When Slough found the Texans so far forward he launched an attack , hitting them about 11 : 00 am some half a mile from Pigeon 's Ranch . A provisional battalion of four companies from the 1st Colorado , supported by both batteries , was commanded by Lt. Col. Samuel Tappan , who deployed his men across the trail . The Confederates dismounted and formed a line across the canyon , but the terrain caused some companies to become intermingled . Tappan was initially successful and held his ground for a half - hour , but the Confederates ' numerical superiority enabled them to outflank Tapan 's line by noon . The Union troops were thrown back in confusion but managed to take up position around the adobe ranch buildings . Slough reformed his men several hundred yards closer to Pigeon 's Ranch , with the four companies under Tappan and an artillery battery on a hill to the left , the other battery supported by two companies in the center across the road and the remaining two companies on the ridge to the right . </P> <P> Scurry then launched a three - pronged attack . Pyron and Raguet were ordered to attack the Union right , Shropshire the Union left , with the remainder led by Scurry against the Union center , and the artillery firing in support . The attack on the Union left was beaten back , with Shropshire killed . The attack on the center stalled , while the artillery was forced to withdraw after one cannon was disabled and a limber destroyed . The attack itself then stalled , with the Confederates fighting by squads `` with a desperation unequaled by any engagement of the war . '' At around 3 : 00 pm the Confederates outflanked the Union right , but Raguet was mortally wounded . From the ridge ( thereafter known as `` Sharpshooters Ridge '' ) , Confederate riflemen started picking off the artillerymen and infantry below them . Scurry again pressed the Union center , and the Union position became untenable . Slough reluctantly ordered a retreat , and Tappan formed the companies on the left into a rear guard . Slough reformed his line a half - mile east of Pigeon 's Ranch , where skirmishing continued until dusk . The Union men finally retreated to Kozlowski 's Ranch , leaving the Confederates in possession of the battlefield . </P> Johnson 's Ranch ( edit ) <P> With the sounds of battle echoing in the distance , Lt. Col. Manuel Chaves of the 2nd New Mexico Infantry , commander of the New Mexican volunteers , informed Maj . Chivington that his scouts had located the Confederate supply train at Johnson 's Ranch . After watching the supply train for an hour , Chivington 's force descended the slope and attacked , driving off or capturing the small guard with few casualties on either side . They then looted and burned 80 supply wagons and spiked the cannon , either killing or driving off about 500 horses and mules before returning with their prisoners to Kozlowski 's Ranch . With no supplies to sustain his advance , Scurry had to retreat to Santa Fe , the first step on the long road back to San Antonio , Texas . Thanks to Chaves ' assistance , the Federals had turned a defeat into victory and stopped further Confederate advances in the Southwest . Glorieta Pass was therefore the turning point of the war in the New Mexico Territory . </P> <P> One of Chaves ' scouts was Anastasio Duran . He was stationed with the Union Army at Fort Union and was a resident of Chaperito ( or Chaparito ) , New Mexico . He was considered a `` Comanchero '' by U.S. Army officers and was renowned for his hunting skills . He was intimately familiar with the terrain . Duran was the lead scout who led Chivington 's forces to attack behind Confederate lines at the Battle of Glorieta Pass . </P> <P> Parts of the battlefield are preserved in Pecos National Historical Park . </P> <H2> Controversy ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many New Mexicans disputed the view that Chivington was the hero of Johnson 's Ranch . Many Santa Fe residents credited James L. Collins , a Bureau of Indian Affairs official , who had suggested the roundabout attack on the supply train . Chivington had actually been sent out in hopes of making a flank attack , and the discovery of the supply train was a lucky accident . He was also accused of almost letting the opportunity slip by him . On January 23 , 1864 , the New Mexico Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution that did not mention Chivington and instead asked President Lincoln to promote William H. Lewis and Asa B. Carey , both regular army officers , for `` distinguished service '' in the battle . On March 8 the Rio Abajo Press of Albuquerque complained about `` Col. Chivington 's strutting about in plumage stolen from Captain William H. Lewis '' ( it did not mention Carey ) . According to the newspaper editor , `` Some one of the party '' suggested the attack , which Chivington only agreed to after `` two hours persuasion . '' Furthermore , Lewis had led the attack , while Chivington was `` viewing the scene from afar '' . </P> <P> A more serious charge made against Chivington was that if he had hurried to reinforce Slough as soon as he heard gunfire coming from Pigeon 's Ranch , his 400 men might have been enough to win the battle for the Federals , especially if he had attacked Scurry 's flank as he had been ordered . </P> <H2> Effects ( edit ) </H2> Battle of Glorieta Pass marker at the Cuerno Verde Rest Area , Colorado . <P> In the end , the Battle of Glorieta Pass was consequential . First , despite the fact that the Confederates took the field , they were forced to retreat to Santa Fe due to the destruction of their supplies and eventually abandon New Mexico Territory . Second , the battle at Glorieta foiled Sibley 's plan to obtain his key objective : the capture of the major federal base at Fort Union . That would have broken federal resistance in New Mexico and compelled Union forces to retire north of Raton Pass and back into Colorado Territory . </P> <P> In any case , the dream of a Confederate stronghold in the Southwest was impractical ; New Mexico could not provide enough sustenance for any prolonged Confederate occupation . Furthermore , the approach of the Federal `` California Column '' eastward through the New Mexico Territory during the summer of 1862 would have seriously jeopardized Confederate control of the region . </P> <H2> Battlefield preservation ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Glorieta Pass Battlefield The battlefield in 2012 . <P> In 1987 two Confederate burial sites were discovered at Pigeon 's Ranch . One was the solitary grave of Maj . John Samuel Shropshire , the other was a mass grave of 30 Confederates . Only Shropshire and five others could be positively identified On August 5 , 1990 , Maj . Shropshire 's remains were reburied next to his parents in his family 's cemetery in Bourbon County , Kentucky . The remaining 30 Confederates were reinterred in the Santa Fe National Cemetery . </P> <P> In 1993 the congressionally appointed Civil War Sites Advisory Commission issued its `` Report on the Nation 's Civil War Battlefields . '' The commission was tasked with identifying the nation 's historically significant Civil War sites , determining their importance and providing recommendations for their preservation to Congress . </P> <P> Of the roughly 10,500 actions of the U.S. Civil War , 384 ( 3.7 % ) were identified by the commission as principal battles and rated according to their significance and threat of loss . The Battle of Glorieta Pass received the highest rating from the commission , priority I ( class A ) . Class A battlefields are principal strategic operations having a direct impact on the course of the war . With this rating the commission placed Glorieta Pass on the same level as battles such as Gettysburg and Antietam . The priority I rating identified Glorieta Pass as being not only one of the most important , but also one of the most highly endangered battlefields in the country . Only ten other battlefields received the priority I ( class A ) rating . The commission recommended that Congress focus its preservation efforts on priority I , nationally significant battlefields . </P> <P> Since 1993 portions of the Glorieta Pass Battlefield have become a unit of the National Park Service . The Glorieta Pass unit ( Pigeon 's Ranch ) comprises roughly 20 % of the total battlefield . The remaining 80 % is in private ownership . Glorieta Pass Battlefield is managed by Pecos National Historical Park and supported by the Glorieta Battlefield Coalition , a non-profit citizens ' organization . </P> <P> The Glorieta Pass Battlefield is also designated as a National Historic Landmark . </P> <H2> Depictions in popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <P> The 1966 Sergio Leone film The Good , the Bad and the Ugly refers obliquely to the battle , setting one scene during the post-battle retreat of Sibley 's men . </P> <P> The battle is described in the 1999 historical novel Glorieta Pass by P.G. Nagle . </P> <P> The events at Johnson 's Ranch are depicted in Elmer Kelton 's 2009 novel , Many A River , with some changes to fit it to his plot . </P> <P> The journey of Scurry 's Confederate and Slough 's Union forces to the battleground as well as a detailed narrative of the fight is described in Tom Bensing 's comprehensively researched `` Silas Soule , A Short , Eventful Life of Moral Courage . '' </P> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ ABPP : Glorieta Pass </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Civil War Trust : Battle of Glorieta Pass </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephy , p. 81 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Colorado Volunteers in the Civil War : The New Mexico Campaign in 1862 -- William Clarke Whitford '' . Books.google.com . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , p. 225 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , p. 210 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Battle of Glorieta Confederate Soldiers '' . Nm-scv.org . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2015 . Retrieved March 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edrington , p. 4 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , p. 75 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitlock , pp. 60 -- 61 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` GLORIETA , BATTLE OF The Handbook of Texas Online Texas State Historical Association ( TSHA ) '' . Tshaonline.org . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , p. 199 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This battalion also included companies of Arizona Confederates . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitlock , p. 171 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , pp. 205 , 215 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitlock , p. 188 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hudnall , p. 291 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephy , pp. 79 -- 81 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , pp. 208 -- 210 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , pp. 211 -- 212 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , p. 214 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , pp. 213 -- 214 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitlock , p. 190 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , p. 216 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitlock , p. 200 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , p. 219 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitlock , p. 201 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Three Confederates were killed and several wounded , including the regimental chaplain ; two officers and 15 men were captured . The only Union casualty was one man injured by flying debris from the exploding ammunition wagons . Whitlock pp. 206 -- 207 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , p. 226 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ This information is compiled from the oral history of the Duran family of New Mexico , recorded in 1976 by LJ Bonney , Esq. and from documents of the era in possession of the Duran family . One such document was the Fort Union commander 's written commendation thanking Duran for his service in the battle and naming him the most proficient scout for the Union Army in the New Mexico . <Ul> <Li> Note 1 : Duran 's family stated that he also voluntarily chose to join the war on the Union side because it included a war against Texas . Texas was considered enemy territory at this time by many native New Mexicans ( Indio - Hispano and American Indian ) . </Li> <Li> Note 2 : Much native New Mexican history before 1900 , both Indio - Hispano and American Indian , not related to Anglo events , is of an oral nature . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Keleher , pp. 180 -- 182 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ One reason Chivington failed to come was due to an acoustic shadow that prevented him from hearing sounds from the battle . Whitlock , p. 205 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frazier , p. 230 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephy , pp. 91 -- 92 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitlock , pp. 240 -- 241 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Archived October 6 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=125143462&ref=acom ? </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Archived March 15 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dyer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation 's Civil War Battlefields . Washington , DC : The National Park Service , 1993 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ 英会話 を 学ぶ に は 海外 留学 が 一 番 ! 留学生 として 勉強 しよう . `` 英会話 を 学ぶ に は 海外 留学 が 一 番 ! 留学生 として 勉強 しよう : 自分 を 知る '' . Glorietapass.org . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pecos National Historical Park '' . nps.gov . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nagle , P.G. Glorieta Pass . Cedar Crest , New Mexico : Book View Cafe , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1611380491 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nagle </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Park Service battle description </Li> <Li> The Battle of Glorieta Pass from the University of San Diego history department </Li> <Li> Dyer , Frederick ( 1908 ) . A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion . Des Moines , Iowa : The Dyer Publishing Company . </Li> <Li> Edrington , Thomas ( 1998 ) . The Battle of Glorieta Pass : A Gettysburg in the West , March 26 -- 28 , 1862 . University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 1896 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Frazier , Donald S. ( 1995 ) . Blood and Treasure : The Confederate Empire in the Southwest . College Station , Texas : Texas A & M University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 89096 - 639 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Hudnall , Ken ( 2005 ) . Spirits of the Border IV : The History and Mystery of New Mexico . El Paso , Texas : Omega Press . ISBN 0 - 9754923 - 4 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Josephy , Jr. , Alvin M. ( 1991 ) . The Civil War in the American West . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0 - 394 - 56482 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Keleher , William A. ( 1952 ) . Turmoil in New Mexico , 1846 -- 1868 . Albuquerque , New Mexico : University of New Mexico Press . ISBN 0 - 8263 - 0631 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Nagle , P.G. ( 1999 ) . Glorieta Pass ( a novel ) . New York : Forge . ISBN 0 - 312 - 86548 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Whitlock , Flint ( 2006 ) . Distant Bugles , Distant Drums : The Union Response to the Confederate Invasion of New Mexico . Boulder , Colorado : University Press of Colorado . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87081 - 835 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Civil War Sites Advisory Commission Report on the Nation 's Civil War Battlefields . Washington , DC : The National Park Service . 1993 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Alberts , Don . The Battle of Glorieta : Union Victory in the West . Texas A&M University Press , 1996 . ISBN 0 - 89096 - 825 - X . </Li> <Li> Scott , Robert . `` Glory , Glory , Glorieta : The Gettysburg of the West . '' Johnson Books , 1992 . ISBN 1 - 55566 - 098 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Simmons , Mark . `` The Battle at Valley 's Ranch : First account of the Gettysburg of the West , 1862 . '' San Pedro Press , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 943369 - 00 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Whitford , William . `` Battle of Glorieta Pass : The Colorado Volunteers in the Civil War . '' Rio Grande Press , 1990 . ISBN 0 - 87380 - 171 - 7 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Glorieta Pass . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Battle of Glorieta Pass : A Shattered Dream , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan </Li> <Li> Glorieta and Raton Passes : Gateways to the Southwest , a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places ( TwHP ) lesson plan </Li> <Li> On this date in Civil War history -- Battle of Glorieta Pass </Li> </Ul> <P> Coordinates : 35 ° 34 ′ 19.86 '' N 105 ° 45 ′ 14.07 '' W / 35.5721833 ° N 105.7539083 ° W / 35.5721833 ; - 105.7539083 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> American Civil War </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Origins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> <Ul> <Li> Origins </Li> <Li> Issues </Li> </Ul> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Timeline leading to the War </Li> <Li> Antebellum era </Li> <Li> Bleeding Kansas </Li> <Li> Border states </Li> <Li> Compromise of 1850 </Li> <Li> Dred Scott v. 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Term limits in the United states - wikipedia <H1> Term limits in the United states </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Term limits in the United States apply to many offices at both the federal and state level , and date back to the American Revolution . </P> <P> Term limits , also referred to as rotation in office , restrict the number of terms of office an officeholder may hold . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> This article is part of a series on the </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Politics of the United States of America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal Government ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Taxation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Legislature ( show ) <Ul> <Li> United States Congress </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> House of Representatives </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Speaker Paul Ryan ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Congressional districts </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> United States Senate </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy ( D ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Majority Leader Mitch McConnell ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Minority Leader Chuck Schumer ( D ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Executive ( show ) <Ul> <Li> President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Donald Trump ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <Ul> <Li> Vice President of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mike Pence ( R ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal agencies </Li> <Li> Executive Office </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Judiciary ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Supreme Court of the United States </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Chief Justice John Roberts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Kennedy </Li> <Li> Thomas </Li> <Li> Ginsburg </Li> <Li> Breyer </Li> <Li> Alito </Li> <Li> Sotomayor </Li> <Li> Kagan </Li> <Li> Gorsuch </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Courts of Appeals </Li> <Li> District Courts ( list ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Other tribunals </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Elections ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Presidential elections </Li> <Li> Midterm elections </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Off - year elections </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Political parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Democratic </Li> <Li> Republican </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Third parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federalism ( show ) <Ul> <Li> State Government </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Governors </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Legislatures ( List ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> State courts </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Local government </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Other countries </Li> <Li> Atlas </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Historical background <Ul> <Li> 1.1 The Constitution </Li> <Li> 1.2 Term limits in the Constitution </Li> <Li> 1.3 19th century </Li> <Li> 1.4 Era of incumbency </Li> <Li> 1.5 Term limits movement </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Federal term limits <Ul> <Li> 2.1 President </Li> <Li> 2.2 Congress </Li> <Li> 2.3 Supreme Court </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 State term limits <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Gubernatorial term limits </Li> <Li> 3.2 State legislatures with term limits </Li> <Li> 3.3 Overturned or repealed state legislative term limits </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Municipal term limits </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Historical background ( edit ) </H2> <H3> The Constitution ( edit ) </H3> <P> Term limits date back to the American Revolution , and prior to that to the democracies and republics of antiquity . The council of 500 in ancient Athens rotated its entire membership annually , as did the ephorate in ancient Sparta . The ancient Roman Republic featured a system of elected magistrates -- tribunes of the plebs , aediles , quaestors , praetors , and consuls -- who served a single term of one year , with re-election to the same magistracy forbidden for ten years ( see cursus honorum ) . According to historian Garrett Fagan , office holding in the Roman Republic was based on `` limited tenure of office '' which ensured that `` authority circulated frequently '' , helping to prevent corruption . An additional benefit of the cursus honorum or Run of Offices was to bring the `` most experienced '' politicians to the upper echelons of power - holding in the ancient republic . Many of the founders of the United States were educated in the classics , and quite familiar with rotation in office during antiquity . The debates of that day reveal a desire to study and profit from the object lessons offered by ancient democracy . </P> <P> Prior to independence , several colonies had already experimented with term limits . The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut of 1639 , for example , prohibited the colonial governor from serving consecutive terms , setting terms at one year 's length , and holding `` that no person be chosen Governor above once in two years . '' Shortly after independence , the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 set maximum service in the Pennsylvania General Assembly at `` four years in seven '' . Benjamin Franklin 's influence is seen not only in that he chaired the constitutional convention which drafted the Pennsylvania constitution , but also because it included , virtually unchanged , Franklin 's earlier proposals on executive rotation . Pennsylvania 's plural executive was composed of twelve citizens elected for the term of three years , followed by a mandatory vacation of four years . </P> <P> The Articles of Confederation , adopted in 1781 , established term limits for the delegates to the Continental Congress , mandating in Article V that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years . '' </P> <P> On October 2 , 1789 , the Continental Congress appointed a committee of thirteen to examine forms of government for the impending union of the states . Among the proposals was that from the State of Virginia , written by Thomas Jefferson , urging a limitation of tenure , `` to prevent every danger which might arise to American freedom by continuing too long in office the members of the Continental Congress '' . The committee made recommendations , which as regards congressional term limits were incorporated unchanged into the Articles of Confederation ( 1781 -- 89 ) . The fifth Article stated that `` no person shall be capable of being a delegate ( to the continental congress ) for more than three years in any term of six years '' . </P> <H3> Term limits in the Constitution ( edit ) </H3> <P> In contrast to the Articles of Confederation , the federal constitution convention at Philadelphia omitted mandatory term limits from the second national frame of government , i.e. the U.S. Constitution of 1789 to the present . However , George Washington set the informal precedent for a two - term limit for the Presidency -- a tradition that prevailed until Franklin Roosevelt 's presidency , after which the 22nd Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1951 formally establishing in law the two - term limit . </P> <P> However , when the states ratified the Constitution ( 1787 -- 88 ) , several leading statesmen regarded the lack of mandatory limits to tenure as a dangerous defect , especially , they thought , as regards the presidency and the Senate . Richard Henry Lee viewed the absence of legal limits to tenure , together with certain other features of the Constitution , as `` most highly and dangerously oligarchic '' . Both Jefferson and George Mason advised limits on reelection to the Senate and to the Presidency , because said Mason , `` nothing is so essential to the preservation of a Republican government as a periodic rotation '' . The historian Mercy Otis Warren , warned that `` there is no provision for a rotation , nor anything to prevent the perpetuity of office in the same hands for life ; which by a little well - timed bribery , will probably be done '' . </P> <H3> 19th century ( edit ) </H3> <P> The fact that `` perpetuity in office '' was not approached until the 20th century is due in part to the influence of rotation in office as a popular 19th - century concept . `` Ideas are , in truth , forces '' , and rotation in office enjoyed such normative support , especially at the local level , that it altered political reality . For a detailed study of the 19th - century concepts of rotation , consult Political Science Quarterly , vol. 94 , `` House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation '' , by Robert Struble , Jr . See also his Treatise on Twelve Lights , chapter six , `` Rotation in History '' . Consult also , James Young 's The Washington Community , 1800 -- 1828 . </P> <P> According to Young , the tendency to look with mistrust upon political power was so ingrained into American culture that even the officeholders themselves perceived their occupations in a disparaging light . James Fenimore Cooper described the common view that `` contact with the affairs of state is one of the most corrupting of the influences to which men are exposed '' . An article in the Richmond Enquirer ( 1822 ) noted that the `` long cherished '' principle of rotation in office had been impressed on the republican mind `` by a kind of intuitive impulse , unassailable to argument or authority '' . </P> <P> Beginning about the 1830s , Jacksonian democracy introduced a less idealistic twist to the practice of limiting terms . Rotation in office came to mean taking turns in the distribution of political prizes . Rotation of nominations to the U.S. House of Representatives -- the prizes -- became a key element of payoffs to the party faithful . The leading lights in the local party machinery came to regard a nomination for the House as `` salary '' for political services rendered . A new code of political ethics evolved , based on the proposition that `` turnabout is fair play '' . In short , rotation of nominations was intertwined with the spoils system . </P> <P> In district nominating conventions local leaders could negotiate and enforce agreements to pass the nominations around among themselves . Abraham Lincoln was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1846 under such a bargain , and he returned home to Springfield after a single congressional term because , he wrote , `` to enter myself as a competitor of another , or to authorize anyone so to enter me , is what my word and honor forbid '' . </P> <P> During the Civil War , the Confederate States Constitution limited its president to a single six - year term . </P> <H3> Era of incumbency ( edit ) </H3> <P> The practice of nomination rotation for the House of Representatives began to decline after the Civil War . It took a generation or so before the direct primary system , civil service reforms , and the ethic of professionalism worked to eliminate rotation in office as a common political practice . By the turn of the 20th century the era of incumbency was coming into full swing . </P> <P> A total of 8 presidents served two full terms and declined a third and three presidents served one full term and refused a second . After World War II , however , an officeholder class had developed to the point that congressional tenure rivaled that of the U.S. Supreme Court , where tenure is for life . </P> <H3> Term limits movement ( edit ) </H3> <P> `` Homesteading , '' or securing a lifelong career in Congress , was made possible by reelection rates that approached 100 % by the end of the 20th century . The concept of homesteading brought about a popular movement known as the `` term - limits movement '' . The elections of 1990 -- 94 saw the adoption of term limits for state legislatures in almost every state where citizens had the power of the initiative . In addition , 23 states limited service in their delegation to Congress . As they pertain to Congress , these laws are no longer enforceable , however , as in 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court overturned congressional term limits in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , ruling that state governments can not limit the terms of members of the national government . </P> <P> Where rotation in the legislative branch has withstood court challenges , term limits continue to garner popular support . As of 2002 , the advocacy group `` U.S. Term Limits '' found that in the 17 states where state legislators served in rotation , public support for term limits ranged from 60 to 78 percent . </P> <H2> Federal term limits ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Office </Th> <Th> Term limits </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> President </Td> <Td> Limited to being elected to a total of 2 four - year terms . A President by succession who completes more than two years of a former President 's unfinished term may be elected in his or her own right only once , and 2 more four - year terms are permitted if they complete two years or less . Becoming a President by succession may happen to someone an unlimited number of times , for example , if he or she is Vice President and the President dies , resigns or is removed from office via impeachment conviction . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vice President </Td> <Td> Unlimited four - year terms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> House of Representatives </Td> <Td> Unlimited two - year terms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Senate </Td> <Td> Unlimited six - year terms </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Supreme Court </Td> <Td> No term limits , appointed to serve `` during good behavior '' ( but can be impeached and removed from office for `` high Crimes and Misdemeanors '' ) ; in practice a Justice serves until death or stepping down ( by retirement or resignation ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> As of 2013 , term limits at the federal level are restricted to the executive branch and some agencies . Judicial appointments at the federal level are made for life , and are not subject to election or to term limits . The U.S. Congress remains ( since the Thornton decision of 1995 ) without electoral limits . </P> <H3> President ( edit ) </H3> A political cartoon about Theodore Roosevelt 's third term <P> The first U.S. president , George Washington , started the tradition of informal presidential term limits by refusing to run for a third term ( originally he claimed he did not want to run in the first place , much less for a second term ) . The short - lived Confederate States of America adopted a six - year term for their president and vice-president and barred the president from seeking re-election . That innovation was endorsed by many American politicians after the American Civil War , most notably by Rutherford B. Hayes in his inaugural address . </P> <P> Franklin D. Roosevelt ( president , 1933 -- 1945 ) was the first and only U.S. president to break Washington 's tradition successfully . He died in office a few months after starting his fourth term . This gave rise to a successful move in Congress to formalize the traditional two - term limit by amending the U.S. Constitution . As ratified in 1951 , the Twenty - Second Amendment provides that `` no person shall be elected to the office of President more than twice '' . </P> <H3> Congress ( edit ) </H3> Letter from Senator Orrin Hatch , first elected in 1976 , expressing reservations regarding term limits ( dated February 10 , 2011 ) <P> Reformers during the early 1990s used the initiative and referendum to put congressional term limits on the ballot in 24 states . Voters in eight of these states approved the congressional term limits by an average electoral margin of two to one . It was an open question whether states had the constitutional authority to enact these limits . In May 1995 , the U.S. Supreme Court ruled 5 -- 4 in U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton , 514 U.S. 779 ( 1995 ) , that states can not impose term limits upon their federal Representatives or Senators . </P> <P> In the 1994 elections , part of the Republican platform included legislation for term limits in Congress . After winning the majority , a Republican congressman brought a constitutional amendment to the House floor that proposed limiting members of the Senate to two six - year terms and members of the House to six two - year terms . However , this rate of rotation was so slow ( the life - tenured Supreme Court averages in the vicinity of twelve years ) that the congressional version of term - limits garnered little support among the populist backers of term limits , including U.S. Term Limits , the largest private organization pushing for congressional term limits . The bill got only a bare majority ( 227 -- 204 ) , falling short of the two - thirds majority ( 290 ) needed for constitutional amendments . Three other term limit amendment bills failed to get more than 200 votes . </P> <P> Defeated in Congress and overridden by the Supreme Court , the federal term limit uprising was brought to a halt . The term limits intended simultaneously to reform state legislatures ( as distinguished from the federal congressional delegations ) remain in force , however , in fifteen states . </P> <P> In 2007 Larry J. Sabato revived the debate over term limits by arguing in A More Perfect Constitution that the success and popularity of term limits at the state level suggests that they should be adopted at the federal level as well . He specifically put forth the idea of congressional term limits and suggested a national constitutional convention be used to accomplish the amendment , since the Congress would be unlikely to propose and adopt any amendment that limits its own power . </P> <P> Some state legislators have also expressed their opinions on term limits . It is confirmed that in the following five states -- and there may be others -- state lawmakers approved resolutions asking Congress to propose a federal constitutional amendment to limit the number of terms which members of Congress may serve : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section has an unclear citation style . The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of citation and footnoting . ( February 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> South Dakota Legislature ( designated as POM - 42 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1989 , South Dakota House Joint Resolution No. 1001 ( see Congressional Record of April 4 , 1989 , at pages 5395 and 5396 , with verbatim text provided ) ; </Li> <Li> Hawaii Senate ( designated as Memorial 400 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1990 , Hawaii Senate Resolution No. 41 -- unicameral only ( see Congressional Record of September 28 , 1998 , at page 22655 ) it took 8 years for this resolution to find its way into the Congressional Record and to be correctly referred to the Committee on the Judiciary -- and even then , its text was not provided in the Congressional Record ) ; back in 1990 , Hawaii 's S.R. No. 41 was indeed received by the U.S. House of Representatives , and was designated as Memorial 416 , ( Congressional Record of June 6 , 1990 , at pages 13262 and 13263 ) but the resolution was erroneously referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce -- and its text is NOT provided in the Congressional Record ; </Li> <Li> Utah Legislature ( designated as POM - 644 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 1990 , Utah Senate Joint Resolution No. 24 ( see Congressional Record of September 27 , 1994 , at page 26033 , with verbatim text provided ) it took four years for this resolution to find its way into the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record ; </Li> <Li> Idaho Legislature ( designated as Memorial 401 in the U.S. House of Representatives ) approved in 1992 , Idaho Senate Joint Memorial No. 116 ( see Congressional Record of April 29 , 1992 , at page 9804 -- text NOT provided in the Congressional Record ) ; and </Li> <Li> Florida Legislature ( designated as POM - 122 in the U.S. Senate ) approved in 2012 , Florida House Memorial No. 83 ( see Congressional Record of July 25 , 2012 , at page S5378 , with verbatim text provided ) . Taking matters a bit further , on February 10 , 2016 , Florida lawmakers approved House Memorial No. 417 calling upon Congress , pursuant to Article V of the Federal Constitution , to assemble a Convention to prepare a constitutional amendment that would establish term limits upon members of Congress . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Supreme Court ( edit ) </H3> <P> Legal scholars have discussed whether or not to impose term limits on the Supreme Court of the United States . Currently , Supreme Court Justices are appointed for life `` during good behavior '' . A sentiment has developed , among certain scholars , that the Supreme Court may not be accountable in a way that is most in line with the spirit of checks and balances . Equally , scholars have argued that life tenure has taken on a new meaning in a modern context . Changes in medical care have markedly raised life expectancy and therefore has allowed Justices to serve for longer than ever before . Steven G. Calebresi and James Lindgren , professors of law at Northwestern University , argued that , because vacancies in the court are occurring with less frequency and justices served on average , between 1971 and 2006 , for 26.1 years , the `` efficacy of the democratic check that the appointment process provides on the Court 's membership '' is reduced . There have been several similar proposals to implement term limits for the nation 's highest court , including Professor of Law at Duke University , Paul Carrington 's 2005 `` The Supreme Court Renewal Act of 2005 '' . </P> <P> Many of the proposals center around a term limit for Justices that would be 18 years ( Larry Sabato , Professor of Political Science at University of Virginia , suggested between 15 and 18 years ) . The proposed staggered term limits of 18 years would , according to Calebresi , Lindgren ( 2006 ) , and Carrington ( 2005 ) , allow for a new appointment to the Court every two years , which in effect would allow every president at least two appointments . Professor Carrington has argued that such a measure would not require a constitutional amendment as the `` Constitution does n't even mention life tenure ; it merely requires that justices serve during ' good behaviour ' `` . The idea was not without support among Judges , as John Roberts supported term limits before he was appointed to the Supreme Court as Chief Justice . Calebresi , Lingren , and Carrington have also proposed that when justices have served out their proposed 18 - year term they should be able to sit on other Federal Courts until retirement , death , or removal . </P> <P> Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll measured American voters ' attitudes towards various proposed Supreme Court reforms , including implementing term limits . The 2010 poll found that a majority of Americans were largely unaware of a proposal to impose a term limit of 18 years , as 82 % reported they had heard little or nothing at all . Notwithstanding a lack of awareness , 52 % of Americans approved of limiting terms to 18 years , while 35 % disapproved . When asked how old is too old for a Supreme Court judge to serve if he or she seems healthy , 48 % said `` no limit as long as he or she is healthy '' , while 31 % agreed that anyone over the age of 70 is too old . </P> <P> Some state lawmakers have officially expressed to Congress a desire for a federal constitutional amendment to limit terms of Supreme Court justices as well as of judges of federal courts below the Supreme Court level . While there might be others , below are three known examples : </P> <Ol> <Li> In 1957 , the Alabama Legislature adopted Senate Joint Resolution No. 47 on the subject ( appearing in the U.S. Senate 's portion of the Congressional Record on July 3 , 1957 , at page 10863 , with full text provided ) ; </Li> <Li> In 1978 , the Tennessee General Assembly adopted House Joint Resolution No. 21 on the subject ( designated as POM - 612 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of April 25 , 1978 , at page 11437 ) ; and </Li> <Li> In 1998 , the Louisiana House of Representatives adopted House Resolution No. 120 on the subject ( designated as POM - 511 by the U.S. Senate and quoted in full in the Congressional Record of July 17 , 1998 , at page 16076 ) . </Li> </Ol> <H2> State term limits ( edit ) </H2> See also : Comparison of State Governments <P> Term limits for state officials have existed since colonial times . The Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties of 1682 , and the colonial frame of government of the same year , both authored by William Penn , provided for triennial rotation of the provincial council -- the upper house of the colonial legislature . The Delaware Constitution of 1776 limited the governor to a single three - year term ; currently , the governor of Delaware can serve two four - year terms . </P> <P> At present , 36 states have term limits of various types for their governors . To circumvent the term limit in Alabama incumbent governor George Wallace pushed through the nomination of his wife Lurleen , in the 1966 Democratic primary , which was , in those days , the real contest in Alabama . It was generally understood that Mrs. Wallace would only be a titular governor while her husband continued to hold the real power . She won the election , but only served 16 months before dying in 1968 . </P> <P> As indicated above , in fifteen state legislatures the members serve in rotation , i.e. , under term limits enacted during the reforms of the early 1990s . In another six states , however , state legislatures have either overturned their own limits or state supreme courts have ruled such limits unconstitutional . In 2002 the Idaho Legislature became the first legislature of its kind to repeal its own term limits , enacted by a public vote in 1994 , ostensibly because it applied to local officials along with the legislature . </P> <H3> Gubernatorial term limits ( edit ) </H3> U.S. gubernatorial term limits as of 2014 <Table> <Tr> <Td> No limit No limit , two - year terms One ; re-eligible after 4 years </Td> <Td> Two ; re-eligible after 4 years Two ; eligible 8 out of 12 years Two ; eligible 8 out of 16 years Two , absolute </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Governors of 36 states and four territories are subject to various term limits , while the governors of 14 states , Puerto Rico , and the Mayor of Washington , D.C. , may serve an unlimited number of times . Each state 's gubernatorial term limits are prescribed by its state constitution , with the exception of Wyoming , whose limits are found in its statutes . Territorial term limits are prescribed by its constitution in the Northern Mariana Islands , the Organic Acts in Guam and the U.S. Virgin Islands , and by statute in American Samoa . </P> <P> Unique in its restriction , Virginia prohibits its governors from succeeding themselves , although former governors are re-eligible after four years out of office . Many other states formerly had this prohibition , but all had eliminated it by 2000 . </P> <P> The governors of the following states and territories are limited to two consecutive terms , but are re-eligible after four years out of office : Alabama , Alaska , Arizona , Colorado , Florida , Georgia , Hawaii , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Maine , Maryland , Nebraska , New Jersey , New Mexico , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , South Dakota , Tennessee , West Virginia , American Samoa , Guam , and the U.S. Virgin Islands . Equivalently , the Governors of Indiana and Oregon are limited to serving 8 out of any 12 years . Conversely , the Governors of Montana and Wyoming are restricted to two terms , limited to serving 8 out of any 16 years . Finally , the governors of the following states and territory are absolutely limited ( for life ) to two terms : Arkansas , California , Delaware , Michigan , Mississippi , Missouri , Nevada , the Northern Mariana Islands , and Oklahoma . The current Governor of California ( Jerry Brown ) is , however , serving a fourth ( non-consecutive ) term because his first two terms were before limits were passed in California , and the limits did not apply to individuals ' prior terms . </P> <P> The governors of New Hampshire and Vermont may serve unlimited two - year terms . The governors in the following states , district , and territory may serve unlimited four - year terms : Connecticut , Idaho , Illinois , Iowa , Massachusetts , Minnesota , New York , North Dakota , Texas , Utah , Washington , Wisconsin , District of Columbia , and Puerto Rico . The Governor of Utah was formerly limited to serving three terms , but all term limit laws have since been repealed by the legislature . </P> <H3> State legislatures with term limits ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following 15 legislatures have term limits : </P> <Ul> <Li> Arizona Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms . </Li> <Li> Arkansas General Assembly : sixteen years total in either the House or the Senate . ( Prior to the 2014 election , the previous limits of three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) applied ) . </Li> <Li> California State Legislature : twelve years total in either Assembly or Senate . ( For legislators first elected on or before June 5 , 2012 , the previous limits ( enacted in 1990 ) of either three two - year terms for Assembly members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) apply ) . </Li> <Li> Colorado General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms in the House ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms in the Senate ( eight years ) . </Li> <Li> Florida Legislature : may serve no more than eight consecutive years in either house . No limit on total number of terms . </Li> <Li> Louisiana State Legislature : three consecutive four - year terms for both houses ( twelve years ) . Members may run for the opposite body without having to sit out an election . </Li> <Li> Maine Legislature : four two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . No limit on total number of terms </Li> <Li> Michigan Legislature : three two - year terms for House members ( six years ) and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . </Li> <Li> Missouri General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two four - year consecutive terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . Members may be elected again to the other house , but not serve more than 16 years . </Li> <Li> Montana State Legislature : four two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period and two four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) in any sixteen - year period . </Li> <Li> Nebraska Legislature : unicameral legislature ; members limited to two consecutive four - year terms ( eight years ) , after which they must wait four years before running again . </Li> <Li> Nevada Legislature : six two - year terms for Assembly members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . </Li> <Li> Ohio General Assembly : four consecutive two - year terms for House members ( eight years ) and two consecutive four - year terms for Senate members ( eight years ) . </Li> <Li> Oklahoma Legislature : six two - year terms for House members ( twelve years ) and three four - year terms for Senate members ( twelve years ) . Once term - limited in one house , a legislator can not be elected to the other . </Li> <Li> South Dakota Legislature : four consecutive two - year terms for both houses ( eight years ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Overturned or repealed state Legislative term limits ( edit ) </H3> <P> The following six legislatures have had their term limits nullified : </P> <Ul> <Li> Idaho Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2002 . </Li> <Li> Massachusetts General Court : the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court overturned term limits in 1997 . </Li> <Li> Oregon Legislative Assembly : the Oregon Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2002 . See term limits in Oregon . </Li> <Li> Utah State Legislature : the Legislature repealed its own term limits in 2003 . </Li> <Li> Washington State Legislature : the Washington Supreme Court voided term limits in 1998 . </Li> <Li> Wyoming Legislature : the Wyoming Supreme Court ruled term limits unconstitutional in 2004 . See term limits in Wyoming . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Municipal term limits ( edit ) </H2> <P> Some local governments have term limits . In Philadelphia , the mayor can not be elected three consecutive times , but there is no limit on how long any individual can serve as mayor . Frank Rizzo was elected mayor in 1971 and 1975 ; he attempted to repeal the term limit , but failed and could not run in 1979 . He ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic nomination for mayor in 1983 but he lost to Wilson Goode . In 1986 , he switched to the Republican Party , and ran as a Republican in the mayoral elections of 1987 and 1991 . </P> <P> Limits vary from city to city even within the same state . For example , Houston , Texas , has a limit of 2 four - year terms ( prior to November 3 , 2015 , 3 two - year terms dating back to 1991 ) , while San Antonio , Texas , has a limit of 4 two - year terms . Both Houston and San Antonio 's term limits are absolute ; elected officeholders are ineligible to run for the same position where seeking higher office is common . </P> <P> A two - term limit was imposed on New York City Council members and citywide elected officials ( except for district attorneys ) in New York City after a 1993 referendum ( see the Charter of the City of New York , § 1138 ) . On November 3 , 2008 , however , when Michael Bloomberg was in his second term of mayor , the City Council approved the extension of the two - term limit to a three - term limit ; one year later , he was elected to a third term . The two - term limit was reinstated after a referendum in 2010 . </P> <P> In Los Angeles the mayor serves up to two four - year terms since 1993 , while the City Council serve up to three four - year terms . </P> <P> In Cincinnati , Ohio , the term limit for mayor is two successive four - year terms . Council members are limited to two successive four - year terms . There is no limit to total terms that may be served , just a limit on successive terms . </P> <P> In New Orleans , City Council members are limited to two four - year terms . However , a council member representing one of the five council districts may run for one of the two at - large seats on the council once they reach the two - term limit , and vice versa . There is no limit on the number of terms a council member may serve in a lifetime . Since 1954 , the mayor of New Orleans has been limited to two consecutive four - year elected terms , but he or she may be elected again after sitting out one four - year term . When the new city plan of government was adopted , the mayor at the time , DeLesseps Story Morrison , was exempt from term limits due to a grandfather clause . </P> <P> Under the original Metropolitan Charter adopted in 1962 , the mayor of Nashville was limited to three consecutive four - year terms , which was subsequently reduced to two consecutive four - year terms in 1991 . Councilors were likewise limited to two consecutive four - year terms , but subsequent court rulings have determined the offices of district councilor and at - large councilor to be separate offices even though all councilors serve together in one unicameral body , which has meant that at large councilors have continued in office as district members , and ( more frequently ) district councilors have been elected to subsequent terms as at large councilors . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of political term limits </Li> <Li> Political class </Li> <Li> Second Constitutional Convention of the United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Professor Garrett G. Fagan , Penn State University ( 1999 ) . `` The History of Ancient Rome '' . The Teaching Company ... Office - holding at Rome was based on two important concepts : collegiality and limited tenure of office ... ( see page 19 of the Guidebook , Part 2 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fundamental Orders of Connecticut '' . The Avalon Project : Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 1 May 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , section 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 , section 19 . On Franklin 's plan of 1775 see , Benjamin Franklin , The Writings of Benjamin Franklin , ed. , Albert Henry Smyth , 10 vols . ( New York : The Macmillan Co. , 1907 ) , 6 : 423 , article 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Articles of Confederation : March 1 , 1781 '' . The Avalon Project : Documents in Law , History and Diplomacy . Yale Law School Lillian Goldman Law Library . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Thomas Jefferson , The Papers of Thomas Jefferson , ed . Julian F. Boyd , et al. , ( Princeton , N.J. : Princeton University Press , 1950 -- ) , 1 : 411 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Also , article IX , paragraph 5 , of the Articles of Confederation provided that , `` no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of four years . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ R.H. Lee , Letter to Edmund Randolph dated 16 October 1787 , in Richard Henry Lee , The Letters of Richard Henry Lee , ed . James C. Ballagh , 2 vols . ( New York : Macmillan Co. , 1911 ) , 2 : 450 , 455 . See also 1 : 191 , letter to Edmund Pendleton dated 12 May 1776 , and Letters from the Federal Farmer to the Republican , ed . Walter H. Bennett ( University , Alabama : The University of Alabama Press , 1978 ) , pp. 72 -- 75 , 86 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jefferson , Papers , Boyd , ed. , 12 : 440 , 13 : 490 . See also 15 : 25 for Jefferson 's definition of rotation in office . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mason in Jonathan Eliot , ed. , The Debates in the Several State Conventions on Adoption of the Federal Constitution , 5 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1836 ) , 3 : 485 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mercy Otis Warren , Observations on the new Constitution , and on the Federal and State Conventions 9 , in Herbert J. Staring , ed. , The Complete Anti-Federalist , 6 vols . ( Chicago : University of Chicago Press , 1981 ) 4 : 270 , 278 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Struble , Jr. , `` House Turnover and the Principle of Rotation , '' Political Science Quarterly 94 ( Winter 1979 -- 80 ) : p. 650 , and fn. 6 . in the question , The quotation is from Henry James , the biographer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert Struble , Jr. , Treatise on Twelve Lights , chapter six , Rotation in Office , and other democratic reforms ... '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James S. Young , The Washington Community , 1800 -- 1828 ( New York : Columbia University Press , 1966 ) , pp. 51 -- 52 , 55 -- 57 , 59 -- 61 , 64 , 145 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ James Fenimore Cooper , The American Democrat ( New York : Alfred A. Knopf , 1931 ) , p. 52 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Richmond Enquirer , 8 November 1822 , p. 3 ; Struble , supra. , p. 653 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ One can still detect the idealism of the Revolutionary period echoed by President Andrew Jackson in his address to Congress , December 8 , 1829 : `` There are , perhaps , few men who can for any great length of time enjoy office and power without being more or less under the influence of feelings unfavorable to the faithful discharge of their public duties . Their integrity may be proof against improper considerations immediately addressed to themselves , but they are apt to acquire a habit of looking with indifference upon the public interests and of tolerating conduct from which an unpracticed man would revolt . Office is considered as a species of property , and government rather as a means of promoting individual interests than as an instrument created solely for the service of the people . Corruption in some and in others a perversion of correct feelings and principles divert government from its legitimate ends and make it an engine for the support of the few at the expense of the many . '' ... ( James D. Richardson , ed. , A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents , 10 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1896 -- 99 ) , 2 : 448 -- 49 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Struble , supra , pp. 661 -- 62 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Struble , ibid , pp. 659 -- 60 ; Lincoln 's letter to William Herndon , 8 January 1848 , in Abraham Lincoln , The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln , ed . Roy P. Basler , 10 vols . ( New Brunswick , N.J. : Rutgers University Press , 1953 ) , 1 : 430 -- 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits , Inc. v. Thornton . The decision was 5 -- 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stacie Rumenap , `` Career Politicians Never Did Like Term Limits , '' No Uncertain Terms , August 2002 , vol. 10 , # 7 , pp. 2 -- 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Michael C. Dorf ( 2 August 2000 ) . `` Why the Constitution permits a Gore - Clinton ticket '' . CNN Interactive . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott E. Gant ; Bruce G. Peabody ( 2006 - 06 - 13 ) . `` How to bring back Bill '' . Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Transcript of the Constitution of the United States -- Official Text '' . Archives.gov . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dana Priest ; William Claiborne ( November 9 , 1994 ) . `` Voters in Several States , D.C. Adopt Limits For Legislators '' . The Washington Post . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ H.J. Res. 73 , 104th Congress </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ U.S. Term Limits wanted House members to be limited to three two - year terms . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H.J. Res. 73 ( 104th ) : Contract with America bill ( On Passage of the Bill ) , House Vote # 277 '' . GovTrack.us . March 29 , 1995 . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The four constitutional amendments on term limits which the House rejected 29 March 1995 were sponsored by : Democrat John Dingell ( 12 / 12 retroactive ) , rejected 135 -- 297 ; Republican Bob Inglis ( 6 / 12 , not retroactive ) , rejected 114 -- 316 ; Republican Van Hilleary ( 12 / 12 , unretroactive , but defers to more stringent state imposed limits ) , rejected 164 -- 265 ; Republican Bill McCollum ( 12 / 12 not retroactive and would override more stringent state limits ) ; approved by less than the requisite 2 / 3 , 227 -- 204 ; on February 12 , 1997 Congress did likewise by a margin of 217 -- 211 ( 50.7 % ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` State Legislative Term Limits '' . US Term Limits . Retrieved November 21 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Neil Pinney , George Serra , and Dalene Sprick , `` The costs of reform : consequences of limiting legislative terms of service , '' Party Politics , 10 : 69 -- 84 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Steven G. Calebresi & James Lindgren , `` Term Limits for the Supreme Court : Life Tenure Reconsidered , '' Harvard Journal of Public Policy , Vol 29 no . 3 ( 2006 ) `` Social Science Research Network . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Richard Brust , `` Supreme Court 2.0 , ABA Connection , ( October 1 , 2008 ) . Article provides an overview of proposed reforms to the Supreme Court of the United States . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Julie Geng , `` Law Prof Proposes Supreme Court Term Limits '' , Cornell Sun Online ( February 11 , 2005 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Larry J. Sabato , `` Reforming the Least Democratic Branch '' ( April 15 , 1010 ) . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fairleigh Dickinson University 's PublicMind Poll , `` Public Says Televising Court is Good for Democracy '' press release ( March 2010 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Francis N. Thorpe , ed. , The Federal and State Constitutions , Colonial Charters , and other Organic Laws ... , 7 vols . ( Washington , D.C. : Government Printing Office , 1909 ) 5 : 3048 , 3055 -- 56 , 3065 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Virginia '' . Virginia Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AMENDMENT 282 RATIFIED '' . Alabama Constitution . pp. Amendment 282 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article 3 -- The Executive '' . Alaska Constitution . pp. Article 3 , § 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 1 . Term limits on executive department and state officers ; term lengths ; election ; residence and office at seat of government ; duties '' . Arizona Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § 1 Version 2 , clause A. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 1 . Officers -- terms of office '' . Colorado Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 1 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Florida Constitution '' . Florida Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 5 , clause b . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution of the State of Georgia '' ( PDF ) . Georgia Constitution . pp. Article V , § I , Paragraph I. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE V '' . Hawaii Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article 1 . -- EXECUTIVE '' . Kansas Constitution . pp. Article 1 , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 71 '' . Kentucky Constitution . pp. § 71 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV . EXECUTIVE BRANCH '' . Louisiana Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 3 , Clause B. Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Maine Constitution Article V. -- Part First . Executive Power '' . Maine Constitution . pp. Article V , part 1 , § 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE II -- EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT '' . Maryland Constitution . pp. Article II , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article IV - 1 '' . Nebraska Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NEW JERSEY STATE CONSTITUTION 1947 '' . New Jersey Constitution . pp. Article V , § I , paragraph 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Section 1 . ( Composition of department ; terms of office of members ; residing and maintaining records at seat of government . ) '' . New Mexico Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE III EXECUTIVE '' . North Carolina Constitution . pp. Article III , § 2 , clause 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` § 3.02 Term of office '' . Ohio Constitution . pp. Article III , § 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA '' . Pennsylvania Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV OF ELECTIONS AND CAMPAIGN FINANCE '' . Rhode Island Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE IV . EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT '' . South Carolina Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` § 2 '' . South Dakota Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tennessee constitution -- article iii . executive department '' . Tennessee Constitution . pp. Article III , § 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution of West Virginia '' . West Virginia Constitution . pp. Article VII , § 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Title 4 EXECUTIVE '' . American Samoa Code . pp. § 4.0107 . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2008 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` § 1422 . Governor and Lieutenant Governor ; term of office ; qualifications ; powers and duties ; annual report to Congress '' . United States Code . pp. Title 48 , § 1422 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` § 1591 . Governor and Lieutenant Governor ; election ; eligibility ; official residence ; powers and duties ; report '' . United States Code . pp. Title 48 , § 1591 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE 5 '' . Indiana Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Constitution of Oregon '' . Oregon Constitution . pp. Article V , § 1 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Montana Constitution '' . Montana Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 8 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 5 -- NOMINATIONS '' . Wyoming Statutes . pp. § 22 -- 5 -- 103 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Amend. 73 . Arkansas Term Limitation Amendment '' ( PDF ) . Arkansas Constitution . p. 134 . Retrieved 11 December 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CALIFORNIA CONSTITUTION ARTICLE 5 EXECUTIVE '' . California Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § 2 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE . III EXECUTIVE '' . Delaware Constitution . pp. Article III , § 5 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michigan Constitution '' ( PDF ) . Michigan Constitution . pp. Article V , § 30 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF MISSISSIPPI '' . Mississippi Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § 116 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Article IV EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT Section 17 '' . Missouri Constitution . pp. Article IV , § 17 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NEVADA '' . Nevada Constitution . pp. Article 5 , § 3 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARTICLE III : EXECUTIVE BRANCH '' . Northern Mariana Islands Constitution . pp. Article III , § 4 . Retrieved 28 July 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SECTION VI - 4 Terms of office -- Succession '' ( RTF ) . Oklahoma Constitution . pp. Article VI , § 4 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frequently Asked Questions About Senators '' . Nebraska Legislature . Retrieved 27 May 2015 . Archived 2 April 2015 at Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Term limits will land on city ballot in Nov '' . New York Post . 12 August 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hernandez , Javier C. ( 3 November 2010 ) . `` Term Limits in New York City Are Approved Again '' . The New York Times . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> O'Keefe , Eric ( 2008 ) . `` Term Limits '' . In Hamowy , Ronald . The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism . Thousand Oaks , CA : SAGE ; Cato Institute . pp. 504 -- 06 . doi : 10.4135 / 9781412965811. n308 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4129 - 6580 - 4 . LCCN 2008009151 . OCLC 750831024 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> National Conference of State Legislatures term limits summary </Li> <Li> U.S. Term Limits homepage </Li> <Li> Discussion on Term Limits </Li> <Li> Citizen Legislator </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Term_limits_in_the_United_States&oldid=843098838 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Term limits </Li> <Li> Election - related lists </Li> <Li> Politics of the United States </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from November 2012 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia references cleanup from February 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles needing references cleanup </Li> <Li> Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from February 2017 </Li> <Li> All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 26 May 2018 , at 21 : 39 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Missing dollar riddle - wikipedia <H1> Missing dollar riddle </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> The missing dollar riddle is a famous riddle that involves an informal fallacy . It dates back to at least the 1930 's , although similar puzzles are much older . </P> <P> Although the wording and specifics can alter , the puzzle runs along these lines : </P> <P> Three people check into a hotel room . The clerk says the bill is $30 , so each guest pays $10 . Later the clerk realizes the bill should only be $25 . To rectify this , he gives the bellhop $5 to return to the guests . On the way to the room , the bellhop realizes that he can not divide the money equally . As the guests did n't know the total of the revised bill , the bellhop decides to just give each guest $1 and keep $2 as a tip for himself . Each guest got $1 back , so now each guest only paid $9 , bringing the total paid to $27 . The bellhop has $2 . And $27 + $2 = $29 so , if the guests originally handed over $30 , what happened to the remaining $1 ? </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Solution </Li> <Li> 2 History </Li> <Li> 3 See also </Li> <Li> 4 References </Li> <Li> 5 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Solution ( edit ) </H2> <P> The misdirection in this riddle is at the end of the description , where a bunch of unrelated totals are added together , and the listener assumes these numbers should add to 30 . There is , in fact , no reason this sum should add to 30 . The exact sum mentioned in the riddle is computed as : </P> <P> SUM = $9 ( payment by Guest 1 ) + $9 ( payment by Guest 2 ) + $9 ( payment by Guest 3 ) + $2 ( money in bellhop 's pocket ) </P> <P> The trick here is to realize that this is not a sum of the money that the three people paid originally , as that would need to include the money the clerk has ( $25 ) . This is instead a sum of a smaller amount the people could have paid ( $9 * 3 people = $27 ) , added with the additional money that the clerk would not have needed had they paid that smaller amount ( $27 paid - $25 actual cost = $2 ) . Another way to say this is , the $27 already includes the bellhop 's tip . To add the $2 to the $27 would be to double - count it . So , the three guests ' cost of the room , including the bellhop 's tip , is $27 . Each of the 3 guests has $1 in his pocket , totaling $3 . When added to the $27 revised cost of the room ( including tip to the bellhop ) , the total is $30 . </P> <P> To obtain a sum that totals to the original $30 , every dollar must be accounted for , regardless of its location . </P> <P> Thus , the sensible sum that we really desire is this one : </P> <P> $30 = $1 ( inside Guest pocket ) + $1 ( inside Guest pocket ) + $1 ( inside Guest pocket ) + $2 ( inside bellhop 's pocket ) + $25 ( hotel cash register ) </P> <P> This sum does indeed come out to $30 . </P> <P> To further illustrate why the riddle 's sum does not relate to the actual sum , we can alter the riddle so that the discount on the room is extremely large . Consider the riddle in this form : </P> <P> Three people check into a hotel room . The clerk says the bill is $30 , so each guest pays $10 . Later the clerk realizes the bill should only be $10 . To rectify this , he gives the bellboy $20 to return to the guests . On the way to the room , the bellhop realizes that he can not divide the money equally . As the guests did n't know the total of the revised bill , the bellhop decides to just give each guest $6 and keep $2 as a tip for himself . Each guest got $6 back : so now each guest only paid $4 ; bringing the total paid to $12 . The bellhop has $2 . And $12 + $2 = $14 so , if the guests originally handed over $30 , what happened to the remaining $16 ? </P> <P> Now it is more obvious that the question is silly . One can not simply add a bunch of payments together and expect them to total an original amount of circulated cash . </P> <P> More economically , money is accounted by summing together all paid amounts ( liabilities ) with all money in one 's possession ( assets ) . That abstract formula holds regardless of the relative perspectives of the actors in this exchange . </P> <Ul> <Li> The guests of the hotel paid $27 , but also have $3 among their pockets at the story 's end . Their assets are $3 , and their liabilities are $27 ( $30 = 27 + 3 ) Thus the original total is accounted . </Li> <Li> From the perspective of the hotel clerk , the hotel has $25 in assets and lost $5 in liabilities ( $30 = 25 + 5 ) . </Li> <Li> From the perspective of the bellhop , his assets are $2 , and his liabilities are $3 to guests and $25 to the register at the desk . ( $30 = 2 + 3 + 25 ) . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are many variants of the puzzle . Professor David Singmaster 's Chronology of Recreational Mathematics suggest these type of mathematical misdirection puzzles descended from a problem in an 18th - century arithmetic , Francis Walkingame 's Tutor 's Assistant which was published , and republished , from 1751 to 1860 where it appeared on page 185 , prob. 116 in this form , `` If 48 taken from 120 leaves 72 , and 72 taken from 91 leaves 19 , and 7 taken from thence leaves 12 , what number is that , out of which , when you have taken 48 , 72 , 19 , and 7 , leaves 12 ? '' Singmaster adds , `` Though this is not the same as the withdrawal problems below , the mixing of amounts subtracted and remainders makes me think that this kind of problem may have been the basis of the later kind . '' </P> <P> An 1880 misdirection is given as `` Barthel sees two boxes at a jeweller 's , priced at 100 and 200 . He buys the cheaper one and takes it home , where he decides he really prefers the other . He returns to the jeweller and gives him the box back and says that the jeweller already has 100 from him , which together with the returned box , makes 200 , which is the cost of the other box . The jeweller accepts this and gives Barthel the other box and Barthel goes on his way . Is this correct ? '' </P> <P> A model more similar in style to the modern version was given by Cecil B. Read in his 1933 Mathematical fallacies . His puzzle produces an extra dollar . A man puts $50 in the bank . Then on subsequent days he withdrew $20 leaving $30 ; then withdrew $15 leaving $15 ; withdrew $9 leaving $6 ; withdrew $6 leaving $0 . But $30 + $15 + $6 = $51 . Where did the extra dollar come from ? </P> <P> Another entry from 1933 , R.M. Abraham 's Diversions and Pastimes ( still available in a Dover version ) poses a slightly different approach with this problem from page 16 ( problem 61 ) . `` A traveller ( sic ) returning to New York found that he had only a ten dollar postal money order , and that his train fare was seven dollars . The ticket clerk refused to accept the money order , so the traveller went across the road to a pawn shop and pawned it for seven dollars . On his way back to the station he met a friend , who , to save the traveller the trouble of returning to redeem the money order , bought the pawn ticket from him for seven dollars . The traveller then bought his ticket and still had seven dollars when he got to New York . Who made the loss ? '' David Darling in his The Universal book of Mathematics , credits this as an earlier version of the three men in a hotel version above . </P> <P> Even more similar is the English , The Black - Out Book by Evelyn August in 1939 ; What happened to the shilling ? , pp. 82 & 213 . Three girls each pay five shillings to share a room . The landlord refunds 5 shillings via the bellboy , who gives them each one and keeps two . </P> <P> And one more from the same theme appears in an Abbot and Costello routine in which Abbot asks Costello for a fifty dollar loan . Costello holds out forty dollars and says , `` That 's all I have . '' Abbot responds , `` Fine , you can owe me the other ten . '' </P> <P> The riddle is used by psychotherapist ( Chris Langham ) with his mathematician client ( Paul Whitehouse ) in episode 5 of the 2005 BBC comedy series Help , </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Missing square puzzle </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.puzzlemuseum.com/singma/singma6/SOURCES/singma-sources-edn8-2004-03-19.htm#_Toc69533836 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://archive.org/details/walkingamesarit00walkgoog </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Universal Book of Mathematics : From Abracadabra to Zeno 's Paradoxes Publisher : Wiley , 2004 ISBN 9780471270478 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Snopes page : `` Missing Dollar Puzzle '' </Li> <Li> Psychology Today : `` Where is the Missing Dollar ? '' </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missing_dollar_riddle&oldid=800591686 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Logic puzzles </Li> <Li> Informal fallacies </Li> <Li> Riddles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Help </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 September 2017 , at 13 : 57 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Iguazu falls - wikipedia <H1> Iguazu falls </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Iguazu Falls </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> View of Iguazu Falls </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Location </Th> <Td> Argentina : Misiones Province Brazil : Paraná State </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Coordinates </Th> <Td> 25 ° 41 ′ 12 '' S 54 ° 26 ′ 41 '' W / 25.68667 ° S 54.44472 ° W / - 25.68667 ; - 54.44472 Coordinates : 25 ° 41 ′ 12 '' S 54 ° 26 ′ 41 '' W / 25.68667 ° S 54.44472 ° W / - 25.68667 ; - 54.44472 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Cataract </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total height </Th> <Td> 60 -- 82 metres ( 197 -- 269 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Number of drops </Th> <Td> 275 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Longest drop </Th> <Td> 82 metres ( 269 ft ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Total width </Th> <Td> 2.7 kilometres ( 1.7 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Watercourse </Th> <Td> Iguazu River </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average flow rate </Th> <Td> 1,756 m / s ( 62,010 cu ft / s ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Iguazú Falls or Iguaçu Falls ( Spanish : Cataratas del Iguazú ( kataˈɾatas ðel iɣwaˈsu ) ; Guarani : Chororo Yguasu ( ɕoɾoɾo ɨɣwasu ) ; Portuguese : Cataratas do Iguaçu ( kataˈɾatɐs du iɡwaˈsu ) ) are waterfalls of the Iguazu River on the border of the Argentine province of Misiones and the Brazilian state of Paraná . Together , they make up the largest waterfall system in the world . The falls divide the river into the upper and lower Iguazu . The Iguazu River rises near the city of Curitiba . For most of its course , the river flows through Brazil ; however , most of the falls are on the Argentine side . Below its confluence with the San Antonio River , the Iguazu River forms the boundary between Argentina and Brazil . </P> <P> The name `` Iguazú '' comes from the Guarani or Tupi words `` y '' ( ɨ ) , meaning `` water '' , and `` ûasú `` ( waˈsu ) , meaning `` big '' . Legend has it that a deity planned to marry a beautiful woman named Naipí , who fled with her mortal lover Tarobá in a canoe . In a rage , the deity sliced the river , creating the waterfalls and condemning the lovers to an eternal fall . The first European to record the existence of the falls was the Spanish Conquistador Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca in 1541 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Geology and Geography </Li> <Li> 2 Distribution of the falls between Argentina and Brazil </Li> <Li> 3 Tourism </Li> <Li> 4 Access </Li> <Li> 5 Comparisons to other notable falls </Li> <Li> 6 Climate </Li> <Li> 7 Gallery </Li> <Li> 8 Portrayals in film </Li> <Li> 9 See also </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Geology and geography ( edit ) </H2> Play media Video Clip : Close view of the falls from Argentine side . <P> The staircase character of the falls consists of a two - step waterfall formed by three layers of basalt . The steps are 35 and 40 m in height . The columnar basalt rock sequences are part of the 1000 m thick Serra Geral Formation within the Paleozoic - Mesozoic Paraná Basin . The tops of these sequences are characterized by 8 - 10 m of highly resistant vesicular basalt and the contact between these layers controls the shape of the falls . Headwater erosion rates are estimated at 1.4 - 2.1 cm / year . </P> <P> The Iguazu Falls are located where the Iguazu River tumbles over the edge of the Paraná Plateau , 23 kilometres ( 14 mi ) upriver from the Iguazu 's confluence with the Paraná River . Numerous islands along the 2.7 - kilometre - long ( 1.7 mi ) edge divide the falls into many separate waterfalls and cataracts , varying between 60 and 82 m ( 197 and 269 ft ) high . The number of these smaller waterfalls fluctuates from 150 to 300 , depending on the water level . About half of the river 's flow falls into a long and narrow chasm called the Devil 's Throat ( Garganta del Diablo in Spanish or Garganta do Diabo in Portuguese ) . </P> <P> The Devil 's Throat canyon is 80 - 90 wide and 70 - 80 m deep . Left of this canyon , another part of the river forms 160 - 200 individual falls , which merge into a single front during flood stage . The largest falls are named San Martín , Adam and Eva , Penoni , and Bergano . </P> <P> About 900 m ( 2,950 ft ) of the 2.7 km ( 1.7 mi ) length does not have water flowing over it . The water of the lower Iguazu collects in a canyon that drains into the Paraná River , a short distance downstream from the Itaipu Dam . The junction of the water flows marks the border between Brazil , Argentina , and Paraguay . Some points in the cities of Foz do Iguaçu , Brazil , Puerto Iguazú , Argentina , and Ciudad del Este , Paraguay , have access to the Iguazu River , where the borders of all three nations may be seen , a popular tourist attraction for visitors to the three cities . </P> <H2> Distribution of the falls between Argentina and Brazil ( edit ) </H2> Iguazú Falls from the International Space Station , 2016 <P> The Iguazu Falls are arranged in a way that resembles a reversed letter `` J '' . The border between Brazil and Argentina runs through the Devil 's Throat . On the right bank is the Brazilian territory , which is home to more than 95 % of the Iguazu River basin but has just over 20 % of the jumps of these falls , and the left side jumps are Argentine , which makes up almost 80 % of the falls . </P> <H2> Tourism ( edit ) </H2> <P> Two international airports are close to Iguazú Falls : the Argentine Cataratas del Iguazú International Airport ( IGR ) and the Brazilian Foz do Iguaçu International Airport ( IGU ) . Bus and taxi services are available from and to the Airport - Falls . Aerolíneas Argentinas and LATAM Argentina have direct flights from Buenos Aires to Iguazu International Airport Krause . Azul , GOL , and LATAM Brasil offer services from main Brazilian cities to Foz do Iguaçu . </P> <H2> Access ( edit ) </H2> <P> The falls may be reached from two main towns , with one on either side of the falls : Foz do Iguaçu in Brazil and Puerto Iguazú in Argentina , as well as from Ciudad del Este , Paraguay , on the other side of the Paraná River from Foz do Iguaçu . The falls are shared by the Iguazú National Park ( Argentina ) and Iguaçu National Park ( Brazil ) . The two parks were designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1984 and 1987 , respectively . </P> <P> The first proposal for a Brazilian national park aimed at providing a pristine environment to `` future generations '' , just as `` it had been created by God '' and endowed with `` all possible preservation , from the beautiful to the sublime , from the picturesque to the awesome '' and `` an unmatched flora '' located in the `` magnificent Iguaçú waterfalls '' . These were the words used by André Rebouças , an engineer , in his book Provinces of Paraná , Railways to Mato Grosso and Bolivia , which started up the campaign aimed at preserving the Iguaçu Falls in 1876 . At this time , Yellowstone National Park in the U.S. , the first national park in the world , was four years old . </P> Ticket Office - Iguaçu National Park , Brazil <P> On the Brazilian side , a walkway along the canyon has an extension to the lower base of Devil 's Throat . Helicopter rides offering aerial views of the falls have been available from Brazil , but Argentina has prohibited such helicopter tours because of the adverse environmental impact on the flora and fauna of the falls . From Foz do Iguaçu airport , the park may be reached by taking a taxi or bus to the entrance of the park . Their park has an entrance fee on both sides . Once inside , free and frequent buses are provided to various points within the park . The town of Foz do Iguaçu is about 20 km ( 12 mi ) away , and the airport is between the park and the town . The Argentine access , across the forest , is by a Rainforest Ecological Train very similar to the one in Disney 's Animal Kingdom . The train brings visitors to the entrance of Devil 's Throat , as well as the upper and lower trails . The Paseo Garganta del Diablo is a 1 km - long ( 0.6 mi ) trail that brings visitors directly over the falls of Devil 's Throat , the highest and deepest of the falls . Other walkways allow access to the elongated stretch of falls across the forest on the Argentine side and to the boats that connect to San Martin Island . Also on the Argentine side , inflatable boat services take visitors very close to the falls . </P> <P> The Brazilian transportation system aims at allowing the increase in the number of visitors , while reducing the adverse environmental impact , through an increase in the average number of passengers per vehicle inside the park . The new transportation system has 72 - passenger capacity and panoramic - view , double - deck buses . The upper deck is open , which enables visitors a broad view of the flora and fauna during the trip to the falls . The bus combustion systems are in compliance with the CONAMA ( phase IV ) and EURO ( phase II ) emissions and noise requirements . The reduction in the number of vehicles , of noise levels , and speed , is enabling tourists to observe increasing numbers of wild animals along the route . Each bus has an exclusive paint scheme , representing some of the most common wild animals found in the Iguaçú National Park , including the spotted jaguars , butterflies , raccoons , prego monkeys , coral snakes , toucans , parrots , and yellow - breasted caimans . </P> Walkway allow panoramic view of the falls from the Brazilian side . <H2> Comparisons to other notable falls ( edit ) </H2> See also : Victoria Falls § Statistics <P> Upon seeing Iguazu , the United States First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt reportedly exclaimed , `` Poor Niagara ! '' ( which , at 50 m or 165 feet , are a third shorter ) . Often , Iguazu also is compared with Victoria Falls in Southern Africa , which separates Zambia and Zimbabwe . Iguazu is wider , but because it is split into roughly 275 discrete falls and large islands , Victoria has the largest curtain of water in the world , at more than 1,600 m ( 5,249 ft ) wide and over 100 m ( 328 ft ) in height ( in low flow , Victoria is split into five by islands ; in high flow it may be uninterrupted ) . The only wider falls are extremely large rapid - like falls , such as the Boyoma Falls ( Stanley Falls ) . </P> <P> With the flooding of the Guaíra Falls in 1982 , Iguazu currently has the sixth - greatest average annual flow of any waterfall in the world , following number five Niagara , with an average rate of 1,746 m / s ( 61,660 cu ft / s ) . Its maximum recorded flow was 45,700 m / s ( 1,614,000 cu ft / s ) in 9 June 2014 . By comparison , the average flow of Niagara Falls is 2,400 m / s ( 85,000 cu ft / s ) , with a maximum recorded flow of 8,300 m / s ( 293,000 cu ft / s ) . The average flow at Victoria Falls is 1,088 m / s ( 38,420 cu ft / s ) , with a maximum recorded flow of 7,100 m / s ( 250,000 cu ft / s ) . </P> <H2> Climate ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Iguazu Falls experience a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa , according to the Köppen climate classification ) with abundant precipitation and high temperatures year - round . During the summer of 2006 , a severe drought caused the Iguazu River to become diminished , reducing the amount of water flowing over the falls to 300 cubic metres per second ( 11,000 cu ft / s ) until early December . This was unusual , as dry periods normally last only a few weeks . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="14"> ( show ) Climate data for Iguazu Falls ( Foz do Iguacu ) , Brazil </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Month </Th> <Th> Jan </Th> <Th> Feb </Th> <Th> Mar </Th> <Th> Apr </Th> <Th> May </Th> <Th> Jun </Th> <Th> Jul </Th> <Th> Aug </Th> <Th> Sep </Th> <Th> Oct </Th> <Th> Nov </Th> <Th> Dec </Th> <Th> Year </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 40.0 ( 104 ) </Td> <Td> 40.0 ( 104 ) </Td> <Td> 38.8 ( 101.8 ) </Td> <Td> 36.8 ( 98.2 ) </Td> <Td> 36.0 ( 96.8 ) </Td> <Td> 32.0 ( 89.6 ) </Td> <Td> 31.3 ( 88.3 ) </Td> <Td> 35.0 ( 95 ) </Td> <Td> 36.8 ( 98.2 ) </Td> <Td> 39.0 ( 102.2 ) </Td> <Td> 38.6 ( 101.5 ) </Td> <Td> 39.4 ( 102.9 ) </Td> <Td> 40.0 ( 104 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average high ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 33.0 ( 91.4 ) </Td> <Td> 32.6 ( 90.7 ) </Td> <Td> 31.1 ( 88 ) </Td> <Td> 28.2 ( 82.8 ) </Td> <Td> 25.2 ( 77.4 ) </Td> <Td> 23.1 ( 73.6 ) </Td> <Td> 23.7 ( 74.7 ) </Td> <Td> 25.3 ( 77.5 ) </Td> <Td> 26.9 ( 80.4 ) </Td> <Td> 28.8 ( 83.8 ) </Td> <Td> 31.0 ( 87.8 ) </Td> <Td> 32.6 ( 90.7 ) </Td> <Td> 28.5 ( 83.3 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daily mean ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 25.5 ( 77.9 ) </Td> <Td> 25.4 ( 77.7 ) </Td> <Td> 23.8 ( 74.8 ) </Td> <Td> 20.8 ( 69.4 ) </Td> <Td> 17.7 ( 63.9 ) </Td> <Td> 15.8 ( 60.4 ) </Td> <Td> 15.7 ( 60.3 ) </Td> <Td> 17.5 ( 63.5 ) </Td> <Td> 19.0 ( 66.2 ) </Td> <Td> 21.4 ( 70.5 ) </Td> <Td> 23.1 ( 73.6 ) </Td> <Td> 25.1 ( 77.2 ) </Td> <Td> 20.9 ( 69.6 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 19.6 ( 67.3 ) </Td> <Td> 20.0 ( 68 ) </Td> <Td> 18.4 ( 65.1 ) </Td> <Td> 15.4 ( 59.7 ) </Td> <Td> 12.2 ( 54 ) </Td> <Td> 10.4 ( 50.7 ) </Td> <Td> 9.7 ( 49.5 ) </Td> <Td> 11.3 ( 52.3 ) </Td> <Td> 13.5 ( 56.3 ) </Td> <Td> 15.3 ( 59.5 ) </Td> <Td> 16.5 ( 61.7 ) </Td> <Td> 18.6 ( 65.5 ) </Td> <Td> 15.1 ( 59.2 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Record low ° C ( ° F ) </Th> <Td> 9.2 ( 48.6 ) </Td> <Td> 6.8 ( 44.2 ) </Td> <Td> 5.2 ( 41.4 ) </Td> <Td> 3.0 ( 37.4 ) </Td> <Td> − 1.0 ( 30.2 ) </Td> <Td> − 3.1 ( 26.4 ) </Td> <Td> − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) </Td> <Td> 0.0 ( 32 ) </Td> <Td> 1.0 ( 33.8 ) </Td> <Td> 5.0 ( 41 ) </Td> <Td> 6.3 ( 43.3 ) </Td> <Td> 3.8 ( 38.8 ) </Td> <Td> − 4.2 ( 24.4 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation mm ( inches ) </Th> <Td> 196.0 ( 7.717 ) </Td> <Td> 180.1 ( 7.091 ) </Td> <Td> 174.8 ( 6.882 ) </Td> <Td> 151.0 ( 5.945 ) </Td> <Td> 127.6 ( 5.024 ) </Td> <Td> 138.3 ( 5.445 ) </Td> <Td> 84.4 ( 3.323 ) </Td> <Td> 107.4 ( 4.228 ) </Td> <Td> 146.6 ( 5.772 ) </Td> <Td> 219.8 ( 8.654 ) </Td> <Td> 153.7 ( 6.051 ) </Td> <Td> 189.0 ( 7.441 ) </Td> <Td> 1,868.7 ( 73.571 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average precipitation days ( ≥ 1.0 mm ) </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Average relative humidity ( % ) </Th> <Td> 77 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 82 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 86 </Td> <Td> 85 </Td> <Td> 83 </Td> <Td> 80 </Td> <Td> 79 </Td> <Td> 78 </Td> <Td> 75 </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> <Td> 80.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mean monthly sunshine hours </Th> <Td> 230.5 </Td> <Td> 196.3 </Td> <Td> 209.9 </Td> <Td> 193.6 </Td> <Td> 180.8 </Td> <Td> 151.2 </Td> <Td> 168.7 </Td> <Td> 157.9 </Td> <Td> 146.4 </Td> <Td> 195.6 </Td> <Td> 231.4 </Td> <Td> 232.3 </Td> <Td> 2,294.6 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="14"> Source : INMET </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Gallery ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> <P> Aerial view of the Iguazu Falls from a helicopter </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Iguazu Falls from the Argentine side </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Iguazu Falls from the Brazilian side </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Aerial view , from the Argentine side </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Bosetti waterfall </P> </Li> <Li> <P> Falls and Brazilian tourist complex </P> </Li> </Ul> Panorama of the falls <H2> Portrayals in film ( edit ) </H2> <P> Iguazu Falls have been featured in several TV shows and movies , including : </P> <Ul> <Li> Le cascate dell'Ignazu ( 1907 , Ambrosio . Shot by Roberto Omegna , 135 meters ) </Li> <Li> Z Argentiny do Mexika ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Curucu , Beast of the Amazon ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Moonraker ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> The Mission ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> The Country Bears Down Under ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Baraka ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Extermineitors IV : Como hermanos gemelos ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> O Trem Caipira ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Tummy ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Happy Together ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Mr. Magoo ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Miami Vice ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> In the Hands of the Gods ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> OSS 117 : Rio ne répond plus ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Salve Geral ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Survivor : Tocantins ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Operação X ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Captain America : Civil War ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> If Cats Disappeared From the World ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> A Fantastic Woman ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> Black Panther ( film ) ( 2018 ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of waterfalls by flow rate </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Iguaçu Falls '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library ed . ) . 2011 . Retrieved 15 April 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dominic Couzens ( 2008 ) , Top 100 Birding Sites of the World , University of California Press , p. 228 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 52 - 025932 - 4 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bonnie Hamre . `` Iguazu Falls '' . About.com Travel . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Stevaux , Jose ; Latrubesse , Edgardo ( 2010 ) . Migon , Piotr , ed . Iguazu Falls : A History of Differential Fluvial Incision , in Geomorphological Landscapes of the World . Springer . pp. 101 -- 109 . ISBN 9789048130542 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Travel to Puerto Iguazu '' . LATAM . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Travel to Foz Do Iguaçu '' . LATAM . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ UNESCO World Heritage Centre . `` UNESCO World Heritage Centre -- World Heritage List '' . unesco.org . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IguazuFalls.com Helicopter Ride '' . IguazuFalls.com . Retrieved 23 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fabiula Wurmeister ( 9 June 2014 ) . `` Chuvas fazem vazão das Cataratas bater recorde e Itaipu abrir vertedouro '' . globo.com notícias . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dia histórico nas Cataratas do Iguaçu '' . Cataratas do Iguaçu S.A. 10 June 2014 . Retrieved 11 June 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Niagara Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Victoria Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Kerala Articles '' . keralaarticles.blogspot.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NORMAIS CLIMATOLÓGICAS DO BRASIL 1961 -- 1990 '' ( in Portuguese ) . Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia . Retrieved 22 September 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ IMDb . `` Most Popular Titles With Location Matching `` Foz do Iguaçu , Paraná , Brazil '' `` . Retrieved 30 October 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iguaçu Falls . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Iguaçu Falls . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Foz do Iguaçu ( Brazilian government site , in Portuguese ) </Li> <Li> Copel Monitoramento Hydrológico ( Iguazu River flow rate measurements ; leftmost green dot gives flow rate at Hotel Cataratas ) </Li> <Li> Iguazu Falls -- Information , Hotels , Activities </Li> <Li> Iguazu Falls Travel Information ( English website ) </Li> <Li> Greatest Places : Iguazu Falls page </Li> <Li> Iguazu Falls at UNESCO World Heritage Centre site </Li> <Li> Iguazu Falls facts </Li> <Li> `` Iguazu Falls '' . World Waterfall Database . </Li> <Li> https://vimeo.com/44873371 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> New 7 Wonders of Nature </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Amazon rainforest and river </Li> <Li> Hạ Long Bay </Li> <Li> Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls </Li> <Li> Jeju Island </Li> <Li> Komodo Island </Li> <Li> Puerto Princesa Underground River </Li> <Li> Table Mountain </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Great Five Waterfalls ( by power ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Guaíra Falls † </Li> <Li> Iguazu Falls </Li> <Li> Khone Phapheng Falls </Li> <Li> Niagara Falls </Li> <Li> Victoria Falls </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iguazu_Falls&oldid=843270997 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Waterfalls of Argentina </Li> <Li> Waterfalls of Brazil </Li> <Li> International waterfalls </Li> <Li> Argentina -- Brazil border </Li> <Li> Landforms of Misiones Province </Li> <Li> Landforms of Paraná ( state ) </Li> <Li> Block waterfalls </Li> <Li> Segmented waterfalls </Li> <Li> Environment of Paraná ( state ) </Li> <Li> Foz do Iguaçu </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in Misiones Province </Li> <Li> Tourist attractions in Paraná ( state ) </Li> <Li> World Heritage Sites in Argentina </Li> <Li> World Heritage Sites in Brazil </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Portuguese - language sources ( pt ) </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from April 2012 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from August 2017 </Li> <Li> Coordinates on Wikidata </Li> <Li> Articles containing Spanish - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Guarani - language text </Li> <Li> Articles containing Portuguese - language text </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 </Li> <Li> Articles containing video clips </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Wikivoyage </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Avañe'ẽ </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Беларуская </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Brezhoneg </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Чӑвашла </Li> <Li> Cebuano </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> ދިވެހިބަސް </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Føroyskt </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ಕನ್ನಡ </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Кыргызча </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> मैथिली </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> മലയാളം </Li> <Li> მარგალური </Li> <Li> مازِرونی </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> پنجابی </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Rumantsch </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> संस्कृतम् </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Slovenščina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> తెలుగు </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> Winaray </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 65 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 28 May 2018 , at 01 : 24 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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San Andreas fault - wikipedia <H1> San Andreas fault </H1> For other uses , see San Andreas ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> San Andreas Fault </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> The fault , right , and the Carrizo Plain , left </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Arrows show relative motion of the two plates </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Named by </Th> <Td> Andrew Lawson </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Year defined </Th> <Td> 1895 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Td> United States </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State </Th> <Td> California </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cities </Th> <Td> San Francisco </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Segments </Th> <Td> Calaveras , Hayward , Elsinore , Imperial , Laguna Salada , San Jacinto </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 1,200 km ( 750 mi ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Displacement </Th> <Td> 20 -- 35 mm ( 0.79 -- 1.38 in ) / yr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Tectonics </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Plate </Th> <Td> North American & Pacific </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Status </Th> <Td> Active </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Earthquakes </Th> <Td> 1857 , 1906 ( M ~ 7.8 ) , 1957 ( M 5.7 ) , 1989 ( M ~ 6.9 ) , 2004 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Transform fault </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Movement </Th> <Td> Dextral </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Age </Th> <Td> Neogene - Holocene </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Orogeny </Th> <Td> Gorda - California - Nevada </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The San Andreas Fault is a continental transform fault that extends roughly 1,200 kilometers ( 750 mi ) through California . It forms the tectonic boundary between the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate , and its motion is right - lateral strike - slip ( horizontal ) . The fault divides into three segments , each with different characteristics and a different degree of earthquake risk . The slip rate along the fault ranges from 20 to 35 mm ( 0.79 to 1.38 in ) / yr . </P> <P> The fault was identified in 1895 by Professor Andrew Lawson of UC Berkeley , who discovered the northern zone . It is often described as having been named after San Andreas Lake , a small body of water that was formed in a valley between the two plates . However , according to some of his reports from 1895 and 1908 , Lawson actually named it after the surrounding San Andreas Valley . Following the 1906 San Francisco earthquake , Lawson concluded that the fault extended all the way into southern California . </P> <P> In 1953 , geologist Thomas Dibblee concluded that hundreds of miles of lateral movement could occur along the fault . A project called the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) near Parkfield , Monterey County , was drilled through the fault during 2004 - 2007 to collect material and make physical and chemical observations to better understand fault behavior . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Fault zones <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Northern </Li> <Li> 1.2 Central </Li> <Li> 1.3 Southern </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Plate boundaries </Li> <Li> 3 Formation </Li> <Li> 4 Study <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Early years </Li> <Li> 4.2 Current research </Li> <Li> 4.3 The next `` Big One '' </Li> <Li> 4.4 Cascadia connection </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Earthquakes </Li> <Li> 6 See also </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 Further reading </Li> <Li> 9 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Fault zones ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Northern ( edit ) </H3> See also : Calaveras Fault and Hayward Fault Zone A map displaying each of the seven major fault lines in the San Francisco Bay Area , and the probability of an M6. 7 earthquake or higher occurring on each fault line between 2003 and 2032 . <P> The northern segment of the fault runs from Hollister , through the Santa Cruz Mountains , epicenter of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , then up the San Francisco Peninsula , where it was first identified by Professor Lawson in 1895 , then offshore at Daly City near Mussel Rock . This is the approximate location of the epicenter of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The fault returns onshore at Bolinas Lagoon just north of Stinson Beach in Marin County . It returns underwater through the linear trough of Tomales Bay which separates the Point Reyes Peninsula from the mainland , runs just east of Bodega Head through Bodega Bay and back underwater , returning onshore at Fort Ross . ( In this region around the San Francisco Bay Area several significant `` sister faults '' run more - or-less parallel , and each of these can create significantly destructive earthquakes . ) From Fort Ross , the northern segment continues overland , forming in part a linear valley through which the Gualala River flows . It goes back offshore at Point Arena . After that , it runs underwater along the coast until it nears Cape Mendocino , where it begins to bend to the west , terminating at the Mendocino Triple Junction . </P> <H3> Central ( edit ) </H3> <P> The central segment of the San Andreas Fault runs in a northwestern direction from Parkfield to Hollister . While the southern section of the fault and the parts through Parkfield experience earthquakes , the rest of the central section of the fault exhibits a phenomenon called aseismic creep , where the fault slips continuously without causing earthquakes . </P> <H3> Southern ( edit ) </H3> See also : Elsinore Fault Zone , Imperial Fault , Laguna Salada Fault , and San Jacinto Fault Zone Aerial photo of the San Andreas Fault in the Carrizo Plain The Vasquez Rocks in Agua Dulce , California are evidence of the San Andreas Fault line and part of the 2,650 - mile Pacific Crest Trail . The Mormon Rocks within Cajon Pass show the physical movement of the San Andreas fault in southern California . 3 - D perspective view of Earth 's San Andreas Fault in the Temblor Range <P> The southern segment ( also known as the Mojave segment ) begins near Bombay Beach , California . Box Canyon , near the Salton Sea , contains upturned strata associated with that section of the fault . The fault then runs along the southern base of the San Bernardino Mountains , crosses through the Cajon Pass and continues northwest along the northern base of the San Gabriel Mountains . These mountains are a result of movement along the San Andreas Fault and are commonly called the Transverse Range . In Palmdale , a portion of the fault is easily examined at a roadcut for the Antelope Valley Freeway . The fault continues northwest alongside the Elizabeth Lake Road to the town of Elizabeth Lake . As it passes the towns of Gorman , Tejon Pass and Frazier Park , the fault begins to bend northward , forming the `` Big Bend '' . This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California , with an earthquake - recurrence interval of roughly 140 -- 160 years . Northwest of Frazier Park , the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain , a long , treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible . The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain . </P> <P> The southern segment , which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea , is capable of an 8.1 - magnitude earthquake . At its closest , this fault passes about 35 miles ( 56 km ) to the northeast of Los Angeles . Such a large earthquake on this southern segment would kill thousands of people in Los Angeles , San Bernardino , Riverside , and surrounding areas , and cause hundreds of billions of dollars in damage . </P> <H2> Plate boundaries ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Pacific Plate , to the west of the fault , is moving in a northwest direction while the North American Plate to the east is moving toward the southwest , but relatively southeast under the influence of plate tectonics . The rate of slippage averages about 33 to 37 millimeters ( 1.3 to 1.5 in ) a year across California . </P> <P> The southwestward motion of the North American Plate towards the Pacific is creating compressional forces along the eastern side of the fault . The effect is expressed as the Coast Ranges . The northwest movement of the Pacific Plate is also creating significant compressional forces which are especially pronounced where the North American Plate has forced the San Andreas to jog westward . This has led to the formation of the Transverse Ranges in Southern California , and to a lesser but still significant extent , the Santa Cruz Mountains ( the location of the Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 ) . </P> <P> Studies of the relative motions of the Pacific and North American plates have shown that only about 75 percent of the motion can be accounted for in the movements of the San Andreas and its various branch faults . The rest of the motion has been found in an area east of the Sierra Nevada mountains called the Walker Lane or Eastern California Shear Zone . The reason for this is not clear . Several hypotheses have been offered and research is ongoing . One hypothesis -- which gained interest following the Landers earthquake in 1992 -- suggests the plate boundary may be shifting eastward away from the San Andreas towards Walker Lane . </P> <P> Assuming the plate boundary does not change as hypothesized , projected motion indicates that the landmass west of the San Andreas Fault , including Los Angeles , will eventually slide past San Francisco , then continue northwestward toward the Aleutian Trench , over a period of perhaps twenty million years . </P> <H2> Formation ( edit ) </H2> Tectonic evolution of the San Andreas Fault . <P> The San Andreas began to form in the mid Cenozoic about 30 Mya ( million years ago ) . At this time , a spreading center between the Pacific Plate and the Farallon Plate ( which is now mostly subducted , with remnants including the Juan de Fuca Plate , Rivera Plate , Cocos Plate , and the Nazca Plate ) was beginning to reach the subduction zone off the western coast of North America . As the relative motion between the Pacific and North American Plates was different from the relative motion between the Farallon and North American Plates , the spreading ridge began to be `` subducted '' , creating a new relative motion and a new style of deformation along the plate boundaries . These geological features are what are chiefly seen along San Andreas Fault . It also includes a possible driver for the deformation of the Basin and Range , separation of the Baja California Peninsula , and rotation of the Transverse Range . </P> <P> The main southern section of the San Andreas Fault proper has only existed for about 5 million years . The first known incarnation of the southern part of the fault was Clemens Well - Fenner - San Francisquito fault zone around 22 -- 13 Ma . This system added the San Gabriel Fault as a primary focus of movement between 10 -- 5 Ma . Currently , it is believed that the modern San Andreas will eventually transfer its motion toward a fault within the Eastern California Shear Zone . This complicated evolution , especially along the southern segment , is mostly caused by either the `` Big Bend '' and / or a difference in the motion vector between the plates and the trend of the fault and its surrounding branches . </P> <H2> Study ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early years ( edit ) </H3> <P> The fault was first identified in Northern California by UC Berkeley geology professor Andrew Lawson in 1895 and named by him after the Laguna de San Andreas , a small lake which lies in a linear valley formed by the fault just south of San Francisco . Eleven years later , Lawson discovered that the San Andreas Fault stretched southward into southern California after reviewing the effects of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . Large - scale ( hundreds of miles ) lateral movement along the fault was first proposed in a 1953 paper by geologists Mason Hill and Thomas Dibblee . This idea , which was considered radical at the time , has since been vindicated by modern plate tectonics . </P> <H3> Current research ( edit ) </H3> <P> Seismologists discovered that the San Andreas Fault near Parkfield in central California consistently produces a magnitude 6.0 earthquake approximately once every 22 years . Following recorded seismic events in 1857 , 1881 , 1901 , 1922 , 1934 , and 1966 , scientists predicted that another earthquake should occur in Parkfield in 1993 . It eventually occurred in 2004 . Due to the frequency of predictable activity , Parkfield has become one of the most important areas in the world for large earthquake research . </P> <P> In 2004 , work began just north of Parkfield on the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth ( SAFOD ) . The goal of SAFOD is to drill a hole nearly 3 kilometres ( 1.9 mi ) into the Earth 's crust and into the San Andreas Fault . An array of sensors will be installed to record earthquakes that happen near this area . </P> <P> The San Andreas Fault System has been the subject of a flood of studies . In particular , scientific research performed during the last 23 years has given rise to about 3,400 publications . </P> <H3> The next `` Big one '' ( edit ) </H3> Radar generated 3 - D view of the San Andreas Fault , at Crystal Springs Reservoir near San Mateo , California . <P> A study published in 2006 in the journal Nature found that the San Andreas fault has reached a sufficient stress level for an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale to occur . This study also found that the risk of a large earthquake may be increasing more rapidly than scientists had previously believed . Moreover , the risk is currently concentrated on the southern section of the fault , i.e. the region around Los Angeles , because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central ( 1857 ) and northern ( 1906 ) segments of the fault , while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years . According to this study , a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs - Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino , Riverside and Imperial counties in California , and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California . It would be strongly felt ( and potentially cause significant damage ) throughout much of Southern California , including densely populated areas of Los Angeles County , Ventura County , Orange County , San Diego County , Ensenada Municipality and Tijuana Municipality , Baja California , San Luis Rio Colorado in Sonora and Yuma , Arizona . Older buildings would be especially prone to damage or collapse , as would buildings built on unconsolidated gravel or in coastal areas where water tables are high ( and thus subject to soil liquefaction ) . The paper concluded : </P> <P> The information available suggests that the fault is ready for the next big earthquake but exactly when the triggering will happen and when the earthquake will occur we can not tell ( ... ) It could be tomorrow or it could be 10 years or more from now . </P> <P> Nevertheless , in the 12 years since that publication there has not been a substantial quake in the Los Angeles area , and two major reports issued by the U.S. Geological Survey ( USGS ) have made variable predictions as to the risk of future seismic events . The ability to predict major earthquakes with sufficient precision to warrant increased precautions has remained elusive . </P> <P> The U.S. Geological Survey most recent forecast , known as UCERF3 ( Uniform California Earthquake Rupture Forecast 3 ) , released in November 2013 , estimated that an earthquake of magnitude 6.7 M or greater ( i.e. equal to or greater than the 1994 Northridge earthquake ) occurs about once every 6.7 years statewide . The same report also estimated there is a 7 % probability that an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 or greater will occur in the next 30 years somewhere along the San Andreas Fault . A different USGS study in 2008 tried to assess the physical , social and economic consequences of a major earthquake in southern California . That study predicted that a magnitude 7.8 earthquake along the southern San Andreas Fault could cause about 1,800 deaths and $213 billion in damage . </P> <H3> Cascadia connection ( edit ) </H3> <P> A 2008 paper , studying past earthquakes along the Pacific coastal zone , found a correlation in time between seismic events on the northern San Andreas Fault and the southern part of the Cascadia subduction zone ( which stretches from Vancouver Island to northern California ) . Scientists believe quakes on the Cascadia subduction zone may have triggered most of the major quakes on the northern San Andreas within the past 3,000 years . The evidence also shows the rupture direction going from north to south in each of these time - correlated events . However the 1906 San Francisco earthquake seems to have been the exception to this correlation because the plate movement was moved mostly from south to north and it was not preceded by a major quake in the Cascadia zone . </P> <H2> Earthquakes ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of earthquakes in California <P> The San Andreas Fault has had some notable earthquakes in historic times : </P> <Ul> <Li> 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake : About 350 kilometers ( 220 mi ) were ruptured in central and southern California . Though it is known as the Fort Tejon earthquake , the epicenter is thought to have been located far to the north , just south of Parkfield . Two deaths were reported . The magnitude was about 7.9 . </Li> <Li> 1906 San Francisco earthquake : About 430 kilometers ( 270 mi ) were ruptured in Northern California . The epicenter was near San Francisco . At least 3,000 people died in the earthquake and subsequent fires . The magnitude was estimated to be 7.8 . </Li> <Li> 1957 San Francisco earthquake : A magnitude 5.7 quake with an epicenter on the San Andreas fault in the ocean west of San Francisco and Daly City . </Li> <Li> 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake : About 40 kilometers ( 25 mi ) were ruptured ( although the rupture did not reach the surface ) near Santa Cruz , California , causing 63 deaths and moderate damage in certain vulnerable locations in the San Francisco Bay Area . Moment magnitude was about 6.9 . This quake occurred on October 17 , 1989 , at approximately 5 : 04 PM PDT . </Li> <Li> 2004 Parkfield earthquake : On September 28 , 2004 at 10 : 15 a.m. PDT , a magnitude 6.0 earthquake struck the Parkfield area . It was felt across the state , including the San Francisco Bay Area . </Li> </Ul> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> San Francisco Bay Area portal </Li> <Li> Earthquakes portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> California earthquake forecast </Li> <Li> Central Valley ( California ) </Li> <Li> Coast Range Geomorphic Province </Li> <Li> Garlock Fault </Li> <Li> Geologic timeline of Western North America </Li> <Li> North Anatolian Fault </Li> <Li> Ramapo Fault </Li> <Li> San Andreas ( film ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` San Andreas Fault Zone '' . CalTech . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Earthquake Facts '' . earthquake.usgs.gov . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth '' . Retrieved 15 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Americansouthwest.net `` Box Canyon '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rong - Gong Lin II ( October 8 , 2010 ) . `` San Andreas fault capable of magnitude 8.1 earthquake over 340 - mile swath of California , researchers say '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wallace , Robert E. `` Present - Day Crustal Movements and the Mechanics of Cyclic Deformation '' . The San Andreas Fault System , California . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 26 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Atwater , T. , 1970 , Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Powell , R.E. ; Weldon , R.J. ( 1992 ) . `` Evolution of the San Andreas fault '' . Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences . 20 : 431 -- 468 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mason L. Hill ; Thomas Dibblee ( April 1953 ) . `` San Andreas , Garlock , and Big faults , California '' . Geological Society of America Bulletin : 443 -- 458 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8137 - 2338 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth '' . USGS Earthquake Hazards Program . USGS . Archived from the original on 2005 - 10 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gizzi F.T. ( 2015 ) . `` Worldwide trends in research on the San Andreas Fault System '' ( PDF ) . Arabian Journal of Geosciences. 8 ( 12 ) : 10893 -- 10909 . doi : 10.1007 / s12517 - 015 - 1878 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ NASA ( June 23 , 2009 ) . `` NASA Radar Provides 3 - D View of San Andreas Fault '' . National Aeronautics and Space Administration . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Fialko , Yuri ( 2006 ) . `` Interseismic strain accumulation and the earthquake potential on the southern San Andreas fault System '' ( PDF ) . Nature . 441 ( 7096 ) : 968 -- 971 . Bibcode : 2006Natur. 441 ... 968F . doi : 10.1038 / nature04797 . PMID 16791192 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Geller , Robert J. ( Dec 1997 ) . `` Earthquake prediction : a critical review '' . Geophysical Journal International . 131 ( 3 ) : 425 -- 450 . Bibcode : 1997GeoJI. 131 ... 425G . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 246X. 1997. tb06588. x . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Long - Term Earthquake Forecast for California '' . USGS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The ShakeOut Scenario '' . USGS . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ BSSA ( April 3 , 2008 ) . `` Earthquakes Along The Cascadia And San Andreas Faults May Be Linked , Affecting Risk To San Francisco Bay Region '' . Seismological Society of America . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 17 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Collier , Michael ( December 1 , 1999 ) . A Land in Motion . UC Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 21897 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Stoffer , Philip W. ( 2006 ) . Where 's the San Andreas fault ? A guidebook to tracing the fault on public lands in the San Francisco Bay region . USGS . General Interest Publication 16 . </Li> <Li> The California Earthquake of April 18 , 1906 : Report of the State Earthquake Investigation Commission , Andrew C. Lawson , chairman , Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 87 , 2 vols. ( 1908 ) . Available online at this USGS webpage . </Li> <Li> Lynch , David K. ( 2006 ) . Field Guide to the San Andreas Fault : See and Touch the World 's Most Famous Fault on any one of Twelve Easy Day Trips . Thule Scientific . ISBN 0 - 9779935 - 0 - 7 . Full color , GPS coordinates , . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to San Andreas Fault . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Parkfield , California , Earthquake Experiment at the USGS </Li> <Li> San Andreas Fault Zone Observatory at Depth at the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program </Li> <Li> The San Andreas Fault by Sandra S. Schulz and Robert E. Wallace </Li> <Li> Complete Report for San Andreas fault zone , Peninsula section ( Class A ) No. 1c from the USGS </Li> <Li> New Scripps Study Reveals San Andreas Fault Set for the ' Big One ' at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography </Li> <Li> San Andreas Fault at Wallace Creek -- Kite Aerial Photography from the USGS </Li> <Li> `` Scientists Search for a Pulse in Skies Above Earthquake Country '' at JPL </Li> <Li> The Day California Cracks at Bloomberg Businessweek </Li> <Li> Google Maps Satellite View on Geology.com </Li> <Li> San Andreas Fault in Southern California </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Seismically active fault zones and tectonic blocks of California </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statewide Faults </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> San Andreas Fault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Southern California </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brawley Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Chino Fault </Li> <Li> Elsinore Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Elysian Park Fault </Li> <Li> Garlock Fault </Li> <Li> Hollywood fault </Li> <Li> Hosgri Fault </Li> <Li> Imperial Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Laguna Salada Fault </Li> <Li> Newport -- Inglewood Fault </Li> <Li> Peninsular Ranges </Li> <Li> Puente Hills Fault </Li> <Li> Raymond Fault </Li> <Li> Rose Canyon Fault </Li> <Li> Salton Trough </Li> <Li> Salinian Block </Li> <Li> San Cayetano Fault </Li> <Li> San Felipe Fault Zone </Li> <Li> San Gabriel Fault </Li> <Li> San Jacinto Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Santa Maria River Fault </Li> <Li> Santa Ynez Fault </Li> <Li> Shoreline Fault </Li> <Li> Sierra Madre Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Ventura Fault </Li> <Li> White Wolf Fault </Li> <Li> Whittier Fault </Li> <Li> Yorba Linda Fault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Northern California </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bartlett Springs Fault </Li> <Li> Calaveras Fault </Li> <Li> Clayton - 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Riverside metropolitan area </Li> <Li> San Francisco metropolitan area </Li> <Li> San Diego -- Tijuana </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Counties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alameda </Li> <Li> Alpine </Li> <Li> Amador </Li> <Li> Butte </Li> <Li> Calaveras </Li> <Li> Colusa </Li> <Li> Contra Costa </Li> <Li> Del Norte </Li> <Li> El Dorado </Li> <Li> Fresno </Li> <Li> Glenn </Li> <Li> Humboldt </Li> <Li> Imperial </Li> <Li> Inyo </Li> <Li> Kern </Li> <Li> Kings </Li> <Li> Lake </Li> <Li> Lassen </Li> <Li> Los Angeles </Li> <Li> Madera </Li> <Li> Marin </Li> <Li> Mariposa </Li> <Li> Mendocino </Li> <Li> Merced </Li> <Li> Modoc </Li> <Li> Mono </Li> <Li> Monterey </Li> <Li> Napa </Li> <Li> Nevada </Li> <Li> Orange </Li> <Li> Placer </Li> <Li> Plumas </Li> <Li> Riverside </Li> <Li> Sacramento </Li> <Li> San Benito </Li> <Li> San Bernardino </Li> <Li> San Diego </Li> <Li> San Francisco </Li> <Li> San Joaquin </Li> <Li> San Luis Obispo </Li> <Li> San Mateo </Li> <Li> Santa Barbara </Li> <Li> Santa Clara </Li> <Li> Santa Cruz </Li> <Li> Shasta </Li> <Li> Sierra </Li> <Li> Siskiyou </Li> <Li> Solano </Li> <Li> Sonoma </Li> <Li> Stanislaus </Li> <Li> Sutter </Li> <Li> Tehama </Li> <Li> Trinity </Li> <Li> Tulare </Li> <Li> Tuolumne </Li> <Li> Ventura </Li> <Li> Yolo </Li> <Li> Yuba </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Most populous cities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Los Angeles </Li> <Li> San Diego </Li> <Li> San Jose </Li> <Li> San Francisco </Li> <Li> Fresno </Li> <Li> Sacramento </Li> <Li> Long Beach </Li> <Li> Oakland </Li> <Li> Bakersfield </Li> <Li> Anaheim </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major seismically active faults of North America </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> North America ( crosses national borders ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Alaska - Aleutian megathrust ( US - RU ) </Li> <Li> Basin and Range Province ( US - MX ) </Li> <Li> Cascadia subduction zone ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Clarendon - Linden fault system ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Denali Fault ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province ( CA - US ) </Li> <Li> Puget Sound faults ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Rio Grande rift ( US - MX ) </Li> <Li> San Andreas Fault ( US - MX ) </Li> <Li> Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone ( US - CA ) </Li> <Li> Tintina Fault ( US - CA ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Charlevoix Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Laurentian Slope Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Leech River Fault </Li> <Li> Ottawa - Bonnechere Graben </Li> <Li> Queen Charlotte Fault </Li> <Li> Saguenay Graben </Li> <Li> Saint Lawrence rift system </Li> <Li> Western Quebec Seismic Zone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Washington and Oregon </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brothers Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Olympic - Wallowa Lineament </Li> <Li> Puget Sound ( Seattle Fault , Tacoma Fault ) </Li> <Li> Walker Lane </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> California </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Calaveras Fault </Li> <Li> Garlock Fault </Li> <Li> Hayward Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Mendocino Fracture Zone </Li> <Li> Newport -- Inglewood Fault </Li> <Li> Puente Hills Fault </Li> <Li> Rose Canyon Fault </Li> <Li> San Jacinto Fault Zone ( Elsinore Fault Zone ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Great Basin </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Independence Valley fault system </Li> <Li> Moab Fault </Li> <Li> Teton Fault </Li> <Li> Wasatch Fault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Great Plains </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Central Oklahoma Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Humboldt Fault </Li> <Li> Long Point -- Eureka Heights fault system </Li> <Li> Nemaha Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Wilzetta Fault </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Midwest </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Marianna Fault </Li> <Li> New Madrid Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Sandwich Fault Zone </Li> <Li> Wabash Valley Seismic Zone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Appalachian Mountains and Atlantic Coast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aiken - Augusta Fault </Li> <Li> Eastern Tennessee Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Middleton Place - Summerville Seismic Zone ( Woodstock Fault ) </Li> <Li> Northern Appalachians Seismic Zone </Li> <Li> Ramapo Fault </Li> <Li> Virginia Seismic Zone </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Caribbean & Mexico </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cayman Trough </Li> <Li> Chixoy - Polochic Fault </Li> <Li> Enriquillo -- Plantain Garden fault zone ( Cuba ) </Li> <Li> Gulf of California Rift Zone </Li> <Li> Lesser Antilles subduction zone </Li> <Li> Middle America Trench ( Central America ) </Li> <Li> Motagua Fault ( Central America ) </Li> <Li> Pedro Miguel Fault </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico Trench </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> GND : 4105280 - 8 </Li> <Li> NARA : 10046904 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 233720329 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Andreas_Fault&oldid=853907102 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1906 San Francisco earthquake </Li> <Li> Geography of Kern County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Los Angeles County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Marin County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Monterey County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Palmdale , California </Li> <Li> Geography of San Bernardino County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of San Francisco </Li> <Li> Geography of San Mateo County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Santa Clara County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of Sonoma County , California </Li> <Li> Geography of the San Francisco Bay Area </Li> <Li> Geology of Imperial County , California </Li> <Li> Geology of Los Angeles County , California </Li> <Li> Geology of Riverside County , California </Li> <Li> Geology of San Bernardino County , California </Li> <Li> History of Southern California </Li> <Li> Landforms of Humboldt County , California </Li> <Li> National Natural Landmarks in California </Li> <Li> Salton Trough </Li> <Li> Seismic faults of California </Li> <Li> Strike - slip faults </Li> <Li> Active faults </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> M w </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with NARA identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Gaeilge </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Latviešu </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Norsk nynorsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> தமிழ் </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 36 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 7 August 2018 , at 18 : 50 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions - wikipedia <H1> Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Events leading to the American Civil War <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Slavery </Li> <Li> Northwest Ordinance </Li> <Li> Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions </Li> <Li> Battle of Negro Fort </Li> <Li> Missouri Compromise </Li> <Li> Tariff of 1828 </Li> <Li> Nat Turner 's slave rebellion </Li> <Li> Nullification Crisis </Li> <Li> The Amistad </Li> <Li> Prigg v. Pennsylvania </Li> <Li> Texas annexation </Li> <Li> Mexican -- American War </Li> <Li> Wilmot Proviso </Li> <Li> Manifest destiny </Li> <Li> Underground Railroad </Li> <Li> Nashville Convention </Li> <Li> Compromise of 1850 </Li> <Li> Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 </Li> <Li> Uncle Tom 's Cabin </Li> <Li> Kansas -- Nebraska Act </Li> <Li> Ostend Manifesto </Li> <Li> Bleeding Kansas </Li> <Li> Caning of Charles Sumner </Li> <Li> Dred Scott v. Sandford </Li> <Li> The Impending Crisis of the South </Li> <Li> Brown 's raid on Harpers Ferry </Li> <Li> 1860 presidential election </Li> <Li> Crittenden Compromise </Li> <Li> Secession of Southern States </Li> <Li> Star of the West </Li> <Li> Corwin Amendment </Li> <Li> Battle of Fort Sumter </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Thomas Jefferson James Madison <P> The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions ( or Resolves ) were political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799 , in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional . The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution . In doing so , they argued for states ' rights and strict constructionism of the Constitution . The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions of 1798 were written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison respectively . </P> <P> The principles stated in the resolutions became known as the `` Principles of ' 98 '' . Adherents argue that the states can judge the constitutionality of central government laws and decrees . The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 argued that each individual state has the power to declare that federal laws are unconstitutional and void . The Kentucky Resolution of 1799 added that when the states determine that a law is unconstitutional , nullification by the states is the proper remedy . The Virginia Resolutions of 1798 refer to `` interposition '' to express the idea that the states have a right to `` interpose '' to prevent harm caused by unconstitutional laws . The Virginia Resolutions contemplate joint action by the states . </P> <P> The Resolutions had been controversial since their passage , eliciting disapproval from ten state legislatures . Ron Chernow assessed the theoretical damage of the resolutions as `` deep and lasting ... a recipe for disunion '' . George Washington was so appalled by them that he told Patrick Henry that if `` systematically and pertinaciously pursued '' , they would `` dissolve the union or produce coercion '' . Their influence reverberated right up to the Civil War and beyond . In the years leading up to the Nullification Crisis , the resolutions divided Jeffersonian democrats , with states ' rights proponents such as John C. Calhoun supporting the Principles of ' 98 and President Andrew Jackson opposing them . Years later , the passage of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 led anti-slavery activists to quote the Resolutions to support their calls on Northern states to nullify what they considered unconstitutional enforcement of the law . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Provisions of the Resolutions </Li> <Li> 2 History of the Resolutions <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Responses of other states </Li> <Li> 2.2 The Report of 1800 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Influence of the Resolutions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 The Nullification Crisis </Li> <Li> 3.2 The compact theory </Li> <Li> 3.3 School desegregation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Importance of the Resolutions </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 Further reading </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Provisions of the Resolutions ( edit ) </H2> <P> The resolutions opposed the federal Alien and Sedition Acts , which extended the powers of the federal government . They argued that the Constitution was a `` compact '' or agreement among the states . Therefore , the federal government had no right to exercise powers not specifically delegated to it . If the federal government assumed such powers , its acts could be declared unconstitutional by the states . So , states could decide the constitutionality of laws passed by Congress . Kentucky 's Resolution 1 stated : </P> <P> That the several states composing the United States of America are not united on the principle of unlimited submission to their general government ; but that , by compact , under the style and title of a Constitution for the United States , and of amendments thereto , they constituted a general government for special purposes , delegated to that government certain definite powers , reserving , each state to itself , the residuary mass of right to their own self - government ; and that whensoever the general government assumes undelegated powers , its acts are unauthoritative , void , and of no force ; that to this compact each state acceded as a state , and is an integral party , its co-States forming , as to itself , the other party ; that this government , created by this compact , was not made the exclusive or final judge of the extent of the powers delegated to itself , since that would have made its discretion , and not the Constitution , the measure of its powers ; but that , as in all other cases of compact among powers having no common judge , each party has an equal right to judge for itself , as well of infractions as of the mode and measure of redress . </P> <P> A key provision of the Kentucky Resolutions was Resolution 2 , which denied Congress more than a few penal powers by arguing that Congress had no authority to punish crimes other than those specifically named in the Constitution . The Alien and Sedition Acts were asserted to be unconstitutional , and therefore void , because they dealt with crimes not mentioned in the Constitution : </P> <P> That the Constitution of the United States , having delegated to Congress a power to punish treason , counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States , piracies , and felonies committed on the high seas , and offenses against the law of nations , and no other crimes , whatsoever ; and it being true as a general principle , and one of the amendments to the Constitution having also declared , that `` the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution , nor prohibited by it to the States , are reserved to the States respectively , or to the people , '' therefore the act of Congress , passed on the 14th day of July , 1798 , and intitled `` An Act in addition to the act intitled An Act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States , '' as also the act passed by them on the -- day of June , 1798 , intitled `` An Act to punish frauds committed on the bank of the United States , '' ( and all their other acts which assume to create , define , or punish crimes , other than those so enumerated in the Constitution , ) are altogether void , and of no force watsoever . </P> <P> The Virginia Resolution of 1798 also relied on the compact theory and asserted that the states have the right to determine whether actions of the federal government exceed constitutional limits . The Virginia Resolution introduced the idea that the states may `` interpose '' when the federal government acts unconstitutionally , in their opinion : </P> <P> That this Assembly doth explicitly and peremptorily declare , that it views the powers of the federal government as resulting from the compact to which the states are parties , as limited by the plain sense and intention of the instrument constituting that compact , as no further valid than they are authorized by the grants enumerated in that compact ; and that , in case of a deliberate , palpable , and dangerous exercise of other powers , not granted by the said compact , the states , who are parties thereto , have the right , and are in duty bound , to interpose , for arresting the progress of the evil , and for maintaining , within their respective limits , the authorities , rights and liberties , appertaining to them . </P> <H2> History of the Resolutions ( edit ) </H2> <P> There were two sets of Kentucky Resolutions . The Kentucky state legislature passed the first resolution on November 16 , 1798 and the second on December 3 , 1799 . Jefferson wrote the 1798 Resolutions . The author of the 1799 Resolutions is not known with certainty . </P> <P> James Madison wrote the Virginia Resolution . The Virginia state legislature passed it on December 24 , 1798 . </P> <P> The Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 stated that acts of the national government beyond the scope of its constitutional powers are `` unauthoritative , void , and of no force '' . While Jefferson 's draft of the 1798 Resolutions had claimed that each state has a right of `` nullification '' of unconstitutional laws , that language did not appear in the final form of those Resolutions . Rather than purporting to nullify the Alien and Sedition Acts , the 1798 Resolutions called on the other states to join Kentucky `` in declaring these acts void and of no force '' and `` in requesting their repeal at the next session of Congress '' . Jefferson at one point drafted a threat for Kentucky to secede , but dropped it from the text . </P> <P> The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 were written to respond to the states who had rejected the 1798 Resolutions . The 1799 Resolutions used the term `` nullification '' , which had been deleted from Jefferson 's draft of the 1798 Resolutions , resolving : `` That the several states who formed ( the Constitution ) , being sovereign and independent , have the unquestionable right to judge of its infraction ; and , That a nullification , by those sovereignties , of all unauthorized acts done under color of that instrument , is the rightful remedy . '' The 1799 Resolutions did not assert that Kentucky would unilaterally refuse to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts . Rather , the 1799 Resolutions declared that Kentucky `` will bow to the laws of the Union '' but would continue `` to oppose in a constitutional manner '' the Alien and Sedition Acts . The 1799 Resolutions concluded by stating that Kentucky was entering its `` solemn protest '' against those Acts . </P> <P> The Virginia Resolution did not refer to `` nullification '' , but instead used the idea of `` interposition '' by the states . The Resolution stated that when the national government acts beyond the scope of the Constitution , the states `` have the right , and are in duty bound , to interpose , for arresting the progress of the evil , and for maintaining , within their respective limits , the authorities , rights and liberties , appertaining to them '' . The Virginia Resolution did not indicate what form this `` interposition '' might take or what effect it would have . The Virginia Resolutions appealed to the other states for agreement and cooperation . </P> <P> Numerous scholars ( including Koch and Ammon ) have noted that Madison had the words `` void , and of no force or effect '' excised from the Virginia Resolutions before adoption . Madison later explained that he did this because an individual state does not have the right to declare a federal law null and void . Rather , Madison explained that `` interposition '' involved a collective action of the states , not a refusal by an individual state to enforce federal law , and that the deletion of the words `` void , and of no force or effect '' was intended to make clear that no individual state could nullify federal law . </P> <P> The Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 , while claiming the right of nullification , did not assert that individual states could exercise that right . Rather , nullification was described as an action to be taken by `` the several states '' who formed the Constitution . The Kentucky Resolutions thus ended up proposing joint action , as did the Virginia Resolution . </P> <P> The Resolutions joined the foundational beliefs of Jefferson 's party and were used as party documents in the 1800 election . As they had been shepherded to passage in the Virginia House of Delegates by John Taylor of Caroline , they became part of the heritage of the `` Old Republicans '' . Taylor rejoiced in what the House of Delegates had made of Madison 's draft : it had read the claim that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional as meaning that they had `` no force or effect '' in Virginia -- that is , that they were void . Future Virginia Governor and U.S. Secretary of War James Barbour concluded that `` unconstitutional '' included `` void , and of no force or effect '' , and that Madison 's textual change did not affect the meaning . Madison himself strongly denied this reading of the Resolution . </P> <P> The long - term importance of the Resolutions lies not in their attack on the Alien and Sedition Acts , but rather in their strong statements of states ' rights theory , which led to the rather different concepts of nullification and interposition . </P> <H3> Responses of other states ( edit ) </H3> <P> The resolutions were submitted to the other states for approval , but with no success . Seven states formally responded to Kentucky and Virginia by rejecting the Resolutions and three other states passed resolutions expressing disapproval , with the other four states taking no action . No other state affirmed the resolutions . At least six states responded to the Resolutions by taking the position that the constitutionality of acts of Congress is a question for the federal courts , not the state legislatures . For example , Vermont 's resolution stated : `` It belongs not to state legislatures to decide on the constitutionality of laws made by the general government ; this power being exclusively vested in the judiciary courts of the Union . '' In New Hampshire , newspapers treated them as military threats and replied with foreshadowings of civil war . `` We think it highly probable that Virginia and Kentucky will be sadly disappointed in their infernal plan of exciting insurrections and tumults , '' proclaimed one . The state legislature 's unanimous reply was blunt : </P> <P> Resolved , That the legislature of New Hampshire unequivocally express a firm resolution to maintain and defend the Constitution of the United States , and the Constitution of this state , against every aggression , either foreign or domestic , and that they will support the government of the United States in all measures warranted by the former . </P> <P> That the state legislatures are not the proper tribunals to determine the constitutionality of the laws of the general government ; that the duty of such decision is properly and exclusively confided to the judicial department . </P> <P> Alexander Hamilton , then building up the army , suggested sending it into Virginia , on some `` obvious pretext '' . Measures would be taken , Hamilton hinted to an ally in Congress , `` to act upon the laws and put Virginia to the Test of resistance '' . </P> <H3> The Report of 1800 ( edit ) </H3> <P> In January 1800 , the Virginia General Assembly passed the Report of 1800 , a document written by Madison to respond to criticism of the Virginia Resolution by other states . The Report of 1800 reviewed and affirmed each part of the Virginia Resolution , affirming that the states have the right to declare that a federal action is unconstitutional . The Report went on to assert that a declaration of unconstitutionality by a state would be an expression of opinion , without legal effect . The purpose of such a declaration , said Madison , was to mobilize public opinion and to elicit cooperation from other states . Madison indicated that the power to make binding constitutional determinations remained in the federal courts : </P> <P> It has been said , that it belongs to the judiciary of the United States , and not the state legislatures , to declare the meaning of the Federal Constitution ... ( T ) he declarations of ( the citizens or the state legislature ) , whether affirming or denying the constitutionality of measures of the Federal Government ... are expressions of opinion , unaccompanied with any other effect than what they may produce on opinion , by exciting reflection . The expositions of the judiciary , on the other hand , are carried into immediate effect by force . The former may lead to a change in the legislative expression of the general will ; possibly to a change in the opinion of the judiciary ; the latter enforces the general will , whilst that will and that opinion continue unchanged . </P> <P> Madison then argued that a state , after declaring a federal law unconstitutional , could take action by communicating with other states , attempting to enlist their support , petitioning Congress to repeal the law in question , introducing amendments to the Constitution in Congress , or calling a constitutional convention . </P> <P> However , in the same document Madison explicitly argued that the states retain the ultimate power to decide about the constitutionality of the federal laws , in `` extreme cases '' such as the Alien and Sedition Act . The Supreme Court can decide in the last resort only in those cases which pertain to the acts of other branches of the federal government , but can not takeover the ultimate decision making power from the states which are the `` sovereign parties '' in the Constitutional compact . According to Madison states could override not only the Congressional acts , but also the decisions of the Supreme Court : </P> <Dl> <Dd> The resolution supposes that dangerous powers , not delegated , may not only be usurped and executed by the other departments , but that the judicial department , also , may exercise or sanction dangerous powers beyond the grant of the Constitution ; and , consequently , that the ultimate right of the parties to the Constitution , to judge whether the compact has been dangerously violated , must extend to violations by one delegated authority as well as by another -- by the judiciary as well as by the executive , or the legislature . </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> However true , therefore , it may be , that the judicial department is , in all questions submitted to it by the forms of the Constitution , to decide in the last resort , this resort must necessarily be deemed the last in relation to the authorities of the other departments of the government ; not in relation to the rights of the parties to the constitutional compact , from which the judicial , as well as the other departments , hold their delegated trusts . On any other hypothesis , the delegation of judicial power would annul the authority delegating it ; and the concurrence of this department with the others in usurped powers , might subvert forever , and beyond the possible reach of any rightful remedy , the very Constitution which all were instituted to preserve . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Madison later strongly denied that individual states have the right to nullify federal law . </P> <H2> Influence of the Resolutions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Although the New England states rejected the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions in 1798 -- 99 , several years later , the state governments of Massachusetts , Connecticut , and Rhode Island threatened to ignore the Embargo Act of 1807 based on the authority of states to stand up to laws deemed by those states to be unconstitutional . Rhode Island justified its position on the embargo act based on the explicit language of interposition . However , none of these states actually passed a resolution nullifying the Embargo Act . Instead , they challenged it in court , appealed to Congress for its repeal , and proposed several constitutional amendments . </P> <P> Several years later , Massachusetts and Connecticut asserted their right to test constitutionality when instructed to send their militias to defend the coast during the War of 1812 . Connecticut and Massachusetts questioned another embargo passed in 1813 . Both states objected , including this statement from the Massachusetts legislature , or General Court : </P> <P> A power to regulate commerce is abused , when employed to destroy it ; and a manifest and voluntary abuse of power sanctions the right of resistance , as much as a direct and palpable usurpation . The sovereignty reserved to the states , was reserved to protect the citizens from acts of violence by the United States , as well as for purposes of domestic regulation . We spurn the idea that the free , sovereign and independent State of Massachusetts is reduced to a mere municipal corporation , without power to protect its people , and to defend them from oppression , from whatever quarter it comes . Whenever the national compact is violated , and the citizens of this State are oppressed by cruel and unauthorized laws , this Legislature is bound to interpose its power , and wrest from the oppressor its victim . </P> <P> Massachusetts and Connecticut , along with representatives of some other New England states , held a convention in 1814 that issued a statement asserting the right of interposition . But the statement did not attempt to nullify federal law . Rather , it made an appeal to Congress to provide for the defense of New England and proposed several constitutional amendments . </P> <H3> The nullification crisis ( edit ) </H3> <P> During the `` nullification crisis '' of 1828 -- 1833 , South Carolina passed an Ordinance of Nullification purporting to nullify two federal tariff laws . South Carolina asserted that the Tariff of 1828 and the Tariff of 1832 were beyond the authority of the Constitution , and therefore were `` null , void , and no law , nor binding upon this State , its officers or citizens '' . Andrew Jackson issued a proclamation against the doctrine of nullification , stating : `` I consider ... the power to annul a law of the United States , assumed by one State , incompatible with the existence of the Union , contradicted expressly by the letter of the Constitution , unauthorized by its spirit , inconsistent with every principle on which it was founded , and destructive of the great object for which it was formed . '' He also denied the right to secede : `` The Constitution ... forms a government not a league. ... To say that any State may at pleasure secede from the Union is to say that the United States is not a nation . '' </P> <P> James Madison also opposed South Carolina 's position on nullification . Madison argued that he had never intended his Virginia Resolution to suggest that each individual state had the power to nullify an act of Congress . Madison wrote : `` But it follows , from no view of the subject , that a nullification of a law of the U.S. can as is now contended , belong rightfully to a single State , as one of the parties to the Constitution ; the State not ceasing to avow its adherence to the Constitution . A plainer contradiction in terms , or a more fatal inlet to anarchy , can not be imagined . '' Madison explained that when the Virginia Legislature passed the Virginia Resolution , the `` interposition '' it contemplated was `` a concurring and cooperating interposition of the States , not that of a single State. ... ( T ) he Legislature expressly disclaimed the idea that a declaration of a State , that a law of the U.S. was unconstitutional , had the effect of annulling the law . '' Madison went on to argue that the purpose of the Virginia Resolution had been to elicit cooperation by the other states in seeking change through means provided in the Constitution , such as amendment . </P> <H3> The compact theory ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Supreme Court rejected the compact theory in several nineteenth century cases , undermining the basis for the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions . In cases such as Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland , and Texas v. White , the Court asserted that the Constitution was established directly by the people , rather than being a compact among the states . Abraham Lincoln also rejected the compact theory saying the Constitution was a binding contract among the states and no contract can be changed unilaterally by one party . </P> <H3> School desegregation ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1954 , the Supreme Court decided Brown v. Board of Education , which ruled that segregated schools violate the Constitution . Many people in southern states strongly opposed the Brown decision . James J. Kilpatrick , an editor of the Richmond News Leader , wrote a series of editorials urging `` massive resistance '' to integration of the schools . Kilpatrick , relying on the Virginia Resolution , revived the idea of interposition by the states as a constitutional basis for resisting federal government action . A number of southern states , including Arkansas , Louisiana , Virginia , and Florida , subsequently passed interposition and nullification laws in an effort to prevent integration of their schools . </P> <P> In the case of Cooper v. Aaron , the Supreme Court unanimously rejected Arkansas ' effort to use nullification and interposition . The Supreme Court held that under the Supremacy Clause , federal law was controlling and the states did not have the power to evade the application of federal law . The Court specifically rejected the contention that Arkansas ' legislature and governor had the power to nullify the Brown decision . </P> <P> In a similar case arising from Louisiana 's interposition act , Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board , the Supreme Court affirmed the decision of a federal district court that rejected interposition . The district court stated : `` The conclusion is clear that interposition is not a constitutional doctrine . If taken seriously , it is illegal defiance of constitutional authority . Otherwise , ' it amounted to no more than a protest , an escape valve through which the legislators blew off steam to relieve their tensions . ' ... However solemn or spirited , interposition resolutions have no legal efficacy . '' </P> <H2> Importance of the Resolutions ( edit ) </H2> <P> Merrill Peterson , Jefferson 's otherwise very favorable biographer , emphasizes the negative long - term impact of the Resolutions , calling them `` dangerous '' and a product of `` hysteria '' : </P> <P> Called forth by oppressive legislation of the national government , notably the Alien and Sedition Laws , they represented a vigorous defense of the principles of freedom and self - government under the United States Constitution . But since the defense involved an appeal to principles of state rights , the resolutions struck a line of argument potentially as dangerous to the Union as were the odious laws to the freedom with which it was identified . One hysteria tended to produce another . A crisis of freedom threatened to become a crisis of Union . The latter was deferred in 1798 - 1800 , but it would return , and when it did the principles Jefferson had invoked against the Alien and Sedition Laws would sustain delusions of state sovereignty fully as violent as the Federalist delusions he had combated . </P> <P> Jefferson 's biographer Dumas Malone argued that the Kentucky resolution might have gotten Jefferson impeached for treason , had his actions become known at the time . In writing the Kentucky Resolutions , Jefferson warned that , `` unless arrested at the threshold '' , the Alien and Sedition Acts would `` necessarily drive these states into revolution and blood . '' Historian Ron Chernow says of this `` he was n't calling for peaceful protests or civil disobedience : he was calling for outright rebellion , if needed , against the federal government of which he was vice president . '' Jefferson `` thus set forth a radical doctrine of states ' rights that effectively undermined the constitution . '' Chernow argues that neither Jefferson nor Madison sensed that they had sponsored measures as inimical as the Alien and Sedition Acts themselves . Historian Garry Wills argued `` Their nullification effort , if others had picked it up , would have been a greater threat to freedom than the misguided ( alien and sedition ) laws , which were soon rendered feckless by ridicule and electoral pressure '' The theoretical damage of the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions was `` deep and lasting , and was a recipe for disunion '' . George Washington was so appalled by them that he told Patrick Henry that if `` systematically and pertinaciously pursued '' , they would `` dissolve the union or produce coercion '' . The influence of Jefferson 's doctrine of states ' rights reverberated right up to the Civil War and beyond . Future president James Garfield , at the close of the Civil War , said that Jefferson 's Kentucky Resolution `` contained the germ of nullification and secession , and we are today reaping the fruits '' . </P> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Chernow , Ron . `` Alexander Hamilton '' . 2004 . p587 . Penguin Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Knott . `` Alexander Hamilton and the Persistence of Myth '' . p48 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Unconstitutionality of the Fugitive Act , by Byron Paine ( 1854 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Powell , H. Jefferson , `` The Principles of ' 98 : An Essay in Historical Retrieval '' , 80 Virginia Law Review 689 , 705 n. 54 ( 1994 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jefferson 's draft said : `` where powers are assumed ( by the federal government ) which have not been delegated , a nullification of the act is the rightful remedy : that every State has a natural right in cases not within the compact , ( casus non fœderis ) to nullify of their own authority all assumptions of power by others within their limits . '' See Jefferson 's draft of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madison , James , `` Notes , On Nullification '' , Library of Congress , December , 1834 . See Powell , `` The Principles of ' 98 : An Essay in Historical Retrieval '' , 80 Virginia Law Review at 718 ( the Virginia resolutions `` did not in fact license any legally significant action by an individual state . The authority of the states over the Constitution and its interpretation was collective and could be exercised only in concert through the electoral process or by a quasi-revolutionary act of the people themselves '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See Powell , `` The Principles of ' 98 : An Essay in Historical Retrieval '' , 80 Virginia Law Review at 719 - 720 & n. 123 ( `` when the Resolutions of 1799 declared that ' nullification ' was ' the rightful remedy ' for federal overreaching , the legislature carefully ascribed this remedy to the states collectively , thus equating its position with that of Madison and the Virginia Resolutions. ... The Resolutions implicitly conceded that the state 's individual means of resisting the Acts were political in nature . '' ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Taylor , Jeff ( 2010 - 07 - 01 ) States ' Fights , The American Conservative </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madison , James , `` Notes , On Nullification '' , Library of Congress , December , 1834 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The seven states that transmitted formal rejections were Delaware , Massachusetts , New York , Connecticut , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , and Vermont . See Elliot , Jonathan ( 1907 ) ( 1836 ) . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 4 ( expanded 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott . pp. 538 -- 539 . ISBN 0 - 8337 - 1038 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maryland , Pennsylvania , and New Jersey passed resolutions that disapproved the Kentucky and Virginia resolutions , but these states did not transmit formal responses to Kentucky and Virginia . Anderson , Frank Maloy ( 1899 ) . `` Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions '' . American Historical Review . pp. 45 -- 63 , 225 -- 244 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1907 ) ( 1836 ) . `` Answers of the Several State Legislatures : State of Vermont '' . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 4 ( expanded 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott . pp. 538 -- 539 . ISBN 0 - 8337 - 1038 - 9 ... The other states taking the position that the constitutionality of federal laws is a question for the federal courts , not the states , were New York , Massachusetts , Rhode Island , New Hampshire , and Pennsylvania . The Governor of Delaware also took this position . Anderson , Frank Maloy ( 1899 ) . `` Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions '' . American Historical Review . pp. 45 -- 63 , 225 -- 244 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Elliot , Jonathan ( 1907 ) ( 1836 ) . `` Answers of the Several State Legislatures : State of New Hampshire '' . Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution . 4 ( expanded 2nd ed . ) . Philadelphia : Lippincott . pp. 538 -- 539 . ISBN 0 - 8337 - 1038 - 9 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ February 2 , 1799 , Hamilton Papers vol 22 pp 452 -- 53 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Report of 1800 , http://www.constitution.org/rf/vr_1799.htm </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Federal v. Consolidated Government : James Madison , Report on the Virginia Resolutions '' . Press-pubs.uchicago.edu . Retrieved November 28 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Madison , James `` Notes , On Nullification '' , Library of Congress , December , 1834 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The General Court of Massachusetts on the Embargo , February 22 , 1814 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` President Jackson 's Proclamation Regarding Nullification , December 10 , 1832 '' . Yale Law School . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martin v. Hunter 's Lessee , 14 U.S. ( 1 Wheat . ) 304 ( 1816 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McCulloch v. Maryland , 17 U.S. ( 4 Wheat . ) 316 ( 1819 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Texas v. White , 74 U.S. ( 7 Wall . ) 700 ( 1869 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Obituary : James J. Kilpatrick / Conservative columnist sparred on ' 60 Minutes ' '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . August 17 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cooper v. Aaron , 358 U.S. 1 ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board , 364 U.S. 500 ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board , 188 F. Supp. 916 ( E.D. La . 1960 ) , aff 'd 364 U.S. 500 ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Peterson , Merrill ( 1975 ) . Thomas Jefferson and the New Nation : A Biography . Oxford University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 501909 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chernow , Ron . `` Alexander Hamilton '' . 2004 . p586 . Penguin Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wills , Gary . `` James Madison '' . p49 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Anderson , Frank Maloy ( 1899 ) . Contemporary Opinion of the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions . American Historical Review . pp. 45 -- 63 , 225 -- 244 . </Li> <Li> Bird , Wendell . `` Reassessing Responses to the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions : New Evidence from the Tennessee and Georgia Resolutions and from Other States , '' Journal of the Early Republic 35 # 4 ( Winter 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Elkins , Stanley ; Eric McKitrick ( 1994 ) . The Age of Federalism : The Early American Republic , 1788 - 1800 . Oxford University Press , USA . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 509381 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Gutzman , Kevin , `` ' O , What a Tangled Web We Weave ... ' : James Madison and the Compound Republic '' , Continuity 22 ( 1998 ) , 19 -- 29 . </Li> <Li> Gutzman , Kevin , `` A Troublesome Legacy : James Madison and the ' Principles of ' 98 , ' '' Journal of the Early Republic 15 ( 1995 ) , 569 -- 89 . </Li> <Li> Gutzman , Kevin. , `` The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Reconsidered : ' An Appeal to the _Real Laws_ of Our Country , ' '' Journal of Southern History 66 ( 2000 ) , 473 -- 96 . </Li> <Li> Koch , Adrienne ; Harry Ammon ( 1948 ) . `` The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions : An Episode in Jefferson 's and Madison 's Defense of Civil Liberties '' . The William and Mary Quarterly . Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture . 5 ( 2 ) : 145 -- 176 . doi : 10.2307 / 1917453 . JSTOR 1917453 . </Li> <Li> Koch , Adrienne ( 1950 ) . Jefferson and Madison : The Great Collaboration . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56852 - 501 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Watkins , William ( 2004 ) . Reclaiming the American Revolution : the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions and their Legacy . Palgrave Macmillan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4039 - 6303 - 1 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikisource has original text related to this article : Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Text of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798 </Li> <Li> Text of Virginia Resolutions of 1798 <Ul> <Li> Answers from Delaware , Rhode Island , Massachusetts , New York ( also to Kentucky ) , Connecticut , New Hampshire ( also to Kentucky ) , and Vermont . </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Text of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1799 </Li> <Li> James Madison , Report on the Virginia Resolutions </Li> <Li> The Address of the Minority in the Virginia Legislature to the People of that State , Containing a Vindication of the Constitutionality of the Alien and Sedition Laws ( 1799 ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Thomas Jefferson </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 3rd President of the United States ( 1801 -- 1809 ) </Li> <Li> 2nd U.S. Vice President ( 1797 -- 1801 ) </Li> <Li> 1st U.S. Secretary of State ( 1790 -- 1793 ) </Li> <Li> U.S. Minister to France ( 1785 -- 1789 ) </Li> <Li> 2nd Governor of Virginia ( 1779 -- 1781 ) </Li> <Li> Delegate , Second Continental Congress ( 1775 -- 1776 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founding documents of the United States </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> A Summary View of the Rights of British America ( 1774 ) </Li> <Li> Initial draft , Olive Branch Petition ( 1775 ) </Li> <Li> Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms ( 1775 ) </Li> <Li> 1776 Declaration of Independence <Ul> <Li> Committee of Five </Li> <Li> authored </Li> <Li> physical history </Li> <Li> `` All men are created equal '' </Li> <Li> `` Life , Liberty , and the pursuit of Happiness '' </Li> <Li> `` Consent of the governed '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1786 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom <Ul> <Li> freedom of religion </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> French Revolution </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Co-author , Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 1789 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Inaugural Address ( 1801 </Li> <Li> 1805 ) </Li> <Li> Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves </Li> <Li> Louisiana Purchase </Li> <Li> Lewis and Clark Expedition <Ul> <Li> Corps of Discovery </Li> <Li> timeline </Li> <Li> Empire of Liberty </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Red River Expedition </Li> <Li> Pike Expedition </Li> <Li> Cumberland Road </Li> <Li> Embargo Act of 1807 <Ul> <Li> Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair </Li> <Li> Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> First Barbary War </Li> <Li> Native American policy </Li> <Li> Marbury v. 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( 1997 documentary series ) </Li> <Li> Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 animated series ) </Li> <Li> John Adams ( 2008 miniseries ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson 's Garden ( 2015 play ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson -- Eppes Trophy </Li> <Li> Wine bottles controversy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Peter Jefferson ( father ) </Li> <Li> Jane Randolph Jefferson ( mother ) </Li> <Li> Lucy Jefferson Lewis ( sister ) </Li> <Li> Randolph Jefferson ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Isham Randolph ( grandfather ) </Li> <Li> William Randolph ( great - grandfather ) </Li> <Li> Martha Jefferson ( wife ) </Li> <Li> Martha Jefferson Randolph ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Mary Jefferson Eppes ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Harriet Hemings ( daughter ) </Li> <Li> Madison Hemings ( son ) </Li> <Li> Eston Hemings ( son ) </Li> <Li> Thomas J. Randolph ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> Francis Eppes ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> George W. Randolph ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> John Wayles Jefferson ( grandson ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. ( son - in - law ) </Li> <Li> John Wayles Eppes ( son - in - law ) </Li> <Li> John Wayles ( father - in - law ) </Li> <Li> Dabney Carr ( brother - in - law ) </Li> <Li> Dabney Carr ( nephew ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← John Adams </Li> <Li> James Madison → </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> James Madison </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 4th President of the United States ( 1809 -- 1817 ) </Li> <Li> 5th U.S. Secretary of State ( 1801 -- 1809 ) </Li> <Li> United States House of Representatives ( 1789 -- 1797 ) </Li> <Li> Congress of the Confederation ( 1781 -- 1783 ) </Li> <Li> Virginia House of Delegates ( 1776 -- 1779 , 1784 -- 1786 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> `` Father of the Constitution '' </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Co-wrote , 1776 Virginia Constitution </Li> <Li> 1786 Annapolis Convention </Li> <Li> 1787 Constitutional Convention <Ul> <Li> Virginia Plan </Li> <Li> Constitution of the United States </Li> <Li> Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> The Federalist Papers <Ul> <Li> written by Madison </Li> <Li> No. 10 </Li> <Li> No. 51 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Virginia Ratifying Convention </Li> <Li> United States Bill of Rights <Ul> <Li> 27th amendment </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Constitution drafting and ratification timeline </Li> <Li> Founding Fathers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidency </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> First inauguration </Li> <Li> Second inauguration </Li> <Li> Tecumseh 's War <Ul> <Li> Battle of Tippecanoe </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> War of 1812 <Ul> <Li> origins </Li> <Li> Burning of Washington </Li> <Li> The Octagon House </Li> <Li> Treaty of Ghent </Li> <Li> Seven Buildings residence </Li> <Li> results </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Second Barbary War </Li> <Li> Era of Good Feelings </Li> <Li> Second Bank of the United States </Li> <Li> State of the Union Address ( 1810 </Li> <Li> 1814 </Li> <Li> 1815 </Li> <Li> 1816 ) </Li> <Li> Cabinet </Li> <Li> Federal judiciary appointments </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other noted accomplisments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Co-founder , American Whig Society </Li> <Li> Supervised the Louisiana Purchase </Li> <Li> Anti-Administration party </Li> <Li> Residence Act <Ul> <Li> Compromise of 1790 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Democratic - Republican Party <Ul> <Li> First Party System </Li> <Li> republicanism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Library of Congress </Li> <Li> Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions </Li> <Li> Report of 1800 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other writings </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Papers of James Madison </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Life </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Early life and career </Li> <Li> Belle Grove Plantation , birthplace </Li> <Li> Montpelier </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elections </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> U.S. House of Representatives election , 1789 </Li> <Li> 1790 </Li> <Li> 1792 </Li> <Li> 1794 </Li> <Li> U.S. presidential election , 1808 </Li> <Li> 1812 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Legacy and popular culture </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> James Madison Memorial Building </Li> <Li> James Madison University </Li> <Li> James Madison College </Li> <Li> Madison , Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Madison Square </Li> <Li> Madison River </Li> <Li> Madison Street </Li> <Li> U.S. postage stamps </Li> <Li> James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation </Li> <Li> James Madison Freedom of Information Award </Li> <Li> James Madison Award </Li> <Li> James Madison Institute </Li> <Li> A More Perfect Union ( 1989 film ) </Li> <Li> Liberty 's Kids ( 2002 miniseries ) </Li> <Li> Hamilton ( 2015 musical ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Age of Enlightenment </Li> <Li> American Enlightenment </Li> <Li> Marbury v. Madison </Li> <Li> National Gazette </Li> <Li> Paul Jennings </Li> <Li> Madisonian Model </Li> <Li> American Philosophical Society </Li> <Li> The American Museum magazine </Li> <Li> Virginia dynasty </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dolley Madison ( wife ) </Li> <Li> John Payne Todd ( stepson ) </Li> <Li> James Madison , Sr. ( father ) </Li> <Li> Nelly Conway Madison ( mother ) </Li> <Li> William Madison ( brother ) </Li> <Li> Ambrose Madison ( paternal grandfather ) </Li> <Li> James Madison ( cousin ) </Li> <Li> George Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Madison ( paternal second - cousin ) </Li> <Li> John Madison ( great - grandfather ) </Li> <Li> Lucy Washington ( sister - in - law ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ← Thomas Jefferson </Li> <Li> James Monroe → </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Category </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions&oldid=826738537 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions </Li> <Li> 1798 in law </Li> <Li> Federalism in the United States </Li> <Li> History of the United States ( 1789 -- 1849 ) </Li> <Li> Legal history of the United States </Li> <Li> United States resolutions </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 19 : 12 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions&oldid=826738537 | 5,538,279,661,904,769,000 |
Frances Bavier - wikipedia <H1> Frances Bavier </H1> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Frances Bavier </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Frances Bavier ( 1964 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Frances Elizabeth Bavier ( 1902 - 12 - 14 ) December 14 , 1902 Manhattan , New York City , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> December 6 , 1989 ( 1989 - 12 - 06 ) ( aged 86 ) Siler City , North Carolina , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Resting place </Th> <Td> Oakwood Cemetery , Siler City , North Carolina , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Alma mater </Th> <Td> Columbia University American Academy of Dramatic Arts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occupation </Th> <Td> Actress </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Years active </Th> <Td> 1927 -- 1974 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Known for </Th> <Td> The Andy Griffith Show Mayberry R.F.D. </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Frances Elizabeth Bavier ( December 14 , 1902 -- December 6 , 1989 ) was an American stage and television actress . Originally from New York theatre , she worked in film and television from the 1950s until the 1970s . She is best known for her role of Aunt Bee on The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. from 1960 -- 70 . Aunt Bee logged more Mayberry years ( ten ) than any other character . She won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Comedy Actress for the role in 1967 . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Early life and career </Li> <Li> 2 Later years </Li> <Li> 3 Death </Li> <Li> 4 Filmography </Li> <Li> 5 Television credits </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Early life and career ( edit ) </H2> <P> Born in New York City in a brownstone on Gramercy Park to Charles S. , a stationary engineer , and Mary S. ( née Birmingham ) Bavier , Frances originally planned to become a teacher after attending Columbia University . She first appeared in vaudeville , later moving to the Broadway stage . </P> <P> After graduating from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in 1925 , she was cast in the stage comedy The Poor Nut . Bavier 's big break came in the original Broadway production of On Borrowed Time . She later appeared with Henry Fonda in the play Point of No Return . </P> <P> Bavier had roles in more than a dozen films , as well as playing a range of supporting roles on television . Career highlights include her turn as Mrs. Barley in the classic 1951 film The Day the Earth Stood Still . In 1955 , she played the rough and tough `` Aunt Maggie '' Sawtelle , a frontier Ma Barker - type character , in the Lone Ranger episode `` Sawtelle 's Saga End '' . In 1957 , she played Nora Martin , mother of Eve Arden 's character on The Eve Arden Show , despite the fact that Arden was only 6 or 7 years younger than Bavier . That same year , Bavier guest - starred in the eighth episode of Perry Mason as Louise Marlow in `` The Case of the Crimson Kiss '' . </P> <P> She was in an episode of Make Room for Daddy , which featured Andy Griffith as Andy Taylor and Ron Howard as Opie Taylor . She played a character named Henrietta Perkins . The episode led to The Andy Griffith Show , and Bavier was cast in the role of Aunt Bee . Bavier had a love - hate relationship with her famous role during the run of the show . As a New York City actress , she felt her dramatic talents were being overlooked , yet after playing Bee for eight seasons , she was the only original cast member to remain with the series in the spin - off , Mayberry R.F.D. , for two additional seasons . </P> <P> Bavier was easily offended on the set of The Andy Griffith Show and the production staff took a cautious approach when communicating with her . Series star Andy Griffith once admitted the two sometimes clashed during the series ' run . In an April 24 , 1998 , appearance on Larry King Live , Griffith said Bavier phoned him four months before she died and apologized for being `` difficult '' during the series ' run . </P> <P> Bavier won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role in a Comedy in 1967 . </P> <H2> Later years ( edit ) </H2> <P> In 1972 , Bavier retired from acting and bought a home in Siler City , North Carolina . On choosing to live in North Carolina instead of her native New York , Bavier said , `` I fell in love with North Carolina , all the pretty roads and the trees . '' Bavier never married or had children . According to a 1981 article by Chip Womick , a staff writer of The Courier Tribune , Bavier enthusiastically promoted Christmas and Easter Seal Societies from her Siler City home , and often wrote inspirational letters to fans who sought autographs . </P> <H2> Death ( edit ) </H2> <P> Bavier was described `` ... as living a sparse life in her latter years , a very quiet life '' . On November 22 , 1989 , she was admitted to Chatham Hospital , where she was kept in the coronary care unit for two weeks . She was discharged on December 4 , 1989 , and died at her home two days later , eight days before her 87th birthday . The immediate causes of death were listed as congestive heart failure , myocardial infarction , coronary artery disease , and atherosclerosis , with supporting factors being breast cancer , arthritis , and COPD . Bavier is interred at Oakwood Cemetery in Siler City . Her headstone includes the name of her most famous role , `` Aunt Bee '' , and reads , `` To live in the hearts of those left behind is not to die . '' </P> <H2> Filmography ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title : </Th> <Th> Role : </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1931 </Td> <Td> Girls About Town </Td> <Td> Joy </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1943 </Td> <Td> O , My Darling Clementine </Td> <Td> Mrs. Asbury </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> The Day the Earth Stood Still </Td> <Td> Mrs. Barley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1951 </Td> <Td> The Stooge </Td> <Td> Mrs. Rogers </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> The Lady Says No </Td> <Td> Aunt Alice Hatch </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Bend of the River </Td> <Td> Mrs. Prentiss </Td> <Td> Alternative title : Where the River Bends </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Sally and Saint Anne </Td> <Td> Mrs. Kitty `` Mom '' O'Moyne </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> My Wife 's Best Friend </Td> <Td> Mrs. Chamberlain </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Horizons West </Td> <Td> Martha Hammond </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Man in the Attic </Td> <Td> Helen Harley </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> The Bad Seed </Td> <Td> Woman in dinner party scene </Td> <Td> Uncredited </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> A Nice Little Bank That Should Be Robbed </Td> <Td> Mrs. Solitaire </Td> <Td> Alternative title : How to Rob a Bank </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> It Started with a Kiss </Td> <Td> Mrs. Tappe </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Benji </Td> <Td> Lady with cat </Td> <Td> ( final film role ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Television credits ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Year </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Role </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 </Td> <Td> Racket Squad </Td> <Td> Martha Carver </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1952 -- 1953 </Td> <Td> Gruen Guild Playhouse </Td> <Td> Sarah Cummings </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 </Td> <Td> Hallmark Hall of Fame </Td> <Td> Lou Bloor </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 -- 1954 </Td> <Td> City Detective </Td> <Td> Various roles </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 -- 1954 </Td> <Td> Letter to Loretta </Td> <Td> Various roles </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1953 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> Dragnet </Td> <Td> Hazel Howard </Td> <Td> 3 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 </Td> <Td> The Pepsi - Cola Playhouse </Td> <Td> Thelma </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 -- 1955 </Td> <Td> Waterfront </Td> <Td> Martha Amy </Td> <Td> 2 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1954 -- 1956 </Td> <Td> It 's a Great Life </Td> <Td> Mrs. Amy Morgan </Td> <Td> 62 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> The Lone Ranger </Td> <Td> Aunt Maggie Sawtelle </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Soldiers of Fortune </Td> <Td> Amelia Lilly </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Damon Runyon Theater </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1955 </Td> <Td> Alfred Hitchcock Presents : Revenge </Td> <Td> Mrs. Fergusen </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Lux Video Theatre </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1956 </Td> <Td> Cavalcade of America </Td> <Td> Mrs. Hayes </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Jane Wyman Presents The Fireside Theatre </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> General Electric Theater </Td> <Td> Miss Trimingham </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 </Td> <Td> Perry Mason </Td> <Td> Louise Marlow </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1957 -- 1958 </Td> <Td> The Eve Arden Show </Td> <Td> Mrs. Nora Martin </Td> <Td> 5 episodes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1958 </Td> <Td> Colgate Theatre </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> The Ann Sothern Show </Td> <Td> Mrs. Wallace </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> The Thin Man </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Sugarfoot </Td> <Td> Aunt Nancy Thomas </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> Wagon Train </Td> <Td> Sister Joseph </Td> <Td> 1 episode - `` The Sister Rita Story '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1959 </Td> <Td> 77 Sunset Strip </Td> <Td> Grandma Fenwick </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> The Danny Thomas Show </Td> <Td> Henrietta Perkins </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 </Td> <Td> Rawhide </Td> <Td> Ellen Ferguson </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1960 -- 1968 </Td> <Td> The Andy Griffith Show </Td> <Td> Aunt Beatrice `` Bee '' Taylor </Td> <Td> 175 episodes Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress -- Comedy Series ( 1967 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1967 </Td> <Td> Gomer Pyle , U.S.M.C. </Td> <Td> Aunt Bee Taylor </Td> <Td> 1 episode </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 1968 -- 1970 </Td> <Td> Mayberry R.F.D. </Td> <Td> Aunt Bee Taylor </Td> <Td> 24 episodes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Childhood Jealousy Leads Frances Bavier to Stage '' . The Ogden Standard - Examiner : pg. 13 . June 26 , 1936 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Frances Bavier Dead ; TV Performer Was 86 '' . The New York Times . 1989 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2009 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Carp , Randy . `` Aunt Bee : Sex Symbol and Diva ? '' . Fans Pages . Retrieved March 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kelly , Richard Michael ( 1985 ) . The Andy Griffith Show . pp. 13 -- 14 . ISBN 0 - 89587 - 043 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ' Andy Griffith ' Aunt Bee Recluse in Final Years '' . Los Angeles Times . January 17 , 1990 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The cast of ' Griffith Show ' mourns Frances Bavier '' . Chicago Tribune . December 8 , 1989 . Retrieved August 13 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Frances Bavier death certificate , autopsyfiles.org ; accessed September 28 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoffman , James L. ; Grizzle , Ralph ( 2007 ) . Day Trips From Raleigh - Durham . Globe Pequot . pp. 184 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 7627 - 4543 - 6 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Biography portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Frances Bavier on IMDb </Li> <Li> Frances Bavier at the Internet Broadway Database </Li> <Li> Frances Bavier at AllMovie </Li> <Li> Frances Elizabeth Bavier at Find a Grave </Li> <Li> Frances Bavier Papers , 1930s - 1990 </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Vivian Vance ( 1953 ) </Li> <Li> Audrey Meadows ( 1954 ) </Li> <Li> Nanette Fabray ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> Pat Carroll ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Ann B. Davis ( 1957 ) </Li> <Li> Ann B. Davis ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Alice Pearce ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Frances Bavier ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Marion Lorne ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Karen Valentine ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Valerie Harper ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> Valerie Harper / Sally Struthers ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> Valerie Harper ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Cloris Leachman ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Betty White ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> Betty White ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> Mary Kay Place ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Julie Kavner ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Sally Struthers ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> Loretta Swit ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Eileen Brennan ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Loretta Swit ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Carol Kane ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Rhea Perlman ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> Rhea Perlman ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Rhea Perlman ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> Jackée Harry ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Estelle Getty ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Rhea Perlman ( 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Bebe Neuwirth ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> Bebe Neuwirth ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> Laurie Metcalf ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> Laurie Metcalf ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> Laurie Metcalf ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> Christine Baranski ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> Julia Louis - Dreyfus ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Kristen Johnston ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> Lisa Kudrow ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> Kristen Johnston ( 1999 ) </Li> <Li> Megan Mullally ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> Doris Roberts ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> Doris Roberts ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> Doris Roberts ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> Cynthia Nixon ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> Doris Roberts ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Megan Mullally ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> Jaime Pressly ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> Jean Smart ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> Kristin Chenoweth ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> Jane Lynch ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Julie Bowen ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Julie Bowen ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Merritt Wever ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> Allison Janney ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Allison Janney ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> Kate McKinnon ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Kate McKinnon ( 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> BNF : cb14153802j ( data ) </Li> <Li> ISNI : 0000 0001 1469 8559 </Li> <Li> SNAC : w6c03w78 </Li> <Li> VIAF : 28601553 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frances_Bavier&oldid=856233150 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1902 births </Li> <Li> 1989 deaths </Li> <Li> Actresses from New York City </Li> <Li> 20th - century American actresses </Li> <Li> American Academy of Dramatic Arts alumni </Li> <Li> American film actresses </Li> <Li> American stage actresses </Li> <Li> American television actresses </Li> <Li> Disease - related deaths in North Carolina </Li> <Li> Columbia University alumni </Li> <Li> Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series Primetime Emmy Award winners </Li> <Li> People from Siler City , North Carolina </Li> <Li> Vaudeville performers </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2009 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Infobox person using alma mater </Li> <Li> Articles with hCards </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with IBDb links </Li> <Li> Find a Grave template with ID same as Wikidata </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers </Li> <Li> Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Asturianu </Li> <Li> تۆرکجه </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> 4 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 August 2018 , at 19 : 53 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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List of Bob 's Burgers episodes - wikipedia <H1> List of Bob 's Burgers episodes </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <P> Bob 's Burgers is an American animated television sitcom that premiered on the Fox network on January 9 , 2011 . The series finished its seventh season on June 11 , 2017 . It centers on the Belchers , a family consisting of parents Bob ( H. Jon Benjamin ) and Linda ( John Roberts ) and their children Tina ( Dan Mintz ) , Gene ( Eugene Mirman ) and Louise ( Kristen Schaal ) , who run a hamburger restaurant . The show 's premise originated with Loren Bouchard , who serves as an executive producer along with Jim Dauterive . The show is said to fill the void created by the conclusion of King of the Hill , which Dauterive worked on for nearly its entire run . </P> <P> A total of 140 episodes have been broadcast . All episodes are approximately 22 minutes , without commercials , and are broadcast in both high - definition and standard . The series ' episodes are also available for download at the iTunes Store in standard and high - definition qualities , and Amazon Video , with new episodes appearing the day after their live airing . Fox Video on Demand also releases episodes of the show , typically one to two days after their original airing . It can also be found on Hulu , with episodes available the day after their broadcast , and Yahoo ! View , with episodes available a week after their broadcast . </P> <P> The first season was released on DVD on April 17 , 2012 in Region 1 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment . Bob 's Burgers ' first season averaged 5.07 million viewers in the 2010 -- 11 television season , with the season 's first episode , `` Human Flesh '' , being the highest - rated new series premiere of the television season . The second season of Bob 's Burgers averaged 4.18 million viewers , as part of the 2011 -- 12 television season and the third season consisted of an average of 4.11 million views per episode in the 2012 -- 13 television season . The first season consisted of 13 episodes , the second consisted of 9 , the third consisted of 23 , the fourth consisted of 22 , the fifth consisted of 21 , the sixth consisted of 19 , and the seventh consisted of 22 . Bob 's Burgers has received very positive reviews from critics . On October 7 , 2015 , Fox renewed the series for seventh and eighth production cycles . The eighth season premiered on October 1 , 2017 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Series overview </Li> <Li> 2 Episodes <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Season 1 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> 2.2 Season 2 ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> 2.3 Season 3 ( 2012 -- 13 ) </Li> <Li> 2.4 Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) </Li> <Li> 2.5 Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> 2.6 Season 6 ( 2015 -- 16 ) </Li> <Li> 2.7 Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) </Li> <Li> 2.8 Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 References </Li> <Li> 4 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Series overview ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First aired </Th> <Th> Last aired </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> January 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 9 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 23 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 5 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 6 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 19 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 7 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 22 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> 8 </Td> <Td_colspan="2"> 21 </Td> <Td_colspan="1"> October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Episodes ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Season 1 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bob 's Burgers ( season 1 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Human Flesh '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Chun </Td> <Td> Loren Bouchard & Jim Dauterive </Td> <Td> January 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA01 </Td> <Td> 9.38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Crawl Space '' </Td> <Td> Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Loren Bouchard & Jim Dauterive </Td> <Td> January 16 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA02 </Td> <Td> 5.07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sacred Cow '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> January 23 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA04 </Td> <Td> 4.81 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sexy Dance Fighting '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Chun </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> February 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA06 </Td> <Td> 4.19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Hamburger Dinner Theater '' </Td> <Td> Wes Archer </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel & Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> February 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA05 </Td> <Td> 4.87 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Sheesh ! Cab , Bob ? '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA09 </Td> <Td> 4.91 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Bed & Breakfast '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA08 </Td> <Td> 4.10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Art Crawl '' </Td> <Td> Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> March 20 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA07 </Td> <Td> 4.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Spaghetti Western and Meatballs '' </Td> <Td> Wes Archer </Td> <Td> Kit Boss </Td> <Td> March 27 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA10 </Td> <Td> 4.65 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Burger Wars '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim </Td> <Td> Loren Bouchard </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 04 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA03 </Td> <Td> 4.00 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Weekend at Mort 's '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Chun </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA11 </Td> <Td> 4.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Lobsterfest '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim </Td> <Td> Aron Abrams & Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA13 </Td> <Td> 4.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Torpedo '' </Td> <Td> Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel & Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 1ASA12 </Td> <Td> 4.31 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 2 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bob 's Burgers ( season 2 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Belchies '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA01 </Td> <Td> 4.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Bob Day Afternoon '' </Td> <Td> Wes Archer </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel & Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA02 </Td> <Td> 4.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Synchronized Swimming '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Chun </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA03 </Td> <Td> 3.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Burgerboss '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA04 </Td> <Td> 3.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Food Truckin ' '' </Td> <Td> Bernard Derriman </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA05 </Td> <Td> 3.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Dr. Yap '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Chun </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> April 29 , 2012 ( 2012 - 04 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA07 </Td> <Td> 3.92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Moody Foodie '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> May 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA06 </Td> <Td> 3.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Bad Tina '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> May 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA10 </Td> <Td> 3.69 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Beefsquatch '' </Td> <Td> Wes Archer </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> May 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 05 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA09 </Td> <Td> 3.57 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 3 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bob 's Burgers ( season 3 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 23 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Ear - sy Rider '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Chun </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel & Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> September 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA13 </Td> <Td> 5.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 24 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Full Bars '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> October 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 10 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA17 </Td> <Td> 4.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 25 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Bob Fires the Kids '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> November 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA12 </Td> <Td> 3.92 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 26 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Mutiny on the Windbreaker '' </Td> <Td> John Rice </Td> <Td> Kit Boss </Td> <Td> November 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA08 </Td> <Td> 4.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 27 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` An Indecent Thanksgiving Proposal '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> November 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA19 </Td> <Td> 3.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 28 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The Deepening '' </Td> <Td> Bernard Derriman </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> November 25 , 2012 ( 2012 - 11 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA11 </Td> <Td> 4.66 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 29 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Tina - Rannosaurus Wrecks '' </Td> <Td> Wes Archer </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> December 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA14 </Td> <Td> 3.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 30 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` The Unbearable Like - Likeness of Gene '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> December 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA16 </Td> <Td> 4.55 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 31 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` God Rest Ye Merry Gentle - Mannequins '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Chun </Td> <Td> Kit Boss </Td> <Td> December 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 12 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA18 </Td> <Td> 3.09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 32 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Mother Daughter Laser Razor '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> January 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA15 </Td> <Td> 6.40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 33 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Nude Beach '' </Td> <Td> Wes Archer </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> January 13 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA20 </Td> <Td> 4.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 34 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Broadcast Wagstaff School News '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> January 27 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA21 </Td> <Td> 4.12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 35 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` My Fuzzy Valentine '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel & Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> February 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA01 </Td> <Td> 3.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 36 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Lindapendent Woman '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Mike Benner </Td> <Td> February 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 2ASA22 </Td> <Td> 3.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 37 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` O.T. : The Outside Toilet '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Chun </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> March 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA02 </Td> <Td> 3.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 38 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Topsy '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Loren Bouchard & Nora Smith </Td> <Td> March 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA03 </Td> <Td> 3.85 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 39 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Two for Tina '' </Td> <Td> Wes Archer </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> March 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA04 </Td> <Td> 3.62 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 40 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` It Snakes a Village '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Kit Boss </Td> <Td> March 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA05 </Td> <Td> 3.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 41 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Family Fracas '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> April 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA06 </Td> <Td> 3.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 42 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` The Kids Run the Restaurant '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> April 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA07 </Td> <Td> 3.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 43 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Boyz 4 Now '' </Td> <Td> Anthony Chun </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> April 28 , 2013 ( 2013 - 04 - 28 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA08 </Td> <Td> 3.50 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 44 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Carpe Museum '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> May 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA09 </Td> <Td> 3.96 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 45 </Th> <Td> 23 </Td> <Td> `` The Unnatural '' </Td> <Td> Wes Archer </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> May 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 05 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA10 </Td> <Td> 3.38 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 4 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bob 's Burgers ( season 4 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 46 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A River Runs Through Bob '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel & Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> September 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 29 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA11 </Td> <Td> 4.48 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 47 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Fort Night '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Mike Olsen </Td> <Td> October 6 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA13 </Td> <Td> 4.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 48 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Seaplane ! '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel & Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> November 3 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA14 </Td> <Td> 3.75 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 49 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` My Big Fat Greek Bob '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA12 </Td> <Td> 3.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 50 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Turkey in a Can '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> November 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA16 </Td> <Td> 4.08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 51 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Purple Rain - Union '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Loren Bouchard & Nora Smith </Td> <Td> December 1 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA15 </Td> <Td> 3.39 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 52 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Bob and Deliver '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> December 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA18 </Td> <Td> 4.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 53 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Christmas in the Car '' </Td> <Td> Bernard Derriman & Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> December 15 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA17 </Td> <Td> 5.57 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 54 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Slumber Party '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> January 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA21 </Td> <Td> 6.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 55 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Presto Tina - o '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Kit Boss </Td> <Td> January 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA20 </Td> <Td> 4.20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 56 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Easy Com - mercial , Easy Go - mercial '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> January 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA19 </Td> <Td> 3.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 57 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Frond Files '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA04 </Td> <Td> 2.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 58 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Mazel - Tina '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> March 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA03 </Td> <Td> 2.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 59 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Uncle Teddy '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel & Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> March 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 3ASA22 </Td> <Td> 2.45 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 60 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` The Kids Rob a Train '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> March 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA01 </Td> <Td> 2.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 61 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` I Get Psy - chic Out of You '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA02 </Td> <Td> 2.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 62 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` The Equestranauts '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Dan Mintz </Td> <Td> April 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA05 </Td> <Td> 1.83 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 63 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Ambergris '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> April 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA06 </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 64 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` The Kids Run Away '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> April 27 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA07 </Td> <Td> 2.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 65 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Gene It On '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> May 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA08 </Td> <Td> 2.23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 66 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Wharf Horse ( or How Bob Saves / Destroys the Town -- Part I ) '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> May 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA09 </Td> <Td> 1.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 67 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` World Wharf II : The Wharfening ( or How Bob Saves / Destroys the Town -- Part II ) '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> May 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA10 </Td> <Td> 1.95 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 5 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bob 's Burgers ( season 5 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 68 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Work Hard or Die Trying , Girl '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> October 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA14 </Td> <Td> 3.14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 69 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Tina and the Real Ghost '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> November 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA13 </Td> <Td> 2.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 70 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Friends with Burger - fits '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel </Td> <Td> November 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 16 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA11 </Td> <Td> 3.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 71 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Dawn of the Peck '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> November 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA16 </Td> <Td> 1.90 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 72 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Best Burger '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Mike Benner </Td> <Td> November 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA12 </Td> <Td> 2.23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 73 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` Father of the Bob '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> December 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA18 </Td> <Td> 3.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 74 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` Tina Tailor Soldier Spy '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> December 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA15 </Td> <Td> 2.54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 75 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Midday Run '' </Td> <Td> Ian Hamilton </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> January 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 04 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA17 </Td> <Td> 3.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 76 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Speakeasy Rider '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> January 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA20 </Td> <Td> 3.34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 77 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Late Afternoon in the Garden of Bob and Louise '' </Td> <Td> Boohwan Lim & Kyounghee Lim </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> January 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA19 </Td> <Td> 2.49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 78 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Ca n't Buy Me Math '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel </Td> <Td> February 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA22 </Td> <Td> 1.94 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 79 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Millie - churian Candidate '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> February 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 4ASA21 </Td> <Td> 2.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 80 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Gayle Tales '' </Td> <Td> Ian Hamilton </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> March 1 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA01 </Td> <Td> 3.03 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 81 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` L'il Hard Dad '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> March 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA02 </Td> <Td> 2.56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 82 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Adventures in Chinchilla - sitting '' </Td> <Td> Cecilia Aranovich </Td> <Td> Mike Benner </Td> <Td> March 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA03 </Td> <Td> 2.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 83 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` The Runway Club '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> March 22 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA04 </Td> <Td> 2.21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 84 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Itty Bitty Ditty Committee '' </Td> <Td> Bernard Derriman </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> April 26 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA05 </Td> <Td> 2.04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 85 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Eat , Spray , Linda '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> May 3 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA06 </Td> <Td> 2.24 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 86 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Housetrap '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle & Bernard Derriman </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel </Td> <Td> May 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA07 </Td> <Td> 2.47 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 87 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Hawk & Chick '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA09 </Td> <Td> 1.95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 88 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` The Oeder Games '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> May 17 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA08 </Td> <Td> 2.44 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 6 ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bob 's Burgers ( season 6 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 89 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sliding Bobs '' </Td> <Td> Don MacKinnon </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> September 27 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA10 </Td> <Td> 2.51 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 90 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Land Ship '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger & H. Jon Benjamin </Td> <Td> October 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA11 </Td> <Td> 2.19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 91 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Hauntening '' </Td> <Td> Jennifer Coyle </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> October 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 10 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA13 </Td> <Td> 2.09 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 92 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Gayle Makin ' Bob Sled '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> November 8 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA17 </Td> <Td> 3.13 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 93 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Nice - Capades '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel </Td> <Td> November 15 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA18 </Td> <Td> 2.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 94 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The Cook , the Steve , the Gayle , & Her Lover '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> January 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA12 </Td> <Td> 2.26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 95 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Gene and Courtney Show '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> February 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA01 </Td> <Td> 2.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 96 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Sexy Dance Healing '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song & Bernard Derriman </Td> <Td> Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> February 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA15 </Td> <Td> 2.29 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 97 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Sacred Couch '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> March 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA16 </Td> <Td> 2.64 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 98 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` Lice Things Are Lice '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> March 13 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 13 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA19 </Td> <Td> 2.28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 99 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` House of 1000 Bounces '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Mike Benner </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA20 </Td> <Td> 2.05 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 100 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Stand by Gene '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> April 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 03 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA14 </Td> <Td> 1.99 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 101 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Wag the Hog '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> April 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA22 </Td> <Td> 2.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 102 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Hormone - iums '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> April 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 17 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA04 </Td> <Td> 2.18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 103 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Pro Tiki / Con Tiki '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA03 </Td> <Td> 2.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 104 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Bye Bye Boo Boo '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> May 8 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA05 </Td> <Td> 2.31 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 105 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` The Horse Rider - er '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> May 15 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA02 </Td> <Td> 2.27 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 106 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` Secret Admiral - irer '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger & H. Jon Benjamin </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA06 </Td> <Td> 2.23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 107 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Glued , Where 's My Bob ? '' </Td> <Td> Bernard Derriman </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> May 22 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 5ASA21 </Td> <Td> 2.04 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 7 ( 2016 -- 17 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bob 's Burgers ( season 7 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 108 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Flu - ouise '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> September 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA11 </Td> <Td> 2.60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 109 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sea Me Now '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel </Td> <Td> October 9 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 09 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA07 </Td> <Td> 2.79 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 110 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Teen - a Witch '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Holly Schlesinger </Td> <Td> October 23 , 2016 ( 2016 - 10 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA13 </Td> <Td> 3.01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 111 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` They Serve Horses , Do n't They ? '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 06 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA08 </Td> <Td> 2.42 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 112 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Large Brother , Where Fart Thou ? '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA10 </Td> <Td> 2.35 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 113 </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> `` The Quirkducers '' </Td> <Td> Mauricio Pardo </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> November 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 20 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA16 </Td> <Td> 2.46 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 114 </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Last Gingerbread House on the Left '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> November 27 , 2016 ( 2016 - 11 - 27 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA18 </Td> <Td> 2.44 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 115 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` Ex Mach Tina '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> January 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 01 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA09 </Td> <Td> 3.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 116 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Bob Actually '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Steven Davis & Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> February 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA22 </Td> <Td> 1.67 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 117 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` There 's No Business Like Mr. Business Business '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> February 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA15 </Td> <Td> 1.97 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 118 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` A Few ' Gurt Men '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> March 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA19 </Td> <Td> 1.77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 119 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` Like Gene for Chocolate '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> March 12 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 12 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA12 </Td> <Td> 1.82 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 120 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` The Grand Mama - Pest Hotel '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> March 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA14 </Td> <Td> 1.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 121 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` Aquaticism '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA17 </Td> <Td> 1.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 122 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Ai n't Miss Debatin ' '' </Td> <Td> Mauricio Pardo </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> March 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 26 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA20 </Td> <Td> 1.86 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 123 </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> `` Eggs for Days '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> April 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 02 ) </Td> <Td> 6ASA21 </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 124 </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> `` Zero Larp Thirty '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Rich Rinaldi </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA01 </Td> <Td> 1.58 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 125 </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> `` The Laser - inth '' </Td> <Td> Mauricio Pardo </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA02 </Td> <Td> 1.88 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 126 </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> <Td> `` Thelma & Louise Except Thelma is Linda '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> April 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 30 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA03 </Td> <Td> 1.59 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 127 </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> `` Mom , Lies , and Videotapes '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel </Td> <Td> May 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 07 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA04 </Td> <Td> 2.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 128 </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> <Td> `` Paraders of the Lost Float '' </Td> <Td> Bernard Derriman </Td> <Td> Steven Davis </Td> <Td> May 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 21 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA05 </Td> <Td> 1.61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 129 </Th> <Td> 22 </Td> <Td> `` Into the Mild '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> June 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA06 </Td> <Td> 1.52 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Season 8 ( 2017 -- 18 ) ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Bob 's Burgers ( season 8 ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> No . overall </Th> <Th> No. in season </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> Directed by </Th> <Th> Written by </Th> <Th> Original air date </Th> <Th> Prod . code </Th> <Th> U.S. viewers ( millions ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 130 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Brunchsquatch '' </Td> <Td> Mauricio Pardo & Ian Hamilton </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA14 </Td> <Td> 2.93 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 131 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Silence of the Louise '' </Td> <Td> Chris Song </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA09 </Td> <Td> 2.43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 132 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` The Wolf of Wharf Street '' </Td> <Td> Mauricio Pardo </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA07 </Td> <Td> 3.02 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 133 </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` Sit Me Baby One More Time '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Nora Smith </Td> <Td> November 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 05 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA08 </Td> <Td> 2.89 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 134 </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> `` Thanks - Hoarding '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Jon Schroeder </Td> <Td> November 19 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 19 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA15 </Td> <Td> 2.37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 135 136 </Th> <Td> 6 7 </Td> <Td> `` The Bleakening : Parts 1 & 2 '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo Chris Song </Td> <Td> Steven Davis Kelvin Yu </Td> <Td> December 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 10 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA16 7ASA17 </Td> <Td> 3.17 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 137 </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> `` V for Valentine - detta '' </Td> <Td> Ian Hamilton </Td> <Td> Lizzie Molyneux & Wendy Molyneux </Td> <Td> January 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 14 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA22 </Td> <Td> 4.76 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 138 </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> `` Y Tu Ga - Ga Tambien '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Scott Jacobson </Td> <Td> March 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 11 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA12 </Td> <Td> 1.84 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 139 </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> `` The Secret Ceramics Room of Secrets '' </Td> <Td> Tyree Dillihay </Td> <Td> Dan Fybel </Td> <Td> March 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 18 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA19 </Td> <Td> 1.72 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 140 </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> `` Sleeping with the Frenemy '' </Td> <Td> Brian Loschiavo </Td> <Td> Greg Thompson </Td> <Td> March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA20 </Td> <Td> 1.74 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 141 </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> `` The Hurt Soccer '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> April 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 01 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA23 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 142 </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> `` Cheer Up , Sleepy Gene '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> April 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 08 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA10 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 143 </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> `` The Trouble with Doubles '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> April 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 15 ) </Td> <Td> 7ASA18 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 144 </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> `` Go Tina on the Mountain '' </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> TBA </Td> <Td> April 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 22 ) </Td> <Td> 8ASA01 </Td> <Td> TBD </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bob 's Burgers Episodes -- Bob 's Burgers Full Episode Guides from Season 1 on FOX '' . 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Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 15 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Secret Millionaire , ' ' Amazing Race , ' ' Undercover Boss , ' ' Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Cleveland Show ' Adjusted Down '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 22 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Secret Millionaire ' Adjusted Up ; ' Family Guy , ' ' Cleveland ' Adjusted Down + CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 29 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Finals For ' 60 Minutes , ' ' Amazing Race , ' ' Undercover Boss , ' ' CSI : Miami , ' But No Other Adjustments '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 29 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( April 12 , 2011 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Celebrity Apprentice , ' ' Secret Millionaire ' Adjusted Up ; Plus Unscrambled CBS Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sarah ( May 15 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , Family guy ' , ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor : Reunion ' , ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 2 , 2012 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 666 Park Avenue ' , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . 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Retrieved May 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 7 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' Celebrity Apprentice ' Adjusted Up ; ' Red Widow ' Adjusted Down + Final FOX Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 1 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 8 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up + Final NFL Ratings & Unscrambled CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 9 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 5 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down + Final NFL Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 12 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Revenge ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Down , Plus Unscrambled CBS & Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbedrs . Retrieved November 13 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 26 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' The Amazing Race ' , ' American Dad ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 10 , 2013 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Betrayal ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down , No Adjustment for ' Revenge ' or ' Survivor ' '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2013 - 12 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Simpsons ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' The Best of Jimmy Fallon ' & ' Betrayal ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Mentalist ' , ' American Dad ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' & ' Bachelor Special Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + ' Golden Globe ' Finals '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' & ' The Bachelor : Sean and Catherine 's Wedding ' Adjusted Down + Final Pro Bowl & Grammy Awards Ratings '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 01 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 01 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 11 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Resurrection ' , ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' Cosmos ' , ' American Dad ' & ' Believe ' Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 03 - 18 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 18 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dad ' & ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 03 - 25 . Retrieved 2014 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Resurrection ' , ' Crisis ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Mentalist ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 03 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dream Builders ' , ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 04 - 08 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 08 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Resurrection ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' The Amazing Race ' , ' Cosmos ' , ' The Mentalist ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 04 - 15 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' Adjusted Up ; ' Dateline ' , ' American Dream Builders ' , ' The Good Wife ' & ' Believe ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' , ' Revenge ' & ' The Simpsons ' Adjusted Up ; ' Believe ' , ' 60 Minutes ' , ' Dateline ' & ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 04 - 29 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 29 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' Dateline ' & ' Resurrection ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Down '' . Tvbythenumbers. 2014 - 04 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' American Dad ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revenge ' , ' Cosmos ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers. 2014 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 13 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Amazing Race ' & ' American Dream Builders ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers. 2014 - 05 - 20 . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 20 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' , ' Resurrection ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up ; ' Madam Secretary ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 8 October 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 4 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' , ' Once Upon a Time ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Up + Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 25 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' , ' The Simpsons ' , ' 60 Minutes ' & ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 3 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' , Resurrection ' & ' Once Upon a Time ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down & Final Football Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 16 , 2014 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down + Final Football Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' , ' Madam Secretary ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' , ' The Celebrity Apprentice ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Good Wife ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for The Golden Globe Awards & NFL '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 27 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : No Adjustments for ' Galavant ' , ' Revenge ' or ' CSI ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : Grammy Awards Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' or ' Bob 's Burgers ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 11 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sarah . `` Sunday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Saturday Night Live 40th Anniversary ' , ' The Bachelor ' and ' CSI ' Finale '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved 18 February 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 3 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' & ' Dateline ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Bob 's Burgers ' , ' Family Guy ' , ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' & ' Revenge ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' , ' Secrets & Lies ' , ' Battle Creek ' & ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved 18 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Last Man on Earth ' & ' Once Upon a Time ' Adjusted Up ; ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Down '' . TVbytheNumbers. 2012 - 12 - 15 . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( April 28 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustments to ' Once Upon A Time ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 28 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 5 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Family Guy ' & ' Secrets and Lies ' Adjusted Up ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 5 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Once Upon A Time ' & ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 19 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' The Simpsons ' & ' Billboard Music Awards ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 19 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday Final Ratings : ' Bob 's Burgers ' Adjusted Down , ' 60 Minutes ' Adjusted Up + ' Sunday Night Football ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' and ' Last Man on Earth ' adjusted up , plus final NFL numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' , ' Madam Secretary ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjusted up , plus Final NFL Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Family Guy ' and ' Once Upon a Time ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2015 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts up , ' CSI : Cyber ' rises vs. last week '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 20 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' The Good Wife ' and ' Family Guy ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 20 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Bachelor ' special and ' Cooper Barrett ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Shark Tank ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' 60 Minutes ' adjusts up , ' Carmichael Show ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 5 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ACM Awards and all scripted shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 12 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Simpsons , ' ' Quantico ' adjust up ; ' Carmichael ' and ' Crowded ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 12 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' The Good Wife ' adjust up ; ' Little Big Shots ' and ' Crowded ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Simpsons ' and all others hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Good Wife ' finale adjusts up , ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' Carmichael Show ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' finale , everything else hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : Billboard Awards , ' Simpsons ' finale , ' Undercover Boss ' adjust up ; ' AFV ' and ' Bordertown ' finales adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Sunday final ratings : ' Once Upon a Time ' and ' NCIS : LA ' adjust up , FOX shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' Once Upon a Time ' adjusts down , final NFL numbers : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2016 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' The Simpsons ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Elementary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2016 ) . `` ' NCIS : Los Angeles , ' ' Madam Secretary ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' and FOX adjust down , still above average : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 14 , 2017 ) . `` Final Grammy numbers , plus ' AFV ' and ' Dateline ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons , ' ' The Good Fight , ' all others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Time After Time ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' American Crime ' premieres low , ' Chicago Justice ' fairly steady : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up , ' NCIS : LA ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy ' and ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots ' adjusts up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Little Big Shots , ' ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' Last Man on Earth , ' ' AFV ' all adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Justice , ' ' America 's Funniest Home Videos ' adjust up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Simpsons ' , ' NCIS : LA ' and other originals unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Family Guy ' finales adjust up , ' AFV ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 13 , 2017 ) . `` Stanley cup adjusts up , ' Funderdome ' and ' Megyn Kelly ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 13 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' and ' Ten Days in the Valley ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' and ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' adjust down , ' 60 Minutes , ' AFV ' and NFL up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up , ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Family Guy , ' ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Sunday Night Football ' adjusts up , ' 60 Minutes ' and ' Madam Secretary ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' The Simpsons ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 12 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 17 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Family Guy ' adjust up , other FOX shows adjust down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers ' and ' Ninja Warrior ' adjust up , ' Deception ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 20 , 2018 ) . `` ' Bob 's Burgers , ' ' NCIS : LA ' and ' AFV ' adjust up , ' Deception ' and ' 60 Minutes ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Bob 's Burgers ' adjust up , ' Instinct , ' ' Simpsons ' and ' Deception ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( BOB - 723 ) The Hurt Soccer '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( BOB - 710 ) Cheer Up Sleepy Gene '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( BOB - 718 ) The Trouble with Doubles '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ( BOB - 801 ) Go Tina on the Mountain '' . TheFutonCritic.com . Retrieved March 28 , 2018 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website at Fox.com </Li> <Li> Bob 's Burgers at the Big Cartoon DataBase </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bob 's Burgers episodes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Seasons </Dt> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> </Dd> <Dd> 5 </Dd> <Dd> 6 </Dd> <Dd> 7 </Dd> <Dd> 8 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Fox animation </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Current </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Simpsons ( since 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Family Guy ( 1999 -- 2003 ; since 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Bob 's Burgers ( since 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Critic ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> King of the Hill ( 1997 -- 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Futurama ( 1999 -- 2008 ) </Li> <Li> The PJs ( 1999 -- 2000 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Dad ! ( 2005 -- 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Sit Down , Shut Up ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> The Cleveland Show ( 2009 -- 2013 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Allen Gregory ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Napoleon Dynamite ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Bordertown ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> Son of Zorn ( 2016 -- 2017 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Animation Domination High - Def </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ADHD Shorts </Li> <Li> Axe Cop </Li> <Li> Golan the Insatiable </Li> <Li> High School USA ! </Li> <Li> Lucas Bros. Moving Co . </Li> <Li> Major Lazer </Li> <Li> Stone Quackers </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Simpsons shorts ( 1987 -- 1989 ) </Li> <Li> Night of the Hurricane ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Fox cartoons </Li> <Li> Animation Domination <Ul> <Li> High - Def </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 20th Century Fox Animation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Bob%27s_Burgers_episodes&oldid=831715723 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Bob 's Burgers episodes </Li> <Li> Lists of American adult animated television series episodes </Li> <Li> Lists of American comedy television series episodes </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 22 : 15 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha song ) - wikipedia <H1> Meant to Be ( Bebe Rexha song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` Meant to Be '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Bebe Rexha featuring Florida Georgia Line </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album All Your Fault : Pt. 2 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Digital download </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Country pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 2 : 43 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Warner Bros . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bleta Rexha </Li> <Li> Tyler Hubbard </Li> <Li> Josh Miller </Li> <Li> David Garcia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Wilshire </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Bebe Rexha singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Home '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Back to You '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> `` Home '' ( 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Florida Georgia Line singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` Let Me Go '' ( 2017 ) Let Me Go 2017 </Td> <Td> `` Meant to Be '' ( 2017 ) Meant to Be2017 </Td> <Td> `` Up Down '' ( 2017 ) Up Down 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` Meant to Be '' is a song recorded by American singer Bebe Rexha , featuring American country music duo Florida Georgia Line , from her third extended play ( EP ) All Your Fault : Pt. 2 . It was released to American contemporary hit radio on October 24 , 2017 , by Warner Bros. Records as the second single from the EP . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Music video </Li> <Li> 2 Commercial performance </Li> <Li> 3 Track listing </Li> <Li> 4 Charts </Li> <Li> 5 Certifications </Li> <Li> 6 Release history </Li> <Li> 7 References </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> The music video directed by Sophie Muller was released on October 23 , 2017 , and it was filmed in Albuquerque , New Mexico . As of April 2018 the video has over 320 million views on YouTube . </P> <H2> Commercial performance ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` Meant to Be '' entered the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 61 on the chart dated November 11 , 2017 . It has since peaked at number two behind Drake 's `` God 's Plan '' , becoming Rexha 's third top ten hit and her first as a solo lead artist , as well as the second top ten hit for Florida Georgia Line . It is Rexha 's highest - charting single on the chart , surpassing `` Me , Myself & I '' . </P> <P> It also debuted atop the Hot Country Songs chart , becoming Rexha 's first entry on that chart and Florida Georgia Line 's sixth number one . Rexha also became the first female artist to ever debut atop the chart and the third artist overall in country music history . The song has spent 18 weeks at number one on the Hot Country Songs chart , surpassing Taylor Swift 's `` We Are Never Ever Getting Back Together '' as the longest - running number one song on the chart for a lead female artist . The song has sold 682,000 copies in the United States as of March 2018 . </P> <H2> Track listing ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Digital download </Li> </Ul> <Ol> <Li> `` Meant to Be '' ( Acoustic ) -- 2 : 38 </Li> </Ol> <H2> Charts ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 2017 -- 18 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 49 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratip Flanders ) </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Belgium ( Ultratip Wallonia ) </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada AC ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada CHR / Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Country ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Canada Hot AC ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 19 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 61 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Czech Republic ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 26 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Denmark ( Tracklisten ) </Th> <Td> 38 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Germany ( Official German Charts ) </Th> <Td> 60 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greece ( IFPI Greece ) </Th> <Td> 40 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hungary ( Stream Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ireland ( IRMA ) </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Israel ( Media Forest TV Airplay ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Malaysia Streaming ( RIM ) </Th> <Td> 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( VG - lista ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Philippines ( Philippine Hot 100 ) </Th> <Td> 37 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portugal ( AFP ) </Th> <Td> 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Scotland ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singapore ( RIAS ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 95 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Slovakia ( Singles Digitál Top 100 ) </Th> <Td> 28 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Billboard Hot 100 </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Country Airplay ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Hot Country Songs ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) </Th> <Td> 34 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by `` Greatest Love Story '' by Lanco </Td> <Td> Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one single December 16 , 2017 -- April 7 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Succeeded by incumbent </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Certifications ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Region </Th> <Th> Certification </Th> <Th> Certified units / Sales </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australia ( ARIA ) </Th> <Td> 3 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 210,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> New Zealand ( RMNZ ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 30,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Norway ( IFPI Norway ) </Th> <Td> Platinum </Td> <Td> 10,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sweden ( GLF ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 80,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) </Th> <Td> Gold </Td> <Td> 15,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United Kingdom ( BPI ) </Th> <Td> Silver </Td> <Td> 200,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States ( RIAA ) </Th> <Td> 2 × Platinum </Td> <Td> 2,000,000 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <P> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone sales + streaming figures based on certification alone </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Release history ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> Date </Th> <Th> Format </Th> <Th> Label </Th> <Th> Ref . </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> United States </Th> <Td> October 24 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Contemporary hit radio </Td> <Td> Warner Bros . </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> November 20 , 2017 </Td> <Td> Country radio </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Warner Bros . </Li> <Li> BMLG </Li> </Ul> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Italy </Th> <Td> February 2 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Contemporary hit radio </Td> <Td> Warner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` All Your Fault : Pt. 2 -- EP by Bebe Rexha on iTunes '' . iTunes Store ( US ) . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jamaica 's Kranium sings on the dancehall duet `` Comfortable '' and Florida Georgia Line lend their radiant harmonies to `` Meant to Be , '' a country - pop smash designed to cross over . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Music Meeting for November 21 '' . Play IGA . Archived from the original on 21 November 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Top 40 / M Future Releases '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wass , Mike ( October 23 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line 's ' Meant To Be ' Video Is A Slice Of Americana '' . Idolator . Retrieved October 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be ( feat . Florida Georgia Line ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Rules Billboard Hot 100 for Seventh Week ; Zedd , Maren Morris & Grey 's ' The Middle ' Hits Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Asker , Jim ; Trust , Gary ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` Bebe Rexha & Florida Georgia Line Are ' Meant to Be ' Atop Hot Country Songs Chart '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` On the Charts : Bebe Rexha , Florida Georgia Line Achieve Rare Country Feat '' . Rolling Stone . December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 17 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( December 12 , 2017 ) . `` Drake 's ' God 's Plan ' Dominates Billboard Hot 100 for Third Week & Three Songs Enter Top 10 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 16 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bjorke , Matt ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` The Top 30 Digital Country Singles : March 5 , 2018 '' . Roughstock . Retrieved March 11 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - Meant to Be ( Acoustic ) - Single by Bebe Rexha '' . iTunes Store . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratip . Retrieved December 9 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in French ) . Ultratip . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canadian Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada CHR / Top 40 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Country ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Canada Hot AC ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201809 into search . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ČNS IFPI '' ( in Czech ) . Hitparáda -- Digital Top 100 Oficiální . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201747 into search . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Track Top - 40 Uge 4 , 2018 '' . Hitlisten . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Greece Official IFPI Charts Digital Singles Chart : Feb 5 , 2018 '' . IFPI Charts . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Stream Top 40 slágerlista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` IRMA -- Irish Charts '' . Irish Recorded Music Association . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` מדיה פורסט - לדעת שאתה באוויר '' . Mediaforest.biz . Retrieved December 31 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 20 Most Streamed International & Domestic Singles in Malaysia : Week 49 ( 1 / 12 / 2017 -- 7 / 12 / 2017 ) '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association of Malaysia . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 10 , 2018 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved March 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NZ Top 40 Singles Chart '' . Recorded Music NZ . January 29 , 2018 . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` VG - lista -- Topp 20 Single uke 1 , 2018 '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` BillboardPH Hot 100 '' . Billboard Philippines . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Portuguesecharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . AFP Top 100 Singles . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Singapore Top 30 Digital Streaming Chart Week 2 '' ( PDF ) . Recording Industry Association ( Singapore ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 19 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Radio Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201811 into search . Retrieved March 21 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` SNS IFPI '' ( in Slovak ) . Hitparáda -- Singles Digital Top 100 Oficiálna . IFPI Czech Republic . Note : insert 201748 into search . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sverigetopplistan -- Sveriges Officiella Topplista '' . Sverigetopplistan . Retrieved February 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Bebe Rexha feat . Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved March 31 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Contemporary ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Adult Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Country Airplay ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Hot Country Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 10 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bebe Rexha Chart History ( Rhythmic ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( April 2 , 2018 ) . `` Drake Becomes First Lead Solo Male With Two 10 - Week Billboard Hot 100 No. 1s , as ' God 's Plan ' Stays at the Summit '' . Billboard . Retrieved April 3 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` ARIA Australian Top 50 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association . March 26 , 2018 . Retrieved March 24 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Bebe Rexha and Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . Recorded Music NZ . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Norwegian single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' ( in Norwegian ) . IFPI Norway . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat '' ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Type Bebe Rexha in the top right search bar . Click on `` Sok '' and select Meant to Be and see certification . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Bebe Rexha ; ' Meant to Be ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Bebe Rexha Ft Florida Georgia Line -- Meant to Be '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Enter Meant to Be in the search field and then press Enter . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Bebe Rexha -- Meant to Be '' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Future Releases for Country Radio Stations '' . All Access Media Group . Archived from the original on November 19 , 2017 . Retrieved November 19 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://radiodate.it/radio-date/bebe-rexha-feat-florida-georgia-line-meant-to-be-177349-02-02-2018-radiodate/ </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Music video on YouTube </Li> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Bebe Rexha </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Extended plays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Do n't Wanna Grow Up </Li> <Li> All Your Fault : Pt. 1 </Li> <Li> All Your Fault : Pt. 2 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` I Ca n't Stop Drinking About You '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm Gonna Show You Crazy '' </Li> <Li> `` Gone '' </Li> <Li> `` Me , Myself & I '' </Li> <Li> `` No Broken Hearts '' </Li> <Li> `` In the Name of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` I Got You '' </Li> <Li> `` The Way I Are ( Dance with Somebody ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Meant to Be '' </Li> <Li> `` Home '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Featured singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Take Me Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Hey Mama '' </Li> <Li> `` All the Way '' </Li> <Li> `` That 's How You Know '' </Li> <Li> `` Battle Cry '' </Li> <Li> `` Back to You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> All Your Fault Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Black Cards </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Florida Georgia Line </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Tyler Hubbard </Li> <Li> Brian Kelley </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Here 's to the Good Times ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> Anything Goes ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> Dig Your Roots ( 2016 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EPs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> It'z Just What We Do ( 2012 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Notable singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Cruise '' </Li> <Li> `` Get Your Shine On '' </Li> <Li> `` Round Here '' </Li> <Li> `` Stay '' </Li> <Li> `` This Is How We Roll '' ( with Luke Bryan ) </Li> <Li> `` Dirt '' </Li> <Li> `` Sun Daze '' </Li> <Li> `` Sippin ' on Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Anything Goes '' </Li> <Li> `` Confession '' </Li> <Li> `` H.O.L.Y. '' </Li> <Li> `` May We All '' ( with Tim McGraw ) </Li> <Li> `` God , Your Mama , and Me '' ( with Backstreet Boys ) </Li> <Li> `` Smooth '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Collaboration singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Let Me Go '' ( with Hailee Steinfeld , Alesso , and Watt ) </Li> <Li> `` Meant to Be '' ( with Bebe Rexha ) </Li> <Li> `` Up Down '' ( with Morgan Wallen ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Joey Moi </Li> <Li> `` Tippin ' Point '' </Li> <Li> `` Hope You Get Lonely Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` Burnin ' It Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Lights Come On '' </Li> <Li> `` You Make It Easy '' </Li> <Li> `` Happens Like That '' </Li> <Li> Tree Vibez Music </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anything Goes Tour </Li> <Li> Dig Your Roots Tour </Li> <Li> Smooth Tour </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meant_to_Be_(Bebe_Rexha_song)&oldid=835620762 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 2017 songs </Li> <Li> 2017 singles </Li> <Li> Warner Bros. Records singles </Li> <Li> Bebe Rexha songs </Li> <Li> Florida Georgia Line songs </Li> <Li> Songs written by Bebe Rexha </Li> <Li> Country ballads </Li> <Li> Vocal duets </Li> <Li> Billboard Hot Country Songs number - one singles </Li> <Li> Songs written by Tyler Hubbard </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Austria </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Flanders Tip </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Wallonia Tip </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Canada </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadaac </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadachrtop40 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadacountry </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcanadahotac </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Czechdigital </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Germany2 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Hungarystream </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch40 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Philippines </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Portugal </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Scotland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Slovakia </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Slovakdigital </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for UK </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardadultcontemporary </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardadultpopsongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcountryairplay </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardcountrysongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Australia </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Norway </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom </Li> <Li> Certification Table Entry usages for United States </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 19 : 57 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Right to counsel - wikipedia <H1> Right to counsel </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th> Criminal procedure </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Criminal trials and convictions </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rights of the accused </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fair trial </Li> <Li> Speedy trial </Li> <Li> Jury trial </Li> <Li> Counsel </Li> <Li> Presumption of innocence </Li> <Li> Exclusionary rule </Li> <Li> Self - incrimination </Li> <Li> Double jeopardy </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Verdict </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Conviction </Li> <Li> Acquittal </Li> <Li> Not proven </Li> <Li> Directed verdict </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sentencing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mandatory </Li> <Li> Suspended </Li> <Li> Custodial </Li> <Li> Discharge </Li> <Li> Guidelines </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Totality </Li> <Li> Dangerous offender </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Capital punishment </Li> <Li> Execution warrant </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Cruel and unusual punishment </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Imprisonment </Li> <Li> Life imprisonment </Li> <Li> Indefinite imprisonment </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Post-sentencing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parole </Li> <Li> Probation </Li> <Li> Tariff </Li> <Li> Life licence </Li> <Li> Miscarriage of justice </Li> <Li> Exoneration </Li> <Li> Pardon </Li> <Li> Sex offender registration </Li> <Li> Sexually violent predator legislation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related areas of law </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Criminal defenses </Li> <Li> Criminal law </Li> <Li> Evidence </Li> <Li> Civil procedure </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Portals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Law </Li> <Li> Criminal justice </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> US courts </Li> <Li> Not in English / Welsh courts </Li> <Li> Scottish courts </Li> <Li> English / Welsh courts </Li> <Li> Canadian courts </Li> <Li> UK courts </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Right to counsel means a defendant has a right to have the assistance of counsel ( i.e. , lawyers ) , and if the defendant can not afford a lawyer , requires that the government appoint one or pay the defendant 's legal expenses . The right to counsel is generally regarded as a constituent of the right to a fair trial . Historically , however , not all countries have always recognized the right to counsel . The right is often included in national constitutions. 153 of the 194 constitutions currently in force have language to this effect . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 In Canada </Li> <Li> 2 In France </Li> <Li> 3 In the United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> 3.1 England and Wales </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 In the United States <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Choice of counsel </Li> <Li> 4.2 Appointment of counsel </Li> <Li> 4.3 Conflict - free counsel </Li> <Li> 4.4 Ineffective assistance of counsel </Li> <Li> 4.5 Pro se representation </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> In Canada ( edit ) </H2> <P> The right to counsel is guaranteed under Section Ten of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms upon `` arrest and detention '' , as well as the right to habeas corpus . However , there is no right to counsel during a criminal trial , except in specific situations . </P> <P> In October 2010 , the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the right to counsel during interrogation is not absolute in Canada . It said that importing US - style Miranda Rights was not in the interests of Canada . The ruling was a bare majority ruling , with a strenuously voiced minority opinion stating that it would lead to more false confessions and bad convictions . </P> <H2> In France ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Napoleonic Code of Criminal Instruction , adopted in France in 1808 and inspiring many similar codes in civil law countries , made it compulsory that the defendant should have a lawyer when tried in the assize courts ( which judged severe crimes ) . </P> <H2> In the United kingdom ( edit ) </H2> <H3> England and wales ( edit ) </H3> <P> Before the Prisoners ' Counsel Act 1836 , felony defendants did not have the formal right of being represented by a counsel in English courts although , from the mid-18th century such had been routinely indulged where defendants could afford them . It was thought , at the time , that the presence of defence counsel would serve no purpose in criminal proceedings , where what matters is deciding fact : the defendant should simply tell the truth to the court , without the interference of some counsel . William Hawkins in his A Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown : or a system of the principal matters , relating to that subject , digested under their proper heads Vol. II. of 1721 wrote ... </P> <P> ( I ) t requires no manner of Skill to make a plain and honest Defence , which ... is always the best ; the Simplicity and Innocence , artless and ingenuous Behaviour of one whose Conscience acquits him , having something in it more moving and convincing than the highest Eloquence of a Person speaking in a cause not their own . </P> <P> This changed as more and more prosecutions became , for reasons of public policy , funded by the Crown -- all successful prosecutions from 1778 onwards being so funded -- who employed professional counsel . An innate sense of fair - play prevailed therefore , permitting defence counsel to be present , albeit at the defendant 's own expense . Penurious defendants were obviously at a significant disadvantage . </P> <H2> In the United States ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Assistance of Counsel Clause <P> The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides : </P> <P> In all criminal prosecutions , the accused shall enjoy the right ... to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence . </P> <P> The assistance of counsel clause includes , as relevant here , five distinct rights : the right to counsel of choice , the right to appointed counsel , the right to conflict - free counsel , the effective assistance of counsel , and the right to represent oneself pro se . </P> <P> A defendant does not have a Sixth Amendment right to counsel in any civil proceeding , including a deportation hearing ( even though deportability is often a collateral consequence of criminal conviction ) . However , as described below , there are certain civil proceedings where parties have a right to appointed counsel ; such a right is pursuant to the Fourteenth Amendment 's due process or equal protection clause , a state constitution 's due process or equal protection clause , or a federal / state statute . </P> <H3> Choice of counsel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Subject to considerations such as conflicts of interest , scheduling , counsel 's authorization to practice law in the jurisdiction , and counsel 's willingness to represent the defendant ( whether pro bono or for a fee ) , criminal defendants have a right to be represented by counsel of their choice . The remedy for erroneous deprivation of first choice counsel is automatic reversal . </P> <H3> Appointment of counsel ( edit ) </H3> <P> A criminal defendant unable to retain counsel has the right to appointed counsel at the government 's expense . While the Supreme Court recognized this right gradually , it currently applies in all federal and state criminal proceedings where the defendant faces authorized imprisonment greater than one year ( a `` felony '' ) or where the defendant is actually imprisoned . </P> <P> Criminal defendants do not have a right to appointed counsel if they are not sentenced to actual imprisonment , and could not have been sentenced for more than one year , even if that conviction is later used to enhance sentencing for another crime , or even if the revocation of probation may result in actual imprisonment ( although for parole revocation , the court evaluates the right to counsel on a case - by - case - basis ) . Nor does the defendant have the right to appointed counsel to raise frivolous arguments on direct appeal , or to raise any arguments on habeas or other collateral appeal , even if facing execution . </P> <P> With respect to federal law on civil proceedings , there is a constitutional right to counsel for juveniles in delinquency proceedings , and there is a right to `` qualified and independent assistance '' ( although not necessarily an attorney ) for prisoners involuntarily transferred to a mental health facility . The federal constitutional right to appointed counsel in termination of parental rights proceedings is on a case - by - case basis . For civil contempt proceedings related to failure to pay child support , the U.S. Supreme Court has said there is no federal constitutional right to counsel even if the litigant is being jailed , provided that all of the following is true : a ) the state is providing sufficient procedural safeguards to ensure the person actually has the ability to pay but is refusing to do so ; b ) the matter is not `` unusually complex '' ; and c ) the plaintiff is neither the government nor represented by counsel . Federal statutory law provides for a right to counsel in certain types of federal court proceedings , such as civil forfeiture of a primary residence or proceedings involving those in active military service . Finally , all states provide a right to counsel by either statute , court decision , or court rule in at least some civil proceedings , with the most commonly covered proceedings being termination of parental rights , abuse / neglect , civil commitment , paternity , and civil contempt . The state court decisions can be based on interpretation of either the federal or state constitution , and under basic principles of federalism , a state court can grant more rights under its state constitution than the Supreme Court has recognized under the federal constitution . </P> <H3> Conflict - free counsel ( edit ) </H3> <P> Whether counsel is retained or appointed , the defendant has a right to counsel without a conflict of interest . If an actual conflict of interest is present , and that conflict results in any adverse effect on the representation , the result is automatic reversal . The general rule is that conflicts can be knowingly and intelligently waived , but some conflicts are unwaivable . </P> <H3> Ineffective assistance of counsel ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ineffective assistance of counsel <P> In Strickland v. Washington ( 1984 ) , the Court held that , on collateral review , a defendant may obtain relief if the defendant demonstrates both ( 1 ) that defense counsel 's performance fell below an objective standard of reasonableness ( the `` performance prong '' ) and ( 2 ) that , but for the deficient performance , there is a reasonable probability that the result of the proceeding would have been different ( the `` prejudice prong '' ) . </P> <P> To satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland , a defendant who pleads guilty must show that , but for counsel 's deficient performance , they would not have pleaded guilty . In Padilla v. Kentucky ( 2010 ) , the Court held that counsel 's failure to inform an alien pleading guilty of the risk of deportation fell below the objective standard of the performance prong of Strickland and permitted an alien who would not have pleaded guilty but for such failure to withdraw his guilty plea . </P> <H3> Pro se representation ( edit ) </H3> Further information : Pro se legal representation in the United States <P> In Faretta v. California ( 1975 ) , the Court held that a criminal defendant has the right to knowingly and voluntarily opt for pro se representation at trial . This right is not per se violated by the appointment of standby counsel . There is no constitutional right to self - representation on appeal . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Miranda rights </Li> <Li> Civil rights </Li> <Li> Criminal justice </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Elkins , Zachary , Tom Ginsburg , and James Melton. 2013 . Constitute : The World 's Constitutions to Read , Search , and Compare . https://www.constituteproject.org/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://scc.lexum.org/en/2010/2010scc35/2010scc35.html/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Globe and Mail , `` No right to counsel during interrogation : top court '' , Kirk Makin , 8 October 2010 ( accessed 10 - 10 - 10 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Code d'instruction criminelle , 1808 , Article 294 . `` L'accusé sera interpellé de déclarer le choix qu'il aura fait d'un conseil pour l'aider dans sa défense ; sinon le juge lui en désignera un sur - le - champ , à peine de nullité de tout ce qui suivra . Cette désignation sera comme non avenue , et la nullité ne sera pas prononcée , si l'accusé choisit un conseil . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U.S. Const . amend . VI . '' Bill of Rights Transcript Text . The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration . Retrieved 24 August 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ INS v. Lopez - Mendoza , 468 U.S. 1032 ( 1984 ) ; Bridges v. Wixon , 326 U.S. 135 ( 1945 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel , http://www.civilrighttocounsel.org </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Wheat v. United States , 486 U.S. 153 ( 1988 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Morris v. Slappy , 461 U.S. 1 ( 1983 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ United States v. Gonzalez - Lopez , 548 U.S. 140 ( 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In chronological order , Powell v. Alabama , 287 U.S. 45 ( 1932 ) ( `` special circumstances '' in capital cases ) ; Johnson v. Zerbst , 304 U.S. 458 ( 1938 ) ( all federal cases ) ; Betts v. Brady , 316 U.S. 455 ( 1942 ) ( `` special circumstances '' in non-capital cases ) ; Hamilton v. Alabama , 368 U.S. 52 ( 1961 ) ( all capital cases ) ; Gideon v. Wainwright , 372 U.S. 335 ( 1963 ) ( all felony cases ) , overruling Betts , 316 U.S. 455 ; Argersinger v. Hamlin , 407 U.S. 25 ( 1972 ) ( all actual imprisonment ) ; Alabama v. Shelton , 535 U.S. 654 ( 2002 ) ( suspended sentences ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Scott v. Illinois , 440 U.S. 367 ( 1979 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nichols v. United States , 511 U.S. 738 ( 1994 ) , overruling Baldasar v. Illinois , 446 U.S. 222 ( 1980 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gagnon v. Scarpelli , 411 U.S. 778 ( 1973 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anders v. California , 386 U.S. 738 ( 1967 ) ; Penson v. Ohio , 488 U.S. 75 ( 1988 ) ; McCoy v. Court of Appeals of Wisconsin , 486 U.S. 429 ( 1988 ) ; Smith v. Robbins , 528 U.S. 259 ( 2000 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pennsylvania v. Finley , 481 U.S. 551 ( 1987 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murray v. Giarratano , 492 U.S. 1 ( 1989 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ In re Gault , 387 U.S. 1 ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vitek v. Jones , 445 U.S. 480 ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lassiter v. Dep 't of Soc . Servs. , 452 U.S. 18 ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Turner v. Rogers , 131 S. Ct. 2507 ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel , http://civilrighttocounsel.org/major_developments?jurisdiction=federal </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Coalition for a Civil Right to Counsel state status map , http://civilrighttocounsel.org/map ; John Pollock , ' The Case Against Case - By - Case : Courts Identifying Categorical Rights to Counsel in Basic Human Needs Civil Cases ' , 61 Drake L.J. 763 ( Spring 2013 ) ; Laura Abel and Max Rettig , ' State Statutes Providing for a Right to Counsel in Civil Cases ' , 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol'y 245 ( 2006 ) ; Clare Pastore , ' Life After Lassiter : An Overview of State - Court Right - to - Counsel Decisions , 40 Clearinghouse Rev. J. of Poverty L. and Pol'y 186 ( 2006 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Constitution Society , ' Why State Constitutions Matter ' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Burger v. Kemp , 483 U.S. 776 ( 1987 ) ; Cuyler v. Sullivan , 446 U.S. 335 ( 1980 ) ; Holloway v. Arkansas , 435 U.S. 475 ( 1978 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See United States v. Curcio , 680 F. 2d 881 ( 2d Cir. 1982 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , e.g. , United States v. Schwarz , 283 F. 3d 76 ( 2d Cir. 2002 ) ; United States v. Fulton , 5 F. 3d 605 ( 2d Cir. 1993 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Strickland v. Washington , 466 U.S. 668 ( 1984 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hill v. Lockhart , 474 U.S. 52 ( 1985 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Padilla v. Kentucky , 130 S. Ct. 1473 ( 2010 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Faretta v. California , 422 U.S. 806 ( 1975 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McKaskle v. Wiggins , 465 U.S. 168 ( 1984 ) . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Martinez v. California Court of Appeals , 528 U.S. 152 ( 2000 ) . </Li> </Ol> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Right_to_counsel&oldid=831726421 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Criminal procedure </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 21 March 2018 , at 23 : 16 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) - wikipedia <H1> America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> America 's Got Talent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional poster for the season . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Season 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast from </Th> <Td> May 29 ( 2018 - 05 - 29 ) -- September 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 09 - 19 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Judges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Howie Mandel </Li> <Li> Mel B </Li> <Li> Heidi Klum </Li> <Li> Simon Cowell </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Host ( s ) </Th> <Td> Tyra Banks </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcaster </Th> <Td> NBC </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Winner </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Shin Lim </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Origin </Th> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre ( s ) </Th> <Td> Magician </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Runner - up </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Zurcaroh </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> ◀ </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Season thirteen of the reality competition series America 's Got Talent premiered on May 29 , 2018 , on NBC . Howie Mandel , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective ninth , sixth , sixth , and third seasons . Meanwhile , Tyra Banks returned for her second season as host . </P> <P> The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre , beginning August 14 , 2018 . </P> <P> AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment , Cowell 's company . </P> <P> Dunkin ' Donuts is a sponsor for a fourth consecutive season . </P> <P> Shin Lim was named the winner on the season finale , September 19 , 2018 . This marks the second magician to win . Acrobatic group Zurcaroh and violinist Brian King Joseph came in second and third place respectively . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 Preliminary auditions <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Golden buzzer </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Judge Cuts <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Golden Buzzer </Li> <Li> 2.2 Week 1 </Li> <Li> 2.3 Week 2 </Li> <Li> 2.4 Week 3 </Li> <Li> 2.5 Week 4 </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Quarterfinals <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Week 1 ( August 14 -- 15 ) </Li> <Li> 3.2 Week 2 ( August 21 -- 22 ) </Li> <Li> 3.3 Week 3 ( August 28 -- 29 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Semifinals <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Week 1 ( September 4 -- 5 ) </Li> <Li> 4.2 Week 2 ( September 11 -- 12 ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Finals <Ul> <Li> 5.1 Finale </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 6 Top 36 acts </Li> <Li> 7 International broadcast </Li> <Li> 8 Ratings <Ul> <Li> 8.1 U.S. Nielsen ratings </Li> <Li> 8.2 Special episodes </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows </Li> <Li> 10 References </Li> <Li> 11 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> Preliminary auditions </H2> Season 13 judges and host Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Tyra Banks <P> The season had preliminary open call auditions in Orlando , Cincinnati , Savannah , Milwaukee , Houston , Las Vegas , New York City , Nashville , and Los Angeles . As in years past , prospective contestants could also submit online auditions . </P> <P> Auditions were taped from March 6 - 23 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles and began to air on May 29 , 2018 . </P> <H3> Golden buzzer </H3> <P> The golden buzzer returned for its fifth consecutive season . Any act that receives the golden buzzer during the judges ' auditions will be sent directly to the live shows and will not compete in the Judge Cuts round . In the first episode , Tyra Banks was the first to press the golden buzzer for acrobatic and dance group Zurcaroh . Simon Cowell was second to press it for 40 - year - old singer Michael Ketterer . Howie Mandel was third to press it for 13 year old singer Courtney Hadwin . Mel B was fourth to press it for 15 year old singer Amanda Mena . Heidi Klum was the final judge to use the golden buzzer , using it for 15 year old singer Makayla Phillips . </P> <H2> Judge Cuts </H2> <P> The Judge Cuts rounds began airing on Tuesday , July 17 , 2018 . Like the previous season , one guest judge will join the judges ' panel each show and will be given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows . Eighteen acts perform each week instead of twenty as in the previous three seasons . Of the eighteen acts performing each week seven acts advance including the guest judge 's golden buzzer which immediately advances if used . Guest judges will not be given a red buzzer to use . Any act that will receive all four red buzzers will be immediately eliminated from the competition . The four guest judges are Ken Jeong , Olivia Munn , Martina McBride , and Chris Hardwick , who was also a guest judge in the previous season . The final Judge Cuts episode aired on August 7 , 2018 . This is the first Judge Cuts rounds in history where no acts received four red buzzers . </P> <P> After the Judge Cuts , three wildcards were chosen from eliminated acts to perform in the live shows : Daniel Emmet , Human Fountains and Front Pictures ( who did not perform in the Judge Cuts round ) . </P> <H3> Golden buzzer </H3> <P> The golden buzzer also returned for the Judge Cuts round . Each week during the Judge Cuts a guest judge will have the option to use their golden buzzer on any act . An act that receives the golden buzzer during the Judge Cuts round will not face elimination and will advance automatically to the live shows . In the first week of the Judge Cuts Ken Jeong pressed his golden buzzer for the Voices of Hope Children 's Choir . In week 2 , Olivia Munn pressed her Golden Buzzer for Angel City Chorale . In the third week , Martina McBride pressed her Golden Buzzer for Quin and Misha , a ballroom dance duo . Chris Hardwick gave the season 's final Golden Buzzer for Flau'jae , a 14 - year old rapper , in the final week of the Judge Cuts . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Key </Th> <Td> Buzzed </Td> <Td> Golden buzzer </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> <Td> Quarterfinal Wildcard </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> <Td> Advanced Immediately </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Week 1 </H3> <P> Guest judge : Ken Jeong </P> <P> Date : July 17 , 2018 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance type </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Buzzes </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cowell </Th> <Th> Klum </Th> <Th> Jeong </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Mandel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Junior New System </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Harold & Regan </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Us the Duo </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Band </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kevin Blake </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Magician </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mochi </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Diabolo Artist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lilly Wilker </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Animal Impressionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oscar and Pam </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Singing Dog & Pianist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daniel Emmet </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Opera Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Quarterfinal Wildcard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of Hope </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Choir </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced Immediately </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aaron Crow </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Danger Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carmen Lynch </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedienne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christina Wells </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Patches </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Rapper </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Andrew Johnston </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Celina and Filiberto </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Dance Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trinh Tra My </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Aerialist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jack Tenney </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Trampolinist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duo Transcend </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Trapeze Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Week 2 </H3> <P> Guest judge : Olivia Munn </P> <P> Date : July 24 , 2018 </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance type </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Buzzes </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cowell </Th> <Th> Klum </Th> <Th> Munn </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Mandel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human Fountains </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Novelty Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Quarterfinal Wildcard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shin Lim </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Close - up Magician </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Melisizwe Brothers </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Band </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Macey Mac </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer / Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sophie Fatu </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Reyes del Swing </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Salsa Dance Troupe </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Future Kingz </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lioz Shem Tov </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Comedy Mentalist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angel City Chorale </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Choir </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced Immediately </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shannon and Reckon </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Dog Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> EXISDANCE </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Multimedia Dance Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hans </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Singer / Accordionist / Dancer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vivien Vajda </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Jump Rope Acrobat </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rob Lake </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Illusionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Leah Mathies </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Singer / Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hunter Price </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Singer / Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joseph O'Brien </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Singer / Pianist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vicki Barbolak </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedienne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Joseph O'Brien to stop performing during his act . After given the opportunity , O'Brien chose to perform for a second time . His result is based off the second performance . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Week 3 </H3> <P> Guest judge : Martina McBride </P> <P> Date : July 31 , 2018 </P> <P> This is the second Judge Cuts episode in the show 's history in which an act with at least one `` X '' buzzer was nevertheless promoted to the live shows . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance type </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Buzzes </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cowell </Th> <Th> Klum </Th> <Th> McBride </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Mandel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Savitsky Cats </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Cat Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Blue Tokyo </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Acrobatic Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> OC Music and Dance </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Orchestral Band </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The PAC Dance Team </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angel Garcia </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jeffrey Li </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ms. Trysh </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kazi </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Singer / Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bone Hampton </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quin and Misha </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Ballroom Dance Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced Immediately </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Noah Guthrie </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Singer / Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Jules and Jerome </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Teeterboard Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fratelli Rossi </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Acrobatic Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Bensax International </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Saxophonist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Oliver Graves </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UDI Dance </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Blacklight Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> We Three </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Band </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Sacred Riana </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Illusionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Simon Cowell forced Noah Guthrie to stop performing during his act . After given the opportunity , Guthrie chose to perform for a second time . His result is based off the second performance . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Week 4 </H3> <P> Guest judge : Chris Hardwick </P> <P> Date : August 7 , 2018 </P> <P> This is the first time in America 's Got Talent Judge Cuts history where two or more acts that have been buzzed went on to the live shows . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance type </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Buzzes </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cowell </Th> <Th> Klum </Th> <Th> Hardwick </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Mandel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brian King Joseph </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Electric Violinist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yumbo Dump </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Comedy Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Academy of Villains </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Da RepubliK </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Berlin </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Singer / Pianist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sergey and Sasha </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Acrobatic Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flau'jae </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Rapper </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced Immediately </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Elijah Holt </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Trampolinist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sixto and Lucia </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Quick Change Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brody Ray </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Singer / Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ronnie Lamarque </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glennis Grace </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Diabolowalker </Th> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Diabolo Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Troy James </Th> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Contortionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Street Drum Corps </Th> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Percussion Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> NUNNABOVE </Th> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Band </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lord Nil </Th> <Td> 17 </Td> <Td> Escape Artist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samuel J. Comroe </Th> <Td> 18 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Quarterfinals </H2> <P> The quarterfinals were broadcast live from the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles starting on August 14 , 2018 with twelve acts performing each night . The following night the results will be announced to the public with seven of the twelve acts proceeding to the semifinals . Each week viewers of the show also have the opportunity to send one act , determined by popular vote , using `` Google 's Instant Save '' , sometimes also known as the `` Dunkin ' Save '' due to a sponsorship contract with Dunkin Donuts , via the America 's Got Talent app or the official website . In the first week of the Quarterfinals , Human Fountains received a buzzer from Cowell and Lord Nil received one from Mel B. In the second week of the Quarterfinals , Yumbo Dump received a buzzer from Klum . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Key </Th> <Td> Buzzed </Td> <Td> Judges ' Choice </Td> <Td> Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) </Td> <Td> Advanced ( Won Judges ' Choice ) </Td> <Td> Advanced ( Recived Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save ) </Td> <Td> Advanced ( Received Judges ' Wildcard ) </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> <Td> Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' Choice ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Week 1 ( August 14 -- 15 ) </H3> <P> Guest : Darci Lynne Farmer </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance type </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cowell </Th> <Th> Klum </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Mandel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Mochi </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Diabolo Artist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lost Judges ' Choice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Human Fountains </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Novelty Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angel City Chorale </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Choir </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The PAC Dance Team </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amanda Mena </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Junior New System </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won Judges ' Choice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> We Three </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Band </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lord Nil </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Escape Artist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Flau'jae </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Rapper </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shin Lim </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Close - up Magician </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vicki Barbolak </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedienne </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Courtney Hadwin </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ After the Judges ' choice was split evenly , Junior New System was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the next round . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Week 2 ( August 21 -- 22 ) </H3> <P> Guests : The Illusionists and Light Balance </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance type </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cowell </Th> <Th> Klum </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Mandel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Makayla Phillips </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Da RepubliK </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won Judges ' Choice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Noah Guthrie </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer / Guitarist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Yumbo Dump </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Comedy Duo </Td> <Td> X </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> X </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samuel J. Comroe </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedian </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of Hope </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Choir </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Savitsky Cats </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Cat Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glennis Grace </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Sacred Riana </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Illusionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Quin and Misha </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Ballroom Dance Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Front Pictures </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Multimedia Performance Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Received Judges ' Wildcard </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duo Transcend </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Trapeze Duo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Cowell buzzed the act , but then took his buzzer back at the end . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mel B buzzed the act , but then took her buzzer back at the end . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Week 3 ( August 28 -- 29 ) </H3> <P> Guest : Beautiful Broadway </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance type </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cowell </Th> <Th> Klum </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Mandel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Future Kingz </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lost Judges ' Choice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Us the Duo </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Band </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daniel Emmet </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Opera Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brian King Joseph </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Electric Violinist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aaron Crow </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Danger Act </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won Judges ' Choice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Joseph O'Brien </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Singer / Pianist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hans </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Singer / Accordionist / Dancer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> UDI Dance </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Blacklight Dance Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christina Wells </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zurcaroh </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Acrobatic Group </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Rob Lake </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Illusionist </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Michael Ketterer </Th> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Semifinals </H2> <P> The live semifinals started on September 4 , 2018 . They featured the 21 acts voted to the semifinals , plus the judges ' semifinal wildcard pick . Each week , eleven acts performed ; five went through to the finals , and six were eliminated . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Key </Th> <Td> Buzzed </Td> <Td> Judges ' Choice </Td> <Td> Advanced ( Won Public Vote ) </Td> <Td> Advanced ( Won Judges ' Choice ) </Td> <Td> Advanced ( Recived Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save ) </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> <Td> Eliminated ( Lost Judges ' Choice ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Week 1 ( September 4 -- 5 ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance description </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cowell </Th> <Th> Klum </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Mandel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Amanda Mena </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` Happy '' by Pharrell . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Junior New System </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group ; dancers performed with a basketball themed red stiletto extravaganza to `` Work Bitch '' by Britney Spears , `` Bang Bang '' by Jessie J ft . Ariana Grande & Nicki Minaj , and `` Lose Control '' by Missy Elliott ft . Ciara & Fatman Scoop . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Us the Duo </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Band ; performed an original song called `` Broke '' . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voices of Hope </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Choir ; performed `` Defying Gravity '' from Wicked by Idina Menzel . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lost Judges ' Choice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shin Lim </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Close - up Magician ; started the act by placing a card in his back pocket `` for later '' . He asked Heidi to pick a card and sign it . He put the signed card down and after he made a gesture , smoke began to rise from beneath it , at which point the card was shown to be blank . He opened his mouth , smoke came billowing out , and Heidi 's card appeared from it . He placed her card in a plastic bag and then asked Tyra to pick a card and sign it . Tyra 's card jumped from Shin 's hand to his vest pocket , and thence to the card that started in his back pocket . Tyra 's card then appeared in his mouth amidst a cloud of smoke , then switched places with Heidi 's card in the plastic bag before the two cards switched back . He put both cards into the plastic bag and then vanished them in full view of the audience . Finally , he placed the remaining cards back in the box , and when smoke began pouring from the box he crushed it flat , making the box immediately disappear . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Makayla Phillips </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` Who You Are '' by Jessie J . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Front Pictures </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Multimedia Performance Act ; starts in outer space and then gets a low oxygen tank . Ends up swimming with sea creatures such as turtles , dolphins , and whales . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duo Transcend </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Trapeze Duo ; performed a dangerous trapeze act for half of the performance , and the other half was a fire roller skate act where Mary hung onto Tyce with just her legs wrapped around his neck . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won Judges ' Choice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samuel J. Comroe </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedian ; explains about being the only kid out of his six siblings with tourettes . Then talks about how a woman tried to pray away his Tourette Syndrome . He ends with a story about how he was at a party with his black friends and the cops came . The cops told him to blink twice if he was in danger , and having tourettes he is likely to blink , so his black friends had to run . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Michael Ketterer </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` When I Look At You '' by Miley Cyrus . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zurcaroh </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Acrobatic Group ; the act was set in Egypt . Start with a dance on the floor , and then began leaping and flipping from the air while other members held gold wings and swung them simultaneously . They ended with two men swinging from a rope that dangled from the ceiling , and then made a human tower where the little girl on the top jumped down . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ After the Judges ' choice was split evenly , Duo Transcend was revealed to have received more of the public vote and therefore advanced to the finale . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Week 2 ( September 11 -- 12 ) </H3> <P> Guest : BTS and A Magical Cirque Christmas </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance description </Th> <Th_colspan="4"> Buzzes </Th> <Th_colspan="5"> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Cowell </Th> <Th> Klum </Th> <Th> Mel B </Th> <Th> Mandel </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Christina Wells </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' by Aretha Franklin . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Da RepubliK </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Dance Group ; dancers mixed a combination of flipping and dancing to `` Get Ugly '' by Jason Derulo , `` Hit the Floor '' by Twista ft . Pitbull , and `` Baby Got Back '' by Sir Mix - a-Lot . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Noah Guthrie </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` I Will Always Love You '' by Whitney Houston . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daniel Emmet </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Opera Singer ; performed `` Somewhere '' from West Side Story by Reri Grist . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Won Judges ' Choice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Angel City Chorale </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Choir ; performed `` The Rising '' by Bruce Springsteen . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Aaron Crow </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Danger Act ; starts the act with a video of Crow asking Howie for his help in this routine . It then cuts back to the main stage with Howie trapped in a box . In total there are four boxes . Crow first asks Heidi to choose a box out of the four , then ask Mel B to do the same . Heidi selected box 3 and Mel B picked box 1 . Crow proceeded to cut a rope that crushed box 3 . He then did the same thing to box 1 . Simon then had to pick a box which turned out to be box 4 , Crow then crushed box 4 . Finally , Crow opened box 2 and Howie was inside and safe . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vicki Barbolak </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedienne ; talks about how she is extra attracted to Italian men . She says the best way to get a guy to notice you is to trace your body . Next , she explains that no diet has worked for her in the past . She ends talking about if a cop caught her drunk in her trailer , she would just trace her body . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> We Three </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Band ; performed an original song called `` Make Up '' . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Lost Judges ' Choice </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glennis Grace </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` This Woman 's Work '' by Kate Bush . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Google 's Instant Save / Dunkin ' Save </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brian King Joseph </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Electric Violinist ; started in the audience and made his way to the main stage . Performed `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' by Coolio ft . L.V. to an electric mix on the song . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Courtney Hadwin </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` Born to Be Wild '' by Steppenwolf . </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Finals </H2> <P> The final performances took on September 18 , followed by the final results show aired on September 19 , 2018 . No acts were buzzed . </P> <P> During the finale results , the top 5 acts were revealed first ; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Key </Th> <Td> Advanced to the Top 5 </Td> <Td> Top 10 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Order </Th> <Th> Performance Description </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brian King Joseph </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Electric Violinist ; performed `` Heartless '' by Kanye West to an electric beat on the song . Joseph was surrounded by fire and two drummers . </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daniel Emmet </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Opera Singer ; gives an opera take on `` Perfect '' by Ed Sheeran . </Td> <Td> Top 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vicki Barbolak </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedienne ; starts by saying she thought the finale was a bathing suit contest . She proceeds to strip into her bathing suit and talk about her time as a stripper . Chats about all the accomplishments her grandson has in school , to later say he is homeschooled . She says her dad is an ex-football player , and she has the typical looks of a football player 's daughter . Ends with talking about Hooter 's and how she wants tom open a restaurant for women called , `` Woodpeckers '' . </Td> <Td> Top 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glennis Grace </Th> <Td> </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` Run '' by Snow Patrol . </Td> <Td> Top 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zurcaroh </Th> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Acrobatic Group ; started all lined up in a row . They broke out and performed a ritual dance to `` Baba Yetu '' . Next , they created a human tower , and threw the little girl at the top off . They showed a scene where a little boy sees a girl acrobat and is scared of her appearance . The remaining acrobats do a flag routine . The little boy comes back and is n't scared of the girl anymore . They end the routine by making another human tower and throwing three girls in the air to be caught . </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samuel J. Comroe </Th> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedian ; explains how he met his wife . Tells a story about a guy he met that was squeezing his girlfriend 's butt . The guy then walked up to Comroe and said he does n't really have tourettes because he does n't cuss . Comroe said when he cusses it is from the heart . He finishes talking about how he does not like rude people . If you honk at him , he will follow you home . If he opens the door and you do n't say thank you , he will pull you back in . </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Courtney Hadwin </Th> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` River Deep , Mountain High '' by Tina Turner . </Td> <Td> Top 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shin Lim </Th> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Close - up Magician ; played piano for a bit , and talked about how he used to play piano until carpal tunnel made him stop , then got Tyra to randomly select a card . He then made multiple copies of this card appear and disappear , and displayed the name of the card with floating playing cards . </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Duo Transcend </Th> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Trapeze Duo ; opens with both at the top of the trapeze . Mary blindfolds Tyce , and proceeds to dangle for his leg in the air . She then does many flips by just holding onto his arms . Mary stands on Tyce 's shoulders and jumps down with Tyce just barely catching her . They continue to do flips . Mary takes off his blindfold and holds him by just her arms . They conclude by Mary dropping Tyce , on purpose . </Td> <Td> Top 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Michael Ketterer </Th> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Singer ; performed `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' by Marvin Gaye & Tammi Terrell . </Td> <Td> Advanced </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Finale </H3> <P> Guest performers in the finale included Kiss , Bebe Rexha , The Struts , Plácido Domingo , and Lindsey Stirling . Other celebrity appearances included David Spade , Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila . </P> <P> The following chart describes the acts , appearances and segments presented during the finale . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act ( s ) </Th> <Th> Performance Description </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Glennis Grace </Th> <Td> Singer ; Guest performer Bebe Rexha sang a duet with Grace of her song `` Meant to Be '' . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samuel J. Comroe </Th> <Td> Stand - up Comedian ; Clips were shown of Comroe performing and acting as a judge to comment on the Mel B 's performance as a stand - up comedienne . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Courtney Hadwin </Th> <Td> Singer ; Guest performer The Struts sang a duet with Hadwin of their song `` Could Have Been Me '' and Janis Joplin 's version of `` Piece of My Heart '' song . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Daniel Emmet </Th> <Td> Opera Singer ; Guest performer Plácido Domingo sang a duet with Emmet of Les pêcheurs de perles opera song `` Au fond du temple saint '' ( generally known as `` The Pearl Fishers Duet '' ) . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vicky Barbolak </Th> <Td> Stand - up Comedienne ; Guest performer David Spade performed together with Barbolak . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Michael Ketterer </Th> <Td> Singer ; Sang `` The Courage To Love '' by Garth Brooks . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shin Lim </Th> <Td> Close - up Magician ; Guest volunteers Matt Iseman and Akbar Gbaja - Biamila </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brian King Joseph & Duo Transcend </Th> <Td> Electric Violinist and Trapeze Duo ; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling and Joseph performed performed `` Roundtable Rival '' and `` The Force of Nature '' while Duo Transcend performs . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zurcaroh </Th> <Td> Acrobatic Group ; Guest performer Lindsey Stirling </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Key </Th> <Td> 1st place ( Winner ) </Td> <Td> 2nd place ( Runner - ups ) </Td> <Td> 3rd place </Td> <Td> 4th place </Td> <Td> 5th place </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Shin Lim </Th> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zurcaroh </Th> <Td> Runner - Ups </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Brian King Joseph </Th> <Td> 3rd place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Samuel J. Comroe </Th> <Td> 4th place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Michael Ketterer </Th> <Td> 5th place </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Top 36 acts </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Key </Th> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> Runner - up </Td> <Td> Third Place </Td> <Td> Top 5 </Td> <Td> Finalist </Td> <Td> Semifinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> <Td> Semifinalist ( lost audience vote ) </Td> <Td> Quarterfinalist ( lost judges ' vote ) </Td> <Td> Quarterfinalist ( lost audience vote ) </Td> <Td> Golden buzzer ( Auditions ) </Td> <Td> Golden buzzer ( Judge Cuts ) </Td> <Td> Judges ' wild card ( quarterfinals ) </Td> <Td> Judges ' wild card ( semifinals ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Name of Act </Th> <Th> Age ( s ) </Th> <Th> Genre </Th> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Hometown </Th> <Th> Quarterfinal </Th> <Th> Semifinal </Th> <Th> Result </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shin Lim </Td> <Td> 26 </Td> <Td> Magic </Td> <Td> Close - up Magician </Td> <Td> Acton , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zurcaroh </Td> <Td> 8 -- 39 </Td> <Td> Acrobatics </Td> <Td> Acrobatic Group </Td> <Td> Götzis , Austria </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Runners - Up </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brian King Joseph </Td> <Td> 27 </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Electric Violinist </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3rd place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Samuel J. Comroe </Td> <Td> 30 </Td> <Td> Comedy </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedian </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 4th place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Michael Ketterer </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Anaheim , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5th place </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Courtney Hadwin </Td> <Td> 13 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> County Durham , England </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Daniel Emmet </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Opera Singer </Td> <Td> Las Vegas , Nevada </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Duo Transcend </Td> <Td> 29 & 32 </Td> <Td> Acrobatics </Td> <Td> Trapeze Duo </Td> <Td> Salt Lake City , Utah </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( Won Judges ' Vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glennis Grace </Td> <Td> 40 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Amsterdam , Netherlands </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( Won Dunkin ' Save ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Vicki Barbolak </Td> <Td> 60 </Td> <Td> Comedy </Td> <Td> Stand - up Comedienne </Td> <Td> Oceanside , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist ( Won Public Vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Voices of Hope </Td> <Td> 5 -- 17 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Choir </Td> <Td> Orange County , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> We Three </Td> <Td> 21 -- 27 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Band </Td> <Td> McMinnville , Oregon </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Semifinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aaron Crow </Td> <Td> 49 </Td> <Td> Danger </Td> <Td> Danger Act </Td> <Td> Bruges , Belgium </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amanda Mena </Td> <Td> 15 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Boston , Massachusetts </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angel City Chorale </Td> <Td> 19 -- 88 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Choir </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Christina Wells </Td> <Td> 42 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Houston , Texas </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Da RepubliK </Td> <Td> 15 -- 32 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> Santo Domingo , Dominican Republic </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Front Pictures </Td> <Td> 41 & 43 </Td> <Td> Variety </Td> <Td> Multimedia Performance Act </Td> <Td> Kiev , Ukraine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Junior New System </Td> <Td> 18 -- 25 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> Manila , Philippines </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Makayla Phillips </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer </Td> <Td> Canyon Lake , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Noah Guthrie </Td> <Td> 24 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer / Guitarist </Td> <Td> Greer , South Carolina </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Us the Duo </Td> <Td> 27 & 28 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Band </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Mochi </Td> <Td> 29 </Td> <Td> Variety </Td> <Td> Diabolo Artist </Td> <Td> Shizuoka , Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Quarterfinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Future Kingz </Td> <Td> 7 -- 23 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> Chicago , Illinois </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Quarterfinalist ( Lost Judges ' Vote ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flau'jae </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> Music </Td> <Td> Rapper </Td> <Td> Savannah , Georgia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Hans </Td> <Td> `` 19 '' </Td> <Td> Variety </Td> <Td> Singer / Accordionist / Dancer </Td> <Td> Adelaide , Australia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Human Fountains </Td> <Td> 24 -- 29 </Td> <Td> Variety </Td> <Td> Novelty Act </Td> <Td> Los Angeles , California </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Joseph O'Brien </Td> <Td> 20 </Td> <Td> Singing </Td> <Td> Singer / Pianist </Td> <Td> Columbia , Tennessee </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lord Nil </Td> <Td> 38 </Td> <Td> Danger </Td> <Td> Escape Artist </Td> <Td> Italy </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Quin and Misha </Td> <Td> 70 & 35 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Ballroom Dance Duo </Td> <Td> Orlando , Florida </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rob Lake </Td> <Td> 35 </Td> <Td> Magic </Td> <Td> Illusionist </Td> <Td> Norman , Oklahoma </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The PAC Dance Team </Td> <Td> 15 -- 18 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Dance Group </Td> <Td> Sahuarita , Arizona </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Sacred Riana </Td> <Td> 25 </Td> <Td> Magic </Td> <Td> Illusionist </Td> <Td> Jakarta , Indonesia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Savitsky Cats </Td> <Td> 24 & 45 </Td> <Td> Animal </Td> <Td> Cat Act </Td> <Td> Ukraine </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UDI Dance </Td> <Td> 20 -- 37 </Td> <Td> Dance </Td> <Td> Blacklight Dance Group </Td> <Td> Tomsk , Russia </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yumbo Dump </Td> <Td> 31 & 34 </Td> <Td> Comedy </Td> <Td> Comedy Duo </Td> <Td> Okayama , Japan </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Eliminated </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> International Broadcast </H2> <P> This season is being aired in Asia within 48 hours of being broadcast in the US . It airs on AXN starting May 31 , 2018 ( UTC + 8 ) . </P> <P> In the United Kingdom and Ireland the first episode was brought to Netflix on May 31 . In Singapore , the show was broadcast on MediaCorp Channel 5 every Thursday starting May 31 , 2018 . </P> <H2> Ratings </H2> <H3> U.S. Nielsen ratings </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Episode </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> First air date </Th> <Th> Timeslot ( EDT ) </Th> <Th> Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Nightly Rank </Th> <Th> Weekly Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Auditions Week 1 </Td> <Td> May 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> 12.16 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Auditions Week 2 </Td> <Td> June 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11.27 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Auditions Week 3 </Td> <Td> June 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11.46 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> Auditions Week 4 </Td> <Td> June 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.2 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11.86 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 5 </Th> <Td> Auditions Week 5 </Td> <Td> June 26 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11.32 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 6 </Th> <Td> Auditions Week 6 </Td> <Td> July 10 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11.55 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 7 </Th> <Td> Judge Cuts 1 </Td> <Td> July 17 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11.33 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 8 </Th> <Td> Judge Cuts 2 </Td> <Td> July 24 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 11.68 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 9 </Th> <Td> Judge Cuts 3 </Td> <Td> July 31 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11.83 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 10 </Th> <Td> Judge Cuts 4 </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11.04 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 11 </Th> <Td> Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) </Td> <Td> August 14 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 11.10 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 12 </Th> <Td> Quarterfinals , Week 1 ( Results ) </Td> <Td> August 15 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9.85 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 13 </Th> <Td> Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) </Td> <Td> August 21 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 11.21 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 14 </Th> <Td> Quarterfinals , Week 2 ( Results ) </Td> <Td> August 22 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 9.69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 15 </Th> <Td> Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Performances ) </Td> <Td> August 28 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10.78 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 16 </Th> <Td> Quarterfinals , Week 3 ( Results ) </Td> <Td> August 29 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9.90 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 17 </Th> <Td> Semifinals , Week 1 ( Performances ) </Td> <Td> September 4 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 1.8 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10.69 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 18 </Th> <Td> Semifinals , Week 1 ( Results ) </Td> <Td> September 5 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 9.89 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 19 </Th> <Td> Semifinals , Week 2 ( Performances ) </Td> <Td> September 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10.75 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 20 </Th> <Td> Semifinals , Week 2 ( Results ) </Td> <Td> September 12 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 10.15 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 21 </Th> <Td> The Finals </Td> <Td> September 18 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Tuesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 12.99 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 22 </Th> <Td> Season Finale </Td> <Td> September 19 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 12.88 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> Special episodes </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Specials </Th> <Th> Title </Th> <Th> First air date </Th> <Th> Timeslot ( EDT ) </Th> <Th> Rating ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Share ( 18 -- 49 ) </Th> <Th> Viewers ( millions ) </Th> <Th> Nightly Rank </Th> <Th> Weekly Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> S1 </Th> <Td> Best of Auditions </Td> <Td> July 11 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Wednesday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 5.98 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> S2 </Th> <Td> Road to Lives </Td> <Td> August 9 , 2018 </Td> <Td> Thursday 8 : 00 p.m. </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 3.82 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 21 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Contestants who appeared in other seasons or shows </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Act </Th> <Th> Television show </Th> <Th> Season </Th> <Th> Result </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Academy of Villains </Td> <Td> America 's Got Talent </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Semifinalist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sergey and Sasha </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> Cut Before Judge Cuts </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Silicon Valley Girls </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Cut Before Judge Cuts </Td> <Td> Auditioned as `` Trio Grace '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Junior New System </Td> <Td> Asia 's Got Talent </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist </Td> <Td> Received the golden buzzer during the semifinals . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Sacred Riana </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yumbo Dump </Td> <Td> Semi-Finalist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UDI </Td> <Td> Britain 's Got Talent </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> Finalist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Wes - P </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Semi-Finalist </Td> <Td> Auditioned as `` Mr. Uekusa '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Aaron Crow </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Semi-Finalist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> La France a un incroyable talent </Td> <Td> 11 </Td> <Td> Semi-Finalist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zurcaroh </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> Finalist </Td> <Td> Received the golden buzzer during the auditions . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> David Pereira </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> Finalist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Got Talent España </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Noah Guthrie </Td> <Td> Glee </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> Played Roderick Meeks Recurring role ; 12 episodes . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Lioz Shem Tov </Td> <Td> Israel 's Got Talent </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Semi-Finalist </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jeffrey Li </Td> <Td> Little Big Shots </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rob Lake </Td> <Td> Masters of Illusion </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shin Lim </Td> <Td> Penn & Teller : Fool Us </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Fooler </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Jimmy Ichihana </Td> <Td> Non-Fooler </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Flau'jae </Td> <Td> The Rap Game </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Final Four </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Troy James </Td> <Td> Showtime At The Apollo </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> N / A </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Glennis Grace </Td> <Td> Eurovision Song Contest </Td> <Td> 50 ( 2005 ) </Td> <Td> Semi-Finalist </Td> <Td> Dutch contestant with `` My Impossible Dream '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Soundmixshow </Td> <Td> 10 ( 1994 ) </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> Sang `` One Moment in Time '' by Whitney Houston </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Courtney Hadwin </Td> <Td> The Voice Kids ( UK ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Finalist </Td> <Td> One - chair turn from Danny Jones . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Angel Garcia </Td> <Td> La Voz Kids ( US ) </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Eliminated in the Battles </Td> <Td> Auditioned as `` Angelito Garcia '' . One - chair turn from Prince Royce . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Amanda Mena </Td> <Td> Winner </Td> <Td> Three - chair turner and joined Team Royce . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> References </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Renewed For Season 13 By NBC With All 4 Judges & Host Tyra Banks Returning `` . deadline.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' America 's Got Talent '' Judging Panel , Tyra Banks Set to Return for Season 13 `` . variety.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Maglio , Tony ( February 21 , 2018 ) . `` '' AGT '' Brings Everyone Back : Howie , Simon , Mel B , Heidi , and Host Tyra Banks All Sign on for Summer 2018 `` . thewrap.com . Retrieved April 17 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` NBC 's World of Dance , Ninja Warrior and AGT Get Summer Return Dates '' . tvline.com . 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Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La Voz Kids ( 2015 - 02 - 09 ) , Amanda Mena canta `` Because of You '' en La Voz Kids , retrieved 2018 - 07 - 09 </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> IMDB America 's Got Talent website </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Preceded by Season 12 ( 2017 ) </Td> <Td> America 's Got Talent Season 13 ( 2018 ) </Td> <Td> Succeeded by Season 14 ( 2019 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> America 's Got Talent </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Seasons </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 5 </Li> <Li> 6 </Li> <Li> 7 </Li> <Li> 8 </Li> <Li> 9 </Li> <Li> 10 </Li> <Li> 11 </Li> <Li> 12 </Li> <Li> 13 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Winners </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bianca Ryan </Li> <Li> Terry Fator </Li> <Li> Neal E. 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Demers </Li> <Li> Sos and Victoria </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 12 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bello Nock </Li> <Li> Colin Cloud </Li> <Li> Mandy Harvey </Li> <Li> Preacher Lawson </Li> <Li> Puddles Pity Party </Li> <Li> The Singing Trump </Li> <Li> Evie Clair </Li> <Li> Mike Yung </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Season 13 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aaron Crow </Li> <Li> Angel City Chorale </Li> <Li> Glennis Grace </Li> <Li> Rob Lake </Li> <Li> The Sacred Riana </Li> <Li> Us the Duo </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> America 's Got Talent : The Champions </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=America%27s_Got_Talent_(season_13)&oldid=864113596 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> America 's Got Talent seasons </Li> <Li> 2018 American television seasons </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from October 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> CS1 Chinese - language sources ( zh ) </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pages under 30 - 500 editing restriction </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from March 2017 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> View source </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Русский </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 15 October 2018 , at 05 : 18 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Surround sound - wikipedia <H1> Surround sound </H1> Jump to : navigation , search `` Surround '' redirects here . For other uses , see Surround ( disambiguation ) . 16.2 channel surround sound <P> Surround sound is a technique for enriching the sound reproduction quality of an audio source with additional audio channels from speakers that surround the listener ( surround channels ) . Its first application was in movie theaters . Prior to surround sound , standard theater sound systems had three `` screen channels '' of sound , emitted by loudspeakers located only in front of the audience : at the left , center , and right . Surround sound adds one or more channels from loudspeakers behind the listener , thus is able to create the sensation of sound coming from any horizontal direction 360 ° about the listener . There are various surround sound based formats and techniques , varying in reproduction and recording methods along with the number and positioning of additional channels . The most common surround sound specification , the ITUs 5.1 standard , calls for 6 speakers : Center ( C ) in front of the listener , Left ( L ) and Right ( R ) at angles of 60 ° on either side of the center , and Left Surround ( LS ) and Right Surround ( RS ) at angles of 100 - 120 ° , plus a subwoofer whose position is not critical . </P> <P> Surround sound is characterized by a listener location or sweet spot where the audio effects work best , and presents a fixed or forward perspective of the sound field to the listener at this location . The technique enhances the perception of sound spatialization by exploiting sound localization ; a listener 's ability to identify the location or origin of a detected sound in direction and distance . This is achieved by using multiple discrete audio channels routed to an array of loudspeakers . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Fields of application </Li> <Li> 2 Types of media and technologies </Li> <Li> 3 History </Li> <Li> 4 Creating surround sound </Li> <Li> 5 Mapping channels to speakers </Li> <Li> 6 Standard configurations </Li> <Li> 7 Surround microphone techniques </Li> <Li> 8 Bass management </Li> <Li> 9 Low frequency effects ( LFE ) channel </Li> <Li> 10 Surround sound specifications <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Notation </Li> <Li> 10.2 Channel identification </Li> <Li> 10.3 Sonic Whole Overhead Sound </Li> <Li> 10.4 Ambisonics </Li> <Li> 10.5 Binaural recording </Li> <Li> 10.6 Panor - Ambiophonic ( PanAmbio ) 4.0 / 4.1 </Li> <Li> 10.7 Standard speaker channels </Li> <Li> 10.8 7.1 surround sound </Li> <Li> 10.9 10.2 surround sound </Li> <Li> 10.10 11.1 surround sound </Li> <Li> 10.11 22.2 surround sound </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 See also </Li> <Li> 12 Notes </Li> <Li> 13 References </Li> <Li> 14 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Fields of application ( edit ) </H2> <P> Though cinema and soundtracks represent the major uses of surround techniques , its scope of application is broader than that as surround sound permits creation of an audio - environment for all sorts of purposes . Multichannel audio techniques may be used to reproduce contents as varied as music , speech , natural or synthetic sounds for cinema , television , broadcasting , or computers . In terms of music content for example , a live performance may use multichannel techniques in the context of an open - air concert , of a musical theatre or for broadcasting ; for a film specific techniques are adapted to movie theater , or to home ( e.g. home cinema systems ) . The narrative space is also a content that can be enhanced through multichannel techniques . This applies mainly to cinema narratives , for example the speech of the characters of a film , but may also be applied to plays for theatre , to a conference , or to integrate voice - based comments in an archeological site or monument . For example , an exhibition may be enhanced with topical ambient sound of water , birds , train or machine noise . Topical natural sounds may also be used in educational applications . Other fields of application include video game consoles , personal computers and other platforms . In such applications , the content would typically be synthetic noise produced by the computer device in interaction with its user . Significant work has also been done using surround sound for enhanced situation awareness in military and public safety application . </P> <H2> Types of media and technologies ( edit ) </H2> <P> Commercial surround sound media include videocassettes , DVDs , and SDTV broadcasts encoded as compressed Dolby Digital and DTS , and lossless audio such as DTS HD Master Audio and Dolby TrueHD on HDTV Blu - ray Disc and HD DVD , which are identical to the studio master . Other commercial formats include the competing DVD - Audio ( DVD - A ) and Super Audio CD ( SACD ) formats , and MP3 Surround . Cinema 5.1 surround formats include Dolby Digital and DTS . Sony Dynamic Digital Sound ( SDDS ) is an 8 channel cinema configuration which features 5 independent audio channels across the front with two independent surround channels , and a Low - frequency effects channel . Traditional 7.1 surround speaker configuration introduces two additional rear speakers to the conventional 5.1 arrangement , for a total of four surround channels and three front channels , to create a more 360 ° sound field . </P> <P> Most surround sound recordings are created by film production companies or video game producers ; however some consumer camcorders have such capability either built - in or available separately . Surround sound technologies can also be used in music to enable new methods of artistic expression . After the failure of quadraphonic audio in the 1970s , multichannel music has slowly been reintroduced since 1999 with the help of SACD and DVD - Audio formats . Some AV receivers , stereophonic systems , and computer soundcards contain integral digital signal processors and / or digital audio processors to simulate surround sound from a stereophonic source ( see fake stereo ) . </P> <P> In 1967 , the rock group Pink Floyd performed the first - ever surround sound concert at `` Games for May '' , a lavish affair at London 's Queen Elizabeth Hall where the band debuted its custom - made quadraphonic speaker system . The control device they had made , the Azimuth Co-ordinator , is now displayed at London 's Victoria and Albert Museum , as part of their Theatre Collections gallery . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The first documented use of surround sound was in 1940 , for the Disney studio 's animated film Fantasia . Walt Disney was inspired by Nikolai Rimsky - Korsakov 's operatic piece Flight of the Bumblebee to have a bumblebee featured in his musical Fantasia and also sound as if it was flying in all parts of the theatre . The initial multichannel audio application was called ' Fantasound ' , comprising three audio channels and speakers . The sound was diffused throughout the cinema , controlled by an engineer using some 54 loudspeakers . The surround sound was achieved using the sum and the difference of the phase of the sound . However , this experimental use of surround sound was excluded from the film in later showings . In 1952 , `` surround sound '' successfully reappeared with the film `` This is Cinerama '' , using discrete seven - channel sound , and the race to develop other surround sound methods took off . </P> <P> In the 1950s , the German composer Karlheinz Stockhausen experimented with and produced ground - breaking electronic compositions such as Gesang der Jünglinge and Kontakte , the latter using fully discrete and rotating quadraphonic sounds generated with industrial electronic equipment in Herbert Eimert 's studio at the Westdeutscher Rundfunk ( WDR ) . Edgar Varese 's Poeme Electronique , created for the Iannis Xenakis - designed Philips Pavilion at the 1958 Brussels World 's Fair , also utilised spatial audio with 425 loudspeakers used to move sound throughout the pavilion . </P> <P> In 1957 , working with artist Jordan Belson , Henry Jacobs produced Vortex : Experiments in Sound and Light - a series of concerts featuring new music , including some of Jacobs ' own , and that of Karlheinz Stockhausen , and many others - taking place in the Morrison Planetarium in Golden Gate Park , San Francisco . Sound designers commonly regard this as the origin of the ( now standard ) concept of `` surround sound . '' The program was popular , and Jacobs and Belson were invited to reproduce it at the 1958 World Expo in Brussels . There are also many other composers that created ground - breaking surround sound works in the same time period . </P> <P> In 1978 , a concept devised by Max Bell for Dolby Laboratories called `` split surround '' was tested with the movie `` Superman '' . This led to the 70mm stereo surround release of `` Apocalypse Now , '' which became one of the first formal releases in cinemas with three channels in the front and two in the rear . There were typically five speakers behind the screens of 70mm - capable cinemas , but only the Left , Center and Right were used full - frequency , while Center - Left and Center - Right were only used for bass - frequencies ( as it is currently common ) . The `` Apocalypse Now '' encoder / decoder was designed by Michael Karagosian , also for Dolby Laboratories . The surround mix was produced by an Oscar - winning crew led by Walter Murch for American Zoetrope . The format was also deployed in 1982 with the stereo surround release of Blade Runner . </P> <P> The 5.1 version of surround sound originated in 1987 at the famous French Cabaret Moulin Rouge . A French engineer , Dominique Bertrand used a mixing board specially designed in cooperation with Solid State Logic , based on 5000 series and including six channels . Respectively : A left , B right , C centre , D left rear , E right rear , F bass . The same engineer had already achieved a 3.1 system in 1974 , for the International Summit of Francophone States in Dakar , Senegal . </P> <H2> Creating surround sound ( edit ) </H2> <P> Surround sound is created in several ways . The first and simplest method is using a surround sound recording technique -- capturing two distinct stereo images , one for the front and one for the back or by using a dedicated setup , e.g. an augmented Decca tree -- and / or mixing - in surround sound for playback on an audio system using speakers encircling the listener to play audio from different directions . A second approach is processing the audio with psychoacoustic sound localization methods to simulate a two - dimensional ( 2 - D ) sound field with headphones . A third approach , based on Huygens ' principle , attempts reconstructing the recorded sound field wave fronts within the listening space ; an `` audio hologram '' form . One form , wave field synthesis ( WFS ) , produces a sound field with an even error field over the entire area . Commercial WFS systems , currently marketed by companies sonic emotion and Iosono , require many loudspeakers and significant computing power . </P> <P> The Ambisonics form , also based on Huygens ' principle , gives an exact sound reconstruction at the central point ; less accurate away from center point . There are many free and commercial software programs available for Ambisonics , which dominates most of the consumer market , especially musicians using electronic and computer music . Moreover , Ambisonics products are the standard in surround sound hardware sold by Meridian Audio . In its simplest form , Ambisonics consumes few resources , however this is not true for recent developments , such as Near Field Compensated Higher Order Ambisonics . Some years ago it was shown that , in the limit , WFS and Ambisonics converge . </P> <P> Finally , surround sound can also be achieved by mastering level , from stereophonic sources as with Penteo , which uses Digital Signal Processing analysis of a stereo recording to parse out individual sounds to component panorama positions , then positions them , accordingly , into a five - channel field . However , there are more ways to create surround sound out of stereo , for instance with the routines based on QS and SQ for encoding Quad sound , where instruments were divided over 4 speakers in the studio . This way of creating surround with software routines is normally referred to as `` upmixing , '' , which was particularly successful on the Sansui QSD - series decoders that had a mode where it mapped the L ↔ R stereo onto an ∩ arc . </P> <H2> Mapping channels to speakers ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In most cases , surround sound systems rely on the mapping of each source channel to its own loudspeaker . Matrix systems recover the number and content of the source channels and apply them to their respective loudspeakers . With discrete surround sound , the transmission medium allows for ( at least ) the same number of channels of source and destination ; however , one - to - one , channel - to - speaker , mapping is not the only way of transmitting surround sound signals . </P> <P> The transmitted signal might encode the information ( defining the original sound field ) to a greater or lesser extent ; the surround sound information is rendered for replay by a decoder generating the number and configuration of loudspeaker feeds for the number of speakers available for replay -- one renders a sound field as produced by a set of speakers , analogously to rendering in computer graphics . This `` replay device independent '' encoding is analogous to encoding and decoding an Adobe PostScript file , where the file describes the page , and is rendered per the output device 's resolution capacity . The Ambisonics and WFS systems use audio rendering ; the Meridian Lossless Packing contains elements of this capability </P> <H2> Standard configurations ( edit ) </H2> <P> There are many alternative setups available for a surround sound experience , with a 3 - 2 ( 3 front , 2 back speakers and a Low Frequency Effects channel ) configuration ( more commonly referred to as 5.1 surround ) being the standard for most surround sound applications , including cinema , television and consumer applications . This is a compromise between the ideal image creation of a room and that of practicality and compatibility with two - channel stereo . Because most surround sound mixes are produced for 5.1 surround ( 6 channels ) , larger setups require matrixes or processors to feed the additional speakers . </P> <P> The standard surround setup consists of three front speakers LCR ( left , center and right ) , two surround speakers LS and RS ( left and right surround respectively ) and a subwoofer for the Low Frequency Effects ( LFE ) channel , that is low - pass filtered at 120 Hz . The angles between the speakers have been standardized by the ITU ( International Telecommunication Union ) recommendation 775 and AES ( Audio Engineering Society ) as follows : 60 degrees between the L and R channels ( allows for two - channel stereo compatibility ) with the center speaker directly in front of the listener . The Surround channels are placed 100 - 120 degrees from the center channel , with the subwoofer 's positioning not being critical due to the low directional factor of frequencies below 120 Hz . The ITU standard also allows for additional surround speakers , that need to be distributed evenly between 60 and 150 degrees . </P> <P> Surround mixes of more or less channels are acceptable , if they are compatible , as described by the ITU - R BS. 775 - 1 , with 5.1 surround . The 3 - 1 channel setup ( consisting of one monophonic surround channel ) is such a case , where both LS and RS are fed by the monophonic signal at an attenuated level of - 3 dB . </P> <P> The function of the center channel is to anchor the signal so that any central panned images do not shift when a listener is moving or is sitting away from the sweet spot . The center channel also prevents any timbral modifications from occurring , which is typical for 2 - channel stereo , due to phase differences at the two ears of a listener . The centre channel is especially used in films and television , with dialogue primarily feeding the center channel . The function of the center channel can either be of a monophonic nature ( as with dialogue ) or it can be used in combination with the left and right channels for true three - channel stereo . Motion Pictures tend to use the center channel for monophonic purposes with stereo being reserved purely for the left and right channels . Surround microphones techniques have however been developed that fully use the potential of three - channel stereo . </P> <P> In 5.1 surround , phantom images between the front speakers are quite accurate , with images towards the back and especially to the sides being unstable . The localisation of a virtual source , based on level differences between two loudspeakers to the side of a listener , shows great inconsistency across the standardised 5.1 setup , also being largely affected by movement away from the reference position . 5.1 surround is therefore limited in its ability to convey 3D sound , making the surround channels more appropriate for ambience or effects . ) </P> <P> 7.1 channel surround is another setup , most commonly used in large cinemas , that is compatible with 5.1 surround , though it is not stated in the ITU - standards . 7.1 channel surround adds two additional channels , center - left ( CL ) and center - right ( CR ) to the 5.1 surround setup , with the speakers situated 15 degrees off centre from the listener . This convention is used to cover an increased angle between the front loudspeakers as a product of a larger screen . </P> <H2> Surround microphone techniques ( edit ) </H2> <P> Most 2 - channel stereophonic microphone techniques are compatible with a 3 - channel setup ( LCR ) , as many of these techniques already contain a center microphone or microphone pair . Microphone techniques for LCR should , however , try to obtain greater channel separation to prevent conflicting phantom images between L / C and L / R for example . Specialised techniques have therefore been developed for 3 - channel stereo . Surround microphone techniques largely depend on the setup used , therefore being biased towards the 5.1 surround setup , as this is the standard . </P> <P> Surround recording techniques can be differentiated into those that use single arrays of microphones placed in close proximity , and those treating front and rear channels with separate arrays . Close arrays present more accurate phantom images , whereas separate treatment of rear channels is usually used for ambience . For accurate depiction of an acoustic environment , such as a halls , side reflections are essential . Appropriate microphone techniques should therefore be used , if room impression is important . Although the reproduction of side images are very unstable in the 5.1 surround setup , room impressions can still be accurately presented . </P> <P> Some microphone techniques used for coverage of three front channels , include double - stereo techniques , INA - 3 ( Ideal Cardioid Arrangement ) , the Decca Tree setup and the OCT ( Optimum Cardioid Triangle ) . Surround techniques are largely based on 3 - channel techniques with additional microphones used for the surround channels . A distinguishing factor for the pickup of the front channels in surround is that less reverberation should be picked up , as the surround microphones will be responsible for the pickup of reverberation . Cardioid , hypercardioid , or supercardioid polar patterns will therefore often replace omnidirectional polar patterns for surround recordings . To compensate for the lost low - end of directional ( pressure gradient ) microphones , additional omnidirectional ( pressure microphones ) , exhibiting an extended low - end response , can be added . The microphone 's output is usually low - pass filtered . A simple surround microphone configuration involves the use of a front array in combination with two backward - facing omnidirectional room microphones placed about 10 -- 15 meters away from the front array . If echoes are notable , the front array can be delayed appropriately . Alternatively , backward facing cardioid microphones can be placed closer to the front array for a similar reverberation pickup . </P> <P> The INA - 5 ( Ideal Cardioid Arrangement ) is a surround microphone array that uses five cardioid microphones resembling the angles of the standardised surround loudspeaker configuration defined by the ITU Rec. 775 . Dimensions between the front three microphone as well as the polar patterns of the microphones can be changed for different pickup angles and ambient response . This technique therefore allows for great flexibility . </P> <P> A well established microphone array is the Fukada Tree , which is a modified variant of the Decca Tree stereo technique . The array consists of 5 spaced cardioid microphones , 3 front microphones resembling a Decca Tree and two surround microphones . Two additional omnidirectional outriggers can be added to enlarge the perceived size of the orchestra and / or to better integrate the front and surround channels . The L , R , LS and RS microphones should be placed in a square formation , with L / R and LS / RS angled at 45 degrees and 135 degrees from the center microphone respectively . Spacing between these microphones should be about 1.8 meters . This square formation is responsible for the room impressions . The center channel is placed a meter in front of the L and R channels , producing a strong center image . The surround microphones are usually placed at the critical distance ( where the direct and reverberant field is equal ) , with the full array usually situated several meters above and behind the conductor . </P> <P> The NHK ( Japanese broadcasting company ) developed an alternative technique also involving 5 cardioid microphones . Here a baffle is used for separation between the front left and right channels , which are 30 cm apart . Outrigger omnidirectional microphones , low - pass filtered at 250 Hz , are spaced 3 meters apart in line with the L and R cardioids . These compensate for the bass roll - off of the cardioid microphones and also add expansiveness . A 3 - meter spaced microphone pair , situated 2 -- 3 meters behind front array , is used for the surround channels . The centre channel is again placed slightly forward , with the L / R and LS / RS again angled at 45 and 135 degrees respectively . </P> <P> The OCT - Surround ( Optimum Cardioid Triangle - Surround ) microphone array is an augmented technique of the stereo OCT technique using the same front array with added surround microphones. The front array is designed for minimum crosstalk , with the front left and right microphones having supercardioid polar patterns and angled at 90 degrees relative to the center microphone . It is important that high quality small diaphragm microphones are used for the L and R channels to reduce off - axis coloration . Equalization can also be used to flatten the response of the supercardioid microphones to signals coming in at up to about 30 degrees from the front of the array . The center channel is placed slightly forward . The surround microphones are backwards facing cardioid microphones , that are placed 40 cm back from the L and R microphones . The L , R , LS and RS microphones pick up early reflections from both the sides and the back of an acoustic venue , therefore giving significant room impressions . Spacing between the L and R microphones can be varied to obtain the required stereo width . </P> <P> Specialized microphone arrays have been developed for recording purely the ambience of a space . These arrays are used in combination with suitable front arrays , or can be added to above mentioned surround techniques . The Hamasaki square ( also proposed by NHK ) is a well established microphone array used for the pickup of hall ambience . Four figure - eight microphones are arranged in a square , ideally placed far away and high up in the hall . Spacing between the microphones should be between 1 -- 3 meters . The microphones nulls ( zero pickup point ) are set to face the main sound source with positive polarities outward facing , therefore very effectively minimizing the direct sound pickup as well as echoes from the back of the hall The back two microphones are mixed to the surround channels , with the front two channels being mixed in combination with the front array into L and R . </P> <P> Another ambient technique is the IRT ( Institut für Rundfunktechnik ) cross . Here , four cardioid microphones , 90 degrees relative to one another , are placed in square formation , separated by 21 -- 25 cm . The front two microphones should be positioned 45 degrees off axis from the sound source . This technique therefore resembles back to back near - coincident stereo pairs . The microphones outputs are fed to the L , R and LS , RS channels . The disadvantage of this approach is that direct sound pickup is quite significant . </P> <P> Many recordings do not require pickup of side reflections . For Live Pop music concerts a more appropriate array for the pickup of ambience is the cardioid trapezium . All four cardioid microphones are backward facing and angled at 60 degrees from one another , therefore similar to a semi-circle . This is effective for the pickup of audience and ambience . </P> <P> All the above - mentioned microphone arrays take up considerable space , making them quite ineffective for field recordings . In this respect , the double MS ( Mid Side ) technique is quite advantageous . This array uses back to back cardioid microphones , one facing forward , the other backwards , combined with either one or two figure - eight microphone . Different channels are obtained by sum and difference of the figure - eight and cardioid patterns . When using only one figure - eight microphone , the double MS technique is extremely compact and therefore also perfectly compatible with monophonic playback . This technique also allows for postproduction changes of the pickup angle . </P> <H2> Bass management ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Bass management <P> Surround replay systems may make use of bass management , the fundamental principle of which is that bass content in the incoming signal , irrespective of channel , should be directed only to loudspeakers capable of handling it , whether the latter are the main system loudspeakers or one or more special low - frequency speakers called subwoofers . </P> <P> There is a notation difference before and after the bass management system . Before the bass management system there is a Low Frequency Effects ( LFE ) channel . After the bass management system there is a subwoofer signal . A common misunderstanding is the belief that the LFE channel is the `` subwoofer channel '' . The bass management system may direct bass to one or more subwoofers ( if present ) from any channel , not just from the LFE channel . Also , if there is no subwoofer speaker present then the bass management system can direct the LFE channel to one or more of the main speakers . </P> <H2> Low frequency effects ( LFE ) channel ( edit ) </H2> <P> Because the low - frequency effects channel requires only a fraction of the bandwidth of the other audio channels , it is referred to as the ``. 1 '' channel ; for example `` 5.1 '' or `` 7.1 '' . </P> <P> The LFE channel is a source of some confusion in surround sound . It was originally developed to carry extremely low `` sub-bass '' cinematic sound effects ( with commercial subwoofers sometimes going down to 30 Hz , e.g. , the loud rumble of thunder or explosions ) on their own channel . This allowed theaters to control the volume of these effects to suit the particular cinema 's acoustic environment and sound reproduction system . Independent control of the sub-bass effects also reduced the problem of intermodulation distortion in analog movie sound reproduction . A `` sub-woofer '' capable of playing back frequencies as low as 5 Hz was developed by a small speaker manufacturer in Florida . It utilized a propellor design and required a large cabinet to move sub-sonic air mass . </P> <P> In the original movie theater implementation , the LFE was a separate channel fed to one or more subwoofers . Home replay systems , however , may not have a separate subwoofer , so modern home surround decoders and systems often include a bass management system that allows bass on any channel ( main or LFE ) to be fed only to the loudspeakers that can handle low - frequency signals . The salient point here is that the LFE channel is not the `` subwoofer channel '' ; there may be no subwoofer and , if there is , it may be handling a good deal more than effects . </P> <P> Some record labels such as Telarc and Chesky have argued that LFE channels are not needed in a modern digital multichannel entertainment system . They argue that all available channels have a full - frequency range and , as such , there is no need for an LFE in surround music production , because all the frequencies are available in all the main channels . These labels sometimes use the LFE channel to carry a height channel , underlining its redundancy for its original purpose . The label BIS generally uses a 5.0 channel mix . </P> <H2> Surround sound specifications ( edit ) </H2> <P> The descriptions of surround sound specifications below distinguish between the number of discrete channels encoded in the original signal and the number of channels reproduced for playback . The number of channels reproduced for playback can be changed by using matrix decoding . A distinction is also made between the number of channels reproduced for playback and the number of speakers used to reproduce ( each channel may refer to a group of speakers ) . The graphics to the right of each specification description represent the number of channels , not the number of speakers . </P> <H3> Notation ( edit ) </H3> <P> This notation , e.g. `` 5.1 '' , reflects the number of full range channels ; including a ``. 1 '' to reflect the limited range of the LFE channel . </P> <P> E.g. 2 basic stereo speakers with no LFE channel = 2.0 5 full - range channels + 1 LFE channel = 5.1 </P> <P> It can also be expressed as the number of full - range channels in front of the listener , separated by a slash from the number of full - range channels beside or behind the listener , separated by a decimal point from the number of limited - range LFE channels . </P> <P> E.g. 3 front channels + 2 side channels + an LFE channel = 3 / 2.1 </P> <P> This notation can then be expanded to include the notation of Matrix Decoders . Dolby Digital EX , for example , has a sixth full - range channel incorporated into the two rear channels with a matrix . This would be expressed : </P> <P> 3 front channels + 2 rear channels + 3 channels reproduced in the rear in total + 1 LFE channel = 3 / 2 : 3.1 </P> <P> Note : The term stereo , although popularised in reference to two channel audio , can also be properly used to refer to surround sound , as it strictly means `` solid '' ( actually meaning three - dimensional sound ) sound . However this is no longer a common usage and `` stereo sound '' is almost exclusively used to describe two channel , left and right , sound . </P> <H3> Channel identification ( edit ) </H3> <P> In accordance with ANSI / CEA - 863 - A </P> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> ANSI / CEA - 863 - A identification for surround sound channels <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Zero - based channel index </Th> <Th> Channel name </Th> <Th_colspan="2"> Color - coding on commercial receiver and cabling </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> MP3 / WAV / FLAC datastream </Th> <Th> DTS / AAC </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Front Left </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> White </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Front Right </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Red </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Green </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> Subwoofer Frequency </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Purple </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rear Left </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Blue </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Rear Right </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Grey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> Alternative Rear Left </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Brown </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> Alternative Rear Right </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Khaki </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> <Dl> <Dd> <Table> Diagram <Tr> <Td> Front Left </Td> <Td> Center </Td> <Td> Front Right </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rear Left </Td> <Td> ☺ </Td> <Td> Rear Right </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Alternative Rear Left </Td> <Td> Alternative Rear Right </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> Subwoofer Frequency </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> </Dd> </Dl> <H3> Sonic Whole Overhead sound ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 2002 , Dolby premiered a master of We Were Soldiers which featured a Sonic Whole Overhead Sound soundtrack . This mix included a new ceiling - mounted height channel . </P> <H3> Ambisonics ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ambisonics <P> Ambisonics is a series of recording and replay techniques using multichannel mixing technology that can be used live or in the studio and which recreates the soundfield as it existed in the space , in contrast to traditional surround systems , which can only create illusion of the soundfield if the listener is located in a very narrow sweetspot between speakers . Any number of speakers in any physical arrangement can be used to recreate a sound field . With 6 or more speakers arranged around a listener , a 3 - dimensional ( `` periphonic '' , or full - sphere ) sound field can be presented . Ambisonics was invented by Michael Gerzon . </P> <H3> Binaural recording ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Binaural recording <P> Binaural recording is a method of recording sound that uses two microphones , arranged with the intent to create a 3 - D stereo sound sensation for the listener of actually being in the room with the performers or instruments . This idea of a three dimensional or `` internal '' form of sound has also translated into useful advancement of technology in many things such as stethoscopes creating `` in - head '' acoustics and IMAX movies being able to create a three dimensional acoustic experience . </P> <H3> Panor - ambiophonic ( panambio ) 40 / 4.1 ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Ambiophonics <P> PanAmbio combines a stereo dipole and crosstalk cancellation in front and a second set behind the listener ( total of four speakers ) for 360 ° 2D surround reproduction . Four channel recordings , especially those containing binaural cues , create speaker - binaural surround sound . 5.1 channel recordings , including movie DVDs , are compatible by mixing C - channel content to the front speaker pair . 6.1 can be played by mixing SC to the back pair . </P> <H3> Standard speaker channels ( edit ) </H3> <P> This table shows the various speaker configurations that are commonly used for end - user equipment . The order and identifiers are those specified for the channel mask in the standard uncompressed WAV file format ( which contains a raw multichannel PCM stream ) and are used according to the same specification for most PC connectible digital sound hardware and PC operating systems capable of handling multiple channels . While it is certainly possible to build any speaker configuration , there is n't a lot of commercially available movie or music content for alternative speaker configurations . Such cases , however , can be worked around by remixing the source content channels to the speaker channels using a matrix table specifying how much of each content channel is played through each speaker channel . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Channel name </Th> <Th> Identifier </Th> <Th> Index </Th> <Th> Flag </Th> <Th> 1.0 Mono </Th> <Th> 2.0 Stereo </Th> <Th> 3.0 Stereo </Th> <Th> 3.0 Surround </Th> <Th> 4.0 Quad </Th> <Th> 4.0 Surround </Th> <Th> 5.0 </Th> <Th> 5.0 Side </Th> <Th> 6.0 </Th> <Th> 6.0 Side </Th> <Th> 7.0 </Th> <Th> 7.0 Side </Th> <Th> 7.0 Surround </Th> <Th> 9.0 Surround </Th> <Th> 11.0 Surround </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Front Left </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT </Td> <Td> 0 </Td> <Td> 0x00000001 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Front Right </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0x00000002 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Front Center </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_FRONT_CENTER </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0x00000004 </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Back Left </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_BACK_LEFT </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0x00000010 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Back Right </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_BACK_RIGHT </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> <Td> 0x00000020 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Front Left of Center </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_FRONT_LEFT_OF_CENTER </Td> <Td> 6 </Td> <Td> 0x00000040 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Front Right of Center </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_FRONT_RIGHT_OF_CENTER </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> <Td> 0x00000080 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Back Center </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> <Td> 0x00000100 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Side Left </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_SIDE_LEFT </Td> <Td> 9 </Td> <Td> 0x00000200 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Side Right </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_SIDE_RIGHT </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> <Td> 0x00000400 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Front Left Height </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_LEFT_HEIGHT </Td> <Td> 12 </Td> <Td> 0x00001000 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Front Right Height </Td> <Td> SPEAKER_RIGHT_HEIGHT </Td> <Td> 14 </Td> <Td> 0x00004000 </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> No </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> <Td> Yes </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Any of the channel configurations above may include a low frequency effects ( LFE ) channel ( the channel played through the subwoofer . ) This would make the configuration ``. 1 '' instead of ``. 0 '' . Most modern multichannel mixes will contain an LFE . </P> <H3> 7.1 surround sound ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 7.1 surround sound <P> 7.1 surround sound is a popular format in theaters & Home cinema including Blu - rays with Dolby and DTS being major players </P> <H3> 10.2 surround sound ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 10.2 surround sound <P> 10.2 is the surround sound format developed by THX creator Tomlinson Holman of TMH Labs and University of Southern California ( schools of Cinema / Television and Engineering ) . Developed along with Chris Kyriakakis of the USC Viterbi School of Engineering , 10.2 refers to the format 's promotional slogan : `` Twice as good as 5.1 '' . Advocates of 10.2 argue that it is the audio equivalent of IMAX . </P> <H3> 11.1 surround sound ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 11.1 surround sound <P> 11.1 is the sound format supported by BARCO with installations in theaters worldwide . </P> <H3> 22.2 surround sound ( edit ) </H3> Main article : 22.2 surround sound <P> 22.2 is the surround sound component of Ultra High Definition Television , and has been developed by NHK Science & Technical Research Laboratories . As its name suggests , it uses 24 speakers . These are arranged in three layers : A middle layer of ten speakers , an upper layer of nine speakers , and a lower layer of three speakers and two sub-woofers . The system was demonstrated at Expo 2005 , Aichi , Japan , the NAB Shows 2006 and 2009 , Las Vegas , and the IBC trade shows 2006 and 2008 , Amsterdam , Netherlands . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> 3D audio effect </Li> <Li> Binaural recording </Li> <Li> Duophonic </Li> <Li> Dolby Surround </Li> <Li> Four - channel Compact Disc Digital Audio </Li> <Li> Holophonics </Li> <Li> MPEG Surround </Li> <Li> Precedence effect </Li> <Li> Soundfield microphone </Li> <Li> Virtual surround </Li> </Ul> <H2> Notes ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ For historical reasons , when using ( 1.0 ) mono sound , often in technical implementations the first ( left ) channel is used , instead of the center speaker channel , in many other cases when playing back multichannel content on a device with a mono speaker configuration all channels are downmixed into one channel . The way standard mono and stereo plugs used for common audio devices are designed ensures this as well . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stereo ( 2.0 ) is still the most common format for music , as most computers , television sets and portable audio players only feature two speakers , and the red book Audio CD standard used for retail distribution of music only allows for two channels . A 2.1 speaker set does generally not have a separate physical channel for the low - frequency effects , as the speaker set downmixes the low - frequency components of the two stereo channels into one channel for the subwoofer . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : THX 5.1 Surround Sound Speaker set - up . This is the correct speaker placement for 5.0 / 6.0 / 7.0 channel sound reproduction for Dolby and Digital Theater Systems . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sony Print Master Guidelines '' ( PDF ) This plus an LFE is the correct speaker placement for 8 - track Sony Dynamic Digital Sound . </Li> </Ol> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Home Theater Glossary of Terms and Terminology '' . Audiogurus . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mick M Sawaguchi , and Akira Fukada ( 1999 ) , Multichannel sound mixing practice for broadcasting . IBC Conference , 1999 Article </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eliasson , Jens ; Leijon , Ulrika ; Persson , Emil ( 2001 ) . `` Multichannel cinema sound '' : 8 . CiteSeerX 10.1. 1.150. 854 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Graham Healy , and Alan F. Smeaton ( 2009 ) . Spatially augmented audio delivery : applications of spatial sound awareness in sensor - equipped indoor environments . In : ISA 2009 : First International Workshop on Indoor Spatial Awareness , 18 May 2009 , Taipei , Taiwan . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4244 - 4153 - 2 . Abstract </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Christos Manolas , and Sandra Pauletto ( 2009 ) . `` Enlarging the Diegetic Space : Uses of the Multi-channel Soundtrack in Cinematic Narrative '' . The soundtrack , 2 ( 1 ) , August 2009 , pp. 39 -- 55 , doi : 10.1386 / st. 2.1. 39_1 , Print ISSN 1751 - 4193 , Electronic ISSN 1751 - 4207 , Abstract </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josephine Anstey , Dave Pape , Daniel J. Sandin ( 2000 ) . Building a VR Narrative . Proc. SPIE , Vol. 3957 , 370 , doi : 10.1117 / 12.384463 . Abstract </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mark Kerins ( 2006 ) . `` Narration in the Cinema of Digital Sound '' . University of Texas Press , The Velvet Light Trap , 58 , Fall 2006 , pp. 41 -- 54 . doi : 10.1353 / vlt. 2006.0030 . Abstract </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marc S. Dantzker ( 2004 ) . Acoustics in the Cetaceans Environment : A Multimedia Educational Package . Article </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dan Gärdenfors ( 2003 ) . Designing sound - based computer games `` . Digital Creativity , 14 , 2 , June 2003 , pp. 111 -- 114 . doi : 10.1076 / digc. 14.2. 111.27863 . Abstract </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Timothy Roden , Ian Parberry ( 2005 ) . Designing a narrative - based audio only 3D game engine . ACM International Conference Proceeding Series ; Vol. 265 , Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGCHI International Conference on Advances in computer entertainment technology , Valencia , Spain , pp. 274 -- 277 , ISBN 1 - 59593 - 110 - 4 . Abstract </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stephan Schütze ( 2003 ) . `` The creation of an audio environment as part of a computer game world : the design for Jurassic Park -- Operation Genesis on the XBOX as a broad concept for surround installation creation '' . Cambridge University Press , Organised Sound , 8 : 171 -- 180 . doi : 10.1017 / S1355771803000074 . Abstract </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mike Jones ( 2000 ) . `` Composing Space : Cinema and Computer Gaming . The Macro-Mise En Scene and Spatial Composition '' . Article </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Durand Begault et al ( 2005 ) . `` Audio - Visual Communication Monitoring System for Enhanced Situational Awareness '' ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pink Floyd Astounds With ' Sound in the Round ' '' . WIRED . May 12 , 1967 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` pink floyd '' . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 14 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tomlinson , Holman ( 2007 ) . Surround sound : up and running . Focal Press . p. 3 , 4 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 240 - 80829 - 1 . Retrieved 2010 - 04 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Emil Torick ( 1998 ) . `` Highlights in the history of multichannel sound '' . Journal of the Audio Engineering Society , 46 : 1 / 2 , pp. 27 -- 31 , February 1998 Abstract </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Henry Jacobs </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Eric Dienstfrey . `` The Myth of the Speakers : A Critical Reexamination of Dolby History '' . Film HIstory : An International Journal . Retrieved June 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ron Steicher ( 2003 ) : The DECCA Tree -- it 's not just for stereo any more </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Spatial Sound Encoding Including Near Field Effect : Introducing Distance Coding Filters and a Viable , New Ambisonic Format </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Further Investigations of High Order Ambisonics and Wavefield Synthesis for Holophonic Sound Imaging '' . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` DTSAC3 '' . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Rumsey , Francis ; McCormick , Tim ( 2009 ) . Sound And Recording ( Sixth ed . ) . Oxford : Focal Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Wöhr , Martin ; Dickreiter , Michael ; Dittel , Volker ; et al. , eds. ( 2008 ) . Handbuch der Tonstudiotechnik Band 1 ( Seventh ed . ) . Munich : K.G Saur . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Holman , Tomlinson ( 2008 ) . Surround Sound : Up and Running ( Second ed . ) . Oxford : Focal Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Bartlett , Bruce ; Bartlett , Jenny ( 1999 ) . On - Location Recording Techniques . Focal Press . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Eargle , John ( 2005 ) . The Microphone Book ( Second ed . ) . Oxford : Focal Press . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.eminent-tech.com/RWbrochure.htm . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Multichannel Music Mixing by Dolby Laboratories , Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Consumer Electronics Association standards : Setup and Connection </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Updated : Player 6.3. 1 with mp3 Surround support now available ! '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Windows Media '' . windows.microsoft.com . Microsoft . Retrieved 28 October 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Multiple channel audio data and WAVE files '' . Microsoft . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Josh Coalson . `` FLAC - format '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avisynth.nl , GetChannel </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hydrogenaudio , 5.1 Channel Mappings </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` KSAUDIO_CHANNEL_CONFIG structure '' . Microsoft . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Header file for OpenSL , containing various identifier definitions </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The next big things in home - theater : Dolby Atmos and DTS : X explained '' . Retrieved 24 October 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2015 - 11 - 18 . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 01 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikibooks has more on the topic of : Surround sound </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Surround sound at DMOZ </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> High - definition ( HD ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concepts </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> High - definition television </Li> <Li> High - definition video </Li> <Li> Ultra-high - definition television </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Analog broadcast ( All defunct ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 819 line system </Li> <Li> HD MAC </Li> <Li> MUSE ( Hi - Vision ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Digital broadcast </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> ATSC </Li> <Li> DMB - T / H </Li> <Li> DVB </Li> <Li> ISDB </Li> <Li> SBTVD </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Audio </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dolby Digital </Li> <Li> Surround sound </Li> <Li> DSD </Li> <Li> DXD </Li> <Li> DTS </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Filming and storage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> DCI </Li> <Li> HDV </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> HD media and compression </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Blu - ray </Li> <Li> CBHD </Li> <Li> D - VHS </Li> <Li> DVD - Audio </Li> <Li> H. 264 </Li> <Li> H. 265 </Li> <Li> HD DVD </Li> <Li> HD VMD </Li> <Li> MPEG - 2 </Li> <Li> MVC </Li> <Li> Super Audio CD </Li> <Li> Ultra HD Blu - ray </Li> <Li> Uncompressed </Li> <Li> VC - 1 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Connectors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Component </Li> <Li> DisplayPort </Li> <Li> DVI </Li> <Li> HDMI </Li> <Li> VGA </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Deployments </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> List of digital television deployments by country </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surround_sound&oldid=801972469 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Surround sound </Li> <Li> Consumer electronics </Li> <Li> Film sound production </Li> <Li> Virtual reality </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages with citations lacking titles </Li> <Li> Pages with citations having bare URLs </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2010 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from July 2011 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases </Li> <Li> Articles with specifically marked weasel - worded phrases from January 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with DMOZ links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Article </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> Slovenčina </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 23 September 2017 , at 03 : 58 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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Lowell mill girls - wikipedia <H1> Lowell mill girls </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Tintype of two young women in Lowell , Massachusetts <P> The Lowell Girls were young female workers who came to work in industrial corporations in Lowell , Massachusetts during the Industrial Revolution in the United States . The workers initially recruited by the corporations were daughters of propertied New England farmers , typically between the ages of 15 and 30 , but sometimes as young as 7 years old . By 1840 , at the height of the Industrial Revolution , the textile mills had recruited over 8,000 women , who came to make up nearly seventy - five percent of the mill workforce . </P> <P> During the early period , women came to the mills of their own accord , for various reasons : to help a brother pay for college , for the educational opportunities offered in Lowell , or to earn a supplementary income for themselves . While their wages were only half of what men were paid , many were able to attain economic independence for the first time , free from controlling fathers and husbands . As a result , while factory life would soon come to be experienced as oppressive , it enabled these women to challenge assumptions of female inferiority and dependence . </P> <P> As the nature of the new `` factory system '' became clear , however , many women joined the broader American labor movement , to protest the dramatic social changes being brought by the Industrial Revolution . While they decried the deteriorating factory conditions , worker unrest in the 1840s was directed mainly against the loss of control over economic life . This loss of control , which came with the dependence on the corporations for a wage , was experienced as an attack on their dignity and independence . In 1845 , after a number of protests and strikes , many operatives came together to form the first union of working women in the United States , the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association . The Association adopted a newspaper called the Voice of Industry , in which workers published sharp critiques of the new industrialism . The Voice stood in sharp contrast to other literary magazines published by female operatives , such as the Lowell Offering , which painted a sanguine picture of life in the mills . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Industrialization of Lowell </Li> <Li> 2 Work and living environment <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Factory conditions </Li> <Li> 2.2 Living quarters </Li> <Li> 2.3 Working Class Intellectual Culture </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 The Lowell Offering </Li> <Li> 4 Strikes of 1834 and 1836 </Li> <Li> 5 Lowell Female Labor Reform Association </Li> <Li> 6 Political character of labor activity </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Primary sources </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Industrialization of Lowell ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Part of a series on </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Organized labor </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Labor movement ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Timeline </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> New Unionism </Li> <Li> Proletariat </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Social Movement Unionism </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Socialism </Li> <Li> Syndicalism </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Anarcho - syndicalism </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Labor rights ( show ) <Ul> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Child labor </Li> <Li> Eight - hour day </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Five - day work week # Length </Li> <Li> Collective bargaining </Li> <Li> Minimum wage </Li> <Li> Occupational safety and health </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Trade unions ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Trade unions by country </Li> <Li> Trade union federations </Li> <Li> International comparisons </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> ITUC </Li> <Li> IWA </Li> <Li> WFTU </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Strike action ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Chronological list of strikes </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> General strike </Li> <Li> Secondary action </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> <Ul> <Li> Sitdown strike </Li> <Li> Work - to - rule </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Labor parties ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Australian </Li> <Li> British </Li> <Li> Dutch </Li> <Li> Irish </Li> <Li> Israeli </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Norwegian </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of Labor parties </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Academic disciplines ( show ) <Ul> <Li> Industrial relations </Li> <Li> Labor economics </Li> <Li> Labor history </Li> <Li> Labor law </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Main article : History of Lowell , Massachusetts <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> In 1813 , businessman Francis Cabot Lowell formed a company , the Boston Manufacturing Company and built a textile mill next to the Charles River in Waltham , Massachusetts . Differing from the earlier Rhode Island System , where only carding and spinning were done in a factory while the weaving was often put out to neighboring farms to be done by hand , the Waltham mill was the first integrated mill in the United States , transforming raw cotton into cotton cloth in one mill building . </P> <P> In 1821 , Francis C. Lowell 's business associates , looking to expand the Waltham textile operations , purchased land around the Pawtucket Falls on the Merrimack River in East Chelmsford . Incorporated as the Town of Lowell in 1826 , by 1840 , the textile mills employed almost 8,000 workers -- mostly women between the ages of 16 and 35 . </P> <P> The `` City of Spindles '' , as Lowell came to be known , quickly became the center of the Industrial Revolution in America . New , large scale machinery , which had come to dominate the production of cloth by 1840 , was being rapidly developed in lockstep with the equally new ways of organizing workers for mass production . Together , these mutually reinforcing technological and social changes produced staggering increases : between 1840 and 1860 , the number of spindles in use went from 21⁄4 million to almost 51⁄4 million ; bales of cotton used from 300,000 to nearly 1 million , and the number of workers from 72,000 to nearly 122,000 . </P> <P> This tremendous growth translated directly into large profits for the textile corporations : between 1846 and 1850 , for instance , the dividends of the Boston - based investors , the group of textile companies that founded Lowell , averaged 14 percent per year . Most corporations recorded similarly high profits during this period . </P> <H2> Work and living environment ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The social position of the factory girls had been degraded considerably in France and England . In her autobiography , Harriet Hanson Robinson ( who worked in the Lowell mills from 1834 -- 1848 ) suggests that `` It was to overcome this prejudice that such high wages had been offered to women that they might be induced to become mill girls , in spite of the opprobrium that still clung to this degrading occupation. ... '' </P> <H3> Factory conditions ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Lowell System combined large - scale mechanization with an attempt to improve the stature of its female workforce and workers . A few girls who came with their mothers or older sisters were as young as ten years old , some were middle - aged , but the average age was about 24 . Usually hired for contracts of one year ( the average stay was about four years ) , new employees were given assorted tasks as spare hands and paid a fixed daily wage while more experienced loom operators would be paid by the piece . They were paired with more experienced women , who trained them in the ways of the factory . </P> <P> Conditions in the Lowell mills were severe by modern American standards . Employees worked from 5 : 00 am until 7 : 00 pm , for an average 73 hours per week . Each room usually had 80 women working at machines , with two male overseers managing the operation . The noise of the machines was described by one worker as `` something frightful and infernal '' , and although the rooms were hot , windows were often kept closed during the summer so that conditions for thread work remained optimal . The air , meanwhile , was filled with particles of thread and cloth . </P> <P> Charles Dickens , who visited in 1842 , remarked favorably on the conditions : `` I can not recall or separate one young face that gave me a painful impression ; not one young girl whom , assuming it to be matter of necessity that she should gain her daily bread by the labour of her hands , I would have removed from those works if I had had the power '' '' However , there was concern among many workers that foreign visitors were being presented with a sanitized view of the mills , by textile corporations who were trading on the image of the ' literary operative ' to mask the grim realities of factory life . `` Very pretty picture , '' wrote an operative in the Voice of Industry , responding to a rosy account of life and learning in the mills , `` but we who work in the factory know the sober reality to be quite another thing altogether '' . The `` sober reality '' was twelve to fourteen hours of dreary , exhausting work , which many workers experienced as hostile to intellectual development . </P> <H3> Living quarters ( edit ) </H3> <P> The investors or factory owners built hundreds of boarding houses near the mills , where textile workers lived year - round . A curfew of 10 : 00 pm was common , and men were generally not allowed inside . About 26 women lived in each boarding house , with up to six sharing a bedroom . One worker described her quarters as `` a small , comfortless , half - ventilated apartment containing some half a dozen occupants '' . </P> <P> Trips away from the boarding house were uncommon ; the Lowell girls worked and ate together . However , half - days and short paid vacations were possible due to the nature of the piece - work ; one girl would work the machines of another in addition to her own such that no wages would be lost . These close quarters fostered community as well as resentment . Newcomers were mentored by older women in areas such as dress , speech , behavior , and the general ways of the community . </P> <P> Workers often recruited their friends or relatives to the factories , creating a familial atmosphere among many of the rank and file . The Lowell girls were expected to attend church and demonstrate morals befitting proper society . The 1848 Handbook to Lowell proclaimed that `` The company will not employ anyone who is habitually absent from public worship on the Sabbath , or known to be guilty of immorality . '' </P> <H3> Working class intellectual culture ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> For many young women , the allure of Lowell was in the opportunities afforded for further study and learning . Most had already completed some measure of formal education and were resolutely bent on self - improvement . Upon their arrival , they found a vibrant , lively working class intellectual culture : workers read voraciously in Lowell 's city library and Reading Rooms , and subscribed to the large , informal `` circulating libraries '' which trafficked in novels . Many even pursued literary composition . Defying factory rules , operatives would affix verses to their spinning frames , `` to train their memories , '' and pin up mathematical problems in the rooms where they worked . In the evenings , many enrolled in courses offered by the mills and attended public lectures at the Lyceum , a theatre built at company expense ( offering 25 lectures per season for 25 cents ) . The Voice of Industry is alive with notices for upcoming lectures , courses , and meetings on topics ranging from astronomy to music . ( `` Lectures and Learning '' , Voice of Industry ) </P> <P> The corporations happily publicized the efforts of these `` literary mill girls '' , boasting that they were the `` most superior class of factory operative , '' which greatly impressed foreign visitors to Lowell . But this masked the bitter opposition of many workers to the twelve to fourteen hours of monotonous , exhausting work , which they saw was corrosive to their desire to learn and educate themselves . `` Who , '' asked an operative writing in the Voice , `` after thirteen hours of steady application to monotonous work , can sit down and apply her mind to deep and long continued thought ? ... Where is the opportunity for mental improvement ? '' </P> <P> A former Lowell operative , looking back on her experience in the mills , expressed a similar view : `` After one has worked from ten to fourteen hours at manual labor , it is impossible to study History , Philosophy , or Science , '' she wrote , `` I well remember the chagrin I often felt when attending lectures , to find myself unable to keep awake ... I am sure few possessed a more ardent desire for knowledge than I did , but such was the effect of the long hour system , that my chief delight was , after the evening meal , to place my aching feet in an easy position , and read a novel . '' </P> <H2> The Lowell Offering ( edit ) </H2> Cover of The Lowell Offering , Series 1 , Number 1 ( 1840 ) Main article : Lowell Offering <P> In October 1840 , the Reverend Abel Charles Thomas of the First Universalist Church organized a monthly publication by and for the Lowell girls . As the magazine grew in popularity , women contributed poems , ballads , essays and fiction -- often using their characters to report on conditions and situations in their lives . </P> <P> The Offering 's contents were by turns serious and farcical . In a letter in the first issue , `` A Letter about Old Maids '' , the author suggested that `` sisters , spinsters , lay - nuns , & c '' were an essential component of God 's `` wise design '' . Later issues -- particularly in the wake of labor unrest in the factories -- included an article about the value of organizing and an essay about suicide among the Lowell girls . </P> <H2> Strikes of 1834 and 1836 ( edit ) </H2> <P> The initial effort of the investors and managers to recruit female textile workers brought generous wages for the time ( three to five dollars per week ) , but with the economic depression of the early 1830s , the Board of Directors proposed a reduction in wages . This , in turn , led to organized `` turn - outs '' or strikes . </P> <P> In February 1834 , the Board of Directors of Lowell 's textile mills requested the managers or agents to impose a 15 % reduction in wages , to go into effect on March 1 . After a series of meetings , the female textile workers organized a `` turn - out '' or strike . The women involved in `` turn - out '' immediately withdrew their savings causing `` a run '' on two local banks . </P> <P> The strike failed and within days the protesters had all returned to work at reduced pay or left town , but the `` turn - out '' or strike was an indication of the determination among the Lowell female textile workers to take labor action . This dismayed the agents of the factories , who portrayed the turnout as a betrayal of femininity . William Austin , agent of the Lawrence Manufacturing Company , wrote to his Board of Directors , `` notwithstanding the friendly and disinterested advice which has been on all proper occassions ( sic ) communicated to the girls of the Lawrence mills a spirit of evil omen ... has prevailed , and overcome the judgment and discretion of too many '' . </P> <P> Again , in response to a severe economic depression and the high costs of living , in January 1836 , the Board of Directors of Lowell 's textile mills absorbed an increase in the textile workers ' rent to help in the crisis faced by the company boarding house keepers . As the economic calamity continued in October 1836 , the Directors proposed an additional rent hike to be paid by the textile workers living in the company boarding houses . The female textile workers responded immediately in protest by forming the Factory Girls ' Association and organizing a `` turn - out '' or strike . Harriet Hanson Robinson , an eleven - year - old doffer at the time of the strike , recalled in her memoirs : `` One of the girls stood on a pump and gave vent to the feelings of her companions in a neat speech , declaring that it was their duty to resist all attempts at cutting down the wages . This was the first time a woman had spoken in public in Lowell , and the event caused surprise and consternation among her audience . '' </P> <P> This `` turn - out '' or strike attracted over 1,500 workers -- nearly twice the number two years previously - causing Lowell 's textile mills to run far below capacity . Unlike the `` turn - out '' or strike in 1834 , in 1836 there was enormous community support for the striking female textile workers . The proposed rent hike was seen as a violation of the written contract between the employers and the employees . The `` turn - out '' persisted for weeks and eventually the Board of Directors of Lowell 's textile mills rescinded the rent hike . Although the `` turn - out '' was a success , the weakness of the system was evident , and worsened further in the Panic of 1837 . </P> <H2> Lowell female labor Reform Association ( edit ) </H2> 1836 Constitution of the Lowell Factory Girls Association See also : Sarah Bagley <P> The sense of community that arose from working and living together contributed directly to the energy and growth of the first union of women workers , the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association . Started by twelve operatives in January 1845 , its membership grew to 500 within six months , and continued to expand rapidly . The Association was run completely by the women themselves : they elected their own officers and held their own meetings ; they helped organize the city 's female workers , and set up branches in other mill towns . They organized fairs , parties , and social gatherings . Unlike many middle - class women activists , the operatives found considerable support from working - class men who welcomed them into their reform organizations and advocated for their treatment as equals . </P> <P> One of its first actions was to send petitions signed by thousands of textile workers to the Massachusetts General Court demanding a ten - hour work day . In response , the Massachusetts Legislature established a committee chaired by William Schouler , Representative from Lowell , to investigate and hold public hearings , during which workers testified about conditions in the factories and the physical demands of their twelve - hour days . These were the first investigations into labor conditions by a governmental body in the United States . The 1845 Legislative Committee determined that it was not state legislature 's responsibility to control the hours of work . The LFLRA called its chairman , William Schouler , a `` tool '' and worked to defeat him in his next campaign for the State Legislature . A complex election Schouler lost to another Whig candidate over the issue of railroads . The impact of working men ( Democrats ) and working women ( non-voting ) was very limited . The next year Schouler was re-elected to the State Legislature . </P> <P> The Lowell female textile workers continued to petition the Massachusetts Legislature and legislative committee hearings became an annual event . Although the initial push for a ten - hour workday was unsuccessful , the LFLRA continued to grow , affiliating with the New England Workingmen 's Association and publishing articles in that organization 's Voice of Industry , a pro-labor newspaper . This direct pressure forced the Board of Directors of Lowell 's textile mills to reduce the workday by 30 minutes in 1847 . The FLRA 's organizing efforts spilled over into other nearby towns . In 1847 , New Hampshire became the first state to pass a law for a ten - hour workday , although there was no enforcement and workers were often requested to work longer days . By 1848 , the LFLRA dissolved as a labor reform organization . Lowell textile workers continued to petition and pressure for improved working conditions , and in 1853 , the Lowell corporations reduced the workday to eleven hours . </P> <P> The New England textile industry was rapidly expanding in the 1850s and 1860s . Unable to recruit enough Yankee women to fill all the new jobs , to supplement the workforce textile managers turned to survivors of the Great Irish Famine who had recently immigrated to the United States in large numbers . During the Civil War , many of Lowell 's cotton mills closed , unable to acquire bales of raw cotton from the South . After the war , the textile mills reopened , recruiting French Canadian men and women . Although large numbers of Irish and French Canadian immigrants moved to Lowell to work in the textile mills , Yankee women still dominated the workforce until the mid-1880s . </P> <H2> Political character of labor activity ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Lowell girls ' organizing efforts were notable not only for the `` unfeminine '' participation of women , but also for the political framework used to appeal to the public . Framing their struggle for shorter work days and better pay as a matter of rights and personal dignity , they sought to place themselves in the larger context of the American Revolution . During the 1834 `` turn - out '' or strike -- they warned that `` the oppressing hand of avarice would enslave us , '' the women included a poem which read : </P> <P> Let oppression shrug her shoulders , </P> <P> And a haughty tyrant frown , And little upstart Ignorance , In mockery look down . Yet I value not the feeble threats Of Tories in disguise , While the flag of Independence </P> O'er our noble nation flies . <P> In the 1836 strike , this theme returned in a protest song : </P> <P> Oh ! is n't it a pity , such a pretty girl as I </P> <P> Should be sent to the factory to pine away and die ? Oh ! I can not be a slave , I will not be a slave , For I 'm so fond of liberty , </P> That I can not be a slave . <P> The most striking example of this political overtone can be found in a series of tracts published by the Female Labor Reform Association entitled Factory Tracts . In the first of these , subtitled `` Factory Life As It Is '' , the author proclaims `` that our rights can not be trampled upon with impunity ; that we WILL not longer submit to that arbitrary power which has for the last ten years been so abundantly exercised over us . '' </P> <P> This conceptualization of labor activity as philosophically linked with the American project in democracy has been instrumental for other labor organizing campaigns , as noted frequently by MIT professor and social critic Noam Chomsky , who has cited this extended quote from the Lowell Mill Girls on the topic of wage slavery : </P> <P> `` When you sell your product , you retain your person . But when you sell your labour , you sell yourself , losing the rights of free men and becoming vassals of mammoth establishments of a monied aristocracy that threatens annihilation to anyone who questions their right to enslave and oppress . `` Those who work in the mills ought to own them , not have the status of machines ruled by private despots who are entrenching monarchic principles on democratic soil as they drive downwards freedom and rights , civilization , health , morals and intellectuality in the new commercial feudalism . '' </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Mill towns </Li> <Li> Gender pay gap </Li> <Li> List of mill towns in Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Lowell Mills </Li> <Li> Adelia Sarah Gates </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Dublin , Thomas ( 1975 ) . `` Women , Work , and Protest in the Early Lowell Mills : ' The Oppressing Hand of Avarice Would Enslave Us ' '' Archived 2009 - 02 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... Labor History . Online at Whole Cloth : Discovering Science and Technology through American History Archived 2009 - 03 - 05 at the Wayback Machine ... Smithsonian Institution . Retrieved on August 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robinson , Harriet ( 1883 ) . `` Early Factory Labor in New England '' , Internet History Sourcebooks Project ; retrieved on August 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` A Description of Factory Life by an Associationist in 1846 '' Archived 2009 - 04 - 16 at the Wayback Machine ... Online at the Illinois Labor History Society Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved on August 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dickens , Charles ( 1842 ) . American Notes . New York : The Modern Library . ISBN 0 - 679 - 60185 - 6 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` An Operative '' ( 1845 ) . `` Some of the Beauties of our Factory System -- Otherwise , Lowell Slavery '' . In Factory Tracts . Factory Life As It Is , Number One . Lowell . Online at the Center for History and New Media ; retrieved August 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hamilton Manufacturing Company ( 1848 ) . `` Factory Rules '' in The Handbook to Lowell . Online at the Illinois Labor History Society Archived 2009 - 04 - 16 at the Wayback Machine. ; retrieved March 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Betsy '' ( 1840 ) . `` A Letter about Old Maids '' . Lowell Offering . Series 1 , No. 1 . Online at the On - Line Digital Archive of Documents on Weaving and Related Topics . Retrieved on August 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Farley , Harriet ( 1844 ) . `` Editorial : Two Suicides '' . Lowell Offering . Series 4 , No. 9 . Online at Primary Sources : Workshops in American History . Retrieved on August 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Boston Transcript ( 1834 ) . Online at `` ' Liberty Rhetoric ' and Nineteenth - Century American Women '' . Retrieved on August 27 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Faragher , John Mack , et al. Out Of Many . Upper Saddle River : Prentice Pearson Hall , 2006 . Pg 346 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zinn , Howard ( 1980 ) . A People 's History of the United States , p. 225 . New York : HarperPerennial . ISBN 0 - 06 - 092643 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=Se3CBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=%22complex+election%22&source=bl&ots=HJ1WAEeMgE&sig=DkVgrGXqQkLckoVKC4RdcdZS3as&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFIQ6AEwCGoVChMI_Jbdp675xwIVBy6ICh1pYwCu#v=onepage&q=%22complex%20election%22&f=false </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles Cowley , Illustrated History of Lowell . Boston : Lee and Shepard , 1868 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robert G. Layer , Earnings of Cotton Mill Operatives , 1825 - 1914 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press , 1955 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Quoted in `` ' Liberty Rhetoric ' and Nineteenth - Century American Women '' . Retrieved on August 27 , 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See , for example , Activism , Anarchy , and Power . Interview by Harry Kreisler. 22 March 2002 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chomsky quoting Lowell Mill Girls from p. 29 , `` Chomsky on Democracy and Education , edited by C.P. Otero </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Cook , Sylvia Jenkins . `` ' Oh Dear ! How the Factory Girls Do Rig Up ! ' : Lowell 's Self - Fashioning Workingwomen , '' New England Quarterly ( 2010 ) 83 # 2 pp. 219 -- 249 in JSTOR </Li> <Li> Dublin , Thomas . `` Lowell Millhands '' in Transforming Women 's Work : New England Lives in the Industrial Revolution ( 1994 ) pp 77 -- 118 . </Li> <Li> Dublin , Thomas . `` Women , Work , and Protest in the Early Lowell Mills : ' The Oppressing Hand of Avarice Would Enslave Us . ' '' from Labor Hynext </Li> </Ul> <P> istory 16 ( 1975 ) : 99 - 116 . Available online through Lemelson Center , Smithsonian . </P> <Ul> <Li> Mrozowski , Stephen A. et al. eds . Living on the Boott : Historical Archeology at the Boott Mills Boardinghouses , Lowell , Massachusetts ( University of Massachusetts Press , 1996 ) </Li> <Li> Ranta , Judith A. Women and Children of the Mills : An Annotated Guide to Nineteenth - Century American Textile Factory Literature ( Greenwood Press , 1999 ) , </Li> <Li> Zonderman , David A. Aspirations and Anxieties : New England Workers and the Mechanized Factory System , 1815 - 1850 ( Oxford University Press , 1992 ) </Li> </Ul> <H3> Primary sources ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Eisler , Benita , ed . The Lowell Offering : Writings by New England Mill Women ( 1840 - 1945 ) ( 1997 ) excerpt and text search </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bringing History Home : Lowell Mill Girl Game University of Massachusetts Lowell , Center for Lowell History </Li> <Li> Documents from Lowell , 1845 - 1848 Illinois Labor History Society </Li> <Li> Lowell Mill Girl Letters University of Massachusetts Lowell , Center for Lowell History </Li> <Li> Mill Life in Lowell Website University of Massachusetts Lowell , Center for Lowell History </Li> <Li> The Lowell Offering University of Massachusetts Lowell , Center for Lowell History </Li> <Li> The Voice of Industry </Li> <Li> Lowell National Historical Park Lowell , Massachusetts </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lowell_Mill_Girls&oldid=798841382 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Lowell Mill Girls </Li> <Li> 1834 labor disputes and strikes </Li> <Li> 1836 labor disputes and strikes </Li> <Li> History of youth </Li> <Li> Child labor in the United States </Li> <Li> Lowell , Massachusetts </Li> <Li> History of women in Massachusetts </Li> <Li> History of the textile industry </Li> <Li> Industrial roles assigned to women </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from December 2016 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Français </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 September 2017 , at 03 : 59 . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Father 's Day - wikipedia <H1> Father 's Day </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the celebration . For other uses , see Father 's Day ( disambiguation ) . <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Father 's Day </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Observed by </Th> <Td> 40 + countries </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Worldwide </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Significance </Th> <Td> Honors fathers and fatherhood </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Date </Th> <Td> Varies per country </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Frequency </Th> <Td> Annual </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related to </Th> <Td> Children 's Day , Siblings Day , Mother 's Day , Parents ' Day , Grandparents Day </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Father 's Day is a celebration honoring fathers and celebrating fatherhood , paternal bonds , and the influence of fathers in society . In Catholic Europe , it has been celebrated on March 19 ( St. Joseph 's Day ) since the Middle Ages . This celebration was brought by the Spanish and Portuguese to Latin America , where March 19 is often still used for it , though many countries in Europe and the Americas have adopted the U.S. date , which is the third Sunday of June ( falling June 18 in 2017 ) . It is celebrated on various days in many parts of the world , most commonly in the months of March , April and June . It complements similar celebrations honoring family members , such as Mother 's Day , Siblings Day and Grandparents Day . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History and traditions <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history </Li> <Li> 1.2 In the US <Ul> <Li> 1.2. 1 Beginnings </Li> <Li> 1.2. 2 Failed attempts at establishing a Father 's Day </Li> <Li> 1.2. 3 Establishment of the holiday </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Spelling </Li> <Li> 3 Dates around the world </Li> <Li> 4 International history and traditions <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Argentina </Li> <Li> 4.2 Aruba </Li> <Li> 4.3 Australia </Li> <Li> 4.4 Austria </Li> <Li> 4.5 Belgium </Li> <Li> 4.6 Brazil </Li> <Li> 4.7 Canada </Li> <Li> 4.8 China </Li> <Li> 4.9 Costa Rica </Li> <Li> 4.10 Croatia </Li> <Li> 4.11 Denmark </Li> <Li> 4.12 Estonia </Li> <Li> 4.13 Finland </Li> <Li> 4.14 France </Li> <Li> 4.15 Germany </Li> <Li> 4.16 Haiti </Li> <Li> 4.17 Hong Kong </Li> <Li> 4.18 Hungary </Li> <Li> 4.19 India </Li> <Li> 4.20 Indonesia </Li> <Li> 4.21 Ireland </Li> <Li> 4.22 Israel </Li> <Li> 4.23 Italy </Li> <Li> 4.24 Japan </Li> <Li> 4.25 Kazakhstan </Li> <Li> 4.26 Kenya </Li> <Li> 4.27 Korea </Li> <Li> 4.28 Latvia </Li> <Li> 4.29 Lithuania </Li> <Li> 4.30 Macao </Li> <Li> 4.31 Malaysia </Li> <Li> 4.32 Malta </Li> <Li> 4.33 Mexico </Li> <Li> 4.34 Mongolia </Li> <Li> 4.35 Nepal </Li> <Li> 4.36 Netherlands </Li> <Li> 4.37 New Zealand </Li> <Li> 4.38 Norway </Li> <Li> 4.39 Pakistan </Li> <Li> 4.40 Peru </Li> <Li> 4.41 Philippines </Li> <Li> 4.42 Poland </Li> <Li> 4.43 Portugal </Li> <Li> 4.44 Roman Catholic tradition </Li> <Li> 4.45 Romania </Li> <Li> 4.46 Russia </Li> <Li> 4.47 American Samoa and Samoa </Li> <Li> 4.48 Seychelles </Li> <Li> 4.49 Singapore </Li> <Li> 4.50 Slovakia </Li> <Li> 4.51 South Africa </Li> <Li> 4.52 South Sudan </Li> <Li> 4.53 Spain </Li> <Li> 4.54 Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> 4.55 Sudan </Li> <Li> 4.56 Sweden </Li> <Li> 4.57 Taiwan </Li> <Li> 4.58 Thailand </Li> <Li> 4.59 Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> 4.60 Turkey </Li> <Li> 4.61 United Arab Emirates </Li> <Li> 4.62 United Kingdom </Li> <Li> 4.63 United States of America </Li> <Li> 4.64 Ukraine </Li> <Li> 4.65 Venezuela </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Bibliography </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History and traditions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Early History ( edit ) </H3> <P> A customary day for the celebration of fatherhood in Catholic Europe is known to date back to at least the Middle Ages , and it is observed on 19 March , as the feast day of Saint Joseph , who is referred to as the fatherly Nutritor Domini ( `` Nourisher of the Lord '' ) in Catholicism and `` the putative father of Jesus '' in southern European tradition . This celebration was brought to the Americans by the Spanish and Portuguese , and in Latin America , Father 's Day is still celebrated on 19 March . The Catholic church actively supported the custom of a celebration of fatherhood on St. Joseph 's day from either the last years of the 14th century or from the early 15th century , apparently on the initiative of the Franciscans . </P> <P> In the Coptic Church , the celebration of fatherhood is also observed on St Joseph 's Day , but the Copts observe this celebration on July 20 . This Coptic celebration may date back to the fifth century . </P> <H3> In the U.S. ( edit ) </H3> Beginnings ( edit ) <P> Father 's Day was not celebrated in the US , outside Catholic traditions , until the 20th century . As a civic celebration in the US , it was inaugurated in the early 20th century to complement Mother 's Day by celebrating fathers and male parenting . </P> Bangladeshi father with son and daughter <P> After Anna Jarvis ' successful promotion of Mother 's Day in Grafton , West Virginia , the first observance of a `` Father 's Day '' was held on July 5 , 1908 , in Fairmont , West Virginia , in the Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church South , now known as Central United Methodist Church . Grace Golden Clayton was mourning the loss of her father , when in December 1907 , the Monongah Mining Disaster in nearby Monongah killed 361 men , 250 of them fathers , leaving around a thousand fatherless children . Clayton suggested that her pastor Robert Thomas Webb honor all those fathers . </P> <P> Clayton 's event did not have repercussions outside Fairmont for several reasons , among them : the city was overwhelmed by other events , the celebration was never promoted outside the town itself and no proclamation of it was made by the city council . Also , two events overshadowed this event : the celebration of Independence Day July 4 , 1908 , with 12,000 attendants and several shows including a hot air balloon event , which took over the headlines in the following days , and the death of a 16 - year - old girl on July 4 . The local church and council were overwhelmed and they did not even think of promoting the event , and it was not celebrated again for many years . The original sermon was not reproduced by the press and it was lost . Finally , Clayton was a quiet person , who never promoted the event and never talked to other persons about it . </P> Failed attempts at establishing a Father 's Day ( edit ) <P> In 1911 , Jane Addams proposed that a citywide Father 's Day celebration be held in Chicago , but she was turned down . </P> <P> In 1912 , there was a Father 's Day celebration in Vancouver , Washington , suggested by Methodist pastor J.J. Berringer of the Irvington Methodist Church . They mistakenly believed that they had been the first to celebrate such a day . They followed a 1911 suggestion by the Portland Oregonian . </P> <P> Harry C. Meek , a member of Lions Clubs International , claimed that he had first come up with the idea for Father 's Day in 1915 . Meek said that the third Sunday in June was chosen because it was his birthday . The Lions Club has named him the `` Originator of Father 's Day '' . Meek made many efforts to promote Father 's Day and make it an official holiday . </P> Establishment of the holiday ( edit ) <P> On June 19 , 1910 , a Father 's Day celebration was held at the YMCA in Spokane , Washington by Sonora Smart Dodd . Her father , the civil war veteran William Jackson Smart , was a single parent who raised his six children there . She was also a member of Old Centenary Presbyterian Church ( now Knox Presbyterian Church ) , where she first proposed the idea . After hearing a sermon about Jarvis ' Mother 's Day in 1909 at Central Methodist Episcopal Church , she told her pastor that fathers should have a similar holiday to honor them . Although she initially suggested June 5 , her father 's birthday , the pastors did not have enough time to prepare their sermons , and the celebration was deferred to the third Sunday in June . Several local clergymen accepted the idea , and on June 19 , 1910 , the first Father 's Day , `` sermons honoring fathers were presented throughout the city '' . </P> <P> However , in the 1920s , Dodd stopped promoting the celebration because she was studying at the Art Institute of Chicago , and it faded into relative obscurity , even in Spokane . In the 1930s , Dodd returned to Spokane and started promoting the celebration again , raising awareness at a national level . She had the help of those trade groups that would benefit most from the holiday , for example the manufacturers of ties , tobacco pipes , and any traditional present for fathers . By 1938 , she had the help of the Father 's Day Council , founded by the New York Associated Men 's Wear Retailers to consolidate and systematize the holiday 's commercial promotion . Americans resisted the holiday for its first few decades , viewing it as nothing more than an attempt by merchants to replicate the commercial success of Mother 's Day , and newspapers frequently featured cynical and sarcastic attacks and jokes . However , the said merchants remained resilient and even incorporated these attacks into their advertisements . By the mid-1980s , the Father 's Day Council wrote , `` ( ... ) ( Father 's Day ) has become a Second Christmas for all the men 's gift - oriented industries . '' </P> <P> A bill to accord national recognition of the holiday was introduced in Congress in 1913 . In 1916 , President Woodrow Wilson went to Spokane to speak at a Father 's Day celebration and he wanted to make it an officially recognized federal holiday , but Congress resisted , fearing that it would become commercialized . US President Calvin Coolidge recommended in 1924 that the day be observed throughout the entire nation , but he stopped short at issuing a national proclamation . Two earlier attempts to formally recognize the holiday had been defeated by Congress . In 1957 , Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith wrote a Father 's Day proposal accusing Congress of ignoring fathers for 40 years while honoring mothers , thus `` ( singling ) out just one of our two parents '' . In 1966 , President Lyndon B. Johnson issued the first presidential proclamation honoring fathers , designating the third Sunday in June as Father 's Day . Six years later , the day was made a permanent national holiday when President Richard Nixon signed it into law in 1972 . </P> <P> In addition to Father 's Day , International Men 's Day is celebrated in many countries on November 19 in honor of men and boys who are not fathers . </P> <H2> Spelling ( edit ) </H2> <P> In the United States , Dodd used the `` Fathers ' Day '' spelling on her original petition for the holiday , but the spelling `` Father 's Day '' was already used in 1913 when a bill was introduced to the U.S. Congress as the first attempt to establish the holiday , and it was still spelled the same way when its creator was commended in 2008 by the U.S. Congress . </P> <H2> Dates around the world ( edit ) </H2> <P> The officially recognized date of Father 's Day varies from country to country . This section lists some significant examples , in order of date of observance . </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Gregorian calendar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occurrence </Th> <Th> Dates </Th> <Th> Country </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> February 23 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Russia ( Defender of the Fatherland Day ) * </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> St Joseph 's Day </P> </Td> <Td> <P> March 19 </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Andorra ( Dia del Pare ) </Li> <Li> Angola </Li> <Li> Belgium ( Antwerp ) </Li> <Li> Bolivia </Li> <Li> Croatia </Li> <Li> Honduras </Li> <Li> Italy ( Festa del papà ) </Li> <Li> Liechtenstein </Li> <Li> Mozambique ( Dia do Pai ) </Li> <Li> Portugal ( Dia do Pai ) </Li> <Li> Spain ( Día del Padre ) </Li> <Li> Switzerland ( Canton Ticino ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> May 7 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Kazakhstan </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> May 8 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> South Korea ( Parents ' Day ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Second Sunday in May </P> </Td> <Td> <P> May 8 , 2016 May 14 , 2017 May 13 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Romania ( Ziua Tatălui ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Third Sunday in May </P> </Td> <Td> <P> May 15 , 2016 May 21 , 2017 May 20 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Tonga </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Ascension Day </P> </Td> <Td> <P> May 5 , 2016 May 25 , 2017 May 10 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Germany </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> First Sunday in June </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Jun 5 , 2016 Jun 4 , 2017 Jun 3 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Lithuania ( Tėvo diena ) Switzerland </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> June 5 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Denmark ( also Constitution Day ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Second Sunday in June </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Jun 12 , 2016 Jun 11 , 2017 Jun 10 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Austria Belgium </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Third Sunday in June </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Jun 19 , 2016 Jun 18 , 2017 Jun 17 , 2018 Jun 16 , 2019 </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Afghanistan </Li> <Li> Algeria </Li> <Li> Albania </Li> <Li> Antigua and Barbuda </Li> <Li> Argentina </Li> <Li> Aruba </Li> <Li> Bahamas </Li> <Li> Bahrain </Li> <Li> Bangladesh </Li> <Li> Barbados </Li> <Li> Belize </Li> <Li> Bermuda </Li> <Li> Bosnia and Herzegovina </Li> <Li> Brunei </Li> <Li> Burkina Faso </Li> <Li> Cambodia </Li> <Li> Canada </Li> <Li> Chad </Li> <Li> Chile </Li> <Li> China * * </Li> <Li> Colombia </Li> <Li> Comoros </Li> <Li> Costa Rica </Li> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Curaçao </Li> <Li> Cyprus </Li> <Li> Czech Republic </Li> <Li> Dominica </Li> <Li> Ecuador </Li> <Li> Ethiopia </Li> <Li> France </Li> <Li> Georgia </Li> <Li> Ghana </Li> <Li> Greece </Li> <Li> Guyana </Li> <Li> Hong Kong </Li> <Li> Hungary </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> Ireland </Li> <Li> Isle of Man </Li> <Li> Jamaica </Li> <Li> Japan </Li> <Li> Kenya </Li> <Li> Kuwait </Li> <Li> Laos </Li> <Li> Macao </Li> <Li> Mali </Li> <Li> Madagascar </Li> <Li> Malaysia </Li> <Li> Maldives </Li> <Li> Malta </Li> <Li> Mauritius </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Mozambique </Li> <Li> Myanmar </Li> <Li> Namibia </Li> <Li> Netherlands </Li> <Li> Nigeria </Li> <Li> Oman </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Panama </Li> <Li> Paraguay </Li> <Li> Peru </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Puerto Rico </Li> <Li> Qatar </Li> <Li> Saint Lucia </Li> <Li> Saint Vincent and the Grenadines </Li> <Li> Saudi Arabia </Li> <Li> Senegal </Li> <Li> Singapore </Li> <Li> Sierra Leone </Li> <Li> Slovakia </Li> <Li> South Africa </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> Suriname </Li> <Li> Trinidad and Tobago </Li> <Li> Tunisia </Li> <Li> Turkey </Li> <Li> Uganda </Li> <Li> Ukraine </Li> <Li> United Kingdom </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Venezuela </Li> <Li> Vietnam </Li> <Li> Zambia </Li> <Li> Zimbabwe </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> June 17 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> El Salvador </Li> <Li> Guatemala </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> June 21 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Egypt Jordan Lebanon Palestine Syria United Arab Emirates </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> June 22 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Guernsey Jersey </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> June 23 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Nicaragua </Li> <Li> Poland </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Last Sunday in June </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Jun 26 , 2016 Jun 25 , 2017 Jun 24 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Haiti </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Second Sunday in July </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Jul 10 , 2016 Jul 9 , 2017 Jul 8 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Uruguay </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Last Sunday in July </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Jul 31 , 2016 Jul 30 , 2017 Jul 29 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Dominican Republic </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> August 8 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Taiwan Mongolia </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Second Sunday in August </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Aug 14 , 2016 Aug 13 , 2017 Aug 12 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Brazil Samoa </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Last Monday in August </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Aug 29 , 2016 Aug 28 , 2017 Aug 27 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> South Sudan </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> First Sunday in September </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Sep 4 , 2016 Sep 3 , 2017 Sep 2 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> New Zealand </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Second Sunday in September </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Sep 11 , 2016 Sep 10 , 2017 Sep 9 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Latvia </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> First Sunday in October </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Oct 2 , 2016 Oct 1 , 2017 Oct 7 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Luxembourg </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Second Sunday in November </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Nov 13 , 2016 Nov 12 , 2017 Nov 11 , 2018 </P> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Estonia ( Isadepäev ) </Li> <Li> Finland ( Isänpäivä ) </Li> <Li> Iceland </Li> <Li> Norway </Li> <Li> Sweden </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> November 12 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Indonesia </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> December 5 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Thailand ( The birthday of King Bhumibol ) </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> December 26 </P> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> <P> Bulgaria </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Hindu calendar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Definition </Th> <Th> Sample dates </Th> <Th> Country / territory </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> Bhadrapada Amavasya ( Gokarna Aunsi ) </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Between August 30 and September 30 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Nepal </P> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="3"> Islamic calendar </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Occurrence </Th> <Th> Sample dates </Th> <Th> Country / territory </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <P> 13 Rajab , Ali Ibn Abi Talib birthday </P> </Td> <Td> <P> April 21 , 2016 April 10 , 2017 </P> </Td> <Td> <P> Iran Kuwait Bahrain Iraq Oman Qatar Egypt Yemen Syria Lebanon Somalia Sudan Mauritania </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> * Officially , as the name suggests , the holiday celebrates people who are serving or were serving the Russian Armed Forces ( both men and women ) . But the congratulations are traditionally , nationally accepted by all fathers , other adult men and male children as well . * * In China during the Republican period prior to 1949 , Father 's Day on August 8 was first held in Shanghai in 1945 . </P> <H2> International History and traditions ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Argentina ( edit ) </H3> <P> Father 's Day in Argentina is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . </P> <P> There have been attempts to change the date to August 24 , to commemorate the day on which the Father of the Nation José de San Martín became a father . In 1953 , the proposal to celebrate Father 's Day in all educational establishments on August 24 , in honor of José de San Martín , was raised to the General Direction of Schools of Mendoza Province . The day was celebrated for the first time in 1958 , on the third Sunday of June , but it was not included in the school calendars due to pressure from several groups . </P> <P> Schools in the Mendoza Province continued to celebrate Father 's Day on August 24 , and , in 1982 , the provincial governor passed a law declaring Father 's Day in the province to be celebrated on that day . </P> <P> In 2004 , a proposal to change the date to August 24 were presented to the Argentine Chamber of Deputies as a single , unified project . </P> <H3> Aruba ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Aruba , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Australia , Father 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September , which is the first Sunday of Spring in Australia , and is not a public holiday . At school , children handcraft their present for their fathers . Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers : socks , ties , electronics , suits , and men 's healthcare products . Most families present fathers with gifts and cards , and share a meal to show appreciation , much like Mother 's Day . </P> <P> YMCA Victoria continues the tradition of honouring the role fathers and father figures play in parenting through the annual awarding of Local Community Father of the Year in 32 municipalities in Victoria . The Father 's Day Council of Victoria annually recognises fathers in the Father of the Year Award . </P> <H3> Austria ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Austria , Father 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of June and it is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Belgium ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Belgium , Father 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of June and it is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Brazil ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Brazil Father 's Day ( Dia dos Pais , in Portuguese ) is celebrated three months after Mother 's Day , on the second Sunday of August . Publicist Sylvio Bhering picked the day in honor of Saint Joachim , patron of fathers . While it is not an official holiday ( see Public holidays in Brazil ) , it is widely observed and typically involves spending time with and giving gifts to one 's father or father figure . </P> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Canada , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Father 's Day typically involves spending time with one 's father or the father figures in one 's life . Small family gatherings and the giving of gifts may be part of the festivities organized for Father 's Day . </P> <H3> China ( edit ) </H3> <P> In People 's Republic of China , the official Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . This date was set according to international norms . </P> <P> Prior to the People 's Republic , when the Republic of China ( 1912 - 1949 ) governed from Nanjing , Father 's Day was celebrated on August 8 . This was determined by the fact that the eighth ( ba ) day of the eighth ( ba ) month makes two `` eights '' ( 八 八 , ba - ba ) , which sounds similar to the colloquial word for `` daddy '' ( ba - ba , 爸爸 ) . It is still celebrated on this date in areas still under the control of the Republic of China , including in Taiwan . </P> <H3> Costa Rica ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Costa Rica , the Unidad Social Cristiana party presented a bill to change the celebration of Father 's Day from the third Sunday of June to March 19 , the day of Saint Joseph . That was in order to give tribute to this saint , who gave his name to the capital of the country San José , Costa Rica , and so family heads will be able to celebrate the Father 's Day at the same time as the Feast of Saint Joseph the Worker . The official date is still the third Sunday of June . </P> <H3> Croatia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Croatia , according to the Roman Catholic tradition , fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph 's Day ( Dan svetog Josipa ) , March 19 . It is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Denmark ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Denmark , Father 's Day is celebrated on June 5 . It coincides with Constitution Day . </P> <H3> Estonia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Estonia , Father 's day ( `` Isadepäev '' ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of November . It is an established flag day and a national holiday . </P> <H3> Finland ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Finland , Father 's Day ( Isänpäivä , Fars dag ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of November . It is an established flag day . </P> <H3> France ( edit ) </H3> <P> In France lighter manufacturer `` Flaminaire '' introduced the idea of father 's day first in 1949 for commercial reasons . Director `` Marcel Quercia '' wanted to sell their lighter in France . In 1950 , they introduced `` la Fête des Pères '' , which would take place every third Sunday of June ( following the American example ) . Their slogan `` Nos papas nous l'ont dit , pour la fête des pères , ils désirent tous un Flaminaire '' ( Our fathers told us , for father 's day , they all want a Flaminaire ) . In 1952 , the holiday was officially decreed . A national father 's day committee was set up to give a prize for fathers that deserved it most ( originally , candidates were nominated by the social services of each town hall 's / mayor 's office ) ; This complements `` la Fête des Mères '' ( Mother 's day ) which was made official in France in 1928 and added to the calendar in Vichy in 1941 . </P> <H3> Germany ( edit ) </H3> Vatertag <P> In Germany , Father 's Day ( Vatertag ) is celebrated differently from other parts of the world . It is always celebrated on Ascension Day ( the Thursday forty days after Easter ) , which is a federal holiday . Regionally , it is also called men 's day , Männertag , or gentlemen 's day , Herrentag . It is tradition for groups of males ( young and old but usually excluding pre-teenage boys ) to do a hiking tour with one or more smaller wagons , Bollerwagen , pulled by manpower . In the wagons are wine or beer ( according to region ) and traditional regional food , Hausmannskost . Many men use this holiday as an opportunity to get drunk . According to the Federal Statistical Office of Germany , alcohol - related traffic accidents multiply by three on this day . The tradition of getting drunk is especially prevalent in Eastern Germany . </P> <P> These traditions are probably rooted in Christian Ascension Day 's processions to the farmlands , which has been celebrated since the 18th century . Men would be seated in a wooden cart and carried to the village 's plaza , and the mayor would award a prize to the father who had the most children , usually a big piece of ham . In the late 19th century the religious component was progressively lost , especially in urban areas such as Berlin , and groups of men organized walking excursions with beer and ham . By the 20th century , alcohol consumption had become a major part of the tradition . Many people will take the following Friday off at work , and some schools are closed on that Friday as well ; many people then use the resulting four - day - long weekend for a short vacation . </P> <H3> Haiti ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Haiti , Father 's Day ( Fête des peres ) is celebrated on the last Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Fathers are recognized and celebrated on this day with cards , gifts , breakfast , lunch brunch or early Sunday dinner ; whether enjoying the day at the beach or mountains , spending family time or doing favourite activities . </P> <P> Children exclaim `` bonne fête papa '' , while everyone wishes all fathers `` bonne Fête des Pères '' . ( Happy Father 's Day ) </P> <H3> Hong Kong ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Hong Kong , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Hungary ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Hungary , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> <P> India traditionally has a two - week celebration since ancient days dedicated to celebrate ancestors called the Pitru Paksha . Father 's Day is not celebrated in all of India . But is observed on the same day as the USA , the third Sunday of June by mostly westernized urban centers . The event is not a public holiday . The day is usually celebrated only in bigger cities of India like Chennai , Mumbai , New Delhi , Bengaluru , Kolkata , Hyderabad and others . After this day was first observed in the United States in 1908 and gradually gained popularity , Indian metropolitan cities , much later , followed suit by recognising this event . In India , the day is usually celebrated with children giving gifts like greeting cards , electronic gadgets , shirts , coffee mugs or books to their fathers . </P> <H3> Indonesia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Indonesia , Father 's Day is celebrated on November 12 and is not a public holiday . Father 's Day in Indonesia was first declared in 2006 in Solo City Hall attended by hundreds of people from various community groups , including people from community of inter-religion communication . Because of its recent declaration , there is not very much hype about the celebration , compared to the celebration of Mother 's Day on December 22 . </P> <H3> Ireland ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Ireland , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Israel ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Israel , Father 's Day is usually celebrated on May 1 together with Workers ' Day or Labour Day . </P> <H3> Italy ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Italy , according to the Roman Catholic tradition , fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph 's Day , commonly called Feast of Saint Joseph ( Festa di San Giuseppe ) , March 19 . It was a public holiday until 1977 . </P> <H3> Japan ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Public holidays in Japan <P> In Japan , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Kazakhstan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Kazakhstan continues the Soviet Union 's tradition of celebrating Defender of the Fatherland Day instead of Father 's Day like in Russia and other former soviet countries . It is usually called `` Men 's Day '' and it is considered equivalent of Father 's Day . In Kazakhstan this day is celebrated on May 7 . </P> <H3> Kenya ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Kenya , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Korea ( edit ) </H3> <P> In South Korea , Parents ' day is celebrated on May 8 and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Latvia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Latvia , Father 's Day ( Tēvu diena ) is celebrated on the second Sunday of September and is not a public holiday . In Latvia people did not always celebrate this day because of the USSR 's influence with its own holidays . This day in Latvia was ' officially born ' in 2008 when it was celebrated and marked in the calendar for the first time on September 14 ( second September Sunday ) to promote the idea that man as the father must be satisfied and proud of his family and children , also , the father is important to gratitude and loving words from his family for devoted to continuous altruistic concerns . Because this day is new to the country it does not have established unique traditions , but people borrow ideas from other country 's Father 's Day traditions to congratulate fathers in Latvia . </P> <H3> Lithuania ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Lithuania , Father 's Day ( Tėvo diena ) is celebrated on the first Sunday of June and is a public holiday . </P> <H3> Macao ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Macau , Father 's Day ( Dia do Pai ) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Malaysia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Malaysia , Father 's Day falls on the third Sunday of June . </P> <H3> Malta ( edit ) </H3> <P> Malta has followed the international trend and celebrates Father 's Day on the third Sunday in June . As in the case of Mother 's Day , the introduction of Father 's Day celebrations in Malta was encouraged by Frans H Said ( Uncle Frans of the children 's radio programmes ) . The first mention of Father 's Day was in June 1977 , and the day is now part of the local events calendar . ( The Times of Malta 11 June 2017 ) ( Il - Mument - Maltese newspaper - 18 June 2017 ) </P> <H3> Mexico ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Mexico , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Mongolia ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Mongolian Men 's Association began the celebration of Father 's Day on 18 March . </P> <H3> Nepal ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Gokarna Aunsi <P> The Newar population ( natives of Kathmandu valley ) in Nepal honors fathers on the day of kusa aunsi , which occurs in late August or early September , depending on the year , since it depends on the lunar calendar . The Western - inspired celebration of Father 's Day that was imported into the country is always celebrated on the same day as Gokarna Aunsi . </P> <P> The rest of the population has also begun to celebrate the Gokarna Aunsi day It is commonly known as Abu ya Khwa Swoyegu in Nepal Bhasa or Buwaako mukh herne din ( बुवाको मुख हेर्ने दिन ) in Nepali ( literally `` day for looking at father 's face '' ) . On the new moon day ( Amavasya ) it is traditional to pay respect to one 's deceased father ; Hindus go to the Shiva temple of Gokarneswor Mahadev , in Gokarna , a suburb of Kathmandu while Buddhists go to Jan Bahal ( Seto Machhendranath or white Tara ) temple in Kathmandu . </P> <P> Traditionally , in the Kathmandu Valley , the south - western corner is reserved for women and women - related rituals , and the north - eastern is for men and men - related rituals . The worship place for Mata Tirtha Aunsi ( `` Mother Pilgrimage New Moon '' ) is located in Mata Tirtha in the south - western half of the valley , while the worship place for Gokarna Aunsi is located in the north - eastern half . This division is reflected in many aspects of the life in the Kathmandu Valley . </P> <H3> Netherlands ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Netherlands , Father 's Day ( Vaderdag ) is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Traditionally , as on Mother 's Day , fathers get breakfast in bed made by their children and families gather together and have dinner , usually at the grandparents ' house . In recent years , families also started having dinner out , and as on Mother 's Day , it is one of the busiest days for restaurants . At school , children handcraft their present for their fathers . Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers : socks , ties , electronics , suits , and men 's healthcare products . </P> <H3> New Zealand ( edit ) </H3> <P> In New Zealand , Father 's Day is celebrated on the first Sunday of September and it is not a public holiday . Fathers ' Day seems to have been first observed at St Matthew 's Church , Auckland on 14 July 1929 and first appeared in commercial advertising the following year . By 1931 other churches had adopted the day . In 1935 much of Australia moved to mark the day at the beginning of September and New Zealand followed , with a Wellington advert in 1937 , a Christchurch Salvation Army service in 1938 and in Auckland from 1939 . </P> <H3> Norway ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Norway , Father 's day ( Farsdag ) , is celebrated on the second Sunday of November . It is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Pakistan ( edit ) </H3> <P> Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . The Rutgers WPF launched a campaign titled ' Greening Pakistan - Promoting Responsible Fatherhood ' on Father 's Day ( Sunday June 18 , 2017 ) across Pakistan to promote active fatherhood and responsibility for the care and upbringing of children . Father 's Day is not a public holiday in Pakistan . </P> <H3> Peru ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Peru , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . People usually give a present to their fathers and spend time with him mostly during a family meal . </P> <H3> Philippines ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Philippines , Father 's Day is officially celebrated every first Monday of December , but it is not a public holiday . It is more widely observed by the public on the 3rd Sunday of June perhaps due to American influence . </P> <H3> Poland ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Poland , Father 's Day is celebrated on June 23 and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Portugal ( edit ) </H3> <P> Father 's Day ( `` Dia do Pai '' ) is celebrated on March 19 ( see Roman Catholic tradition below ) in Portugal . Father 's Day is not a bank holiday . </P> <H3> Roman Catholic tradition ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the Roman Catholic tradition , Fathers are celebrated on Saint Joseph 's Day , commonly called the Feast of Saint Joseph , March 19 , though in certain countries Father 's Day has become a secular celebration . It is also common for Catholics to honor their `` spiritual father , '' their parish priest , on Father 's Day . </P> <H3> Romania ( edit ) </H3> <P> Beginning with 2010 , in Romania , Father 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday of May and it is recognized officially by the state . Out of the 27 states in the European Union , it was the only one without an official Father 's Day . Law 319 / 2009 made both Mother 's Day and Father 's Day official in Romania , and it was passed thanks to the campaigning from the Alliance Fighting Discrimination Against Fathers ( TATA ) Romanian Father 's day for 2012 was celebrated on May 13 . </P> <H3> Russia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Russia continues the Soviet Union 's tradition of celebrating Defender of the Fatherland Day instead of Father 's Day . It is usually called `` Men 's Day '' and it is considered the Russian equivalent of Father 's Day . </P> <H3> American Samoa and Samoa ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Samoa , Father 's Day is celebrated on the second Sunday in August , and as a recognised national holiday on the Monday following . </P> <H3> Seychelles ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Seychelles , Father 's Day is celebrated on June 16 and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Singapore ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Singapore , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June but is not a public holiday , to celebrate all fathers for their numerous contributions . </P> <H3> Slovakia ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Slovakia , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June.It is not a public holiday </P> <H3> South Africa ( edit ) </H3> <P> In South Africa , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . It is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> South Sudan ( edit ) </H3> <P> In South Sudan , Father 's Day is celebrated on the last Monday of August . The president , Salva Kiir Mayardit , proclaimed it before August 27 , 2012 . First celebrated on August 27 , 2012 , Father 's Day was not celebrated in South Sudan in 2011 due to the country 's independence . </P> <H3> Spain ( edit ) </H3> <P> Father 's Day , El Día del Padre , is observed on the feast day of Saint Joseph , which is March 19 . It is celebrated as a public holiday in some regions of Spain . </P> <H3> Sri lanka ( edit ) </H3> <P> Father 's Day ( In sinhala : Piyawarunge dhinaya , පියවරුන්ගේ දිනය & in Tamil : Thanthaiyar Thinam , தந்தையர் தினம் ) , is observed on the third Sunday of June . It is not a public holiday . Many schools hold special events to honor fathers . </P> <H3> Sudan ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Sudan , Father 's Day ( عيد الأب ) , is celebrated on the twenty - first of June . </P> <H3> Sweden ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Sweden , Father 's day ( Fars dag ) , is celebrated on the second Sunday of November , but is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Taiwan ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Public holidays in Taiwan <P> In Taiwan , Father 's Day is not an official holiday , but is widely observed on August 8 , the eighth day of the eighth month of the year . In Mandarin Chinese , the pronunciation of the number eight is bā , and the pronunciation is very similar to the character `` 爸 '' `` bà '' , which means `` Pa '' or `` dad '' . The eighth day of the eighth month ( bā - bā ) is a pun for dad ( 爸爸 or `` bàba '' ) . The Taiwanese , therefore , sometimes refer to August 8 as `` Bābā Holiday '' as a pun for `` Dad 's Holiday '' ( 爸爸 節 ) or the more formal `` Father 's Day '' ( 父親 節 ) . </P> <H3> Thailand ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Thailand , the birthday of the king , is set as Father 's Day . December 5 is the birthday of the late king Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) . Traditionally , Thais celebrate by giving their father or grandfather a canna flower ( ดอก พุทธรักษา Dok Buddha Ruksa ) , which is considered a masculine flower ; however , this is not as commonly practiced today . Thai people will wear yellow on this day to show respect for the late king , because yellow is the color of the day for Monday , the day King Bhumibol Adulyadej was born . Thais flood the Sanam Luang , a massive park in front of the palace , to watch the king give his annual speech , and often stay until the evening , when there is a national ceremony . Thais will light candles and show respect to the king by declaring their faith . This ceremony happens in almost every village in Thailand , and even overseas at Thai organizations . </P> <P> It first gained nationwide popularity in the 1980s as part of a campaign by Prime Minister Prem Tinsulanonda to promote Thailand 's royal family . Mother 's Day is celebrated on the birthday of Queen Sirikit , August 12 . </P> <H3> Trinidad and Tobago ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Trinidad and Tobago , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> Turkey ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Turkey , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday in June and is not a public holiday . </P> <H3> United Arab Emirates ( edit ) </H3> <P> In United Arab Emirates , Father 's Day is celebrated on June 21 , generally coinciding with midsummer 's day . </P> <H3> United Kingdom ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the United Kingdom Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . The day does not have a long tradition ; The English Year ( 2006 ) states that it entered British popular culture `` sometime after the Second World War , not without opposition '' . </P> <H3> United States of America ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Father 's Day ( United States ) <P> In the USA , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June . Typically , families gather to celebrate the father figures in their lives . In recent years , retailers have adapted to the holiday by promoting greeting cards and gifts such as electronics and tools . Schools ( if in session ) and other children 's programs commonly have activities to make Father 's Day gifts . The U.S. Open golf tournament is scheduled to finish on Father 's Day , as was the 2016 NBA Finals . </P> <H3> Ukraine ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Ukraine , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of September . </P> <H3> Venezuela ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Venezuela , Father 's Day is celebrated on the third Sunday of June and is not a public holiday . Traditionally , as on Mother 's Day , families gather together and have lunch , usually at the grandparents ' house . In recent years , families also started having lunch out , and as on Mother 's Day , it is one of the busiest days for restaurants . At school , children handcraft their present for their fathers . Consumer goods companies have all sorts of special offers for fathers : electronics , suits , and men 's healthcare products . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Holidays portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Mother 's Day </Li> <Li> National Grandparents Day </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Myers , 1972 , p. 185 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , Joey . `` Father 's Day has Methodist ties '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . On July 5 , 1908 , a Father 's Day sermon was preached at Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church , South , thanks to the efforts of Grace Golden Clayton . In December 1907 , a terrible mine explosion in nearby Monongah claimed the lives of more than 360 men . Most of them had families , and the tragedy left 1,000 children fatherless . Clayton was distraught by the thought of all those children growing up without a father 's guidance , and she wanted to do something to honor the importance of fatherhood . She asked her pastor to set aside a special day to commemorate fathers . She chose the Sunday closest to the birthday of her late father , also a Methodist preacher . Clayton chose the Sunday nearest the birthday of her father , Methodist minister Fletcher Golden . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Smith , Vicki ( June 15 , 2003 ) . `` The first Father 's Day '' . The Journal . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Barth , Kelly ( June 21 , 1987 ) . `` First Father 's Day service in 1908 '' . Dominion Post ( Morgantown , West Virginia ) . Retrieved November 7 , 2006 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reverend D.D. Meighen ( June 5 , 1908 ) . `` The First Father 's Day Service occurred in Fairmont , West Virginia , on July 5 , 1908 , at Williams Memorial Methodist Episcopal Church '' . Retrieved September 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Larossa , 1997 . pp. 172 -- 173 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Schmidt , 1997 , p. 276 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day ( United States ) '' . Retrieved May 30 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day Turns 100 Years Old '' ( PDF ) . Spokane Regional Convention & Visitor Bureau . June 8 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Butler , Joey . `` Father 's Day has Methodist ties '' . The United Methodist Church . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . In 1909 in Spokane , Wash. , Sonora Smart Dodd listened to a Mother 's Day sermon at Central Methodist Episcopal Church . Dodd 's own mother had died 11 years earlier , and her father had raised their six children alone . Dodd felt moved to honor her father , and fathers everywhere , with a special day , as well . She proposed her idea to local religious leaders , and it gained wide acceptance . June 19 , 1910 , was designated as the first Father 's Day , and sermons honoring fathers were preached throughout the city . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 278 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 279 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . pp. 275 , 283 -- 284 , 286 , 288 , 290 , 292 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 275 , 288 -- 290 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . pp. 280 -- 283 ; Larossa , 1997 . p. 174 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 283 -- 290 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . p. 286 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Father to have his day '' . The New York Times . October 3 , 1913 . ( ... ) a bill providing that `` The first Sunday in June in each and every year hereafter be designated as Father 's Day ( ... ) '' </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Myers , 1972 . pp. 186 -- 187 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Nicholas K. Geranios ( Associated Press ) ( June 17 , 2007 ) , `` Father 's Day -- The un-Spokane history of Father 's Day '' , HamptonRoads.com </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Father Finally Granted A Day '' , Nashua Telegraph , part of The Telegraph , June 18 , 1977 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Schmidt , 1997 . pp. 275 -- 276 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` H. RES. 1274 . Commending Sonora Smart Dodd for her contribution in recognizing the importance of Father 's Day and recognizing the important role fathers play in our families . '' . Library of Congress . June 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Robert A. Saunders , Vlad Strukov ( 2010 ) , Historical Dictionary of the Russian Federation , Historical Dictionaries of Europe , Historical dictionaries of French history , 78 ( illustrated ed . ) , Scarecrow Press , p. 246 , ISBN 9780810854758 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 19 . ožujka -- dan kad se slave očevi '' ( in Croatian ) . dalje.com . Retrieved March 18 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Se instituye el Día del Padre , Decreto Número 13 '' ( in Spanish ) . February 9 , 1960 . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2007 . Retrieved July 19 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Romania Celebrates Father 's Day on Second Sunday of May '' . Bucharest : mediafax.ro . May 4 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Fars Dag '' ( in Danish ) . Dansk Historisk Fællesråd . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved June 20 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Argentina , el origen del Día del Padre , ayer Google en español lo tuvo en su Portal '' . June 16 , 2008 . Retrieved July 12 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Días Nacionales en Chile . '' . feriadoschilenos.cl . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Presentan en Costa Rica proyecto de ley para celebrar día del padre el día de San José '' . ACI Prensa . May 26 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Principales efemérides . Mes Junio '' ( in Spanish ) . Unión de Periodistas de Cuba . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2008 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Notimex ( June 14 , 2008 ) . `` Preparados los capitalinos para festejar el día del padre '' . La Crónica de Hoy . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . ( June 15 , 2008 was third Sunday of June ) ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Días Festivos para el mes de Junio del 2008 '' ( in Spanish ) . Biblioteca Nacional de Panamá . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . link dead 18 June 2017 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Calendario Cívico Escolar '' ( in Spanish ) . Dirección Regional de Educación de Lima Metropolitana . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jerome Aning ( June 14 , 2008 ) . `` Daughter of missing NDF consultant believes he 's still alive '' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Retrieved June 23 , 2008 . ( June 15 , 2008 was third sunday of June ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fathers Day Fest , Ukrainian Nationals Soccer Club </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Simpson , Jacqueline ; Roud , Steve ( 2000 ) . A Dictionary of English Folklore . Oxford : Oxford University Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 969104 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 7 Ideas for a Zimbabwean Father 's Day '' . Zimbablog . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 17 de Junio , Día del Padre en El Salvador '' . Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador . May 8 , 1969 . Archived from the original on March 27 , 2008 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . Asamblea Legislativa de la República de El Salvador . 08 de mayo de 1969 ( in Spanish ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marta Altolaguirre ( May 17 , 2008 ) . `` Reflexiones en el Día del Padre '' . El Periódico . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tina Sinatra , Jeff Coplon ( 2000 ) , My father 's daughter : a memoir ( illustrated ed . ) , Simon & Schuster , p. 20 , ISBN 9780684870762 , I ( Tina Sinatra ) was born ( in Lebannon ) on June 20 , 1948 : Father 's Day . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Paul M. Handley ( 2006 ) . The King Never Smiles : a biography of Thailand 's Bhumibol Adulyadej . Yale University Press . p. 288 . ISBN 9780300106824 . ( online version ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : P. Ferguson ( 2007 ) . `` Festivals and ceremonies '' . World and Its Peoples : Eastern and Southern Asia . Marshall Cavendish Corporation . p. 536 . ISBN 9780761476313 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sesiones ordinarias 2004 Orden del día n ° 1798 : Día del Padre . Institúyese como tal el día 24 de agosto de cada año . '' . Cámara de Diputados de la Nación . November 7 , 2008 . Retrieved June 7 , 2008 . la presión de diversos grupos determinó el `` olvido '' de incluir esta disposición en el calendario escolar a partir de 1957 , y la omisión fue aprovechada para imponer el tercer domingo de junio como el Día del Padre norteamericano , en homenaje a mister John Bruce Dodd ( ... ) instituir el día 24 de agosto como el destinado a la celebración del Día del Padre en homenaje al general José de San Martín , padre de la patria . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day Council of Victoria Inc . '' . Father 's Day Council of Victoria Inc . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rodolfo Delgado Valverde . `` Proyecto de Ley . Celebración del 19 de Marzo como Día del Padre . Expediente 15911 . '' . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Agence France - Presse . `` German Minister Urges Fathers Not to Get Drunk on Father 's Day ! '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Der Tag der gefragten Väter '' , Tiroler Tageszeitung ( in German ) , June 9 , 2013 , Bei unseren deutschen Nachbarn ist der Vatertag -- der dort zu Christi Himmelfahrt gefeiert wird -- nicht von Ausflügen mit der Familie oder kleinen Geschenken der Kinder gekennzeichnet , sondern von einer Lokaltour in feucht - fröhlicher Männerrunde . Laut dem Statistischen Bundesamt gibt es an diesem Tag auch durchschnittlich dreimal so viele durch Alkohol bedingte Verkehrsunfälle als an anderen Tagen . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Booze Brothers : Father 's Day Debauchery in Deutschland '' . Spiegel . May 4 , 2006 . Retrieved June 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Von modischen Herrenpartien und der Erhöhung Jesu '' ( in German ) . Der Stern . May 12 , 2010 . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Pints for Papa : Father 's Day in Germany Is One Big Booze Fest '' . Spiegel . Retrieved June 15 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The origin story of Father 's Day '' . Bennett , Coleman & Co. Ltd . TNN . Jun 18 , 2015 . Retrieved 18 June 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Padmakshi Rana , Gokarna Aunsi ( Father Day ) , NepalHomePage Travel Guide </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gokarna Aunsi , the day for honouring fathers , nepalnews.com , September 8 , 2002 , archived from the original on September 19 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bradley Mayhew ; Joseph Bindloss ( 2009 ) . Lonely Planet Trekking in the Nepal Himalaya . Lonely Planet . p. 357 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74104 - 188 - 0 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J.C. Heesterman ; Albert W. Van den Hoek ; Dirk H.A. Kolff ; Marianne S. Oort ( 1992 ) . Ritual , State , and History in South Asia : Essays in Honour of J.C. Heesterman . BRILL . p. 786 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 09467 - 3 . Retrieved May 12 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` FATHERS ' DAY SERVICE . ( New Zealand Herald , 1929 - 07 - 13 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` Page 27 Advertisements Column 1 ( Auckland Star , 1930 - 06 - 12 ) - Milne & Choyce '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 27 Aug 1935 - `` FATHERS ' DAY '' -- SEPTEMBER 1. `` . Trove . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` Page 7 Advertisements Column 3 ( Evening Post , 1937 - 09 - 02 ) Woolworths , Wellington '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` Page 25 Advertisements Column 2 ( Press , 1938 - 09 - 03 ) Salvation Army , Linwood , Christchurch '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zealand , National Library of New . `` FATHER 'S DAY . ( Auckland Star , 1939 - 08 - 22 ) '' . paperspast.natlib.govt.nz . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 30 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Staff report ( June 15 , 2014 ) , `` Father 's Day tomorrow '' , Daily Times </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sehrish Wasif ( June 16 , 2013 ) , `` Celebrating Father 's Day : Honouring Pakistan 's courageous fathers '' , The Express Tribune </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Proclamation No. 58 , s . 1998 '' . Official Gazette ( Philippines ) . December 11 , 1998 . Retrieved December 1 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Kerry Tilby ( June 2007 ) . `` Father 's Day '' . Kiwi Families . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Catholics Come Home to launch organization to encourage priests '' . Catholic News Agency . April 2010 . Retrieved June 12 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Father 's Day in Seychelles </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Padres por horas '' , Faro de Vigo , May 19 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` El año 2013 contará con 8 festivos nacionales , uno menos que 2012 '' , El Huffington Post , November 3 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roud , Steve ( 2006 ) . The English Year . London : Penguin Books . p. 215 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 140 - 51554 - 1 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Father 's Day 2017 : How did it begin and where in the world is it celebrated ? '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 14 June 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H3> Bibliography ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Myers , Robert J. ; the editors of Hallmark Cards ( 1972 ) . Celebrations : The Complete Book of American Holidays . Doubleday & Company . pp. 184 -- 187 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 07677 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Schmidt , Leigh Eric ( 1997 ) . Consumer Rites : The Buying and Selling of American Holidays . Princeton University Press . pp. 275 -- 292 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 01721 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Larossa , Ralph ( 1997 ) . The Modernization of Fatherhood : A Social and Political History . University of Chicago Press . pp. 90 , 170 -- 192 . ISBN 0 - 226 - 46904 - 2 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Father 's Day . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Father 's Day at DMOZ </Li> <Li> Proclamations by US Presidents on Father 's Day , from George W. Bush and Bill Clinton </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Holidays , observances , and celebrations in Algeria </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> January </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Year 's Day ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Yennayer ( 14 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> February </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Valentine 's Day ( 14 ) </Li> <Li> Tafsut ( 28 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> March </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Women 's Day ( 8 ) </Li> <Li> Victory Day ( 19 ) </Li> <Li> World Water Day ( 22 ) </Li> <Li> Maghrebi Blood Donation Day ( 30 ) </Li> <Li> Spring vacation ( 2 last weeks ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> April </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> April Fools ' Day ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Knowledge Day ( 16 ) </Li> <Li> Berber Spring ( 20 ) </Li> <Li> Earth Day ( 22 ) </Li> <Li> Election Day ( Thursday ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> May </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Workers ' Day ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> World Press Freedom Day ( 3 ) </Li> <Li> Mother 's Day ( last Sunday ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> June -- July -- August </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Summer vacation ( varies ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> June </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Children 's Day ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Father 's Day ( 21 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> July </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Independence Day ( 5 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> September </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Day of Peace ( 21 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> October </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> International Day of Non-Violence ( 2 ) </Li> <Li> Halloween ( 31 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Revolution Day ( 1 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christmas Eve ( 24 ) </Li> <Li> Christmas ( 25 ) </Li> <Li> New Year 's Eve ( 31 ) </Li> <Li> Winter vacation ( 2 last weeks ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Varies ( year round ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Hijri New Year 's Day ( Muharram 1 ) </Li> <Li> Ashura ( Muharram 10 ) </Li> <Li> Mawlid ( Rabi ' al - Awwal 12 ) </Li> <Li> Ramadan ( Ramadan 1 ) </Li> <Li> Laylat al - Qadr ( Ramadan 27 ) </Li> <Li> Eid al - Fitr ( Shawwal 1 ) </Li> <Li> Day of Arafah ( Dhu al - Hijjah 9 ) </Li> <Li> Eid al - Adha ( Dhu al - Hijjah 10 ) </Li> <Li> Holi ( varies ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in Algeria , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . See also : Lists of holidays . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Holidays , observances , and celebrations in the United States </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> January </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New Year 's Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Martin Luther King Jr . Day ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Confederate Heroes Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Fred Korematsu Day ( CA , FL , HI , VA ) </Li> <Li> Idaho Human Rights Day ( ID ) </Li> <Li> Inauguration Day ( federal quadrennial , DC area ) </Li> <Li> Kansas Day ( KS ) </Li> <Li> Lee -- Jackson Day ( formerly Lee -- Jackson -- King Day ) ( VA ) </Li> <Li> Robert E. Lee Day ( FL , GA ) </Li> <Li> Stephen Foster Memorial Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> The Eighth ( LA , former federal ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> January -- February </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl Sunday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> February American Heart Month Black History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Washington 's Birthday / Presidents ' Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Valentine 's Day </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Georgia Day ( GA ) </Li> <Li> Groundhog Day </Li> <Li> Lincoln 's Birthday ( CA , CT , IL , IN , MO , NJ , NY , WV ) </Li> <Li> National Girls and Women in Sports Day </Li> <Li> National Freedom Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Primary Election Day ( WI ) </Li> <Li> Ronald Reagan Day ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Rosa Parks Day ( CA , MO ) </Li> <Li> Susan B. Anthony Day ( CA , FL , NY , WI , WV , proposed federal ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> February -- March </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mardi Gras </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Ash Wednesday ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Courir de Mardi Gras ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Super Tuesday </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> March Irish - American Heritage Month National Colon Cancer Awareness Month Women 's History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> St. Patrick 's Day ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Spring break ( week ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Casimir Pulaski Day ( IL ) </Li> <Li> Cesar Chavez Day ( CA , CO , TX , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Evacuation Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) </Li> <Li> Harriet Tubman Day ( NY ) </Li> <Li> Holi ( NY , religious ) </Li> <Li> Mardi Gras ( AL ( in two counties ) , LA ) </Li> <Li> Maryland Day ( MD ) </Li> <Li> National Poison Prevention Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day ( HI ) </Li> <Li> Saint Joseph 's Day ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Seward 's Day ( AK ) </Li> <Li> Texas Independence Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Town Meeting Day ( VT ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> March -- April </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Easter ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Palm Sunday ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Passover ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Good Friday ( CT , NC , PR , religious ) </Li> <Li> Easter Monday ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> April Confederate History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 420 Day </Li> <Li> April Fools ' Day </Li> <Li> Arbor Day </Li> <Li> Confederate Memorial Day ( AL , FL , MS , SC ) </Li> <Li> Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust ( week ) </Li> <Li> Earth Day </Li> <Li> Emancipation Day ( DC ) </Li> <Li> Thomas Jefferson 's Birthday ( AL ) </Li> <Li> Pascua Florida ( FL ) </Li> <Li> Patriots ' Day ( MA , ME ) </Li> <Li> San Jacinto Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Siblings Day </Li> <Li> Walpurgis Night ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> May Asian Pacific American Heritage Month Jewish American Heritage Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Memorial Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Mother 's Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Cinco de Mayo </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Harvey Milk Day ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Law Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Loyalty Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Malcolm X Day ( CA , IL , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> May Day </Li> <Li> Military Spouse Day </Li> <Li> National Day of Prayer ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Defense Transportation Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Maritime Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Peace Officers Memorial Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Truman Day ( MO ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> June Lesbian , Gay , Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Father 's Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Bunker Hill Day ( Suffolk County , MA ) </Li> <Li> Carolina Day ( SC ) </Li> <Li> Emancipation Day In Texas / Juneteenth ( TX ) </Li> <Li> Flag Day ( 36 , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Helen Keller Day ( PA ) </Li> <Li> Honor America Days ( 3 weeks ) </Li> <Li> Jefferson Davis Day ( AL , FL ) </Li> <Li> Kamehameha Day ( HI ) </Li> <Li> Odunde Festival ( Philadelphia , PA ) </Li> <Li> Senior Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> West Virginia Day ( WV ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> July </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Independence Day ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea ( HI , unofficial ) </Li> <Li> Parents ' Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Pioneer Day ( UT ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> July -- August </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Summer vacation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> August </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> American Family Day ( AZ ) </Li> <Li> Barack Obama Day ( IL ) </Li> <Li> Bennington Battle Day ( VT ) </Li> <Li> Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day ( HI ) </Li> <Li> Lyndon Baines Johnson Day ( TX ) </Li> <Li> National Aviation Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Service Reduction Day ( MD ) </Li> <Li> Victory over Japan Day ( RI , former federal ) </Li> <Li> Women 's Equality Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> September Prostate Cancer Awareness Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Labor Day ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> California Admission Day ( CA ) </Li> <Li> Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Constitution Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Constitution Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> Defenders Day ( MD ) </Li> <Li> Gold Star Mother 's Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Grandparents Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> National Payroll Week ( week ) </Li> <Li> Native American Day ( CA , TN , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Patriot Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> September -- October Hispanic Heritage Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Oktoberfest </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Rosh Hashanah ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Yom Kippur ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> October Breast Cancer Awareness Month Disability Employment Awareness Month Filipino American History Month LGBT History Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Columbus Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Halloween </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Alaska Day ( AK ) </Li> <Li> Child Health Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> General Pulaski Memorial Day </Li> <Li> German - American Day </Li> <Li> Indigenous Peoples ' Day ( VT ) </Li> <Li> International Day of Non-Violence </Li> <Li> Leif Erikson Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Missouri Day ( MO ) </Li> <Li> National School Lunch Week </Li> <Li> Native American Day ( SD ) </Li> <Li> Nevada Day ( NV ) </Li> <Li> Sweetest Day </Li> <Li> White Cane Safety Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> October -- November </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Diwali ( religious ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> November Native American Indian Heritage Month </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Veterans Day ( federal ) </Li> <Li> Thanksgiving ( federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Day after Thanksgiving ( 24 ) </Li> <Li> Election Day ( CA , DE , HI , KY , MT , NJ , NY , OH , PR , WV , proposed federal ) </Li> <Li> Family Day ( NV ) </Li> <Li> Hanukkah ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Lā Kūʻokoʻa ( HI , unofficial ) </Li> <Li> Native American Heritage Day ( MD , WA ) </Li> <Li> Obama Day ( Perry County , AL ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> December </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Christmas ( religious , federal ) </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Alabama Day ( AL ) </Li> <Li> Christmas Eve ( KY , NC , SC ) </Li> <Li> Day after Christmas ( KY , NC , SC , TX ) </Li> <Li> Festivus </Li> <Li> Hanukkah ( religious , week ) </Li> <Li> Indiana Day ( IN ) </Li> <Li> Kwanzaa ( religious , week ) </Li> <Li> National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> New Year 's Eve </Li> <Li> Pan American Aviation Day ( 36 ) </Li> <Li> Rosa Parks Day ( OH , OR ) </Li> <Li> Wright Brothers Day ( 36 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Varies ( year round ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Eid al - Adha ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Eid al - Fitr ( religious ) </Li> <Li> Ramadan ( religious , month ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Legend : <P> ( federal ) = federal holidays , ( state ) = state holidays , ( religious ) = religious holidays , ( week ) = weeklong holidays , ( month ) = monthlong holidays , ( 36 ) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies Bold indicates major holidays commonly celebrated in the United States , which often represent the major celebrations of the month . </P> See also : Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Public holidays in Mexico </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Statutory holidays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Año Nuevo </Li> <Li> Día de la Constitución </Li> <Li> Natalicio de Benito Juárez </Li> <Li> Día del Trabajo </Li> <Li> Día de Independencia </Li> <Li> Día de la Revolución </Li> <Li> Transmisión del Poder Ejecutivo Federal </Li> <Li> Navidad </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Civic holidays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Día del Ejército </Li> <Li> Día de la Bandera </Li> <Li> Aniversario de la Expropiación petrolera </Li> <Li> Heroica Defensa de Veracruz </Li> <Li> Cinco de Mayo </Li> <Li> Natalicio de Miguel Hidalgo </Li> <Li> Día de la Marina </Li> <Li> Grito de Dolores </Li> <Li> Día de los Niños Héroes </Li> <Li> Consumación de la Independencia </Li> <Li> Natalicio de José Ma . Morelos y Pavón </Li> <Li> Descubrimiento de América </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Festivities </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Día de los Santos Reyes </Li> <Li> Día de San Valentín </Li> <Li> Día del Niño </Li> <Li> Día de las Madres </Li> <Li> Día del Maestro </Li> <Li> Día del estudiante </Li> <Li> Día del Padre </Li> <Li> Día de Todos los Santos </Li> <Li> Día de los Fieles Difuntos </Li> <Li> Día de la Virgen de Guadalupe </Li> <Li> Las Posadas </Li> <Li> Nochebuena </Li> <Li> Dia de los Santos Inocentes </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Family </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> History </Li> <Li> Household </Li> <Li> Nuclear family </Li> <Li> Extended family </Li> <Li> Conjugal family </Li> <Li> Immediate family </Li> <Li> Matrifocal family </Li> <Li> Blended family </Li> <Li> Dysfunctional family </Li> <Li> Polyfidelitous families </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> First - degree relatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Parent <Ul> <Li> Father </Li> <Li> Mother </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Child <Ul> <Li> Daughter </Li> <Li> Son </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sibling <Ul> <Li> Brother </Li> <Li> Sister </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Second - degree relatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Grandparent </Li> <Li> Grandchild </Li> <Li> Aunt </Li> <Li> Uncle </Li> <Li> Nephew and niece </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Third - degree relatives </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Great - grandparent </Li> <Li> Great - grandchild </Li> <Li> Grand - nephew and grand - niece </Li> <Li> Cousin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Family - in - law </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Spouse <Ul> <Li> Wife </Li> <Li> Husband </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Parents - in - law </Li> <Li> Siblings - in - law </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Stepfamily </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stepfather </Li> <Li> Stepmother </Li> <Li> Stepchild </Li> <Li> Stepsibling </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Kinship </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Adoption </Li> <Li> Affinity </Li> <Li> Consanguinity </Li> <Li> Disownment </Li> <Li> Divorce </Li> <Li> Estrangement </Li> <Li> Fictive kinship </Li> <Li> Marriage </Li> <Li> Nurture kinship </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Lineage </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Bilateral descent </Li> <Li> Common ancestor </Li> <Li> Family name </Li> <Li> Family tree </Li> <Li> Genealogy </Li> <Li> Heirloom </Li> <Li> Heredity </Li> <Li> Inheritance </Li> <Li> Matrilineality </Li> <Li> Patrilineality </Li> <Li> Pedigree chart </Li> <Li> Progenitor </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Relationships </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Agape ( parental love ) </Li> <Li> Eros ( marital love ) </Li> <Li> Filial piety </Li> <Li> Philia ( friendly love ) </Li> <Li> Storge ( familial love ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Holidays </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Mother 's Day <Ul> <Li> U.S. </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Father 's Day </Li> <Li> Siblings Day </Li> <Li> National Grandparents Day </Li> <Li> Wedding anniversary </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sociology of the family </Li> <Li> Museum of Motherhood </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LCCN : sh85047457 </Li> <Li> GND : 4417078 - 6 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Father%27s_Day&oldid=802828270 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> August observances </Li> <Li> Movable August observances </Li> <Li> December observances </Li> <Li> Family member holidays </Li> <Li> Fatherhood </Li> <Li> June observances </Li> <Li> Movable June observances </Li> <Li> Movable July observances </Li> <Li> March observances </Li> <Li> May observances </Li> <Li> Movable November observances </Li> <Li> November observances </Li> <Li> Observances in the United States by presidential proclamation </Li> <Li> October observances </Li> <Li> Movable September observances </Li> <Li> Sunday observances </Li> <Li> Observances set by the Islamic calendar </Li> <Li> Observances set by the Nepali calendar </Li> <Li> Non-Gregorian August observances </Li> <Li> Non-Gregorian September observances </Li> <Li> Movable October observances </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 Croatian - language sources ( hr ) </Li> <Li> CS1 Spanish - 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Dow Jones Industrial average - Wikipedia <H1> Dow Jones Industrial average </H1> Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the stock market index with ticker DJIA . For the company that publishes it , see S&P_Dow_Jones_Indices . <Table> Dow Jones Industrial Average <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Historical logarithmic graph of the DJIA from 1896 to 2018 . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Foundation </Th> <Td> February 16 , 1885 ; 133 years ago ( 1885 - 02 - 16 ) ( as DJA ) May 26 , 1896 ( 1896 - 05 - 26 ) ( as DJIA ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Operator </Th> <Td> S&P Dow Jones Indices </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Exchanges </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> New York Stock Exchange </Li> <Li> NASDAQ </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trading symbol </Th> <Td> ^ DJI </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Constituents </Th> <Td> 30 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Type </Th> <Td> Large cap </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Weighting method </Th> <Td> Price - weighted </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.djaverages.com ? go = industrial - overview </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Dow Jones Industrial Average / ˌdaʊ ˈdʒoʊnz / ( DJIA ) , or simply the Dow , is a stock market index that shows how 30 large publicly owned companies based in the United States have traded during a standard trading session in the stock market . The value of the Dow is not a weighted arithmetic mean and does not represent its component companies ' market capitalization , but rather the sum of the price of one share of stock for each component company . The sum is corrected by a factor which changes whenever one of the component stocks has a stock split or stock dividend , so as to generate a consistent value for the index . </P> <P> It is the second - oldest U.S. market index after the Dow Jones Transportation Average , created by Wall Street Journal editor and Dow Jones & Company co-founder Charles Dow . Currently owned by S&P Dow Jones Indices , which is majority owned by S&P Global , it is the best known of the Dow Averages , of which the first ( non-industrial ) was originally published on February 16 , 1885 . The averages are named after Dow and one of his business associates , statistician Edward Jones . The industrial average was first calculated on May 26 , 1896 . </P> <P> The Industrial portion of the name is largely historical , as many of the modern 30 components have little or nothing to do with traditional heavy industry . Since the divisor is currently less than one , the value of the index is larger than the sum of the component prices . Although the Dow is compiled to gauge the performance of the industrial sector within the American economy , the index 's performance continues to be influenced by not only corporate and economic reports , but also by domestic and foreign political events such as war and terrorism , as well as by natural disasters that could potentially lead to economic harm . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Components </Li> <Li> 2 Former components </Li> <Li> 3 History <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Precursor </Li> <Li> 3.2 Initial components </Li> <Li> 3.3 Early years </Li> <Li> 3.4 Post-war years </Li> <Li> 3.5 Dot - com boom </Li> <Li> 3.6 Post internet - bubble era </Li> <Li> 3.7 Bull market of 2009 -- present </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Investing <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Exchange - traded fund </Li> <Li> 4.2 Futures contracts </Li> <Li> 4.3 Options contracts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Calculation </Li> <Li> 6 Assessment <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Market performance </Li> <Li> 6.2 Correlation among components </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 See also </Li> <Li> 8 References </Li> <Li> 9 Further reading </Li> <Li> 10 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Components ( edit ) </H2> <P> Since the close on September 1 , 2017 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average has consisted of the following 30 major companies : </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Company </Th> <Th> Exchange </Th> <Th> Symbol </Th> <Th> Industry </Th> <Th> Date Added </Th> <Th> Notes </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 3M </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> MMM </Td> <Td> Conglomerate </Td> <Td> 1976 - 08 - 09 </Td> <Td> as Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> American Express </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> AXP </Td> <Td> Consumer finance </Td> <Td> 1982 - 08 - 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apple </Td> <Td> NASDAQ </Td> <Td> AAPL </Td> <Td> Consumer electronics </Td> <Td> 2015 - 03 - 19 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Boeing </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> BA </Td> <Td> Aerospace and defense </Td> <Td> 1987 - 03 - 12 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Caterpillar </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> CAT </Td> <Td> Construction and mining equipment </Td> <Td> 1991 - 05 - 06 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Chevron </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> CVX </Td> <Td> Oil & gas </Td> <Td> 2008 - 02 - 19 </Td> <Td> also 1930 - 07 - 18 to 1999 - 11 - 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Cisco Systems </Td> <Td> NASDAQ </Td> <Td> CSCO </Td> <Td> Computer networking </Td> <Td> 2009 - 06 - 08 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Coca - Cola </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> KO </Td> <Td> Beverages </Td> <Td> 1987 - 03 - 12 </Td> <Td> also 1932 - 05 - 26 to 1935 - 11 - 20 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> DowDuPont </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> DWDP </Td> <Td> Chemical industry </Td> <Td> 2017 - 09 - 01 </Td> <Td> Essentially , as continuation of E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company 's appearance since 1935 - 11 - 20 , but officially a new company due to its merger with Dow Chemical Company on the same day . </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> ExxonMobil </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> XOM </Td> <Td> Oil & gas </Td> <Td> 1928 - 10 - 01 </Td> <Td> as Standard Oil of New Jersey </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> General Electric </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> GE </Td> <Td> Conglomerate </Td> <Td> 1907 - 11 - 07 </Td> <Td> also 1896 - 05 - 26 to 1898 - 10 and 1899 - 04 - 21 to 1901 - 04 - 01 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Goldman Sachs </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> GS </Td> <Td> Banking , Financial services </Td> <Td> 2013 - 09 - 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Home Depot </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> HD </Td> <Td> Home improvement retailer </Td> <Td> 1999 - 11 - 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> IBM </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> IBM </Td> <Td> Computers and technology </Td> <Td> 1979 - 06 - 29 </Td> <Td> also 1932 - 05 - 26 to 1939 - 03 - 04 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Intel </Td> <Td> NASDAQ </Td> <Td> INTC </Td> <Td> Semiconductors </Td> <Td> 1999 - 11 - 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Johnson & Johnson </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> JNJ </Td> <Td> Pharmaceuticals </Td> <Td> 1997 - 03 - 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> JPMorgan Chase </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> JPM </Td> <Td> Banking </Td> <Td> 1991 - 05 - 06 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> McDonald 's </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> MCD </Td> <Td> Fast food </Td> <Td> 1985 - 10 - 30 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Merck </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> MRK </Td> <Td> Pharmaceuticals </Td> <Td> 1979 - 06 - 29 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Microsoft </Td> <Td> NASDAQ </Td> <Td> MSFT </Td> <Td> Software </Td> <Td> 1999 - 11 - 01 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Nike </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> NKE </Td> <Td> Apparel </Td> <Td> 2013 - 09 - 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pfizer </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> PFE </Td> <Td> Pharmaceuticals </Td> <Td> 2004 - 04 - 08 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Procter & Gamble </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> PG </Td> <Td> Consumer goods </Td> <Td> 1932 - 05 - 26 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Travelers </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> TRV </Td> <Td> Insurance </Td> <Td> 2009 - 06 - 08 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UnitedHealth Group </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> UNH </Td> <Td> Managed health care </Td> <Td> 2012 - 09 - 24 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United Technologies </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> UTX </Td> <Td> Conglomerate </Td> <Td> 1939 - 03 - 14 </Td> <Td> as United Aircraft </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Verizon </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> VZ </Td> <Td> Telecommunication </Td> <Td> 2004 - 04 - 08 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Visa </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> V </Td> <Td> Consumer banking </Td> <Td> 2013 - 09 - 20 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walmart </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> WMT </Td> <Td> Retail </Td> <Td> 1997 - 03 - 17 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Walt Disney </Td> <Td> NYSE </Td> <Td> DIS </Td> <Td> Broadcasting and entertainment </Td> <Td> 1991 - 05 - 06 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Former components ( edit ) </H2> Main article : Historical components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average <P> The components of the DJIA have changed 51 times since its beginning in May 26 , 1896 . General Electric has had the longest continuous presence on the index , beginning in 1907 . More recent changes to the index include the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> On April 8 , 2004 , American International Group Incorporated , Pfizer Incorporated , and Verizon Communications Incorporated replaced AT&T Corporation , Eastman Kodak Company , and International Paper Company . </Li> <Li> On February 19 , 2008 , Chevron and Bank of America replaced Altria Group and Honeywell . Chevron was previously a Dow component from July 18 , 1930 , to November 1 , 1999 . During Chevron 's absence , its split - adjusted price per share went from $44 to $85 , while the price of petroleum rose from $24 to $100 . </Li> <Li> On September 22 , 2008 , Kraft Foods Inc replaced the American International Group ( AIG ) in the index . </Li> <Li> On June 8 , 2009 , General Motors Corporation and Citigroup were replaced by The Travelers Companies and Cisco Systems , the latter of which became the third company traded on the NASDAQ to be part of the Dow . </Li> <Li> On September 24 , 2012 , UnitedHealth Group replaced Kraft Foods Inc following Kraft 's split into Mondelēz International and Kraft Foods Group . </Li> <Li> On September 20 , 2013 , Goldman Sachs , Nike , and Visa replaced Alcoa , Bank of America , and Hewlett - Packard . Visa replaced Hewlett - Packard because of the split into HP Inc. and Hewlett Packard Enterprise </Li> <Li> On March 19 , 2015 , Apple replaced AT&T , which had been a component of the DJIA since November 1916 . Apple became the fourth company traded on the NASDAQ to be part of the Dow . </Li> <Li> On September 1 , 2017 , DowDuPont replaced DuPont . DowDuPont was formed by the merger of Dow Chemical Company with DuPont . </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Precursor ( edit ) </H3> DJIA monthly trading volume in shares from 1929 to 2012 <P> In 1884 , Charles Dow composed his first stock average , which contained nine railroads and two industrial companies that appeared in the Customer 's Afternoon Letter , a daily two - page financial news bulletin which was the precursor to The Wall Street Journal . On January 2 , 1886 , the number of stocks represented in what is now the Dow Jones Transportation Average dropped from 14 to 12 , as the Central Pacific Railroad and Central Railroad of New Jersey were removed . Though comprising the same number of stocks , this index contained only one of the original twelve industrials that would eventually form Dow 's most famous index . </P> <H3> Initial components ( edit ) </H3> <P> Dow calculated his first average purely of industrial stocks on May 26 , 1896 , creating what is now known as the Dow Jones Industrial Average . Of the original 12 industrials , only General Electric currently remains part of that index . The other 11 were : </P> <Ul> <Li> American Cotton Oil Company , a predecessor company to Bestfoods , now part of Unilever . </Li> <Li> American Sugar Company , became Domino Sugar in 1900 , now Domino Foods , Inc . </Li> <Li> American Tobacco Company , broken up in a 1911 antitrust action . </Li> <Li> Chicago Gas Company , bought by Peoples Gas Light in 1897 , now an operating subsidiary of Integrys Energy Group . </Li> <Li> Distilling & Cattle Feeding Company , now Millennium Chemicals , formerly a division of LyondellBasell , the latter of which recently emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy . </Li> <Li> Laclede Gas Company , still in operation as Spire Inc , removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1899 . </Li> <Li> National Lead Company , now NL Industries , removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1916 . </Li> <Li> North American Company , an electric utility holding company , broken up by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission ( SEC ) in 1946 . </Li> <Li> Tennessee Coal , Iron and Railroad Company in Birmingham , Alabama , bought by U.S. Steel in 1907 ; U.S. Steel was removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average in 1991 . </Li> <Li> U.S. Leather Company , dissolved in 1952 . </Li> <Li> United States Rubber Company , changed its name to Uniroyal in 1961 , merged with private B.F. Goodrich in 1986 , bought by Michelin in 1990 . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Early years ( edit ) </H3> <P> When it was first published in the mid-1880s , the index stood at a level of 62.76 . It reached a peak of 78.38 during the summer of 1890 , but ended up hitting its all - time low of 28.48 in the summer of 1896 during the Panic of 1896 . Many of the biggest percentage price moves in the Dow occurred early in its history , as the nascent industrial economy matured . The 1900s would see the Dow halt its momentum as it worked its way through two financial crises ; the Panic of 1901 and the Panic of 1907 . The Dow would remain stuck in a trading range between 53 and 103 points until late 1914 . The negativity surrounding the 1906 San Francisco earthquake did little to improve the economic climate . </P> <P> At the start of the 1910s , the decade would begin with the Panic of 1910 -- 1911 stifling economic growth for a lengthy period of time . History would later take its course on July 30 , 1914 ; as the average stood at a level of 71.42 when a decision was made to close down the New York Stock Exchange , and suspend trading for a span of four and a half months . Some historians believe the exchange closed because of a concern that markets would plunge as a result of panic over the onset of World War I. An alternative explanation is that the Secretary of the Treasury , William Gibbs McAdoo , closed the exchange to conserve the U.S. gold stock in order to launch the Federal Reserve System later that year , with enough gold to keep the United States on par with the gold standard . When the markets reopened on December 12 , 1914 , the index closed at 74.56 , a gain of 4.4 percent . This is frequently reported as a large drop , due to using a later redefinition . Reports from the time say that the day was positive . Following World War I , the United States would experience another economic downturn , the post-World War I recession . The Dow 's performance would remain unchanged from the closing value of the previous decade , adding only 8.26 % , from 99.05 points at the beginning of 1910 , to a level of 107.23 points at the end of 1919 . </P> <P> During the 1920s , specifically In 1928 , the components of the Dow were increased to 30 stocks near the economic height of that decade , which was nicknamed the Roaring Twenties . This period downplayed the influence of an early 1920s recession plus certain international conflicts such as the Polish - Soviet war , the Irish Civil War , the Turkish War of Independence and the initial phase of the Chinese Civil War . The Crash of 1929 and the ensuing Great Depression over the next several years returned the average to its starting point , almost 90 % below its peak . By July 8 , 1932 , following its intra-day low of 40.56 , the Dow would end up closing the session at 41.22 . The high of 381.17 on September 3 , 1929 , would not be surpassed until 1954 , in inflation - adjusted numbers . However , the bottom of the 1929 Crash came just 21⁄2 months later on November 13 , 1929 , when intra-day it was at the 195.35 level , closing slightly higher at 198.69 . For the decade , the Dow would end off with a healthy 131.7 % gain , from 107.23 points at the beginning of 1920 , to a level of 248.48 points at the end of 1929 , just before the Crash of 1929 . </P> <P> Marked by global instability and the Great Depression , the 1930s contended with several consequential European and Asian outbreaks of war , leading up to catastrophic World War II in 1939 . Other conflicts during the decade which affected the stock market included the 1936 -- 1939 Spanish Civil War , the 1935 -- 1936 Second Italo - Abyssinian War , the Soviet - Japanese Border War of 1939 and the Second Sino - Japanese War from 1937 . On top of that , the United States dealt with a painful recession in 1937 and 1938 which temporarily brought economic recovery to a halt . The largest one - day percentage gain in the index , 15.34 % , happened on March 15 , 1933 , in the depths of the 1930s bear market when the Dow gained 8.26 points to close at 62.10 . However , as a whole throughout the Great Depression , the Dow posted some of its worst performances , for a negative return during most of the 1930s for new and old stock market investors . For the decade , the Dow Jones average was down from 248.48 points at the beginning of 1930 , to a stable level of 150.24 points at the end of 1939 , a loss of about 40 % . </P> <H3> Post-war years ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Post-war reconstruction during the 1940s , along with renewed optimism of peace and prosperity , brought about a 39 % surge in the Dow from around the 148 level to 206 . The strength in the Dow occurred despite a brief recession in 1949 and other global conflicts which started a short time later including the latter stages of the Chinese Civil War , the Greek Civil War , the Indo - Pakistani War of 1947 and the 1948 Arab -- Israeli War . </P> <P> During the 1950s , the Korean War , the Algerian War , the Cold War and other political tensions such as the Cuban Revolution , as well as widespread political and economic changes in Africa during the initial stages of European Decolonization , did not stop the Dow 's bullish climb higher . Additionally , the U.S. would also make its way through two grinding recessions ; one in 1953 and another in 1958 . A 200 % increase in the average from a level of 206 to 616 ensued over the course of that decade . </P> The Dow fell 22.61 % on Black Monday ( 1987 ) from about the 2,500 level to around 1,750 . Two days later , it rose 10.15 % above the 2,000 level for a mild recovery attempt . <P> The Dow 's bullish behavior began to stall during the 1960s as the U.S. became entangled with foreign political issues such as U.S. military excursions including the Bay of Pigs Invasion involving Cuba , the Vietnam War , the Portuguese Colonial War , the Colombian civil war which the U.S. assisted with short - lived counter-guerrilla campaigns , as well as domestic issues such as the Civil Rights Movement and several influential political assassinations . For the decade though , and despite a mild recession between 1960 and 1961 , the average still managed a respectable 30 % gain from the 616 level to 800 . </P> <P> The 1970s marked a time of economic uncertainty and troubled relations between the U.S. and certain Middle - Eastern countries . To begin with , the decade started off with the ongoing Recession of 1969 -- 70 . Following that , the 1970s Energy Crisis ensued which included the 1973 -- 75 recession , the 1973 Oil Crisis as well as the 1979 energy crisis beginning as a prelude to a disastrous economic climate injected with stagflation ; the combination between high unemployment and high inflation . However , on November 14 , 1972 , the average closed above the 1,000 mark ( 1,003.16 ) for the first time , during a brief relief rally in the midst of a lengthy bear market . Between January 1973 and December 1974 , the average lost 48 % of its value in what became known as the 1973 -- 1974 Stock Market Crash ; with the situation being exacerbated by the events surrounding the Yom Kippur War . The index closed at 577.60 , on December 4 , 1974 . During 1976 , the index went above 1000 several times , and it closed the year at 1,004.75 . Although the Vietnam War ended in 1975 , new tensions arose towards Iran surrounding the Iranian Revolution in 1979 . Other notable disturbances such as the Lebanese Civil War , the Ethiopian Civil War , the Indo - Pakistani War of 1971 and the Angolan Civil War which the U.S. and Soviet Union considered critical to the global balance of power , seemed to have had little influence towards the financial markets . Performance-wise for the decade , gains remained virtually flat , rising less than 5 % from about the 800 level to 838 . </P> <P> The 1980s decade started with the early 1980s recession . In early 1981 , it broke above 1000 several times , but then retreated . The largest one - day percentage drop occurred on Black Monday ; October 19 , 1987 , when the average fell 22.61 % . There were no clear reasons given to explain the crash , but program trading may have been a major contributing factor . On October 13 , 1989 , the Dow stumbled into another downfall , the 1989 Mini-Crash which initiated the collapse of the junk bond market as the Dow registered a loss of almost 7 % . </P> <P> For the decade , the Dow made a 228 % increase from the 838 level to 2,753 ; despite the market crashes , Silver Thursday , an early 1980s recession , the 1980s oil glut , the Japanese asset price bubble and other political distractions such as the Soviet war in Afghanistan , the Falklands War , the Iran -- Iraq War , the Second Sudanese Civil War and the First Intifada in the Middle East . The index had only two negative years , which were in 1981 and 1984 . </P> <H3> Dot - com boom ( edit ) </H3> <P> The 1990s brought on rapid advances in technology along with the introduction of the dot - com era . To start off , the markets contended with the 1990 oil price shock compounded with the effects of the Early 1990s recession and a brief European situation surrounding Black Wednesday . Certain influential foreign conflicts such as the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt which took place as part of the initial stages of the Dissolution of the USSR and the Fall of Communism ; the First and Second Chechen Wars , the Persian Gulf War and the Yugoslav Wars failed to dampen economic enthusiasm surrounding the ongoing Information Age and the `` irrational exuberance '' ( a phrase coined by Alan Greenspan ) of the Internet Boom . Even the occurrences of the Rwandan Genocide and the Second Congo War , termed as `` Africa 's World War '' that involved 8 separate African nations which together between the two killed over 5 million people , did n't seem to have any noticeable negative financial impact on the Dow either . Between late 1992 and early 1993 , the Dow staggered through the 3,000 level making only modest gains as the Biotechnology sector suffered through the downfall of the Biotech Bubble ; as many biotech companies saw their share prices rapidly rise to record levels and then subsequently fall to new all - time lows . </P> <P> On November 21 , 1995 , the DJIA closed above the 5,000 level ( 5,023.55 ) for the first time . Over the following two years , the Dow would rapidly tower above the 6,000 level during the month of October in 1996 , and the 7,000 level in February 1997 . On its march higher into record territory , the Dow easily made its way through the 8,000 level in July 1997 . However , later in that year during October , the events surrounding the Asian Financial Crisis plunged the Dow into a 554 - point loss to a close of 7,161.15 ; a retrenchment of 7.18 % in what became known as the 1997 Mini-Crash . Although internationally there was negativity surrounding the 1998 Russian financial crisis along with the subsequent fallout from the 1998 collapse of the derivatives Long - Term Capital Management hedge fund involving bad bets placed on the movement of the Russian ruble , the Dow would go on to surpass the 9,000 level during the month of April in 1998 , making its sentimental push towards the symbolic 10,000 level . On March 29 , 1999 , the average closed above the 10,000 mark ( 10,006.78 ) after flirting with it for two weeks . This prompted a celebration on the trading floor , complete with party hats . The scene at the exchange made front - page headlines on many U.S. newspapers such as The New York Times . On May 3 , 1999 , the Dow achieved its first close above the 11,000 mark ( 11,014.70 ) . Total gains for the decade exceeded 315 % ; from the 2,753 level to 11,497 . </P> <P> The Dow averaged a 5.3 % return compounded annually for the 20th century , a record Warren Buffett called `` a wonderful century '' ; when he calculated that to achieve that return again , the index would need to close at about 2,000,000 by December 2099 . During the height of the dot - com era , authors James K. Glassman and Kevin A. Hassett went so far as to publish a book entitled Dow 36,000 : The New Strategy for Profiting From the Coming Rise in the Stock Market . Their theory was to imply that stocks were still cheap and it was not too late to benefit from rising prices during the Internet boom . </P> <P> Characterized by fear on the part of newer investors , the uncertainty of the 2000s ( decade ) brought on a significant bear market . There was indecision on whether the cyclical bull market represented a prolonged temporary bounce or a new long - term trend . Ultimately , there was widespread resignation and disappointment as the lows were revisited , and in some cases , surpassed near the end of the decade . </P> <H3> Post Internet - bubble era ( edit ) </H3> The Dow fell 14.3 % from the mid-9,000 level to the low 8,000 level after the September 11 , 2001 attacks . Exchanges were closed between September 11 and 17 . <P> The fourth largest one - day point drop in DJIA history , and largest at the time , occurred on September 17 , 2001 , the first day of trading after the September 11 , 2001 attacks , when the Dow fell 684.81 points , or 7.1 % . However , the Dow had been in a downward trend for virtually all of 2001 prior to September 11 , losing well over 1000 points between January 2 and September 10 , and had lost 187.51 points on September 6 , followed by losing 235.4 points on September 7 . By the end of that week , the Dow had fallen 1,369.70 points , or 14.3 % . However , the Dow began an upward trend shortly after the attacks , and quickly regained all lost ground to close above the 10,000 level for the year . </P> <P> During 2002 , the average remained subdued without making substantial gains due to the stock market downturn of 2002 as well as the lingering effects of the dot - com bubble . In 2003 , the Dow held steady within the 7,000 to 9,000 - point level range by the early 2000s recession , the Afghan War and the Iraq War . But by December of that year , the Dow remarkably returned to the 10,000 mark . In October 2006 , four years after its bear market low , the DJIA set fresh record theoretical , intra-day , daily close , weekly , and monthly highs for the first time in almost seven years , closing above the 12,000 level for the first time on the 19th anniversary of Black Monday ( 1987 ) . On February 27 , 2007 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 3.3 % ( 415.30 points ) , its biggest point drop since 2001 . The initial drop was caused by a global sell - off after Chinese stocks experienced a mini-crash , yet by April 25 , the Dow passed the 13,000 level in trading and closed above that milestone for the first time . On July 19 , 2007 , the average passed the 14,000 level , completing the fastest 1,000 - point advance for the index since 1999 . One week later , a 450 - point intra-day loss , owing to turbulence in the U.S. sub-prime mortgage market and the soaring value of the yuan , initiated another correction falling below the 13,000 mark , about 10 % from its highs . </P> <P> On October 9 , 2007 , the Dow Jones Industrial Average closed at a record high of 14,164.53 . Two days later on October 11 , the Dow traded at an intra-day level high of 14,198.10 , a mark which would not be matched until March 2013 . In what would normally take many years to accomplish ; numerous reasons were cited for the Dow 's extremely rapid rise from the 11,000 level in early 2006 , to the 14,000 level in late 2007 . They included future possible takeovers and mergers , healthy earnings reports particularly in the tech sector , and moderate inflationary numbers ; fueling speculation the Federal Reserve would not raise interest rates . </P> <P> On September 15 , 2008 , a wider financial crisis became evident when Lehman Brothers filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy along with the economic effect of record high oil prices which reached almost $150 per barrel two months earlier . When opening that morning , it immediately lost 300 points and overall the DJIA lost more than 500 points for only the sixth time in history , returning to its mid-July lows below the 11,000 level . A series of `` bailout '' packages , including the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 , proposed and implemented by the Federal Reserve and U.S. Treasury , as well as FDIC - sponsored bank mergers , did not prevent further losses . After nearly six months of extreme volatility during which the Dow experienced its largest one - day point loss , largest daily point gain , and largest intra-day range ( more than 1,000 points ) , the index closed at a new twelve - year low of 6,547.05 on March 9 , 2009 ( after an intra-day low of 6,469.95 during the March 6 session ) , its lowest close since April 1997 , and had lost 20 % of its value in only six weeks . </P> <H3> Bull market of 2009 -- present ( edit ) </H3> <P> Towards the latter half of 2009 , the average rallied towards the 10,000 level amid optimism that the Late - 2000s ( decade ) Recession , the United States Housing Bubble and the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 -- 2009 , were easing and possibly coming to an end . For the decade , the Dow saw a rather substantial pullback for a negative return from the 11,497 level to 10,428 , a loss of a little over 9 % . </P> The DJIA from January 2000 through February 2015 . <P> During the early part of the 2010s , aided somewhat by the loose monetary policy practiced by the Federal Reserve , the Dow made a notable rally attempt , though with significant volatility due to growing global concerns such as the 2010 European sovereign debt crisis , the Dubai debt crisis , and the United States debt ceiling crisis . On May 6 , 2010 , the index lost around 400 points over the day , then just after 2 : 30 pm EDT , it lost about 600 points in just a few minutes , and gained the last amount back about as quickly . The intra-day change at the lowest point was 998.50 points , representing an intra-day loss of 9.2 % . The event , during which the Dow bottomed out at 9,869 before recovering to end with a 3.2 % daily loss at 10,520.32 , became known as the 2010 Flash Crash . The index closed the half - year at 9,774.02 for a loss of 7.7 % . </P> <P> In the midst of the decade , the Dow rallied its way above the peak from October 2007 . On May 3 , 2013 , the Dow surpassed the 15,000 mark for the first time before towering above the next few millenary milestones thanks to commendable economic reports . The index closed 2014 at 17,823.07 for a gain of 71 % for the five years before progress became minimal the next year . However , the overwhelming economic factors exhibited in 2015 caused the Dow to plunge into correction territory for the first time since 2011 . By October , the Dow had exited correction rallying 14 % from its August lows , but failed to hit a record high set back in May . In November and December , the Dow continued to retreat from the 14 % rally in October , leading some to call it a bear market . This led to the Dow closing at 17,425.03 for 2015 , the first annual loss since 2008 . After nearly 14 months since the last record close , the Dow finally achieved a fresh new , central - bank debt fueled record close on July 20 , 2016 at 18,595.03 along with an intraday high of 18,622.01 . </P> <P> During the late part of the 2010s , despite anticipations of post-election selloffs , the Dow rallied significantly after Donald Trump was elected President . On January 25 , 2017 , the Dow hit a record high of 20,000 , an increase of 1,667 points since his election in November 2016 . Throughout the course of the rest of 2017 and January 2018 , the Dow skyrocketed past a few millenary milestones , including the symbolic 25,000 on January 4 , 2018 . The current record high of 26,616.71 was achieved on Jan. 26 , 2018 . However , on February 2 , 2018 , the Dow suffered its biggest loss since Brexit on June 24 , 2016 . As volatility made its return for next week , the largest intraday point drop of 1,597.08 points and largest closing point drop of 1,175.21 points were both set on February 5 , 2018 although percentage changes were not as extreme as some past stock market crashes . </P> <H2> Investing ( edit ) </H2> <P> Investing in the DJIA is made widely accessible in equities through exchange - traded funds ( ETFs ) as well as in derivatives through option contracts and futures contracts . </P> <H3> Exchange - traded fund ( edit ) </H3> <P> Several ETFs follow the Dow Jones Industrial Average , including with short or leverage strategies . The biggest has assets under management in the tens of billions dollars as of 2017 . </P> <P> Due to the advent of pre-market trading , the ETFs provide a very accurate opening value for the average . </P> <H3> Futures contracts ( edit ) </H3> <P> In the derivatives market , the CME Group through its subsidiaries the Chicago Mercantile Exchange ( CME ) and the Chicago Board of Trade ( CBOT ) , issues Futures Contracts ; the E-mini Dow ( $5 ) Futures ( YM ) , which track the average and trade on their exchange floors respectively . Trading is typically carried out in an Open Outcry auction , or over an electronic network such as CME 's Globex platform . Dow Futures is one of the most important premarket tool and reflect the mood in which DJIA will open . </P> <H3> Options contracts ( edit ) </H3> <P> The Chicago Board Options Exchange ( CBOE ) issues Options Contracts on the Dow through the root symbol DJX in combination with long - term expiration options called DJX LEAPS . There are also options on the various ETFs ; Performance ETFs , Inverse Performance ETFs , 2x Performance ETFs , Inverse 2x Performance ETFs , 3x Performance ETFs , and Inverse 3x Performance ETFs . </P> <H2> Calculation ( edit ) </H2> <P> To calculate the DJIA , the sum of the prices of all 30 stocks is divided by a divisor , the Dow Divisor . The divisor is adjusted in case of stock splits , spinoffs or similar structural changes , to ensure that such events do not in themselves alter the numerical value of the DJIA . Early on , the initial divisor was composed of the original number of component companies ; which made the DJIA at first , a simple arithmetic average . The present divisor , after many adjustments , is less than one ( meaning the index is larger than the sum of the prices of the components ) . That is : </P> <Dl> <Dd> DJIA = ∑ p d ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( DJIA ) ) = ( \ sum p \ over d ) ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> where p are the prices of the component stocks and d is the Dow Divisor . </P> <P> Events such as stock splits or changes in the list of the companies composing the index alter the sum of the component prices . In these cases , in order to avoid discontinuity in the index , the Dow Divisor is updated so that the quotations right before and after the event coincide : </P> <Dl> <Dd> DJIA = ∑ p old d old = ∑ p new d new . ( \ displaystyle ( \ text ( DJIA ) ) = ( \ sum p_ ( \ text ( old ) ) \ over d_ ( \ text ( old ) ) ) = ( \ sum p_ ( \ text ( new ) ) \ over d_ ( \ text ( new ) ) ) . ) </Dd> </Dl> <P> The Dow Divisor was 0.14523396877348 on September 1 , 2017 . Presently , every $1 change in price in a particular stock within the average equates to a 6.885 ( or 1 ÷ 0.14523396877348 ) point movement . </P> <H2> Assessment ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Market Performance ( edit ) </H3> <P> With the current inclusion of only 30 stocks , critics such as Ric Edelman argue that the DJIA is not a very accurate representation of overall market performance . Still , it is the most cited and most widely recognized of the stock market indices . Additionally , the DJIA is criticized for being a price - weighted average , which gives higher - priced stocks more influence over the average than their lower - priced counterparts , but takes no account of the relative industry size or market capitalization of the components . For example , a $1 increase in a lower - priced stock can be negated by a $1 decrease in a much higher - priced stock , even though the lower - priced stock experienced a larger percentage change . In addition , a $1 move in the smallest component of the DJIA has the same effect as a $1 move in the largest component of the average . For example , during September -- October 2008 , former component AIG 's reverse split - adjusted stock price collapsed from $22.76 on September 8 to $1.35 on October 27 ; contributing to a roughly 3,000 - point drop in the index . </P> <P> As of January 2018 , Boeing and Goldman Sachs are among the highest priced stocks in the average and therefore have the greatest influence on it . Alternately , Pfizer and General Electric are among the lowest priced stocks in the average and have the least amount of sway in the price movement . Many critics of the DJIA recommend the float - adjusted market - value weighted S&P 500 or the Wilshire 5000 , the latter of which includes all U.S. equity securities , as better indicators of the U.S. stock market . </P> <H3> Correlation among components ( edit ) </H3> <P> A study between the correlation of components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average compared with the movement of the index finds that the correlation is higher in a time period where the average recedes and goes down . The correlation is lowest in a time when the average is flat or rises a modest amount . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Capitalism portal </Li> <Li> Business and economics portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Closing milestones of the Dow Jones Industrial Average </Li> <Li> Historical record closes of the Dow Jones Industrial Average </Li> <Li> List of largest daily changes in the Dow Jones Industrial Average </Li> <Li> Nikkei 225 </Li> <Li> S&P Dow Jones Indices </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow Record Book Adds Another First . Philly.com . Retrieved July 8 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Dow Jones Industrial Average Fact Sheet '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Arthur ; Sheffrin , Steven M. ( 2003 ) . Economics : Principles in Action . Upper Saddle River , New Jersey 07458 : Pearson Prentice Hall . p. 290 . ISBN 0 - 13 - 063085 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gritta , Richard ; Adams , Brian . `` Problems with the Dow Jones Industrial Average - A Simple Unweighted Arithmetic Mean : An Issue Re-Revisited '' . Global Review of Accounting and Finance . 7 ( 2 ) : 68 -- 79 . doi : 10.21102 / graf. 2016.09. 72.06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why the Dow Does n't Work - McLean Asset Management '' . McLean Asset Management . 2015 - 04 - 23 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/dowdupont-set-to-join-dow-jones-industrial-average-300509503.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Wayback Machine '' ( PDF ) . May 28 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dow Jones to change the composition of the Dow Jones Industrial Average '' ( Press release ) . Dow Jones . February 11 , 2008 . Retrieved February 11 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Browning , E.S. ( June 1 , 2009 ) . `` Travelers , Cisco Replace Citi , GM in Dow '' . Wall Street Journal . Dow Jones & Company . Retrieved June 2 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Barr , Collin ( September 10 , 2013 ) . `` Alcoa , H-P and Bank of America to Be Dropped from the Dow Jones '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Why Alcoa , Hewlett - Packard Should Still Be in the Dow Industrial 30 '' . TheStreet . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shell , Adam ( March 6 , 2015 ) . `` iDow : Apple added to iconic Dow stock index '' . USA Today . Retrieved March 6 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Fool.com : History of the Dow '' . fool.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow Jones Indexes Website . Dow Jones Indexes . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What happened to the original 12 companies in the DJIA ? . Dow Jones Indexes . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` LyondellBasell to emerge from Chapter 11 at end of month '' Archived May 8 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... MarketWatch . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Setting the Record Straight on the Dow Drop '' , New York Times , Retrieved March 22 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow Jones Closing Prices 1911 to 1920 Archived October 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Automationinformation.com . Retrieved on August 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Anderson , Benjamin ( 1949 ) . Economics and the Public Welfare : A Financial and Economic History of the United States , 1914 -- 1946 . LibertyPress ( 2nd ed. , 1979 ) . p. 219 . ISBN 0 - 913966 - 69 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow Jones Closing Prices 1921 to 1930 Archived October 5 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Automationinformation.com . Retrieved on August 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow Jones Closing Prices 1931 to 1940 Archived October 4 , 2013 , at the Wayback Machine ... Automationinformation.com . Retrieved on August 16 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buffett , Warren ( February 2008 ) . `` Letter to Shareholders '' ( PDF ) . Berkshire Hathaway . Retrieved March 4 , 2008 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow Jones Industrial Average Historical Prices . Yahoo Finance . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McHugh , Robert D. ( July 1 , 2007 ) . July 26 , 2007 ... Black Thursday ? Archived September 1 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine ... Gold Eagle Financial News . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murchie , Kay ( August 17 , 2007 ) . Black Thursday on Stock Market . FinanceMarkets.co.uk . Retrieved February 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow Jones Industrial Average Historical Prices . Google Finance . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Dow Jones Has Never Been Higher . Slate . Retrieved March 10 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow Jones Industrial Average Historical Prices . Google Finance . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Paradis , Tim ( May 6 , 2010 ) . Wall St. rollercoaster : Stocks fall nearly 10 pct Archived May 9 , 2010 , at the Wayback Machine ... Associated Press . Retrieved May 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` CNNMoney '' . cnn.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gibson , Kate ( May 3 , 2013 ) . U.S. stock rally lifts S&P 500 , Dow to milestones . CBS Marketwatch . Retrieved May 3 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dow Jones industrial average trades above 17,000 for first time after strong US jobs report Archived April 11 , 2016 , at the Wayback Machine ... Associated Press . Retrieved July 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ DJIA Trades Above 18,000 for First Time . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved December 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dow Jones Industrial Average Closes 2014 Below 18,000 Milestone , But Gains 7.52 % For The Year '' . International Business Times . 2014 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Cramer , Jim . `` Cramer : We 're in a bear market '' . Yahoo . CNBC . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2015 . Retrieved 28 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Buckels , Re-Essa . `` We 're in a bear market : Carter Worth '' . CNBC . CNBC . Retrieved 29 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dow , S&P Close Lower to End Worst Year Since 2008 '' . Yahoo ! Finance . CNBC Videos . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dow closes up triple digits at record , first 5 - day win streak since March '' . Yahoo ! Finance . CNBC Videos . Retrieved 14 July 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Egan , Matt ( 2017 - 01 - 25 ) . `` Boom : Dow hits 20,000 for first time ever '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 25 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Isidore , Chris . `` Dow 25,000 : A milestone 120 years in the making '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Egan , Matt . `` Dow plunges 666 points -- worst day since Brexit '' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 03 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Imbert , Fred ( February 5 , 2018 ) . `` Dow plunges 1,175 points in wild trading session , S&P 500 goes negative for 2018 '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://markets.ft.com/data/search?query=Dow&country=&assetClass=ETF </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnston , Kevin ( 2017 - 01 - 13 ) . `` Top 4 ETFs to Track the Dow in 2018 '' . Investopedia . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 09 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Barrons Data Center Table '' . Retrieved September 25 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Edelman , Ric ( December 23 , 2003 ) . The Truth About Money 3rd Edition . Harper Paperbacks . p. 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 056658 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ How Dow Jones Wrecked The Dow Jones Industrial Average . Business Insider . Retrieved March 14 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ La Monica , Paul ( September 15 , 2008 ) . Toss AIG from the Dow ! . CNN . Retrieved September 21 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Index Component Weights of Stocks in the Dow Jones Industrial Average '' . Index Insight and Market Timing Tools : Futures , Equities , Options . Ergo Inc . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Tobias Preis , Dror Y . Kenett , H. Eugene Stanley , Dirk Helbing and Eshel Ben - Jacob ( 2012 ) . `` Quantifying the Behavior of Stock Correlations Under Market Stress '' . Scientific Reports . 2 : 752 . doi : 10.1038 / srep00752 . Retrieved October 19 , 2012 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Stillman , Richard ( 1986 ) . Dow Jones Industrial Average : History and Role in an Investment Strategy . Dow Jones - Irwin . </Li> <Li> Goodrick , D. Scott ( 2008 ) . Making Dollar $ and Sense on Wall Street . CreateSpace . ISBN 978 - 1438229010 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dow Jones Industrial Average . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average Milestones </Li> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average Biggest Gains and Losses </Li> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average at NASDAQ </Li> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average at NYSE Euronext </Li> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average at the Chicago Board Options Exchange </Li> <Li> Dow Futures Dow Futures is one of the most important premarket tool </Li> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average Component Quotes at Yahoo ! Finance </Li> <Li> 100 Year Dow Jones Industrial Average Adjusted for Inflation at MacroTrends </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> 3M </Li> <Li> American Express </Li> <Li> Apple </Li> <Li> Boeing </Li> <Li> Caterpillar </Li> <Li> Chevron </Li> <Li> Cisco Systems </Li> <Li> Coca - Cola </Li> <Li> Disney </Li> <Li> DowDuPont </Li> <Li> ExxonMobil </Li> <Li> General Electric </Li> <Li> Goldman Sachs </Li> <Li> The Home Depot </Li> <Li> Intel </Li> <Li> IBM </Li> <Li> Johnson & Johnson </Li> <Li> JPMorgan Chase </Li> <Li> McDonald 's </Li> <Li> Merck & Co . </Li> <Li> Microsoft </Li> <Li> Nike </Li> <Li> Pfizer </Li> <Li> Procter & Gamble </Li> <Li> Travelers </Li> <Li> UnitedHealth Group </Li> <Li> United Technologies </Li> <Li> Verizon Communications </Li> <Li> Visa </Li> <Li> Walmart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Major United States stock market indices </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average ( 30 large stocks ; popular indicator ) </Li> <Li> NYSE Composite Index ( all companies on the NYSE ) </Li> <Li> Nasdaq Composite Index ( all companies on the NASDAQ ; technology - 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Mail </Li> <Li> The Sunday Mail ( Brisbane ) </Li> <Li> The Advertiser ( Adelaide ) </Li> <Li> Sunday Mail ( Adelaide ) </Li> <Li> The Sunday Times ( Western Australia ) </Li> <Li> The Mercury ( Hobart ) </Li> <Li> Northern Territory News </Li> <Li> mX ( newspaper ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Community newspapers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Leader Community Newspapers ( Victoria ) </Li> <Li> NewsLocal ( NSW ) </Li> <Li> Quest Community Newspapers ( Queensland ) </Li> <Li> Messenger Newspapers ( South Australia ) </Li> <Li> Community Newspaper Group ( Western Australia ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Regional newspapers </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Geelong Advertiser </Li> <Li> Gold Coast Bulletin </Li> <Li> The Cairns Post </Li> <Li> Townsville Bulletin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magazines </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Big League </Li> <Li> GQ Australia </Li> <Li> Vogue Australia </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television channels </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Fox Sports Pty Limited </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Fox Sports </Li> <Li> Fox Footy </Li> <Li> Fox League </Li> <Li> Fox Sports News </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Australian News Channel </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Sky News Live </Li> <Li> Sky News Business Channel </Li> <Li> Sky News Weather Channel </Li> <Li> A-PAC </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Professional sports </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Brisbane Broncos ( 68.87 % ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other properties </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Australian Associated Press ( 45 % ) </Li> <Li> Newspoll ( polling brand ) </Li> <Li> Papua New Guinea Post-Courier ( 63 % ) </Li> <Li> REA Group ( 61.6 % ) </Li> <Li> Foxtel ( 50 % ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> News UK </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> The Times </Li> <Li> The Sunday Times </Li> <Li> The Sun </Li> <Li> The Times Literary Supplement </Li> <Li> Wireless Group </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Other assets </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Move </Li> <Li> New York Post </Li> <Li> News America Marketing </Li> <Li> News Outdoor Group </Li> <Li> Texture ( partial ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> See also List of assets owned by News Corp , 21st Century Fox , News Corporation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dow_Jones_Industrial_Average&oldid=833973485 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Dow Jones Industrial Average </Li> <Li> 1896 establishments in the United States </Li> <Li> American stock market indices </Li> <Li> Dow Jones & Company </Li> <Li> S&P Dow Jones Indices </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from December 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from November 2015 </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bân - 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Money laundering - wikipedia <H1> Money laundering </H1> `` Dirty money '' redirects here . For other uses , see Dirty Money ( disambiguation ) . <P> </P> <P> Money laundering is the act of concealing the transformation of profits from illegal activities and corruption into ostensibly `` legitimate '' assets . One problem of criminal activities is accounting for the proceeds without raising the suspicion of law enforcement agencies . Considerable time and effort may put into strategies which enable the safe use of those proceeds without raising unwanted suspicion . Implementing such strategies is generally called money laundering . After money has been suitably laundered or `` cleaned '' , it can be used in the mainstream economy for accumulation of wealth , such as by acquisitions of properties or legitimate businesses , or simply spent . Law enforcement agencies of many jurisdictions have set up sophisticated systems in an effort to detect suspicious transactions or activities , and many have set up international cooperative arrangements to assist each other in these endeavors . In a number of legal and regulatory systems , the term `` money laundering '' has become conflated with other forms of financial and business crime , and is sometimes used more generally to include misuse of the financial system ( involving things such as securities , digital currencies , credit cards , and traditional currency ) , including terrorism financing and evasion of international sanctions . Most anti-money laundering laws openly conflate money laundering ( which is concerned with source of funds ) with terrorism financing ( which is concerned with destination of funds ) when regulating the financial system . </P> <P> Some countries treat obfuscation of sources of money as also constituting money laundering , whether it is intentional or by merely using financial systems or services that do not identify or track sources or destinations . Other countries define money laundering in such a way as to include money from activity that would have been a crime in that country , even if the activity was legal where the actual conduct occurred . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Definition </Li> <Li> 3 Methods </Li> <Li> 4 Money Laundering by Region <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Latin America <Ul> <Li> 4.1. 1 Economic impact in the region </Li> <Li> 4.1. 2 Jurisprudence </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Magnitude </Li> <Li> 6 Electronic money </Li> <Li> 7 Reverse money laundering </Li> <Li> 8 Combating <Ul> <Li> 8.1 Criminalization </Li> <Li> 8.2 The role of financial institutions </Li> <Li> 8.3 Value of enforcement costs and associated privacy concerns </Li> <Li> 8.4 Global organizations </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9 Anti-money - laundering measures by region <Ul> <Li> 9.1 Afghanistan </Li> <Li> 9.2 Australia </Li> <Li> 9.3 Bangladesh </Li> <Li> 9.4 Canada </Li> <Li> 9.5 European Union </Li> <Li> 9.6 India </Li> <Li> 9.7 Singapore </Li> <Li> 9.8 Thailand </Li> <Li> 9.9 United Kingdom <Ul> <Li> 9.9. 1 Bureaux de change </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 9.10 South Africa </Li> <Li> 9.11 United States <Ul> <Li> 9.11. 1 Preventive </Li> <Li> 9.11. 2 Criminal sanctions </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 10 Notable cases </Li> <Li> 11 Digital money and Money laundering </Li> <Li> 12 See also </Li> <Li> 13 Further reading </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> Laws against money laundering were created to use against organized crime during the period of Prohibition in the United States during the 1930s . Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition and a large source of new funds that were obtained from illegal sales of alcohol . The successful prosecution of Al Capone on tax evasion brought in a new emphasis by the state and law enforcement agencies to track and confiscate money , but existing laws against tax evasion could not be used once gangsters started paying their taxes . </P> <P> In the 1980s , the war on drugs led governments again to turn to money - laundering rules in an attempt to seize proceeds of drug crimes in order to catch the organizers and individuals running drug empires . It also had the benefit from a law enforcement point of view of turning rules of evidence upside down . Law enforcers normally have to prove an individual is guilty to get a conviction . But with money laundering laws , money can be confiscated and it is up to the individual to prove that the source of funds is legitimate if they want the funds back . This makes it much easier for law enforcement agencies and provides for much lower burdens of proof . </P> <P> The September 11 attacks in 2001 , which led to the Patriot Act in the U.S. and similar legislation worldwide , led to a new emphasis on money laundering laws to combat terrorism financing . The Group of Seven ( G7 ) nations used the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering to put pressure on governments around the world to increase surveillance and monitoring of financial transactions and share this information between countries . Starting in 2002 , governments around the world upgraded money laundering laws and surveillance and monitoring systems of financial transactions . Anti money laundering regulations have become a much larger burden for financial institutions and enforcement has stepped up significantly . During 2011 -- 2015 a number of major banks faced ever - increasing fines for breaches of money laundering regulations . This included HSBC , which was fined $1.9 billion in December 2012 , and BNP Paribas , which was fined $8.9 billion in July 2014 by the U.S. government . Many countries introduced or strengthened border controls on the amount of cash that can be carried and introduced central transaction reporting systems where all financial institutions have to report all financial transactions electronically . For example , in 2006 , Australia set up the AUSTRAC system and required the reporting of all financial transactions . </P> <H2> Definition ( edit ) </H2> Placing `` dirty '' money in a service company , where it is layered with legitimate income and then integrated into the flow of money , is a common form of money laundering . <P> The conversion or transfer of property , the concealment or disguising of the nature of the proceeds , the acquisition , possession or use of property , knowing that these are derived from criminal activity and participate or assist the movement of funds to make the proceeds appear legitimate is money laundering . </P> <P> Money obtained from certain crimes , such as extortion , insider trading , drug trafficking , and illegal gambling is `` dirty '' and needs to be `` cleaned '' to appear to have been derived from legal activities , so that banks and other financial institutions will deal with it without suspicion . Money can be laundered by many methods which vary in complexity and sophistication . </P> <P> Money laundering involves three steps : The first involves introducing cash into the financial system by some means ( `` placement '' ) ; the second involves carrying out complex financial transactions to camouflage the illegal source of the cash ( `` layering '' ) ; and finally , acquiring wealth generated from the transactions of the illicit funds ( `` integration '' ) . Some of these steps may be omitted , depending upon the circumstances . For example , non-cash proceeds that are already in the financial system would not need to be placed . </P> <P> According to the United States Treasury Department : </P> <P> Money laundering is the process of making illegally - gained proceeds ( i.e. , `` dirty money '' ) appear legal ( i.e. , `` clean '' ) . Typically , it involves three steps : placement , layering , and integration . First , the illegitimate funds are furtively introduced into the legitimate financial system . Then , the money is moved around to create confusion , sometimes by wiring or transferring through numerous accounts . Finally , it is integrated into the financial system through additional transactions until the `` dirty money '' appears `` clean '' . </P> <H2> Methods ( edit ) </H2> <P> Money laundering can take several forms , although most methods can be categorized into one of a few types . These include `` bank methods , smurfing ( also known as structuring ) , currency exchanges , and double - invoicing '' . </P> <Ul> <Li> Structuring : Often known as smurfing , this is a method of placement whereby cash is broken into smaller deposits of money , used to defeat suspicion of money laundering and to avoid anti-money laundering reporting requirements . A sub-component of this is to use smaller amounts of cash to purchase bearer instruments , such as money orders , and then ultimately deposit those , again in small amounts . </Li> <Li> Bulk cash smuggling : This involves physically smuggling cash to another jurisdiction and depositing it in a financial institution , such as an offshore bank , with greater bank secrecy or less rigorous money laundering enforcement . </Li> <Li> Cash - intensive businesses : In this method , a business typically expected to receive a large proportion of its revenue as cash uses its accounts to deposit criminally derived cash . Such enterprises often operate openly and in doing so generate cash revenue from incidental legitimate business in addition to the illicit cash -- in such cases the business will usually claim all cash received as legitimate earnings . Service businesses are best suited to this method , as such enterprises have little or no variable costs and / or a large ratio between revenue and variable costs , which makes it difficult to detect discrepancies between revenues and costs . Examples are parking structures , strip clubs , tanning salons , car washes , arcades , bars , restaurants , and casinos . </Li> <Li> Trade - based laundering : This involves under - or over-valuing invoices to disguise the movement of money . For example , the art market has been accused of being an ideal vehicle for money laundering due to several unique aspects of art such as the subjective value of artworks as well as the secrecy of auction houses about the identity of the buyer and seller . </Li> <Li> Shell companies and trusts : Trusts and shell companies disguise the true owners of money . Trusts and corporate vehicles , depending on the jurisdiction , need not disclose their true owner . Sometimes referred to by the slang term rathole , though that term usually refers to a person acting as the fictitious owner rather than the business entity . </Li> <Li> Round - tripping : Here , money is deposited in a controlled foreign corporation offshore , preferably in a tax haven where minimal records are kept , and then shipped back as a foreign direct investment , exempt from taxation . A variant on this is to transfer money to a law firm or similar organization as funds on account of fees , then to cancel the retainer and , when the money is remitted , represent the sums received from the lawyers as a legacy under a will or proceeds of litigation . </Li> <Li> Bank capture : In this case , money launderers or criminals buy a controlling interest in a bank , preferably in a jurisdiction with weak money laundering controls , and then move money through the bank without scrutiny . </Li> <Li> Casinos : In this method , an individual walks into a casino and buys chips with illicit cash . The individual will then play for a relatively short time . When the person cashes in the chips , they will expect to take payment in a check , or at least get a receipt so they can claim the proceeds as gambling winnings . </Li> <Li> Other gambling : Money is spent on gambling , preferably on high odds games . One way to minimize risk with this method is to bet on every possible outcome of some event that has many possible outcomes , so no outcome ( s ) have short odds , and the bettor will lose only the vigorish and will have one or more winning bets that can be shown as the source of money . The losing bets will remain hidden . </Li> <Li> Black salaries : A company may have unregistered employees without written contracts and pay them cash salaries . Dirty money might be used to pay them . </Li> <Li> Tax amnesties : For example , those that legalize unreported assets and cash in tax havens . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Money laundering by region ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Latin America ( edit ) </H3> <P> In Latin America , money laundering is mainly linked to drug trafficking activities and to having connections with criminal activity , such as crimes that have to do with arms trafficking , human trafficking , extortion , blackmail , smuggling , and acts of corruption of people linked to governments , such as bribery , which are more common in Latin American countries . There is a relationship between corruption and money laundering in developing countries . The economic power of Latin America increases rapidly and without support , these fortunes being of illicit origin have the appearance of legally acquired profits . With regard to money laundering , the ultimate goal of the process is to integrate illicit capital into the general economy and transform it into licit goods and services . </P> <P> The money laundering practice uses various channels to legalize everything achieved through illegal practices . As such , it has different techniques depending on the country where this illegal operation is going to be carried out : </P> <Ul> <Li> In Colombia , the laundering of billions of dollars , which come from drug trafficking , is carried out through imports of contraband from the parallel exchange market . </Li> <Li> In Central America in countries such as Guatemala and Honduras , money laundering continues to increase in the absence of adequate legislation and regulations in these countries . Money laundering activities in Costa Rica have experienced substantial growth , especially using large - scale currency smuggling and investments of drug cartels in real estate , within the tourism sector . Furthermore , the Colon Free Zone , in Panama , continues to be the area of operations for money laundering where cash is exchanged for products of different nature that are then put up for sale at prices below those of production for a return fast of the capital . </Li> <Li> In Mexico , the preferred techniques continue to be the smuggling of currency abroad , in addition to electronic transfers , bank drafts with Mexican banks and operations in the parallel exchange market . </Li> <Li> Money Laundering in the Caribbean countries continues to be a serious problem that seems to be very dangerous . Specifically , in Antigua , the Dominican Republic , Jamaica , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines . Citizens of the Dominican Republic who have been involved in money laundering in the United States , use companies that are dedicated to transferring funds sent to the Dominican Republic in amounts of less than $ 10,000 under the use of false names . Moreover , in Jamaica , multi-million dollar asset laundering cases were discovered through telephone betting operations abroad . Thousands of suspicious transactions have been detected in French overseas territories . Free trade zones such as Aruba , meanwhile , remain the preferred areas for money laundering . The offshore banking centers , the secret bank accounts and the tourist complexes are the channels through which the launderers whiten the proceeds of the illicit money . </Li> </Ul> <P> Casinos continue to attract organizations that deal with money laundering . Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles , the Cayman Islands , Colombia , Mexico , Panama and Venezuela are considered high priority countries in the region , due to the strategies used by the washers . </P> Economic impact in the region ( edit ) <P> The practice of money laundering , among other economic and financial crimes have been better in infiltrating into the economic and political structures of most developing countries therefore resulting to political instability and economic digression . </P> <P> Money laundering is still a great concern for the financial services industry . About 50 % of the money laundering incidents in Latin America were reported by organizations in the financial sector . According to PwC 's 2014 global economic crime survey in Latin America only 2.8 % of respondents in Latin America claimed suffering Anti-Trust / Competition Law incidents , compared to 5.2 % of respondents globally . </P> <P> It has been shown that money laundering has an impact on the financial behavior and macroeconomic performance of the industrialized countries . In these countries the macroeconomic consequences of money laundering are transmitted through several channels . Thus , money laundering complicates the formulation of economic policies . It is assumed that the proceeds of criminal activities are laundered by means of the notes and coins in circulation of the monetary substitutes . </P> <P> The laundering causes disproportionate changes in the relative prices of assets which implies that resources are allocated inefficiently ; and , therefore may have negative implications for economic growth , apparently money laundering is associated with a lower economic growth . </P> <P> The Office of National Drug Control Policy of the United States estimates that only in that country , sales of narcotic drugs represent about 57,000 millions of dollars annually and most of these transactions are made in cash . </P> Jurisprudence ( edit ) <P> Money laundering has been increasing . A key factor behind the growing money laundering is ineffective enforcement of money laundering laws locally . Perhaps because of the lack of importance that has been given to the subject , since the 21st century started , there was not jurisprudence regarding the laundering of money or assets , or the conversion or transfer of goods . Which is even worse , the laws of the Latin American countries have really not dealt with their study in a profound way , as it is an issue that concerns the whole world and is the subject of seminars , conferences and academic analysis in different regions of the planet . Now a new figure that is being called the Economic Criminal Law is being implemented , which should be implemented in modern societies , which has been inflicted enormous damage to the point of affecting the general economy of the states . Even though , developing countries have responded and continue to respond , through legislative measures , to the problem of money laundering , at national level , however , money launderers , have taken advantage of the lax regulatory environment , vulnerable financial systems along with the continued civil and political unrest of most the developing countries . </P> <H2> Magnitude ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many regulatory and governmental authorities issue estimates each year for the amount of money laundered , either worldwide or within their national economy . In 1996 , a spokesperson for the IMF estimated that 2 -- 5 % of the worldwide global economy involved laundered money . The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering ( FATF ) , an intergovernmental body set up to combat money laundering , stated , `` Due to the illegal nature of the transactions , precise statistics are not available and it is therefore impossible to produce a definitive estimate of the amount of money that is globally laundered every year . The FATF therefore does not publish any figures in this regard . '' Academic commentators have likewise been unable to estimate the volume of money with any degree of assurance . Various estimates of the scale of global money laundering are sometimes repeated often enough to make some people regard them as factual -- but no researcher has overcome the inherent difficulty of measuring an actively concealed practice . </P> <P> Regardless of the difficulty in measurement , the amount of money laundered each year is in the billions of US dollars and poses a significant policy concern for governments . As a result , governments and international bodies have undertaken efforts to deter , prevent , and apprehend money launderers . Financial institutions have likewise undertaken efforts to prevent and detect transactions involving dirty money , both as a result of government requirements and to avoid the reputational risk involved . Issues relating to money laundering have existed as long as there have been large scale criminal enterprises . Modern anti-money laundering laws have developed along with the modern War on Drugs . In more recent times anti-money laundering legislation is seen as adjunct to the financial crime of terrorist financing in that both crimes usually involve the transmission of funds through the financial system ( although money laundering relates to where the money has come from , and terrorist financing relating to where the money is going to ) . </P> <H2> Electronic money ( edit ) </H2> <P> In theory , electronic money should provide as easy a method of transferring value without revealing identity as untracked banknotes , especially wire transfers involving anonymity - protecting numbered bank accounts . In practice , however , the record - keeping capabilities of Internet service providers and other network resource maintainers tend to frustrate that intention . While some cryptocurrencies under recent development have aimed to provide for more possibilities of transaction anonymity for various reasons , the degree to which they succeed -- and , in consequence , the degree to which they offer benefits for money laundering efforts -- is controversial . Solutions such as ZCash and Monero are examples of cryptocurrencies that provide unlinkable anonymity via proofs and / or obfuscation of information ( ring signatures ) . Such currencies could find use in online illicit services . </P> <P> In 2013 , Jean - Loup Richet , a research fellow at ESSEC ISIS , surveyed new techniques that cybercriminals were using in a report written for the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . A common approach was to use a digital currency exchanger service which converted dollars into a digital currency called Liberty Reserve , and could be sent and received anonymously . The receiver could convert the Liberty Reserve currency back into cash for a small fee . In May 2013 , the US authorities shut down Liberty Reserve charging its founder and various others with money laundering . </P> <P> Another increasingly common way of laundering money is to use online gaming . In a growing number of online games , such as Second Life and World of Warcraft , it is possible to convert money into virtual goods , services , or virtual cash that can later be converted back into money . </P> <H2> Reverse money laundering ( edit ) </H2> <P> Reverse money laundering is a process that disguises a legitimate source of funds that are to be used for illegal purposes . It is usually perpetrated for the purpose of financing terrorism but can be also used by criminal organizations that have invested in legal businesses and would like to withdraw legitimate funds from official circulation . Unaccounted cash received via disguising financial transactions is not included in official financial reporting and could be used to evade taxes , hand in bribes and pay `` under - the - table '' salaries . For example , in an affidavit filed on 24 March 2014 in United States District Court , Northern California , San Francisco Division , FBI special agent Emmanuel V. Pascau alleged that several people associated with the Chee Kung Tong organization , and California State Senator Leland Yee , engaged in reverse money laundering activities . </P> <P> The problem of such fraudulent encashment practices ( obnalichka in Russian ) has become acute in Russia and other countries of the former Soviet Union . The Eurasian Group on Combating Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism ( EAG ) reported that the Russian Federation , Ukraine , Turkey , Serbia , Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan , Armenia and Kazakhstan have encountered a substantial shrinkage of tax base and shifting money supply balance in favor of cash . These processes have complicated planning and management of the economy and contributed to the growth of the shadow economy . </P> <H2> Combating ( edit ) </H2> <P> Anti-money laundering ( AML ) is a term mainly used in the financial and legal industries to describe the legal controls that require financial institutions and other regulated entities to prevent , detect , and report money laundering activities . Anti-money laundering guidelines came into prominence globally as a result of the formation of the Financial Action Task Force ( FATF ) and the promulgation of an international framework of anti-money laundering standards . These standards began to have more relevance in 2000 and 2001 , after FATF began a process to publicly identify countries that were deficient in their anti-money laundering laws and international cooperation , a process colloquially known as `` name and shame '' . </P> <P> An effective AML program requires a jurisdiction to criminalise money laundering , giving the relevant regulators and police the powers and tools to investigate ; be able to share information with other countries as appropriate ; and require financial institutions to identify their customers , establish risk - based controls , keep records , and report suspicious activities . </P> <P> Strict background checks are necessary to combat as many money launderers escape by investing through complex ownership and company structures . Banks can do that but a proper surveillance is required but on the Government side to reduce this . </P> <H3> Criminalization ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The elements of the crime of money laundering are set forth in the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances and Convention against Transnational Organized Crime . It is defined as knowingly engaging in a financial transaction with the proceeds of a crime for the purpose of concealing or disguising the illicit origin of the property from governments . </P> <H3> The role of financial institutions ( edit ) </H3> <P> While banks operating in the same country generally have to follow the same anti-money laundering laws and regulations , financial institutions all structure their anti-money laundering efforts slightly differently . Today , most financial institutions globally , and many non-financial institutions , are required to identify and report transactions of a suspicious nature to the financial intelligence unit in the respective country . For example , a bank must verify a customer 's identity and , if necessary , monitor transactions for suspicious activity . This is often termed as `` know your customer '' . This means knowing the identity of the customer and understanding the kinds of transactions in which the customer is likely to engage . By knowing one 's customers , financial institutions can often identify unusual or suspicious behaviour , termed anomalies , which may be an indication of money laundering . </P> <P> Bank employees , such as tellers and customer account representatives , are trained in anti-money laundering and are instructed to report activities that they deem suspicious . Additionally , anti-money laundering software filters customer data , classifies it according to level of suspicion , and inspects it for anomalies . Such anomalies include any sudden and substantial increase in funds , a large withdrawal , or moving money to a bank secrecy jurisdiction . Smaller transactions that meet certain criteria may also be flagged as suspicious . For example , structuring can lead to flagged transactions . The software also flags names on government `` blacklists '' and transactions that involve countries hostile to the host nation . Once the software has mined data and flagged suspect transactions , it alerts bank management , who must then determine whether to file a report with the government . </P> <H3> Value of enforcement costs and associated privacy concerns ( edit ) </H3> <P> The financial services industry has become more vocal about the rising costs of anti-money laundering regulation and the limited benefits that they claim it brings . One commentator wrote that `` ( w ) ithout facts , ( anti-money laundering ) legislation has been driven on rhetoric , driving by ill - guided activism responding to the need to be `` seen to be doing something '' rather than by an objective understanding of its effects on predicate crime . The social panic approach is justified by the language used -- we talk of the battle against terrorism or the war on drugs `` . The Economist magazine has become increasingly vocal in its criticism of such regulation , particularly with reference to countering terrorist financing , referring to it as a `` costly failure '' , although it concedes that other efforts ( like reducing identity and credit card fraud ) may still be effective at combating money laundering . </P> <P> There is no precise measurement of the costs of regulation balanced against the harms associated with money laundering , and given the evaluation problems involved in assessing such an issue , it is unlikely that the effectiveness of terror finance and money laundering laws could be determined with any degree of accuracy . The Economist estimated the annual costs of anti-money laundering efforts in Europe and North America at US $5 billion in 2003 , an increase from US $700 million in 2000 . Government - linked economists have noted the significant negative effects of money laundering on economic development , including undermining domestic capital formation , depressing growth , and diverting capital away from development . Because of the intrinsic uncertainties of the amount of money laundered , changes in the amount of money laundered , and the cost of anti-money laundering systems , it is almost impossible to tell which anti-money laundering systems work and which are more or less cost effective . </P> <P> Besides economic costs to implement anti-money - laundering laws , improper attention to data protection practices may entail disproportionate costs to individual privacy rights . In June 2011 , the data - protection advisory committee to the European Union issued a report on data protection issues related to the prevention of money laundering and terrorist financing , which identified numerous transgressions against the established legal framework on privacy and data protection . The report made recommendations on how to address money laundering and terrorist financing in ways that safeguard personal privacy rights and data protection laws . In the United States , groups such as the American Civil Liberties Union have expressed concern that money laundering rules require banks to report on their own customers , essentially conscripting private businesses `` into agents of the surveillance state '' . </P> <P> Many countries are obligated by various international instruments and standards , such as the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances , the 2000 Convention against Transnational Organized Crime , the 2003 United Nations Convention against Corruption , and the recommendations of the 1989 Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering ( FATF ) to enact and enforce money laundering laws in an effort to stop narcotics trafficking , international organised crime , and corruption . Mexico , which has faced a significant increase in violent crime , established anti-money laundering controls in 2013 to curb the underlying crime issue . </P> <H3> Global organizations ( edit ) </H3> <P> Formed in 1989 by the G7 countries , the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering ( FATF ) is an intergovernmental body whose purpose is to develop and promote an international response to combat money laundering . The FATF Secretariat is housed at the headquarters of the OECD in Paris . In October 2001 , FATF expanded its mission to include combating the financing of terrorism . FATF is a policy - making body that brings together legal , financial , and law enforcement experts to achieve national legislation and regulatory AML and CFT reforms . As of 2014 its membership consists of 36 countries and territories and two regional organizations . FATF works in collaboration with a number of international bodies and organizations . These entities have observer status with FATF , which does not entitle them to vote , but permits them full participation in plenary sessions and working groups . </P> <P> FATF has developed 40 recommendations on money laundering and 9 special recommendations regarding terrorist financing . FATF assesses each member country against these recommendations in published reports . Countries seen as not being sufficiently compliant with such recommendations are subjected to financial sanctions . </P> <P> FATF 's three primary functions with regard to money laundering are : </P> <Ol> <Li> Monitoring members ' progress in implementing anti-money laundering measures , </Li> <Li> Reviewing and reporting on laundering trends , techniques , and countermeasures , and </Li> <Li> Promoting the adoption and implementation of FATF anti-money laundering standards globally . </Li> </Ol> <P> The FATF currently comprises 34 member jurisdictions and 2 regional organisations , representing most major financial centres in all parts of the globe . </P> <P> The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime maintains the International Money Laundering Information Network , a website that provides information and software for anti-money laundering data collection and analysis . The World Bank has a website that provides policy advice and best practices to governments and the private sector on anti-money laundering issues . The Basel AML Index is an independent annual ranking that assesses the risk of money laundering and terrorist financing around the world . </P> <H2> Anti-money - laundering measures by region ( edit ) </H2> <P> Many jurisdictions adopt a list of specific predicate crimes for money laundering prosecutions , while others criminalize the proceeds of any serious crimes . </P> <H3> Afghanistan ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Center of Afghanistan ( FinTRACA ) was established as a Financial Intelligence Unit ( FIU ) under the Anti Money Laundering and Proceeds of Crime Law passed by decree late in 2004 . The main purpose of this law is to protect the integrity of the Afghan financial system and to gain compliance with international treaties and conventions . The Financial Intelligence Unit is a semi-independent body that is administratively housed within the Central Bank of Afghanistan ( Da Afghanistan Bank ) . The main objective of FinTRACA is to deny the use of the Afghan financial system to those who obtained funds as the result of illegal activity , and to those who would use it to support terrorist activities . </P> <P> To meet its objectives , the FinTRACA collects and analyzes information from a variety of sources . These sources include entities with legal obligations to submit reports to the FinTRACA when a suspicious activity is detected , as well as reports of cash transactions above a threshold amount specified by regulation . Also , FinTRACA has access to all related Afghan government information and databases . When the analysis of this information supports the supposition of illegal use of the financial system , the FinTRACA works closely with law enforcement to investigate and prosecute the illegal activity . FinTRACA also cooperates internationally in support of its own analyses and investigations and to support the analyses and investigations of foreign counterparts , to the extent allowed by law . Other functions include training of those entities with legal obligations to report information , development of laws and regulations to support national - level AML objectives , and international and regional cooperation in the development of AML typologies and countermeasures . </P> <H3> Australia ( edit ) </H3> <P> Australia has adopted a number of strategies to combat money laundering , which mirror those of a majority of western countries . The Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre ( AUSTRAC ) is Australia 's financial intelligence unit to combat money laundering and terrorism financing , which requires financial institutions and other ' cash dealers ' in Australia to report to it suspicious cash or other transactions and other specific information . The Attorney - General 's Department maintains a list of outlawed terror organisations . It is an offense to materially support or be supported by such organisations . It is an offence to open a bank account in Australia in a false name , and rigorous procedures must be followed when new bank accounts are opened . </P> <P> The Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorism Financing Act 2006 ( Cth ) ( AML / CTF Act ) is the principal legislative instrument , although there are also offence provisions contained in Division 400 of the Criminal Code Act 1995 ( Cth ) . Upon its introduction , it was intended that the AML / CTF Act would be further amended by a second tranche of reforms extending to designated non-financial businesses and professions ( DNFBPs ) including , inter alia , lawyers , accountants , jewellers and real estate agents ; however , those further reforms have yet to be progressed . </P> <P> The Proceeds of Crime Act 1987 ( Cth ) imposes criminal penalties on a person who engages in money laundering , and allows for confiscation of property . The principal objects of the Act are set out in s. 3 ( 1 ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> to deprive persons of the proceeds of , and benefits derived from the commission of offences , </Li> <Li> to provide for the forfeiture of property used in or in connection with the commission of such offences , and </Li> <Li> to enable law enforcement authorities to effectively trace such proceeds , benefits and property . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Bangladesh ( edit ) </H3> <P> The first anti-money laundering legislation in Bangladesh was the Money Laundering Prevention Act , 2002 . It was replaced by the Money Laundering Prevention Ordinance 2008 . Subsequently , the ordinance was repealed by the Money Laundering Prevention Act , 2009 . In 2012 , government again replace it with the Money Laundering Prevention Act , 2012 </P> <P> In terms of section 2 , `` Money Laundering means -- ( i ) knowingly moving , converting , or transferring proceeds of crime or property involved in an offence for the following purposes : - ( 1 ) concealing or disguising the illicit nature , source , location , ownership or control of the proceeds of crime ; or ( 2 ) assisting any person involved in the commission of the predicate offence to evade the legal consequences of such offence ; ( ii ) smuggling money or property earned through legal or illegal means to a foreign country ; ( iii ) knowingly transferring or remitting the proceeds of crime to a foreign country or remitting or bringing them into Bangladesh from a foreign country with the intention of hiding or disguising its illegal source ; or ( iv ) concluding or attempting to conclude financial transactions in such a manner so as to reporting requirement under this Act may be avoided ; ( v ) converting or moving or transferring property with the intention to instigate or assist for committing a predicate offence ; ( vi ) acquiring , possessing or using any property , knowing that such property is the proceeds of a predicate offence ; ( vii ) performing such activities so as to the illegal source of the proceeds of crime may be concealed or disguised ; ( viii ) participating in , associating with , conspiring , attempting , abetting , instigate or counsel to commit any offences mentioned above . </P> <P> To prevent these Illegal uses of money , the Bangladesh government has introduced the Money Laundering Prevention Act . The Act was last amended in the year 2009 and all the financial institutes are following this act . Till today there are 26 circulars issued by Bangladesh Bank under this act . To prevent money laundering , a banker must do the following : </P> <Ul> <Li> While opening a new account , the account opening form should be duly filled up by all the information of the customer . </Li> <Li> The KYC must be properly filled . </Li> <Li> The Transaction Profile ( TP ) is mandatory for a client to understand his / her transactions . If needed , the TP must be updated at the client 's consent . </Li> <Li> All other necessary papers should be properly collected along with the National ID card . </Li> <Li> If any suspicious transaction is noticed , the Branch Anti Money Laundering Compliance Officer ( BAMLCO ) must be notified and accordingly the Suspicious Transaction Report ( STR ) must be filled out . </Li> <Li> The cash department should be aware of the transactions . It must be noted if suddenly a big amount of money is deposited in any account . Proper documents are required if any client does this type of transaction . </Li> <Li> Structuring , over / under invoicing is another way to do money laundering . The foreign exchange department should look into this matter cautiously . </Li> <Li> If any account has a transaction over 1 million taka in a single day , it must be reported in a cash transaction report ( CTR ) . </Li> <Li> All bank officials must go through all the 26 circulars and use them . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Canada ( edit ) </H3> <P> In 1991 , the Proceeds of Crime ( Money Laundering ) Act was brought into force in Canada to give legal effect to the former FATF Forty Recommendations by establishing record keeping and client identification requirements in the financial sector to facilitate the investigation and prosecution of money laundering offences under the Criminal Code and the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act . </P> <P> In 2000 , the Proceeds of Crime ( Money Laundering ) Act was amended to expand the scope of its application and to establish a financial intelligence unit with national control over money laundering , namely FINTRAC . </P> <P> In December 2001 , the scope of the Proceeds of Crime ( Money Laundering ) Act was again expanded by amendments enacted under the Anti-Terrorism Act with the objective of deterring terrorist activity by cutting off sources and channels of funding used by terrorists in response to 9 / 11 . The Proceeds of Crime ( Money Laundering ) Act was renamed the Proceeds of Crime ( Money Laundering ) and Terrorist Financing Act . </P> <P> In December 2006 , the Proceeds of Crime ( Money Laundering ) and Terrorist Financing Act was further amended , in part , in response to pressure from the FATF for Canada to tighten its money laundering and financing of terrorism legislation . The amendments expanded the client identification , record - keeping and reporting requirements for certain organizations and included new obligations to report attempted suspicious transactions and outgoing and incoming international electronic fund transfers , undertake risk assessments and implement written compliance procedures in respect of those risks . </P> <P> The amendments also enabled greater money laundering and terrorist financing intelligence - sharing among enforcement agencies . </P> <P> In Canada , casinos , money service businesses , notaries , accountants , banks , securities brokers , life insurance agencies , real estate salespeople and dealers in precious metals and stones are subject to the reporting and record keeping obligations under the Proceeds of Crime ( Money Laundering ) and Terrorist Financing Act . </P> <H3> European Union ( edit ) </H3> <P> The fourth and latest iteration of the EU 's anti-money laundering directive ( AMLD IV ) was published on 5 June 2015 , after clearing its last legislative stop at the European Parliament . The new directive brings the EU 's anti-money laundering laws more in line with the US 's , which is welcome news for financial institutions that are operating in both jurisdictions . The Fifth Money Laundering Directive ( 5MLD ) will come into force on the 10th January 2020 . It will address a number of weaknesses in the European Union 's AML / CFT regime that have come to light since the enactment of the Fourth Money Laundering Directive AMLD IV ) . </P> <P> Lack of harmonization in AML requirements between the US and EU has complicated the compliance efforts of global institutions that are looking to standardize the Know Your Customer ( KYC ) component of their AML programs across key jurisdictions . AMLD IV promises to better align the AML regimes by adopting a more risk - based approach compared to its predecessor , AMLD III . </P> <P> Certain components of the directive , however , go beyond current requirements in both the EU and US , imposing new implementation challenges on banks . For instance , more public officials are brought within the scope of the directive , and EU member states are required to establish new registries of `` beneficial owners '' ( i.e. , those who ultimately own or control each company ) which will impact banks . AMLD IV became effective 25 June 2015 . </P> <H3> India ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 See also : Enforcement Directorate <P> In 2002 , the Parliament of India passed an act called the Prevention of Money Laundering Act , 2002 . The main objectives of this act are to prevent money - laundering as well as to provide for confiscation of property either derived from or involved in , money - laundering . </P> <P> Section 12 ( 1 ) describes the obligations that banks , other financial institutions , and intermediaries have to </P> <Dl> <Dd> ( a ) Maintain records that detail the nature and value of transactions , whether such transactions comprise a single transaction or a series of connected transactions , and where these transactions take place within a month . </Dd> <Dd> ( b ) Furnish information on transactions referred to in clause ( a ) to the Director within the time prescribed , including records of the identity of all its clients . </Dd> </Dl> <P> Section 12 ( 2 ) prescribes that the records referred to in sub-section ( 1 ) as mentioned above , must be maintained for ten years after the transactions finished . It is handled by the Indian Income Tax Department . </P> <P> The provisions of the Act are frequently reviewed and various amendments have been passed from time to time . </P> <P> Most money laundering activities in India are through political parties , corporate companies and the shares market . These are investigated by the Enforcement Directorate and Indian Income Tax Department . According to Government of India , out of the total tax arrears of ₹ 2,480 billion ( US $35 billion ) about ₹ 1,300 billion ( US $18 billion ) pertain to money laundering and securities scam cases . </P> <P> Bank accountants must record all transactions over Rs. 1 million and maintain such records for 10 years . Banks must also make cash transaction reports ( CTRs ) and suspicious transaction reports over Rs. 1 million within 7 days of initial suspicion . They must submit their reports to the Enforcement Directorate and Income Tax Department . </P> <H3> Singapore ( edit ) </H3> <P> Singapore 's legal framework for combating money laundering is contained in a patchwork of legal instruments , the main elements of which are : </P> <Ul> <Li> The Corruption , Drug Trafficking and Other Serious Crimes ( Confiscation of Benefits ) Act ( CDSA ) . This statute criminalises money laundering and imposes the requirement for persons to file suspicious transaction reports ( STRs ) and make a disclosure whenever physical currency or goods exceeding S $20,000 are carried into or out of Singapore . </Li> <Li> The Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters Act ( MACMA ) . This statute sets out the framework for mutual legal assistance in criminal matters . </Li> <Li> Legal instruments issued by regulatory agencies ( such as the Monetary Authority of Singapore ( MAS ) , in relation to financial institutions ( FIs ) ) imposing requirements to conduct customer due diligence ( CDD ) . </Li> </Ul> <P> The term ' money laundering ' is not used as such within the CDSA . Part VI of the CDSA criminalises the laundering of proceeds generated by criminal conduct and drug tracking via the following offences : </P> <Ul> <Li> The assistance of another person in retaining , controlling or using the benefits of drug dealing or criminal conduct under an arrangement ( whether by concealment , removal from jurisdiction , transfer to nominees or otherwise ) ( section 43 ( 1 ) / 44 ( 1 ) ) . </Li> <Li> The concealment , conversion , transfer or removal from the jurisdiction , or the acquisition , possession or use of benefits of drug dealing or criminal conduct ( section 46 ( 1 ) / 47 ( 1 ) ) . </Li> <Li> The concealment , conversion , transfer or removal from the jurisdiction of another person 's benefits of drug dealing or criminal conduct ( section 46 ( 2 ) / 47 ( 2 ) ) . </Li> <Li> The acquirement , possession or use of another person 's benefits of drug dealing or criminal conduct ( section 46 ( 3 ) / 47 ( 3 ) ) . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Thailand ( edit ) </H3> Main article : Anti-Money Laundering Office ( Thailand ) <H3> United kingdom ( edit ) </H3> <P> Money laundering and terrorist funding legislation in the UK is governed by four Acts of primary legislation : - </P> <Ul> <Li> Terrorism Act 2000 </Li> <Li> Anti-terrorism , Crime and Security Act 2001 </Li> <Li> Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 </Li> <Li> Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005 </Li> <Li> Money Laundering Regulations 2007 </Li> <Li> Money Laundering Regulation , Terrorist Financing and Transfer of Funds ( Information on the Payer ) Regulations 2017 </Li> <Li> Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Act 2018 </Li> </Ul> <P> Money Laundering Regulations are designed to protect the UK financial system , as well as preventing and detecting crime . If a business is covered by these regulations then controls are put in place to prevent it being used for money laundering . </P> <P> The Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 contains the primary UK anti-money laundering legislation , including provisions requiring businesses within the `` regulated sector '' ( banking , investment , money transmission , certain professions , etc . ) to report to the authorities suspicions of money laundering by customers or others . </P> <P> Money laundering is broadly defined in the UK . In effect any handling or involvement with any proceeds of any crime ( or monies or assets representing the proceeds of crime ) can be a money laundering offence . An offender 's possession of the proceeds of his own crime falls within the UK definition of money laundering . The definition also covers activities within the traditional definition of money laundering , as a process that conceals or disguises the proceeds of crime to make them appear legitimate . </P> <P> Unlike certain other jurisdictions ( notably the US and much of Europe ) , UK money laundering offences are not limited to the proceeds of serious crimes , nor are there any monetary limits . Financial transactions need no money laundering design or purpose for UK laws to consider them a money laundering offence . A money laundering offence under UK legislation need not even involve money , since the money laundering legislation covers assets of any description . In consequence , any person who commits an acquisitive crime ( i.e. , one that produces some benefit in the form of money or an asset of any description ) in the UK inevitably also commits a money laundering offence under UK legislation . </P> <P> This applies also to a person who , by criminal conduct , evades a liability ( such as a taxation liability ) -- which lawyers call `` obtaining a pecuniary advantage '' -- as he is deemed thereby to obtain a sum of money equal in value to the liability evaded . </P> <P> The principal money laundering offences carry a maximum penalty of 14 years ' imprisonment . </P> <P> Secondary regulation is provided by the Money Laundering Regulations 2003 , which was replaced by the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 . They are directly based on the EU directives 91 / 308 / EEC , 2001 / 97 / EC and 2005 / 60 / EC . </P> <P> One consequence of the Act is that solicitors , accountants , tax advisers , and insolvency practitioners who suspect ( as a consequence of information received in the course of their work ) that their clients ( or others ) have engaged in tax evasion or other criminal conduct that produced a benefit , now must report their suspicions to the authorities ( since these entail suspicions of money laundering ) . In most circumstances it would be an offence , `` tipping - off '' , for the reporter to inform the subject of his report that a report has been made . These provisions do not however require disclosure to the authorities of information received by certain professionals in privileged circumstances or where the information is subject to legal professional privilege . Others that are subject to these regulations include financial institutions , credit institutions , estate agents ( which includes chartered surveyors ) , trust and company service providers , high value dealers ( who accept cash equivalent to € 15,000 or more for goods sold ) , and casinos . </P> <P> Professional guidance ( which is submitted to and approved by the UK Treasury ) is provided by industry groups including the Joint Money Laundering Steering Group , the Law Society . and the Consultative Committee of Accountancy Bodies ( CCAB ) . However , there is no obligation on banking institutions to routinely report monetary deposits or transfers above a specified value . Instead reports must be made of all suspicious deposits or transfers , irrespective of their value . </P> <P> The reporting obligations include reporting suspicious gains from conduct in other countries that would be criminal if it took place in the UK . Exceptions were later added for certain activities legal where they took place , such as bullfighting in Spain . </P> <P> More than 200,000 reports of suspected money laundering are submitted annually to authorities in the UK ( there were 240,582 reports in the year ended 30 September 2010 . This was an increase from the 228,834 reports submitted in the previous year ) . Most of these reports are submitted by banks and similar financial institutions ( there were 186,897 reports from the banking sector in the year ended 30 September 2010 ) . </P> <P> Although 5,108 different organisations submitted suspicious activity reports to the authorities in the year ended 30 September 2010 , just four organisations submitted approximately half of all reports , and the top 20 reporting organisations accounted for three - quarters of all reports . </P> <P> The offence of failing to report a suspicion of money laundering by another person carries a maximum penalty of 5 years ' imprisonment . </P> <P> On May 1 , 2018 , the UK House of Commons , without opposition , passed the Sanctions and Anti-Money Laundering Bill , which will set out the UK government 's intended approach to exceptions and licenses when the nation becomes responsible for implementing its own sanctions and will also require notorious overseas British territory tax havens such as the Cayman Islands and the British Virgin Islands to establish public registers of the beneficial ownership of firms in their jurisdictions by the end of 2020 . The legislation was passed by the House of Lords on May 21 and received Royal Asset on May 23 . However , the Act 's public register provision is facing legal challenges from local governments in the Cayman Islands and British Virgin Islands , who argue that it violates their Constitutional sovereignty . </P> Bureaux de change ( edit ) <P> All UK Bureaux de change are registered with Her Majesty 's Revenue and Customs , which issues a trading licence for each location . Bureaux de change and money transmitters , such as Western Union outlets , in the UK fall within the `` regulated sector '' and are required to comply with the Money Laundering Regulations 2007 . Checks can be carried out by HMRC on all Money Service Businesses . </P> <H3> South Africa ( edit ) </H3> <P> In South Africa , the Financial Intelligence Centre Act ( 2001 ) and subsequent amendments have added responsibilities to the FSB to combat money laundering . </P> <H3> United States ( edit ) </H3> <P> The approach in the United States to stopping money laundering is usually broken into two areas : preventive ( regulatory ) measures and criminal measures . </P> Preventive ( edit ) <P> In an attempt to prevent dirty money from entering the U.S. financial system in the first place , the United States Congress passed a series of laws , starting in 1970 , collectively known as the Bank Secrecy Act ( BSA ) . These laws , contained in sections 5311 through 5332 of Title 31 of the United States Code , require financial institutions , which under the current definition include a broad array of entities , including banks , credit card companies , life insurers , money service businesses and broker - dealers in securities , to report certain transactions to the United States Department of the Treasury . Cash transactions in excess of a certain amount must be reported on a currency transaction report ( CTR ) , identifying the individual making the transaction as well as the source of the cash . The law originally required all transactions of US $ 5,000 or more to be reported , but due to excessively high levels of reporting the threshold was raised to US $10,000 . The U.S. is one of the few countries in the world to require reporting of all cash transactions over a certain limit , although certain businesses can be exempt from the requirement . Additionally , financial institutions must report transaction on a Suspicious Activity Report ( SAR ) that they deem `` suspicious '' , defined as a knowing or suspecting that the funds come from illegal activity or disguise funds from illegal activity , that it is structured to evade BSA requirements or appears to serve no known business or apparent lawful purpose ; or that the institution is being used to facilitate criminal activity . Attempts by customers to circumvent the BSA , generally by structuring cash deposits to amounts lower than US $10,000 by breaking them up and depositing them on different days or at different locations also violates the law . </P> <P> The financial database created by these reports is administered by the U.S. 's Financial Intelligence Unit ( FIU ) , called the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network ( FinCEN ) , located in Vienna , Virginia . The reports are made available to U.S. criminal investigators , as well as other FIU 's around the globe , and FinCEN conducts computer assisted analyses of these reports to determine trends and refer investigations . </P> <P> The BSA requires financial institutions to engage in customer due diligence , or KYC , which is sometimes known in the parlance as know your customer . This includes obtaining satisfactory identification to give assurance that the account is in the customer 's true name , and having an understanding of the expected nature and source of the money that flows through the customer 's accounts . Other classes of customers , such as those with private banking accounts and those of foreign government officials , are subjected to enhanced due diligence because the law deems that those types of accounts are a higher risk for money laundering . All accounts are subject to ongoing monitoring , in which internal bank software scrutinizes transactions and flags for manual inspection those that fall outside certain parameters . If a manual inspection reveals that the transaction is suspicious , the institution should file a Suspicious Activity Report . </P> <P> The regulators of the industries involved are responsible to ensure that the financial institutions comply with the BSA . For example , the Federal Reserve and the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency regularly inspect banks , and may impose civil fines or refer matters for criminal prosecution for non-compliance . A number of banks have been fined and prosecuted for failure to comply with the BSA . Most famously , Riggs Bank , in Washington D.C. , was prosecuted and functionally driven out of business as a result of its failure to apply proper money laundering controls , particularly as it related to foreign political figures . </P> <P> In addition to the BSA , the U.S. imposes controls on the movement of currency across its borders , requiring individuals to report the transportation of cash in excess of US $10,000 on a form called Report of International Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instruments ( known as a CMIR ) . Likewise , businesses , such as automobile dealerships , that receive cash in excess of US $10,000 must file a Form 8300 with the Internal Revenue Service , identifying the source of the cash . </P> <P> On 1 September 2010 , the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network issued an advisory on `` informal value transfer systems '' referencing United States v. Banki . </P> <P> In the United States , there are perceived consequences of anti-money laundering ( AML ) regulations . These unintended consequences include FinCEN 's publishing of a list of `` risky businesses , '' which many believe unfairly targeted money service businesses . The publishing of this list and the subsequent fall - out , banks indiscriminately de-risking MSBs , is referred to as Operation Choke Point . The Financial Crimes Enforcement Network issued a Geographic Targeting Order to combat against illegal money laundering in the United States . This means that title insurance companies in the U.S. are required to identify the natural persons behind companies that pay all cash in residential real estate purchases over a particular amount in certain U.S. cities . </P> Criminal sanctions ( edit ) <P> Money laundering has been criminalized in the United States since the Money Laundering Control Act of 1986 . The law , contained at section 1956 of Title 18 of the United States Code , prohibits individuals from engaging in a financial transaction with proceeds that were generated from certain specific crimes , known as `` specified unlawful activities '' ( SUAs ) . The law requires that an individual specifically intend in making the transaction to conceal the source , ownership or control of the funds . There is no minimum threshold of money , and no requirement that the transaction succeeded in actually disguising the money . A `` financial transaction '' has been broadly defined , and need not involve a financial institution , or even a business . Merely passing money from one person to another , with the intent to disguise the source , ownership , location or control of the money , has been deemed a financial transaction under the law . The possession of money without either a financial transaction or an intent to conceal is not a crime in the United States . Besides money laundering , the law contained in section 1957 of Title 18 of the United States Code , prohibits spending more than US $10,000 derived from an SUA , regardless of whether the individual wishes to disguise it . It carries a lesser penalty than money laundering , and unlike the money laundering statute , requires that the money pass through a financial institution . </P> <P> According to the records compiled by the United States Sentencing Commission , in 2009 , the United States Department of Justice typically convicted a little over 81,000 people ; of this , approximately 800 are convicted of money laundering as the primary or most serious charge . The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 expanded the definition of financial institution to include businesses such as car dealers and real estate closing personnel and required them to file reports on large currency transaction . It required verification of identity of those who purchase monetary instruments over $3,000 . The Annunzio - Wylie Anti-Money Laundering Act of 1992 strengthened sanctions for BSA violations , required so called `` Suspicious Activity Reports '' and eliminated previously used `` Criminal Referral Forms '' , required verification and recordkeeping for wire transfers and established the Bank Secrecy Act Advisory Group ( BSAAG ) . The Money Laundering Suppression Act from 1994 required banking agencies to review and enhance training , develop anti-money laundering examination procedures , review and enhance procedures for referring cases to law enforcement agencies , streamlined the Currency transaction report exemption process , required each Money services business ( MSB ) to be registered by an owner or controlling person , required every MSB to maintain a list of businesses authorized to act as agents in connection with the financial services offered by the MSB , made operating an unregistered MSB a federal crime , and recommended that states adopt uniform laws applicable to MSBs . The Money Laundering and Financial Crimes Strategy Act of 1998 required banking agencies to develop anti-money laundering training for examiners , required the Department of the Treasury and other agencies to develop a `` National Money Laundering Strategy '' , created the `` High Intensity Money Laundering and Related Financial Crime Area '' ( HIFCA ) Task Forces to concentrate law enforcement efforts at the federal , state and local levels in zones where money laundering is prevalent . HIFCA zones may be defined geographically or can be created to address money laundering in an industry sector , a financial institution , or group of financial institutions . </P> <P> The Intelligence Reform & Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 amended the Bank Secrecy Act to require the Secretary of the Treasury to prescribe regulations requiring certain financial institutions to report cross-border electronic transmittals of funds , if the Secretary determines that reporting is `` reasonably necessary '' in `` anti-money laundering / combatting financing of terrorists ( Anti-Money Laundering / Combating the Financing of Terrorism AML / CFT ) . </P> <H2> Notable cases ( edit ) </H2> 1998 investigation , United States Senate , Contribution Laundering / Third - Party Transfers . Includes investigation of Gandhi Memorial International Foundation . <Ul> <Li> Bank of Credit and Commerce International : Unknown amount , estimated in billions , of criminal proceeds , including drug trafficking money , laundered during the mid-1980s . </Li> <Li> BTA Bank : $6 billion of bank funds embezzled or fraudulently loaned to shell companies and offshore holdings by the banks former chairman and CEO Mukhtar Ablyazov . </Li> <Li> Bank of New York : US $7 billion of Russian capital flight laundered through accounts controlled by bank executives , late 1990s . </Li> <Li> Charter House Bank : Charter House Bank in Kenya was placed under statutory management in 2006 by the Central Bank of Kenya after it was discovered the bank was being used for money laundering activities by multiple accounts containing missing customer information . More than $1.5 billion had been laundered before the scam was uncovered . </Li> <Li> Ferdinand Marcos : Unknown amount , estimated at US $10 billion of government assets laundered through banks and financial institutions in the United States , Liechtenstein , Austria , Panama , Netherlands Antilles , Cayman Islands , Vanuatu , Hong Kong , Singapore , Monaco , the Bahamas , the Vatican and Switzerland . </Li> <Li> HSBC , in December 2012 , paid a record $1.9 Billion fines for money - laundering hundreds of millions of dollars for drug traffickers , terrorists and sanctioned governments such as Iran . The money - laundering occurred throughout the 2000s . </Li> <Li> Institute for the Works of Religion : Italian authorities investigated suspected money laundering transactions amounting to US $218 million made by the IOR to several Italian banks . </Li> <Li> Liberty Reserve , in May 2013 , was seized by United States federal authorities for laundering $6 billion . </Li> <Li> Nauru : US $70 billion of Russian capital flight laundered through unregulated Nauru offshore shell banks , late 1990s </Li> <Li> Sani Abacha : US $2 -- 5 billion of government assets laundered through banks in the UK , Luxembourg , Jersey ( Channel Islands ) , and Switzerland , by the president of Nigeria . </Li> <Li> Standard Chartered : paid $330 million in fines for money - laundering hundreds of billions of dollars for Iran . The money - laundering took place in the 2000s and occurred for `` nearly a decade to hide 60,000 transactions worth $250 billion '' . </Li> <Li> Standard Bank : Standard Bank South Africa London Branch -- The Financial Conduct Authority ( FCA ) has fined Standard Bank PLC ( Standard Bank ) £ 7,640,400 for failings relating to its anti-money laundering ( AML ) policies and procedures over corporate and private bank customers connected to politically exposed persons ( PEPs ) . </Li> <Li> BNP Paribas , in June 2014 , pleaded guilty to falsifying business records and conspiracy , having violated U.S. sanctions against Cuba , Iran , and Sudan . It agreed to pay an $8.9 billion fine , the largest ever for violating U.S. sanctions . </Li> <Li> BSI Bank , in May 2017 , was shut down by the Monetary Authority of Singapore for serious breaches of anti-money laundering requirements , poor management oversight of the bank 's operations , and gross misconduct of some of the bank 's staff . </Li> <Li> Jose Franklin Jurado - Rodriguez , a Harvard College and Columbia University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Economics Department alumnus , was convicted in Luxembourg in June 1990 `` in what was one of the largest drug money laundering cases ever brought in Europe '' and the US in 1996 of money laundering for the Cali Cartel kingpin Jose Santacruz Londono . Jurado - Rodriguez specialized in `` smurfing '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Digital money and money laundering ( edit ) </H2> <P> To prevent the usage of decentralized digital money such as Bitcoin for the profit of crime and corruption , Australia is planning to strengthen the nation 's anti-money laundering laws . Knowing the characteristics of Bitcoin , it is completely deterministic , protocol based and can not be censored , may circumvent national laws using services like Tor to obfuscate transaction origins , and relies completely off of cryptography , not a central entity running under a KYC framework . There are several cases of criminals have cashed out a significant amount of Bitcoin after ransomware attacks , drug dealings , cyber fraud and gunrunning . Other damages such as The DAO being drained of Ether can not be classified as money laundering under any legal definition , as decentralized virtual environments are legally stateless and can not be intervened with by a governing body . Such an incident has been debated as to the clear definition of money laundering in a stateless environment , leading to Ethereum Classic to form . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Bank Secrecy Act </Li> <Li> Confiscation </Li> <Li> Currency transaction report </Li> <Li> Customer Identification Program </Li> <Li> Embezzlement </Li> <Li> Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering </Li> <Li> FBI </Li> <Li> Financial Crimes Enforcement Network </Li> <Li> Global RADAR </Li> <Li> Gold laundering </Li> <Li> Hawala </Li> <Li> Money trail </Li> <Li> Michael H. O'Keefe </Li> <Li> Office of Foreign Assets Control </Li> <Li> Offshore banking </Li> <Li> Organized crime </Li> <Li> Penny stock scam </Li> <Li> Politically exposed person </Li> <Li> Round - tripping ( finance ) </Li> <Li> Shell ( corporation ) </Li> <Li> Terrorist financing </Li> <Li> USA PATRIOT Act </Li> <Li> White - collar crime </Li> <Li> World Bank residual model </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Duhaime , Christine . `` What is Laundering ? Duhaime 's Financial Crime and Anti-Money Laundering Law '' . Retrieved 7 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Financial Weapons of War , Minnesota Law Review ( 2016 ) '' . ssrn.com . SSRN 2765010 . Missing or empty url = ( help ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ See for example the Anti-Money Laundering & Counter Terrorism Financing Act 2006 ( Australia ) , the Anti-Money Laundering and Countering Financing of Terrorism Act 2009 ( New Zealand ) , and the Anti-Money Laundering and Counter-Terrorist Financing ( Financial Institutions ) Ordinance ( Cap 615 ) ( Hong Kong . See also ( for example ) guidance on IMF and FATF websites similarly conflating the concepts . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Anti-Money Laundering -- Getting The Deal Through -- GTDT '' . Getting The Deal Through . Retrieved 28 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nigel Morris - Cotterill ( 1999 ) . `` A brief history of money laundering '' . Archived from the original on 24 February 2016 . Retrieved 17 February 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Protess , Ben & Jessica Silver - Greenberg ( 30 June 2014 ) . `` BNP Paribas Admits Guilt and Agrees to Pay $8.9 Billion Fine to U.S. '' The New York Times . Retrieved 1 July 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` AUSTRAC at a glance '' . AUSTRAC . Archived from the original on 28 August 2016 . Retrieved 18 August 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Reuter , Peter ( 2004 ) . Chasing Dirty Money . Peterson . ISBN 978 - 0 - 88132 - 370 - 2 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` History of Anti-Money Laundering Laws '' . United States Department of the Treasury . 30 June 2015 . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lawrence M. Salinger , Encyclopedia of white - collar & corporate crime : A -- I , Volume 1 , page 78 , ISBN 0 - 7619 - 3004 - 3 , 2005 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Drug Intelligence Center ( August 2011 ) . `` National Drug Threat Assessment '' ( PDF ) . p. 40 . Retrieved 20 September 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` National Money Laundering Threat Assessment '' ( PDF ) . December 2005 . p. 33 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 17 October 2010 . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Baker , Raymond ( 2005 ) . Capitalism 's Achilles Heel . Wiley . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Has the Art Market Become an Unwitting Partner in Crime ? . `` Has the Art Market Become an Unwitting Partner in Crime ? '' . Retrieved 5 May 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Financial Action Task Force . `` Global Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing Threat Assessment '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 3 March 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : http://www.private-eye.co.uk/registry </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Underground Economy Issues . Ontario Construction Secretariat '' . Archived from the original on 16 December 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Tax amnesties turn HMRC into ' biggest money - laundering operation in history ' '' . Retrieved 14 June 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Economic Crime : A Threat to Business Globally '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2018 - 06 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Office of National Drug Control Policy '' . The White House . 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Retrieved 18 Dec 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Money laundering at Curlie </Li> <Li> UNODC on money - laundering and countering the financing of terrorism : profile from the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime </Li> <Li> Financial Market Integrity Unit of the World Bank </Li> <Li> International Narcotics Control Strategy Report ( INCSR ) , annual report issued by the United States Department of State in March every year ( prepared by Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs ) on country money laundering risk </Li> </Ul> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&oldid=866308425 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Money laundering </Li> <Li> Commercial crimes </Li> <Li> Financial regulation </Li> <Li> Organized crime activity </Li> <Li> Tax evasion </Li> <Li> Terrorism </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Pages using web citations with no URL </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Pages with URL errors </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from July 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from May 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2014 </Li> <Li> All articles containing potentially dated statements </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from November 2011 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with Curlie links </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Afrikaans </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Azərbaycanca </Li> <Li> বাংলা </Li> <Li> Български </Li> <Li> Bosanski </Li> <Li> Català </Li> <Li> Čeština </Li> <Li> Cymraeg </Li> <Li> Dansk </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Eesti </Li> <Li> Ελληνικά </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Esperanto </Li> <Li> Euskara </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Galego </Li> <Li> 한국어 </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> हिन्दी </Li> <Li> Hrvatski </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> Íslenska </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> ქართული </Li> <Li> Қазақша </Li> <Li> Latina </Li> <Li> Lëtzebuergesch </Li> <Li> Lietuvių </Li> <Li> Magyar </Li> <Li> Македонски </Li> <Li> Bahasa Melayu </Li> <Li> Монгол </Li> <Li> မြန်မာဘာသာ </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> नेपाली </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча </Li> <Li> ਪੰਜਾਬੀ </Li> <Li> پښتو </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Scots </Li> <Li> Simple English </Li> <Li> کوردی </Li> <Li> Српски / srpski </Li> <Li> Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> Tagalog </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> <Li> Українська </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> Tiếng Việt </Li> <Li> 粵語 </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 53 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 15 : 46 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=Money_laundering&oldid=866308425 | 7,525,436,485,812,280,000 |
Oklahoma gubernatorial election , 2018 - wikipedia <H1> Oklahoma gubernatorial election , 2018 </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Oklahoma gubernatorial election , 2018 <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> ← 2014 </Td> <Td> November 6 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 2022 → </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Party </Th> <Td> Republican </Td> <Td> Democratic </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> Incumbent Governor <P> Mary Fallin Republican </P> </Td> <Td> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Elections in Oklahoma </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Federal government ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Presidential Elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1908 </Li> <Li> 1912 </Li> <Li> 1916 </Li> <Li> 1920 </Li> <Li> 1924 </Li> <Li> 1928 </Li> <Li> 1932 </Li> <Li> 1936 </Li> <Li> 1940 </Li> <Li> 1944 </Li> <Li> 1948 </Li> <Li> 1952 </Li> <Li> 1956 </Li> <Li> 1960 </Li> <Li> 1964 </Li> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> 1972 </Li> <Li> 1976 </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1984 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Presidential primaries </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Dl> <Dt> Democratic </Dt> <Dd> 2008 </Dd> <Dd> 2012 </Dd> <Dd> 2016 </Dd> </Dl> <Dl> <Dt> Republican </Dt> <Dd> 2008 </Dd> <Dd> 2012 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Senate elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1968 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1980 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> House of Representatives elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Special elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Senate , 1994 </Li> <Li> 1st district , 2002 </Li> <Li> Senate , 2014 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> State government ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Gubernatorial elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1907 </Li> <Li> 1910 </Li> <Li> 1914 </Li> <Li> 1918 </Li> <Li> 1922 </Li> <Li> 1926 </Li> <Li> 1930 </Li> <Li> 1934 </Li> <Li> 1938 </Li> <Li> 1942 </Li> <Li> 1946 </Li> <Li> 1950 </Li> <Li> 1954 </Li> <Li> 1958 </Li> <Li> 1962 </Li> <Li> 1966 </Li> <Li> 1970 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1978 </Li> <Li> 1982 </Li> <Li> 1986 </Li> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> State Elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 1990 </Li> <Li> 1992 </Li> <Li> 1994 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 1998 </Li> <Li> 2000 </Li> <Li> 2002 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2008 </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> 2012 </Li> <Li> 2014 </Li> <Li> 2016 </Li> <Li> 2018 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Ballot measures ( show ) <Dl> <Dt> </Dt> <Dd> Question 711 </Dd> </Dl> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Tulsa government ( show ) <Table> <Tr> <Th> Mayoral elections </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> 2006 </Li> <Li> 2009 </Li> <Li> 2013 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Government </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The 2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election will take place on November 6 , 2018 , to elect the next Governor of Oklahoma . Incumbent Republican Governor Mary Fallin is term - limited and can not seek re-election to a third consecutive term . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Republican primary <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Candidates <Ul> <Li> 1.1. 1 Declared </Li> <Li> 1.1. 2 Potential </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 1.2 Polling </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Democratic primary <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Candidates <Ul> <Li> 2.1. 1 Declared </Li> <Li> 2.1. 2 Potential </Li> <Li> 2.1. 3 Withdrew </Li> <Li> 2.1. 4 Declined </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Libertarian primary <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Candidates <Ul> <Li> 3.1. 1 Declared </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 General election <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Predictions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Republican primary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Candidates ( edit ) </H3> Declared ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Mick Cornett , Mayor of Oklahoma City </Li> <Li> Dan Fisher , former State Representative </Li> <Li> Gary Jones , Oklahoma State Auditor and Inspector </Li> <Li> Todd Lamb , Lieutenant Governor of Oklahoma </Li> <Li> Gary Richardson , former United States Attorney for the Eastern District of Oklahoma , nominee for OK - 02 in 1978 and 1980 , and independent candidate for Governor in 2002 </Li> <Li> Kevin Stitt , businessman </Li> </Ul> Potential ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Ken Miller , Oklahoma State Treasurer </Li> <Li> Bob Mills , businessman </Li> <Li> Scott Pruitt , administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency </Li> </Ul> <H3> Polling ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Poll source </Th> <Th> Date ( s ) administered </Th> <Th> Sample size </Th> <Th> Margin of error </Th> <Th> Jim Bridenstine </Th> <Th> Mick Cornett </Th> <Th> Dan Fisher </Th> <Th> Gary Jones </Th> <Th> Todd Lamb </Th> <Th> Scott Pruitt </Th> <Th> Gary Richardson </Th> <Th> Kevin Stitt </Th> <Th> Undecided </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Oklahoma Strategic Solutions ( R - Richardson ) </Td> <Td> March 9 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 500 </Td> <Td> ± 4.4 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 15 % </Td> <Td> 2 % </Td> <Td> 3 % </Td> <Td> 14 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 10 % </Td> <Td> 8 % </Td> <Td> 48 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SoonerPoll </Td> <Td> January 4 -- 9 , 2018 </Td> <Td> 409 </Td> <Td> ± 4.8 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 24 % </Td> <Td> 4 % </Td> <Td> 3 % </Td> <Td> 18 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 9 % </Td> <Td> 3 % </Td> <Td> 39 % </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> SoonerPoll </Td> <Td> September 1 -- 15 , 2017 </Td> <Td> 403 </Td> <Td> ± 4.9 % </Td> <Td> 19 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 33 % </Td> <Td> 16 % </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> -- </Td> <Td> 32 % </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Democratic primary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Candidates ( edit ) </H3> Declared ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Drew Edmondson , former Attorney General of Oklahoma and candidate for Governor in 2010 </Li> <Li> Connie Johnson , former State Senator and nominee for the U.S. Senate in 2014 </Li> </Ul> Potential ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Kenneth Corn , former State Senator and nominee for Lieutenant Governor in 2010 </Li> <Li> Mike Turpen , member of the Oklahoma State Regents for Higher Education , former Attorney General of Oklahoma , and candidate for Governor in 1986 </Li> </Ul> Withdrew ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Scott Inman , State Representative </Li> </Ul> Declined ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Dan Boren , former U.S. Representative </Li> <Li> Joe Dorman , former State Representative and nominee for Governor in 2014 </Li> </Ul> <H2> Libertarian primary ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Candidates ( edit ) </H3> Declared ( edit ) <Ul> <Li> Rex Lawhorn , former Americans Elect Party chair , and Oklahoma State Director for Our America Intiative . </Li> <Li> Joe Moldonado ( aka Joe Exotic ) , zookeeper </Li> <Li> Chris Powell , former OKLP chair and candidate for Oklahoma County Clerk in 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> General election ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Predictions ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Source </Th> <Th> Ranking </Th> <Th> As of </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> The Cook Political Report </Td> <Td> 104 ! Solid R </Td> <Td> August 7 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Rothenberg Political Report </Td> <Td> 103 ! Likely R </Td> <Td> November 10 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sabato 's Crystal Ball </Td> <Td> 103 ! Likely R </Td> <Td> November 14 , 2017 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Oklahoma state elections , 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Oklahoma City Mayor Mick Cornett announces plan to run for governor '' . KFOR.com. 2017 - 05 - 31 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.news9.com/story/35982458/former-rep-lawmaker-dan-fisher-to-run-for-state-governor </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Sean ( May 8 , 2017 ) . `` Oklahoma Auditor Gary Jones to Run for Governor in 2018 '' . U.S. News and World Report . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lt. Governor Todd Lamb files candidacy paperwork for 2018 governor 's race '' . KFOR.com. 2017 - 04 - 07 . Retrieved 2017 - 06 - 01 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Felder , Ben ( April 24 , 2017 ) . `` Richardson announces run for governor , seeks Republican ticket '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.theokie.com/2018-kevin-stitt-announces-republican-bid-for-governor/ </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Murphy , Sean ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Dan Boren Contemplating Governor 's Run ; David Boren Advises Against It '' . KGOU . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Casteel , Chris ( October 17 , 2016 ) . `` After ho - hum year for state political contests , 2018 will be ' transformational ' '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://mobile.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/climate/scott-pruitt-political-ambitions.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Denwalt , Dale ( May 1 , 2017 ) . `` Drew Edmondson announces run for Oklahoma governor '' . The Oklahoman . Retrieved May 1 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Charles , Michelle ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` Gubernatorial candidate Connie Johnson kicks off OSU speaker series '' . NewsPress . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoberock , Barbara ( December 24 , 2016 ) . `` Potential gubernatorial contenders talk 2018 race '' . Tulsa World . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ogle , Abigail ( 26 October 2017 ) . `` Rep. Scott Inman ends bid for governor , to step down from Legislature '' . Koco . Retrieved 26 October 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beaty , James ( October 19 , 2016 ) . `` Dan Boren considering governor 's race '' . Tahlequah Daily Press . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Murphy , Sean ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Dan Boren decides not to run for Oklahoma governor in 2018 '' . McClatchy Washington Bureau . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brooks , Adam ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` Dorman Wo n't Seek Governor 's Office Again If Boren Decides To Run '' . KGOU . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Rey , Oliver ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Talking to Cleveland County Dems , Dorman indicates a plan to run as - yet - undetermined office '' . Red Dirt Report . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://newsok.com/article/5529136 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://journalrecord.com/2017/05/01/edmondson-to-run-for-governor/?ep=1 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.thelostogle.com/2017/05/08/joe-exotic-is-running-for-governor/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/oklahoma/articles/2017-05-25/animal-park-operator-among-libertarians-running-for-governor </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` 2018 Governor Race ratings The Cook Political Report '' . The Cook Political Report . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Gubernatorial Ratings Inside Elections '' . insideelections.com . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Larry J. Sabato 's Crystal Ball '' 2018 Governor `` . www.centerforpolitics.org . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 15 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Dl> <Dt> Official campaign websites </Dt> </Dl> <Ul> <Li> Mick Cornett ( R ) for Governor </Li> <Li> Drew Edmondson ( D ) for Governor </Li> <Li> Rex Lawhorn ( L ) for Governor </Li> <Li> Connie Johnson ( D ) for Governor </Li> <Li> Gary Jones ( R ) for Governor </Li> <Li> Todd Lamb ( R ) for Governor </Li> <Li> Gary Richardson ( R ) for Governor </Li> <Li> Chris Powell ( L ) for Governor </Li> <Li> Joe Maldonado ( L ) for Governor </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ( 2017 ← ) 2018 United States elections ( → 2019 ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> U.S. Senate </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Arizona </Li> <Li> California </Li> <Li> Connecticut </Li> <Li> Delaware </Li> <Li> Florida </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> <Li> Indiana </Li> <Li> Maine </Li> <Li> Maryland </Li> <Li> Massachusetts </Li> <Li> Michigan </Li> <Li> Minnesota <Ul> <Li> special </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Mississippi <Ul> <Li> 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Utah </Li> <Li> Vermont </Li> <Li> Virginia </Li> <Li> Washington </Li> <Li> West Virginia </Li> <Li> Wisconsin </Li> <Li> Wyoming </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oklahoma_gubernatorial_election,_2018&oldid=834143652 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Oklahoma elections , 2018 </Li> <Li> Oklahoma gubernatorial elections </Li> <Li> United States gubernatorial elections , 2018 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 4 April 2018 , at 04 : 40 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Sugar - Wikipedia <H1> Sugar </H1> This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 31 October 2017 . Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the class of sweet - flavored substances used as food . For common table sugar , see Sucrose . For other uses , see Sugar ( disambiguation ) . Closeup of raw crystals of unrefined , unbleached sugar <P> Sugar is the generic name for sweet , soluble carbohydrates , many of which are used in food . There are various types of sugar derived from different sources . Simple sugars are called monosaccharides and include glucose ( also known as dextrose ) , fructose , and galactose . The `` table sugar '' or `` granulated sugar '' most customarily used as food is sucrose , a disaccharide of glucose and fructose . Sugar is used in prepared foods ( e.g. , cookies and cakes ) and it is added to some foods and beverages ( e.g. , coffee and tea ) . In the body , sucrose is hydrolysed into the simple sugars fructose and glucose . Other disaccharides include maltose from malted grain , and lactose from milk . Longer chains of sugars are called oligosaccharides or polysaccharides . Some other chemical substances , such as glycerol may also have a sweet taste , but are not classified as sugars . Diet food substitutes for sugar , include aspartame and sucralose , a chlorinated derivative of sucrose . </P> <P> Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants and are present in sugarcane and sugar beet in sufficient concentrations for efficient commercial extraction . The world production of sugar in 2011 was about 168 million tonnes . The average person consumes about 24 kilograms ( 53 lb ) of sugar each year ( 33.1 kg in developed countries ) , equivalent to over 260 food calories per person , per day . Since the latter part of the twentieth century , it has been questioned whether a diet high in sugars , especially refined sugars , is good for human health . Over-consumption of sugar has been implicated in the occurrence of obesity , diabetes , cardiovascular disease , dementia , and tooth decay . Numerous studies have been undertaken to try to clarify the position , but with varying results , mainly because of the difficulty of finding populations for use as controls that do not consume or are largely free of any sugar consumption . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Etymology </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Ancient times and Middle Ages </Li> <Li> 2.2 Modern history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Chemistry <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Natural polymers </Li> <Li> 3.2 Flammability and response to heating </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Types <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Monosaccharides </Li> <Li> 4.2 Disaccharides </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 Sources </Li> <Li> 6 Production <Ul> <Li> 6.1 Sugar beet </Li> <Li> 6.2 Sugarcane </Li> <Li> 6.3 Refining </Li> <Li> 6.4 Producing countries </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 7 Forms and uses </Li> <Li> 8 Consumption </Li> <Li> 9 Nutrition and flavor </Li> <Li> 10 Health effects <Ul> <Li> 10.1 Addiction </Li> <Li> 10.2 Alzheimer 's disease </Li> <Li> 10.3 Blood glucose levels </Li> <Li> 10.4 Cardiovascular disease </Li> <Li> 10.5 Hyperactivity </Li> <Li> 10.6 Obesity and diabetes </Li> <Li> 10.7 Tooth decay </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 11 Recommended dietary intake </Li> <Li> 12 Measurements </Li> <Li> 13 See also </Li> <Li> 14 References </Li> <Li> 15 Further reading </Li> <Li> 16 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Etymology ( edit ) </H2> <P> The etymology reflects the spread of the commodity . The English word `` sugar '' ultimately originates from the Sanskrit शर्करा ( śarkarā ) , via Arabic سكر ( sukkar ) as granular or candied sugar , which is cognate with the Greek word , kroke , or `` pebble '' . The contemporary Italian word is zucchero , whereas the Spanish and Portuguese words , azúcar and açúcar , respectively , have kept a trace of the Arabic definite article . The Old French word is zuchre and the contemporary French , sucre . The earliest Greek word attested is σάκχαρις ( sákkharis ) . </P> <P> The English word jaggery , a coarse brown sugar made from date palm sap or sugarcane juice , has a similar etymological origin -- Portuguese jagara from the Sanskrit शर्करा ( śarkarā ) . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Main article : History of sugar <H3> Ancient times and Middle ages ( edit ) </H3> Sugar cane plantation <P> Sugar has been produced in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times . It was not plentiful or cheap in early times and honey was more often used for sweetening in most parts of the world . Originally , people chewed raw sugarcane to extract its sweetness . Sugarcane was a native of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia . Different species seem to have originated from different locations with Saccharum barberi originating in India and S. edule and S. officinarum coming from New Guinea . One of the earliest historical references to sugarcane is in Chinese manuscripts dating back to 8th century BC that state that the use of sugarcane originated in India . </P> <P> In the tradition of Indian medicine ( āyurveda ) , the sugercane is known by the name Ikṣu and the sugarcane juice is known as Phāṇita . Its varieties , synonyms and charactericss are defined in nighaṇṭus such as the Bhāvaprakāśa ( 1.6. 23 , group of sugarcanes ) . </P> <P> Sugar was found in Europe by the 1st century CE , but only as an imported medicine , and not as a food . The Greek physician Pedanius Dioscorides in the 1st century CE described sugar in his medical treatise De Materia Medica , and Pliny the Elder , a 1st - century CE Roman , described sugar in his Natural History : `` Sugar is made in Arabia as well , but Indian sugar is better . It is a kind of honey found in cane , white as gum , and it crunches between the teeth . It comes in lumps the size of a hazelnut . Sugar is used only for medical purposes . '' </P> <P> Sugar remained relatively unimportant until the Indians discovered methods of turning sugarcane juice into granulated crystals that were easier to store and to transport . Crystallized sugar was discovered by the time of the Imperial Guptas , around the 5th century CE . In the local Indian language , these crystals were called khanda ( Devanagari : खण्ड , Khaṇḍa ) , which is the source of the word candy . Indian sailors , who carried clarified butter and sugar as supplies , introduced knowledge of sugar on the various trade routes they travelled . Buddhist monks , as they travelled around , brought sugar crystallization methods to China . During the reign of Harsha ( r . 606 -- 647 ) in North India , Indian envoys in Tang China taught methods of cultivating sugarcane after Emperor Taizong of Tang ( r . 626 -- 649 ) made known his interest in sugar . China then established its first sugarcane plantations in the seventh century . Chinese documents confirm at least two missions to India , initiated in 647 CE , to obtain technology for sugar refining . In South Asia , the Middle East and China , sugar became a staple of cooking and desserts . </P> <P> Crusaders brought sugar home with them to Europe after their campaigns in the Holy Land , where they encountered caravans carrying `` sweet salt '' . Early in the 12th century , Venice acquired some villages near Tyre and set up estates to produce sugar for export to Europe , where it supplemented honey , which had previously been the only available sweetener . Crusade chronicler William of Tyre , writing in the late 12th century , described sugar as `` very necessary for the use and health of mankind '' . In the 15th century , Venice was the chief sugar refining and distribution centre in Europe . </P> <H3> Modern History ( edit ) </H3> Still - Life with Bread and Confectionery , by George Flegel , first half of 17th century See also : Triangular trade <P> In August 1492 , Christopher Columbus stopped at La Gomera in the Canary Islands , for wine and water , intending to stay only four days . He became romantically involved with the governor of the island , Beatriz de Bobadilla y Ossorio , and stayed a month . When he finally sailed , she gave him cuttings of sugarcane , which became the first to reach the New World . The first sugar cane harvest was conducted in Hispaniola in 1501 , and many sugar mills had been constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s . The Portuguese took sugar cane to Brazil . By 1540 , there were 800 cane sugar mills in Santa Catarina Island and another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil , Demarara , and Surinam . </P> Hacienda La Fortuna . A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico , painted by Francisco Oller in 1885 . Brooklyn Museum <P> Sugar was a luxury in Europe until the 18th century , when it became more widely available . It then became popular and by the 19th century , sugar came to be considered a necessity . This evolution of taste and demand for sugar as an essential food ingredient unleashed major economic and social changes . It drove , in part , colonization of tropical islands and nations where labor - intensive sugarcane plantations and sugar manufacturing could thrive . The demand for cheap labor to perform the hard work involved in its cultivation and processing increased the demand for the slave trade from Africa ( in particular West Africa ) . After slavery was abolished , there was high demand for indentured laborers from South Asia ( in particular India ) . Millions of slave and indentured laborers were brought into the Caribbean and the Americas , Indian Ocean colonies , southeast Asia , Pacific Islands , and East Africa and Natal . The modern ethnic mix of many nations that have been settled in the last two centuries has been influenced by the demand for sugar . </P> This is a close up image of sugar cane . Sugar cane was a primary motivator for the colonial system . <P> Sugar also led to some industrialization of areas where sugar cane was grown . For example , Lieutenant J. Paterson , of the Bengal establishment , persuaded the British Government that sugar cane could be cultivated in British India with many advantages and at less expense than in the West Indies ; as a result , sugar factories were established in Bihar in eastern India . During the Napoleonic Wars , sugar beet production increased in continental Europe because of the difficulty of importing sugar when shipping was subject to blockade . By 1880 , the sugar beet was the main source of sugar in Europe . It was cultivated in Lincolnshire and other parts of England , although the United Kingdom continued to import the main part of its sugar from its colonies . </P> <P> Until the late nineteenth century , sugar was purchased in loaves , which had to be cut using implements called sugar nips . In later years , granulated sugar was more usually sold in bags . Sugar cubes were produced in the nineteenth century . The first inventor of a process to make sugar in cube form was the Moravian Jakub Kryštof Rad , director of a sugar company in Dačice . He began sugar cube production after being granted a five - year patent for the process on January 23 , 1843 . Henry Tate of Tate & Lyle was another early manufacturer of sugar cubes at his refineries in Liverpool and London . Tate purchased a patent for sugar cube manufacture from German Eugen Langen , who in 1872 had invented a different method of processing of sugar cubes . </P> <H2> Chemistry ( edit ) </H2> Sucrose : a disaccharide of glucose ( left ) and fructose ( right ) , important molecules in the body . Main article : Carbohydrate <P> Scientifically , sugar loosely refers to a number of carbohydrates , such as monosaccharides , disaccharides , or oligosaccharides . Monosaccharides are also called `` simple sugars , '' the most important being glucose . Most monosaccharides have a formula that conforms to C nH 2n O n with n between 3 and 7 ( deoxyribose being an exception ) . Glucose has the molecular formula C 6H 12 O 6 . The names of typical sugars end with - ose , as in `` glucose '' and `` fructose '' . Sometimes such words may also refer to any types of carbohydrates soluble in water . The acyclic mono - and disaccharides contain either aldehyde groups or ketone groups . These carbon - oxygen double bonds ( C = O ) are the reactive centers . All saccharides with more than one ring in their structure result from two or more monosaccharides joined by glycosidic bonds with the resultant loss of a molecule of water ( H 2O ) per bond . </P> <P> Monosaccharides in a closed - chain form can form glycosidic bonds with other monosaccharides , creating disaccharides ( such as sucrose ) and polysaccharides ( such as starch ) . Enzymes must hydrolyze or otherwise break these glycosidic bonds before such compounds become metabolized . After digestion and absorption the principal monosaccharides present in the blood and internal tissues include glucose , fructose , and galactose . Many pentoses and hexoses can form ring structures . In these closed - chain forms , the aldehyde or ketone group remains non-free , so many of the reactions typical of these groups can not occur . Glucose in solution exists mostly in the ring form at equilibrium , with less than 0.1 % of the molecules in the open - chain form . </P> <H3> Natural polymers ( edit ) </H3> <P> Biopolymers of sugars are common in nature . Through photosynthesis , plants produce glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate ( G3P ) , a phosphated 3 - carbon sugar that is used by the cell to make monosaccharides such as glucose ( C 6H 12 O 6 ) or ( as in cane and beet ) sucrose ( C 12 H 22 O 11 ) . Monosaccharides may be further converted into structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and pectin for cell wall construction or into energy reserves in the form of storage polysaccharides such as starch or inulin . Starch , consisting of two different polymers of glucose , is a readily degradable form of chemical energy stored by cells , and can be converted to other types of energy . Another polymer of glucose is cellulose , which is a linear chain composed of several hundred or thousand glucose units . It is used by plants as a structural component in their cell walls . Humans can digest cellulose only to a very limited extent , though ruminants can do so with the help of symbiotic bacteria in their gut . DNA and RNA are built up of the monosaccharides deoxyribose and ribose , respectively . Deoxyribose has the formula C 5H 10 O 4 and ribose the formula C 5H 10 O 5 . </P> <H3> Flammability and response to heating ( edit ) </H3> Magnification of grains of refined sucrose , the most common free sugar . <P> Because sugars burn easily when exposed to flame , the handling of sugars risks dust explosion . The 2008 Georgia sugar refinery explosion , which killed 14 people and injured 40 , and destroyed most of the refinery , was caused by the ignition of sugar dust . In its culinary use , sugar that is exposed to a heat source causes caramelization to take place . As the process occurs , volatile chemicals such as diacetyl are released , producing the characteristic caramel flavor . </P> <H2> Types ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Monosaccharides ( edit ) </H3> <P> Fructose , galactose , and glucose are all simple sugars , monosaccharides , with the general formula C H O. They have five hydroxyl groups ( − OH ) and a carbonyl group ( C = O ) and are cyclic when dissolved in water . They each exist as several isomers with dextro - and laevo - rotatory forms that cause polarized light to diverge to the right or the left . </P> <Ul> <Li> Fructose , or fruit sugar , occurs naturally in fruits , some root vegetables , cane sugar and honey and is the sweetest of the sugars . It is one of the components of sucrose or table sugar . It is used as a high - fructose syrup , which is manufactured from hydrolyzed corn starch that has been processed to yield corn syrup , with enzymes then added to convert part of the glucose into fructose . </Li> <Li> In general , galactose does not occur in the free state but is a constituent with glucose of the disaccharide lactose or milk sugar . It is less sweet than glucose . It is a component of the antigens found on the surface of red blood cells that determine blood groups . </Li> <Li> Glucose , dextrose or grape sugar , occurs naturally in fruits and plant juices and is the primary product of photosynthesis . Most ingested carbohydrates are converted into glucose during digestion and it is the form of sugar that is transported around the bodies of animals in the bloodstream . It can be manufactured from starch by the addition of enzymes or in the presence of acids . Glucose syrup is a liquid form of glucose that is widely used in the manufacture of foodstuffs . It can be manufactured from starch by enzymatic hydrolysis . </Li> </Ul> <H3> Disaccharides ( edit ) </H3> <P> Lactose , maltose , and sucrose are all compound sugars , disaccharides , with the general formula C H O. They are formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules with the exclusion of a molecule of water . </P> <Ul> <Li> Lactose is the naturally occurring sugar found in milk . A molecule of lactose is formed by the combination of a molecule of galactose with a molecule of glucose . It is broken down when consumed into its constituent parts by the enzyme lactase during digestion . Children have this enzyme but some adults no longer form it and they are unable to digest lactose . </Li> <Li> Maltose is formed during the germination of certain grains , the most notable being barley , which is converted into malt , the source of the sugar 's name . A molecule of maltose is formed by the combination of two molecules of glucose . It is less sweet than glucose , fructose or sucrose . It is formed in the body during the digestion of starch by the enzyme amylase and is itself broken down during digestion by the enzyme maltase . </Li> <Li> Sucrose is found in the stems of sugarcane and roots of sugar beet . It also occurs naturally alongside fructose and glucose in other plants , in particular fruits and some roots such as carrots . The different proportions of sugars found in these foods determines the range of sweetness experienced when eating them . A molecule of sucrose is formed by the combination of a molecule of glucose with a molecule of fructose . After being eaten , sucrose is split into its constituent parts during digestion by a number of enzymes known as sucrases . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Sources ( edit ) </H2> <P> The sugar contents of common fruits and vegetables are presented in Table 1 . All data with a unit of g ( gram ) are based on 100 g of a food item . The fructose / glucose ratio is calculated by dividing the sum of free fructose plus half sucrose by the sum of free glucose plus half sucrose . </P> <Table> Table 1 . Sugar content of selected common plant foods ( g / 100g ) <Tr> <Th> Food item </Th> <Th> Total carbohydrate including `` dietary fibre '' </Th> <Th> Total sugars </Th> <Th> Free fructose </Th> <Th> Free glucose </Th> <Th> Sucrose </Th> <Th> Fructose / Glucose ratio </Th> <Th> Sucrose as a % of total sugars </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fruits </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apple </Td> <Td> 13.8 </Td> <Td> 10.4 </Td> <Td> 5.9 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 19.9 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Apricot </Td> <Td> 11.1 </Td> <Td> 9.2 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 5.9 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 63.5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Banana </Td> <Td> 22.8 </Td> <Td> 12.2 </Td> <Td> 4.9 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 2.4 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 20.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Fig , dried </Td> <Td> 63.9 </Td> <Td> 47.9 </Td> <Td> 22.9 </Td> <Td> 24.8 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 0.93 </Td> <Td> 0.15 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Grapes </Td> <Td> 18.1 </Td> <Td> 15.5 </Td> <Td> 8.1 </Td> <Td> 7.2 </Td> <Td> 0.2 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Navel orange </Td> <Td> 12.5 </Td> <Td> 8.5 </Td> <Td> 2.25 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 4.3 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 50.4 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Peach </Td> <Td> 9.5 </Td> <Td> 8.4 </Td> <Td> 1.5 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 4.8 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 56.7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pear </Td> <Td> 15.5 </Td> <Td> 9.8 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> <Td> 2.8 </Td> <Td> 0.8 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 8.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Pineapple </Td> <Td> 13.1 </Td> <Td> 9.9 </Td> <Td> 2.1 </Td> <Td> 1.7 </Td> <Td> 6.0 </Td> <Td> 1.1 </Td> <Td> 60.8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Plum </Td> <Td> 11.4 </Td> <Td> 9.9 </Td> <Td> 3.1 </Td> <Td> 5.1 </Td> <Td> 1.6 </Td> <Td> 0.66 </Td> <Td> 16.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vegetables </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Beet , red </Td> <Td> 9.6 </Td> <Td> 6.8 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 0.1 </Td> <Td> 6.5 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 96.2 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Carrot </Td> <Td> 9.6 </Td> <Td> 4.7 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 0.6 </Td> <Td> 3.6 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 77 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Corn , sweet </Td> <Td> 19.0 </Td> <Td> 6.2 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 3.4 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 0.61 </Td> <Td> 15.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Red pepper , sweet </Td> <Td> 6.0 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 1.9 </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 0.0 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Onion , sweet </Td> <Td> 7.6 </Td> <Td> 5.0 </Td> <Td> 2.0 </Td> <Td> 2.3 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 14.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sweet potato </Td> <Td> 20.1 </Td> <Td> 4.2 </Td> <Td> 0.7 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> 2.5 </Td> <Td> 0.9 </Td> <Td> 60.3 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Yam </Td> <Td> 27.9 </Td> <Td> 0.5 </Td> <Td> tr </Td> <Td> tr </Td> <Td> tr </Td> <Td> na </Td> <Td> tr </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sugar cane </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 13 - 18 </Td> <Td> 0.2 -- 1.0 </Td> <Td> 0.2 -- 1.0 </Td> <Td> 11 - 16 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> high </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Sugar beet </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> 17 - 18 </Td> <Td> 0.1 -- 0.5 </Td> <Td> 0.1 -- 0.5 </Td> <Td> 16 - 17 </Td> <Td> 1.0 </Td> <Td> high </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Dl> <Dd> ^ A The carbohydrate figure is calculated in the USDA database and does not always correspond to the sum of the sugars , the starch , and the `` dietary fibre '' . </Dd> </Dl> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> See also : List of sugars <H3> Sugar beet ( edit ) </H3> A pack of sugar made of sugar beet . <P> Sugar beet became a major source of sugar in the 19th century when methods for extracting the sugar became available . It is a biennial plant , a cultivated variety of Beta vulgaris in the family Amaranthaceae , the tuberous root of which contains a high proportion of sucrose . It is cultivated as a root crop in temperate regions with adequate rainfall and requires a fertile soil . The crop is harvested mechanically in the autumn and the crown of leaves and excess soil removed . The roots do not deteriorate rapidly and may be left in a clamp in the field for some weeks before being transported to the processing plant . Here the crop is washed and sliced and the sugar extracted by diffusion . Milk of lime is added to the raw juice and carbonatated in a number of stages in order to purify it . Water is evaporated by boiling the syrup under a vacuum . The syrup is then cooled and seeded with sugar crystals . The white sugar that crystallizes out can be separated in a centrifuge and dried . It requires no further refining . </P> <H3> Sugarcane ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sugarcane refers to any of several species , or their hybrids , of giant grasses in the genus Saccharum in the family Poaceae . They have been cultivated in tropical climates in South Asia and Southeast Asia since ancient times for the sucrose that is found in their stems . A great expansion in sugarcane production took place in the 18th century with the establishment of slave plantations in the Americas . The use of slavery meant that this was the first time that sugar became cheap enough for most people , who previously had to rely on honey to sweeten foods . It requires a frost - free climate with sufficient rainfall during the growing season to make full use of the plant 's great growth potential . The crop is harvested mechanically or by hand , chopped into lengths and conveyed rapidly to the processing plant ( commonly known as a sugar mill ) . Here , it is either milled and the juice extracted with water or extracted by diffusion . The juice is then clarified with lime and heated to destroy enzymes . The resulting thin syrup is concentrated in a series of evaporators , after which further water is removed by evaporation in vacuum containers . The resulting supersaturated solution is seeded with sugar crystals and the sugar crystallizes out and is separated from the fluid and dried . Molasses is a by - product of the process and the fiber from the stems , known as bagasse , is burned to provide energy for the sugar extraction process . The crystals of raw sugar have a sticky brown coating and either can be used as they are or can be bleached by sulfur dioxide or can be treated in a carbonatation process to produce a whiter product . About 2,500 litres ( 660 US gal ) of irrigation water is needed for every one kilogram of sugar produced . </P> <H3> Refining ( edit ) </H3> See also : Sugar refinery Sugars ; clockwise from top - left : White refined , unrefined , brown , unprocessed cane <P> Refined sugar is made from raw sugar that has undergone a refining process to remove the molasses . Raw sugar is sucrose which is extracted from sugarcane or sugar beet . While raw sugar can be consumed , the refining process removes unwanted tastes and results in refined sugar or white sugar . </P> <P> The sugar may be transported in bulk to the country where it will be used and the refining process often takes place there . The first stage is known as affination and involves immersing the sugar crystals in a concentrated syrup that softens and removes the sticky brown coating without dissolving them . The crystals are then separated from the liquor and dissolved in water . The resulting syrup is treated either by a carbonatation or by a phosphatation process . Both involve the precipitation of a fine solid in the syrup and when this is filtered out , many of the impurities are removed at the same time . Removal of color is achieved by using either a granular activated carbon or an ion - exchange resin . The sugar syrup is concentrated by boiling and then cooled and seeded with sugar crystals , causing the sugar to crystallize out . The liquor is spun off in a centrifuge and the white crystals are dried in hot air and ready to be packaged or used . The surplus liquor is made into refiners ' molasses . The International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis sets standards for the measurement of the purity of refined sugar , known as ICUMSA numbers ; lower numbers indicate a higher level of purity in the refined sugar . </P> Unrefined sugar <P> Refined sugar is widely used for industrial needs for higher quality . Refined sugar is purer ( ICUMSA below 300 ) than raw sugar ( ICUMSA over 1,500 ) . The level of purity associated with the colors of sugar , expressed by standard number ICUMSA , the smaller ICUMSA numbers indicate the higher purity of sugar . </P> <H3> Producing countries ( edit ) </H3> <P> The five largest producers of sugar in 2011 were Brazil , India , the European Union , China and Thailand . In the same year , the largest exporter of sugar was Brazil , distantly followed by Thailand , Australia and India . The largest importers were the European Union , United States and Indonesia . At present , Brazil has the highest per capita consumption of sugar , followed by Australia , Thailand , and the European Union . </P> <P> World sugar production ( 1000 metric tons ) </P> 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 2007 / 08 2008 / 09 2009 / 10 2010 / 11 2011 / 12 <Ul> <Li> Brazil </Li> <Li> India </Li> <Li> European Union </Li> <Li> China </Li> <Li> Thailand </Li> <Li> United States </Li> <Li> Mexico </Li> <Li> Russia </Li> <Li> Pakistan </Li> <Li> Australia </Li> <Li> Other </Li> </Ul> <H2> Forms and uses ( edit ) </H2> Rock candy crystallized out of a supersaturated sugar solution that contains green dye . <Ul> <Li> Brown sugars are granulated sugars , either containing residual molasses , or with the grains deliberately coated with molasses to produce a light - or dark - colored sugar . They are used in baked goods , confectionery , and toffees . </Li> <Li> Granulated sugars are used at the table , to sprinkle on foods and to sweeten hot drinks ( coffee and tea ) , and in home baking to add sweetness and texture to baked products ( cookies and cakes ) and desserts ( pudding and ice cream ) . They are also used as a preservative to prevent micro-organisms from growing and perishable food from spoiling , as in candied fruits , jams , and marmalades . </Li> <Li> Invert sugars and syrups are blended to manufacturers specifications and are used in breads , cakes , and beverages for adjusting sweetness , aiding moisture retention and avoiding crystallization of sugars . </Li> <Li> Liquid sugars are strong syrups consisting of 67 % granulated sugar dissolved in water . They are used in the food processing of a wide range of products including beverages , hard candy , ice cream , and jams . </Li> <Li> Low - calorie sugars and artificial sweeteners are often made of maltodextrin with added sweeteners . Maltodextrin is an easily digestible synthetic polysaccharide consisting of short chains of glucose molecules and is made by the partial hydrolysis of starch . The added sweeteners are often aspartame , saccharin , stevia , or sucralose . </Li> <Li> Milled sugars ( known as confectioner 's sugar and powdered sugar ) are ground to a fine powder . They are used as powdered sugar ( also known as icing sugar or confectionary sugar ) , for dusting foods and in baking and confectionery . </Li> <Li> Molasses is commonly used to make rum , and sugar byproducts are used to make ethanol for fuel . </Li> <Li> Polyols are sugar alcohols and are used in chewing gums where a sweet flavor is required that lasts for a prolonged time in the mouth . </Li> <Li> Screened sugars are crystalline products separated according to the size of the grains . They are used for decorative table sugars , for blending in dry mixes and in baking and confectionery . </Li> <Li> Sugar cubes ( sometimes called sugar lumps ) are white or brown granulated sugars lightly steamed and pressed together in block shape . They are used to sweeten drinks . </Li> <Li> Sugarloaf was the usual cone - form in which refined sugar was produced and sold until the late 19th century . This shape is still in use in Germany ( for preparation of Feuerzangenbowle ) , in Iran and Morocco . </Li> <Li> Syrups and treacles are dissolved invert sugars heated to develop the characteristic flavors . ( Treacles have added molasses . ) They are used in a range of baked goods and confectionery including toffees and licorice . </Li> <Li> In winemaking , fruit sugars are converted into alcohol by a fermentation process . If the must formed by pressing the fruit has a low sugar content , additional sugar may be added to raise the alcohol content of the wine in a process called chaptalization . In the production of sweet wines , fermentation may be halted before it has run its full course , leaving behind some residual sugar that gives the wine its sweet taste . </Li> </Ul> <H2> Consumption ( edit ) </H2> <P> In most parts of the world , sugar is an important part of the human diet , making food more palatable and providing food energy . After cereals and vegetable oils , sugar derived from sugarcane and beet provided more kilocalories per capita per day on average than other food groups . According to the FAO , an average of 24 kilograms ( 53 lb ) of sugar , equivalent to over 260 food calories per day , was consumed annually per person of all ages in the world in 1999 . Even with rising human populations , sugar consumption is expected to increase to 25.1 kilograms ( 55 lb ) per person per year by 2015 . </P> <P> Data collected in multiple U.S. surveys between 1999 and 2008 show that the intake of added sugars has declined by 24 percent with declines occurring in all age , ethnic and income groups . </P> <Table> World sugar consumption ( 1000 metric tons ) <Tr> <Th> Country </Th> <Th> 2007 / 08 </Th> <Th> 2008 / 09 </Th> <Th> 2009 / 10 </Th> <Th> 2010 / 11 </Th> <Th> 2011 / 12 </Th> <Th> 2012 / 13 </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> India </Td> <Td> 22,021 </Td> <Td> 23,500 </Td> <Td> 22,500 </Td> <Td> 23,500 </Td> <Td> 25,500 </Td> <Td> 26,500 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> European Union </Td> <Td> 16,496 </Td> <Td> 16,760 </Td> <Td> 17,400 </Td> <Td> 17,800 </Td> <Td> 17,800 </Td> <Td> 17,800 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> China </Td> <Td> 14,250 </Td> <Td> 14,500 </Td> <Td> 14,300 </Td> <Td> 14,000 </Td> <Td> 14,400 </Td> <Td> 14,900 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Brazil </Td> <Td> 11,400 </Td> <Td> 11,650 </Td> <Td> 11,800 </Td> <Td> 12,000 </Td> <Td> 11,500 </Td> <Td> 11,700 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> United States </Td> <Td> 9,590 </Td> <Td> 9,473 </Td> <Td> 9,861 </Td> <Td> 10,086 </Td> <Td> 10,251 </Td> <Td> 10,364 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Other </Td> <Td> 77,098 </Td> <Td> 76,604 </Td> <Td> 77,915 </Td> <Td> 78,717 </Td> <Td> 80,751 </Td> <Td> 81,750 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Total </Td> <Td> 150,855 </Td> <Td> 152,487 </Td> <Td> 153,776 </Td> <Td> 156,103 </Td> <Td> 160,202 </Td> <Td> 163,014 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The per capita consumption of refined sugar in the United States has varied between 27 and 46 kilograms ( 60 and 101 lb ) in the last 40 years . In 2008 , American per capita total consumption of sugar and sweeteners , exclusive of artificial sweeteners , equalled 61.9 kg ( 136 lb ) per year . This consisted of 29.65 kg ( 65.4 lb ) pounds of refined sugar and 31 kg ( 68.3 lb ) pounds of corn - derived sweeteners per person . </P> <H2> Nutrition. and flavor ( edit ) </H2> <Table> Sugar ( sucrose ) , brown ( with molasses ) <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Energy </Th> <Td> 1,576 kJ ( 377 kcal ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carbohydrates </Th> <Td> 97.33 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sugars </Th> <Td> 96.21 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dietary fiber </Th> <Td> 0 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fat </Th> <Td> 0 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Protein </Th> <Td> 0 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Vitamins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Thiamine ( B1 ) </Th> <Td> ( 1 % ) 0.008 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Riboflavin ( B2 ) </Th> <Td> ( 1 % ) 0.007 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Niacin ( B3 ) </Th> <Td> ( 1 % ) 0.082 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Vitamin B6 </Th> <Td> ( 2 % ) 0.026 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Folate ( B9 ) </Th> <Td> ( 0 % ) 1 μg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Minerals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Calcium </Th> <Td> ( 9 % ) 85 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iron </Th> <Td> ( 15 % ) 1.91 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Magnesium </Th> <Td> ( 8 % ) 29 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Phosphorus </Th> <Td> ( 3 % ) 22 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Potassium </Th> <Td> ( 3 % ) 133 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sodium </Th> <Td> ( 3 % ) 39 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Zinc </Th> <Td> ( 2 % ) 0.18 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Other constituents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 1.77 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Full link to USDA database entry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Units </Li> <Li> μg = micrograms mg = milligrams </Li> <Li> IU = International units </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> Sugar ( sucrose ) , granulated <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Nutritional value per 100 g ( 3.5 oz ) </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Energy </Th> <Td> 1,619 kJ ( 387 kcal ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Carbohydrates </Th> <Td> 99.98 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Sugars </Th> <Td> 99.91 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Dietary fiber </Th> <Td> 0 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fat </Th> <Td> 0 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Protein </Th> <Td> 0 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Vitamins </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Riboflavin ( B2 ) </Th> <Td> ( 2 % ) 0.019 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Minerals </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Calcium </Th> <Td> ( 0 % ) 1 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Iron </Th> <Td> ( 0 % ) 0.01 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Potassium </Th> <Td> ( 0 % ) 2 mg </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Other constituents </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Water </Th> <Td> 0.03 g </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Full link to USDA database entry </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Units </Li> <Li> μg = micrograms mg = milligrams </Li> <Li> IU = International units </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> Brown and white granulated sugar are 97 % to nearly 100 % carbohydrates , respectively , with less than 2 % water , and no dietary fiber , protein or fat ( table ) . Brown sugar contains a moderate amount of iron ( 15 % of the Reference Daily Intake in a 100 gram amount , see table ) , but a typical serving of 4 grams ( one teaspoon ) , would provide 15 calories and a negligible amount of iron or any other nutrient . Because brown sugar contains 5 -- 10 % molasses reintroduced during processing , its value to some consumers is a richer flavor than white sugar . </P> <H2> Health effects ( edit ) </H2> <P> Studies examining the health impact of sugars are inconclusive . The United Nations meta - analysis and WHO studies showed contrasting impacts of sugar in refined and unrefined forms . Other studies indicated variable results between health effects , particularly on obesity , and whether the research was funded by the sugar industry or those by independent sponsors . The ' empty calories ' argument is that a diet high in added sugar will reduce consumption of foods that contain essential nutrients . </P> <H3> Addiction ( edit ) </H3> <P> Sugar addiction is the term for the relationship between sugar and the various aspects of food addiction including `` bingeing , withdrawal , craving and cross-sensitization '' . Some scientists assert that consumption of sweets or sugar could have a heroin addiction - like effect , but recent reviews suggest that sugar addiction does not occur in humans . </P> <H3> Alzheimer 's disease ( edit ) </H3> <P> Claims have been made of a sugar -- Alzheimer 's disease connection , but debate continues over whether cognitive decline is attributable to dietary fructose or to overall energy intake . </P> <H3> Blood glucose levels ( edit ) </H3> <P> Carbohydrates are classified according to their glycemic index , a system for measuring how quickly a food that is eaten raises blood sugar levels , and glycemic load , which takes into account both the glycemic index and the amount of carbohydrate in the food . This has led to carbohydrate counting , a method used by diabetics for planning their meals . </P> <H3> Cardiovascular disease ( edit ) </H3> <P> Studies in animals have suggested that chronic consumption of refined sugars can contribute to metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction . Some experts have suggested that refined fructose is more damaging than refined glucose in terms of cardiovascular risk . Cardiac performance has been shown to be impaired by switching from a carbohydrate diet including fiber to a high - carbohydrate diet . Switching from saturated fatty acids to carbohydrates with high glycemic index values shows a statistically - significant increase in the risk of myocardial infarction . Other studies have shown that the risk of developing coronary heart disease is decreased by adopting a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids but low in sugar , whereas a low - fat , high - carbohydrate diet brings no reduction . This suggests that consuming a diet with a high glycemic load typical of the `` junk food '' diet is strongly associated with an increased risk of developing coronary heart disease . </P> <P> The consumption of added sugars has been positively associated with multiple measures known to increase cardiovascular disease risk amongst adolescents as well as adults . Studies are suggesting that the impact of refined carbohydrates or high glycemic load carbohydrates are more significant than the impact of saturated fatty acids on cardiovascular disease . A high dietary intake of sugar ( in this case , sucrose or disaccharide ) can substantially increase the risk of heart and vascular diseases . According to a Swedish study of 4301 people undertaken by Lund University and Malmö University College , sugar was associated with higher levels of bad blood lipids , causing a high level of small and medium low - density lipoprotein ( LDL ) and reduced high - density lipoprotein ( HDL ) . In contrast , the amount of fat eaten did not affect the level of blood fats . Incidentally quantities of alcohol and protein were linked to an increase in the good HDL blood fat . </P> <H3> Hyperactivity ( edit ) </H3> <P> There is a common notion that sugar leads to hyperactivity , in particular in children , but studies and meta - studies question or address this issue . Some articles and studies do refer to the increasing evidence supporting the links between refined sugar and hyperactivity . The WHO FAO meta - study suggests that such inconclusive results are to be expected when some studies do not effectively segregate or control for free sugars as opposed to sugars still in their natural form ( entirely unrefined ) while others do . One study followed thirty - five 5 - to - 7 - year - old boys who were reported by their mothers to be behaviorally `` sugar - sensitive . '' They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups . In the experimental group , mothers were told that their children were fed sugar , and , in the control group , mothers were told that their children received a placebo . In fact , all children received the placebo , but mothers in the sugar expectancy condition rated their children as significantly more hyperactive . This result suggests that the real effect of sugar is that it increases worrying among parents with preconceived notions . </P> <H3> Obesity and diabetes ( edit ) </H3> <P> Controlled trials have now shown unequivocally that consumption of sugar - sweetened beverages increases body weight and body fat , and that replacement of sugar by artificial sweeteners reduces weight . Studies on the link between sugars and diabetes are inconclusive , with some suggesting that eating excessive amounts of sugar does not increase the risk of diabetes , although the extra calories from consuming large amounts of sugar can lead to obesity , which may itself increase the risk of developing this metabolic disorder . Other studies show correlation between refined sugar ( also called `` free sugar '' ) consumption and the onset of diabetes , and negative correlation with the consumption of fiber . These included a 2010 meta - analysis of eleven studies involving 310,819 participants and 15,043 cases of type 2 diabetes . </P> <P> This found that `` SSBs ( sugar - sweetened beverages ) may increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes not only through obesity but also by increasing dietary glycemic load , leading to insulin resistance , β - cell dysfunction , and inflammation '' . As an overview to consumption related to chronic disease and obesity , the World Health Organization 's independent meta - studies specifically distinguish free sugars ( `` all monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods by the manufacturer , cook or consumer , plus sugars naturally present in honey , syrups and fruit juices '' ) from sugars occurring naturally in food . The reports prior to 2000 set the limits for free sugars at a maximum of 10 % of carbohydrate intake , measured by energy , rather than mass , and since 2002 have aimed for a level across the entire population of less than 10 % . The consultation committee recognized that this goal is `` controversial . However , the Consultation considered that the studies showing no effect of free sugars on excess weight have limitations '' . A 2015 New York Times report noted that `` a review of beverage studies , published in the journal PLOS Medicine , found that those funded by Coca - Cola , PepsiCo , the American Beverage Association and the sugar industry were five times more likely to find no link between sugary drinks and weight gain than studies whose authors reported no financial conflicts . '' </P> <H3> Tooth decay ( edit ) </H3> <P> In regard to contributions to tooth decay , the role of free sugars is also recommended to be below an absolute maximum of 10 % of energy intake , with a minimum of zero . There is `` convincing evidence from human intervention studies , epidemiological studies , animal studies and experimental studies , for an association between the amount and frequency of free sugars intake and dental caries '' while other sugars ( complex carbohydrate ) consumption is normally associated with a lower rate of dental caries . Lower rates of tooth decay have been seen in individuals with hereditary fructose intolerance . Also , studies have shown that the consumption of sugar and starch have different impacts on oral health with the ingestion of starchy foods and fresh fruit being associated with low levels of dental caries . </P> <H2> Recommended dietary intake ( edit ) </H2> <P> The World Health Organization recommends that both adults and children reduce the intake of free sugars to less than 10 % of total energy intake . A reduction to below 5 % of total energy intake brings additional health benefits , especially in what regards dental caries ( cavities in the teeth ) . These recommendations were based on the totality of available evidence reviewed regarding the relationship between free sugars intake and body weight and dental caries . Free sugars include monosaccharides and disaccharides added to foods and beverages by the manufacturer , cook or consumer , and sugars naturally present in honey , syrups , fruit juices and fruit juice concentrates . </P> <P> On May 20 , 2016 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration announced changes to the Nutrition Facts panel displayed on all foods , to be effective by July 2018 . New to the panel is a requirement to list `` Added sugars '' by weight and as a percent of Daily Value ( DV ) . For vitamins and minerals the intent of DVs is to indicate how much should be consumed . For added sugars , the guidance is that 100 % DV should not be exceeded . 100 % DV is defined as 50 grams . For a person consuming 2000 calories a day , 50 grams , the amount to not exceed , is the same as 200 calories , and thus 10 % of total calories - same guidance as the World Health Organization . To put this into context , most 12 ounce ( 335 mL ) cans of soda contain 39 grams of sugar . In the United States , a recently published government survey on food consumption reported that for men and women ages 20 and older the average total sugar intakes - naturally occurring in foods and added - were , respectively , 125 and 99 g / day . </P> <H2> Measurements ( edit ) </H2> <P> Various culinary sugars have different densities due to differences in particle size and inclusion of moisture . </P> <P> Domino Sugar gives the following weight to volume conversions ( in United States customary units ) : </P> <Ul> <Li> Firmly packed brown sugar 1 lb = 2.5 cups ( or 1.3 L per kg , 0.77 kg / L ) </Li> <Li> Granulated sugar 1 lb = 2.25 cups ( or 1.17 L per kg , 0.85 kg / L ) </Li> <Li> Unsifted confectioner 's sugar 1 lb = 3.75 cups ( or 2.0 L per kg , 0.5 kg / L ) </Li> </Ul> <P> The `` Engineering Resources -- Bulk Density Chart '' published in Powder and Bulk gives different values for the bulk densities : </P> <Ul> <Li> Beet sugar 0.80 g / mL </Li> <Li> Dextrose sugar 0.62 g / mL ( = 620 kg / m ^ 3 ) </Li> <Li> Granulated sugar 0.70 g / mL </Li> <Li> Powdered sugar 0.56 g / mL </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Barley sugar </Li> <Li> Brown sugar </Li> <Li> Butanol fuel </Li> <Li> Caramel </Li> <Li> Glycemic index </Li> <Li> Glycomics </Li> <Li> Guyana Sugar Corporation </Li> <Li> High - fructose corn syrup </Li> <Li> Holing cane </Li> <Li> List of unrefined sweeteners </Li> <Li> Muscovado </Li> <Li> Osmophile </Li> <Li> Powdered sugar </Li> <Li> Sucrose </Li> <Li> Sugar Association </Li> <Li> Sugar beet </Li> <Li> Sugar plantations in the Caribbean </Li> <Li> Sugar refinery </Li> <Li> Sugarloaf </Li> <Li> Trapiche </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> Food portal </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Harper , Douglas . `` Sugar '' . 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ISBN 979 - 99311 - 0 - X . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` How Sugar is Refined '' . SKIL . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 22 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Deulgaonkar , Atul ( March 12 -- 25 , 2005 ) . `` A case for reform '' . Frontline. 22 ( 8 ) . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 28 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Pakpahan , Agus ; Supriono , Agus , eds. ( 2005 ) . `` Industri Rafinasi Kunci Pembuka Restrukturisasi Industri Gula Indonesia '' . Ketika Tebu Mulai Berbunga ( in Indonesian ) . Bogor : Sugar Observer . pp. 70 -- 72 . ISBN 979 - 99311 - 0 - X . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Sugar : World Markets and Trade '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture . November 2011 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 06 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ International Illovo Sugar . Retrieved on 2012 - 01 - 07 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` The journey of sugar '' . British Sugar . Archived from the original on 2011 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Types and uses '' . Sugar Nutrition UK . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Low calorie sugars and sweeteners '' . Silver Spoon . Retrieved 2012 - 03 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ European Parliament and Council ( 1990 ) . `` Council Directive on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs '' . Council Directive of 24 September 1990 on nutrition labelling for foodstuffs . p. 4 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 28 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Robinson , Jancis ( 2006 ) . The Oxford Companion to Wine ( 3rd ed . ) . Oxford University Press . pp. 665 -- 666 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 860990 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Food Balance Sheets '' . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ World agriculture : towards 2015 / 2030 . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . ISBN 92 - 5 - 104761 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welsh , Jean A. ; Andrea J. Sharma ; Lisa Grellinger ; Miriam B. Vos ( 2011 ) . `` Consumption of added sugars is decreasing in the United States '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition . American Society for Nutrition. 94 : 726 -- 734 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 111.018366 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sugar : World Markets and Trade '' ( PDF ) . United States Department of Agriculture Foreign Agricultural Service . May 2012 . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sugarcane profile '' . Ag Marketing Research Center , partially funded by USDA Rural Development . 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sugars and Sweeteners '' . Economic Research Service , USDA. 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Sugars , granulated ( sucrose ) in 4 grams ( from pick list ) '' . Conde Nast for the USDA National Nutrient Database , version SR - 21 . 2014 . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ O'Connor , Anahad ( 12 June 2007 ) . `` The Claim : Brown Sugar Is Healthier Than White Sugar '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 May 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Joint WHO / FAO Expert Consultation ( 2003 ) . `` WHO Technical Report Series 916 Diet , Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Diseases '' . Retrieved 2013 - 12 - 25 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : O'Connor , Anahad , `` Coca - Cola Funds Scientists Who Shift Blame for Obesity Away From Bad Diets '' , The New York Times , August 9 , 2015 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 13 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marriott BP , Olsho L , Hadden L , Connor P ( 2010 ) . `` Intake of added sugars and selected nutrients in the United States , National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ( NHANES ) 2003 - 2006 '' . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 50 ( 3 ) : 228 -- 58 . PMID 20301013 . doi : 10.1080 / 10408391003626223 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Avena , Nicole M. ; Rada , Pedro ; Hoebel , Bartley G. ( 2008 ) . `` Evidence for sugar addiction : Behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent , excessive sugar intake '' . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews . 32 ( 1 ) : 20 -- 39 . PMC 2235907 . PMID 17617461 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neubiorev. 2007.04. 019 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hedebrand J ; Albayrak Ö ; Adan R ; Antel J ; Dieguez C , ; de Jong J ; Leng G ; Menzies J ; Mercer JG ; Murphy M ; van der PLasse , G ; Dickson SL ( 2014 ) . `` '' Eating addiction `` , rather than `` food addiction '' , better captures addictive - like eating behavior `` . Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews . 47 : 295 -- 306 . PMID 25205078 . doi : 10.1016 / j. neubiorev. 2014.08. 016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Westwater ML ; Fletcher PC ; Ziauddeen H ( November 2016 ) . `` Sugar addiction : the state of the science '' . European Journal of Nutrition. 55 : 55 -- 69 . PMC 5174153 . PMID 27372453 . doi : 10.1007 / s00394 - 016 - 1229 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lakhan , Shaheen E. & Annette Kirchgessner ( 2013 ) . `` The emerging role of dietary fructose in obesity and cognitive decline '' . Nutrition Journal . 12 ( 1 ) : 114 . PMC 3751294 . PMID 23924506 . doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 2891 - 12 - 114 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Chiavaroli , Laura ; Vanessa Ha ; Russell J. de Souza ; Cyril W.C. Kendall & John L. Sievenpiper ( 2014 ) . `` Fructose in obesity and cognitive decline : is it the fructose or the excess energy ? '' . Nutrition Journal . 13 ( 1 ) : 27 . PMC 3987663 . PMID 24666585 . doi : 10.1186 / 1475 - 2891 - 13 - 27 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Carbohydrates and the Glycemic Load '' . Harvard School of Public Health . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Beaser , Richard S. ; Campbell , Amy P. ( 2005 ) . The Joslin guide to diabetes : a program for managing your treatment ( 2nd ed . ) . Simon and Schuster . p. 37 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 5784 - 8 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Brown , Clive M. ; Dulloo , Abdul G. ; Montani , Jean - Pierre ( 2008 ) . `` Sugary drinks in the pathogenesis of obesity and cardiovascular diseases '' . International Journal of Obesity. 32 : S28 . PMID 19079277 . doi : 10.1038 / ijo. 2008.204 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pôrto , Laura C.J. ; Savergnini , Sílvia S.Q. ; de Castro , Carlos H. ; Mario , Érica G. ; Ferreira , Adaliene V.M. ; Santos , Sérgio H.S. ; Andrade , Sílvia P. ; Santos , Robson A.S. ; de Almeida , Alvair P. ; Botion , Leida M. ( 2011 ) . `` Carbohydrate - enriched diet impairs cardiac performance by decreasing the utilization of fatty acid and glucose '' . Therapeutic Advances in Cardiovascular Disease . 5 ( 1 ) : 11 -- 22 . PMID 21282201 . doi : 10.1177 / 1753944710386282 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jakobsen , Marianne U. ; Claus Dethlefsen ; Albert M. Joensen ; Jakob Stegger ; Anne Tjønneland ; Erik B. Schmidt & Kim Overvad ( 2010 ) . `` Intake of carbohydrates compared with intake of saturated fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction : importance of the glycemic index '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 ( 6 ) : 1764 -- 8 . PMID 20375186 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2009.29099 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stanley , William C. ; Keyur B. Shah & M. Faadiel Essop ( 2009 ) . `` Does Junk Food Lead to Heart Failure ? Importance of Dietary Macronutrient Composition in Hypertension '' . Hypertension. 54 ( 6 ) : 1209 -- 10 . PMC 2803034 . PMID 19841293 . doi : 10.1161 / HYPERTENSIONAHA. 109.128660 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Welsh , Jean A. ; Sharma , Andrea ; Cunningham , Solveig A. ; Vos , Miriam B. ( 2011 ) . `` Consumption of Added Sugars and Indicators of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among US Adolescents '' . Circulation. 123 ( 3 ) : 249 -- 57 . PMID 21220734 . doi : 10.1161 / CIRCULATIONAHA. 110.972166 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Siri - Tarino , Patty W. ; Sun , Qi ; Hu , Frank B. ; Krauss , Ronald M. ( 2010 ) . `` Saturated fat , carbohydrate , and cardiovascular disease '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 ( 3 ) : 502 -- 9 . PMC 2824150 . PMID 20089734 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2008.26285 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hu , Frank B. ( 2010 ) . `` Are refined carbohydrates worse than saturated fat ? '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 91 ( 6 ) : 1541 -- 2 . PMC 2869506 . PMID 20410095 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2010.29622 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sonestedt , Emily ; Wirfält , Elisabet ; Wallström , Peter ; Gullberg , Bo ; Drake , Isabel ; Hlebowicz , Joanna ; Nordin Fredrikson , Gunilla ; Hedblad , Bo ; Nilsson , Jan ; Krauss , Ronald M. ; Orho - Melander , Marju ( 2011 ) . `` High disaccharide intake associates with atherogenic lipoprotein profile '' . British Journal of Nutrition. 107 : 1062 -- 1069 . doi : 10.1017 / S0007114511003783 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Shaking salt and sugar from your diet '' . `` Consumer Reports on Health '' via Businesslife.com . Businesslife.com . January 2008 . Retrieved July 22 , 2011 This cite used to go to Consumer Reports but to a non-specific page with nothing there or by search on sugar ; the BusinessLife link carries an article by the same title with the quote and a link , also , to non-specific page at Consumer Reports . One can see also a 1995 meta - analysis of 23 studies , in : Wolraich , Mark L. ; Wilson , David B. ; White , J. Wade ( November 22 , 1995 ) . `` The Effect of Sugar on Behavior or Cognition in Children '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 274 ( 20 ) : 1617 -- 1621 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1995.03530200053037 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Lien , Lars ; Lien , Nanna ; Heyerdahl , Sonja ; Thoresen , Magne ; Bjertness , Espen ( 2006 ) . `` Consumption of Soft Drinks and Hyperactivity , Mental Distress , and Conduct Problems Among Adolescents in Oslo , Norway '' . American Journal of Public Health . 96 ( 10 ) : 1815 -- 1820 . PMC 1586153 . PMID 17008578 . doi : 10.2105 / AJPH. 2004.059477 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Azadbakht , Leila & Ahmad Esmaillzadeh ( 2011 ) . `` Dietary patterns and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among Iranian children '' . Nutrition. 28 : 242 -- 249 . doi : 10.1016 / j. nut. 2011.05. 018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Caroline ( 2010 ) . `` Attention - deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder : Associations with Overeating and Obesity '' . Current Psychiatry Reports . 12 ( 5 ) : 389 -- 395 . PMID 20632134 . doi : 10.1007 / s11920 - 010 - 0133 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hoover , D.W. ; Milich , R. ( 1994 ) . `` Effects of sugar ingestion expectancies on mother - child interactions '' . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology . 22 ( 4 ) : 501 -- 515 . PMID 7963081 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02168088 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ de Ruyter , Janne C. ; Margreet R. Olthof ; Jacob C. Seidell & Martijn B. Katan ( October 2012 ) . `` A Trial of Sugar - free or Sugar - Sweetened Beverages and Body Weight in Children '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 367 ( 15 ) : 1397 -- 1406 . PMID 22998340 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1203034 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ebbeling , Cara B. ; Henry A. Feldman , Virginia R. Chomitz , Tracy A. Antonelli , Steven L. Gortmaker , Stavroula K. Osganian , and David S. Ludwig ( October 2012 ) . `` A Randomized Trial of Sugar - Sweetened Beverages and Adolescent Body Weight '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 367 ( 15 ) : 1407 -- 1416 . PMC 3494993 . PMID 22998339 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJMoa1203388 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malik , Vasanti S. ; Pan , An ; Willett , Walter C. ; Hu , Frank B. ( 2013 - 10 - 01 ) . `` Sugar - sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults : a systematic review and meta - analysis '' . The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 98 ( 4 ) : 1084 -- 1102 . ISSN 0002 - 9165 . PMC 3778861 . PMID 23966427 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 113.058362 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists . `` Diabetes Quiz . '' Archived 2007 - 12 - 10 at the Wayback Machine . Last Modified 2007 - 07 - 11 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Dietetic Association . `` Nutrition : Fact vs. Fiction . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Joslin Diabetes Center `` Classroom Presentation on Diabetes for Elementary School Age Children . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Marschilok , Catherine . `` Ask a Medical Professional : Diabetes Myths and Misconceptions . '' Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ American Diabetes Association . `` Diabetes Myths . '' </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ National Diabetes Education Program . `` Tips for Teens with Diabetes . '' Last Modified November 2007 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Apovian , C.M. ( 2004 ) . `` Sugar - Sweetened Soft Drinks , Obesity , and Type 2 Diabetes '' . JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association . 292 ( 8 ) : 978 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 292.8. 978 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Gross , Lee S. ; Li Li , Earl S. Ford and Simin Liu ( 2004 ) . `` Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates and the epidemic of type 2 diabetes in the United States : an ecologic assessment '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 79 ( 5 ) : 774 -- 779 . PMID 15113714 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stern , M.P. ; C. Gonzalez , B.D. Mitchell , E. Villalpando , S.M. Haffner and H.P. Hazuda ( 1992 ) . `` Genetic and environmental determinants of type II diabetes in Mexico City and San Antonio '' . Diabetes. 41 ( 4 ) : 484 -- 492 . PMID 1607073 . doi : 10.2337 / diabetes. 41.4. 484 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Sluijs , I ; van der Schouw , YT ; Spijkerman , AM ; Hu , FB ; Grobbee , DE ; Beulens , JW . `` Carbohydrate quantity and quality and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition -- Netherlands ( EPIC - NL ) study '' . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 92 : 905 -- 911 . PMID 20685945 . doi : 10.3945 / ajcn. 2010.29620 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Malik , V.S. ; Popkin , B.M. ; Bray , G.A. ; Despres , J. - P. ; Willett , W.C. ; Hu , F.B. ( 2010 ) . `` Sugar - Sweetened Beverages and Risk of Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes : A meta - analysis '' . Diabetes Care . 33 ( 11 ) : 2477 -- 2483 . PMC 2963518 . PMID 20693348 . doi : 10.2337 / dc10 - 1079 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Moynihan , P. ; Petersen , P.E. ( 2004 ) . `` Diet , nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases '' ( PDF ) . Public Health Nutrition. 7 ( 1A ) : 201 -- 226 . PMID 14972061 . doi : 10.1079 / PHN2003589 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Zero , Domenick T. ; Margherita Fontana ; E. Angeles Martínez - Mier ; Andréa Ferreira - Zandoná ; Masatoshi Ando ; Carlos González - Cabezas & Stephen Bayne ( September 2009 ) . `` The Biology , Prevention , Diagnosis and Treatment of Dental Caries : Scientific Advances in the United States '' . Journal of the American Dental Association . 140 : 25S -- 34S . PMID 19723928 . doi : 10.14219 / jada. archive. 2009.0355 . Archived from the original on 2015 - 03 - 08 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : See Guideline : Sugars intake for adults and children . Geneva : World Health Organization ; 2015 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Changes to the Nutrition Facts Label </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ What We Eat In America , NHANES 2013 - 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Measurement & conversion charts '' . Domino Sugar. 2011 . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Engineering Resources -- Bulk Density Chart '' . Powder and Bulk . Archived from the original on 2002 - 10 - 27 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Adas , Michael ( January 2001 ) . Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 56639 - 832 - 0 . OCLC 44493265 . </Li> <Li> Barrett , Duncan & Calvi , Nuala ( March 2012 ) . The Sugar Girls . Collins . ISBN 978 - 0 - 00 - 744847 - 0 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) </Li> <Li> Hannah , A.C. ( 1996 ) . The International Sugar Trade . Cambridge : Woodhead . ISBN 1 - 85573 - 069 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Hugill , Anthony ( 1978 ) . Sugar And All That . Gentry Books . ISBN 0 - 85614 - 048 - 1 . </Li> <Li> James , Glyn ( 2004 ) . Sugarcane . Blackwell Publishing . ISBN 0 - 632 - 05476 - X . OCLC 51837990 . </Li> <Li> Hannah , A.C. ( 1996 ) . The International Sugar Trade . Cambridge : Woodhead . ISBN 1 - 85573 - 069 - 3 . </Li> <Li> Saulo , Aurora A. ( March 2005 ) . `` Sugars and Sweeteners in Foods '' ( PDF ) . College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources . </Li> <Li> Taubes , Gary ( April 13 , 2011 ) . `` Is sugar toxic ? '' . New York Times . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sugars . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Sugar . 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</Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other forms </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Caramel </Li> <Li> Cotton candy floss </Li> <Li> Maple sugar foods </Li> <Li> Rum </Li> <Li> Sugar alcohol </Li> <Li> Sugar confectionery </Li> <Li> Sugarcane juice </Li> <Li> Tuzemák </Li> <Li> Unrefined sweeteners </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Boilery </Li> <Li> Plantation <Ul> <Li> Casa grande </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Refinery </Li> <Li> Sugar bush </Li> <Li> Sugar cane mill </Li> <Li> Engenho </Li> <Li> Batey </Li> <Li> Zafra </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By region ( current ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cuba </Li> <Li> Caribbean </Li> <Li> Philippines </Li> <Li> Sri Lanka </Li> <Li> U.S. Sugar Program </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> By region ( historical ) </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Danish West Indies </Li> <Li> Fiji </Li> <Li> Hawaii </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> History </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Amelioration Act 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</Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Health effects </Li> <Li> Nectar </Li> <Li> Sugar addiction </Li> <Li> Sugars in wine <Ul> <Li> Residual sugar </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Sugar substitute </Li> <Li> Sweetened beverage </Li> <Li> Sweetener </Li> <Li> Sweetness </Li> <Li> Vinasse </Li> <Li> Yacón syrup </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="3"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Production </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Types of carbohydrates </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> General </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aldose </Li> <Li> Ketose </Li> <Li> Furanose </Li> <Li> Pyranose </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Geometry </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Anomer </Li> <Li> Cyclohexane conformation </Li> <Li> Mutarotation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Monosaccharides </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Dioses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aldodiose <Ul> <Li> Glycolaldehyde </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trioses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aldotriose <Ul> <Li> Glyceraldehyde </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ketotriose <Ul> <Li> Dihydroxyacetone </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tetroses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aldotetroses <Ul> <Li> Erythrose </Li> <Li> Threose </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ketotetrose <Ul> <Li> Erythrulose </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Pentoses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aldopentoses <Ul> <Li> Arabinose </Li> <Li> Lyxose </Li> <Li> Ribose </Li> <Li> Xylose </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ketopentoses <Ul> <Li> Ribulose </Li> <Li> Xylulose </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Deoxy sugars <Ul> <Li> Deoxyribose </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Hexoses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aldohexoses <Ul> <Li> Allose </Li> <Li> Altrose </Li> <Li> Galactose </Li> <Li> Glucose </Li> <Li> Gulose </Li> <Li> Idose </Li> <Li> Mannose </Li> <Li> Talose </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Ketohexoses <Ul> <Li> Fructose </Li> <Li> Psicose </Li> <Li> Sorbose </Li> <Li> Tagatose </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Deoxy sugars <Ul> <Li> Fucose </Li> <Li> Fuculose </Li> <Li> Rhamnose </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Heptoses </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Ketoheptoses <Ul> <Li> Mannoheptulose </Li> <Li> Sedoheptulose </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Above 7 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Octoses </Li> <Li> Nonoses <Ul> <Li> Neuraminic acid </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Multiple </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Disaccharides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Cellobiose </Li> <Li> Isomaltose </Li> <Li> Lactose </Li> <Li> Lactulose </Li> <Li> Maltose </Li> <Li> Sucrose </Li> <Li> Trehalose </Li> <Li> Turanose </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Trisaccharides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Maltotriose </Li> <Li> Melezitose </Li> <Li> Raffinose </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tetrasaccharides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Stachyose </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other oligosaccharides </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Acarbose </Li> <Li> Fructooligosaccharide ( FOS ) </Li> <Li> Galactooligosaccharide ( GOS ) </Li> <Li> Isomaltooligosaccharide ( IMO ) </Li> <Li> Maltodextrin </Li> <Li> 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hormone </Li> <Li> Melatonin </Li> <Li> Neuropeptide Y </Li> <Li> Orexin / Hypocretin </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> GND : 4067990 - 1 </Li> <Li> HDS : 26241 </Li> <Li> NDL : 00570229 </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sugar&oldid=808072539 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Sugar </Li> <Li> Carbohydrates </Li> <Li> Excipients </Li> <Li> Baking </Li> <Li> Desserts </Li> <Li> Sugar substitutes </Li> <Li> Indian inventions </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> CS1 maint : Unfit url </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Extra text : authors list </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 Indonesian - language sources ( id ) </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list </Li> <Li> Wikipedia pending changes protected pages ( level 1 ) </Li> <Li> Good articles </Li> <Li> Articles containing Sanskrit - language text </Li> 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List of Super Bowl halftime shows - wikipedia <H1> List of Super Bowl halftime shows </H1> Jump to : navigation , search Katy Perry performing at the Super Bowl XLIX halftime show , February 2015 <P> Halftime shows are a tradition during American football games at all levels of competition . Entertainment during the Super Bowl , the annual championship game of the National Football League ( NFL ) , represents a fundamental link to pop culture , which helps broaden the television audience and nationwide interest . As the Super Bowl itself is typically the most - watched event on television in the United States annually , the halftime show has been equally - viewed in recent years : the halftime show of Super Bowl XLIX featuring Katy Perry was viewed by 118.5 million , as part of an overall telecast that peaked at 120.3 million at its conclusion -- the most - watched television broadcast in U.S. history . The NFL claims that the Super Bowl LI halftime show , with Lady Gaga was the `` most - watched musical event of all - time , '' citing a figure of 150 million viewers based on the television audience , as well as unique viewership of video postings of the halftime show on the league 's platforms , and social media interactions ( a metric that was never calculated prior to 2017 ) . However , the show was seen by 117.5 million television viewers , making it the second - highest - rated halftime show . </P> <P> Prior to the early 1990s , the halftime show was based around a theme , and featured university marching bands ( the Grambling State University Marching Band has performed at the most Super Bowl halftime shows , featuring in six shows including at least one per decade from the 1960s to the 1990s ) , drill teams , and other performance ensembles such as Up with People . Beginning in 1991 , the halftime show began to feature pop music acts such as New Kids on the Block and Gloria Estefan . In an effort to boost the prominence of the halftime show to increase viewer interest , Super Bowl XXVII featured a headlining performance by Michael Jackson . After Super Bowl XXXVIII , whose halftime show featured an incident where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts , the halftime show began to feature classic rock acts until the return of headlining pop musicians in 2011 . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Background </Li> <Li> 2 History <Ul> <Li> 2.1 1960s </Li> <Li> 2.2 1970s </Li> <Li> 2.3 1980s </Li> <Li> 2.4 1990s </Li> <Li> 2.5 2000s </Li> <Li> 2.6 2010s </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Details on specific shows <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Super Bowl XXXVI </Li> <Li> 3.2 Super Bowl XL </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 See also </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Background ( edit ) </H2> View of the halftime show at Super Bowl I Beyoncé performing the Super Bowl XLVII halftime show <P> During most of the Super Bowl 's first decade , the halftime show featured a college marching band . The show 's second decade featured a more varied show , often featuring drill teams and other performance ensembles ; the group Up with People produced and starred in four of the performances . The middle of the third decade , in an effort to counter other networks ' efforts to counterprogram the game , saw the introduction of popular music acts such as New Kids on the Block , Gloria Estefan , Michael Jackson , Clint Black , Patti LaBelle , and Tony Bennett . Starting with Super Bowl XXXII , commercial sponsors presented the halftime show ; within five years , the tradition of having a theme -- begun with Super Bowl III -- ended , replaced by major music productions by arena rock bands and other high - profile acts . In the six years immediately following an incident at Super Bowl XXXVIII where Justin Timberlake exposed one of Janet Jackson 's breasts in an alleged `` wardrobe malfunction '' , all of the halftime shows consisted of a performance by one artist or group , with the musicians in that era primarily being rock artists from the 1960s , 1970s and 1980s . These shows were considered `` family friendly '' and the time in which they took place has been described as `` the age of reactionary halftime shows . Since Super Bowl XLV , the halftime show has returned to featuring popular contemporary musicians , with the typical format featuring a single headline artist collaborating with a small number of guest acts . </P> <P> The NFL does not pay the halftime show performers an appearance fee , though it covers all expenses for the performers and their entourage of band members management , technical crew , security personnel , family , and friends . Super Bowl XXVII halftime show with Michael Jackson provided an exception , as the NFL and Frito - Lay agreed to make a donation and provide commercial time for Jackson 's Heal the World Foundation . According to Nielsen SoundScan data , the halftime performers regularly experience significant spikes in weekly album sales and paid digital downloads due to the exposure . For Super Bowl XLIX , it was reported by the Wall Street Journal that league officials asked representatives of potential acts if they would be willing to provide financial compensation to the NFL in exchange for their appearance , in the form of either an up - front fee , or a cut of revenue from concert performances made after the Super Bowl . While these reports were denied by an NFL spokeswoman , the request had , according to the Journal , received a `` chilly '' response from those involved . </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> The following is a list of the performers , producers , themes , and sponsors for each Super Bowl game 's show . </P> <H3> 1960s ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Th> Show details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 15 , 1967 </Li> <Li> Location : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( University Park , Los Angeles , California ) </Li> <Li> Performers : University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band & Grambling State University Marching Band , Al Hirt , Anaheim High School Drill Team and Flag Girls </Li> <Li> Producer : Tommy Walker </Li> <Li> Setlist : `` The Liberty Bell '' ( The University of Arizona Symphonic Marching Band ) </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> II </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 14 , 1968 </Li> <Li> Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Grambling State University Marching Band </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> III </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 12 , 1969 </Li> <Li> Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Theme : America Thanks </Li> <Li> Performers : Florida A&M University and Miami area High School Bands </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 1970s ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Th> Show details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> IV </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 11 , 1970 </Li> <Li> Lon : Tulane Stadium ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Tribute to Mardi Gras </Li> <Li> Performers : Marguerite Piazza , Doc Severinsen , Al Hirt , Lionel Hampton Southern University Marching Band </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> V </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 17 , 1971 </Li> <Li> Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Southeast Missouri State Marching Band </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> VI </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 16 , 1972 </Li> <Li> Location : Tulane Stadium ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Salute to Louis Armstrong </Li> <Li> Performers : Ella Fitzgerald , Carol Channing , Al Hirt , USAFA Cadet Chorale , & U.S. Marine Corps Drill Team </Li> <Li> Producer : Jim Skinner </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Mack the Knife '' ( Ella Fitzgerald and Al Hirt ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> VII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 14 , 1973 </Li> <Li> Location : Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum ( University Park , Los Angeles , California ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Happiness Is </Li> <Li> Performers : University of Michigan Marching Band & Woody Herman & Andy Williams </Li> <Li> Producer : Tommy Walker </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : ( partial ) <Ul> <Li> `` Put on a Happy Face '' ( University of Michigan Marching Band ) </Li> <Li> `` La Virgen de la Macarena '' ( University of Michigan Marching Band ) </Li> <Li> `` This Land Is Your Land '' ( University of Michigan Marching Band ) </Li> <Li> `` Marmalade , Molasses & Honey '' ( Andy Williams ) </Li> <Li> `` People '' ( Andy Williams ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> VIII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 13 , 1974 </Li> <Li> Location : Rice Stadium ( Houston , Texas ) </Li> <Li> Theme : A Musical America </Li> <Li> Performers : University of Texas Longhorn Band and Judy Mallett ( Miss Texas 1973 ) on fiddle </Li> <Li> Producer : Jim Skinner </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> IX </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 12 , 1975 </Li> <Li> Location : Tulane Stadium ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Tribute to Duke Ellington </Li> <Li> Performers : Mercer Ellington & Grambling State University Marching Bands </Li> <Li> Producer : Jim Skinner </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> X </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 18 , 1976 </Li> <Li> Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Theme : 200 Years and Just a Baby : A Tribute to America 's Bicentennial </Li> <Li> Performer : Up with People </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XI </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 9 , 1977 </Li> <Li> Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) </Li> <Li> Theme : It 's a Small World </Li> <Li> Performers : Los Angeles Unified All - City Band & Audience card stunt </Li> <Li> Producer : The Walt Disney Company </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 15 , 1978 </Li> <Li> Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Theme : From Paris to Paris of America </Li> <Li> Performers : Tyler Apache Belles Drill Team , and Apache Band Pete Fountain & Al Hirt </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XIII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 21 , 1979 </Li> <Li> Location : Miami Orange Bowl ( Miami , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Salute to Caribbean </Li> <Li> Performers : Ken Hamilton , various Caribbean bands including Grammacks out of Dominica </Li> <Li> Producer : Bob Jani </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Carnival </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 1980s ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Th> Show details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XIV </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 20 , 1980 </Li> <Li> Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) </Li> <Li> Theme : A Salute to the Big Band Era </Li> <Li> Performers : Up with People , Grambling State University Marching Bands </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XV </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 25 , 1981 </Li> <Li> Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Mardi Gras Festival </Li> <Li> Performers : Southern University Marching Band , Helen O'Connell </Li> <Li> Producer : Jim Skinner </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XVI </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 24 , 1982 </Li> <Li> Location : Pontiac Silverdome ( Pontiac , Michigan ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Salute to the 1960s and Motown </Li> <Li> Performer : Up with People </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XVII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 30 , 1983 </Li> <Li> Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) </Li> <Li> Theme : KaleidoSUPERscope </Li> <Li> Performer : Los Angeles Super Drill Team </Li> <Li> Producer : Bob Jani </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XVIII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 22 , 1984 </Li> <Li> Location : Tampa Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Salute to Superstars of Silver Screen </Li> <Li> Performers : University of Florida and Florida State University Marching Bands </Li> <Li> Producer : The Walt Disney Company </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> Introduction by Phyllis George </Li> <Li> `` Hooray for Hollywood '' </Li> <Li> `` You Oughta Be in Pictures '' </Li> <Li> `` Steppin ' Out with My Baby '' </Li> <Li> `` Puttin ' on the Ritz '' </Li> <Li> `` 42nd Street '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XIX </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 20 , 1985 </Li> <Li> Location : Stanford Stadium ( Stanford , California ) </Li> <Li> Theme : World of Children 's Dreams </Li> <Li> Performer : Tops In Blue </Li> <Li> Producer : Air Force Entertainment </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XX </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 26 , 1986 </Li> <Li> Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Beat of the Future </Li> <Li> Performer : Up with People </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXI </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 25 , 1987 </Li> <Li> Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Salute to Hollywood 's 100th Anniversary - The World of Make Believe </Li> <Li> Performers : George Burns , Mickey Rooney , Grambling State University and USC Marching Bands , Disney characters , Southern California - area high school drill teams and dancers </Li> <Li> Producer : The Walt Disney Company </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Ghost Riders in the Sky '' </Li> <Li> Theme songs from Bonanza , Indiana Jones , and Footloose </Li> <Li> Hoedown song </Li> <Li> `` Cheek to Cheek '' </Li> <Li> `` What a Feeling '' ( Theme from Flashdance ) </Li> <Li> `` That 's Entertainment '' </Li> <Li> `` Somewhere Over the Rainbow '' </Li> <Li> `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 31 , 1988 </Li> <Li> Location : Jack Murphy Stadium ( San Diego , California ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Something Grand </Li> <Li> Performers : Chubby Checker , The Rockettes , 88 grand pianos , and the combined San Diego State University Marching Aztecs and USC Marching Bands </Li> <Li> Producer : Radio City Music Hall </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXIII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 22 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Location : Joe Robbie Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Theme : 1950 's Rock and Roll ( Be Bop Bamboozled in 3 - D ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Elvis Presto , South Florida - area dancers and performers </Li> <Li> Producer : MagicCom Entertainment , Dan Witkowski </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Diet Coke </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> Introduction by Bob Costas and 3 - D commercial for Diet Coke </Li> <Li> `` Rock This Town '' </Li> <Li> audience participation card trick </Li> <Li> `` Tutti Frutti '' </Li> <Li> `` Do You Love Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Devil with a Blue Dress On '' </Li> <Li> `` Great Balls of Fire '' </Li> <Li> `` Greased Lightnin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` True Love '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> References : </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 1990s ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Th> Show details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXIV </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 28 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Salute to New Orleans & 40th Anniversary of Peanuts </Li> <Li> Performers : Pete Fountain , Doug Kershaw , Irma Thomas , Nicholls State University Marching Band , Southern University Marching Band , USL Marching Band </Li> <Li> Producer : Select Productions </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` ( Up A ) Lazy River '' </Li> <Li> `` Waiting For The Robert E. Lee '' </Li> <Li> `` Here Comes the Showboat '' </Li> <Li> `` When the Saints Go Marching In '' ( Pete Fountain on clarinet ) </Li> <Li> `` Happy Birthday to You '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXV </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 27 , 1991 </Li> <Li> Location : Tampa Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Small World Tribute to 25 Years of the Super Bowl </Li> <Li> Performers : New Kids on the Block ( NKOTB ) , Disney characters , Warren Moon , 2,000 local children , audience card stunt </Li> <Li> Producer : The Walt Disney Company </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Walt Disney World and Coca - Cola </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` It 's a Small World After All '' / `` We Are the World '' / `` I 'd Like to Teach the World to Sing '' ( children ) </Li> <Li> `` Step by Step '' ( NKOTB ) </Li> <Li> `` This One 's For The Children '' ( NKOTB and children ) </Li> <Li> `` It 's a Small World After All '' ( children ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Notes : The airing of this halftime show was delayed until after the conclusion of the game due to ABC News coverage of Operation Desert Storm </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXVI </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 26 , 1992 </Li> <Li> Location : Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Winter Magic , salute to 1992 Winter Olympics </Li> <Li> Performers : Gloria Estefan , Olympic Figure skaters Brian Boitano and Dorothy Hamill , members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team , and the University of Minnesota Marching Band </Li> <Li> Producer : Timberline Productions </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Winter Magic '' </Li> <Li> `` Walking in a Winter Wonderland '' </Li> <Li> `` Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy '' </Li> <Li> `` Frosty '' ( University of Minnesota Marching Band ) </Li> <Li> `` One Moment in Time '' ( featuring Brian Boitano and Dorthy Hamill ) </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Stop Me Now '' ( featuring members of the 1980 US Olympic Hockey Team ) </Li> <Li> `` Live for Loving You '' ( Gloria Estefan ) </Li> <Li> `` Get on Your Feet '' ( Gloria Estefan ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Notes : During the halftime , rival network Fox aired a special live episode of In Living Color , one of the first deliberate attempts at counter-programming . The show drew over 22 million viewers away from the Super Bowl telecast . In mid-1992 , citing this , Select Productions pitched the concept of exclusively featuring live concert - type performances from top contemporary musical artists . The concept and pitch is attributed to Select Productions ' employee Rick Lewis and prompted the change of the 1993 halftime show to showcase Michael Jackson . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXVII </Td> <Td> Main article : Super Bowl XXVII halftime show <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 31 , 1993 </Li> <Li> Location : Rose Bowl ( Pasadena , California ) </Li> <Li> Performer : Michael Jackson </Li> <Li> Producer : Radio City , Scott Sanders and Don Mischer Productions </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Jam '' ( M. Jackson ) </Li> <Li> `` Billie Jean '' ( M. Jackson ) </Li> <Li> `` Black or White '' ( M. Jackson ) </Li> <Li> `` We Are the World '' ( children 's choir ) </Li> <Li> `` Heal the World '' ( M. Jackson ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Notes : This halftime performance increased the TV ratings by a significant amount . It has been claimed to be one of the most watched events in American television history . After 1993 , the NFL made a deliberate effort to attract top performers for the halftime shows . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXVIII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 30 , 1994 </Li> <Li> Location : Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Rockin ' Country Sunday </Li> <Li> Performers : Clint Black , Tanya Tucker , Travis Tritt , The Judds </Li> <Li> Producer : Select Productions </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Tuckered Out '' ( Clint Black ) </Li> <Li> `` It 's a Little Too Late '' ( Tanya Tucker ) </Li> <Li> `` T-R-O-U-B-L-E '' ( Travis Tritt ) </Li> <Li> `` No One Else on Earth '' ( Wynonna Judd ) </Li> <Li> `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' ( The Judds , joined by the other artists and special guests for the final verse ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Notes : Travis Tritt of Atlanta , joined several other artists in history to perform in the halftime show in his own hometown . The special guests for the finale included : Stevie Wonder , Ashley Judd , Lisa Hartman Black , The Georgia Satellites , Joe Namath , Elijah Wood , and Charlie Daniels . </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXIX </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 29 , 1995 </Li> <Li> Location : Joe Robbie Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Indiana Jones and the Temple of the Forbidden Eye </Li> <Li> Performers : Patti Labelle , Indiana Jones & Marion Ravenwood , Teddy Pendergrass , Tony Bennett , Arturo Sandoval , Miami Sound Machine </Li> <Li> Producer : The Walt Disney Company </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Release Yourself '' ( Patti Labelle ) </Li> <Li> `` Caravan '' ( Tony Bennett , Arturo Sandoval and Miami Sound Machine ) </Li> <Li> `` New Attitude '' ( Patti Labelle ) </Li> <Li> `` Can You Feel The Love Tonight '' ( Patti Labelle and Tony Bennett ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXX </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 28 , 1996 </Li> <Li> Location : Sun Devil Stadium ( Tempe , Arizona ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Take Me Higher : A Celebration of 30 Years of the Super Bowl </Li> <Li> Performer : Diana Ross </Li> <Li> Producer : Radio City Music Hall </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Oscar Mayer </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : A medley of the following songs : <Ul> <Li> `` Stop In The Name Of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby Love '' </Li> <Li> `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Why Do Fools Fall in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Chain Reaction '' </Li> <Li> `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Ai n't No Mountain High Enough '' </Li> <Li> `` I Will Survive '' </Li> <Li> `` Take Me Higher '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXI </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 26 , 1997 </Li> <Li> Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Blues Brothers Bash </Li> <Li> Performers : The Blues Brothers ( Dan Aykroyd , John Goodman and James Belushi ) , ZZ Top , James Brown , Catherine Crier ( `` news '' intro ) </Li> <Li> Producer : Select Productions , Radio City , House of Blues </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Oscar Mayer </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Everybody Needs Somebody to Love '' ( The Blues Brothers ) </Li> <Li> `` Soul Man '' ( The Blues Brothers ) </Li> <Li> `` I Got You ( I Feel Good ) '' ( James Brown ) </Li> <Li> `` Get Up ( I Feel Like Being a ) Sex Machine '' ( James Brown ) </Li> <Li> `` Tush '' ( ZZ Top ) </Li> <Li> `` Legs '' ( ZZ Top ) </Li> <Li> `` Gimme Some Lovin ' '' ( all performers joined together ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 25 , 1998 </Li> <Li> Location : Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego , California ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Salute to Motown 's 40th Anniversary </Li> <Li> Performers : Boyz II Men , Smokey Robinson , Martha Reeves , The Temptations , Queen Latifah , Grambling State University Marching Band </Li> <Li> Producer : Radio City Music Hall </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Royal Caribbean International & Celebrity Cruises </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Get Ready '' ( The Temptations ) </Li> <Li> `` I Ca n't Help Myself '' ( The Temptations ) </Li> <Li> `` The Tracks of My Tears '' ( Smokey Robinson ) </Li> <Li> `` My Girl '' ( The Temptations with Smokey Robinson ) </Li> <Li> `` Heat Wave '' ( Martha and the Vandellas ) </Li> <Li> `` Paper '' ( Queen Latifah ) </Li> <Li> `` Motownphilly '' ( Boyz II Men ) </Li> <Li> `` A Song for Mama '' ( Boyz II Men ) </Li> <Li> `` Dancing in the Street '' ( all artists joined by GSU Marching Band ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXIII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 31 , 1999 </Li> <Li> Location : Pro Player Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Celebration of Soul , Salsa and Swing </Li> <Li> Performers : Gloria Estefan , Stevie Wonder , Big Bad Voodoo Daddy , Savion Glover </Li> <Li> Producer : Radio City Music Hall </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Progressive Auto Insurance </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Go Daddy O '' ( Big Bad Voodoo Daddy ) </Li> <Li> `` Sir Duke '' ( Stevie Wonder ) </Li> <Li> `` You Are The Sunshine Of My Life '' ( Stevie Wonder ) </Li> <Li> `` I Wish '' ( Stevie Wonder ) </Li> <Li> `` Oye ! '' ( Gloria Estefan ) </Li> <Li> `` Turn The Beat Around '' ( Gloria Estefan ) </Li> <Li> `` You 'll Be Mine ( Party Time ) / Another Star / My Cherie Amour '' ( Gloria Estefan and Stevie Wonder ) </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2000s ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Th> Show details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXIV </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 30 , 2000 </Li> <Li> Location : Georgia Dome ( Atlanta , Georgia ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Tapestry of Nations </Li> <Li> Performers : Phil Collins , Christina Aguilera , Enrique Iglesias , Toni Braxton , 80 - person choir , Edward James Olmos ( narrator ) </Li> <Li> Producer : Disney </Li> <Li> Sponsor : E-Trade </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Reflections of Earth '' Instrumental ( Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> `` Celebrate the Future Hand in Hand '' ( Christina Aguilera & Enrique Iglesias ) </Li> <Li> `` Tapestry of Nations '' Instrumental ( Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration soundtrack ) </Li> <Li> `` Two Worlds '' ( Phil Collins ) </Li> <Li> `` We Go On '' ( Toni Braxton ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXV </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 28 , 2001 </Li> <Li> Location : Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Theme : The Kings of Rock and Pop </Li> <Li> Performers : Aerosmith , ' N Sync , Britney Spears , Mary J. Blige , Nelly </Li> <Li> Producer : MTV </Li> <Li> Sponsor : E-Trade </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> Pre-recorded intro sketch with Ben Stiller , Adam Sandler , Chris Rock , Aerosmith , and ' N Sync </Li> <Li> `` Bye Bye Bye '' ( ' N Sync ) </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' ( Aerosmith ) </Li> <Li> `` It 's Gonna Be Me ( ' N Sync ) </Li> <Li> `` Jaded '' ( Aerosmith ) </Li> <Li> `` Walk This Way '' ( Aerosmith , ' N Sync , Britney Spears , Mary J. Blige , Nelly ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXVI </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 3 , 2002 </Li> <Li> Location : Louisiana Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Tribute to those killed in the September 11 attacks </Li> <Li> Performer : U2 </Li> <Li> Producer : Clear Channel Entertainment </Li> <Li> Sponsor : E-Trade </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Beautiful Day '' </Li> <Li> `` MLK '' </Li> <Li> `` Where the Streets Have No Name '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXVII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Jan 26 , 2003 </Li> <Li> Location : Qualcomm Stadium ( San Diego , California ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Shania Twain , No Doubt , Sting </Li> <Li> Producer : Jimmy Iovine and Joel Gallen </Li> <Li> Sponsor : AT&T Wireless </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Man ! I Feel like a Woman ! '' ( Shania Twain ) </Li> <Li> `` Up ! '' ( Shania Twain ) </Li> <Li> `` Just a Girl '' ( No Doubt ) </Li> <Li> `` Message in a Bottle '' ( Sting with No Doubt ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXVIII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 1 , 2004 </Li> <Li> Location : Reliant Stadium ( Houston , Texas ) </Li> <Li> Theme : Choose or Lose </Li> <Li> Performers : Jessica Simpson , the Spirit of Houston from the University of Houston , and the Ocean of Soul of Texas Southern University marching bands , Janet Jackson , P. Diddy , Nelly , Kid Rock and Justin Timberlake </Li> <Li> Producer : MTV </Li> <Li> Sponsor : AOL TopSpeed </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> ' Choose to Party ! ' Intro ( Jessica Simpson ) </Li> <Li> Marching bands </Li> <Li> `` All for You '' ( Janet Jackson ) </Li> <Li> `` Bad Boy for Life '' ( P. Diddy ) </Li> <Li> `` Diddy '' to the tune of `` Mickey '' ( P. Diddy ) </Li> <Li> `` Hot in Herre '' ( Nelly ) , </Li> <Li> `` Mo Money Mo Problems '' ( P. Diddy ) </Li> <Li> `` Bawitdaba '' ( Kid Rock ) , </Li> <Li> `` Cowboy '' ( Kid Rock ) </Li> <Li> `` Rhythm Nation '' ( Janet Jackson ) </Li> <Li> `` Rock Your Body '' ( Justin Timberlake with Janet Jackson ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> Further information : Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XXXIX </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 6 , 2005 </Li> <Li> Location : Alltel Stadium ( Jacksonville , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Performer : Paul McCartney </Li> <Li> Producer : Don Mischer Productions </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Ameriquest Mortgage </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Drive My Car '' </Li> <Li> `` Get Back '' </Li> <Li> `` Live and Let Die '' </Li> <Li> `` Hey Jude '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XL </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 5 , 2006 </Li> <Li> Location : Ford Field ( Detroit , Michigan ) </Li> <Li> Performer : The Rolling Stones </Li> <Li> Producer : Don Mischer Production </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Sprint Nextel </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Start Me Up '' </Li> <Li> `` Rough Justice '' </Li> <Li> `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLI </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 4 , 2007 </Li> <Li> Location : Dolphin Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Prince , Florida A&M University Marching 100 Band </Li> <Li> Producer : Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Pepsi </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` We Will Rock You '' ( Intro ) </Li> <Li> `` Let 's Go Crazy '' </Li> <Li> `` Baby I 'm a Star '' </Li> <Li> `` Proud Mary '' </Li> <Li> `` All Along the Watchtower '' </Li> <Li> `` Best of You '' </Li> <Li> `` Purple Rain '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 3 , 2008 </Li> <Li> Location : University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , Arizona ) </Li> <Li> Performer : Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers </Li> <Li> Producer : Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Bridgestone </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` American Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wo n't Back Down '' </Li> <Li> `` Free Fallin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Runnin ' Down a Dream '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLIII </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 1 , 2009 </Li> <Li> Location : Raymond James Stadium ( Tampa , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band </Li> <Li> Producer : Don Mischer Productions and White Cherry Entertainment </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Bridgestone </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Tenth Avenue Freeze - Out '' </Li> <Li> `` Born to Run '' </Li> <Li> `` Working on a Dream '' </Li> <Li> `` Glory Days '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H3> 2010s ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Super Bowl </Th> <Th> Show details </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLIV </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 7 , 2010 </Li> <Li> Location : Sun Life Stadium ( Miami Gardens , Florida ) </Li> <Li> Performer : The Who </Li> <Li> Producer : White Cherry Entertainment </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Bridgestone </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Pinball Wizard '' </Li> <Li> `` Baba O'Riley '' </Li> <Li> `` Who Are You '' </Li> <Li> `` See Me , Feel Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Wo n't Get Fooled Again '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLV </Td> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 6 , 2011 </Li> <Li> Location : Cowboys Stadium ( Arlington , Texas ) </Li> <Li> Performers : The Black Eyed Peas , Usher , Slash , Dallas / Ft . Worth - area area high school drill teams and dancers </Li> <Li> Producer : Ricky Kirshner </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Bridgestone </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` I Gotta Feeling '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) </Li> <Li> `` Boom Boom Pow '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) </Li> <Li> `` Sweet Child O ' Mine '' ( Slash & Fergie ) </Li> <Li> `` Pump It '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) </Li> <Li> `` Let 's Get It Started '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) </Li> <Li> `` OMG '' ( Usher & will.i.am ) </Li> <Li> `` Where Is The Love ? '' ( The Black Eyed Peas ) </Li> <Li> `` The Time ( Dirty Bit ) '' with `` I Gotta Feeling '' reprise ( The Black Eyed Peas ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLVI </Td> <Td> Main article : Super Bowl XLVI halftime show <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 5 , 2012 </Li> <Li> Location : Lucas Oil Stadium ( Indianapolis , Indiana ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Madonna , LMFAO , Cirque du Soleil , Nicki Minaj , M.I.A. , Cee Lo Green , Andy Lewis , Avon High School Drumline , Center Grove High School Drumline , Fishers High School Drumline , Franklin Central High School Drumline , Southern University Dancing Dolls , 200 Person Choir consisting of Indianapolis locals </Li> <Li> Producer : Ricky Kirshner </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Bridgestone </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Vogue '' ( Madonna ) </Li> <Li> `` Music '' / `` Party Rock Anthem '' / `` Sexy and I Know It '' ( Madonna with LMFAO ) </Li> <Li> `` Give Me All Your Luvin ' '' ( Madonna with Nicki Minaj and M.I.A. ) </Li> <Li> `` Open Your Heart '' / `` Express Yourself '' ( Madonna with Cee Lo Green ) </Li> <Li> `` Like a Prayer '' ( Madonna with Cee Lo Green ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLVII </Td> <Td> Main article : Super Bowl XLVII halftime show <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 3 , 2013 </Li> <Li> Location : Mercedes - Benz Superdome ( New Orleans , Louisiana ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Beyoncé , Destiny 's Child </Li> <Li> Producer : Ricky Kirshner </Li> <Li> Director : Hamish Hamilton </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Pepsi </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Run The World ( Girls ) '' ( Intro ) / Vince Lombardi `` Excellence '' speech voiceover </Li> <Li> `` Love on Top '' ( chorus a cappella ) ( Beyoncé ) </Li> <Li> `` Crazy in Love '' ( Beyoncé ) </Li> <Li> `` End of Time '' ( Beyoncé ) </Li> <Li> `` Baby Boy '' ( Beyoncé ) </Li> <Li> `` Bootylicious '' ( Destiny 's Child ) </Li> <Li> `` Independent Women Part I '' ( Destiny 's Child ) </Li> <Li> `` Single Ladies ( Put a Ring on It ) '' ( Beyoncé featuring Kelly Rowland and Michelle Williams ) </Li> <Li> `` Halo '' ( Beyoncé ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLVIII </Td> <Td> Main article : Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 2 , 2014 </Li> <Li> Location : MetLife Stadium ( East Rutherford , New Jersey ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Bruno Mars , Red Hot Chili Peppers </Li> <Li> Producer : Ricky Kirshner </Li> <Li> Director : Hamish Hamilton </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Pepsi </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Billionaire '' ( Intro ) ( children 's choir ) </Li> <Li> `` Locked Out of Heaven '' ( Bruno Mars ) </Li> <Li> `` Treasure '' ( Bruno Mars ) </Li> <Li> `` Runaway Baby '' ( Bruno Mars ) </Li> <Li> `` Give It Away '' ( Red Hot Chili Peppers with Bruno Mars ) </Li> <Li> `` Just the Way You Are '' ( Bruno Mars ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> XLIX </Td> <Td> Main article : Super Bowl XLIX halftime show <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 1 , 2015 </Li> <Li> Location : University of Phoenix Stadium ( Glendale , Arizona ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Katy Perry , Lenny Kravitz , Missy Elliott , and Arizona State University Sun Devil Marching Band </Li> <Li> Producer : Ricky Kirshner </Li> <Li> Director : Hamish Hamilton </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Pepsi </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Roar '' ( Katy Perry ) </Li> <Li> `` Dark Horse '' ( Katy Perry ) </Li> <Li> `` I Kissed a Girl '' ( Lenny Kravitz and Katy Perry ) </Li> <Li> `` Teenage Dream '' ( Katy Perry ) </Li> <Li> `` California Gurls '' ( Katy Perry ) </Li> <Li> `` Get Ur Freak On '' ( Missy Elliott and Katy Perry ) </Li> <Li> `` Work It '' ( Missy Elliott and Katy Perry ) </Li> <Li> `` Lose Control '' ( Missy Elliott ) </Li> <Li> `` Firework '' ( Katy Perry ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> 50 </Td> <Td> Main article : Super Bowl 50 halftime show <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 7 , 2016 </Li> <Li> Location : Levi 's Stadium ( Santa Clara , California ) </Li> <Li> Performers : Coldplay , Beyoncé , Bruno Mars , Mark Ronson , Gustavo Dudamel , University of California Marching Band and Youth Orchestra L.A. </Li> <Li> Producer : Ricky Kirshner </Li> <Li> Director : Hamish Hamilton </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Pepsi </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Yellow '' ( intro a cappella ) ( Coldplay ) </Li> <Li> `` Viva la Vida '' ( Coldplay ) </Li> <Li> `` Paradise '' ( Coldplay ) </Li> <Li> `` Adventure of a Lifetime '' ( Coldplay ) </Li> <Li> `` Uptown Funk '' ( Mark Ronson & Bruno Mars ) </Li> <Li> `` Formation '' ( Beyoncé ) </Li> <Li> `` Crazy In Love '' / `` Uptown Funk '' ( Beyoncé , Bruno Mars ) </Li> <Li> `` Clocks '' ( instrumental ) ( Coldplay ) </Li> <Li> `` Fix You '' / `` Up & Up '' ( Coldplay , Beyoncé and Bruno Mars ) </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LI </Td> <Td> Main article : Super Bowl LI halftime show <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 5 , 2017 </Li> <Li> Location : NRG Stadium ( Houston , Texas ) </Li> <Li> Performer : Lady Gaga </Li> <Li> Producer : Ricky Kirshner </Li> <Li> Director : Hamish Hamilton </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Pepsi Zero Sugar </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` God Bless America '' / `` This Land Is Your Land '' </Li> <Li> `` Poker Face '' </Li> <Li> `` Born This Way '' </Li> <Li> `` Telephone '' </Li> <Li> `` Just Dance '' </Li> <Li> `` Million Reasons '' </Li> <Li> `` Bad Romance '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> LII </Td> <Td> Main article : Super Bowl LII halftime show <Ul> <Li> Date : Feb 4 , 2018 </Li> <Li> Location : U.S. Bank Stadium ( Minneapolis , Minnesota ) </Li> <Li> Performer : Justin Timberlake and the Tennessee Kids , University of Minnesota Marching Band </Li> <Li> Producer : Ricky Kirshner </Li> <Li> Director : Hamish Hamilton </Li> <Li> Sponsor : Pepsi </Li> <Li> References : </Li> <Li> Setlist : <Ul> <Li> `` Filthy '' </Li> <Li> `` Rock Your Body '' </Li> <Li> `` Señorita '' </Li> <Li> `` SexyBack '' </Li> <Li> `` My Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Cry Me a River '' </Li> <Li> `` Suit & Tie '' ( Featuring the University of Minnesota Marching Band ) </Li> <Li> `` Until the End of Time '' </Li> <Li> `` I Would Die 4 U '' ( Pre-recorded video of Prince ( displayed on a projection screen ) with Justin Timberlake ) </Li> <Li> `` Mirrors '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Stop the Feeling ! '' </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> Details on specific shows ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Super Bowl xxxvi ( edit ) </H3> <P> U2 performed 3 songs : `` Beautiful Day , '' `` MLK , '' and `` Where the Streets Have No Name . '' During the beginning of `` MLK '' and continuing until the end of `` Where The Streets Have No Name , '' a large banner behind the band displayed the names of all the people who lost their lives on the September 11 attacks . Bono ended the song by opening up his jacket , the inside of which displayed the American flag . </P> <H3> Super Bowl XL ( edit ) </H3> <P> For The Rolling Stones , the stage was in the form of the group 's iconic tongue logo ( John Pasche 's `` Cunning Linguist '' first used in 1971 on their Sticky Fingers album ) . It was the largest stage ever assembled for a Super Bowl halftime show , with 28 separate pieces assembled in five minutes by a 600 - member volunteer stage crew . The group performed three songs : `` Start Me Up , '' `` Rough Justice , '' and `` ( I Ca n't Get No ) Satisfaction . '' The show was viewed by 89.9 million people , more than the audiences for the Oscars , Grammys and Emmy Awards combined . In the wake of the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy with Janet Jackson and Justin Timberlake , ABC and the NFL imposed a five - second delay and censored lyrics considered too sexually explicit in the first two songs by briefly turning off Mick Jagger 's microphone -- censoring to which the group had previously agreed . However , the choice of The Rolling Stones sparked controversy in the Detroit community because the band did not represent the traditional Detroit `` Motown Sound , '' and no artists from the area were included . </P> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> American football portal </Li> <Li> National Football League portal </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> List of AFL Grand Final pre-match performances </Li> <Li> List of Grey Cup halftime shows </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/02/02/super-bowl-xlix-is-most-watched-show-in-u-s-television-history/358523/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Campbell ( 1995 ) , pp. 14 -- 16 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XLIX is Most - Watched Show in U.S. Television History With 114.4 Million Viewers '' . TV By The Numbers . Tribune Media . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Ratings Roundup : Super Bowl LI Halftime Show Is Most - Watched Musical Event In History ; NHRA on Fox Revs Up '' . Sports Video Group . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl LI halftime show was the most - watched musical event in history across all platforms '' . SB Nation . Vox Media . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga Scores Second-Most Watched Super Bowl Halftime Show Ever '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Florio , Mike ( February 5 , 2013 ) . `` If NFL does n't put on a halftime show , someone else will '' . ProFootballTalk.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/02/05/boobs-beyonce-brass-bands-the-evolution-of-the-super-bowl-halftime-show.html </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Belson , Ken ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` The Who , and the Super Bowl 's Evolving Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 7 , 2010 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Heal the Kids : Rebuilding : Michael Jackson announces a $1.25 - million program to help children in riot - torn areas . Drug education , immunizations and mentor services will be provided '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Sandomir , Richard ( June 30 , 2009 ) . `` How Jackson Redefined the Super Bowl '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Pabst , Georgia ( 1993 - 02 - 08 ) . `` Jackson 's Foundation Aimed At Helping Children '' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ The Arizona Republic ( January 26 , 2009 ) . `` The Nielsen Company 's Guide To Super Bowl XLIII '' . tvbythenumbers.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Blistein , Jon ( August 19 , 2014 ) . NFL Asks Musicians for Money to Play Super Bowl . Rolling Stone . Retrieved August 19 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` NFL to Coldplay : Pay to Play the Super Bowl '' . The Wall Street Journal . August 19 , 2014 . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl History - Entertainment '' . NFL.com. 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Krasnow , Lonny . `` Top 10 Super Bowl Halftime Shows '' . Photos . SI.com . Archived from the original on December 27 , 2011 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` GSU Tiger Marching Band '' . History of Tiger Marching Band . Grambling State University . Archived from the original on July 14 , 2013 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Golden Eagles Marching Band '' . Southeast Missouri State University . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Davis , Sherman ( January 23 , 1972 ) . `` Al and Ella were Good '' . The New York Times . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michigan Band Super Bowl VII halftime 1973 Remaster Part 1 of 2 '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Michigan Band Super Bowl VII halftime 1973 Remaster Part 2 of 2 '' . Retrieved January 25 , 2018 -- via YouTube . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` History of Up with People '' . UpWithPeople.org . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2014 . Retrieved December 12 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ J. Knapfel . `` How an Elvis Impersonator Helped Change Super Bowl History '' . VIPTickets.com . Retrieved 28 January 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2018/02/02/from-elvis-presto-to-michael-jackson-how-the-super-bowl-halftime-show-found-its-groove/ </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` HowStuffWorks `` 17 Notable Super Bowl Halftime Shows '' `` . Entertainment.howstuffworks.com . September 15 , 2007 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Johnson , Tina ; Basham , David ( January 6 , 2000 ) . `` Christina Aguilera , Enrique Iglesias , Toni Braxton To Play Super Bowl Halftime '' . MTV News . MTV Networks . Retrieved September 25 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Super Bowl XXXVIII Halftime Show - Decalz - BMW of TX ( vodpod ) Lockerz '' . vodpod . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2013 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Stengle , Jamie ( February 4 , 2011 ) . Halftime gig ' dream come true ' for Black Eyed Peas . Associated Press . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 04 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Aquí está el setlist de la Super Bowl de Madonna '' . cromosomax.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Madonna to perform at halftime of Super Bowl . Associated Press . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Nicki Minaj To Perform During Super Bowl With M.I.A & Madonna . Yahoo ! News . Retrieved January 13 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` M.I.A. '' Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( 1 ) </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl 47 Halftime Show - NFL.com '' . NFL.com . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Fekadu , Mesfin ( October 16 , 2012 ) . AP source : Beyonce set for Super Bowl halftime . Associated Press . Retrieved October 16 , 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Red Hot Chili Peppers will perform at Super Bowl halftime show '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . January 11 , 2014 . Retrieved January 11 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Iyengar , Rishi ( October 9 , 2014 ) . `` Katy Perry Will Play Next Year 's Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . TIME . Retrieved October 9 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Katy Perry to headline Pepsi Super Bowl XLIX Halftime show '' ( Press release ) . National Football League . November 23 , 2014 . Retrieved November 23 , 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Vena , Jocelyn ( January 10 , 2015 ) . `` Who Will Join Katy Perry During Her Super Bowl Halftime Performance ? '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 10 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Coldplay will perform at Pepsi Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' . nfl.com ( Press release ) . National Football League . December 3 , 2015 . Retrieved December 4 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Coscarelli , Joe ( December 3 , 2015 ) . `` Coldplay Will Play Super Bowl 50 Halftime Show '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 31 , 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Shotgun Spratling ( January 8 , 2016 ) . `` Beyoncé to perform at Super Bowl 50 halftime show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ng , Davig ( January 28 , 2016 ) . `` Gustavo Dudamel and Youth Orchestra L.A. to perform at Super Bowl 50 halftime show '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 31 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars to join Beyoncé in Super Bowl halftime show '' . Entertainment Weekly . February 5 , 2016 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Watch Coldplay , Beyonce and Bruno Mars Rock Super Bowl 50 Halftime '' . Rolling Stone . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Lady Gaga headlines Pepsi Zero Sugar Super Bowl LI Halftime Show '' . NFL . September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Mustard , Extra . `` Here is Lady Gaga 's complete Super Bowl setlist '' . SI.com . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 06 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake to Headline Pepsi Super Bowl LII Halftime Show February 4 on NBC '' . NFL . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake to Perform at 2018 Super Bowl Halftime Show '' . Pitchfork . Retrieved 2017 - 10 - 23 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Bieler , Des ( October 22 , 2017 ) . `` NFL confirms Justin Timberlake as Super Bowl halftime performer '' . Washington Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2017 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Justin Timberlake Shuts Down Janet Jackson Reunion Rumors at Super Bowl LII Press Conference '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 5 February 2018 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` U Of M Marching Band Plays Halftime Show With Justin Timberlake '' . 2018 - 02 - 04 . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 05 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unknown . `` The Rolling Stones Super Bowl XL halftime show '' ; February 6 , 2006 , Don Mischer Productions ; URL accessed May 24 , 2008 . Archived March 9 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Unknown . `` Rolling Stones agreed to censor Super Bowl show : NFL '' ; February 6 , 2006 , Agence France - Presse ; URL accessed July 3 , 2006 . Archived February 5 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ McGraw , Bill . `` JOURNAL : No R-E-S-P-E-C-T for Motown halftime '' ; December 1 , 2005 , Detroit Free Press ; URL accessed July 3 , 2006 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This article 's use of external links may not follow Wikipedia 's policies or guidelines . Please improve this article by removing excessive or inappropriate external links , and converting useful links where appropriate into footnote references . ( February 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> The Story Behind New Kids on the Block 's Insane ( and Preempted ) 1991 Show </Li> <Li> NFL does n't have to beg , or pay , for acts from USA Today </Li> <Li> 2004 Super Bowl Weekend from MTV </Li> <Li> Anti-Rock : The 10 All - Time Worst Choices for Super Bowl Halftime Performer from cracked.com </Li> <Li> How Michael Jackson redefined the Super Bowl , a June 2009 article from The New York Times </Li> <Li> Goal of spectacle colors NFL 's thinking about Super Bowl halftime show from the Chicago Tribune </Li> <Li> Top Super Bowl halftime performances - Fox Sports List </Li> <Li> 10 Greatest Super Bowl Halftime Shows from USASuperBowl.com </Li> <Li> The Top 5 Best and Worst Super Bowl Halftime Shows of the Last Decade - Midwest Sports Fans </Li> <Li> 5 Worst Super Bowl Halftime Performances Ever Bleacher Report </Li> <Li> Best & Worst Super Bowl halftime performances - Zap2it </Li> <Li> Halftime shows : From marching bands to Michael , wardrobe malfunctions and beyond - Dallas News </Li> <Li> 7 WORST SUPER BOWL HALFTIME SHOWS OF ALL TIME - Guyism </Li> <Li> Super Bowl Halftime Performances : A Look Back At The Many Musicians Who Graced The Big Game 's Stage from the Huffington Post </Li> <Li> The case of the increasingly rare Super Bowl halftime headliner - AVClub </Li> <Li> Power ranking every Super Bowl halftime show , ever - SBNation </Li> <Li> Super Bowl halftime shows : rating the 5 best and worst from the Seattle Times </Li> <Li> 10 Things You Did n't Know About the Super Bowl Halftime Show - Mental Floss </Li> <Li> The 10 Worst Super Bowl Halftime Shows We 've Had To Suffer Through - Uproxx </Li> <Li> The 5 best and worst Super Bowl halftime shows - canoe.ca </Li> <Li> The last 21 Super Bowl halftime shows , ranked - USA Today </Li> <Li> These are the 5 worst Super Bowl halftime shows ever from the Denver Post </Li> <Li> 10 of the Most ( In ) Famous Super Bowl Halftime Shows Shmoop News </Li> <Li> 10 Things You Did n't Know About the Super Bowl Halftime Show - 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San Jose Mercury News </Li> <Li> 10 All - Time Best Super Bowl Halftime Shows ( Videos ) - The Wrap </Li> <Li> Scoring The Super Bowl Halftime Performances Since NippleGate On A Safety Scale - UPROXX </Li> <Li> Super Bowl 2016 : A History of Halftime Performances - ABC News </Li> <Li> 10 Best Super Bowl Halftime Shows - Billboard </Li> <Li> 10 Most Unforgettable Super Bowl Halftime Performances Ever - WhatCulture </Li> <Li> FROM WARDROBE MALFUNCTIONS TO LEFT SHARK : SUPER BOWL HALFTIME SHOWS , RANKED - The Comeback </Li> <Li> Every Super Bowl Halftime Show Since 1993 , Ranked From Worst to Best - Vulture </Li> <Li> Last 25 Super Bowl Halftime Shows Ranked , Including Lady Gaga in Super Bowl LI ( Videos ) - The Wrap </Li> <Li> Nipplegate Revisited : How Justin Timberlake 's Previous Super Bowl Performance Rocked the World and Changed the Internet - Variety </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Super Bowl </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> NFL <Ul> <Li> NFC <Ul> <Li> Championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> AFC <Ul> <Li> Championship </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Football </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Games </Th> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> 1960s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> II ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> III ( 1969 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1970s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> IV ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> V ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> VI ( 1972 ) </Li> <Li> VII ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> VIII ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> IX ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> X ( 1976 ) </Li> <Li> XI ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> XII ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> XIII ( 1979 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1980s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> XIV ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> XV ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> XVI ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> XVII ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> XVIII ( 1984 ) </Li> <Li> XIX ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> XX ( 1986 ) </Li> <Li> XXI ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> XXII ( 1988 ) </Li> <Li> XXIII ( 1989 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 1990s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> XXIV ( 1990 ) </Li> <Li> XXV ( 1991 ) </Li> <Li> XXVI ( 1992 ) </Li> <Li> XXVII ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> XXVIII ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> XXIX ( 1995 ) </Li> <Li> XXX ( 1996 ) </Li> <Li> XXXI ( 1997 ) </Li> <Li> XXXII ( 1998 ) </Li> <Li> XXXIII ( 1999 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2000s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> XXXIV ( 2000 ) </Li> <Li> XXXV ( 2001 ) </Li> <Li> XXXVI ( 2002 ) </Li> <Li> XXXVII ( 2003 ) </Li> <Li> XXXVIII ( 2004 ) </Li> <Li> XXXIX ( 2005 ) </Li> <Li> XL ( 2006 ) </Li> <Li> XLI ( 2007 ) </Li> <Li> XLII ( 2008 ) </Li> <Li> XLIII ( 2009 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2010s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> XLIV ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> XLV ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> XLVI ( 2012 ) </Li> <Li> XLVII ( 2013 ) </Li> <Li> XLVIII ( 2014 ) </Li> <Li> XLIX ( 2015 ) </Li> <Li> 50 ( 2016 ) </Li> <Li> LI ( 2017 ) </Li> <Li> LII ( 2018 ) </Li> <Li> LIII ( 2019 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> 2020s </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> LIV ( 2020 ) </Li> <Li> LV ( 2021 ) </Li> <Li> LVI ( 2022 ) </Li> <Li> LVII ( 2023 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Champions <Ul> <Li> Pre-Super Bowl NFL champions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Head coaches <Ul> <Li> Active head coach history </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Quarterbacks </Li> <Li> Officials </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Awards , trophies , records </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl ring </Li> <Li> Vince Lombardi Trophy </Li> <Li> Most Valuable Players </Li> <Li> Records </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Broadcast and production </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> National anthem </Li> <Li> Halftime </Li> <Li> Commercials <Ul> <Li> USA Today Ad Meter </Li> <Li> Adbowl </Li> <Li> List </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> Broadcast <Ul> <Li> Network broadcasters </Li> <Li> Counterprogramming </Li> <Li> Lead - out programming </Li> <Li> Television ratings </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl Sunday </Li> <Li> Curse </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Super_Bowl_halftime_shows&oldid=825664010 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Super Bowl halftime shows </Li> <Li> American entertainment - related lists </Li> <Li> American music history </Li> <Li> Lists of concerts and performances </Li> <Li> Super Bowl lists </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from June 2016 </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> Use mdy dates from February 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from January 2018 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia external links cleanup from February 2016 </Li> <Li> Wikipedia spam cleanup from February 2016 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 14 February 2018 , at 17 : 48 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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A House Is Not a Home ( song ) - wikipedia <H1> A House Is Not a Home ( song ) </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` A House Is Not a Home '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> French EP release </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Song by Dionne Warwick </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Make Way for Dionne Warwick </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> A-side </Th> <Td> `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1964 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1964 at Bell Sound Studios , Manhattan , Ed Smith , Engineer </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soul </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 3 : 08 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Scepter </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Burt Bacharach , Hal David </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Burt Bacharach , Hal David </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` A House Is Not a Home '' is a 1964 ballad recorded by American singer Dionne Warwick , and written by the team of Burt Bacharach and Hal David for the 1964 film of the same name , starring Shelley Winters and Robert Taylor . The song was a modest hit in the United States for Warwick , peaking at # 71 on the pop singles chart as the B - side of the top 40 single , `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' . Another version of the song , by Brook Benton , which was the version that appeared in the film , was released at nearly the same time . It debuted two weeks earlier on the Billboard Hot 100 . Benton 's version split airplay with Warwick 's , and ultimately peaked at # 75 . </P> <P> Warwick 's version of `` A House Is Not a Home '' fared better in Canada , where it was a top 40 hit , peaking at # 37 . The ballad made the R&B top 10 in Cashbox by both Warwick and Benton , with neither artist specified as best seller . </P> <P> Despite its modest initial success , the song went on to achieve greater renown through frequent recordings by other artists , including a hit version in 1981 by Luther Vandross . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 Production </Li> <Li> 2 Luther Vandross version </Li> <Li> 3 Other versions <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Instrumental versions </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 In popular culture </Li> <Li> 5 References </Li> <Li> 6 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> Production ( edit ) </H2> <P> The Warwick single was performed in the key of F major . </P> <H2> Luther Vandross version ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` A House Is Not a Home '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Luther Vandross </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Never Too Much </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 1981 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Soul , R&B </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 7 : 07 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Epic </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Burt Bacharach , Hal David </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Luther Vandross </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> `` A House Is Not a Home '' A sample of Luther Vandross 's cover of Dionne Warwick 's `` A House Is Not a Home '' from Never Too Much </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The song was recorded by R&B singer Luther Vandross on his 1981 debut album Never Too Much . The track , which was recorded at seven minutes long , was released as a single and became an R&B hit , and later one of Vandross 's signature songs . His performance of the song at the 1988 NAACP Awards telecast would bring Warwick to tears . </P> <P> Vandross 's version was sampled on the 2004 Kanye West / Jamie Foxx / Twista hit `` Slow Jamz '' . </P> <H2> Other versions ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Following the original singles by Warwick and Benton , Bacharach himself recorded the song for his 1965 debut Hit Maker ! : Burt Bacharach plays the Burt Bacharach Hits . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> The Anita Kerr Singers recorded an a cappella arrangement on their 1969 album Reflect . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Stevie Wonder included the song on his 1968 album Eivets Rednow . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> English rock duo The Marbles performed the song and was released on the group 's 1970 self - titled album . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Dusty Springfield performed the song with Bacharach on the 1970 television special Another Evening With Burt Bacharach ( a performance she was `` quite proud of '' ) . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Barbra Streisand recorded a medley of the song with `` One Less Bell to Answer '' ( the 5th Dimension hit ) for her 1971 album Barbra Joan Streisand . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Ronald Isley would record his own version with Bacharach , using essentially the same template as Luther Vandross . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 2001 , Japanese reggae artists Reggae Disco Rockers , released a reggae version of the song that very closely follows the melodies and styles of the original . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 2002 , Lynne Arriale recorded the song on her album Inspiration . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 2005 , Aretha Franklin recorded it for the tribute album So Amazing : An All - Star Tribute to Luther Vandross . The song won her the Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Performance at the 46th Grammy Awards , her second in the category . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 2007 , Marcia Hines recorded the songs for her album Life . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 2010 , the song was reused in the revival of Promises , Promises . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 2012 , Steps included the song on their festive themed album , Light Up the World . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 2014 , Warwick released a duet version of the song with singer Ne - Yo on Feels So Good . </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> Instrumental versions ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Various jazz musicians have performed and recorded the song , and it has thus acquired the status of a jazz standard . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Sonny Rollins recorded a version at the 1974 Montreux Jazz Festival , released on The Cutting Edge . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> Bill Evans recorded the song for his 1977 album I Will Say Goodbye in the key of B flat major </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 1993 , pianist Joe Sample included the song on the album Invitation . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 1995 , another instrumental rendition was released on saxophonist Nelson Rangell 's album Destiny . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 2004 , Eliane Elias included the song in her album Dreamer . </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> In 1968 , Stevie Wonder recorded an instrumental version of this song on his album `` Eivets Rednow '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> In popular culture ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Psychedelic band Love parodied the song 's title on their album Forever Changes in 1967 , by naming one of their songs `` A House Is Not a Motel '' . </Li> <Li> The song is parodied in SpongeBob SquarePants episode , `` Welcome to the Chum Bucket '' . </Li> <Li> Peter Hammill parodied the title on his album The Silent Corner and the Empty Stage in 1974 , naming the lengthy final number `` A Louse Is Not a Home '' . </Li> <Li> In the song `` Coming Home '' by P. Diddy , the song is referenced . </Li> <Li> `` A House Is Not a Home '' was one of several Bacharach / David hits added to the score of the 2010 Broadway revival of Promises , Promises ( a Bacharach / David musical from 1968 ) . It was performed by Kristin Chenoweth and later recorded again for her album `` The Art of Elegance '' . </Li> <Li> The song was performed twice in `` Home '' , the sixteenth episode of the television series Glee , once by Chris Colfer and Cory Monteith , and once by Matthew Morrison and Kristin Chenoweth as part of a medley with `` One Less Bell to Answer '' . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Richie Unterberger . `` The Marbles - The Marbles - Songs , Reviews , Credits , Awards - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Dusty : Full Circle -- Taragon Video </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Reggae Disco Rockers - A House Is Not A Home ( Flower Records JPN ) '' . Reggaecollector.com . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Ramirez , Erika ( May 12 , 2014 ) . `` Dionne Warwick , ' A House Is Not A Home ' Feat . Ne - Yo : Exclusive Song Premiere '' . Billboard . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Destiny overview '' . Allmusic.com . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Dionne Warwick </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Presenting Dionne Warwick ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> Anyone Who Had a Heart ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> Make Way for Dionne Warwick ( 1964 ) </Li> <Li> The Sensitive Sound of Dionne Warwick ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Here I Am ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Here Where There Is Love ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> On Stage and in the Movies ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> The Windows of the World ( 1967 ) </Li> <Li> Dionne Warwick in Valley of the Dolls ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Promises , Promises ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Soulful ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> I 'll Never Fall in Love Again ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Very Dionne ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> Dionne ( 1979 ) </Li> <Li> No Night So Long ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Friends in Love ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> Heartbreaker ( 1982 ) </Li> <Li> How Many Times Can We Say Goodbye ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Finder of Lost Loves ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Friends ( 1985 ) </Li> <Li> Reservations for Two ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Friends Can Be Lovers ( 1993 ) </Li> <Li> My Friends & Me ( 2006 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Live albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Dionne Warwick in Paris ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Hot ! Live and Otherwise ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> Christmas in Vienna II ( 1993 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilation albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Love Collection ( 2008 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Do n't Make Me Over '' </Li> <Li> `` Wishin ' and Hopin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Anyone Who Had a Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` Walk On By '' </Li> <Li> `` You 'll Never Get to Heaven ( If You Break My Heart ) '' </Li> <Li> `` A House Is Not a Home '' </Li> <Li> `` Reach Out for Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Who Can I Turn To ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Are You There ( With Another Girl ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Message to Michael '' </Li> <Li> `` I Just Do n't Know What to Do with Myself '' </Li> <Li> `` Alfie '' </Li> <Li> `` The Windows of the World '' </Li> <Li> `` I Say a Little Prayer '' </Li> <Li> `` ( Theme from ) Valley of the Dolls '' </Li> <Li> `` Do You Know the Way to San Jose '' </Li> <Li> `` ( There 's ) Always Something There to Remind Me '' </Li> <Li> `` This Girl 's in Love with You '' </Li> <Li> `` You 've Lost That Lovin ' Feeling '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Never Fall in Love Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Make It Easy on Yourself '' </Li> <Li> `` The Good Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Then Came You '' </Li> <Li> `` By the Time I Get to Phoenix </Li> <Li> `` Only Love Can Break a Heart '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Never Love This Way Again '' </Li> <Li> `` Déjà Vu '' </Li> <Li> `` After You '' </Li> <Li> `` No Night So Long '' </Li> <Li> `` Easy Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Heartbreaker '' </Li> <Li> `` All the Love in the World '' </Li> <Li> `` Run to Me '' </Li> <Li> `` That 's What Friends Are For '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Power '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's All Over '' </Li> <Li> `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Book </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Perry Como </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> So Smooth ( 1955 ) </Li> <Li> We Get Letters ( 1956 ) </Li> <Li> Saturday Night with Mr. C ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> When You Come to the End of the Day ( 1958 ) </Li> <Li> Como Swings ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> Season 's Greetings from Perry Como ( 1959 ) </Li> <Li> For the Young at Heart ( 1960 ) </Li> <Li> Sing to Me Mr. C ( 1961 ) </Li> <Li> By Request ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Best of Irving Berlin 's Songs from Mr. President ( 1962 ) </Li> <Li> The Songs I Love ( 1963 ) </Li> <Li> The Scene Changes ( 1965 ) </Li> <Li> Lightly Latin ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como in Italy ( 1966 ) </Li> <Li> The Perry Como Christmas Album ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Look to Your Heart ( 1968 ) </Li> <Li> Seattle ( 1969 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como in Person at the International Hotel , Las Vegas ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> It 's Impossible ( 1970 ) </Li> <Li> I Think of You ( 1971 ) </Li> <Li> And I Love You So ( 1973 ) </Li> <Li> Perry ( 1974 ) </Li> <Li> Just Out of Reach ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> 40 Greatest Hits ( 1975 ) </Li> <Li> The Best of British ( UK and Canada ) ( 1977 ) </Li> <Li> Where You 're Concerned ( US ) ( 1978 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como ( 1980 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como Live on Tour ( 1981 ) </Li> <Li> So It Goes / Goodbye for Now ( 1983 ) </Li> <Li> Today ( 1987 ) </Li> <Li> Perry Como 's Christmas Concert ( 1994 ) </Li> <Li> On the Radio -- The Perry Como Shows 1943 ( 2009 ) </Li> <Li> At the Supper Club ( 2010 ) </Li> <Li> At the Supper Club Part II ( 2011 ) </Li> <Li> At the Supper Club Part III ( 2011 ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` ' A ' You 're Adorable '' </Li> <Li> `` Ac - Cent - Tchu - Ate the Positive '' </Li> <Li> `` And I Love You So '' </Li> <Li> `` As Time Goes By '' </Li> <Li> `` Bali Ha'i '' </Li> <Li> `` Because '' </Li> <Li> `` Beyond Tomorrow '' </Li> <Li> `` Bibbidi - Bobbidi - Boo '' </Li> <Li> `` Blue Room '' </Li> <Li> `` A Bushel and a Peck '' </Li> <Li> `` Ca n't Help Falling in Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Catch a Falling Star '' </Li> <Li> `` Chi - Baba , Chi - Baba ( My Bambino Go to Sleep ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Confessin ' '' </Li> <Li> `` Days of Wine and Roses '' </Li> <Li> `` Deep in the Heart of Texas '' </Li> <Li> `` Delaware '' </Li> <Li> `` Do n't Let the Stars Get in Your Eyes '' </Li> <Li> `` Dream Along with Me ( I 'm on My Way to a Star ) '' </Li> <Li> `` A Dreamer 's Holiday '' </Li> <Li> `` El Cóndor Pasa '' </Li> <Li> `` Feelings '' </Li> <Li> `` Fly Me to the Moon '' </Li> <Li> `` For the Good Times '' </Li> <Li> `` Forever and Ever '' </Li> <Li> `` Forget Domani '' </Li> <Li> `` Give Me Your Hand '' </Li> <Li> `` Glendora '' </Li> <Li> `` The Gypsy in My Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` He 's Got the Whole World in His Hands '' </Li> <Li> `` Hello , Young Lovers '' </Li> <Li> `` Here , There and Everywhere '' </Li> <Li> `` Home for the Holidays '' </Li> <Li> `` Hot Diggity ( Dog Ziggity Boom ) '' </Li> <Li> `` A House Is Not a Home '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do n't See Me in Your Eyes Anymore '' </Li> <Li> `` I Dream of You ( More Than You Dream I Do ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I Think I Love You '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'll Be Home for Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` If ( They Made Me a King ) '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Been a Long , Long Time '' </Li> <Li> `` It 's Beginning to Look a Lot Like Christmas '' </Li> <Li> `` Kewpie Doll '' </Li> <Li> `` The Lord 's Prayer '' </Li> <Li> `` Magic Moments '' </Li> <Li> `` Mandolins in the Moonlight '' </Li> <Li> `` Maria '' </Li> <Li> `` Moon River '' </Li> <Li> `` More '' </Li> <Li> `` No Other Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Papa Loves Mambo '' </Li> <Li> `` Prisoner of Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Round and Round '' </Li> <Li> `` Santa Claus Is Coming to Town '' </Li> <Li> `` Seattle '' </Li> <Li> `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' </Li> <Li> `` Some Enchanted Evening '' </Li> <Li> `` Somos Novios ( It 's Impossible ) '' </Li> <Li> `` The Songs I Love '' </Li> <Li> `` Stop ! And Think It Over '' </Li> <Li> `` Surrender '' </Li> <Li> `` Till the End of Time '' </Li> <Li> `` Unchained Melody '' </Li> <Li> `` Wanted '' </Li> <Li> `` The Way You Look Tonight '' </Li> <Li> `` What 'll I Do '' </Li> <Li> `` When You and I Were Young , Maggie '' </Li> <Li> `` Young at Heart '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Perry Como discography </Li> <Li> Perry Como television and radio shows </Li> <Li> Beat the Band </Li> <Li> The Chesterfield Supper Club </Li> <Li> List of songs recorded by Perry Como </Li> <Li> Goodman Ace </Li> <Li> Mitchell Ayres </Li> <Li> Ray Charles </Li> <Li> Frank Gallop </Li> <Li> Nick Perito </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_House_Is_Not_a_Home_(song)&oldid=828350456 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1964 songs </Li> <Li> 1964 singles </Li> <Li> 1981 singles </Li> <Li> Aretha Franklin songs </Li> <Li> Barbra Streisand songs </Li> <Li> Brook Benton songs </Li> <Li> Dionne Warwick songs </Li> <Li> Luther Vandross songs </Li> <Li> Perry Como songs </Li> <Li> Songs written for films </Li> <Li> Songs with lyrics by Hal David </Li> <Li> Songs with music by Burt Bacharach </Li> <Li> Viola Wills songs </Li> <Li> Grammy Award for Best Traditional R&B Vocal Performance </Li> <Li> 1960s jazz standards </Li> <Li> The Marbles ( duo ) songs </Li> <Li> Jazz compositions in F major </Li> <Li> Scepter Records singles </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> More </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> Add links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 2 March 2018 , at 01 : 21 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Goodrich Corporation - Wikipedia <H1> Goodrich Corporation </H1> Jump to : navigation , search <Table> Goodrich Corporation <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Former type </Th> <Td> Public ( NYSE : GR ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Industry </Th> <Td> Aerospace </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Fate </Th> <Td> Acquired by United Technologies Corporation </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Founded </Th> <Td> 1870 ; 148 years ago ( 1870 ) ( as B.F. Goodrich Company ) Akron , Ohio , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Defunct </Th> <Td> July 26 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 26 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Headquarters </Th> <Td> Charlotte , North Carolina , U.S. </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Key people </Th> <Td> Marshall Larsen , ( Chairman & CEO ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> Actuation systems Aerostructures Aircraft wheels and brakes Electrical power systems Engine components Engine control systems Engineered Polymer Products Interiors ISR systems Undercarriage / landing gear Sensors and integrated systems </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Website </Th> <Td> www.goodrich.com </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Goodrich Corporation , formerly the B.F. Goodrich Company , was an American aerospace manufacturing company based in Charlotte , North Carolina . Founded in Akron , Ohio in 1870 as Goodrich , Tew & Co. by Dr. Benjamin Franklin Goodrich . The company name was changed to the `` B.F. Goodrich Company '' in 1880 , to BFGoodrich in the 1980s , and to `` Goodrich Corporation '' in 2001 . </P> <P> In 1869 Benjamin Franklin Goodrich purchased the Hudson River Rubber Company , a small business in Hastings - on - Hudson , New York . The following year Goodrich accepted an offer of $13,600 from the citizens of Akron , Ohio , to relocate his business there . Goodrich ranked 67th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts . </P> <P> The company grew to be one of the largest tire and rubber manufacturers in the world , helped in part by the 1986 merger with Uniroyal ( formerly the United States Rubber Company ) . This product line was sold to Michelin in 1988 , and the company merged with Rohr ( 1997 ) , Coltec Industries , and TRW Aeronautical Systems ( formerly Lucas Aerospace ) in 2002 . The sale of the specialty chemicals division and subsequent change to the current name completed the transformation . In 2006 , company sales were $5.8 billion , of which 18 % , 16 % and 12 % of total revenues were accounted for by the U.S. government , Airbus and Boeing , respectively . </P> <P> Though BFGoodrich is a popular brand name of tires , the Goodrich Corporation exited the tire business in 1988 . The tire business and use of the name was sold to Michelin . Before the sale to Michelin , Goodrich ran television and print ads showing an empty blue sky , to distinguish themselves from the similar - sounding Goodyear tire company . The tag line was , `` See that blimp up in the sky ? We 're the other guys ! '' The company was also sometimes confused with Mr. Goodwrench as the two last names were similar , especially when B.F. Goodrich tires were featured on many General Motors cars and trucks . </P> <P> </P> <H2> Contents </H2> ( hide ) <Ul> <Li> 1 History <Ul> <Li> 1.1 Early history </Li> <Li> 1.2 1980 -- 1990s </Li> <Li> 1.3 Leaving tire business </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 2 Businesses <Ul> <Li> 2.1 Actuation and landing systems </Li> <Li> 2.2 Electronic systems </Li> <Li> 2.3 Nacelles and interior systems </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 3 Platforms <Ul> <Li> 3.1 Civil </Li> <Li> 3.2 Military </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 4 Restatements </Li> <Li> 5 Notable employees </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 Further reading </Li> <Li> 8 External links </Li> </Ul> <P> </P> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> Goodrich dealer 's decorated car in Salt Lake City c. 1913 1920 advertisement for Goodrich Silvertown Tires B.F. Goodrich Tires Logo . The Goodrich Corporation sold off its automotive tire division in 1988 . <H3> Early History ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( August 2015 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> B.F. Goodrich sold radios from the 1930s to the 1950s , under the brand name `` Mantola '' . These radios were actually made by a variety of manufacturers for B.F. Goodrich . </P> <P> In 1936 the company entered the Mexican market in a joint venture with Euzkadi ( Now part of Continental AG ) ( named : Goodrich - Euzkadi ) . The Troy , Ohio plant was purchased in 1946 from Waco . Since then , Goodrich has manufactured wheels and brakes for a variety of aircraft . Among these are commercial , military , regional , and business programs . This successful operation lies at the core of Goodrich 's business . Competitors include the aerostructures divisions of companies such as Honeywell , Messier - Bugatti , Aircraft Braking Systems , ( Howmet / Huck ) and SNECMA . The Hood Rubber Company was sold before the Great Depression as a division of the B.F. Goodrich Company . </P> <H3> 1980 -- 1990s ( edit ) </H3> <P> By 1986 B.F. Goodrich had become an S&P 500 - listed company in diverse business , including tire and rubber fabrication . B.F. Goodrich made high - performance replacement tires . In August 1986 , one of its biggest competitors in the tire business , Uniroyal Inc. , was taken private when it merged with the tire segment of the B.F. Goodrich Company , in a joint venture private partnership , to become the Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company . B.F. Goodrich Company held a 50 % stake in the new tire company . </P> <P> The new Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company headquarters was established at the former B.F. Goodrich corporate headquarters , within its 27 - building downtown complex in Akron , Ohio which contained Goodrich 's original factory . In the autumn of 1987 B.F. Goodrich Company shut down several manufacturing operations at the site , and most of the complex remained vacant until February 1988 , when B.F. Goodrich announced plans to sell the vacant part of the complex to the Covington Capital Corporation , a group of New York developers . </P> <P> In 1987 , its first full year of operation , the new Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company generated almost $2 billion in sales revenue , with profits of $35 million . </P> <P> The merger soon proved to be difficult . In June 1988 B.F. Goodrich sold its 50 % stake for $225 million . The buyers were a group of investors led by Clayton & Dubilier , Inc. a private New York investment firm . At the same time , B.F. Goodrich also received a warrant to purchase indirectly up to 7 % of the equity in Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company . </P> <P> As part of the June 1988 sale deal , the new privately held tire company acquired publicly held debt of $415 million . </P> <P> Also in 1988 , Michelin Group , a subsidiary of the French tire company Michelin et Cie ( Euronext : ML ) proposed to acquire the Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company and took actions towards acquiring a stake . By May 1990 , Michelin Group had completed its buyout of Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Company from Clayton & Dubilier of New York . The deal was valued at about US $1.5 billion . B.F. Goodrich surrendered its 7 % warrant to Michelin Group , and received $32.5 million additional revenue from the sale . </P> <H3> Leaving tire business ( edit ) </H3> <P> B.F. Goodrich by then exited the tire business entirely , in line with its plan to build its chemicals and aerospace businesses through reinvestment and acquisitions . In 1997 it acquired Rohr , a maker of jet aircraft engine nacelles ( the aerodynamic structures that surround aircraft engines ) , expanding its presence in integrated aircraft components industry . </P> <P> In 1999 it acquired Charlotte , North Carolina - based Coltec Industries for $2.2 billion in stock and assumed debt , making the former tire maker the No. 1 supplier of landing gear and other aircraft parts . Headquarters were moved to Charlotte following this merger . </P> <P> In 2001 , the company divested its specialty chemicals business to focus on aerospace and industrial products and , to signify the completion of its transformation , it was renamed Goodrich Corporation and adopted a new logo . </P> <P> In October 2002 , Goodrich acquired TRW Aeronautical Systems , this division was mainly the former Lucas Aerospace activity , mostly based in the UK and France . </P> <P> In November 2010 , Goodrich opened a large new manufacturing centre in Krosno Rzeszow , Poland . </P> <P> In September 2011 , United Technologies Corporation ( UTX ) announced a deal to buy Goodrich for $18.4 billion , paying $127.50 per share and assuming $1.9 billion in debt . </P> <P> On July 26 , 2012 , United Technologies Corporation purchased Goodrich . Unsold divisions of Hamilton Sundstrand and Goodrich were then merged to create UTC Aerospace Systems . Rocketdyne , Hamilton Sundstrand 's industrial pumps and compressors operations , Clipper Windpower , and UTC Power ( United Technologies ' fuel - cell business ) would be sold off to raise cash for the deal . </P> <P> On October 16 , 2012 , United Technologies Corporation secured an agreement to sell the Power Systems division of Goodrich ( Twinsburg Ohio , Pitstone Green Buckinghamshire ) to Safran for $400 million . The sale of this business unit was a condition that the Chinese competition regulators set in approving UTC 's purchase of Goodrich . The Power Systems division had to be divested by the 16th December 2012 </P> <H2> Businesses ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Actuation and landing systems ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Actuation systems </Li> <Li> Aircraft wheels and brakes </Li> <Li> Aviation technical services </Li> <Li> Landing gear </Li> <Li> Engine components </Li> </Ul> <H3> Electronic systems ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Sensors and Integrated systems </Li> <Li> Engine control and electrical power systems </Li> <Li> ISR ( intelligence , surveillance , and reconnaissance ) systems </Li> </Ul> <P> and </P> <H3> Nacelles and interior systems ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Aerostructures </Li> <Li> Interiors </Li> <Li> Customer services </Li> </Ul> <H2> Platforms ( edit ) </H2> <H3> Civil ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Boeing 737 </Li> <Li> Boeing 747 - 400 </Li> <Li> Boeing 757 - 200 </Li> <Li> Boeing 767 </Li> <Li> Boeing 777 </Li> <Li> Boeing 787 </Li> <Li> Airbus A320 series </Li> <Li> Airbus A330 / A340 </Li> <Li> Airbus A350XWB </Li> <Li> Airbus A380 </Li> <Li> Cessna Citation </Li> <Li> Bombardier Global Express </Li> <Li> Bombardier Dash - 8 Q400 </Li> <Li> Canadair Regional Jet </Li> <Li> Lear Jet </Li> <Li> Handley Page Jetstream </Li> <Li> AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter ( electronic ice protection system ) </Li> <Li> Embraer 170 </Li> <Li> Embraer 190 </Li> <Li> Piaggio P180 </Li> </Ul> <H3> Military ( edit ) </H3> <Ul> <Li> Embraer KC - 390 </Li> <Li> Airbus A400M ( Electrical power generation , flaps , transmission ice detection sensors ) </Li> <Li> F - 14 Tomcat </Li> <Li> F - 15 Eagle ( radome erosion boot ) </Li> <Li> F - 16 Fighting Falcon ( nosewheel ) </Li> <Li> S - 3 Viking </Li> <Li> P - 3 Orion </Li> <Li> C - 141 Starlifter </Li> <Li> C - 5 Galaxy </Li> <Li> B - 52 Stratofortress </Li> <Li> F - 111 Aardvark </Li> <Li> F - 117 Nighthawk </Li> <Li> A-6 Intruder </Li> <Li> CH - 46 Sea Knight ( wheels or rotor brakes ) </Li> <Li> CH - 47 Chinook ( wheels or rotor brakes ) </Li> <Li> CH - 53 Sea Stallion ( wheels or rotor brakes ) </Li> <Li> V - 22 Osprey ( wheels or rotor brakes ) </Li> <Li> Harrier Jump Jet - all versions ( hydromechanical fuel systems ) </Li> <Li> SEPECAT Jaguar - all versions ( hydromechanical fuel systems ) </Li> <Li> Space Shuttles ( wheels and brakes ; tire business sold to Michelin in 1988 ) </Li> <Li> Panavia Tornado - all versions ( engine controls , high lift control unit , flap and slat actuation , nozzle control ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> Restatements ( edit ) </H2> <P> On Feb 24 , 2004 , Goodrich restated its fourth - quarter and full - year earnings results for 2003 after Pratt & Whitney notified the company that it was drastically cutting its order for engine casing components . </P> <H2> Notable employees ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Benjamin S. Garvey - worked for B.F. Goodrich and Pennsalt Chemicals Corporation . Dr. Garvey developed the `` 10 Gram Evaluation Process . '' </Li> <Li> William C. Geer - pioneer in studying rubber ageing , and developer of early aircraft de-icing systems , vice-president at B.F. Goodrich </Li> <Li> David Grylls , Chula Vista , California , Olympic Silver Medal Winning Cyclist </Li> <Li> Frank Herzegh , inventor of the tubeless tire </Li> <Li> Samuel E. Horne , Jr . - Goodrich chemist who first polymerized synthetic polyisoprene using Ziegler catalyst </Li> <Li> Arthur E. Juve - B.F. Goodrich Director of Technology who developed oil - resistant rubber compositions , lab tests for tire treads , and improvements in manufacture of rubber products and the processing of synthetic rubber </Li> <Li> Virgil A. Martin , Los Angeles , California , City Council member ( 1927 -- 31 ) </Li> <Li> George Oenslager - chemist known for pioneering vulcanization accelerator chemistry </Li> <Li> John D. Ong , CEO ( 1979 - 1996 ) and U.S. Ambassador to Norway ( 2002 - 2005 ) </Li> <Li> Waldo L. Semon - early developer of synthetic rubber , in particular Ameripol for B.F. Goodrich . </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ Peck , Merton J. & Scherer , Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process : An Economic Analysis ( 1962 ) Harvard Business School p. 619 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Standard and Poor 's 500 Guide . The McGraw - Hill Companies , Inc. 2007 . ISBN 0 - 07 - 147906 - 6 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Filmmaker documents the impact of Hood Rubber on Watertown 's Armenian history Archived 2012 - 11 - 09 at the Wayback Machine. , Jen Thomas , Wicked Local Watertown , 7 January 2007 ( retrieved 8 September 2010 ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Webshots . `` Webshots - California Sea Lions , Ano Nuevo Island , California '' . webshots.com . Retrieved 3 September 2015 . </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uniroyal , Inc . Eau Claire Plant Records , 1917 - 1990 Archived 2007 - 09 - 27 at the Wayback Machine. , UWEC.edu </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Jeremy J. Siegel , Stocks for the Long Run , Second Edition , 1998 , ISBN 0 - 07 - 058043 - X </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co reports earnings for Qtr to Sept 30 , New York Times Archive , Published : October 14 , 1988 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ COMPANY NEWS ; Goodrich to Sell Complex in Akron , AP , New York Times , February 18 , 1988 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : Company News ; Goodrich Outlook , REUTERS , New York Times Archive , Published : June 24 , 1988 </Li> <Li> ^ Jump up to : COMPANY NEWS ; Goodrich Gains In Uniroyal Sale , REUTERS , New York Times Archive , May 3 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uniroyal Goodrich Tire Co reports earnings for Qtr to March 31 , New York Times Archive , Published : April 25 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FINANCE / NEW ISSUES ; Uniroyal Goodrich Sets 2 - Part Offer , New York Times Archive , June 17 , 1988 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Uniroyal Goodrich Tire reports earnings for Qtr to Dec 31 , New York Times Archive , Published : February 23 , 1990 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ INSIDE , New York Times , Published : September 23 , 1989 </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ FISHER , LAWRENCE M. ( September 23 , 1997 ) . `` Goodrich Plans to Buy Rohr In $789 Million Stock Deal '' . New York Times . pp. D2 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Goodrich in Deal To Add Coltec '' . New York Times . November 24 , 1998 . pp. C12 . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hopkins , Stella ( September 22 , 1999 ) . `` B.F. Goodrich : No Layoffs Ahead '' . Charlotte Observer . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` The 21st Century '' . Retrieved September 12 , 2009 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Business briefs '' . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 10 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Goodrich to Acquire TRW Aeronautical Systems '' . 18 June 2002 . Archived from the original on 21 February 2013 . Retrieved 12 October 2012 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` UTC To Acquire Goodrich For $18.4 B '' . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Technologies buying Goodrich in $18.5 B deal '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2010 - 10 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Tech beats Street , closes Goodrich deal '' . Reuters . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 12 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United Tech secures Power Systems divestment deal '' . utc . Archived from the original on 2013 - 02 - 05 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 07 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Goodrich Restates Earnings for 2003 '' . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Hall , Carl William . A Biographical Dictionary of People in Engineering : From the Earliest Records Until 2000 . ISBN 9781557534590 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . </Li> </Ol> <Ul> <Li> http://www.nndb.com/people/368/000164873/ </Li> </Ul> <H2> Further reading ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Blackford , Mansel G. and K. Austin Kerr . B.F. Goodrich : Tradition and Transformation , 1870 -- 1995 ; ( Ohio State University Press , 1996 ) ; ISBN 0 - 8142 - 0696 - 4 . </Li> <Li> Blackford , Mansel G. `` B.F. Goodrich Becomes a Multinational Corporation , 1910 - 1929 , '' Essays in Economic & Business History ( 1996 ) , Vol. 14 , pp 365 -- 373 . </Li> </Ul> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Official website </Li> <Li> Turbine Fuel Technologies ( A Goodrich Company ) </Li> <Li> Delavan Spray Technologies ( A Goodrich Company ) </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> UTC Aerospace Systems </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Subsidiaries </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Goodrich Corporation </Li> <Li> Hamilton Sundstrand <Ul> <Li> Hamilton Standard </Li> <Li> Sundstrand Corporation </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> People </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Benjamin Goodrich </Li> <Li> Thomas F. Hamilton </Li> <Li> David Sundstrand </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Products </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Primary Life Support System </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> United Technologies Corporation </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Aircraft seat manufacturers </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Companies </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Aviointeriors </Li> <Li> B / E Aerospace </Li> <Li> Goodrich Corporation </Li> <Li> Recaro </Li> <Li> Stelia Aerospace </Li> <Li> Thompson Solutions </Li> <Li> TIMCO Aerosystems </Li> <Li> Zodiac Aerospace <Ul> <Li> Zodiac Seats UK </Li> <Li> Zodiac Seats U.S. </Li> </Ul> </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Knee Defender </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goodrich_Corporation&oldid=831760129 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange </Li> <Li> Manufacturing companies established in 1870 </Li> <Li> Aerospace companies of the United States </Li> <Li> Companies based in Charlotte , North Carolina </Li> <Li> Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average </Li> <Li> Aircraft component manufacturers </Li> <Li> Superfund sites in California </Li> <Li> Superfund sites in Kentucky </Li> <Li> U.S. Synthetic Rubber Program </Li> <Li> Manufacturing companies disestablished in 2012 </Li> <Li> 2012 mergers and acquisitions </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from March 2017 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Pages using deprecated image syntax </Li> <Li> Pages using infobox company with unsupported parameters </Li> <Li> Articles to be expanded from August 2015 </Li> <Li> All articles to be expanded </Li> <Li> Articles using small message boxes </Li> <Li> Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> فارسی </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Bahasa Indonesia </Li> <Li> 日本 語 </Li> <Li> Norsk </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> اردو </Li> <Li> 中文 </Li> 3 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 22 March 2018 , at 02 : 25 . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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Netaji Subhash Place Metro station - Wikipedia <H1> Netaji Subhash Place Metro station </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Netaji Subhash Place </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Delhi Metro station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> Netaji Subhash Place metro station </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> </Th> <Td> 28 ° 41 ′ 45 '' N 77 ° 09 ′ 09 '' E / 28.695886 ° N 77.152450 ° E / 28.695886 ; 77.152450 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Line ( s ) </Th> <Td> Red Line Pink Line </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platforms </Th> <Td> Side platform </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Tracks </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Construction </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Structure type </Th> <Td> Elevated </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Platform levels </Th> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Parking </Th> <Td> Available </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> History </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Opened </Th> <Td> Red Line March 31 , 2004 ; 14 years ago ( 2004 - 03 - 31 ) Pink Line March 14 , 2018 ; 5 months ago ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Electrified </Th> <Td> 25 kV 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Services </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Preceding station </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Delhi Metro </Th> <Th> </Th> <Th> Following station </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Keshav Puram toward New Bus Adda </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Red Line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Kohat Enclave toward Rithala </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Shalimar Bagh toward Majlis Park </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Pink Line </Td> <Td> </Td> <Td> Shakurpur toward Shiv Vihar </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> The Netaji Subhash Place metro station is an interchange station between the Red Line and Pink Line of the Delhi Metro , catering to the Pitam Pura area of Delhi . This newly opened ( March 2018 ) interchange acts as an alternative route for those going to Blue Line , alleviating crowds on the heavily used Yellow Line . </P> <P> There is a pedestrian walkway that connects it to Ring Road . Max Hospital and D Mall are located across the road . </P> <P> It is also known as Netaji Subhash Place , Pitampura . 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( March 2017 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of Delhi Metro stations </Li> <Li> Transport in Delhi </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Station Information '' . Archived from the original on 19 June 2010 . Retrieved 26 June 2010 . </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> Wikimedia Commons has media related to Delhi Metro . </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Ul> <Li> Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd . 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The Winner Takes It All - wikipedia <H1> The Winner Takes It All </H1> <P> </P> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> `` The Winner Takes It All '' </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by ABBA </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Super Trouper </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> B - side </Th> <Td> `` Elaine '' </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Released </Th> <Td> 21 July 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Format </Th> <Td> Single </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Recorded </Th> <Td> 1980 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Genre </Th> <Td> Pop </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Length </Th> <Td> 4 : 54 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Label </Th> <Td> Polar Records ( Scandinavia ) ; RCA Victor ( South America , Central America , Caribbean and Oceania ) ; Atlantic Records , WEA ( North America ) ; Epic Records ( United Kingdom , Ireland , Italy ) ; Polydor ( Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Netherlands ) ; RCA Victor or WEA or Epic Records or Polydor ( Africa and Asia ) </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Songwriter ( s ) </Th> <Td> Benny Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Producer ( s ) </Th> <Td> Benny Andersson , Björn Ulvaeus </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> ABBA singles chronology </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Table> <Tr> <Td> `` As Good as New '' ( 1979 ) </Td> <Td> `` The Winner Takes It All '' ( 1980 ) </Td> <Td> `` On and On and On '' ( 1980 ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> `` The Winner Takes It All '' on YouTube </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> Super Trouper track listing </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Dl> <Dt> Side one </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Super Trouper '' </Li> <Li> `` The Winner Takes It All '' </Li> <Li> `` On and On and On '' </Li> <Li> `` Andante , Andante '' </Li> <Li> `` Me and I '' </Li> </Ol> <Dl> <Dt> Side two </Dt> </Dl> <Ol> <Li> `` Happy New Year '' </Li> <Li> `` Our Last Summer '' </Li> <Li> `` The Piper '' </Li> <Li> `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' </Li> <Li> `` The Way Old Friends Do '' </Li> </Ol> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> `` The Winner Takes It All '' is a song recorded by the Swedish pop group ABBA . Released as the first single from the group 's Super Trouper album on 21 July 1980 , it is a ballad in the key of F - sharp major , reflecting the end of a romance . The single 's B - side was the non-album track `` Elaine '' . </P> <H2> Contents </H2> <Ul> <Li> 1 History </Li> <Li> 2 Music video </Li> <Li> 3 Reception </Li> <Li> 4 Chart performance <Ul> <Li> 4.1 Year - end charts </Li> </Ul> </Li> <Li> 5 See also </Li> <Li> 6 References </Li> <Li> 7 External links </Li> </Ul> <H2> History ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` The Winner Takes It All '' - which had the original demonstration title `` The Story of My Life '' - was written by Björn Ulvaeus and Benny Andersson , with Agnetha Fältskog singing the lead vocal . </P> <P> Ulvaeus denies the song is about his and Fältskog 's divorce , saying the basis of the song `` is the experience of a divorce , but it 's fiction . ' Cause one thing I can say is that there was n't a winner or a loser in our case . A lot of people think it 's straight out of reality , but it 's not '' . American critic Chuck Klosterman , who says `` The Winner Takes It All '' is `` ( the only ) pop song that examines the self - aware guilt one feels when talking to a person who has humanely obliterated your heart '' finds Ulvaeus ' denial hard to believe in light of the original title . And the booklet for the double CD compliation The Definitive Collection states `` ' The Winner Takes It All ' is the song where Bjorn admits that the sad experience of his and Agnetha 's divorce the previous year left its mark on the lyrics . '' </P> <P> Fältskog has also repeatedly stated that though `` The Winner Takes It All '' is her favorite ABBA song and that it has an excellent set of lyrics , the story is not that of her and Ulvaeus : there were no winners in their divorce , especially as children were involved . </P> <P> In a 1999 poll for Channel 5 , `` The Winner Takes It All '' was voted Britain 's favourite ABBA song . This feat was replicated in a 2010 poll for ITV . In a 2006 poll for a Channel Five programme , `` The Winner Takes It All '' was voted `` Britain 's Favourite Break - Up Song . '' </P> The Societetshuset in Marstrand town , where the music video was filmed in the summer of 1980 . Photography from 2013 . <H2> Music video ( edit ) </H2> <P> A music video to promote the song was filmed in July 1980 on Marstrand , an island on the Swedish west coast . It was directed by Lasse Hallström . </P> <H2> Reception ( edit ) </H2> <P> `` The Winner Takes It All '' was a major success for ABBA , hitting # 1 in Belgium , Ireland , the Netherlands , South Africa and the United Kingdom . It reached the Top 5 in Austria , Finland , France , West Germany , Norway , Sweden , Switzerland and Zimbabwe , while peaking in the Top 10 in Australia , Canada , Italy , Spain and the United States ( where it became ABBA 's fourth and final American Top 10 hit , peaking at # 8 ; the song spent 26 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , more than any other ABBA single ) . It was also the group 's second Billboard Adult Contemporary # 1 ( after `` Fernando '' ) . `` The Winner Takes It All '' was also a hit in Brazil : it was included on the soundtrack of `` Coração Alado '' ( `` Winged Heart '' ) , a popular soap opera in 1980 , as the main theme . </P> <P> The track was listed as the 23rd most popular single on the US Billboard year - end chart for 1981 . </P> <P> The song is also featured in the ABBA - based musical and film , Mamma Mia ! where it is performed by Meryl Streep . Cher later covered the song for her album , Dancing Queen , which was used to promote the film 's sequel , which she starred in . </P> <H2> Chart performance ( edit ) </H2> <Table> <Tr> <Td> </Td> <Td> This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Td> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Charts ( 1980 -- 81 ) </Th> <Th> Peak position </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Austrian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Belgian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Canadian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Finnish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> French Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 5 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> German Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Irish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Italian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 7 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Japanese Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 33 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> New Zealand Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 16 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Norwegian Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> South African Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Spanish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> 10 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swedish Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Swiss Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Adult Contemporary </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 8 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> US Cashbox Top 100 Singles </Th> <Td> 11 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Zimbabwean Singles Chart </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> <Td> <H3> Year - end charts ( edit ) </H3> <Table> <Tr> <Th> Chart ( 1980 / 81 ) </Th> <Th> Rank </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> Australia </Td> <Td> 56 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> NL </Td> <Td> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> UK </Td> <Td> 18 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Billboard Hot 100 </Td> <Td> 23 </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td> US Cash Box </Td> <Td> 74 </Td> </Tr> </Table> <P> </P> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <H2> See also ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> List of number - one adult contemporary singles of 1981 ( U.S. ) </Li> </Ul> <H2> References ( edit ) </H2> <Ol> <Li> Jump up ^ McLean , Craig ( 13 July 2008 ) . `` Knowing Mia knowing you '' . The Guardian . London . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Klosterman , Chuck ( 2009 ) . Eating the Dinosaur . New York : Scribner . pp. 170 -- 71 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 4421 - 0 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` United States of America '' . Home.zipworld.com.au . Archived from the original on 29 February 2012 . Retrieved 29 March 2014 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 -- 2001 . Record Research . p. 15 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ ( http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1981.htm ) </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 34 , 1980 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- ABBA -- The Winner Takes It All '' ( in Dutch ) . Single Top 100 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 31 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . pp. 383 -- 4 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ Downey , Pat ; Albert , George ; Hoffmann , Frank W ( 1994 ) . Cash Box pop singles charts , 1950 -- 1993 . Libraries Unlimited . p. 1 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 56308 - 316 - 7 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ David Kent 's `` Australian Chart Book 1970 - 1992 '' Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1981 / Top 100 Songs of 1981 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 17 . </Li> <Li> Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 . Retrieved 4 October 2015 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) </Li> </Ol> <H2> External links ( edit ) </H2> <Ul> <Li> Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics </Li> </Ul> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> ABBA songs </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> <Li> Unreleased songs </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Ring Ring </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Ring Ring '' </Li> <Li> `` Another Town , Another Train '' </Li> <Li> `` Disillusion '' </Li> <Li> `` People Need Love '' </Li> <Li> `` I Saw It in the Mirror '' </Li> <Li> `` Nina , Pretty Ballerina '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Is n't Easy ( But It Sure Is Hard Enough ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Me and Bobby and Bobby 's Brother '' </Li> <Li> `` He Is Your Brother '' </Li> <Li> `` She 's My Kind of Girl '' </Li> <Li> `` Rock'n Roll Band '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Waterloo </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Waterloo '' </Li> <Li> `` King Kong Song '' </Li> <Li> `` Hasta Mañana '' </Li> <Li> `` My Mama Said '' </Li> <Li> `` Honey , Honey '' </Li> <Li> `` What About Livingstone ? '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ABBA </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Mamma Mia '' </Li> <Li> `` Hey , Hey Helen '' </Li> <Li> `` SOS '' </Li> <Li> `` Bang - A-Boomerang '' </Li> <Li> `` I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do , I Do '' </Li> <Li> `` Rock Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Intermezzo No. 1 '' </Li> <Li> `` I 've Been Waiting for You '' </Li> <Li> `` So Long '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greatest Hits </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Fernando '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Arrival </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` When I Kissed the Teacher '' </Li> <Li> `` Dancing Queen '' </Li> <Li> `` My Love , My Life '' </Li> <Li> `` Dum Dum Diddle '' </Li> <Li> `` Knowing Me , Knowing You '' </Li> <Li> `` Money , Money , Money '' </Li> <Li> `` That 's Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Why Did It Have to Be Me ? '' </Li> <Li> `` Tiger '' </Li> <Li> `` Arrival '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> ABBA : The Album </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Eagle '' </Li> <Li> `` Take a Chance on Me '' </Li> <Li> `` One Man , One Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` The Name of the Game '' </Li> <Li> `` Move On '' </Li> <Li> `` Hole in Your Soul '' </Li> <Li> `` Thank You for the Music '' </Li> <Li> `` I Wonder ( Departure ) '' </Li> <Li> `` I 'm a Marionette '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Voulez - Vous </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` As Good as New '' </Li> <Li> `` Voulez - Vous '' </Li> <Li> `` I Have a Dream '' </Li> <Li> `` Angeleyes '' </Li> <Li> `` The King Has Lost His Crown '' </Li> <Li> `` Does Your Mother Know '' </Li> <Li> `` If It Was n't for the Nights '' </Li> <Li> `` Chiquitita '' </Li> <Li> `` Lovers ( Live a Little Longer ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Kisses of Fire '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Greatest Hits Vol. 2 </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Gimme ! Gimme ! Gimme ! ( A Man After Midnight ) '' </Li> <Li> `` Summer Night City '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Super Trouper </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Super Trouper '' </Li> <Li> `` The Winner Takes It All '' </Li> <Li> `` On and On and On '' </Li> <Li> `` Andante , Andante '' </Li> <Li> `` Me and I '' </Li> <Li> `` Happy New Year '' </Li> <Li> `` Our Last Summer '' </Li> <Li> `` The Piper '' </Li> <Li> `` Lay All Your Love on Me '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Visitors </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Visitors '' </Li> <Li> `` Head over Heels '' </Li> <Li> `` When All Is Said and Done '' </Li> <Li> `` Soldiers '' </Li> <Li> `` I Let the Music Speak '' </Li> <Li> `` One of Us '' </Li> <Li> `` Two for the Price of One '' </Li> <Li> `` Slipping Through My Fingers '' </Li> <Li> `` Like an Angel Passing Through My Room '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> The Singles : The First Ten Years </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` The Day Before You Came '' </Li> <Li> `` Under Attack '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Merry - Go - Round '' </Li> <Li> `` Elaine '' </Li> <Li> `` Put On Your White Sombrero '' </Li> <Li> `` You Owe Me One '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Portal </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Beverley Craven </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Beverley Craven </Li> <Li> Love Scenes </Li> <Li> Mixed Emotions </Li> <Li> Close to Home </Li> <Li> Change of Heart </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Compilations </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> The Very Best of Beverley Craven </Li> <Li> Legends </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Promise Me '' </Li> <Li> `` Woman to Woman '' </Li> <Li> `` Holding On '' </Li> <Li> `` Love Scenes '' </Li> <Li> `` Mollie 's Song '' </Li> <Li> `` The Winner Takes It All '' </Li> <Li> `` I Miss You '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Related articles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> <Table> <Tr> <Th_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> Susan Boyle </Th> </Tr> <Tr> <Td_colspan="2"> <Ul> <Li> Discography </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Studio albums </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Dreamed a Dream </Li> <Li> The Gift </Li> <Li> Someone to Watch Over Me </Li> <Li> Standing Ovation : The Greatest Songs from the Stage </Li> <Li> Home for Christmas </Li> <Li> Hope </Li> <Li> A Wonderful World </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Singles </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Wild Horses '' </Li> <Li> `` I Dreamed a Dream '' </Li> <Li> `` Perfect Day '' </Li> <Li> `` I Know Him So Well '' </Li> <Li> `` Enjoy the Silence '' </Li> <Li> `` Unchained Melody '' </Li> <Li> `` The Winner Takes It All '' </Li> <Li> `` You 'll See '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Other songs </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> `` Who I Was Born to Be '' </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Television </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Dreamed a Dream : The Susan Boyle Story </Li> <Li> Susan Boyle : An Unlikely Superstar </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Theatre </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> I Dreamed a Dream ( musical ) </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> <Tr> <Th> Concert tours </Th> <Td> <Ul> <Li> Susan Boyle in Concert </Li> </Ul> </Td> </Tr> </Table> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Winner_Takes_It_All&oldid=866293013 '' Categories : <Ul> <Li> 1980s ballads </Li> <Li> 1980 singles </Li> <Li> ABBA songs </Li> <Li> European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles </Li> <Li> UK Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Irish Singles Chart number - one singles </Li> <Li> Billboard Adult Contemporary number - one singles </Li> <Li> Dutch Top 40 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Single Top 100 number - one singles </Li> <Li> Pop ballads </Li> <Li> Songs written by Benny Andersson and Björn Ulvaeus </Li> <Li> Hazell Dean songs </Li> <Li> Polar Music singles </Li> <Li> Music videos directed by Lasse Hallström </Li> <Li> 1980 songs </Li> </Ul> Hidden categories : <Ul> <Li> All articles with dead external links </Li> <Li> Articles with dead external links from June 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles with permanently dead external links </Li> <Li> Webarchive template wayback links </Li> <Li> CS1 maint : Archived copy as title </Li> <Li> Use dmy dates from February 2012 </Li> <Li> Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters </Li> <Li> Articles with hAudio microformats </Li> <Li> All articles with unsourced statements </Li> <Li> Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 </Li> <Li> Articles needing additional references from January 2018 </Li> <Li> All articles needing additional references </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch40 </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without artist </Li> <Li> Singlechart called without song </Li> <Li> Singlechart usages for Dutch100 </Li> </Ul> <H2> </H2> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Talk </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Contents </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <H3> </H3> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> Deutsch </Li> <Li> Español </Li> <Li> Français </Li> <Li> Հայերեն </Li> <Li> Italiano </Li> <Li> עברית </Li> <Li> Nederlands </Li> <Li> Polski </Li> <Li> Português </Li> <Li> Română </Li> <Li> Русский </Li> <Li> Sicilianu </Li> <Li> Suomi </Li> <Li> Svenska </Li> <Li> ไทย </Li> <Li> Türkçe </Li> 8 more </Ul> Edit links <Ul> <Li> This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 13 : 48 ( UTC ) . </Li> <Li> Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - 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By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> About Wikipedia </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> <Ul> <Li> </Li> <Li> </Li> </Ul> | [
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] | who wrote the winner takes it all lyrics | [
{
"yes_no_answer": "NONE",
"long_answer": {
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"candidate_index": 36,
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},
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}
] | https://en.wikipedia.org//w/index.php?title=The_Winner_Takes_It_All&oldid=866293013 | -989,602,339,473,743,400 |
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